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[ "This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 95 kilobytes . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( October 2017 )", "This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 95 kilobytes . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( October 2017 )", "New Deal Top left : The Tennessee Valley Authority , part of the New Deal , being signed into law in 1933 Top right : President Roosevelt was responsible for initiatives and programs of the New Deal Bottom : A public mural from one of the artists employed by the Works Progress Administration , part of the New Deal Duration 1933 -- 1937 Location United States Type Economic program Cause Great Depression Organized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr . Secretary Harry Hopkins Secretary Frances Perkins Participants Society of the United States Outcome Disputed / American economic recovery / Lasting unemployment relief", "Top left : The Tennessee Valley Authority , part of the New Deal , being signed into law in 1933 Top right : President Roosevelt was responsible for initiatives and programs of the New Deal Bottom : A public mural from one of the artists employed by the Works Progress Administration , part of the New Deal", "Duration 1933 -- 1937", "Location United States", "Type Economic program", "Cause Great Depression", "Organized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr . Secretary Harry Hopkins Secretary Frances Perkins", "President Franklin D. Roosevelt Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr . Secretary Harry Hopkins Secretary Frances Perkins", "President Franklin D. Roosevelt", "Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr .", "Secretary Harry Hopkins", "Secretary Frances Perkins", "Participants Society of the United States", "Outcome Disputed / American economic recovery / Lasting unemployment relief", "Part of a series on Progressivism History ( show ) Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age Ideas ( show ) Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage People ( show ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun By region ( show ) In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States Philosophy portal Politics portal", "Part of a series on", "Progressivism", "History ( show ) Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age", "Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age", "Ideas ( show ) Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage", "Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage", "Economic development Broad measures Economic growth", "Broad measures Economic growth", "Freedom of movement", "Idea of Progress", "Progressive education in Latin America", "in Latin America", "in Latin America", "Social progress List of countries", "List of countries", "List of countries", "Sustainable design Ecological engineering", "Ecological engineering", "Self - determination", "Techno - progressivism", "Women 's suffrage", "People ( show ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun", "Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun", "William Jennings Bryan", "Marquis de Condorcet", "Charles Evans Hughes", "Robert M. La Follette , Sr .", "John Stuart Mill", "William Howard Taft", "By region ( show ) In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States", "In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States", "In the Muslim world", "In South Korea", "In the United States", "Philosophy portal Politics portal", "Philosophy portal Politics portal", "", "", "The New Deal was a series of federal programs , public work projects , financial reforms and regulations enacted in the United States during the 1930s in response to the Great Depression . Some of these federal programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . These programs included support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly as well as new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and changes to the monetary system . Most programs were enacted between 1933 -- 1938 , though some were later . They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders , most during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the `` 3 Rs '' : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 -- 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and ethnic minorities . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as an alleged enemy of business and growth and liberals accepting some of it and promising to make it more efficient . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated most presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress from 1939 -- 1964 .", "By 1936 , the term `` liberal '' typically was used for supporters of the New Deal and `` conservative '' for its opponents . From 1934 to 1938 , Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavors by a `` pro-spender '' majority in Congress ( drawn from two - party , competitive , non-machine , progressive and left party districts ) . In the 1938 midterm election , Roosevelt and his liberal supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition . Many historians distinguish between a `` First New Deal '' ( 1933 -- 1934 ) and a `` Second New Deal '' ( 1935 -- 1938 ) , with the second one more liberal and more controversial .", "The `` First New Deal '' ( 1933 -- 1934 ) dealt with the pressing banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act . The Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) provided $500 million ( $9.45 billion today ) for relief operations by states and cities , while the short - lived CWA gave locals money to operate make - work projects in 1933 -- 1934 . The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash . The controversial work of the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was also part of the First New Deal .", "The `` Second New Deal '' in 1935 -- 1938 included the Wagner Act to protect labor organizing , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) relief program ( which made the federal government by far the largest single employer in the nation ) , the Social Security Act and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers . The final major items of New Deal legislation were the creation of the United States Housing Authority and the FSA , which both occurred in 1937 ; and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers . The FSA was also one of the oversight authorities of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration , which administered relief efforts to Puerto Rican citizens affected by the Great Depression .", "The economic downturn of 1937 -- 1938 and the bitter split between the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) and Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938 . Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal conservative coalition . By 1942 -- 1943 , they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and the CCC and blocked major liberal proposals . Nonetheless , Roosevelt turned his attention to the war effort and won reelection in 1940 -- 1944 . Furthermore , the Supreme Court declared the NRA and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) unconstitutional , but the AAA was rewritten and then upheld . Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) left the New Deal largely intact , even expanding it in some areas . In the 1960s , Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs , which Republican Richard Nixon generally retained . However , after 1974 the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support . The New Deal regulation of banking ( Glass -- Steagall Act ) lasted until it was suspended in the 1990s .", "Several New Deal programs remain active and those operating under the original names include the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) and the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) . The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System and the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) .", "From 1929 to 1933 manufacturing output decreased by one third . Prices fell by 20 % , causing deflation that made repaying debts much harder . Unemployment in the U.S. increased from 4 % to 25 % . Additionally , one - third of all employed persons were downgraded to working part - time on much smaller paychecks . In the aggregate , almost 50 % of the nation 's human work - power was going unused .", "Before the New Deal , there was no insurance on deposits at banks . When thousands of banks closed , depositors lost their savings as at that time there was no national safety net , no public unemployment insurance and no Social Security . Relief for the poor was the responsibility of families , private charity and local governments , but as conditions worsened year by year demand skyrocketed and their combined resources increasingly fell far short of demand .", "The depression had devastated the nation . As Roosevelt took the oath of office at noon on March 4 , 1933 , all state governors had authorized bank holidays or restricted withdrawals -- many Americans had little or no access to their bank accounts . Farm income had fallen by over 50 % since 1929 . An estimated 844,000 non-farm mortgages had been foreclosed between 1930 -- 1933 , out of five million in all . Political and business leaders feared revolution and anarchy . Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. , who remained wealthy during the Depression , stated years later that `` in those days I felt and said I would be willing to part with half of what I had if I could be sure of keeping , under law and order , the other half '' .", "The phrase `` New Deal '' was coined by an adviser to Roosevelt , Stuart Chase , although the term was originally used by Mark Twain in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court .", "Upon accepting the 1932 Democratic nomination for president , Roosevelt promised `` a new deal for the American people '' .", "`` Throughout the nation men and women , forgotten in the political philosophy of the Government , look to us here for guidance and for more equitable opportunity to share in the distribution of national wealth ... I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people . This is more than a political campaign . It is a call to arms . ''", "`` Throughout the nation men and women , forgotten in the political philosophy of the Government , look to us here for guidance and for more equitable opportunity to share in the distribution of national wealth ... I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people . This is more than a political campaign . It is a call to arms . ''", "Roosevelt entered office without a specific set of plans for dealing with the Great Depression -- so he improvised as Congress listened to a very wide variety of voices . Among Roosevelt 's more famous advisers was an informal `` Brain Trust '' , a group that tended to view pragmatic government intervention in the economy positively . His choice for Secretary of Labor , Frances Perkins , greatly influenced his initiatives . Her list of what her priorities would be if she took the job illustrates : `` a forty - hour workweek , a minimum wage , worker 's compensation , unemployment compensation , a federal law banning child labor , direct federal aid for unemployment relief , Social Security , a revitalized public employment service and health insurance '' .", "The New Deal policies drew from many different ideas proposed earlier in the 20th century . Assistant Attorney General Thurman Arnold led efforts that hearkened back to an anti-monopoly tradition rooted in American politics by figures such as Andrew Jackson and Thomas Jefferson . Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis , an influential adviser to many New Dealers , argued that `` bigness '' ( referring , presumably , to corporations ) was a negative economic force , producing waste and inefficiency . However , the anti-monopoly group never had a major impact on New Deal policy . Other leaders such as Hugh S. Johnson of the NRA took ideas from the Woodrow Wilson Administration , advocating techniques used to mobilize the economy for World War I. They brought ideas and experience from the government controls and spending of 1917 -- 1918 . Other New Deal planners revived experiments suggested in the 1920s , such as the TVA . The `` First New Deal '' ( 1933 -- 1934 ) encompassed the proposals offered by a wide spectrum of groups ( not included was the Socialist Party , whose influence was all but destroyed ) . This first phase of the New Deal was also characterized by fiscal conservatism ( see Economy Act , below ) and experimentation with several different , sometimes contradictory , cures for economic ills .", "There were dozens of new agencies created by Roosevelt through Executive Orders . They are typically known by their alphabetical initials .", "The American people were generally extremely dissatisfied with the crumbling economy , mass unemployment , declining wages and profits and especially Herbert Hoover 's policies such as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act and the Revenue Act of 1932 . Roosevelt entered office with enormous political capital . Americans of all political persuasions were demanding immediate action and Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the `` first hundred days '' of the administration , in which he met with Congress for 100 days . During those 100 days of lawmaking , Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked and passed a few programs ( such as the FDIC to insure bank accounts ) that he opposed . Ever since , presidents have been judged against Roosevelt for what they accomplished in their first 100 days . Walter Lippmann famously noted :", "At the end of February we were a congeries of disorderly panic - stricken mobs and factions . In the hundred days from March to June we became again an organized nation confident of our power to provide for our own security and to control our own destiny .", "The economy had hit bottom in March 1933 and then started to expand . Economic indicators show the economy reached nadir in the first days of March , then began a steady , sharp upward recovery . Thus the Federal Reserve Index of Industrial Production sank to its lowest point of 52.8 in July 1932 ( with 1935 -- 1939 = 100 ) and was practically unchanged at 54.3 in March 1933 . However , by July 1933 it reached 85.5 , a dramatic rebound of 57 % in four months . Recovery was steady and strong until 1937 . Except for employment , the economy by 1937 surpassed the levels of the late 1920s . The Recession of 1937 was a temporary downturn . Private sector employment , especially in manufacturing , recovered to the level of the 1920s , but failed to advance further until the war . The U.S. population was 124,840,471 in 1932 and 128,824,829 in 1937 , an increase of 3,984,468 . The ratio of these numbers , times the number of jobs in 1932 , means there was a need for 938,000 more 1937 jobs to maintain the same employment level .", "The Economy Act , drafted by Budget Director Lewis Williams Douglas , was passed on March 14 , 1933 . The act proposed to balance the `` regular '' ( non-emergency ) federal budget by cutting the salaries of government employees and cutting pensions to veterans by fifteen percent . It saved $500 million per year and reassured deficit hawks , such as Douglas , that the new President was fiscally conservative . Roosevelt argued there were two budgets : the `` regular '' federal budget , which he balanced ; and the emergency budget , which was needed to defeat the depression . It was imbalanced on a temporary basis .", "Roosevelt initially favored balancing the budget , but soon found himself running spending deficits to fund his numerous programs . However , Douglas -- rejecting the distinction between a regular and emergency budget -- resigned in 1934 and became an outspoken critic of the New Deal . Roosevelt strenuously opposed the Bonus Bill that would give World War I veterans a cash bonus . Congress finally passed it over his veto in 1936 and the Treasury distributed $1.5 billion in cash as bonus welfare benefits to 4 million veterans just before the 1936 election .", "New Dealers never accepted the Keynesian argument for government spending as a vehicle for recovery . Most economists of the era , along with Henry Morgenthau of the Treasury Department , rejected Keynesian solutions and favored balanced budgets .", "Roosevelt 's ebullient public personality , conveyed through his declaration that `` the only thing we have to fear is fear itself '' and his `` fireside chats '' on the radio did a great deal to help restore the nation 's confidence Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis Roosevelt 's first Fireside Chat on the Banking Crisis ( March 12 , 1933 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "Roosevelt 's ebullient public personality , conveyed through his declaration that `` the only thing we have to fear is fear itself '' and his `` fireside chats '' on the radio did a great deal to help restore the nation 's confidence Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis Roosevelt 's first Fireside Chat on the Banking Crisis ( March 12 , 1933 )", "Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "At the beginning of the Great Depression , the economy was destabilized by bank failures followed by credit crunches . The initial reasons were substantial losses in investment banking , followed by bank runs . Bank runs occurred when a large number of customers withdrew their deposits because they believed the bank might become insolvent . As the bank run progressed , it generated a self - fulfilling prophecy : as more people withdrew their deposits , the likelihood of default increased and this encouraged further withdrawals .", "Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz have argued that the drain of money out of the banking system caused the monetary supply to shrink , forcing the economy to likewise shrink . As credit and economic activity diminished , price deflation followed , causing further economic contraction with disastrous impact on banks . Between 1929 and 1933 , 40 % of all banks ( 9,490 out of 23,697 banks ) failed . Much of the Great Depression 's economic damage was caused directly by bank runs .", "Herbert Hoover had already considered a bank holiday to prevent further bank runs , but rejected the idea because he was afraid to trip a panic . However , Roosevelt gave a radio address , held in the atmosphere of a Fireside Chat , in which he explained to the public in simple terms the causes of the banking crisis , what the government will do and how the population could help . He closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation .", "On March 9 , 1933 , Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , drafted in large part by Hoover 's top advisors . The act was passed and signed into law the same day . It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision , with federal loans available if needed . Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days . Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month , thus stabilizing the banking system . By the end of 1933 , 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks . Their deposits totalled $3.6 billion : depositors lost a total of $540 million and eventually received on average 85 cents on the dollar of their deposits -- it is a common myth that they received nothing back .", "The Glass -- Steagall Act limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms to regulate speculations . It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , which insured deposits for up to $2,500 , ending the risk of runs on banks . This banking reform offered unprecedented stability as while throughout the 1920s more than five hundred banks failed per year , it was less than ten banks per year after 1933 .", "Under the gold standard , the United States kept the dollar convertible to gold . The Federal Reserve would have had to execute an expansionary monetary policy to fight the deflation and to inject liquidity into the banking system to prevent it from crumbling -- but lower interest rates would have led to a gold outflow . Under the gold standards , price -- specie flow mechanism countries that lost gold , but nevertheless wanted to maintain the gold standard had to permit their money supply to decrease and the domestic price level to decline ( deflation ) . As long as the Federal Reserve had to defend the gold parity of the Dollar it had to sit idle while the banking system crumbled .", "In March and April in a series of laws and executive orders , the government suspended the gold standard . Roosevelt stopped the outflow of gold by forbidding the export of gold except under license from the Treasury . Anyone holding significant amounts of gold coinage was mandated to exchange it for the existing fixed price of U.S. dollars . The Treasury no longer paid out gold in exchange for dollars and gold would no longer be considered valid legal tender for debts in private and public contracts .", "The dollar was allowed to float freely on foreign exchange markets with no guaranteed price in gold . With the passage of the Gold Reserve Act in 1934 , the nominal price of gold was changed from $20.67 per troy ounce to $35 . These measures enabled the Federal Reserve to increase the amount of money in circulation to the level the economy needed . Markets immediately responded well to the suspension in the hope that the decline in prices would finally end . In her essay `` What ended the Great Depression ? '' ( 1992 ) , Christina Romer argued that this policy raised industrial production by 25 % until 1937 and by 50 % until 1942 .", "Before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , there was no regulation of securities at the federal level . Even firms whose securities were publicly traded published no regular reports or even worse rather misleading reports based on arbitrarily selected data . To avoid another Wall Street Crash , the Securities Act of 1933 was enacted . It required the disclosure of the balance sheet , profit and loss statement , the names and compensations of corporate officers , about firms whose securities were traded . Additionally those reports had to be verified by independent auditors . In 1934 , the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission was established to regulate the stock market and prevent corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting .", "In a measure that garnered substantial popular support for his New Deal , Roosevelt moved to put to rest one of the most divisive cultural issues of the 1920s . He signed the bill to legalize the manufacture and sale of alcohol , an interim measure pending the repeal of prohibition , for which a constitutional amendment of repeal ( the 21st ) was already in process . The repeal amendment was ratified later in 1933 . States and cities gained additional new revenue and Roosevelt secured his popularity especially in the cities and ethnic areas by helping the beer start flowing .", "Relief was the immediate effort to help the one - third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression . Relief was also aimed at providing temporary help to suffering and unemployed Americans .", "To prime the pump and cut unemployment , the NIRA created the Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , a major program of public works , which organized and provided funds for the building of useful works such as government buildings , airports , hospitals , schools , roads , bridges and dams . From 1933 to 1935 PWA spent $3.3 billion with private companies to build 34,599 projects , many of them quite large .", "Under Roosevelt , many unemployed persons were put to work on a wide range of government financed public works projects , building bridges , airports , dams , post offices , courthouses and thousands of miles of road . Through reforestation and flood control , they reclaimed millions of hectares of soil from erosion and devastation . As noted by one authority , Roosevelt 's New Deal `` was literally stamped on the American landscape '' .", "The rural U.S. was a high priority for Roosevelt and his energetic Secretary of Agriculture , Henry A. Wallace . Roosevelt believed that full economic recovery depended upon the recovery of agriculture and raising farm prices was a major tool , even though it meant higher food prices for the poor living in cities .", "Many rural people lived in severe poverty , especially in the South . Major programs addressed to their needs included the Resettlement Administration ( RA ) , the Rural Electrification Administration ( REA ) , rural welfare projects sponsored by the WPA , National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , Forest Service and Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , including school lunches , building new schools , opening roads in remote areas , reforestation and purchase of marginal lands to enlarge national forests .", "In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration launched the Tennessee Valley Authority , a project involving dam construction planning on an unprecedented scale to curb flooding , generate electricity and modernize poor farms in the Tennessee Valley region of the Southern United States . Under the Farmers ' Relief Act of 1933 , the government paid compensation to farmers who reduced output , thereby raising prices . As a result of this legislation , the average income of farmers almost doubled by 1937 .", "In the 1920s , farm production had increased dramatically thanks to mechanization , more potent insecticides and increased use of fertilizer . Due to an overproduction of agricultural products , farmers faced a severe and chronic agricultural depression throughout the 1920s . The Great Depression even worsened the agricultural crises and at the beginning of 1933 agricultural markets nearly faced collapse . Farm prices were so low that in Montana wheat was rotting in the fields because it could not be profitably harvested . In Oregon , sheep were slaughtered and left to the buzzards because meat prices were not sufficient to warrant transportation to markets .", "Roosevelt was keenly interested in farm issues and believed that true prosperity would not return until farming was prosperous . Many different programs were directed at farmers . The first 100 days produced the Farm Security Act to raise farm incomes by raising the prices farmers received , which was achieved by reducing total farm output . The Agricultural Adjustment Act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) in May 1933 . The act reflected the demands of leaders of major farm organizations ( especially the Farm Bureau ) and reflected debates among Roosevelt 's farm advisers such as Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace , M.L. Wilson , Rexford Tugwell and George Peek .", "The AAA aimed to raise prices for commodities through artificial scarcity . The AAA used a system of domestic allotments , setting total output of corn , cotton , dairy products , hogs , rice , tobacco and wheat . The farmers themselves had a voice in the process of using government to benefit their incomes . The AAA paid land owners subsidies for leaving some of their land idle with funds provided by a new tax on food processing . To force up farm prices to the point of `` parity , '' 10 million acres ( 40,000 km ) of growing cotton was plowed up , bountiful crops were left to rot and six million piglets were killed and discarded .", "The idea was to give farmers a `` fair exchange value '' for their products in relation to the general economy ( `` parity level '' ) . Farm incomes and the income for the general population recovered fast since the beginning of 1933 . Food prices remained still well below the 1929 peak . The AAA established an important and long - lasting federal role in the planning on the entire agricultural sector of the economy and was the first program on such a scale on behalf of the troubled agricultural economy . The original AAA did not provide for any sharecroppers or tenants or farm laborers who might become unemployed , but there were other New Deal programs especially for them .", "A Gallup poll printed in the Washington Post revealed that a majority of the American public opposed the AAA . In 1936 , the Supreme Court declared the AAA to be unconstitutional , stating that `` a statutory plan to regulate and control agricultural production , ( is ) a matter beyond the powers delegated to the federal government '' . The AAA was replaced by a similar program that did win Court approval . Instead of paying farmers for letting fields lie barren , this program subsidized them for planting soil enriching crops such as alfalfa that would not be sold on the market . Federal regulation of agricultural production has been modified many times since then , but together with large subsidies is still in effect today .", "The Farm Tenancy Act in 1937 was the last major New Deal legislation that concerned farming . In turn , it created the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , which replaced the Resettlement Administration .", "The Food Stamp Plan -- a major new welfare program for urban poor -- was established in 1939 to provide stamps to poor people who could use them to purchase food at retail outlets . The program ended during wartime prosperity in 1943 , but was restored in 1961 . It survived into the 21st century with little controversy because it was seen to benefit the urban poor , food producers , grocers and wholesalers as well as farmers , thus it gained support from both liberal and conservative Congressmen . In 2013 , Tea Party activists in the House nonetheless tried to end the program , now known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program , while the Senate fought to preserve it .", "Recovery was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health . By most economic indicators , this was achieved by 1937 -- except for unemployment , which remained stubbornly high until World War II began . Recovery was designed to help the economy bounce back from depression . Economic historians led by Price Fishback have examined the impact of New Deal spending on improving health conditions in the 114 largest cities , 1929 -- 1937 . They estimated that every additional $153,000 in relief spending ( in 1935 dollars , or $1.95 million in year 2000 dollars ) was associated with a reduction of one infant death , one suicide and 2.4 deaths from infectious disease .", "From 1929 to 1933 , the industrial economy had been suffering from a vicious cycle of deflation . Since 1931 , the U.S. Chamber of Commerce , the voice of the nation 's organized business , promoted an anti-deflationary scheme that would permit trade associations to cooperate in government - instigated cartels to stabilize prices within their industries . While existing antitrust laws clearly forbade such practices , organized business found a receptive ear in the Roosevelt Administration .", "Roosevelt 's advisers believed that excessive competition and technical progress had led to overproduction and lowered wages and prices , which they believed lowered demand and employment ( deflation ) . He argued that government economic planning was necessary to remedy this . New Deal economists argued that cut - throat competition had hurt many businesses and that with prices having fallen 20 % and more , `` deflation '' exacerbated the burden of debt and would delay recovery . They rejected a strong move in Congress to limit the workweek to 30 hours . Instead their remedy , designed in cooperation with big business , was the NIRA . It included stimulus funds for the WPA to spend and sought to raise prices , give more bargaining power for unions ( so the workers could purchase more ) and reduce harmful competition .", "At the center of the NIRA was the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) , headed by former General Hugh S. Johnson , who had been a senior economic official in World War I. Johnson called on every business establishment in the nation to accept a stopgap `` blanket code '' : a minimum wage of between 20 and 45 cents per hour , a maximum workweek of 35 -- 45 hours and the abolition of child labor . Johnson and Roosevelt contended that the `` blanket code '' would raise consumer purchasing power and increase employment . To mobilize political support for the NRA , Johnson launched the `` NRA Blue Eagle '' publicity campaign to boost what he called `` industrial self - government '' . The NRA brought together leaders in each industry to design specific sets of codes for that industry -- the most important provisions were anti-deflationary floors below which no company would lower prices or wages and agreements on maintaining employment and production . In a remarkably short time , the NRA announced agreements from almost every major industry in the nation . By March 1934 , industrial production was 45 % higher than in March 1933 .", "NRA Administrator Hugh Johnson was showing signs of mental breakdown due to the extreme pressure and workload of running the National Recovery Administration . After two meetings with Roosevelt and an abortive resignation attempt , Johnson resigned on September 24 , 1934 and Roosevelt replaced the position of Administrator with a new National Industrial Recovery Board , of which Donald Richberg was named Executive Director .", "On May 27 , 1935 , the NRA was found to be unconstitutional by a unanimous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Schechter v. United States . After the end of the NRA , quotas in the oil industry were fixed by the Railroad Commission of Texas with Tom Connally 's federal Hot Oil Act of 1935 , which guaranteed that illegal `` hot oil '' would not be sold . By the time NRA ended in May 1935 , well over 2 million employers accepted the new standards laid down by the NRA , which had introduced a minimum wage and an eight - hour workday , together with abolishing child labor . These standards were reintroduced by the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 .", "The New Deal had an important impact in the housing field . The New Deal followed and increased President Hoover 's lead and seek measures . The New Deal sought to stimulate the private home building industry and increase the number of individuals who owned homes . The New Deal implemented two new housing agencies ; Home Owners ' Loan Corporation ( HOLC ) and the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) . HOLC set uniform national appraisal methods and simplified the mortgage process . The Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) created national standards for home construction .", "Reform was based on the assumption that the depression was caused by the inherent instability of the market and that government intervention was necessary to rationalize and stabilize the economy and to balance the interests of farmers , business and labor . Reforms targeted the causes of the depression and sought to prevent a crisis like it from happening again . In other words , financially rebuilding the U.S. while ensuring not to repeat history .", "There is consensus amongst economic historians that protectionist policies , culminating in the Smoot - Hawley Act of 1930 , worsened the Depression . Roosevelt already spoke against the act while campaigning for president during 1932 . In 1934 , the Reciprocal Tariff Act was drafted by Cordell Hull . It gave the president power to negotiate bilateral , reciprocal trade agreements with other countries . The act enabled Roosevelt to liberalize American trade policy around the globe and it is widely credited with ushering in the era of liberal trade policy that persists to this day .", "A separate set of programs operated in Puerto Rico , headed by the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . It promoted land reform and helped small farms , it set up farm cooperatives , promoted crop diversification and helped local industry . The Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration was directed by Juan Pablo Montoya Sr. from 1935 to 1937 .", "In the spring of 1935 , responding to the setbacks in the Court , a new skepticism in Congress and the growing popular clamor for more dramatic action , the Administration proposed or endorsed several important new initiatives . Historians refer to them as the `` Second New Deal '' and note that it was more liberal and more controversial than the `` First New Deal '' of 1933 -- 1934 .", "Until 1935 there were just a dozen states that had old age insurance laws , but these programs were woefully underfunded and therefore almost worthless . Just one state ( Wisconsin ) had an insurance program . The United States was the only modern industrial country where people faced the Depression without any national system of social security . Even the work programs of the `` First New Deal '' were just meant as immediate relief , destined to run less than a decade .", "The most important program of 1935 and perhaps the New Deal as a whole was the Social Security Act , drafted by Frances Perkins . It established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions ( Social Security ) , unemployment insurance and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without a father present . It established the framework for the U.S. welfare system . Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund -- he said : `` We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal , moral , and political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits . With those taxes in there , no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program '' .", "Compared to the social security systems in western European countries , the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative , but for the first time the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged , the temporarily unemployed , dependent children and the handicapped .", "The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 , also known as the Wagner Act , finally guaranteed workers the rights to collective bargaining through unions of their own choice . The Act also established the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) to facilitate wage agreements and to suppress the repeated labor disturbances . The Wagner Act did not compel employers to reach agreement with their employees , but it opened possibilities for American labor . The result was a tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions , especially in the mass - production sector , composing the American Federation of Labor . Labor thus became a major component of the New Deal political coalition .", "The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 set maximum hours ( 44 per week ) and minimum wages ( 25 cents per hour ) for most categories of workers . Child labour of children under the age of 16 was forbidden , children under 18 years were forbidden to work in hazardous employment . As a result , the wages of 300,000 people were increased and the hours of 1.3 million were reduced . It was the last major New Deal legislation that Roosevelt succeeded in enacting into law before the conservative coalition of Republicans and conservative Democrats won control of Congress that year . While he could usually use the veto to restrain Congress , it could block any Roosevelt legislation it disliked .", "Roosevelt nationalized unemployment relief through the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , headed by close friend Harry Hopkins . Roosevelt had insisted that the projects had to be costly in terms of labor , long - term beneficial and the WPA was forbidden to compete with private enterprises -- therefore the workers had to be paid smaller wages . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) was created to return the unemployed to the work force . The WPA financed a variety of projects such as hospitals , schools and roads , and employed more than 8.5 million workers who built 650,000 miles of highways and roads , 125,000 public buildings as well as bridges , reservoirs , irrigation systems , parks , playgrounds and so on .", "Prominent projects were the Lincoln Tunnel , the Triborough Bridge , the LaGuardia Airport , the Overseas Highway and the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge . The Rural Electrification Administration used co-ops to bring electricity to rural areas , many of which still operate . The National Youth Administration was another the semi-autonomous WPA program for youth . Its Texas director , Lyndon B. Johnson , later used the NYA as a model for some of his Great Society programs in the 1960s . The WPA was organized by states , but New York City had its own branch Federal One , which created jobs for writers , musicians , artists and theater personnel . It became a hunting ground for conservatives searching for communist employees .", "The Federal Writers ' Project operated in every state , where it created a famous guide book -- it also catalogued local archives and hired many writers , including Margaret Walker , Zora Neale Hurston and Anzia Yezierska , to document folklore . Other writers interviewed elderly ex-slaves and recorded their stories . Under the Federal Theater Project , headed by charismatic Hallie Flanagan , actresses and actors , technicians , writers and directors put on stage productions . The tickets were inexpensive or sometimes free , making theater available to audiences unaccustomed to attending plays .", "One Federal Art Project paid 162 trained woman artists on relief to paint murals or create statues for newly built post offices and courthouses . Many of these works of art can still be seen in public buildings around the country , along with murals sponsored by the Treasury Relief Art Project of the Treasury Department . During its existence , the Federal Theatre Project provided jobs for circus people , musicians , actors , artists and playwrights , together with increasing public appreciation of the arts .", "In 1935 , Roosevelt called for a tax program called the Wealth Tax Act ( Revenue Act of 1935 ) to redistribute wealth . The bill imposed an income tax of 79 % on incomes over $5 million . Since that was an extraordinary high income in the 1930s , the highest tax rate actually covered just one individual -- John D. Rockefeller . The bill was expected to raise only about $250 million in additional funds , so revenue was not the primary goal . Morgenthau called it `` more or less a campaign document '' . In a private conversation with Raymond Moley , Roosevelt admitted that the purpose of the bill was `` stealing Huey Long 's thunder '' by making Long 's supporters his own . At the same time , it raised the bitterness of the rich who called Roosevelt `` a traitor to his class '' and the wealth tax act a `` soak the rich tax '' .", "A tax called the undistributed profits tax was enacted in 1936 . This time the primary purpose was revenue , since Congress had enacted the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act , calling for payments of $2 billion to World War I veterans . The bill established the persisting principle that retained corporate earnings could be taxed . Paid dividends were tax deductible by corporations . Its proponents intended the bill to replace all other corporation taxes -- believing this would stimulate corporations to distribute earnings and thus put more cash and spending power in the hands of individuals . In the end , Congress watered down the bill , setting the tax rates at 7 to 27 % and largely exempting small enterprises . Facing widespread and fierce criticism , the tax deduction of paid dividends was repealed in 1938 .", "The United States Housing Act of 1937 created the United States Housing Authority within the U.S. Department of the Interior . It was one of the last New Deal agencies created . The bill passed in 1937 with some Republican support to abolish slums .", "When the Supreme Court started abolishing New Deal programs as unconstitutional , Roosevelt launched a surprise counter-attack in early 1937 . He proposed adding five new justices , but conservative Democrats revolted , led by the Vice President . The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 failed -- it never reached a vote . Momentum in Congress and public opinion shifted to the right and very little new legislation was passed expanding the New Deal . However , retirements allowed Roosevelt to put supporters on the Court and it stopped killing New Deal programs .", "The Roosevelt administration was under assault during Roosevelt 's second term , which presided over a new dip in the Great Depression in the fall of 1937 that continued until most of 1938 . Production and profits declined sharply . Unemployment jumped from 14.3 % in May 1937 to 19.0 % in June 1938 . The downturn was perhaps due to nothing more than the familiar rhythms of the business cycle , but until 1937 Roosevelt had claimed responsibility for the excellent economic performance . That backfired in the recession and the heated political atmosphere of 1937 .", "The U.S. reached full employment after entering World War II in December 1941 . Under the special circumstances of war mobilization , massive war spending doubled the gross national product ( GNP ) . Military Keynesianism brought full employment and federal contracts were cost - plus . Instead of competitive bidding to get lower prices , the government gave out contracts that promised to pay all the expenses plus a modest profit . Factories hired everyone they could find regardless of their lack of skills -- they simplified work tasks and trained the workers , with the federal government paying all the costs . Millions of farmers left marginal operations , students quit school and housewives joined the labor force .", "The emphasis was for war supplies as soon as possible , regardless of cost and inefficiencies . Industry quickly absorbed the slack in the labor force and the tables turned such that employers needed to actively and aggressively recruit workers . As the military grew , new labor sources were needed to replace the 12 million men serving in the military . Propaganda campaigns started pleading for people to work in the war factories . The barriers for married women , the old , the unskilled -- and ( in the North and West ) the barriers for racial minorities -- were lowered .", "In 1929 , federal expenditures accounted for only 3 % of GNP . Between 1933 and 1939 , federal expenditures tripled , but the national debt as a percent of GNP showed little change . Spending on the war effort quickly eclipsed spending on New Deal programs . In 1944 , government spending on the war effort exceeded 40 % of GNP . The U.S. economy experienced dramatic growth during the Second World War mostly due to the deemphasis of free enterprise in favor of the imposition of strict controls on prices and wages . These controls shared broad support among labor and business , resulting in cooperation between the two groups and the U.S. government . This cooperation resulted in the government subsidizing business and labor through both direct and indirect methods .", "Conservative domination of Congress during the war meant that all welfare projects and reforms had to have their approval , which was given when business supported the project . For example , the Coal Mines Inspection and Investigation Act of 1941 significantly reduced fatality rates in the coal - mining industry , saving workers ' lives and company money . In terms of welfare , the New Dealers wanted benefits for everyone according to need . However , conservatives proposed benefits based on national service -- especially tied to military service or working in war industries -- and their approach won out .", "The Community Facilities Act of 1940 ( the Lanham Act ) provided federal funds to defense - impacted communities where the population had soared and local facilities were overwhelmed . It provided money for the building of housing for war workers as well as recreational facilities , water and sanitation plants , hospitals , day care centers and schools .", "The Servicemen 's Dependents Allowance Act of 1942 provided family allowances for dependents of enlisted men . Emergency grants to states were authorized in 1942 for programs for day care for children of working mothers . In 1944 , pensions were authorized for all physically or mentally helpless children of deceased veterans regardless of the age of the child at the date the claim was filed or at the time of the veteran 's death , provided the child was disabled at the age of sixteen and that the disability continued to the date of the claim . The Public Health Service Act , which was passed that same year , expanded federal - state public health programs and increased the annual amount for grants for public health services .", "The Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program ( EMIC ) , introduced in March 1943 by the Children 's Bureau , provided free maternity care and medical treatment during an infant 's first year for the wives and children of military personnel in the four lowest enlisted pay grades . One out of seven births was covered during its operation . EMIC paid $127 million to state health departments to cover the care of 1.2 million new mothers and their babies . The average cost of EMIC maternity cases completed was $92.49 for medical and hospital care . A striking effect was the sudden rapid decline in home births as most mothers now had paid hospital maternity care .", "Under the 1943 Disabled Veterans Rehabilitation Act , vocational rehabilitation services were offered to wounded World War II veterans and some 621,000 veterans would go on to receive assistance under this program . The G.I. Bill ( Servicemen 's Readjustment Act of 1944 ) was a landmark piece of legislation , providing 16 million returning veterans with benefits such as housing , educational and unemployment assistance and played a major role in the postwar expansion of the American middle class .", "In response to the March on Washington Movement led by A. Philip Randolph , Roosevelt promulgated Executive Order 8802 in June 1941 , which established the President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practices ( FEPC ) `` to receive and investigate complaints of discrimination '' so that `` there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race , creed , color , or national origin '' .", "A major result of the full employment at high wages was a sharp , long lasting decrease in the level of income inequality ( Great Compression ) . The gap between rich and poor narrowed dramatically in the area of nutrition because food rationing and price controls provided a reasonably priced diet to everyone . White collar workers did not typically receive overtime and therefore the gap between white collar and blue collar income narrowed . Large families that had been poor during the 1930s had four or more wage earners and these families shot to the top one - third income bracket . Overtime provided large paychecks in war industries and average living standards rose steadily , with real wages rising by 44 % in the four years of war , while the percentage of families with an annual income of less than $2,000 fell from 75 % to 25 % of the population .", "In 1941 , 40 % of all American families lived on less than the $1,500 per year defined as necessary by the Works Progress Administration for a modest standard of living . The median income stood at $2,000 a year , while 8 million workers earnt below the legal minimum . From 1939 to 1944 , wages and salaries more than doubled , with overtime pay and the expansion of jobs leading to a 70 % rise in average weekly earnings during the course of the war . Membership in organized labor increased by 50 % between 1941 and 1945 and because the War Labor Board sought labor - management peace , new workers were encouraged to participate in the existing labor organizations , thereby receiving all the benefits of union membership such as improved working conditions , better fringe benefits and higher wages . As noted by William H. Chafe , `` with full employment , higher wages and social welfare benefits provided under government regulations , American workers experienced a level of well - being that , for many , had never occurred before '' .", "As a result of the new prosperity , consumer expenditures rose by nearly 50 % , from $61.7 billion at the start of the war to $98.5 billion by 1944 . Individual savings accounts climbed almost sevenfold during the course of the war . The share of total income held by the top 5 % of wage earners fell from 22 % to 17 % while the bottom 40 % increased their share of the economic pie . In addition , during the course of the war the proportion of the American population earning less than $3,000 ( in 1968 dollars ) fell by half .", "Analysts agree the New Deal produced a new political coalition that sustained the Democratic Party as the majority party in national politics into the 1960s . A 2013 study found that `` an average increase in New Deal relief and public works spending resulted in a 5.4 percentage point increase in the 1936 Democratic voting share and a smaller amount in 1940 . The estimated persistence of this shift suggests that New Deal spending increased long - term Democratic support by 2 to 2.5 percentage points . Thus , it appears that Roosevelt 's early , decisive actions created long - lasting positive benefits for the Democratic party ... The New Deal did play an important role in consolidating Democratic gains for at least two decades '' .", "However , there is disagreement about whether it marked a permanent change in values . Cowie and Salvatore in 2008 argued that it was a response to Depression and did not mark a commitment to a welfare state because the U.S. has always been too individualistic . MacLean rejected the idea of a definitive political culture . She says they overemphasized individualism and ignored the enormous power that big capital wields , the Constitutional restraints on radicalism and the role of racism , antifeminism and homophobia . She warns that accepting Cowie and Salvatore 's argument that conservatism 's ascendancy is inevitable would dismay and discourage activists on the left . Klein responds that the New Deal did not die a natural death -- it was killed off in the 1970s by a business coalition mobilized by such groups as the Business Roundtable , the Chamber of Commerce , trade organizations , conservative think tanks and decades of sustained legal and political attacks .", "Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt 's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole . Roosevelt also established the presidency as the prominent center of authority within the federal government . Roosevelt created a large array of agencies protecting various groups of citizens -- workers , farmers and others -- who suffered from the crisis and thus enabled them to challenge the powers of the corporations . In this way , the Roosevelt administration generated a set of political ideas -- known as New Deal liberalism -- that remained a source of inspiration and controversy for decades . New Deal liberalism lay the foundation of a new consensus . Between 1940 and 1980 , there was the liberal consensus about the prospects for the widespread distribution of prosperity within an expanding capitalist economy . Especially Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal and in the 1960s Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs .", "The New Deal 's enduring appeal on voters fostered its acceptance by moderate and liberal Republicans .", "As the first Republican President elected after Roosevelt , Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) built on the New Deal in a manner that embodied his thoughts on efficiency and cost - effectiveness . He sanctioned a major expansion of Social Security by a self - financed program . He supported such New Deal programs as the minimum wage and public housing -- he greatly expanded federal aid to education and built the Interstate Highway system primarily as defense programs ( rather than jobs program ) . In a private letter , Eisenhower wrote :", "Should any party attempt to abolish social security and eliminate labor laws and farm programs , you would not hear of that party again in our political history . There is a tiny splinter group of course , that believes you can do these things ... Their number is negligible and they are stupid .", "In 1964 , Barry Goldwater , an unreconstructed anti-New Dealer , was the Republican presidential candidate on a platform that attacked the New Deal . The Democrats under Lyndon B. Johnson won a massive landslide and Johnson 's Great Society programs extended the New Deal . However , the supporters of Goldwater formed the New Right which helped to bring Ronald Reagan into the White House in the 1980 presidential election . Once an ardent supporter of the New Deal , Reagan turned against it , now viewing government as the problem rather than solution and as president moved the nation away from the New Deal model of government activism , shifting greater emphasis to the private sector .", "A 2017 review study of the existing literature in the Journal of Economic Literature summarized the findings of the research as follows :", "The studies find that public works and relief spending had state income multipliers of around one , increased consumption activity , attracted internal migration , reduced crime rates , and lowered several types of mortality . The farm programs typically aided large farm owners but eliminated opportunities for share croppers , tenants , and farm workers . The Home Owners ' Loan Corporation 's purchases and refinancing of troubled mortgages staved off drops in housing prices and home ownership rates at relatively low ex post cost to taxpayers . The Reconstruction Finance Corporation 's loans to banks and railroads appear to have had little positive impact , although the banks were aided when the RFC took ownership stakes .", "Historians debating the New Deal have generally divided between liberals who support it , conservatives who oppose it and some New Left historians who complain it was too favorable to capitalism and did too little for minorities . There is consensus on only a few points , with most commentators favorable toward the CCC and hostile toward the NRA .", "Consensus historians of the 1950s , such as Richard Hofstadter , according to Lary May :", "( B ) elieved that the prosperity and apparent class harmony of the post-World War II era reflected a return to the true Americanism rooted in liberal capitalism and the pursuit of individual opportunity that had made fundamental conflicts over resources a thing of the past . They argued that the New Deal was a conservative movement that built a welfare state , guided by experts , that saved rather than transformed liberal capitalism .", "( B ) elieved that the prosperity and apparent class harmony of the post-World War II era reflected a return to the true Americanism rooted in liberal capitalism and the pursuit of individual opportunity that had made fundamental conflicts over resources a thing of the past . They argued that the New Deal was a conservative movement that built a welfare state , guided by experts , that saved rather than transformed liberal capitalism .", "Liberal historians argue that Roosevelt restored hope and self - respect to tens of millions of desperate people , built labor unions , upgraded the national infrastructure and saved capitalism in his first term when he could have destroyed it and easily nationalized the banks and the railroads . Historians generally agree that apart from building up labor unions , the New Deal did not substantially alter the distribution of power within American capitalism . `` The New Deal brought about limited change in the nation 's power structure '' . The New Deal preserved democracy in the United States in a historic period of uncertainty and crises when in many other countries democracy failed .", "The most common arguments can be summarized as follows :", "Harmful", "The New Deal vastly increased the federal debt ( Billington and Ridge ) while liberal Keynesians criticize that the federal deficit between 1933 and 1939 averaged only 3.7 % which was not enough to offset the reduction in private sector spending during the Great Depression Fostered bureaucracy and administrative inefficiency ( Billington and Ridge ) and enlarged the powers of the federal government Slowed the growth of civil service reform by multiplying offices outside the merit system ( Billington and Ridge ) Infringed upon free business enterprise ( Billington and Ridge ) Rescued capitalism when the opportunity was at hand to nationalize banking , railroads and other industries ( New Left critique )", "The New Deal vastly increased the federal debt ( Billington and Ridge ) while liberal Keynesians criticize that the federal deficit between 1933 and 1939 averaged only 3.7 % which was not enough to offset the reduction in private sector spending during the Great Depression", "Fostered bureaucracy and administrative inefficiency ( Billington and Ridge ) and enlarged the powers of the federal government", "Slowed the growth of civil service reform by multiplying offices outside the merit system ( Billington and Ridge )", "Infringed upon free business enterprise ( Billington and Ridge )", "Rescued capitalism when the opportunity was at hand to nationalize banking , railroads and other industries ( New Left critique )", "Neutral", "Stimulated the growth of class consciousness among farmers and workers ( Billington and Ridge ) Raised the issue of how far economic regulation could be extended without sacrificing the liberties of the people ( Billington and Ridge )", "Stimulated the growth of class consciousness among farmers and workers ( Billington and Ridge )", "Raised the issue of how far economic regulation could be extended without sacrificing the liberties of the people ( Billington and Ridge )", "Beneficial", "The nation came through its greatest depression without undermining the capitalist system ( Billington and Ridge ) Making the capitalist system more beneficial by enacting banking and stock market regulations to avoid abuses and providing greater financial security through , for example the introduction of Social Security or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( David M. Kennedy ) Created a better balance among labor , agriculture and industry ( Billington and Ridge ) Produced a more equal distribution of wealth ( Billington and Ridge ) Help conserve natural resources ( Billington and Ridge ) Permanently established the principle that the national government should take action to rehabilitate and preserve America 's human resources ( Billington and Ridge )", "The nation came through its greatest depression without undermining the capitalist system ( Billington and Ridge )", "Making the capitalist system more beneficial by enacting banking and stock market regulations to avoid abuses and providing greater financial security through , for example the introduction of Social Security or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( David M. Kennedy )", "Created a better balance among labor , agriculture and industry ( Billington and Ridge )", "Produced a more equal distribution of wealth ( Billington and Ridge )", "Help conserve natural resources ( Billington and Ridge )", "Permanently established the principle that the national government should take action to rehabilitate and preserve America 's human resources ( Billington and Ridge )", "Julian Zelizer ( 2000 ) has argued that fiscal conservatism was a key component of the New Deal . A fiscally conservative approach was supported by Wall Street and local investors and most of the business community -- mainstream academic economists believed in it as apparently did the majority of the public . Conservative southern Democrats , who favored balanced budgets and opposed new taxes , controlled Congress and its major committees . Even liberal Democrats at the time regarded balanced budgets as essential to economic stability in the long run , although they were more willing to accept short - term deficits . As Zelizer notes , public opinion polls consistently showed public opposition to deficits and debt . Throughout his terms , Roosevelt recruited fiscal conservatives to serve in his administration , most notably Lewis Douglas the Director of Budget in 1933 -- 1934 ; and Henry Morgenthau Jr. , Secretary of the Treasury from 1934 to 1945 . They defined policy in terms of budgetary cost and tax burdens rather than needs , rights , obligations , or political benefits . Personally , Roosevelt embraced their fiscal conservatism , but politically he realized that fiscal conservatism enjoyed a strong wide base of support among voters , leading Democrats and businessmen . On the other hand , there was enormous pressure to act and spending money on high visibility work programs with millions of paychecks a week .", "Douglas proved too inflexible and he quit in 1934 . Morgenthau made it his highest priority to stay close to Roosevelt , no matter what . Douglas 's position , like many of the Old Right , was grounded in a basic distrust of politicians and the deeply ingrained fear that government spending always involved a degree of patronage and corruption that offended his Progressive sense of efficiency . The Economy Act of 1933 , passed early in the Hundred Days , was Douglas 's great achievement . It reduced federal expenditures by $500 million , to be achieved by reducing veterans ' payments and federal salaries . Douglas cut government spending through executive orders that cut the military budget by $125 million , $75 million from the Post Office , $12 million from Commerce , $75 million from government salaries and $100 million from staff layoffs . As Freidel concludes : `` The economy program was not a minor aberration of the spring of 1933 , or a hypocritical concession to delighted conservatives . Rather it was an integral part of Roosevelt 's overall New Deal '' .", "Revenues were so low that borrowing was necessary ( only the richest 3 % paid any income tax between 1926 and 1940 ) . Douglas therefore hated the relief programs , which he said reduced business confidence , threatened the government 's future credit and had the `` destructive psychological effects of making mendicants of self - respecting American citizens '' . Roosevelt was pulled toward greater spending by Hopkins and Ickes and as the 1936 election approached he decided to gain votes by attacking big business .", "Morgenthau shifted with Roosevelt , but at all times tried to inject fiscal responsibility -- he deeply believed in balanced budgets , stable currency , reduction of the national debt and the need for more private investment . The Wagner Act met Morgenthau 's requirement because it strengthened the party 's political base and involved no new spending . In contrast to Douglas , Morgenthau accepted Roosevelt 's double budget as legitimate -- that is a balanced regular budget and an `` emergency '' budget for agencies , like the WPA , PWA and CCC , that would be temporary until full recovery was at hand . He fought against the veterans ' bonus until Congress finally overrode Roosevelt 's veto and gave out $2.2 billion in 1936 . His biggest success was the new Social Security program as he managed to reverse the proposals to fund it from general revenue and insisted it be funded by new taxes on employees . It was Morgenthau who insisted on excluding farm workers and domestic servants from Social Security because workers outside industry would not be paying their way .", "While many Americans suffered economically during the Great Depression , African Americans also had to deal with social ills , such as racism , discrimination and segregation . Black workers were especially vulnerable to the economic downturn since most of them worked the most marginal jobs such as unskilled or service - oriented work , therefore they were the first to be discharged and additionally many employers preferred white workers . When jobs were scarce some employers even dismissed blacks to create jobs for whites . In the end there were three times more African American workers on public assistance or relief than white workers .", "The WPA , NYA and CCC relief programs allocated 10 % of their budgets to blacks ( who comprised about 10 % of the total population , and 20 % of the poor ) . They operated separate all - black units with the same pay and conditions as white units . Some leading white New Dealers , especially Eleanor Roosevelt , Harold Ickes and Aubrey Williams , worked to ensure blacks received at least 10 % of welfare assistance payments . However , these benefits were small in comparison to the economic and political advantages that whites received . Most unions excluded blacks from joining and enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in the South was virtually impossible , especially since most blacks worked in hospitality and agricultural sectors .", "The New Deal programs put millions of Americans immediately back to work or at least helped them to survive . The programs were not specifically targeted to alleviate the much higher unemployment rate of blacks . Some aspects of the programs were even unfavorable to blacks . The Agricultural Adjustment Acts for example helped farmers which were predominantly white , but reduced the need of farmers to hire tenant farmers or sharecroppers which were predominantely black . While the AAA stipulated that a farmer had to share the payments with those who worked the land this policy was never enforced . The Farm Service Agency ( FSA ) , a government relief agency for tenant farmers , created in 1937 , made efforts to empower African Americans by appointing them to agency committees in the South . Senator James F. Byrnes of South Carolina raised opposition to the appointments because he stood for white farmers who were threatened by an agency that could organize and empower tenant farmers . Initially , the FSA stood behind their appointments , but after feeling national pressure FSA was forced to release the African Americans of their positions . The goals of the FSA were notoriously liberal and not cohesive with the southern voting elite . Some New Deal measures inadvertently discriminated against harmed blacks . Thousands of blacks were thrown out of work and replaced by whites on jobs where they were paid less than the NRA 's wage minimums because some white employers considered the NRA 's minimum wage `` too much money for Negroes '' . By August 1933 , blacks called the NRA the `` Negro Removal Act '' . An NRA study found that the NIRA put 500,000 African Americans out of work .", "However , since blacks felt the sting of the depression 's wrath even more severely than whites they welcomed any help . Until 1936 almost all African Americans ( and many whites ) shifted from the `` Party of Lincoln '' to the Democratic Party . This was a sharp realignment from 1932 , when most African Americans voted the Republican ticket . New Deal policies helped establish a political alliance between blacks and the Democratic Party that survives into the 21st century .", "There was no attempt whatsoever to end segregation , or to increase black rights in the South . Roosevelt appointed an unprecedented number of blacks to second - level positions in his administration -- these appointees were collectively called the Black Cabinet .", "The wartime Fair Employment Practices Commission ( FEPC ) executive orders that forbade job discrimination against African Americans , women and ethnic groups was a major breakthrough that brought better jobs and pay to millions of minority Americans . Historians usually treat FEPC as part of the war effort and not part of the New Deal itself .", "The New Deal was racially segregated as blacks and whites rarely worked alongside each other in New Deal programs . The largest relief program by far was the WPA -- it operated segregated units , as did its youth affiliate the NYA . Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North , but of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South only 11 were black . Historian Anthony Badger argues that `` New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation '' . In its first few weeks of operation , CCC camps in the North were integrated . By July 1935 , practically all the camps in the United States were segregated , and blacks were strictly limited in the supervisory roles they were assigned . Kinker and Smith argue that `` even the most prominent racial liberals in the New Deal did not dare to criticize Jim Crow '' .", "Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes was one of the Roosevelt Administration 's most prominent supporters of blacks and former president of the Chicago chapter of the NAACP . In 1937 , when Senator Josiah Bailey Democrat of North Carolina accused him of trying to break down segregation laws Ickes wrote him to deny that :", "I think it is up to the states to work out their social problems if possible , and while I have always been interested in seeing that the Negro has a square deal , I have never dissipated my strength against the particular stone wall of segregation . I believe that wall will crumble when the Negro has brought himself to a high educational and economic status ... . Moreover , while there are no segregation laws in the North , there is segregation in fact and we might as well recognize this .", "I think it is up to the states to work out their social problems if possible , and while I have always been interested in seeing that the Negro has a square deal , I have never dissipated my strength against the particular stone wall of segregation . I believe that wall will crumble when the Negro has brought himself to a high educational and economic status ... . Moreover , while there are no segregation laws in the North , there is segregation in fact and we might as well recognize this .", "The New Deal 's record came under attack by New Left historians in the 1960s for its pusillanimity in not attacking capitalism more vigorously , nor helping blacks achieve equality . The critics emphasize the absence of a philosophy of reform to explain the failure of New Dealers to attack fundamental social problems . They demonstrate the New Deal 's commitment to save capitalism and its refusal to strip away private property . They detect a remoteness from the people and indifference to participatory democracy and call instead for more emphasis on conflict and exploitation .", "At first , the New Deal created programs primarily for men as it was assumed that the husband was the `` breadwinner '' ( the provider ) and if they had jobs the whole families would benefit . It was the social norm for women to give up jobs when they married -- in many states there were laws that prevented both husband and wife holding regular jobs with the government . So too in the relief world , it was rare for both husband and wife to have a relief job on FERA or the WPA . This prevailing social norm of the breadwinner failed to take into account the numerous households headed by women , but it soon became clear that the government needed to help women as well .", "Many women were employed on FERA projects run by the states with federal funds . The first New Deal program to directly assist women was the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , begun in 1935 . It hired single women , widows , or women with disabled or absent husbands . The WPA employed about 500,000 women and they were assigned mostly to unskilled jobs . 295,000 worked on sewing projects that made 300 million items of clothing and bedding to be given away to families on relief and to hospitals and orphanages . Women also were hired for the WPA 's school lunch program . Both men and women were hired for the small but highly publicized arts programs ( such as music , theater and writing ) .", "The Social Security program was designed to help retired workers and widows , but did not include domestic workers , farmers or farm laborers , the jobs most often held by blacks . However , Social Security was not a relief program and it was not designed for short - term needs , as very few people received benefits before 1942 .", "The New Deal expanded the role of the federal government , particularly to help the poor , the unemployed , youth , the elderly and stranded rural communities . The Hoover administration started the system of funding state relief programs , whereby the states hired people on relief . With the CCC in 1933 and the WPA in 1935 , the federal government now became involved in directly hiring people on relief in granting direct relief or benefits . Total federal , state and local spending on relief rose from 3.9 % of GNP in 1929 to 6.4 % in 1932 and 9.7 % in 1934 -- the return of prosperity in 1944 lowered the rate to 4.1 % . In 1935 -- 1940 , welfare spending accounted for 49 % of the federal , state and local government budgets . In his memoirs , Milton Friedman said that the New Deal relief programs were an appropriate response . He and his wife were not on relief , but they were employed by the WPA as statisticians . Friedman said that programs like the CCC and WPA were justified as temporary responses to an emergency . Friedman said that Roosevelt deserved considerable credit for relieving immediate distress and restoring confidence .", "In a survey of economic historians conducted by Robert Whaples , Professor of Economics at Wake Forest University , anonymous questionnaires were sent to members of the Economic History Association . Members were asked to disagree , agree , or agree with provisos with the statement that read : `` Taken as a whole , government policies of the New Deal served to lengthen and deepen the Great Depression '' . While only 6 % of economic historians who worked in the history department of their universities agreed with the statement , 27 % of those that work in the economics department agreed . Almost an identical percent of the two groups ( 21 % and 22 % ) agreed with the statement `` with provisos '' ( a conditional stipulation ) while 74 % of those who worked in the history department and 51 % in the economic department disagreed with the statement outright .", "From 1933 to 1941 , the economy expanded at an average rate of 7.7 % per year . Despite high economic growth , unemployment rates fell slowly .", "Unemployment rate 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 Workers in job creation programs counted as unemployed 24.9 % 21.7 % 20.1 % 16.9 % 14.3 % 19.0 % 17.2 % 14.6 % 9.9 % Workers in job creation programs counted as employed 20.6 % 16.0 % 14.2 % 9.9 % 9.1 % 12.5 % 11.3 % 9.5 % 8.0 %", "Unemployment rate 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941", "Workers in job creation programs counted as unemployed 24.9 % 21.7 % 20.1 % 16.9 % 14.3 % 19.0 % 17.2 % 14.6 % 9.9 %", "Workers in job creation programs counted as employed 20.6 % 16.0 % 14.2 % 9.9 % 9.1 % 12.5 % 11.3 % 9.5 % 8.0 %", "John Maynard Keynes explained that situation as an underemployment equilibrium where skeptic business prospects prevent companies from hiring new employees . It was seen as a form of cyclical unemployment .", "There are different assumptions as well . According to Richard L. Jensen , cyclical unemployment was a grave matter primarily until 1935 . Between 1935 and 1941 , structural unemployment became the bigger problem . Especially the unions successes in demanding higher wages pushed management into introducing new efficiency - oriented hiring standards . It ended inefficient labor such as child labor , casual unskilled work for subminimum wages and sweatshop conditions . In the long term , the shift to efficiency wages led to high productivity , high wages and a high standard of living , but it necessitated a well - educated , well - trained , hard - working labor force . It was not before war time brought full employment that the supply of unskilled labor ( that caused structural unemployment ) downsized .", "At the beginning of the Great Depression , many economists traditionally argued against deficit spending . The fear was that government spending would `` crowd out '' private investment and would thus not have any effect on the economy , a proposition known as the Treasury view , but Keynesian economics rejected that view . They argued that by spending vastly more money -- using fiscal policy -- the government could provide the needed stimulus through the multiplier effect . Without that stimulus , business simply would not hire more people , especially the low skilled and supposedly `` untrainable '' men who had been unemployed for years and lost any job skill they once had . Keynes visited the White House in 1934 to urge President Roosevelt to increase deficit spending . Roosevelt afterwards complained that `` he left a whole rigmarole of figures -- he must be a mathematician rather than a political economist '' .", "The New Deal tried public works , farm subsidies and other devices to reduce unemployment , but Roosevelt never completely gave up trying to balance the budget . Between 1933 and 1941 , the average federal budget deficit was 3 % per year . Roosevelt did not fully utilize deficit spending . The effects of federal public works spending were largely offset by Herbert Hoover 's large tax increase in 1932 , whose full effects for the first time were felt in 1933 and it was undercut by spending cuts , especially the Economy Act . According to Keynesians like Paul Krugman , the New Deal therefore was not as successful in the short run as it was in the long run .", "Following the Keynesian consensus ( that lasted until the 1970s ) , the traditional view was that federal deficit spending associated with the war brought full - employment output while monetary policy was just aiding the process . In this view , the New Deal did not end the Great Depression , but halted the economic collapse and ameliorated the worst of the crises .", "In recent years , more influential among economists has been the monetarist interpretation of Milton Friedman , which includes a full - scale monetary history of what he calls the `` Great Contraction '' . Friedman concentrated on the failures before 1933 and points out that between 1929 and 1932 the Federal Reserve allowed the money supply to fall by a third which is seen as the major cause that turned a normal recession into a Great Depression . Friedman especially criticized the decisions of Hoover and the Federal Reserve not to save banks going bankrupt . Monetarists state that the banking and monetary reforms were a necessary and sufficient response to the crises . They reject the approach of Keynesian deficit spending .", "You have to distinguish between two classes of New Deal policies . One class of New Deal policies was reform : wage and price control , the Blue Eagle , the national industrial recovery movement . I did not support those . The other part of the new deal policy was relief and recovery ... providing relief for the unemployed , providing jobs for the unemployed , and motivating the economy to expand ... an expansive monetary policy . Those parts of the New Deal I did support .", "Ben Bernanke and Martin Parkinson declared in `` Unemployment , Inflation , and Wages in the American Depression '' ( 1989 ) that `` the New Deal is better characterized as having cleared the way for a natural recovery ( for example , by ending deflation and rehabilitating the financial system ) rather than as being the engine of recovery itself '' .", "Challenging the traditional view , monetarists and New Keynesians like J. Bradford DeLong , Lawrence Summers and Christina Romer argued that recovery was essentially complete prior to 1942 and that monetary policy was the crucial source of pre-1942 recovery . The extraordinary growth in money supply beginning in 1933 lowered real interest rates and stimulated investment spending . According to Bernanke , there was also a debt - deflation effect of the depression which was clearly offset by a reflation through the growth in money supply . However , before 1992 scholars did not realize that the New Deal provided for a huge aggregate demand stimulus through a de facto easing of monetary policy . While Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz argued in A Monetary History of the United States ( 1963 ) that the Federal Reserve System had made no attempt to increase the quantity in high - powered money and thus failed to foster recovery , they somehow did not investigate the impact of the monetary policy of the New Deal . In 1992 , Christina Romer explained in `` What Ended the Great Depression ? '' that the rapid growth in money supply beginning in 1933 can be traced back to a large unsterilized gold inflow to the U.S. which was partly due to political instability in Europe , but to a larger degree to the revaluation of gold through the Gold Reserve Act . The Roosevelt administration had chosen not to sterilize the gold inflow precisely because they hoped that the growth of money supply would stimulate the economy .", "Replying to DeLong et al. in the Journal of Economic History , J.R. Vernon argues that deficit spending leading up to and during World War II still played a large part in the overall recovery , according to his study `` half or more of the recovery occurred during 1941 and 1942 '' .", "According to Peter Temin , Barry Wigmore , Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer , the biggest primary impact of the New Deal on the economy and the key to recovery and to end the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations . The thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession important economic indicators turned positive just in March 1933 when Roosevelt took office . Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation , industrial production bottomed out in March 1933 , investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933 . There were no monetary forces to explain that turnaround . Money supply was still falling and short - term interest rates remained close to zero . Before March 1933 , people expected a further deflation and recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment . However , when Roosevelt announced major regime changes people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion . With those expectations , interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment just as they were expected to do . Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible . The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments . The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard , a balanced budget in times of crises and small government led endogenously to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937 . If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued , the economy would have continued its free - fall in 1933 and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933 .", "Followers of the real business - cycle theory believe that the New Deal caused the depression to persist longer than it would otherwise have . Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian say Roosevelt 's policies prolonged the depression by seven years . According to their study , the `` New Deal labor and industrial policies did not lift the economy out of the Depression '' , but that the `` New Deal policies are an important contributing factor to the persistence of the Great Depression '' . They claim that the New Deal `` cartelization policies are a key factor behind the weak recovery '' . They say that the `` abandonment of these policies coincided with the strong economic recovery of the 1940s '' . The study by Cole and Ohanian is based on a real business - cycle theory model . The underlying assumptions of this theory are subject to numerous criticisms and the theory is unable to posit any convincing explanations for the initial causes of the Great Depression . Laurence Seidman noted that according to the assumptions of Cole and Ohanian , the labor market clears instantaneously , which leads to the incredible conclusion that the surge in unemployment between 1929 and 1932 ( before the New Deal ) was in their opinion both optimal and solely based on voluntary unemployment . Additionally , Cole and Ohanian 's argument does not count workers employed through New Deal programs . Such programs built or renovated 2,500 hospitals , 45,000 schools , 13,000 parks and playgrounds , 7,800 bridges , 700,000 miles ( 1,100,000 km ) of roads , 1,000 airfields and employed 50,000 teachers through programs that rebuilt the country 's entire rural school system .", "Lowell E. Gallaway and Richard K. Vedder argue on the basis of libertarian theories that the Great Depression was caused by too high wages which they say had caused a loss of depositor confidence which caused the bank runs . They further conclude that the `` Great Depression was very significantly prolonged in both its duration and its magnitude by the impact of New Deal programs '' . They suggest that without Social Security , work relief , unemployment insurance , mandatory minimum wages and without special government - granted privileges for labor unions , business would have hired more workers and the unemployment rate during the New Deal years would have been 6.7 % instead of 17.2 % . Amity Shlaes wrote that `` from 1929 to 1940 , from Hoover to Roosevelt , government intervention helped to make the Depression Great '' . Shlaes said that the NRA was misguided because it used price setting to fix monetary problems . According to Shlaes , Roosevelt 's experimentation frightened business into inaction and prevented recovery . Eric Rauchway showed that Shlaes tried to diminish the economic growth by referring to the unrepresentative Dow Jones Industrial Average . He continued that usually a historian or economist would have referred to the gross domestic product , which according to the Historical Statistics of the United States grew impressively by 9 % annually during Roosevelt 's first term and by 11 % annually after the short recession of 1937 -- 1938 .", "The economic reforms were mainly intended to rescue the capitalist system by providing a more rational framework in which it could operate . The banking system was made less vulnerable . The regulation of the stock market and the prevention of some corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting addressed the worst excesses . Roosevelt allowed trade unions to take their place in labor relations and created the triangular partnership between employers , employees and government .", "David M. Kennedy wrote that `` the achievements of the New Deal years surely played a role in determining the degree and the duration of the postwar prosperity '' .", "Paul Krugman stated that the institutions built by the New Deal remain the bedrock of the United States economic stability . Against the background of the 2007 -- 2012 global financial crisis , he explained that the financial crises would have been much worse if the New Deals Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had not insured most bank deposits and older Americans would have felt much more insecure without Social Security . Libertarian economist Milton Friedman after 1960 attacked Social Security from a free market view stating that it had created welfare dependency .", "The New Deal banking reform was weakened since the 1980s .", "While it is essentially consensus among historians and academics that the New Deal brought about a large increase in the power of the federal government , there has been some scholarly debate concerning the results of this federal expansion . Historians like Arthur M. Schlesinger and James T. Patterson have argued that the augmentation of the federal government exacerbated tensions between the federal and state governments . However , contemporaries such as Ira Katznelson have suggested that due to certain conditions on the allocation of federal funds , namely that the individual states get to control them , the federal government managed to avoid any tension with states over their rights . This is a prominent debate concerning the historiography of federalism in the United States and -- as Schlesinger and Patterson have observed -- the New Deal marked an era when the federal - state power balance shifted further in favor of the federal government , which heightened tensions between the two levels of government in the United States .", "Ira Katznelson has argued that although the federal government expanded its power and began providing welfare benefits on a scale previously unknown in the United States , it often allowed individual states to control the allocation of the funds provided for such welfare . This meant that the states controlled who had access to these funds , which in turn meant many Southern states were able to racially segregate -- or in some cases , like a number of counties in Georgia , completely exclude African - Americans -- the allocation of federal funds . This enabled these states to continue to relatively exercise their rights and also to preserve the institutionalization of the racist order of their societies . While Katznelson has conceded that the expansion of the federal government had the potential to lead to federal - state tension , he has argued it was avoided as these states managed to retain some control . As Katznelson has observed , `` furthermore , they ( state governments in the South ) had to manage the strain that potentially might be placed on local practices by investing authority in federal bureaucracies ... To guard against this outcome , they key mechanism deployed was a separation of the source of funding from decisions about how to spend the new monies '' .", "However , Schlesinger has disputed Katznelson 's claim and has argued that the increase in the power of the federal government was perceived to come at the cost of states ' rights , thereby aggravating state governments , which exacerbated federal - state tensions . Schlesinger has utilized quotes from the time to highlight this point , Schlesinger has observed that `` the actions of the New Deal , ( Ogden L . ) Mills said , `` abolish the sovereignty of the States . They make of a government of limited powers one of unlimited authority over the lives of us all '' .", "Moreover , Schlesinger has argued that this federal - state tension was not a one - way street and that the federal government became just as aggravated with the state governments as they did with it . State governments were often guilty of inhibiting or delaying federal policies . Whether through intentional methods , like sabotage , or unintentional ones , like simple administrative overload -- either way these problems aggravated the federal government and thus heightened federal - state tensions . As Schlesinger has also noted that `` students of public administration have never taken sufficient account of the capacity of lower levels of government to sabotage or defy even a masterful President '' .", "James T. Patterson has reiterated this argument , though he observes that this increased tension can be accounted for not just from a political perspective , but from an economic one too . Patterson has argued that the tension between the federal and state governments at least partly also resulted from the economic strain under which the states had been put by the federal government 's various policies and agencies . Some states were either simply unable to cope with the federal government 's demand and thus refused to work with them , or admonished the economic restraints and actively decided to sabotage federal policies . This was demonstrated , Patterson has noted , with the handling of federal relief money by Ohio governor , Martin L. Davey . The case in Ohio became so detrimental to the federal government that Harry Hopkins , supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , had to federalize Ohio relief . Although this argument differs somewhat from Schlesinger 's , the source of federal - state tension remained the growth of the federal government . As Patterson has asserted , `` though the record of the FERA was remarkably good -- almost revolutionary -- in these respects it was inevitable , given the financial requirements imposed on deficit - ridden states , that friction would develop between governors and federal officials '' .", "In this dispute it can be inferred that Katznelson and Schlesinger and Patterson have only disagreed on their inference of the historical evidence . While both parties have agreed that the federal government expanded and even that states had a degree of control over the allocation of federal funds , they have disputed the consequences of these claims . Katznelson has asserted that it created mutual acquiescence between the levels of government , while Schlesinger and Patterson have suggested that it provoked contempt for the state governments on the part of the federal government and vice versa , thus exacerbating their relations . In short , irrespective of the interpretation this era marked an important time in the historiography of federalism and also nevertheless provided some narrative on the legacy of federal - state relations .", "Worldwide , the Great Depression had the most profound impact in the German Reich and the United States . In both countries the pressure to reform and the perception of the economic crisis were strikingly similar . When Hitler came to power he was faced with exactly the same task that faced Roosevelt , overcoming mass unemployment and the global Depression . The political responses to the crises were essentially different : while American democracy remained strong , Germany replaced democracy with fascism , a Nazi dictatorship .", "The initial perception of the New Deal was mixed . On the one hand , the eyes of the world were upon the United States because many democrats in Europe and the United States saw in Roosevelt ́ s reform program a positive counterweight to the seductive powers of the two great alternative systems , communism and fascism . As the historian Isaiah Berlin wrote in 1955 : `` The only light in the darkness was the administration of Mr. Roosevelt and the New Deal in the United States '' .", "By contrast , enemies of the New Deal sometimes called it `` fascist '' , but they meant very different things . Communists denounced the New Deal in 1933 and 1934 as fascist in the sense that it was under the control of big business . They dropped that line of thought when Stalin switched to the `` Popular Front '' plan of cooperation with liberals .", "In 1934 , Roosevelt defended himself against those critics in a `` fireside chat '' :", "( Some ) will try to give you new and strange names for what we are doing . Sometimes they will call it ' Fascism ' , sometimes ' Communism ' , sometimes ' Regimentation ' , sometimes ' Socialism ' . But , in so doing , they are trying to make very complex and theoretical something that is really very simple and very practical ... Plausible self - seekers and theoretical die - hards will tell you of the loss of individual liberty . Answer this question out of the facts of your own life . Have you lost any of your rights or liberty or constitutional freedom of action and choice ?", "After 1945 , only few observers continued to see similarities and later on some scholars such as Kiran Klaus Patel , Heinrich August Winkler and John Garraty came to the conclusion that comparisons of the alternative systems do not have to end in an apology for Nazism since comparisons rely on the examination of both similarities and differences . Their preliminary studies on the origins of the fascist dictatorships and the American ( reformed ) democracy came to the conclusion that besides essential differences `` the crises led to a limited degree of convergence '' on the level of economic and social policy . The most important cause was the growth of state interventionism since in the face of the catastrophic economic situation both societies no longer counted on the power of the market to heal itself .", "John Garraty wrote that the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was based on economic experiments in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , without establishing a totalitarian dictatorship . Contrary to that , historians such as Hawley have examined the origins of the NRA in detail , showing the main inspiration came from Senators Hugo Black and Robert F. Wagner and from American business leaders such as the Chamber of Commerce . The model for the NRA was Woodrow Wilson 's War Industries Board , in which Johnson had been involved too . Historians argue that direct comparisons between Fascism and New Deal are invalid since there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization . Gerald Feldman wrote that fascism has not contributed anything to economic thought and had no original vision of a new economic order replacing capitalism . His argument correlates with Mason ́ s that economic factors alone are an insufficient approach to understand fascism and that decisions taken by fascists in power can not be explained within a logical economic framework . In economic terms , both ideas were within the general tendency of the 1930s to intervene in the free market capitalist economy , at the price of its laissez - faire character , `` to protect the capitalist structure endangered by endogenous crises tendencies and processes of impaired self - regulation '' .", "Stanley Payne , a historian of fascism , examined possible fascist influences in the United States by looking at the KKK and its offshoots and movements led by Father Coughlin and Huey Long . He concluded that `` the various populist , nativist , and rightist movements in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s fell distinctly short of fascism '' . According to Kevin Passmore , lecturer in History at Cardiff University , the failure of fascism in the United States was due to the social policies of the New Deal that channelled anti-establishment populism into the left rather than the extreme right .", "For decades , the New Deal was generally held in very high regard in the scholarship and the textbooks . That changed in the 1960s when New Left historians began a revisionist critique that said the New Deal was a bandaid for a patient that needed radical surgery to reform capitalism , put private property in its place and lift up workers , women and minorities . The New Left believed in participatory democracy and therefore rejected the autocratic machine politics typical of the big city Democratic organizations .", "In the 1960s , New Left historians have been among the New Deal 's harsh critics . In a 1968 essay , Barton J. Bernstein compiled a chronicle of missed opportunities and inadequate responses to problems . The New Deal may have saved capitalism from itself , Bernstein charged , but it had failed to help -- and in many cases actually harmed -- those groups most in need of assistance . In The New Deal ( 1967 ) , Paul K. Conkin similarly chastised the government of the 1930s for its weak policies toward marginal farmers , for its failure to institute sufficiently progressive tax reform , and its excessive generosity toward select business interests . In 1966 , Howard Zinn criticized the New Deal for working actively to actually preserve the worst evils of capitalism .", "By the 1970s , liberal historians were responding with a defense of the New Deal based on numerous local and microscopic studies . Praise increasingly focused on Eleanor Roosevelt , seen as a more appropriate crusading reformer than her husband . Since then , research on the New Deal has been less interested in the question of whether the New Deal was a `` conservative '' , `` liberal '' , or `` revolutionary '' phenomenon than in the question of constraints within which it was operating .", "In a series of articles , political sociologist Theda Skocpol has emphasized the issue of `` state capacity '' as an often - crippling constraint . Ambitious reform ideas often failed , she argued , because of the absence of a government bureaucracy with significant strength and expertise to administer them . Other more recent works have stressed the political constraints that the New Deal encountered . Conservative skepticism about the efficacy of government was strong both in Congress and among many citizens . Thus some scholars have stressed that the New Deal was not just a product of its liberal backers , but also a product of the pressures of its conservative opponents .", "During the New Deal the communists established a network of a dozen or so members working for the government . They were low level and had a minor influence on policies . Harold Ware led the largest group which worked in the Agriculture Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) . Secretary of Agriculture Wallace got rid of them all in a famous purge in 1935 . Ware died in 1935 and some individuals such as Alger Hiss moved to other government jobs . Other communists worked for the National Labor Relations Board , the National Youth Administration , the Works Progress Administration , the Federal Theater Project , the Treasury and the Department of State .", "Since 1933 , politicians and pundits have often called for a `` new deal '' regarding an object -- that is , they demand a completely new , large - scale approach to a project . As Arthur A. Ekirch Jr. ( 1971 ) has shown , the New Deal stimulated utopianism in American political and social thought on a wide range of issues . In Canada , Conservative Prime Minister Richard B. Bennett in 1935 proposed a `` new deal '' of regulation , taxation and social insurance that was a copy of the American program , but Bennett 's proposals were not enacted and he was defeated for reelection in October 1935 . In accordance with the rise of the use of U.S. political phraseology in Britain , the Labour government of Tony Blair termed some of its employment programs `` new deal '' , in contrast to the Conservative Party 's promise of the `` British Dream '' .", "The Works Progress Administration subsidized artists , musicians , painters and writers on relief with a group of projects called Federal One . While the WPA program was by far the most widespread , it was preceded by three programs administered by the US Treasury which hired commercial artists at usual commissions to add murals and sculptures to federal buildings . The first of these efforts was the short - lived Public Works of Art Project , organized by Edward Bruce , an American businessman and artist . Bruce also led the Treasury Department 's Section of Painting and Sculpture ( later renamed the Section of Fine Arts ) and the Treasury Relief Art Project ( TRAP ) . The Resettlement Administration ( RA ) and Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) had major photography programs . The New Deal arts programs emphasized regionalism , social realism , class conflict , proletarian interpretations and audience participation . The unstoppable collective powers of common man , contrasted to the failure of individualism , was a favorite theme .", "Post Office murals and other public art , painted by artists in this time , can still be found at many locations around the U.S. The New Deal particularly helped American novelists . For journalists and the novelists who wrote non-fiction , the agencies and programs that the New Deal provided , allowed these writers to describe about what they really saw around the country .", "Many writers chose to write about the New Deal and whether they were for or against it and if it was helping the country out . Some of these writers were Ruth McKenney , Edmund Wilson and Scott Fitzgerald . Another subject that was very popular for novelists was the condition of labor . They ranged from subjects on social protest to strikes .", "Under the WPA , the Federal Theatre project flourished . Countless theatre productions around the country were staged . This allowed thousands of actors and directors to be employed , among them were Orson Welles , and John Huston .", "The FSA photography project is most responsible for creating the image of the Depression in the U.S. Many of the images appeared in popular magazines . The photographers were under instruction from Washington as to what overall impression the New Deal wanted to give out . Director Roy Stryker 's agenda focused on his faith in social engineering , the poor conditions among cotton tenant farmers and the very poor conditions among migrant farm workers -- above all he was committed to social reform through New Deal intervention in people 's lives . Stryker demanded photographs that `` related people to the land and vice versa '' because these photographs reinforced the RA 's position that poverty could be controlled by `` changing land practices '' . Though Stryker did not dictate to his photographers how they should compose the shots , he did send them lists of desirable themes , such as `` church '' , `` court day '' , `` barns '' .", "Films of the late New Deal era such as Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) ridiculed so - called `` great men '' while the heroism of the common man appeared in numerous movies , such as The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) . Thus in Frank Capra 's famous films , including Mr. Smith Goes to Washington ( 1939 ) , Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) and It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) , the common people come together to battle and overcome villains who are corrupt politicians controlled by very rich , greedy capitalists .", "By contrast , there was also a smaller but influential stream of anti-New Deal art . Gutzon Borglum 's sculptures on Mount Rushmore emphasized great men in history ( his designs had the approval of Calvin Coolidge ) . Gertrude Stein and Ernest Hemingway disliked the New Deal and celebrated the autonomy of perfected written work as opposed to the New Deal idea of writing as performative labor . The Southern Agrarians celebrated a premodern regionalism and opposed the TVA as a modernizing , disruptive force . Cass Gilbert , a conservative who believed architecture should reflect historic traditions and the established social order , designed the new Supreme Court building ( 1935 ) . Its classical lines and small size contrasted sharply with the gargantuan modernistic federal buildings going up in the Washington Mall that he detested . Hollywood managed to synthesize liberal and conservative streams as in Busby Berkeley 's Gold Digger musicals , where the storylines exalt individual autonomy while the spectacular musical numbers show abstract populations of interchangeable dancers securely contained within patterns beyond their control .", "The New Deal had many programs and new agencies , most of which were universally known by their initials . Most were abolished during World War II while others remain in operation today . They included the following :", "National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , 1935 : program that focused on providing work and education for Americans between the ages of 16 and 25 . Ended in 1943 . Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) : a Hoover agency expanded under Jesse Holman Jones to make large loans to big business . Ended in 1954 .", "National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , 1935 : program that focused on providing work and education for Americans between the ages of 16 and 25 . Ended in 1943 .", "Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) : a Hoover agency expanded under Jesse Holman Jones to make large loans to big business . Ended in 1954 .", "Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) : a Hoover program to create unskilled jobs for relief ; expanded by Roosevelt and Harry Hopkins ; replaced by WPA in 1935 . United States bank holiday , 1933 : closed all banks until they became certified by federal reviewers . Abandonment of gold standard , 1933 : gold reserves no longer backed currency ; still exists . Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , 1933 -- 1942 : employed young men to perform unskilled work in rural areas ; under United States Army supervision ; separate program for Native Americans . Homeowners Loan Corporation ( HOLC ) : helped people keep their homes , the government bought properties from the bank allowing people to pay the government instead of the banks in installments they could afford , keeping people in their homes and banks afloat . Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) , 1933 : effort to modernize very poor region ( most of Tennessee ) , centered on dams that generated electricity on the Tennessee River ; still exists . Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) , 1933 : raised farm prices by cutting total farm output of major crops and livestock ; replaced by a new AAA because the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional . National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) , 1933 : industries set up codes to reduce unfair competition , raise wages and prices ; ended 1935 . The Supreme Court ruled the NIRA unconstitutional . Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , 1933 : built large public works projects ; used private contractors ( did not directly hire unemployed ) . Ended 1938 . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) : insures bank deposits and supervises state banks ; still exists . Glass -- Steagall Act : regulates investment banking ; repealed 1999 ( not repealed , only two provisions changed ) . Securities Act of 1933 , created the SEC , 1933 : codified standards for sale and purchase of stock , required awareness of investments to be accurately disclosed ; still exists . FERA camp for unemployed black women , Atlanta , 1934 Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , 1933 -- 1934 : provided temporary jobs to millions of unemployed . Indian Reorganization Act , 1934 : moved away from assimilation ; policy dropped . Social Security Act ( SSA ) , 1935 : provided financial assistance to : elderly , handicapped , paid for by employee and employer payroll contributions ; required 7 years contributions , so first payouts were in 1942 ; still exists . Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , 1935 : a national labor program for more than 2 million unemployed ; created useful construction work for unskilled men ; also sewing projects for women and arts projects for unemployed artists , musicians and writers ; ended 1943 . National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) ; Wagner Act , 1935 : set up National Labor Relations Board to supervise labor - management relations ; In the 1930s , it strongly favored labor unions . Modified by the Taft - Hartley Act ( 1947 ) ; still exists . Judicial Reorganization Bill , 1937 : gave the President power to appoint a new Supreme Court judge for every judge 70 years or older ; failed to pass Congress . Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , 1938 : insures crops and livestock against loss of production or revenue . Was restructured during the creation of the Risk Management Agency in 1996 but continues to exist . Surplus Commodities Program ( 1936 ) : gives away food to poor ; still exists as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program . Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 : established a maximum normal work week of 44 hours and a minimum wage of 40 cents / hour and outlawed most forms of child labor ; still exists , hours have been lowered to 40 hours over the years .", "Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) : a Hoover program to create unskilled jobs for relief ; expanded by Roosevelt and Harry Hopkins ; replaced by WPA in 1935 .", "United States bank holiday , 1933 : closed all banks until they became certified by federal reviewers .", "Abandonment of gold standard , 1933 : gold reserves no longer backed currency ; still exists .", "Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , 1933 -- 1942 : employed young men to perform unskilled work in rural areas ; under United States Army supervision ; separate program for Native Americans .", "Homeowners Loan Corporation ( HOLC ) : helped people keep their homes , the government bought properties from the bank allowing people to pay the government instead of the banks in installments they could afford , keeping people in their homes and banks afloat .", "Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) , 1933 : effort to modernize very poor region ( most of Tennessee ) , centered on dams that generated electricity on the Tennessee River ; still exists .", "Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) , 1933 : raised farm prices by cutting total farm output of major crops and livestock ; replaced by a new AAA because the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional .", "National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) , 1933 : industries set up codes to reduce unfair competition , raise wages and prices ; ended 1935 . The Supreme Court ruled the NIRA unconstitutional .", "Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , 1933 : built large public works projects ; used private contractors ( did not directly hire unemployed ) . Ended 1938 .", "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) : insures bank deposits and supervises state banks ; still exists .", "Glass -- Steagall Act : regulates investment banking ; repealed 1999 ( not repealed , only two provisions changed ) .", "Securities Act of 1933 , created the SEC , 1933 : codified standards for sale and purchase of stock , required awareness of investments to be accurately disclosed ; still exists . FERA camp for unemployed black women , Atlanta , 1934", "Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , 1933 -- 1934 : provided temporary jobs to millions of unemployed .", "Indian Reorganization Act , 1934 : moved away from assimilation ; policy dropped .", "Social Security Act ( SSA ) , 1935 : provided financial assistance to : elderly , handicapped , paid for by employee and employer payroll contributions ; required 7 years contributions , so first payouts were in 1942 ; still exists .", "Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , 1935 : a national labor program for more than 2 million unemployed ; created useful construction work for unskilled men ; also sewing projects for women and arts projects for unemployed artists , musicians and writers ; ended 1943 .", "National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) ; Wagner Act , 1935 : set up National Labor Relations Board to supervise labor - management relations ; In the 1930s , it strongly favored labor unions . Modified by the Taft - Hartley Act ( 1947 ) ; still exists .", "Judicial Reorganization Bill , 1937 : gave the President power to appoint a new Supreme Court judge for every judge 70 years or older ; failed to pass Congress .", "Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , 1938 : insures crops and livestock against loss of production or revenue . Was restructured during the creation of the Risk Management Agency in 1996 but continues to exist .", "Surplus Commodities Program ( 1936 ) : gives away food to poor ; still exists as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program .", "Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 : established a maximum normal work week of 44 hours and a minimum wage of 40 cents / hour and outlawed most forms of child labor ; still exists , hours have been lowered to 40 hours over the years .", "Rural Electrification Administration ( REA ) : one of the federal executive departments of the United States government charged with providing public utilities ( electricity , telephone , water , sewer ) to rural areas in the U.S. via public - private partnerships . still exists . Resettlement Administration ( RA ) : resettled poor tenant farmers ; replaced by Farm Security Administration in 1935 . Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) : helped poor farmers by a variety of economic and educational programs ; some programs still exists as part of the Farmers Home Administration .", "Rural Electrification Administration ( REA ) : one of the federal executive departments of the United States government charged with providing public utilities ( electricity , telephone , water , sewer ) to rural areas in the U.S. via public - private partnerships . still exists .", "Resettlement Administration ( RA ) : resettled poor tenant farmers ; replaced by Farm Security Administration in 1935 .", "Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) : helped poor farmers by a variety of economic and educational programs ; some programs still exists as part of the Farmers Home Administration .", "`` Most indexes worsened until the summer of 1932 , which may be called the low point of the depression economically and psychologically '' . Economic indicators show the American economy reached nadir in summer 1932 to February 1933 , then began recovering until the recession of 1937 -- 1938 . Thus the Federal Reserve Industrial Production Index hit its low of 52.8 on July 1 , 1932 and was practically unchanged at 54.3 on March 1 , 1933 , but by July 1 , 1933 it reached 85.5 ( with 1935 -- 39 = 100 and for comparison 2005 = 1,342 ) . In Roosevelt 's 12 years in office , the economy had an 8.5 % compound annual growth of GDP , the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country , but recovery was slow and by 1939 the gross domestic product ( GDP ) per adult was still 27 % below trend .", "Table 1 : statistics 1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940 Real Gross National Product ( GNP ) ( 1 ) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 96.7 113.0 Consumer Price Index ( 2 ) 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2 Index of Industrial Production ( 2 ) 109 75 69 112 89 126 Money Supply M2 ( $ billions ) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2 Exports ( $ billions ) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02 Unemployment ( % of civilian work force ) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9", "1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940", "Real Gross National Product ( GNP ) ( 1 ) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 96.7 113.0", "Consumer Price Index ( 2 ) 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2", "Index of Industrial Production ( 2 ) 109 75 69 112 89 126", "Money Supply M2 ( $ billions ) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2", "Exports ( $ billions ) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02", "Unemployment ( % of civilian work force ) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9", "( 1 ) in 1929 dollars ( 2 ) 1935 -- 1939 = 100", "( 1 ) in 1929 dollars", "( 2 ) 1935 -- 1939 = 100", "Table 2 : unemployment ( % labor force ) Year Lebergott Darby 1933 24.9 20.6 1934 21.7 16.0 1935 20.1 14.2 1936 16.9 9.9 1937 14.3 9.1 1938 19.0 12.5 1939 17.2 11.3 1940 14.6 9.5 1941 9.9 8.0 1942 4.7 4.7 1943 1.9 1.9 1944 1.2 1.2 1945 1.9 1.9", "Year Lebergott Darby", "1933 24.9 20.6", "1934 21.7 16.0", "1935 20.1 14.2", "1936 16.9 9.9", "1937 14.3 9.1", "1938 19.0 12.5", "1939 17.2 11.3", "1940 14.6 9.5", "1941 9.9 8.0", "1942 4.7 4.7", "1943 1.9 1.9", "1944 1.2 1.2", "1945 1.9 1.9", "Darby counts WPA workers as employed ; Lebergott as unemployed Source : Historical Statistics US ( 1976 ) series D - 86 ; Smiley 1983", "Darby counts WPA workers as employed ; Lebergott as unemployed", "Source : Historical Statistics US ( 1976 ) series D - 86 ; Smiley 1983", "Families on relief 1936 -- 1941 Relief cases 1936 -- 1941 ( monthly average in 1,000 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 Workers employed : WPA 1,995 2,227 1,932 2,911 1,971 1,638 CCC and NYA 712 801 643 793 877 919 Other federal work projects 554 663 452 488 468 681 Public assistance cases : Social security programs 602 1,306 1,852 2,132 2,308 2,517 General relief 2,946 1,484 1,611 1,647 1,570 1,206 Total families helped 5,886 5,660 5,474 6,751 5,860 5,167 Unemployed workers ( Bur Lab Stat ) 9,030 7,700 10,390 9,480 8,120 5,560 Coverage ( cases / unemployed ) 65 % 74 % 53 % 71 % 72 % 93 %", "1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941", "Workers employed :", "WPA 1,995 2,227 1,932 2,911 1,971 1,638", "CCC and NYA 712 801 643 793 877 919", "Other federal work projects 554 663 452 488 468 681", "Public assistance cases :", "Social security programs 602 1,306 1,852 2,132 2,308 2,517", "General relief 2,946 1,484 1,611 1,647 1,570 1,206", "Total families helped 5,886 5,660 5,474 6,751 5,860 5,167", "Unemployed workers ( Bur Lab Stat ) 9,030 7,700 10,390 9,480 8,120 5,560", "Coverage ( cases / unemployed ) 65 % 74 % 53 % 71 % 72 % 93 %" ]

[ [ "the arteries" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Blood vessel Simple diagram of the human circulatory system Details System Circulatory system Identifiers Latin vas sanguineum MeSH D001808 TA A12. 0.00. 001 FMA 63183 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )", "Blood vessel", "Simple diagram of the human circulatory system", "Details", "System Circulatory system", "Identifiers", "Latin vas sanguineum", "MeSH D001808", "TA A12. 0.00. 001", "FMA 63183", "Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )", "The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system , and microcirculation , that transports blood throughout the human body . There are three major types of blood vessels : the arteries , which carry the blood away from the heart ; the capillaries , which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues ; and the veins , which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart . The word vascular , meaning relating to the blood vessels , is derived from the Latin vas , meaning vessel . A few structures ( such as cartilage and the lens of the eye ) do not contain blood vessels and are labeled .", "The arteries and veins have three layers . The middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins :", "The inner layer , Tunica intima , is the thinnest layer . It is a single layer of flat cells ( simple squamous epithelium ) glued by a polysaccharide intercellular matrix , surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina . The middle layer Tunica media is the thickest layer in arteries . It consists of circularly arranged elastic fiber , connective tissue , polysaccharide substances , the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina . The tunica media may ( especially in arteries ) be rich in vascular smooth muscle , which controls the caliber of the vessel . Veins do n't have the external elastic lamina , but only an internal one . The outer layer is Tunica adventitia and the thickest layer in veins . It is entirely made of connective tissue . It also contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries ( vasa vasorum ) in the larger blood vessels .", "The inner layer , Tunica intima , is the thinnest layer . It is a single layer of flat cells ( simple squamous epithelium ) glued by a polysaccharide intercellular matrix , surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina .", "The middle layer Tunica media is the thickest layer in arteries . It consists of circularly arranged elastic fiber , connective tissue , polysaccharide substances , the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina . The tunica media may ( especially in arteries ) be rich in vascular smooth muscle , which controls the caliber of the vessel . Veins do n't have the external elastic lamina , but only an internal one .", "The outer layer is Tunica adventitia and the thickest layer in veins . It is entirely made of connective tissue . It also contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries ( vasa vasorum ) in the larger blood vessels .", "Capillaries consist of little more than a layer of endothelium and occasional connective tissue .", "When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis . Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages .", "There is a layer of muscle surrounding the arteries and the veins which help contract and expand the vessels . This creates enough pressure for blood to be pumped around the body . Blood vessels are part of the circulatory system , together with the heart and the blood .", "There are various kinds of blood vessels :", "Arteries Elastic arteries Distributing arteries Arterioles Capillaries ( the smallest blood vessels ) Venules Veins Large collecting vessels , such as the subclavian vein , the jugular vein , the renal vein and the iliac vein . Venae cavae ( the two largest veins , carry blood into the heart ) .", "Capillaries ( the smallest blood vessels )", "Veins Large collecting vessels , such as the subclavian vein , the jugular vein , the renal vein and the iliac vein . Venae cavae ( the two largest veins , carry blood into the heart ) .", "Large collecting vessels , such as the subclavian vein , the jugular vein , the renal vein and the iliac vein . Venae cavae ( the two largest veins , carry blood into the heart ) .", "Large collecting vessels , such as the subclavian vein , the jugular vein , the renal vein and the iliac vein .", "Venae cavae ( the two largest veins , carry blood into the heart ) .", "They are roughly grouped as `` arterial '' and `` venous '' , determined by whether the blood in it is flowing away from ( arterial ) or toward ( venous ) the heart . The term `` arterial blood '' is nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen , although the pulmonary artery carries `` venous blood '' and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen . This is because they are carrying the blood to and from the lungs , respectively , to be oxygenated .", "Blood vessels function to transport blood . In general , arteries and arterioles transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body and its organs , and veins and venules transport deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs . Blood vessels also circulate blood throughout the circulatory system Oxygen ( bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells ) is the most critical nutrient carried by the blood . In all arteries apart from the pulmonary artery , hemoglobin is highly saturated ( 95 -- 100 % ) with oxygen . In all veins apart from the pulmonary vein , the saturation of hemoglobin is about 75 % . ( The values are reversed in the pulmonary circulation . ) In addition to carrying oxygen , blood also carries hormones , waste products and nutrients for cells of the body .", "Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood ( they have no appreciable peristalsis ) . Blood is propelled through arteries and arterioles through pressure generated by the heartbeat .", "Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue . It is also increased in inflammation in response to histamine , prostaglandins and interleukins , which leads to most of the symptoms of inflammation ( swelling , redness , warmth and pain ) .", "Arteries -- and veins to a degree -- can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer . This changes the blood flow to downstream organs , and is determined by the autonomic nervous system . Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation .", "Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels ( narrowing , becoming smaller in cross-sectional area ) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls . It is regulated by vasoconstrictors ( agents that cause vasoconstriction ) . These include paracrine factors ( e.g. prostaglandins ) , a number of hormones ( e.g. vasopressin and angiotensin ) and neurotransmitters ( e.g. epinephrine ) from the nervous system .", "Vasodilation is a similar process mediated by antagonistically acting mediators . The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide ( termed endothelium - derived relaxing factor for this reason ) .", "The blood pressure in blood vessels is traditionally expressed in millimetres of mercury ( 1 mmHg = 133 Pa ) . In the arterial system , this is usually around 120 mmHg systolic ( high pressure wave due to contraction of the heart ) and 80 mmHg diastolic ( low pressure wave ) . In contrast , pressures in the venous system are constant and rarely exceed 10 mmHg .", "Vascular resistance occurs where the vessels away from the heart oppose the flow of blood . Resistance is an accumulation of three different factors : blood viscosity , blood vessel length , and vessel radius .", "Blood viscosity is the thickness of the blood and its resistance to flow as a result of the different components of the blood . Blood is 92 % water by weight and the rest of blood is composed of protein , nutrients , electrolytes , wastes , and dissolved gases . Depending on the health of an individual , the blood viscosity can vary ( i.e. anemia causing relatively lower concentrations of protein , high blood pressure an increase in dissolved salts or lipids , etc . ) .", "Vessel length is the total length of the vessel measured as the distance away from the heart . As the total length of the vessel increases , the total resistance as a result of friction will increase .", "Vessel radius also affects the total resistance as a result of contact with the vessel wall . As the radius of the wall gets smaller , the proportion of the blood making contact with the wall will increase . The greater amount of contact with the wall will increase the total resistance against the blood flow .", "Blood vessels play a huge role in virtually every medical condition . Cancer , for example , can not progress unless the tumor causes angiogenesis ( formation of new blood vessels ) to supply the malignant cells ' metabolic demand . Atherosclerosis , the formation of lipid lumps ( atheromas ) in the blood vessel wall , is the most common cardiovascular disease , the main cause of death in the Western world .", "Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation . Damage , due to trauma or spontaneously , may lead to hemorrhage due to mechanical damage to the vessel endothelium . In contrast , occlusion of the blood vessel by atherosclerotic plaque , by an embolised blood clot or a foreign body leads to downstream ischemia ( insufficient blood supply ) and possibly necrosis . Vessel occlusion tends to be a positive feedback system ; an occluded vessel creates eddies in the normally laminar flow or plug flow blood currents . These eddies create abnormal fluid velocity gradients which push blood elements such as cholesterol or chylomicron bodies to the endothelium . These deposit onto the arterial walls which are already partially occluded and build upon the blockage .", "Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessel wall , due to autoimmune disease or infection ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Super Bowl XXXIV St. Louis Rams ( NFC ) Tennessee Titans ( AFC ) 23 16 Total STL 6 7 7 23 TEN 0 0 6 10 16 Date January 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 30 ) Stadium Georgia Dome , Atlanta , Georgia MVP Kurt Warner , Quarterback Favorite Rams by 7 Referee Bob McElwee Attendance 72,625 Future Hall of Famers Rams : Marshall Faulk , Orlando Pace , Kurt Warner Titans : Bruce Matthews Ceremonies National anthem Faith Hill Coin toss Super Bowl IV participants : Bud Grant , Lamar Hunt , Bobby Bell , Paul Krause , Willie Lanier , Alan Page , and Jan Stenerud Halftime show Phil Collins , Christina Aguilera , Enrique Iglesias , Toni Braxton , and Edward James Olmos TV in the United States Network ABC Announcers Al Michaels , Boomer Esiason , Lesley Visser and Lynn Swann Nielsen ratings 43.3 ( est . 88.5 million viewers ) Market share 63 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.2 million ← XXXIII Super Bowl XXXV →", "St. Louis Rams ( NFC ) Tennessee Titans ( AFC ) 23 16", "St. Louis Rams ( NFC ) Tennessee Titans ( AFC ) 23 16", "St. Louis Rams ( NFC ) Tennessee Titans ( AFC )", "23 16", "Total STL 6 7 7 23 TEN 0 0 6 10 16", "Total STL 6 7 7 23 TEN 0 0 6 10 16", "Total", "STL 6 7 7 23", "TEN 0 0 6 10 16", "Date January 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 30 )", "Stadium Georgia Dome , Atlanta , Georgia", "MVP Kurt Warner , Quarterback", "Favorite Rams by 7", "Referee Bob McElwee", "Attendance 72,625", "Future Hall of Famers", "Rams : Marshall Faulk , Orlando Pace , Kurt Warner Titans : Bruce Matthews", "Ceremonies", "National anthem Faith Hill", "Coin toss Super Bowl IV participants : Bud Grant , Lamar Hunt , Bobby Bell , Paul Krause , Willie Lanier , Alan Page , and Jan Stenerud", "Halftime show Phil Collins , Christina Aguilera , Enrique Iglesias , Toni Braxton , and Edward James Olmos", "TV in the United States", "Network ABC", "Announcers Al Michaels , Boomer Esiason , Lesley Visser and Lynn Swann", "Nielsen ratings 43.3 ( est . 88.5 million viewers )", "Market share 63", "Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.2 million", "← XXXIII Super Bowl XXXV →", "← XXXIII Super Bowl XXXV →", "Super Bowl XXXIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion St. Louis Rams and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Tennessee Titans to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1999 season . The Rams defeated the Titans by the score of 23 -- 16 , capturing their first Super Bowl win and first NFL championship since 1951 . The game , played on January 30 , 2000 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta , was the fourth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games ( the previous time this happened was Super Bowl XXVIII , and coincidentally that game was also played on January 30 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta ) .", "The Rams entered their second Super Bowl in team history with an NFC - best 13 -- 3 regular season record . It was the franchise 's first playoff appearance since 1989 , when they were still in Los Angeles . The Titans , who were originally the Houston Oilers , also finished the regular season with a 13 -- 3 record , but advanced to their first Super Bowl in team history after entering the playoffs as a wild - card team . Tennessee finished in second place in the AFC Central division behind the 14 -- 2 Jacksonville Jaguars .", "The first two quarters of Super Bowl XXXIV were largely a defensive battle . Despite outgaining the Titans in total offensive yards in the first half , 294 -- 89 , the Rams held only a 9 -- 0 halftime lead on three field goals . St. Louis later scored their first touchdown midway through the 3rd quarter to go up 16 -- 0 . Tennessee then responded by scoring 16 consecutive points to tie the game with 2 : 12 left in regulation . This was the largest deficit to be erased in a Super Bowl and the first deficit that was greater than 10 points . On the Rams ' ensuing drive , quarterback Kurt Warner completed a 73 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Isaac Bruce to regain the lead . The Titans then drove to the St. Louis 10 - yard line with six seconds remaining , but on the final play of the game , Rams linebacker Mike Jones tackled Tennessee wide receiver Kevin Dyson one yard short of the goal line to prevent a potential game - tying touchdown . This play went into NFL lore as One Yard Short , or simply The Tackle . Warner was then named Super Bowl MVP , becoming the sixth player to win both that award and the NFL MVP during the same season . At the time , his 414 passing yards and 45 pass attempts without an interception broke Super Bowl records .", "This game is often referred to as the `` Dot - com Super Bowl '' due to the large amount of advertisements purchased by dot - com companies . This game was later featured as one of NFL 's Greatest Games as The Longest Yard .", "NFL owners awarded Super Bowl XXXIV to Atlanta during their October 31 , 1996 meeting held in New Orleans . Other cities under consideration were Miami , Tampa , and Los Angeles . Owners initially planned on selecting only two hosts ( XXXIII and XXXIV ) , but decided to name three after strong showings by the respective delegations . Miami , Atlanta , and Tampa were selected to host XXXIII , XXXIV , and XXXV , respectively .", "The Rams entered 1999 having been among the league 's stragglers for a decade . The reasons are many , including , some suggest , mismanagement by executive John Shaw . The franchise moved to a taxpayer - funded stadium in St. Louis , Missouri for the 1995 season , but continued to struggle . In 1997 , the team hired Dick Vermeil as their head coach , bringing him back to the NFL after 15 years of retirement . Vermeil had previously turned the Philadelphia Eagles from one of the worst teams in the league into a Super Bowl team in 1980 , but his first two seasons in St. Louis were hardly stellar , winning just 5 games in 1997 and 4 in 1998 .", "Little was expected of the Rams for 1999 . Indeed , ESPN The Magazine 's 1999 NFL preview predicted the Rams would be the worst team in the NFL ; worse even than the Cleveland Browns , who had returned as an expansion team that year .", "The Rams proceeded to shock the NFL with an NFC - best 13 -- 3 regular season record and outscored their opponents 526 -- 242 , the highest scoring margin ( 284 ) of any Super Bowl champion . This was the Rams ' first playoff appearance since 1989 and only the second Super Bowl appearance in team history . St. Louis was led by undrafted quarterback Kurt Warner , who started the season as a backup to Trent Green . Green suffered a season - ending knee injury in the preseason , making Warner the team 's new starter . Warner previously played for the Iowa Barnstormers of the Arena Football League and the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe .", "In his first NFL season in 1998 , Warner played only one game and threw just 11 passes . But in 1999 , he experienced one of the most spectacular seasons ever by a quarterback , recording a passer rating of 109.2 , completing 65.1 percent of his passes for 4,353 yards , 41 touchdowns , and just 13 interceptions , and earning the NFL Most Valuable Player Award . Warner was not the only Rams player compiling significant statistics , though . Running back Marshall Faulk , in his first year in St. Louis after spending five seasons with the Indianapolis Colts , won the NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award . He scored 12 touchdowns , rushed for 1,381 yards , and recorded a team - leading 87 receptions for 1,048 yards . In all , Faulk gained a record 2,429 total yards and became just the second running back in NFL history to gain over 1,000 yards rushing and receiving in the same season ( Roger Craig was the first to do it , in 1985 ) . Faulk held the NFL record for yards from scrimmage in a single season until Tennessee 's Chris Johnson broke it in 2009 .", "Faulk was n't the only weapon at Warner 's disposal in 1999 . Veteran receiver Isaac Bruce was the top Rams receiver with 77 receptions for 1,165 yards and 12 touchdowns . while breakout rookie wide receiver Torry Holt recorded 52 receptions , 788 yards , and 6 touchdowns . Even the team 's third wide receiver , Az - Zahir Hakim , was a big contributor by catching 36 passes for 677 yards and 8 touchdowns , while also returning punts for 461 yards and another touchdown . The Rams ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowlers Orlando Pace and Adam Timmerman . Timmerman , acquired by the Rams in 1999 , had previously won Super Bowl XXXI with the Green Bay Packers . On special teams , receiver Tony Horne returned 30 kickoffs for 892 yards and 2 touchdowns , giving him an NFL - leading 29.7 yards per return average .", "Overall , St. Louis ' offense led the league in total yards gained ( 6,639 ) , scoring ( 526 points ) , and passing touchdowns ( 42 ) .", "The Rams ' defense led the league in fewest rushing yards allowed ( 1,189 ) and fewest rushing touchdowns allowed ( 4 ) , while giving up just 242 points . Overall , the defense ranked 4th in the league in fewest total yards allowed ( 5,056 ) . The line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive end Kevin Carter and defensive end Grant Wistrom . Carter led the league with 17 sacks , while Wistrom recorded 8.5 sacks and 2 interceptions , returning both for touchdowns and a combined total of 131 yards . Behind them , the Rams had three linebackers : London Fletcher ( 66 tackles and 3 sacks ) , Mike Jones ( 4 interceptions for 96 return yards and 2 touchdowns , and 2 fumble recoveries for 51 return yards and 1 touchdown ) , and Todd Collins ( 72 tackles , 1 sack , and 2 interceptions for 16 yards ) . The secondary was led by Pro Bowler Todd Lyght ( 6 interceptions ) , Dexter McCleon ( 4 interceptions ) , and rookie Dré Bly ( 3 interceptions ) .", "The Titans advanced to their first Super Bowl in team history , after originating as a charter member of the American Football League . From 1960 to 1996 , the team was owned by Houston , Texas businessman Bud Adams and known as the Houston Oilers . By 1995 , however , Adams , like Frontiere , was lured to move his team from Houston , in this case to a new stadium in Nashville , Tennessee . Since this new stadium was not ready until the 1999 season , Adams decided to move his team to Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis , Tennessee in 1997 after playing before small Houston crowds in 1996 .", "The renamed Tennessee Oilers also played before sparse Memphis crowds , and thus spent the 1998 season playing at Nashville 's Vanderbilt Stadium . After the new Adelphia Coliseum ( now known as Nissan Stadium ) was completed in 1999 , the team 's name was changed to Tennessee Titans . With Tennessee 's Super Bowl appearance , every former AFL team had now played in the Super Bowl , including the original eight AFL teams and two AFL expansion teams : the Miami Dolphins and the Cincinnati Bengals .", "The 1999 Titans were led by quarterback Steve McNair and running back Eddie George . McNair had missed five games due to injuries during the season , but he was still able to put up solid numbers , throwing for 2,179 yards and 12 touchdowns with only 8 interceptions . Despite his injury problems , McNair finished the season as the second - leading rusher on the team with 337 yards and scoring 8 touchdowns . George also had an outstanding season , rushing for 1,304 yards , and catching 47 passes for 458 yards ( his receptions , receiving yards , and receiving touchdowns were all career highs ) . In all , George scored a grand total of 13 rushing and receiving touchdowns , and was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the 3rd consecutive year .", "Another contributor on the Titans ' offense was fullback Lorenzo Neal , who frequently served as George 's lead blocker and was widely considered one of the best blocking backs in the league . The team did not have any outstanding deep threats , but wide receiver Yancey Thigpen recorded 38 receptions for 648 yards , wide receiver Kevin Dyson had 54 receptions for 658 yards , and tight end Frank Wycheck caught 69 passes for 641 yards . Up front , their line was anchored by Pro Bowl tackle Bruce Matthews .", "Tennessee 's defense was also extremely effective . Pro Bowl defensive end Jevon Kearse anchored the line , recording 14.5 sacks to go along with 8 forced fumbles and was named the NFL 's Defensive Rookie of the Year . The linebacking corps was led by Eddie Robinson , who recorded 64 tackles and 6 sacks . Their secondary was led by cornerback Samari Rolle , who led the team with 4 interceptions .", "The Titans finished the regular season with a 13 -- 3 record ( including a home win over the Rams ) , but finished second behind the 14 -- 2 Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Central . The Jaguars ' only two losses were to the Titans , but Tennessee 's three losses forced them to enter the playoffs as a wild - card team .", "Playing in his first ever NFL playoff game , Warner threw for 395 yards and 5 touchdowns , with 1 interception , as the Rams defeated the Minnesota Vikings , 49 -- 37 in St. Louis , by scoring 35 unanswered points in the second half . Bruce caught 4 passes for 133 yards and a touchdown . Faulk gained 101 combined rushing / receiving yards and scored 2 touchdowns . Although Vikings quarterback Jeff George threw for 423 yards and 4 touchdowns , three of his scores occurred late in the 4th quarter , after the Rams had already put the game away .", "The Rams then narrowly defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , 11 -- 6 at home , in a hard - fought defensive struggle in the NFC Championship Game . The first half ended with the Rams leading 5 -- 3 on a Jeff Wilkins field goal and after a bad snap by the Buccaneers went through their own end zone for a safety . Tampa Bay then scored a field goal in the 3rd quarter to take the lead . But Warner threw a 30 - yard go - ahead touchdown pass to receiver Ricky Proehl with 4 : 44 left in the game .", "Meanwhile , the Titans started out their postseason by narrowly defeating the Buffalo Bills , 22 -- 16 in Nashville , on a famous , trick kickoff return play that became known in NFL lore as the Music City Miracle . Tennessee jumped to a 12 -- 0 halftime lead with an Al Del Greco field goal , a safety by Kearse , and a McNair touchdown run . However , Buffalo came back to take the lead , 13 -- 12 with Antowain Smith 's two touchdown runs in the second half ( the two - point conversion after Smith 's second touchdown failed ) . In the 4th quarter , the Titans regained the lead after Del Greco kicked his second field goal . With 16 seconds left in the game , Bills kicker Steve Christie made what seemed to be the game - winning 41 - yard field goal to give his team the lead , 16 -- 15 . However , Neal received the ensuing kickoff and handed the ball off to Wycheck , who then lateraled the ball to Dyson on the other side of the field , who eventually ran 75 yards to the end zone for the game - winning touchdown . The play was reviewed to determine whether Wycheck had lateraled the ball to Dyson or made an illegal forward pass . Referee Phil Luckett upheld the original call on the field of a touchdown , giving Tennessee the win .", "The Titans then defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 19 -- 16 in Indianapolis . After both teams exchanged field goals in the first half , George scored on a 68 - yard touchdown run to give his team a 13 -- 9 lead . Del Greco then kicked two more field goals in the 4th quarter to put the game away . George finished the game with a franchise playoff record 162 rushing yards and a touchdown , while Del Greco made four field goals .", "The Titans then eliminated the Jacksonville Jaguars , 33 -- 14 , in the AFC Championship Game at Jacksonville . The Jaguars finished the 1999 regular season with a league - best 14 -- 2 record , and advanced to the AFC title game after crushing the Miami Dolphins 62 -- 7 and limiting future Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino to just 11 of 25 completions for 95 yards and 1 touchdown , with 2 interceptions . However , Tennessee 's defense dominated the Jaguars in the AFC Championship Game , forcing 6 turnovers . Jacksonville led 14 -- 10 at halftime , but the Titans then scored 23 unanswered points on two touchdown runs by McNair , a safety , and Derrick Mason 's 80 - yard kickoff return for a touchdown . Although McNair passed for only 112 yards and one touchdown with one interception , he rushed for 91 yards and 2 touchdowns on 9 carries . George rushed for 86 yards and caught 3 passes for 19 yards .", "In January 2000 , two ice storms struck the Atlanta area within a week of each other . The second storm occurred during the week the Super Bowl was hosted . Despite the rare adverse weather conditions , city and state crews kept streets and sidewalks free of ice , and MARTA public transport kept running . The Atlanta region does not receive more ice storms than most other areas of the country , and Super Bowl XXXIV was played indoors and unaffected by the elements . But some residents believe the poor weather during Super Bowl week negatively impacted the city 's chances of hosting another Super Bowl , including the bid it lost for the Super Bowl XLIII . That bid included meteorological data showing the rarity of such storms in the area .", "Nashville , home of the Titans , is also the midway point of the Atlanta - St. Louis highway corridor , which contains the entirety of Interstate 24 , and uses other highways to complete the route .", "This is , to date , the most recent Super Bowl in which neither team had won a Super Bowl before .", "ABC televised the game in the United States , with play - by - play announcer Al Michaels and color commentator Boomer Esiason . Chris Berman from Disney - owned corporate sibling ESPN hosted all the events . Berman was joined by fellow ESPN analyst Steve Young , while ESPN 's Mike Tirico was on hand for the post-game presentation of the Vince Lombardi Trophy . Lesley Visser and Lynn Swann served as sideline reporters .", "It was also the first Super Bowl to be aired in high definition and 5.1 Dolby Digital . ABC Sports chose to use the 720p format .", "Ironically , the ABC affiliate in St. Louis , KDNL - TV , has been regarded as one of the network 's weakest affiliates since joining the network in 1995 . The previous ABC affiliate , KTVI , in contrast , was one of the strongest affiliates -- it had become a Fox station in 1995 , and thus , has televised the majority of the Rams ' games in this period .", "The game was later featured as one of the NFL 's Greatest Games as The Longest Yard .", "The pregame show featured a tribute to `` The Great American Music of the 20th Century '' . Narrated by the Smothers Brothers , the show highlighted some of the unique American musical styles such as gospel , big band , classical , country and rock . Singers Tina Turner and Travis Tritt along with the Georgia Tech Marching Band and the Georgia Mass Choir performed during the show .", "Country singer Faith Hill then sang the national anthem .", "To celebrate the 30th anniversary of Super Bowl IV , the following participants of the game were featured during the coin toss ceremony : Bud Grant , Lamar Hunt , Bobby Bell , Paul Krause , Willie Lanier , Alan Page , and Jan Stenerud .", "The E-Trade halftime show was produced by Disney and titled `` Tapestry of Nations '' after the Epcot parade of the same name . The show , narrated by actor Edward James Olmos , was inspired by Walt Disney World 's millennium celebration . It featured a full symphony orchestra conducted by Steven Byess ; a multi-generational , 80 - person choir ; and singers Phil Collins , Christina Aguilera , Enrique Iglesias , Tina Turner , and Toni Braxton .", "`` When the Heartache Is Over / Proud Mary '' ( Tina Turner ) `` Reflections of Earth '' Instrumental ( Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack ) `` Celebrate the Future Hand in Hand '' ( Christina Aguilera & Enrique Iglesias ) `` Tapestry of Nations '' Instrumental ( Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack ) `` Two Worlds '' ( Phil Collins ) `` We Go On '' ( Toni Braxton )", "`` When the Heartache Is Over / Proud Mary '' ( Tina Turner )", "`` Reflections of Earth '' Instrumental ( Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack )", "`` Celebrate the Future Hand in Hand '' ( Christina Aguilera & Enrique Iglesias )", "`` Tapestry of Nations '' Instrumental ( Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack )", "`` Two Worlds '' ( Phil Collins )", "`` We Go On '' ( Toni Braxton )", "This game is often referred to as the `` dot - com '' Super Bowl since it was held during the height of the dot - com bubble , and several Internet companies purchased television commercials . E-Trade ran a commercial featuring a chimpanzee dancing in an E-Trade T - shirt and the text `` Well , we just wasted 2 million bucks . '' Lifeminders.com ran a commercial of plain typewritten text beginning with the line `` This is the worst commercial on the Super Bowl . But it might be the best thing you see tonight . '' Pets.com famously paid millions for an advertisement featuring a sock puppet , though the company would collapse before the end of the year .", "The two teams ' defenses seemed to dominate most of the first half . The Rams started the game out strong by taking the opening kickoff and marching to the Tennessee 17 - yard line . But on third down , safety Blaine Bishop pressured quarterback Kurt Warner to throw an incomplete pass . Then the ensuing field goal attempt failed when punter / holder Mike Horan fumbled the snap . The Titans responded by moving the ball to the St. Louis 29 - yard line , aided with running back Eddie George 's 32 - yard reception . However , they also came up empty after kicker Al Del Greco missed a 47 - yard field goal attempt .", "For the rest of the half , the Titans were forced to punt on all of their possessions . In contrast , the Rams were able to reach inside the Tennessee 20 - yard line on all four of their remaining drives before halftime , but on each one , the Titans ' defense forced St. Louis to settle for field goal attempts from kicker Jeff Wilkins , who was successful in making three of them , but missed one attempt from 34 yards . The Rams ended up leading at halftime , 9 -- 0 , but their scoring margin over the Titans seemed somewhat small , considering they drove into scoring range on every one of their first - half possessions and outgained Tennessee in total yards , 294 -- 89 .", "Both teams ' offenses started to get going in the second half . The Titans took the opening kickoff of the 3rd quarter and drove 43 yards to the St. Louis 29 - yard line . But Tennessee remained scoreless after defensive back Todd Lyght blocked Del Greco 's 47 - yard field goal attempt . After that , Warner converted a third down situation with a completion to Marshall Faulk , then on the next two plays threw a 31 - yard strike to wide receiver Isaac Bruce and a 16 - yard completion to tight end Ernie Conwell before finishing the 68 - yard drive with a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Torry Holt , giving St. Louis a 16 -- 0 lead . On the completion to Conwell , Bishop combined to make the tackle , but suffered a spinal injury and had to leave the game . The game was delayed for several minutes while Bishop was being treated .", "Tennessee wide receiver Derrick Mason returned the ensuing kickoff 35 yards to the 34 - yard line . From there , five runs by George good for 24 yards , three completions from quarterback Steve McNair to tight end Frank Wycheck for 15 yards and a run by McNair for two advanced the ball to the St. Louis 25 - yard line . Then McNair scrambled 23 yards to the 2 - yard line , setting up a 1 - yard touchdown run by George two plays later . The touchdown cut the Titans ' deficit to 16 -- 6 after McNair 's pass to Wycheck on the two - point conversion attempt fell incomplete .", "The Titans ' first score sparked them to rally . After forcing the Rams to punt on their ensuing possession , a pair of 21 - yard completions from McNair to tight end Jackie Harris and wide receiver Isaac Byrd aided a 13 - play , 79 - yard drive that was capped by George 's 2 - yard touchdown run to make the score 16 -- 13 . The Tennessee defense then forced the Rams to a three - and - out , and Horan 's 30 - yard punt gave the Titans the ball back at their 47 - yard line . The Titans ' offense then drove only 28 yards on their ensuing possession , but it was close enough for Del Greco to attempt a 43 - yard field goal . This time , Del Greco 's kick was good , tying the score at 16 -- 16 with just 2 : 12 left in the game . The 16 - point deficit was the largest deficit to be erased in a Super Bowl and the first greater than 10 points . It was also the first time in any Super Bowl a team down double digits in the 4th quarter had tied the game . Also , however , the Titans only tied the game and had n't yet gained the lead .", "Then on the Rams ' first play of their ensuing drive , Warner threw a long pass that was caught at the Titans ' 38 - yard line by Bruce , who then ran it all the way into the end zone for a 73 - yard touchdown to give St. Louis a 23 -- 16 lead . Likewise , in the 1951 NFL Championship Game , quarterback Norm Van Brocklin 's 73 - yard game - winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Tom Fears broke a 17 -- 17 tie in the fourth quarter and gave the Rams a seven - point victory to win the NFL title . Warner 's touchdown pass to Bruce was his only completion of the 4th quarter .", "The Titans took over the ball at their own 12 - yard line with 1 : 48 left in the game after committing a holding penalty on the ensuing kickoff . McNair started out the drive with a pair of completions to Mason and Wycheck for gains of 9 and 7 yards to reach the 28 - yard line . After an incomplete pass , defensive back Dré Bly 's 15 - yard facemask penalty while tackling McNair on a 12 - yard scramble gave the Titans a 1st down at the St. Louis 45 - yard line . On the next play , St. Louis was penalized 5 yards for being offsides , moving the ball to the 40 - yard line with 59 seconds left . McNair then ran for 2 yards , then threw a 7 - yard completion to wide receiver Kevin Dyson . On the next play , Tennessee nearly lost the ball when Bly stepped in front of a pass intended for Mason , only to have it go right through his arms . Two plays later , with the Titans facing 3rd down and 5 to go , McNair was hit by two Rams defenders , but he escaped and completed a 16 - yard pass to Dyson to gain a 1st down at the Rams 10 - yard line . Tennessee then used up their final timeout with just six seconds left in the game , giving them a chance for one last play . This final play has gone down in NFL history as simply `` The Tackle '' .", "The Titans had just used their final timeout with six seconds remaining . With the ball on the Rams ' 10 - yard line , the Titans were trailing by a touchdown and had one last opportunity to tie the game . The plan was to use tight end Frank Wycheck as a decoy . Wycheck would run straight up the field on the right side , to lure linebacker Mike Jones away from receiver Kevin Dyson . Dyson would then slant left through the middle of the field . With Jones occupying Wycheck , quarterback Steve McNair would pass the ball to Dyson , who would be open from about five yards out for the score .", "As the play began , everything appeared to go as planned . Jones ran with Wycheck up the field at the beginning of the play . However , as the pass was being delivered to Dyson , Jones , who was at the goal line , glanced over his left shoulder and noticed an open Dyson catching the ball . Jones switched directions and ran towards the Titans receiver . Dyson ran directly toward the end zone , but his legs were wrapped up by Jones with about two and a half yards left to the goal line .", "Since Dyson was being tackled by the legs , there was still the possibility he could reach towards the end zone and get the ball across the goal line . Both players went into a rolling motion as Dyson outstretched his hand with the football towards the goal line in the hopes of scoring the touchdown . Though his reach was close , and the ball mere inches away from the end zone , it was still not enough to score . As the rolling motion came to an end , with Jones now on top of Dyson 's legs , his shoulder had touched the ground and , therefore , the game was over . Had Dyson scored and the extra point been converted , it would have been the first Super Bowl ever to go into overtime ; it was n't until 17 years later that the first Super Bowl to go into overtime actually occurred . Alternatively , had Dyson scored , the Titans could have attempted a 2 - point conversion for the outright win .", "Considering the magnitude of the Super Bowl , and the wild game that preceded it , `` The Tackle '' is considered one of the greatest and most exciting game - ending plays in modern NFL history . The image of Dyson stretching the ball towards the goal line with Jones wrapped around him has become a staple of NFL highlights . ESPN.com ranked `` The Tackle '' as the 35th greatest moment of the past 25 years in sports ( as of 2007 ) . NFL.com ranked Jones ' tackle of Dyson as the fourth greatest clutch moment in Super Bowl history . Fox Sports ranked The Tackle as the Greatest Clutch Play in Super Bowl History ( as of 2007 ) . Like Dallas Cowboys cornerback Larry Brown , Jones was included on the NFL Network 's `` Top 10 One - Hit Wonders '' list ( Jones was # 10 , Brown was # 3 ) , although Jones also mirrored Brown in having a solid if unspectacular career outside of his Super Bowl heroics .", "After the game , many sports writers commented on Warner 's rise from an unknown backup to a Super Bowl MVP , but Warner himself was n't impressed by it . `` How can you be in awe of something that you expect yourself to do ? '' Warner pointed out . `` People think this season is the first time I touched a football ; they do n't realize I 've been doing this for years -- just not on this level , because I never got the chance . Sure , I had my tough times , but you do n't sit there and say , ' Wow , I was stocking groceries five years ago , and look at me now . ' You do n't think about it , and when you do achieve something , you know luck has nothing to do with it . ''", "However , he later told The New York Times `` I guess it is sort of a storybook ending . When you think about where I was and where I am now , it seems pretty incredible . ''", "Total Rams ( NFC ) 6 7 7 23 Titans ( AFC ) 0 0 6 10 16", "Total", "Rams ( NFC ) 6 7 7 23", "Titans ( AFC ) 0 0 6 10 16", "at Georgia Dome , Atlanta , Georgia", "Date : January 30 , 2000 Game time : 6 : 25 p.m. EST Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , played indoors , domed stadium", "Date : January 30 , 2000", "Game time : 6 : 25 p.m. EST", "Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , played indoors , domed stadium", "( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP STL TEN 3 : 00 6 54 2 : 48 STL 27 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 0 4 : 16 11 73 5 : 13 STL 29 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 6 0 0 : 15 14 67 3 : 23 STL 28 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 9 0 7 : 20 8 68 3 : 59 STL Torry Holt 9 - yard touchdown reception from Kurt Warner , Jeff Wilkins kick good 16 0 0 : 14 12 66 7 : 06 TEN Eddie George 1 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass failed 16 6 7 : 21 13 79 7 : 15 TEN Eddie George 2 - yard touchdown run , Al Del Greco kick good 16 13 2 : 12 8 28 4 : 05 TEN 43 - yard field goal by Al Del Greco 16 16 1 : 54 73 0 : 18 STL Isaac Bruce 73 - yard touchdown reception from Kurt Warner , Jeff Wilkins kick good 23 16 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 23 16", "( hide ) Scoring summary", "Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP STL TEN 3 : 00 6 54 2 : 48 STL 27 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 0 4 : 16 11 73 5 : 13 STL 29 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 6 0 0 : 15 14 67 3 : 23 STL 28 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 9 0 7 : 20 8 68 3 : 59 STL Torry Holt 9 - yard touchdown reception from Kurt Warner , Jeff Wilkins kick good 16 0 0 : 14 12 66 7 : 06 TEN Eddie George 1 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass failed 16 6 7 : 21 13 79 7 : 15 TEN Eddie George 2 - yard touchdown run , Al Del Greco kick good 16 13 2 : 12 8 28 4 : 05 TEN 43 - yard field goal by Al Del Greco 16 16 1 : 54 73 0 : 18 STL Isaac Bruce 73 - yard touchdown reception from Kurt Warner , Jeff Wilkins kick good 23 16 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 23 16", "Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP STL TEN 3 : 00 6 54 2 : 48 STL 27 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 0 4 : 16 11 73 5 : 13 STL 29 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 6 0 0 : 15 14 67 3 : 23 STL 28 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 9 0 7 : 20 8 68 3 : 59 STL Torry Holt 9 - yard touchdown reception from Kurt Warner , Jeff Wilkins kick good 16 0 0 : 14 12 66 7 : 06 TEN Eddie George 1 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass failed 16 6 7 : 21 13 79 7 : 15 TEN Eddie George 2 - yard touchdown run , Al Del Greco kick good 16 13 2 : 12 8 28 4 : 05 TEN 43 - yard field goal by Al Del Greco 16 16 1 : 54 73 0 : 18 STL Isaac Bruce 73 - yard touchdown reception from Kurt Warner , Jeff Wilkins kick good 23 16 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 23 16", "Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score", "Plays Yards TOP STL TEN", "3 : 00 6 54 2 : 48 STL 27 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 0", "4 : 16 11 73 5 : 13 STL 29 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 6 0", "0 : 15 14 67 3 : 23 STL 28 - yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 9 0", "7 : 20 8 68 3 : 59 STL Torry Holt 9 - yard touchdown reception from Kurt Warner , Jeff Wilkins kick good 16 0", "0 : 14 12 66 7 : 06 TEN Eddie George 1 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass failed 16 6", "7 : 21 13 79 7 : 15 TEN Eddie George 2 - yard touchdown run , Al Del Greco kick good 16 13", "2 : 12 8 28 4 : 05 TEN 43 - yard field goal by Al Del Greco 16 16", "1 : 54 73 0 : 18 STL Isaac Bruce 73 - yard touchdown reception from Kurt Warner , Jeff Wilkins kick good 23 16", "`` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 23 16", "Bruce caught 6 passes for 162 yards ( 3rd highest ) and a touchdown , an average of 27 yards per catch . Holt had 7 receptions for 109 yards ( the most ever by a rookie in a Super Bowl ) and a touchdown . Bruce and Holt became the fourth pair of teammates to each have over 100 yards receiving in a Super Bowl , joining the Steelers ' John Stallworth and Lynn Swann in Super Bowl XIII , the Bengals ' Cris Collinsworth and Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI , and the Redskins ' Gary Clark and Art Monk in Super Bowl XXVI .", "Rams starting running back Marshall Faulk was held to just 17 rushing yards , but gained 90 receiving yards on 5 receptions . McNair set a Super Bowl record for rushing yards by a quarterback , recording 64 yards on 8 carries . He also completed 22 out of 36 passes for 214 yards . George finished the game with 95 rushing yards , 35 receiving yards , and 2 touchdowns . Harris was the top receiver for Tennessee with 7 catches for 64 yards . Mason returned 5 kickoffs for 122 yards , and caught 2 passes for 18 yards .", "Rams coach Dick Vermeil became the oldest coach ever to win a Super Bowl ( age 63 ) . He also set the record for the longest amount of time between going to his first Super Bowl ( Super Bowl XV in the 1980 season ) to winning it for the first time .", "This is the second , and to date , most recent , Super Bowl in which neither team committed any turnovers . The only other Super Bowl to date with this distinction is Super Bowl XXV .", "Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIV , Super Bowl XXXIV Play Finder StL , Super Bowl XXXIV Play Finder Ten , USA Today Super Bowl XXXIV Play by Play", "St. Louis Rams Tennessee Titans First downs 23 27 First downs rushing 12 First downs passing 18 13 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 5 / 12 6 / 13 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 1 1 / 1 Net yards rushing 29 159 Rushing attempts 13 36 Yards per rush 4.4 Passing -- Completions / attempts 24 / 45 22 / 36 Times sacked - total yards 1 -- 7 1 -- 6 Interceptions thrown 0 0 Net yards passing 407 208 Total net yards 436 367 Punt returns - total yards 2 -- 8 1 -- ( -- 1 ) Kickoff returns - total yards 4 -- 55 5 -- 122 Interceptions - total return yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Punts - average yardage 2 -- 38.5 3 -- 43.0 Fumbles - lost 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 Penalties - total yards 8 -- 60 7 -- 45 Time of possession 23 : 34 36 : 26 Turnovers 0 0", "St. Louis Rams Tennessee Titans", "First downs 23 27", "First downs rushing 12", "First downs passing 18 13", "First downs penalty", "Third down efficiency 5 / 12 6 / 13", "Fourth down efficiency 0 / 1 1 / 1", "Net yards rushing 29 159", "Rushing attempts 13 36", "Yards per rush 4.4", "Passing -- Completions / attempts 24 / 45 22 / 36", "Times sacked - total yards 1 -- 7 1 -- 6", "Interceptions thrown 0 0", "Net yards passing 407 208", "Total net yards 436 367", "Punt returns - total yards 2 -- 8 1 -- ( -- 1 )", "Kickoff returns - total yards 4 -- 55 5 -- 122", "Interceptions - total return yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0", "Punts - average yardage 2 -- 38.5 3 -- 43.0", "Fumbles - lost 2 -- 0 1 -- 0", "Penalties - total yards 8 -- 60 7 -- 45", "Time of possession 23 : 34 36 : 26", "Turnovers 0 0", "Rams Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Kurt Warner 24 / 45 414 0 99.7 Rams Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Marshall Faulk 10 17 0 1.70 Robert Holcombe 11 0 11 11.00 Kurt Warner 0 1.00 Mike Horan 0 0 0 0.00 Rams Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Torry Holt 7 109 32 11 Isaac Bruce 6 162 73 12 Marshall Faulk 5 90 0 52 6 Az - Zahir Hakim 17 0 17 5 Ernie Conwell 16 0 16 Ricky Proehl 11 0 11 Roland Williams 9 0 9 Robert Holcombe 0 Fred Miller -- 1 0 -- 1", "Rams Passing", "C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating", "Kurt Warner 24 / 45 414 0 99.7", "Rams Rushing", "Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car", "Marshall Faulk 10 17 0 1.70", "Robert Holcombe 11 0 11 11.00", "Kurt Warner 0 1.00", "Mike Horan 0 0 0 0.00", "Rams Receiving", "Rec Yds TD LG Target", "Torry Holt 7 109 32 11", "Isaac Bruce 6 162 73 12", "Marshall Faulk 5 90 0 52 6", "Az - Zahir Hakim 17 0 17 5", "Ernie Conwell 16 0 16", "Ricky Proehl 11 0 11", "Roland Williams 9 0 9", "Robert Holcombe 0", "Fred Miller -- 1 0 -- 1", "Titans Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Steve McNair 22 / 36 214 0 0 77.8 Titans Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Eddie George 28 95 13 3.39 Steve McNair 8 64 0 23 8.00 Titans Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Jackie Harris 7 64 0 21 8 Frank Wycheck 5 35 0 13 8 Kevin Dyson 41 0 16 8 Eddie George 35 0 32 Isaac Byrd 21 0 21 Derrick Mason 18 0 9 Chris Sanders 0 0 0 0", "Titans Passing", "C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating", "Steve McNair 22 / 36 214 0 0 77.8", "Titans Rushing", "Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car", "Eddie George 28 95 13 3.39", "Steve McNair 8 64 0 23 8.00", "Titans Receiving", "Rec Yds TD LG Target", "Jackie Harris 7 64 0 21 8", "Frank Wycheck 5 35 0 13 8", "Kevin Dyson 41 0 16 8", "Eddie George 35 0 32", "Isaac Byrd 21 0 21", "Derrick Mason 18 0 9", "Chris Sanders 0 0 0 0", "Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted", "The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXIV , according to the official NFL.com boxscore , the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary . Some of these records have since been surpassed in subsequent Super Bowl games .", "Player Records Set Most passing yards , game 414 Kurt Warner 0 ( St. Louis ) Most attempts , without interception , game 45 Most rushing yards , game , quarterback 64 Steve McNair 0 ( Tennessee ) Records Tied Most punts , career 17 Mike Horan 0 ( St. Louis )", "Player Records Set", "Most passing yards , game 414 Kurt Warner 0 ( St. Louis )", "Most attempts , without interception , game 45", "Most rushing yards , game , quarterback 64 Steve McNair 0 ( Tennessee )", "Records Tied", "Most punts , career 17 Mike Horan 0 ( St. Louis )", "Team Records Set Most yards passing ( net ) 407 yds Rams Records Tied Fewest rushing touchdowns 0 Rams Fewest first downs rushing Most first downs , passing 18 Most first downs , penalty Fewest turnovers , game 0 Rams Titans Fewest points , first half 0 Titans Fewest punt return yards gained , game -- 1 yards Fewest passing touchdowns 0", "Team Records Set", "Most yards passing ( net ) 407 yds Rams", "Records Tied", "Fewest rushing touchdowns 0 Rams", "Fewest first downs rushing", "Most first downs , passing 18", "Most first downs , penalty", "Fewest turnovers , game 0 Rams Titans", "Fewest points , first half 0 Titans", "Fewest punt return yards gained , game -- 1 yards", "Fewest passing touchdowns 0", "Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles .", "Records Tied , both team totals Total Rams Titans Most field goals attempted 7 Fewest rushing attempts 49 13 36 Most passing yards ( net ) 615 407 208 Most first downs , penalty 6 Fewest times intercepted 0 0 0 Fewest fumbles lost 0 0 0 Fewest Turnovers 0 0 0", "Records Tied , both team totals", "Total Rams Titans", "Most field goals attempted 7", "Fewest rushing attempts 49 13 36", "Most passing yards ( net ) 615 407 208", "Most first downs , penalty 6", "Fewest times intercepted 0 0 0", "Fewest fumbles lost 0 0 0", "Fewest Turnovers 0 0 0", "Source :", "Hall of Fame ‡", "", "St. Louis Position Position Tennessee Offense Torry Holt WR Kevin Dyson Orlando Pace ‡ LT Brad Hopkins Tom Nütten LG Bruce Matthews ‡ Mike Gruttadauria Kevin Long Adam Timmerman RG Benji Olson Fred Miller RT Jon Runyan Roland Williams TE Frank Wycheck Isaac Bruce WR Isaac Byrd Kurt Warner ‡ QB Steve McNair Marshall Faulk ‡ RB Eddie George Robert Holcombe FB TE Jackie Harris Defense Kevin Carter LE Jevon Kearse Ray Agnew LDT Josh Evans D'Marco Farr RDT Jason Fisk Grant Wistrom RE Kenny Holmes Mike Jones LLB Eddie Robinson London Fletcher MLB Barron Wortham Todd Collins RLB Joe Bowden Todd Lyght LCB Denard Walker Dexter McCleon RCB Samari Rolle Billy Jenkins SS Blaine Bishop Keith Lyle FS Anthony Dorsett Special Teams Jeff Wilkins Al Del Greco Mike Horan Craig Hentrich", "St. Louis Position Position Tennessee", "Offense", "Torry Holt WR Kevin Dyson", "Orlando Pace ‡ LT Brad Hopkins", "Tom Nütten LG Bruce Matthews ‡", "Mike Gruttadauria Kevin Long", "Adam Timmerman RG Benji Olson", "Fred Miller RT Jon Runyan", "Roland Williams TE Frank Wycheck", "Isaac Bruce WR Isaac Byrd", "Kurt Warner ‡ QB Steve McNair", "Marshall Faulk ‡ RB Eddie George", "Robert Holcombe FB TE Jackie Harris", "Defense", "Kevin Carter LE Jevon Kearse", "Ray Agnew LDT Josh Evans", "D'Marco Farr RDT Jason Fisk", "Grant Wistrom RE Kenny Holmes", "Mike Jones LLB Eddie Robinson", "London Fletcher MLB Barron Wortham", "Todd Collins RLB Joe Bowden", "Todd Lyght LCB Denard Walker", "Dexter McCleon RCB Samari Rolle", "Billy Jenkins SS Blaine Bishop", "Keith Lyle FS Anthony Dorsett", "Special Teams", "Jeff Wilkins Al Del Greco", "Mike Horan Craig Hentrich", "Referee : Bob McElwee # 95 ( third Super Bowl ; previously worked XXII and XXVIII , the latter of which was the first Super Bowl played in Atlanta ) Umpire : Ron Botchan # 110 fifth Super Bowl ( XX , XXXVII , XXIX , XXI ) Head Linesman : Earnie Frantz # 111 third Super Bowl ( XXIV , XXXI ) Line Judge : Byron Boston # 18 first Super Bowl Field Judge : Al Jury # 106 fifth Super Bowl ( XX , XXII , XXIV , XXVIII ) Side Judge : Tom Fincken # 47 third Super Bowl ( XXIX , XXXVI ) Back Judge : Bill Leavy # 127 first Super Bowl ( Leavy later officiated Super Bowl XL as the referee ) Alternate Referee : Walt Coleman # 65 Alternate Umpire : Bob Wagner # 100", "Referee : Bob McElwee # 95 ( third Super Bowl ; previously worked XXII and XXVIII , the latter of which was the first Super Bowl played in Atlanta )", "Umpire : Ron Botchan # 110 fifth Super Bowl ( XX , XXXVII , XXIX , XXI )", "Head Linesman : Earnie Frantz # 111 third Super Bowl ( XXIV , XXXI )", "Line Judge : Byron Boston # 18 first Super Bowl", "Field Judge : Al Jury # 106 fifth Super Bowl ( XX , XXII , XXIV , XXVIII )", "Side Judge : Tom Fincken # 47 third Super Bowl ( XXIX , XXXVI )", "Back Judge : Bill Leavy # 127 first Super Bowl ( Leavy later officiated Super Bowl XL as the referee )", "Alternate Referee : Walt Coleman # 65", "Alternate Umpire : Bob Wagner # 100" ]

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[ "Look up wise guy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "Look up wise guy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "Wise guy , Wise Guy , and Wiseguy can refer to :", "Made man , an official member of the mafia Tropical Gangsters , a 1982 album by Kid Creole and the Coconuts , released in the US as Wise Guy Wiseguy , a US television series Wiseguy ( book ) , a 1986 nonfiction book by Nicholas Pileggi that was the basis for the film Goodfellas Wiseguy ( The Simpsons ) , a fictional character on The Simpsons `` Wise Guy '' , a 1998 song by Joe Pesci , from the album Vincent LaGuardia Gambini Sings Just for You Wise Guys ( 1961 film ) , directed by Claude Chabrol Wise Guys ( 1986 film ) , directed by Brian de Palma Wise Guys ( band ) , a German a cappella group The Wiseguys , a British electronica hip hop band Wise Guys , a Stephen Sondheim musical later renamed Bounce Wise Guys ( album ) , a 1998 album by Ghetto Commission", "Made man , an official member of the mafia", "Tropical Gangsters , a 1982 album by Kid Creole and the Coconuts , released in the US as Wise Guy", "Wiseguy , a US television series", "Wiseguy ( book ) , a 1986 nonfiction book by Nicholas Pileggi that was the basis for the film Goodfellas", "Wiseguy ( The Simpsons ) , a fictional character on The Simpsons", "`` Wise Guy '' , a 1998 song by Joe Pesci , from the album Vincent LaGuardia Gambini Sings Just for You", "Wise Guys ( 1961 film ) , directed by Claude Chabrol", "Wise Guys ( 1986 film ) , directed by Brian de Palma", "Wise Guys ( band ) , a German a cappella group", "The Wiseguys , a British electronica hip hop band", "Wise Guys , a Stephen Sondheim musical later renamed Bounce", "Wise Guys ( album ) , a 1998 album by Ghetto Commission" ]

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[ "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2010 )", "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2010 )", "In India , a certain number of political positions and university posts are held for specific groups of the population , including Scheduled Castes , Scheduled Tribes , Anglo - Indians and Women .", "There are reserved constituencies in both Parliamentary and State Assembly elections . Candidates of General category are not eligible to contest from these constituencies . All voters are to vote for one of the candidates ( from Scheduled Castes or Schedule Tribes ) . In case of Municipal elections and other Local Bodies elections , the constituencies are known as Wards . Thus , there may be as many Wards or Constituencies as the number of elected seats in the elected body . Reserved constituencies are those constituencies in which seats are reserved for SCs and STs on the basis of their population .", "An electorate is a group of voters , namely , all the officially qualified voters within a particular country or area or for a particular election .", "A joint electorate is one where the entire voting population of a country or region is part of a single electorate , and the entire electorate votes for the candidates who contest in the elections .", "In the case of separate electorates , the voting population of a country or region is divided into different electorates , based on certain factors such as religion , caste , gender , and occupation . Here , members of each electorate votes only to elected representatives for their electorate . Separate electorates are usually demanded by minorities who feel it would otherwise be difficult for them to get fair representation in government . separate electorate for Muslims means that Muslims will choose their separate leader by separate elections for Muslims .", "In India 's pre-independence era , when the Muslims in India demanded fair representation in power - sharing with the British government along with the Hindus in 1906 , the British government provided for a separate electorate system for the Muslims in Indian Council Act 1909 . As a result , of the total 250 seats of the Bengal Legislative Assembly , 117 seats were kept reserved for the Muslims . Accordingly , the general elections of 1937 were held on the basis of the extended separate electorates , where only the Muslims voted for the 117 seats , in Bengal .", "Again , in the Round Table Conferences in 1930 - 32 , the concept of separate electorates for the so - called Untouchables ( now called Dalits ) was raised by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , as a way to ensure sufficient representation for the minority Dalits , in government . This provision was strongly opposed by Gandhi on the grounds that the move would disintegrate Hindu society . If the Dalits were given a separate electorate , then certain constituencies would have been reserved for them , and only the Dalits would have been able to vote for the candidates contesting those seats , thus alienating the rest of the Hindus . Finally , a compromise was reached with Ambedkar and Gandhi with the Poona Pact in which the parties agreed that certain constituencies would be reserved for the Dalits , where the Dalits could elect 4 candidates per constituency who would then be candidates for election by the joint electorate .", "The Anglo - Indian community is the only Indian community that has its own representatives nominated to the Lok Sabha ( Lower House ) in India 's Parliament . This right was secured from Nehru by Frank Anthony , the first and longtime president of the All India Anglo - Indian Association . The community is represented by two members . This is done because the community has no native state of its own . States like Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand , Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand and West Bengal also have a nominated member each in their respective State Legislatures .", "A number of seats in the Parliament of India , State Assemblies , Municipalities and Village level institutions are reserved for Scheduled Castes ( SC ) and Scheduled Tribes ( ST ) . The election of SC and ST candidates is by a Joint or mixed electorate , which includes all castes , even though the SC and ST may be in a minority in the constituency . This system was introduced by the Constitution of India in 1950 and was supposed to be in place for the first 10 years , to ensure participation in politics by these groups which were deemed weak and needing special protection .", "In practice , out of 543 constituencies represented in the Lok Sabha , the lower house India 's parliament , 85 ( 15.47 % ) are reserved for SC and 48 ( 8.66 % ) are reserved for ST .", "Allocation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha are made on the basis of proportion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the State concerned to that of the total population , provide provision contained in Article 330 of the Constitution of India read with Section 3 of the R.P. Act , 1950 .", "Women get one - third reservation in Gram Panchayats ( meaning Village Assembly , which is a form of local village government ) and Municipal elections . There is a long - term plan to extend this reservation to Parliament and State Legislative assemblies . The Women 's Reservation Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186 members in favour and 1 against . It will now go to the Lok Sabha , and if passed there , would be implemented ." ]

[ [ "in the central structure of the imperial palace at Nicaea" ] ]

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[ "First Council of Nicaea 16th - century fresco depicting the Council of Nicaea Date Thursday , 20 May to Saturday , 19 June AD 325 Accepted by Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodoxy Assyrian Church of the East Next council First Council of Constantinople Convoked by Emperor Constantine I President Hosius of Corduba ( and Emperor Constantine ) Attendance 318 ( traditional number ) 250 -- 318 ( estimates ) -- only five from Western Church Topics Arianism , the nature of Christ , celebration of Passover ( Easter ) , ordination of eunuchs , prohibition of kneeling on Sundays and from Easter to Pentecost , validity of baptism by heretics , lapsed Christians , sundry other matters . 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"Trent Vatican I Vatican II", "Catholicism portal", "", "", "The First Council of Nicaea ( / naɪˈsiːə / ; Greek : Νίκαια ( ˈnikεa ) ) was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea ( now İznik , Bursa province , Turkey ) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325 . Constantine I organized the council along the lines of the Roman Senate and presided over it , but did not cast any official vote .", "This ecumenical council was the first effort to attain consensus in the Church through an assembly representing all of Christendom . Hosius of Corduba , who was probably one of the Papal legates , may have presided over its deliberations .", "Its main accomplishments were settlement of the Christological issue of the divine nature of God the Son and his relationship to God the Father , the construction of the first part of the Nicene Creed , establishing uniform observance of the date of Easter , and promulgation of early canon law .", "The First Council of Nicaea was the first ecumenical council of the Church . Most significantly , it resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine , called the Nicene Creed . With the creation of the creed , a precedent was established for subsequent local and regional councils of Bishops ( Synods ) to create statements of belief and canons of doctrinal orthodoxy -- the intent being to define unity of beliefs for the whole of Christendom .", "Derived from Greek ( Ancient Greek : οἰκουμένη , translit . oikouménē , lit . ' the inhabited one ' ) , `` ecumenical '' means `` worldwide '' but generally is assumed to be limited to the known inhabited Earth , ( Danker 2000 , pp. 699 -- 670 ) and at this time in history is synonymous with the Roman Empire ; the earliest extant uses of the term for a council are Eusebius ' Life of Constantine 3.6 around 338 , which states `` he convoked an Ecumenical Council '' ( Ancient Greek : σύνοδον οἰκουμενικὴν συνεκρότει , translit . sýnodon oikoumenikḕn synekrótei ) and the Letter in 382 to Pope Damasus I and the Latin bishops from the First Council of Constantinople .", "One purpose of the council was to resolve disagreements arising from within the Church of Alexandria over the nature of the Son in his relationship to the Father : in particular , whether the Son had been ' begotten ' by the Father from his own being , and therefore having no beginning , or else created out of nothing , and therefore having a beginning . St. Alexander of Alexandria and Athanasius took the first position ; the popular presbyter Arius , from whom the term Arianism comes , took the second . The council decided against the Arians overwhelmingly ( of the estimated 250 -- 318 attendees , all but two agreed to sign the creed and these two , along with Arius , were banished to Illyria ) .", "Another result of the council was an agreement on when to celebrate Easter , the most important feast of the ecclesiastical calendar , decreed in an epistle to the Church of Alexandria in which is simply stated :", "We also send you the good news of the settlement concerning the holy pasch , namely that in answer to your prayers this question also has been resolved . All the brethren in the East who have hitherto followed the Jewish practice will henceforth observe the custom of the Romans and of yourselves and of all of us who from ancient times have kept Easter together with you .", "Historically significant as the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom , the Council was the first occasion where the technical aspects of Christology were discussed . Through it a precedent was set for subsequent general councils to adopt creeds and canons . This council is generally considered the beginning of the period of the First seven Ecumenical Councils in the History of Christianity .", "The First Council of Nicaea was convened by Emperor Constantine the Great upon the recommendations of a synod led by Hosius of Córdoba in the Eastertide of 325 . This synod had been charged with investigation of the trouble brought about by the Arian controversy in the Greek - speaking east . To most bishops , the teachings of Arius were heretical and dangerous to the salvation of souls . In the summer of 325 , the bishops of all provinces were summoned to Nicaea , a place reasonably accessible to many delegates , particularly those of Asia Minor , Georgia , Armenia , Syria , Palestine , Egypt , Greece , and Thrace .", "This was the first general council in the history of the Church summoned by emperor Constantine I. In the Council of Nicaea , `` The Church had taken her first great step to define revealed doctrine more precisely in response to a challenge from a heretical theology . ''", "Constantine had invited all 1,800 bishops of the Christian church within the Roman Empire ( about 1,000 in the east and 800 in the west ) , but a smaller and unknown number attended . Eusebius of Caesarea counted more than 250 , Athanasius of Alexandria counted 318 , and Eustathius of Antioch estimated `` about 270 '' ( all three were present at the council ) . Later , Socrates Scholasticus recorded more than 300 , and Evagrius , Hilary of Poitiers , Jerome , Dionysius Exiguus , and Rufinus recorded 318 . This number 318 is preserved in the liturgies of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria .", "Delegates came from every region of the Roman Empire , including Britain . The participating bishops were given free travel to and from their episcopal sees to the council , as well as lodging . These bishops did not travel alone ; each one had permission to bring with him two priests and three deacons , so the total number of attendees could have been above 1,800 . Eusebius speaks of an almost innumerable host of accompanying priests , deacons , and acolytes . A Syriac manuscript lists the names of the eastern bishops which included twenty two from Coele - Syria , nineteen from Palestine , ten from Phoenicia , six from Arabia , etc. , but the distinction of bishops from presbyters had not yet formed .", "The Eastern bishops formed the great majority . Of these , the first rank was held by the patriarchs : Alexander of Alexandria and Eustathius of Antioch . Many of the assembled fathers -- for instance , Paphnutius of Thebes , Potamon of Heraclea , and Paul of Neocaesarea -- had stood forth as confessors of the faith and came to the council with the marks of persecution on their faces . This position is supported by patristic scholar Timothy Barnes in his book Constantine and Eusebius . Historically , the influence of these marred confessors has been seen as substantial , but recent scholarship has called this into question .", "Other remarkable attendees were Eusebius of Nicomedia ; Eusebius of Caesarea , the purported first church historian ; circumstances suggest that Nicholas of Myra attended ( his life was the seed of the Santa Claus legends ) ; Macarius of Jerusalem , later a staunch defender of Athanasius ; Aristaces of Armenia ( son of Saint Gregory the Illuminator ) ; Leontius of Caesarea ; Jacob of Nisibis , a former hermit ; Hypatius of Gangra ; Protogenes of Sardica ; Melitius of Sebastopolis ; Achilleus of Larissa ( considered the Athanasius of Thessaly ) and Spyridion of Trimythous , who even while a bishop made his living as a shepherd . From foreign places came John , bishop of Persia and India , Theophilus , a Gothic bishop , and Stratophilus , bishop of Pitiunt in Georgia .", "The Latin - speaking provinces sent at least five representatives : Marcus of Calabria from Italia , Cecilian of Carthage from Africa , Hosius of Córdoba from Hispania , Nicasius of Die from Gaul , and Domnus of Stridon from the province of the Danube .", "Athanasius of Alexandria , a young deacon and companion of Bishop Alexander of Alexandria , was among the assistants . Athanasius eventually spent most of his life battling against Arianism . Alexander of Constantinople , then a presbyter , was also present as representative of his aged bishop .", "The supporters of Arius included Secundus of Ptolemais , Theonus of Marmarica , Zephyrius ( or Zopyrus ) , and Dathes , all of whom hailed from the Libyan Pentapolis . Other supporters included Eusebius of Nicomedia , Paulinus of Tyrus , Actius of Lydda , Menophantus of Ephesus , and Theognus of Nicaea .", "`` Resplendent in purple and gold , Constantine made a ceremonial entrance at the opening of the council , probably in early June , but respectfully seated the bishops ahead of himself . '' As Eusebius described , Constantine `` himself proceeded through the midst of the assembly , like some heavenly messenger of God , clothed in raiment which glittered as it were with rays of light , reflecting the glowing radiance of a purple robe , and adorned with the brilliant splendor of gold and precious stones . '' The emperor was present as an overseer and presider , but did not cast any official vote . Constantine organized the Council along the lines of the Roman Senate . Hosius of Cordoba may have presided over its deliberations ; he was probably one of the Papal legates . Eusebius of Nicomedia probably gave the welcoming address .", "The agenda of the synod included :", "The Arian question regarding the relationship between God the Father and the Son ( not only in his incarnate form as Jesus , but also in his nature before the creation of the world ) ; i.e. , are the Father and Son one in divine purpose only or also one in being ? The date of celebration of Pascha / Easter The Meletian schism Various matters of church discipline , which resulted in twenty canons Organizational structure of the Church : focused on the ordering of the episcopacy Dignity standards for the clergy : issues of ordination at all levels and of suitability of behavior and background for clergy Reconciliation of the lapsed : establishing norms for public repentance and penance Readmission to the Church of heretics and schismatics : including issues of when reordination and / or rebaptism were to be required Liturgical practice : including the place of deacons , and the practice of standing at prayer during liturgy", "The Arian question regarding the relationship between God the Father and the Son ( not only in his incarnate form as Jesus , but also in his nature before the creation of the world ) ; i.e. , are the Father and Son one in divine purpose only or also one in being ?", "The date of celebration of Pascha / Easter", "The Meletian schism", "Various matters of church discipline , which resulted in twenty canons Organizational structure of the Church : focused on the ordering of the episcopacy Dignity standards for the clergy : issues of ordination at all levels and of suitability of behavior and background for clergy Reconciliation of the lapsed : establishing norms for public repentance and penance Readmission to the Church of heretics and schismatics : including issues of when reordination and / or rebaptism were to be required Liturgical practice : including the place of deacons , and the practice of standing at prayer during liturgy", "Organizational structure of the Church : focused on the ordering of the episcopacy Dignity standards for the clergy : issues of ordination at all levels and of suitability of behavior and background for clergy Reconciliation of the lapsed : establishing norms for public repentance and penance Readmission to the Church of heretics and schismatics : including issues of when reordination and / or rebaptism were to be required Liturgical practice : including the place of deacons , and the practice of standing at prayer during liturgy", "Organizational structure of the Church : focused on the ordering of the episcopacy", "Dignity standards for the clergy : issues of ordination at all levels and of suitability of behavior and background for clergy", "Reconciliation of the lapsed : establishing norms for public repentance and penance", "Readmission to the Church of heretics and schismatics : including issues of when reordination and / or rebaptism were to be required", "Liturgical practice : including the place of deacons , and the practice of standing at prayer during liturgy", "The council was formally opened 20 May , in the central structure of the imperial palace at Nicaea , with preliminary discussions of the Arian question . Emperor Constantine arrived nearly a month later on 14 June . In these discussions , some dominant figures were Arius , with several adherents . `` Some 22 of the bishops at the council , led by Eusebius of Nicomedia , came as supporters of Arius . But when some of the more shocking passages from his writings were read , they were almost universally seen as blasphemous . '' Bishops Theognis of Nicaea and Maris of Chalcedon were among the initial supporters of Arius .", "Eusebius of Caesarea called to mind the baptismal creed of his own diocese at Caesarea at Palestine , as a form of reconciliation . The majority of the bishops agreed . For some time , scholars thought that the original Nicene Creed was based on this statement of Eusebius . Today , most scholars think that the Creed is derived from the baptismal creed of Jerusalem , as Hans Lietzmann proposed .", "The orthodox bishops won approval of every one of their proposals regarding the Creed . After being in session for an entire month , the council promulgated on 19 June the original Nicene Creed . This profession of faith was adopted by all the bishops `` but two from Libya who had been closely associated with Arius from the beginning '' . No explicit historical record of their dissent actually exists ; the signatures of these bishops are simply absent from the Creed . The sessions continued to deal with minor matters until 25 August .", "The Arian controversy arose in Alexandria when the newly reinstated presbyter Arius began to spread doctrinal views that were contrary to those of his bishop , St. Alexander of Alexandria . The disputed issues centered on the natures and relationship of God ( the Father ) and the Son of God ( Jesus ) . The disagreements sprang from different ideas about the Godhead and what it meant for Jesus to be God 's Son . Alexander maintained that the Son was divine in just the same sense that the Father is , coeternal with the Father , else he could not be a true Son .", "Arius emphasized the supremacy and uniqueness of God the Father , meaning that the Father alone is almighty and infinite , and that therefore the Father 's divinity must be greater than the Son 's . Arius taught that the Son had a beginning , and that he possessed neither the eternity nor the true divinity of the Father , but was rather made `` God '' only by the Father 's permission and power , and that the Son was rather the very first and the most perfect of God 's creatures .", "The Arian discussions and debates at the council extended from about 20 May 325 , through about 19 June . According to legendary accounts , debate became so heated that at one point , Arius was struck in the face by Nicholas of Myra , who would later be canonized . This account is almost certainly apocryphal , as Arius himself would not have been present in the council chamber due to the fact that he was not a bishop .", "Much of the debate hinged on the difference between being `` born '' or `` created '' and being `` begotten '' . Arians saw these as essentially the same ; followers of Alexander did not . The exact meaning of many of the words used in the debates at Nicaea were still unclear to speakers of other languages . Greek words like `` essence '' ( ousia ) , `` substance '' ( hypostasis ) , `` nature '' ( physis ) , `` person '' ( prosopon ) bore a variety of meanings drawn from pre-Christian philosophers , which could not but entail misunderstandings until they were cleared up . The word homoousia , in particular , was initially disliked by many bishops because of its associations with Gnostic heretics ( who used it in their theology ) , and because their heresies had been condemned at the 264 -- 268 Synods of Antioch .", "According to surviving accounts , the presbyter Arius argued for the supremacy of God the Father , and maintained that the Son of God was created as an act of the Father 's will , and therefore that the Son was a creature made by God , begotten directly of the infinite , eternal God . Arius 's argument was that the Son was God 's very first production , before all ages . The position being that the Son had a beginning , and that only the Father has no beginning . And Arius argued that everything else was created through the Son . Thus , said the Arians , only the Son was directly created and begotten of God ; and therefore there was a time that He had no existence . Arius believed that the Son of God was capable of His own free will of right and wrong , and that `` were He in the truest sense a son , He must have come after the Father , therefore the time obviously was when He was not , and hence He was a finite being '' , and that He was under God the Father . Therefore , Arius insisted that the Father 's divinity was greater than the Son 's . The Arians appealed to Scripture , quoting biblical statements such as `` the Father is greater than I '' , and also that the Son is `` firstborn of all creation '' .", "The opposing view stemmed from the idea that begetting the Son is itself in the nature of the Father , which is eternal . Thus , the Father was always a Father , and both Father and Son existed always together , eternally , coequally and consubstantially . The contra - Arian argument thus stated that the Logos was `` eternally begotten '' , therefore with no beginning . Those in opposition to Arius believed that to follow the Arian view destroyed the unity of the Godhead , and made the Son unequal to the Father . They insisted that such a view was in contravention of such Scriptures as `` I and the Father are one '' and `` the Word was God '' , as such verses were interpreted . They declared , as did Athanasius , that the Son had no beginning , but had an `` eternal derivation '' from the Father , and therefore was coeternal with him , and equal to God in all aspects .", "The Council declared that the Son was true God , coeternal with the Father and begotten from His same substance , arguing that such a doctrine best codified the Scriptural presentation of the Son as well as traditional Christian belief about him handed down from the Apostles . This belief was expressed by the bishops in the Creed of Nicaea , which would form the basis of what has since been known as the Niceno - Constantinopolitan Creed .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "One of the projects undertaken by the Council was the creation of a Creed , a declaration and summary of the Christian faith . Several creeds were already in existence ; many creeds were acceptable to the members of the council , including Arius . From earliest times , various creeds served as a means of identification for Christians , as a means of inclusion and recognition , especially at baptism .", "In Rome , for example , the Apostles ' Creed was popular , especially for use in Lent and the Easter season . In the Council of Nicaea , one specific creed was used to define the Church 's faith clearly , to include those who professed it , and to exclude those who did not .", "Some distinctive elements in the Nicene Creed , perhaps from the hand of Hosius of Cordova , were added , some specifically to counter the Arian point of view .", "Jesus Christ is described as `` Light from Light , true God from true God , '' proclaiming his divinity . Jesus Christ is said to be `` begotten , not made , '' asserting that he was not a mere creature , brought into being out of nothing , but the true Son of God , brought into being `` from the substance of the Father . '' He is said to be `` of one being with the Father , '' proclaiming that although Jesus Christ is `` true God '' and God the Father is also `` true God , '' they are `` of one being , '' in accord to what is found in John 10 : 30 : `` I and the Father are one . '' The Greek term homoousios , or consubstantial ( i.e. , `` of the same substance ) is ascribed by Eusebius to Constantine who , on this particular point , may have chosen to exercise his authority . The significance of this clause , however , is extremely ambiguous as to the extent in which Jesus Christ and God the Father are `` of one being , '' and the issues it raised would be seriously controverted in the future .", "Jesus Christ is described as `` Light from Light , true God from true God , '' proclaiming his divinity .", "Jesus Christ is said to be `` begotten , not made , '' asserting that he was not a mere creature , brought into being out of nothing , but the true Son of God , brought into being `` from the substance of the Father . ''", "He is said to be `` of one being with the Father , '' proclaiming that although Jesus Christ is `` true God '' and God the Father is also `` true God , '' they are `` of one being , '' in accord to what is found in John 10 : 30 : `` I and the Father are one . '' The Greek term homoousios , or consubstantial ( i.e. , `` of the same substance ) is ascribed by Eusebius to Constantine who , on this particular point , may have chosen to exercise his authority . The significance of this clause , however , is extremely ambiguous as to the extent in which Jesus Christ and God the Father are `` of one being , '' and the issues it raised would be seriously controverted in the future .", "At the end of the creed came a list of anathemas , designed to repudiate explicitly the Arians ' stated claims .", "The view that `` there was once when he was not '' was rejected to maintain the coeternity of the Son with the Father . The view that he was `` mutable or subject to change '' was rejected to maintain that the Son just like the Father was beyond any form of weakness or corruptibility , and most importantly that he could not fall away from absolute moral perfection .", "The view that `` there was once when he was not '' was rejected to maintain the coeternity of the Son with the Father .", "The view that he was `` mutable or subject to change '' was rejected to maintain that the Son just like the Father was beyond any form of weakness or corruptibility , and most importantly that he could not fall away from absolute moral perfection .", "Thus , instead of a baptismal creed acceptable to both the Arians and their opponents the council promulgated one which was clearly opposed to Arianism and incompatible with the distinctive core of their beliefs . The text of this profession of faith is preserved in a letter of Eusebius to his congregation , in Athanasius , and elsewhere . Although the most vocal of anti-Arians , the Homoousians ( from the Koine Greek word translated as `` of same substance '' which was condemned at the Council of Antioch in 264 -- 268 ) were in the minority , the Creed was accepted by the council as an expression of the bishops ' common faith and the ancient faith of the whole Church .", "Bishop Hosius of Cordova , one of the firm Homoousians , may well have helped bring the council to consensus . At the time of the council , he was the confidant of the emperor in all Church matters . Hosius stands at the head of the lists of bishops , and Athanasius ascribes to him the actual formulation of the creed . Great leaders such as Eustathius of Antioch , Alexander of Alexandria , Athanasius , and Marcellus of Ancyra all adhered to the Homoousian position .", "In spite of his sympathy for Arius , Eusebius of Caesarea adhered to the decisions of the council , accepting the entire creed . The initial number of bishops supporting Arius was small . After a month of discussion , on 19 June , there were only two left : Theonas of Marmarica in Libya , and Secundus of Ptolemais . Maris of Chalcedon , who initially supported Arianism , agreed to the whole creed . Similarly , Eusebius of Nicomedia and Theognis of Nice also agreed , except for certain statements .", "The Emperor carried out his earlier statement : everybody who refused to endorse the Creed would be exiled . Arius , Theonas , and Secundus refused to adhere to the creed , and were thus exiled to Illyria , in addition to being excommunicated . The works of Arius were ordered to be confiscated and consigned to the flames , while his supporters considered as `` enemies of Christianity . '' Nevertheless , the controversy continued in various parts of the empire .", "The Creed was amended to a new version by the First Council of Constantinople in 381 .", "The feast of Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover and Feast of Unleavened Bread , as Christians believe that the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus occurred at the time of those observances .", "As early as Pope Sixtus I , some Christians had set Easter to a Sunday in the lunar month of Nisan . To determine which lunar month was to be designated as Nisan , Christians relied on the Jewish community . By the later 3rd century some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with what they took to be the disorderly state of the Jewish calendar . They argued that contemporary Jews were identifying the wrong lunar month as the month of Nisan , choosing a month whose 14th day fell before the spring equinox .", "Christians , these thinkers argued , should abandon the custom of relying on Jewish informants and instead do their own computations to determine which month should be styled Nisan , setting Easter within this independently computed , Christian Nisan , which would always locate the festival after the equinox . They justified this break with tradition by arguing that it was in fact the contemporary Jewish calendar that had broken with tradition by ignoring the equinox , and that in former times the 14th of Nisan had never preceded the equinox . Others felt that the customary practice of reliance on the Jewish calendar should continue , even if the Jewish computations were in error from a Christian point of view .", "The controversy between those who argued for independent computations and those who argued for continued reliance on the Jewish calendar was formally resolved by the Council , which endorsed the independent procedure that had been in use for some time at Rome and Alexandria . Easter was henceforward to be a Sunday in a lunar month chosen according to Christian criteria -- in effect , a Christian Nisan -- not in the month of Nisan as defined by Jews . Those who argued for continued reliance on the Jewish calendar ( called `` protopaschites '' by later historians ) were urged to come around to the majority position . That they did not all immediately do so is revealed by the existence of sermons , canons , and tracts written against the protopaschite practice in the later 4th century .", "These two rules , independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity , were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the Council . No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice , a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies ( see also Computus and Reform of the date of Easter . ) In particular , the Council did not seem to decree that Easter must fall on Sunday .", "Nor did the Council decree that Easter must never coincide with Nisan 14 ( the first Day of Unleavened Bread , now commonly called `` Passover '' ) in the Hebrew calendar . By endorsing the move to independent computations , the Council had separated the Easter computation from all dependence , positive or negative , on the Jewish calendar . The `` Zonaras proviso '' , the claim that Easter must always follow Nisan 14 in the Hebrew calendar , was not formulated until after some centuries . By that time , the accumulation of errors in the Julian solar and lunar calendars had made it the de facto state of affairs that Julian Easter always followed Hebrew Nisan 14 .", "The suppression of the Meletian schism , an early breakaway sect , was another important matter that came before the Council of Nicaea . Meletius , it was decided , should remain in his own city of Lycopolis in Egypt , but without exercising authority or the power to ordain new clergy ; he was forbidden to go into the environs of the town or to enter another diocese for the purpose of ordaining its subjects . Melitius retained his episcopal title , but the ecclesiastics ordained by him were to receive again the laying on of hands , the ordinations performed by Meletius being therefore regarded as invalid . Clergy ordained by Meletius were ordered to yield precedence to those ordained by Alexander , and they were not to do anything without the consent of Bishop Alexander .", "In the event of the death of a non-Meletian bishop or ecclesiastic , the vacant see might be given to a Meletian , provided he was worthy and the popular election were ratified by Alexander . As to Meletius himself , episcopal rights and prerogatives were taken from him . These mild measures , however , were in vain ; the Meletians joined the Arians and caused more dissension than ever , being among the worst enemies of Athanasius . The Meletians ultimately died out around the middle of the fifth century .", "Part of a series on the Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law Current law ( show ) 1983 Code of Canon Law Omnium in mentem Magnum principium Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Ad tuendam fidem Ex corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Pastor bonus Pontificalis Domus Veritatis gaudium Custom Legal history ( show ) 1917 Code of Canon Law Corpus Juris Canonici Decretist Regulæ Juris Decretals of Gregory IX Decretalist Decretum Gratiani Extravagantes Liber Septimus Ancient Church Orders Didache The Apostolic Constitutions Canons of the Apostles Collections of ancient canons Collectiones canonum Dionysianae Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Quesnelliana Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Other Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals Benedictus Deus ( Pius IV ) Contractum trinius Defect of Birth Jus exclusivae Papal appointment Oriental law ( show ) Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII Nomocanon Archeparchy Eparchy Liturgical law ( show ) Ecclesia Dei Mysterii Paschalis Sacrosanctum concilium Musicam sacram Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Sacramental law ( show ) Canon 844 Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Valid but illicit Holy Orders Impediment ( canon law ) Abstemius Clerical celibacy ( Catholic Church ) Nullity of Sacred Ordination Apostolicae curae Dimissorial letters Approbation Confession Apostolic Penitentiary Complicit absolution Canon penitentiary Internal forum Paenitentiale Theodori Penitential canons Seal of the Confessional Eucharist Eucharistic discipline Canon 915 Matrimonial law ( show ) Banns of Marriage Declaration of Nullity Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Defender of the Bond Impediments to Marriage Affinity Bigamy Clandestinity Impediment of crime Disparity of Cult Ligamen Matrimonial Dispensation Ratum sed non consummatum Sanatio in radice Natural marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege Trials and 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council", "Roman Curia Dicastery Congregation Pontifical council", "Dicastery Congregation Pontifical council", "Jurisprudence ( show ) Canonical coronation Canonically crowned images Computation of time Contract law Custom Delegata potestas non potest delegari Derogation Dispensation Taxa Innocentiana Indult Impediment Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Jurisdiction Peritus Obreption & subreption Obrogation Promulgation Resignation of the Roman Pontiff Sede vacante Vacatio legis Valid but illicit", "Canonical coronation Canonically crowned images Computation of time Contract law Custom Delegata potestas non potest delegari Derogation Dispensation Taxa Innocentiana Indult Impediment Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Jurisdiction Peritus Obreption & subreption Obrogation Promulgation Resignation of the Roman Pontiff Sede vacante Vacatio legis Valid but illicit", "Canonical coronation Canonically crowned images", "Canonically crowned images", "Canonically crowned images", "Computation of time", "Delegata potestas non potest delegari", "Dispensation Taxa Innocentiana", "Taxa Innocentiana", "Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts", "Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts", "Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts", "Obreption & subreption", "Resignation of the Roman Pontiff", "Valid but illicit", "Philosophy , theology , and fundamental theory ( show ) Theology Ecclesiology Treatise on Law Determinatio", "Theology Ecclesiology Treatise on Law Determinatio", "Theology Ecclesiology", "Ecclesiology", "Treatise on Law Determinatio", "Determinatio", "Law of persons ( show ) Person ( canon law ) Canonical age Canonical faculties Clerics and public office Clerical celebacy Consecrated life Defect of Birth Emancipation Juridic & physical persons Jus patronatus Laicization ( dispensation )", "Person ( canon law ) Canonical age Canonical faculties Clerics and public office Clerical celebacy Consecrated life Defect of Birth Emancipation Juridic & physical persons Jus patronatus Laicization ( dispensation )", "Person ( canon law )", "Clerics and public office", "Defect of Birth", "Juridic & physical persons", "Laicization ( dispensation )", "Canonical documents ( show ) Notary ( canon law ) Protonotary apostolic Apostolic constitution Canon Concordat Decree Decretal Encyclical Motu proprio Ordinance Papal brief Papal bull Penitential Positive law Rescript", "Notary ( canon law ) Protonotary apostolic Apostolic constitution Canon Concordat Decree Decretal Encyclical Motu proprio Ordinance Papal brief Papal bull Penitential Positive law Rescript", "Notary ( canon law ) Protonotary apostolic", "Protonotary apostolic", "Penal law ( show ) Canon 1324 Canon 1398 Censure ( canon law ) Excommunication List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of excommunicated cardinals Interdict Internal forum Laicization ( penal ) Latae sententiae", "Canon 1324 Canon 1398 Censure ( canon law ) Excommunication List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of excommunicated cardinals Interdict Internal forum Laicization ( penal ) Latae sententiae", "Censure ( canon law )", "Excommunication List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of excommunicated cardinals", "List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of excommunicated cardinals", "List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church", "List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of excommunicated cardinals", "List of excommunicated cardinals", "List of excommunicated cardinals", "Laicization ( penal )", "Procedural law ( show ) Election of the Roman Pontiff Universi Dominici gregis Papal renunciation", "Universi Dominici gregis Papal renunciation", "Universi Dominici gregis", "Catholicism portal", "", "", "The council promulgated twenty new church laws , called canons , ( though the exact number is subject to debate ) , that is , unchanging rules of discipline . The twenty as listed in the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers are as follows :", "1 . prohibition of self - castration 2 . establishment of a minimum term for catechumens ( persons studying for baptism ) 3 . prohibition of the presence in the house of a cleric of a younger woman who might bring him under suspicion ( the so called virgines subintroductae , who practiced Syneisaktism ) 4 . ordination of a bishop in the presence of at least three provincial bishops and confirmation by the metropolitan bishop 5 . provision for two provincial synods to be held annually 6 . confirmation of ancient customs giving jurisdiction over large regions to the bishops of Alexandria , Rome , and Antioch 7 . recognition of the honorary rights of the see of Jerusalem 8 . provision for agreement with the Novatianists , an early sect 9 -- 14 . provision for mild procedure against the lapsed during the persecution under Licinius 15 -- 16 . prohibition of the removal of priests 17 . prohibition of usury among the clergy 18 . precedence of bishops and presbyters before deacons in receiving the Eucharist ( Holy Communion ) 19 . declaration of the invalidity of baptism by Paulian heretics 20 . prohibition of kneeling on Sundays and during the Pentecost ( the fifty days commencing on Easter ) . Standing was the normative posture for prayer at this time , as it still is among the Eastern Christians . Kneeling was considered most appropriate to penitential prayer , as distinct from the festive nature of Eastertide and its remembrance every Sunday . The canon itself was designed only to ensure uniformity of practise at the designated times .", "1 . prohibition of self - castration", "2 . establishment of a minimum term for catechumens ( persons studying for baptism )", "3 . prohibition of the presence in the house of a cleric of a younger woman who might bring him under suspicion ( the so called virgines subintroductae , who practiced Syneisaktism )", "4 . ordination of a bishop in the presence of at least three provincial bishops and confirmation by the metropolitan bishop", "5 . provision for two provincial synods to be held annually", "6 . confirmation of ancient customs giving jurisdiction over large regions to the bishops of Alexandria , Rome , and Antioch", "7 . recognition of the honorary rights of the see of Jerusalem", "8 . provision for agreement with the Novatianists , an early sect", "9 -- 14 . provision for mild procedure against the lapsed during the persecution under Licinius", "15 -- 16 . prohibition of the removal of priests", "17 . prohibition of usury among the clergy", "18 . precedence of bishops and presbyters before deacons in receiving the Eucharist ( Holy Communion )", "19 . declaration of the invalidity of baptism by Paulian heretics", "20 . prohibition of kneeling on Sundays and during the Pentecost ( the fifty days commencing on Easter ) . Standing was the normative posture for prayer at this time , as it still is among the Eastern Christians . Kneeling was considered most appropriate to penitential prayer , as distinct from the festive nature of Eastertide and its remembrance every Sunday . The canon itself was designed only to ensure uniformity of practise at the designated times .", "On 25 July 325 , in conclusion , the fathers of the council celebrated the Emperor 's twentieth anniversary . In his farewell address , Constantine informed the audience how averse he was to dogmatic controversy ; he wanted the Church to live in harmony and peace . In a circular letter , he announced the accomplished unity of practice by the whole Church in the date of the celebration of Christian Passover ( Easter ) .", "The long - term effects of the Council of Nicaea were significant . For the first time , representatives of many of the bishops of the Church convened to agree on a doctrinal statement . Also for the first time , the Emperor played a role , by calling together the bishops under his authority , and using the power of the state to give the council 's orders effect .", "In the short - term , however , the council did not completely solve the problems it was convened to discuss and a period of conflict and upheaval continued for some time . Constantine himself was succeeded by two Arian Emperors in the Eastern Empire : his son , Constantius II and Valens . Valens could not resolve the outstanding ecclesiastical issues , and unsuccessfully confronted St. Basil over the Nicene Creed .", "Pagan powers within the Empire sought to maintain and at times re-establish paganism into the seat of the Emperor ( see Arbogast and Julian the Apostate ) . Arians and Meletians soon regained nearly all of the rights they had lost , and consequently , Arianism continued to spread and be a subject of debate within the Church during the remainder of the fourth century . Almost immediately , Eusebius of Nicomedia , an Arian bishop and cousin to Constantine I , used his influence at court to sway Constantine 's favor from the proto - orthodox Nicene bishops to the Arians .", "Eustathius of Antioch was deposed and exiled in 330 . Athanasius , who had succeeded Alexander as Bishop of Alexandria , was deposed by the First Synod of Tyre in 335 and Marcellus of Ancyra followed him in 336 . Arius himself returned to Constantinople to be readmitted into the Church , but died shortly before he could be received . Constantine died the next year , after finally receiving baptism from Arian Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia , and `` with his passing the first round in the battle after the Council of Nicaea was ended '' .", "Christianity was illegal in the empire until the emperors Constantine and Licinius agreed in 313 to what became known as the Edict of Milan . However , Nicene Christianity did not become the state religion of the Roman Empire until the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 . In the mean time , paganism remained legal and present in public affairs . Constantine 's coinage and other official motifs , until the Council of Nicaea , had affiliated him with the pagan cult of Sol Invictus . At first , Constantine encouraged the construction of new temples and tolerated traditional sacrifices . Later in his reign , he gave orders for the pillaging and the tearing down of Roman temples .", "Constantine 's role regarding Nicaea was that of supreme civil leader and authority in the empire . As Emperor , the responsibility for maintaining civil order was his , and he sought that the Church be of one mind and at peace . When first informed of the unrest in Alexandria due to the Arian disputes , he was `` greatly troubled '' and , `` rebuked '' both Arius and Bishop Alexander for originating the disturbance and allowing it to become public . Aware also of `` the diversity of opinion '' regarding the celebration of Easter and hoping to settle both issues , he sent the `` honored '' Bishop Hosius of Cordova ( Hispania ) to form a local church council and `` reconcile those who were divided '' . When that embassy failed , he turned to summoning a synod at Nicaea , inviting `` the most eminent men of the churches in every country '' .", "Constantine assisted in assembling the council by arranging that travel expenses to and from the bishops ' episcopal sees , as well as lodging at Nicaea , be covered out of public funds . He also provided and furnished a `` great hall ... in the palace '' as a place for discussion so that the attendees `` should be treated with becoming dignity '' . In addressing the opening of the council , he `` exhorted the Bishops to unanimity and concord '' and called on them to follow the Holy Scriptures with : `` Let , then , all contentious disputation be discarded ; and let us seek in the divinely - inspired word the solution of the questions at issue . ''", "Thereupon , the debate about Arius and church doctrine began . `` The emperor gave patient attention to the speeches of both parties '' and `` deferred '' to the decision of the bishops . The bishops first pronounced Arius ' teachings to be anathema , formulating the creed as a statement of correct doctrine . When Arius and two followers refused to agree , the bishops pronounced clerical judgement by excommunicating them from the Church . Respecting the clerical decision , and seeing the threat of continued unrest , Constantine also pronounced civil judgement , banishing them into exile . This was the beginning of the practice of using secular power to establish doctrinal orthodoxy within Christianity , an example followed by all later Christian emperors , which led to a circle of Christian violence , and of Christian resistance couched in terms of martyrdom .", "There is no record of any discussion of the biblical canon at the council . The development of the biblical canon took centuries , and was nearly complete ( with exceptions known as the Antilegomena , written texts whose authenticity or value is disputed ) by the time the Muratorian fragment was written .", "In 331 , Constantine commissioned fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople , but little else is known ( in fact , it is not even certain whether his request was for fifty copies of the entire Old and New Testaments , only the New Testament , or merely the Gospels ) . Some scholars believe that this request provided motivation for canon lists . In Jerome 's Prologue to Judith , he claims that the Book of Judith was `` found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures '' , which some have suggested means the Nicene Council did discuss what documents would number among the sacred scriptures , but more likely simply means the Council used Judith in its deliberations on other matters and so it should be considered canonical .", "The main source of the idea that the Bible was created at the Council of Nicea seems to be Voltaire , who popularised a story that the canon was determined by placing all the competing books on an altar during the Council and then keeping the ones that did not fall off . The original source of this `` fictitious anecdote '' is the Synodicon Vetus , a pseudo-historical account of early Church councils from AD 887 :", "The canonical and apocryphal books it distinguished in the following manner : in the house of God the books were placed down by the holy altar ; then the council asked the Lord in prayer that the inspired works be found on top and -- as in fact happened -- the spurious on the bottom .", "The council of Nicaea dealt primarily with the issue of the deity of Christ . Over a century earlier the term `` Trinity '' ( Τριάς in Greek ; trinitas in Latin ) was used in the writings of Origen ( 185 -- 254 ) and Tertullian ( 160 -- 220 ) , and a general notion of a `` divine three '' , in some sense , was expressed in the second century writings of Polycarp , Ignatius , and Justin Martyr . In Nicaea , questions regarding the Holy Spirit were left largely unaddressed until after the relationship between the Father and the Son was settled around the year 362 . So the doctrine in a more full - fledged form was not formulated until the Council of Constantinople in 360 AD , and a final form formulated in 381 AD , primarily crafted by Gregory of Nyssa .", "While Constantine had sought a unified church after the council , he did not force the Homoousian view of Christ 's nature on the council ( see The role of Constantine ) .", "Constantine did not commission any Bibles at the council itself . He did commission fifty Bibles in 331 for use in the churches of Constantinople , itself still a new city . No historical evidence points to involvement on his part in selecting or omitting books for inclusion in commissioned Bibles .", "Despite Constantine 's sympathetic interest in the Church , he was not baptized until some 11 or 12 years after the council , putting off baptism as long as he did so as to be absolved from as much sin as possible in accordance with the belief that in baptism all sin is forgiven fully and completely .", "Roman Catholics assert that the idea of Christ 's deity was ultimately confirmed by the Bishop of Rome , and that it was this confirmation that gave the council its influence and authority . In support of this , they cite the position of early fathers and their expression of the need for all churches to agree with Rome ( see Irenaeus , Adversus Haereses III : 3 : 2 ) .", "However , Protestants , Eastern Orthodox , and Oriental Orthodox do not believe the Council viewed the Bishop of Rome as the jurisdictional head of Christendom , or someone having authority over other bishops attending the Council . In support of this , they cite Canon 6 , where the Roman Bishop could be seen as simply one of several influential leaders , but not one who had jurisdiction over other bishops in other regions .", "According to Protestant theologian Philip Schaff , `` The Nicene fathers passed this canon not as introducing anything new , but merely as confirming an existing relation on the basis of church tradition ; and that , with special reference to Alexandria , on account of the troubles existing there . Rome was named only for illustration ; and Antioch and all the other eparchies or provinces were secured their admitted rights . The bishoprics of Alexandria , Rome , and Antioch were placed substantially on equal footing . '' Thus , according to Schaff , the Bishop of Alexandria was to have jurisdiction over the provinces of Egypt , Libya and the Pentapolis , just as the Bishop of Rome had authority `` with reference to his own diocese . ''", "But according to Fr . James F. Loughlin , there is an alternate Roman Catholic interpretation . It involves five different arguments `` drawn respectively from the grammatical structure of the sentence , from the logical sequence of ideas , from Catholic analogy , from comparison with the process of formation of the Byzantine Patriarchate , and from the authority of the ancients '' in favor of an alternative understanding of the canon . According to this interpretation , the canon shows the role the Bishop of Rome had when he , by his authority , confirmed the jurisdiction of the other patriarchs -- an interpretation which is in line with the Roman Catholic understanding of the Pope . Thus , the Bishop of Alexandria presided over Egypt , Libya and the Pentapolis , while the Bishop of Antioch `` enjoyed a similar authority throughout the great diocese of Oriens , '' and all by the authority of the Bishop of Rome . To Loughlin , that was the only possible reason to invoke the custom of a Roman Bishop in a matter related to the two metropolitan bishops in Alexandria and Antioch .", "However , Protestant and Roman Catholic interpretations have historically assumed that some or all of the bishops identified in the canon were presiding over their own dioceses at the time of the Council -- the Bishop of Rome over the Diocese of Italy , as Schaff suggested , the Bishop of Antioch over the Diocese of Oriens , as Loughlin suggested , and the Bishop of Alexandria over the Diocese of Egypt , as suggested by Karl Josef von Hefele . According to Hefele , the Council had assigned to Alexandria , `` the whole ( civil ) Diocese of Egypt . '' Yet those assumptions have since been proven false . At the time of the Council , the Diocese of Egypt did not yet exist , so the Council could not have assigned it to Alexandria . Antioch and Alexandria were both located within the civil Diocese of Oriens , Antioch being the chief metropolis , but neither administered the whole . Likewise , Rome and Milan were both located within the civil Diocese of Italy , Milan being the chief metropolis , yet neither administered the whole .", "This geographic issue related to Canon 6 was highlighted by Protestant writer , Timothy F. Kauffman , as a correction to the anachronism created by the assumption that each bishop was already presiding over a whole diocese at the time of the council . According to Kauffman , since Milan and Rome were both located within the Diocese of Italy , and Antioch and Alexandria were both located within the Diocese of Oriens , a relevant and `` structural congruency '' between Rome and Alexandria was readily apparent to the gathered bishops : both had been made to share a diocese of which neither was the chief metropolis . Rome 's jurisdiction within Italy had been defined in terms of several of the city 's adjacent provinces since Diocletian 's reordering of the empire in 293 , as the earliest Latin version of the canon indicates , and the rest of the Italian provinces were under the jurisdiction of Milan .", "That provincial arrangement of Roman and Milanese jurisdiction within Italy therefore was a relevant precedent , and provided an administrative solution to the problem facing the council -- namely , how to define Alexandrian and Antiochian jurisdiction within the Diocese of Oriens . In canon 6 , the Council left most of the diocese under Antioch 's jurisdiction , and assigned a few provinces of the diocese to Alexandria , `` since the like is customary for the Bishop of Rome also . ''", "In that scenario , a relevant Roman precedent is invoked , answering Loughlin 's argument as to why the custom of a bishop in Rome would have any bearing on a dispute regarding Alexandria in Oriens , and at the same time correcting Schaff 's argument that the bishop of Rome was invoked by way of illustration `` with reference to his own diocese . '' The custom of the bishop of Rome was invoked by way of illustration , not because he presided over the whole Church , or over the western Church or even over `` his own diocese , '' but rather because he presided over a few provinces in a diocese that was otherwise administered from Milan . On the basis of that precedent , the council recognized Alexandria 's ancient jurisdiction over a few provinces in the Diocese of Oriens , a diocese that was otherwise administered from Antioch .", "The Churches of Byzantium celebrate the Fathers of the First Ecumenical Council on the seventh Sunday of Pascha ( the Sunday before Pentecost ) . The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod celebrates the First Ecumenical Council on 12 June . The Coptic Church celebrates The Assembly of the First Ecumenical Council on 9 Hathor ( usually 18 Nov . ) . The Armenian Church celebrates the 318 Fathers of the Holy Council of Nicaea on 1 Sept ..." ]

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[ "Music hall The Eagle Tavern in 1830 . Cultural origins 18th century , United Kingdom Other topics Pantomime", "Music hall", "The Eagle Tavern in 1830 .", "Cultural origins 18th century , United Kingdom", "Other topics", "Pantomime", "Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment that was popular from the early Victorian era , beginning around 1850 . It ended , arguably , after the First World War , when the halls rebranded their entertainment as Variety . Perceptions of a distiction in Britain between bold and scandalous Victorian Music Hall and subsequent , more respectable Variety differ . Music hall involved a mixture of popular songs , comedy , speciality acts , and variety entertainment . The term is derived from a type of theatre or venue in which such entertainment took place . American vaudeville was in some ways analogous to British music hall , featuring rousing songs and comic acts .", "Originating in saloon bars within public houses during the 1830s , music hall entertainment became increasingly popular with audiences . So much so , that during the 1850s some public houses were demolished , and specialised music hall theatres developed in their place . These theatres were designed chiefly so that people could consume food and alcohol and smoke tobacco in the auditorium while the entertainment took place . This differed somewhat from the conventional type of theatre , which until then seated the audience in stalls with a separate bar - room . Major music halls were based around London . Early examples included : the Canterbury Music Hall in Lambeth , Wilton 's Music Hall in Tower Hamlets , and The Middlesex in Drury Lane , otherwise known as the Old Mo .", "By the mid-19th century , the halls cried out for many new and catchy songs . As a result , professional songwriters were enlisted to provide the music for a plethora of star performers , such as Marie Lloyd , Dan Leno , Little Tich , and George Leybourne . All manner of other entertainment was performed : male and female impersonators , lions comiques , mime artists and impressionists , trampoline acts , and comic pianists ( such as John Orlando Parry and George Grossmith ) were just a few of the many types of entertainments the audiences could expect to find over the next forty years .", "The Music Hall Strike of 1907 was an important industrial conflict . It was a dispute between artists and stage hands on one hand , and theatre managers on the other , culminating in a strike . The halls had recovered by the start of the First World War and were used to stage charity events in aid of the war effort . Music hall entertainment continued after the war , but became less popular due to upcoming jazz , swing , and big - band dance music acts . Licensing restrictions had also changed , and drinking was banned from the auditorium . A new type of music hall entertainment had arrived , in the form of variety , and many music hall performers failed to make the transition . They were deemed old - fashioned , and with the closure of many halls , music hall entertainment ceased and modern - day variety began .", "Music hall in London had its origins in the 18th century . It grew with the entertainment provided in the new style saloon bars of public houses during the 1830s . These venues replaced earlier semi-rural amusements provided by fairs and suburban pleasure gardens such as Vauxhall Gardens and the Cremorne Gardens . These latter became subject to urban development and became fewer and less popular .", "The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a greater price at the bar , singing , dancing , drama or comedy was performed . The most famous London saloon of the early days was the Grecian Saloon , established in 1825 , at The Eagle ( a former tea - garden ) , 2 Shepherdess Walk , off the City Road in east London . According to John Hollingshead , proprietor of the Gaiety Theatre , London ( originally the Strand Music Hall ) , this establishment was `` the father and mother , the dry and wet nurse of the Music Hall '' . Later known as the Grecian Theatre , it was here that Marie Lloyd made her début at the age of 14 in 1884 . It is still famous because of an English nursery rhyme , with the somewhat mysterious lyrics :", "Up and down the City Road In and out The Eagle That 's the way the money goes Pop goes the weasel .", "Another famous `` song and supper '' room of this period was Evans Music - and - Supper Rooms , 43 King Street , Covent Garden , established in the 1840s by W.H. Evans . This venue was also known as ' Evans Late Joys ' -- Joy being the name of the previous owner . Other song and supper rooms included the Coal Hole in The Strand , the Cyder Cellars in Maiden Lane , Covent Garden and the Mogul Saloon in Drury Lane .", "The music hall as we know it developed from such establishments during the 1850s and were built in and on the grounds of public houses . Such establishments were distinguished from theatres by the fact that in a music hall you would be seated at a table in the auditorium and could drink alcohol and smoke tobacco whilst watching the show . In a theatre , by contrast , the audience was seated in stalls and there was a separate bar - room . An exception to this rule was the Britannia Theatre , Hoxton ( 1841 ) which somehow managed to evade this regulation and served drinks to its customers . Though a theatre rather than a music hall , this establishment later hosted music hall variety acts .", "The establishment often regarded as the first true music hall was the Canterbury , 143 Westminster Bridge Road , Lambeth built by Charles Morton , afterwards dubbed `` the Father of the Halls '' , on the site of a skittle alley next to his pub , the Canterbury Tavern . It opened on 17 May 1852 and was described by the musician and author Benny Green as being `` the most significant date in all the history of music hall '' . The hall looked like most contemporary pub concert rooms , but its replacement in 1854 was of then unprecedented size . It was further extended in 1859 , later rebuilt as a variety theatre and finally destroyed by German bombing in 1942 .", "Another early music hall was The Middlesex , Drury Lane ( 1851 ) . Popularly known as the ' Old Mo ' , it was built on the site of the Mogul Saloon . Later converted into a theatre it was demolished in 1965 . The New London Theatre stands on its site .", "Several large music halls were built in the East End . These included the London Music Hall , otherwise known as The Shoreditch Empire , 95 -- 99 Shoreditch High Street , ( 1856 -- 1935 ) . This theatre was rebuilt during 1894 by Frank Matcham , the architect of the Hackney Empire . Another in this area was the Royal Cambridge Music Hall , 136 Commercial Street ( 1864 -- 1936 ) . Designed by William Finch Hill ( the designer of the Britannia theatre in nearby Hoxton ) , it was rebuilt after a fire in 1898 .", "The construction of Weston 's Music Hall , High Holborn ( 1857 ) , built up on the site of the Six Cans and Punch Bowl Tavern by the licensed victualler of the premises , Henry Weston , signalled that the West End was fruitful territory for the music hall . During 1906 it was rebuilt as a variety theatre and renamed as the Holborn Empire . It was closed as a result of German action in the Blitz on the night of 11 -- 12 May 1941 and the building was pulled down in 1960 . Significant West End music halls include :", "The Oxford Music Hall , 14 / 16 Oxford Street ( 1861 ) -- built on the site of an old coaching inn called the Boar and Castle by Charles Morton , the pioneer music hall developer of The Canterbury , who with this development brought music hall to the West End . Demolished in 1926 . The London Pavilion ( 1861 ) . Facade of 1885 rebuild still extant . The Alhambra , Leicester Square ( 1860 ) , in the former premises of the London Panopticon . This sophisticated venue was noted for its alluring corps de ballet and was a focal point for West End pleasure seekers . It was demolished in 1936 .", "The Oxford Music Hall , 14 / 16 Oxford Street ( 1861 ) -- built on the site of an old coaching inn called the Boar and Castle by Charles Morton , the pioneer music hall developer of The Canterbury , who with this development brought music hall to the West End . Demolished in 1926 .", "The London Pavilion ( 1861 ) . Facade of 1885 rebuild still extant .", "The Alhambra , Leicester Square ( 1860 ) , in the former premises of the London Panopticon . This sophisticated venue was noted for its alluring corps de ballet and was a focal point for West End pleasure seekers . It was demolished in 1936 .", "Other large suburban music halls included :", "The Old Bedford , 93 -- 95 High Street , Camden Town ( 1861 ) . Built on the site of the tea gardens of a pub called the Bedford Arms . The Bedford was a favourite haunt of the artists known as the Camden Town Group headed by Walter Sickert , who featured interior scenes of music halls in his paintings , including one entitled ' Little Dot Hetherington at The Old Bedford ' . The Old Bedford was demolished in 1969 . Collins ' , Islington Green ( 1862 ) . Opened by Sam Collins , in 1862 , as the Lansdowne Music Hall , converting the pre-existing Lansdowne Arms public house , it was renamed as Collins ' Music Hall in 1863 . It was colloquially known as ' The Chapel on the Green ' . Collins was a star of his own theatre , singing mostly Irish songs specially composed for him . It closed in 1956 , after a fire , but the street front of the building still survives ( see below ) . Deacons in Clerkenwell ( 1862 ) .", "The Old Bedford , 93 -- 95 High Street , Camden Town ( 1861 ) . Built on the site of the tea gardens of a pub called the Bedford Arms . The Bedford was a favourite haunt of the artists known as the Camden Town Group headed by Walter Sickert , who featured interior scenes of music halls in his paintings , including one entitled ' Little Dot Hetherington at The Old Bedford ' . The Old Bedford was demolished in 1969 .", "Collins ' , Islington Green ( 1862 ) . Opened by Sam Collins , in 1862 , as the Lansdowne Music Hall , converting the pre-existing Lansdowne Arms public house , it was renamed as Collins ' Music Hall in 1863 . It was colloquially known as ' The Chapel on the Green ' . Collins was a star of his own theatre , singing mostly Irish songs specially composed for him . It closed in 1956 , after a fire , but the street front of the building still survives ( see below ) .", "Deacons in Clerkenwell ( 1862 ) .", "A noted music hall entrepreneur of this time was Carlo Gatti who built a music hall , known as Gatti 's , at Hungerford Market in 1857 . He sold the music hall to South Eastern Railway in 1862 , and the site became Charing Cross railway station . With the proceeds from selling his first music hall , Gatti acquired a restaurant in Westminster Bridge Road , opposite The Canterbury music hall . He converted the restaurant into a second Gatti 's music hall , known as `` Gatti 's - in - the - Road '' , in 1865 . It later became a cinema . The building was badly damaged in the Second World War , and was demolished in 1950 . In 1867 , he acquired a public house in Villiers Street named `` The Arches '' , under the arches of the elevated railway line leading to Charing Cross station . He opened it as another music hall , known as `` Gatti 's - in - The - Arches '' . After his death his family continued to operate the music hall , known for a period as the Hungerford or Gatti 's Hungerford Palace of Varieties .", "It became a cinema in 1910 , and the Players ' Theatre in 1946 .", "By 1865 , there were 32 music halls in London seating between 500 and 5,000 people plus an unknown , but large , number of smaller venues .", "In 1878 , numbers peaked , with 78 large music halls in the metropolis and 300 smaller venues . Thereafter numbers declined due to stricter licensing restrictions imposed by the Metropolitan Board of Works and LCC , and because of commercial competition between popular large suburban halls and the smaller venues , which put the latter out of business .", "A new era of variety theatre was developed by the rebuilding of the London Pavilion in 1885 . Contemporary accounts noted :", "Hitherto the halls had borne unmistakeable evidence of their origins , but the last vestiges of their old connections were now thrown aside , and they emerged in all the splendour of their new - born glory . The highest efforts of the architect , the designer and the decorator were enlisted in their service , and the gaudy and tawdry music hall of the past gave way to the resplendent `` theatre of varieties '' of the present day , with its classic exterior of marble and freestone , its lavishly appointed auditorium and its elegant and luxurious foyers and promenades brilliantly illuminated by myriad electric lights", "One of the most famous of these new palaces of pleasure in the West End was the Empire , Leicester Square , built as a theatre in 1884 but acquiring a music hall licence in 1887 . Like the nearby Alhambra this theatre appealed to the men of leisure by featuring alluring ballet dancers and had a notorious promenade which was the resort of courtesans . Another spectacular example of the new variety theatre was the Tivoli in the Strand built 1888 -- 90 in an eclectic neo-Romanesque style with Baroque and Moorish - Indian embellishments . `` The Tivoli '' became a brand name for music - halls all over the British Empire . During 1892 , the Royal English Opera House , which had been a financial failure in Shaftesbury Avenue , applied for a music hall licence and was converted by Walter Emden into a grand music hall and renamed the Palace Theatre of Varieties , managed by Charles Morton . Denied by the newly created LCC permission to construct the promenade , which was such a popular feature of the Empire and Alhambra , the Palace compensated in the way of adult entertainment by featuring apparently nude women in tableaux vivants , though the concerned LCC hastened to reassure patrons that the girls who featured in these displays were actually wearing flesh - toned body stockings and were not naked at all .", "One of the grandest of these new halls was the Coliseum Theatre built by Oswald Stoll in 1904 at the bottom of St. Martin 's Lane . This was followed by the London Palladium ( 1910 ) in Little Argyll Street .", "Both were designed by the prolific Frank Matcham . As music hall grew in popularity and respectability , and as the licensing authorities exercised ever firmer regulation , the original arrangement of a large hall with tables at which drink was served , changed to that of a drink - free auditorium . The acceptance of music hall as a legitimate cultural form was established by the first Royal Variety Performance before King George V during 1912 at the Palace Theatre . However , consistent with this new respectability the best - known music hall entertainer of the time , Marie Lloyd , was not invited , being deemed too `` saucy '' for presentation to the monarchy .", "The development of syndicates controlling a number of theatres , such as the Stoll circuit , increased tensions between employees and employers . On 22 January 1907 , a dispute between artists , stage hands and managers of the Holborn Empire worsened . Strikes in other London and suburban halls followed , organised by the Variety Artistes ' Federation . The strike lasted for almost two weeks and was known as the Music Hall War . It became extremely well known , and was advocated enthusiastically by the main spokesmen of the trade union and Labour movement -- Ben Tillett and Keir Hardie for example . Picket lines were organized outside the theatres by the artistes , while in the provinces theatre management attempted to oblige artistes to sign a document promising never to join a trade union .", "The strike ended in arbitration , which satisfied most of the main demands , including a minimum wage and maximum working week for musicians .", "Several music hall entertainers such as Marie Dainton , Marie Lloyd , Arthur Roberts , Joe Elvin and Gus Elen were strong advocates of the strike , though they themselves earned enough not to be concerned personally in a material sense . Lloyd explained her advocacy :", "We ( the stars ) can dictate our own terms . We are fighting not for ourselves , but for the poorer members of the profession , earning thirty shillings to £ 3 a week . For this they have to do double turns , and now matinées have been added as well . These poor things have been compelled to submit to unfair terms of employment , and I mean to back up the federation in whatever steps are taken .", "World War I may have been the high - water mark of music hall popularity . The artists and composers threw themselves into rallying public support and enthusiasm for the war effort . Patriotic music hall compositions such as `` Keep the Home Fires Burning '' ( 1914 ) , `` Pack up Your Troubles '' ( 1915 ) , `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' ( 1914 ) and `` We Do n't Want to Lose You ( but we think you ought to Go ) '' , were sung by music hall audiences , and sometimes by soldiers in the trenches .", "Many songs promoted recruitment ( `` All the boys in khaki get the nice girls '' , 1915 ) ; others satirised particular elements of the war experience . `` What did you do in the Great war , Daddy '' ( 1919 ) criticised profiteers and slackers ; Vesta Tilley 's `` I 've got a bit of a blighty one '' ( 1916 ) showed a soldier delighted to have a wound just serious enough to be sent home . The rhymes give a sense of grim humour ( When they wipe my face with sponges / and they feed me on blancmanges / I 'm glad I 've got a bit of a blighty one ) .", "Tilley became more popular than ever during this time , when she and her husband , Walter de Frece , managed a military recruitment drive . In the guise of characters like ' Tommy in the Trench ' and ' Jack Tar Home from Sea ' , Tilley performed songs such as `` The army of today 's all right '' and `` Jolly Good Luck to the Girl who Loves a Soldier '' . This is how she got the nickname Britain 's best recruiting sergeant -- young men were sometimes asked to join the army on stage during her show . She also performed in hospitals and sold war bonds . Her husband was knighted in 1919 for his own services to the war effort , and Tilley became Lady de Frece .", "Once the reality of war began to sink home , the recruiting songs all but disappeared -- the Greatest Hits collection for 1915 published by top music publisher Francis and Day contains no recruitment songs . After conscription was brought in 1916 , songs dealing with the war spoke mostly of the desire to return home . Many also expressed anxiety about the new roles women were taking in society .", "Possibly the most notorious of music hall songs from the First World War was `` Oh ! It 's a lovely war '' ( 1917 ) , popularised by male impersonator Ella Shields .", "Music hall continued during the interwar period , but no longer as the single dominant form of popular entertainment in Britain . The improvement of cinema , the development of radio , and the cheapening of the gramophone damaged its popularity greatly . It now had to compete with jazz , swing and big band dance music . Licensing restrictions also changed its character .", "In 1914 , the London County Council ( LCC ) enacted that drinking be banished from the auditorium into a separate bar and during 1923 even the separate bar was abolished by parliamentary decree . The exemption of the theatres from this latter act prompted some critics to denounce this legislation as an attempt to deprive the working classes of their pleasures , as a form of social control , whilst sparing the supposedly more responsible upper classes who patronised the theatres ( though this could be due to the licensing restrictions brought about due to the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 , which also applied to public houses as well ) . Even so , the music hall gave rise to such major stars as George Formby , Gracie Fields , Max Miller , Will Hay , and Flanagan and Allen during this period .", "In the early 1950s , rock and roll , whose performers initially topped music hall bills , attracted a young audience who had little interest in the music hall acts while driving the older audience away . The final demise was competition from television , which grew very popular after the Queen 's coronation was televised . Some music halls tried to retain an audience by putting on striptease acts . In 1957 , the playwright John Osborne delivered this elegy :", "The music hall is dying , and with it , a significant part of England . Some of the heart of England has gone ; something that once belonged to everyone , for this was truly a folk art .", "Moss Empires , the largest British music hall chain , closed the majority of its theatres in 1960 , closely followed by the death of music hall stalwart Max Miller in 1963 , prompting one contemporary to write that : `` Music - halls ... died this afternoon when they buried Max Miller '' . Miller himself had sometimes said that the genre would die with him . Many music hall performers , unable to find work , fell into poverty ; some did not even have a home , having spent their working lives living in digs between performances .", "Stage and film musicals , however , continued to be influenced by the music hall idiom , including Oliver ! , Dr Dolittle and My Fair Lady . The BBC series The Good Old Days , which ran for thirty years , recreated the music hall for the modern audience , and the Paul Daniels Magic Show allowed several speciality acts a television presence from 1979 to 1994 . Aimed at a younger audience , but still owing a lot to the music hall heritage , was the late ' 70s series The Muppet Show .", "The music hall was first imported into France in its British form in 1862 , but under the French law protecting the state theatres , performers could not wear costumes or recite dialogue , something only allowed in theaters . When the law changed in 1867 , the Paris music hall flourished , and a half - dozen new halls opened , offering acrobats , singers , dancers , magicians , and trained animals . The first Paris music call built specially for that purpose was the Folies - Bergere ( 1869 ) ; it was followed by the Moulin Rouge ( 1889 ) , the Alhambra ( 1866 ) , the first to be called a music hall , and the Olympia ( 1893 ) . The Printania ( 1903 ) was a music - garden , open only in summer , with a theater , restaurant , circus , and horse - racing . Older theaters also transformed themselves into music halls , including the Bobino ( 1873 ) , the Bataclan ( 1864 ) , and the Alcazar ( 1858 ) . At the beginning , music halls offered dance reviews , theater and songs , but gradually songs and singers became the main attraction .", "Paris music halls all faced stiff competition in the interwar period from the most popular new form of entertainment , the cinema . They responded by offering more complex and lavish shows . In 1911 , the Olympia had introduced the giant stairway as a set for its productions , an idea copied by other music halls . The singer Mistinguett made her debut the Casino de Paris in 1895 and continued to appear regularly in the 1920s and 1930s at the Folies Bergère , Moulin Rouge and Eldorado . Her risqué routines captivated Paris , and she became one of the most highly - paid and popular French entertainers of her time .", "One of the most popular entertainers in Paris during the period was the American singer Josephine Baker . Baker sailed to Paris , France . She first arrived in Paris in 1925 to perform in a show called `` La Revue Nègre '' at the Théâtre des Champs - Élysées . She became an immediate success for her erotic dancing , and for appearing practically nude on stage . After a successful tour of Europe , she returned to France to star at the Folies Bergère . Baker performed the ' Danse sauvage , ' wearing a costume consisting of a skirt made of a string of artificial bananas .", "The music - halls suffered growing hardships in the 1930s . The Olympia was converted into a movie theater , and others closed . Others continued to thrive . In 1937 and 1930 , the Casino de Paris presented shows with Maurice Chevalier , who had already achieved success as an actor and singer in Hollywood .", "In 1935 , a twenty - year old singer named Édith Piaf was discovered in the Pigalle by nightclub owner Louis Leplée , whose club , Le Gerny , off the Champs - Élysées , was frequented by the upper and lower classes alike . He persuaded her to sing despite her extreme nervousness . Leplée taught her the basics of stage presence and told her to wear a black dress , which became her trademark apparel . Leplée ran an intense publicity campaign leading up to her opening night , attracting the presence of many celebrities , including Maurice Chevalier . Her nightclub appearance led to her first two records produced that same year , and the beginning of a legendary career .", "Competition from movies and television largely brought an end to the Paris music hall . However , a few still flourish , with tourists as their primary audience . Major music halls include the Folies - Bergere , Crazy Horse Saloon , Casino de Paris , Olympia , and Moulin Rouge .", "The musical forms most associated with music hall evolved in part from traditional folk song and songs written for popular drama , becoming by the 1850s a distinct musical style . Subject matter became more contemporary and humorous , and accompaniment was provided by larger house - orchestras as increasing affluence gave the lower classes more access to commercial entertainment and to a wider range of musical instruments , including the piano . The consequent change in musical taste from traditional to more professional forms of entertainment arose in response to the rapid industrialisation and urbanisation of previously rural populations during the Industrial Revolution . The newly created urban communities , cut off from their cultural roots , required new and readily accessible forms of entertainment .", "Music halls were originally tavern rooms which provided entertainment , in the form of music and speciality acts , for their patrons . By the middle years of the nineteenth century , the first purpose - built music halls were being built in London . The halls created a demand for new and catchy popular songs that could no longer be met from the traditional folk song repertoire . Professional songwriters were enlisted to fill the gap .", "The emergence of a distinct music hall style can be credited to a fusion of musical influences . Music hall songs needed to gain and hold the attention of an often jaded and unruly urban audience . In America , from the 1840s , Stephen Foster had reinvigorated folk song with the admixture of Negro spiritual to produce a new type of popular song . Songs like `` Old Folks at Home '' ( 1851 ) and `` Oh , Dem Golden Slippers '' ( James Bland , 1879 ) spread round the globe , taking with them the idiom and appurtenances of the minstrel song . Other influences on the rapidly developing music hall idiom were Irish and European music , particularly the jig , polka , and waltz .", "Typically , a music hall song consists of a series of verses sung by the performer alone , and a repeated chorus which carries the principal melody , and in which the audience is encouraged to join .", "In Britain , the first music hall songs often promoted the alcoholic wares of the owners of the halls in which they were performed . Songs like `` Glorious Beer '' , and the first major music hall success , Champagne Charlie ( 1867 ) had a major influence in establishing the new art form . The tune of `` Champagne Charlie '' became used for the Salvation Army hymn `` Bless His Name , He Sets Me Free '' ( 1881 ) . When asked why the tune should be used like this , William Booth is said to have replied `` Why should the devil have all the good tunes ? `` The people the Army sought to save , knew nothing of the hymn tunes or gospel melodies used in the churches , but ' the music hall had been their melody school . ' ''", "By the 1870s , the songs were free of their folk music origins , and particular songs also started to become associated with particular singers , often with exclusive contracts with the songwriter , just as many pop songs are today . Towards the end of the style the music became influenced by ragtime and jazz , before being overtaken by them .", "Music hall songs were often composed with their working class audiences in mind . Songs like `` My Old Man ( Said Follow the Van ) ' '' , `` Knocked ' em in the Old Kent Road '' , and Waiting at the Church expressed in melodic form situations with which the urban poor were very familiar . Music hall songs could be romantic , patriotic , humorous or sentimental , as the need arose . The most popular music hall songs became the basis for the pub songs of the typical Cockney `` knees up '' .", "Although a number of songs show a sharply ironic and knowing view of working class life , there were , too , those which were repetitive , derivative , written quickly and sung to make a living rather than a work of art .", "`` Any Old Iron '' ( Charles Collins ; Terry Sheppard ) sung by Harry Champion . `` Belgium Put the Kibosh on the Kaiser '' ( Alf Ellerton ) sung by Mark Sheridan . `` Boiled Beef and Carrots '' ( Charles Collins and Fred Murray ) sung by Harry Champion . `` The Boy I Love is Up in the Gallery '' ( George Ware ) sung by Nelly Power , and Marie Lloyd . `` Burlington Bertie from Bow '' ( William Hargreaves ) sung by Ella Shields . `` Daddy Would n't Buy Me a Bow Wow '' ( Joseph Tabrar ) sung by Vesta Victoria . `` Daisy Bell ( Bicycle Built for Two ) '' ( Harry Dacre ) sung by Katie Lawrence . `` Down at the Old Bull and Bush '' ( Harry von Tilzer ; Andrew B. Sterling ) sung by Florrie Forde . `` Every Little Movement Has a Meaning Of Its Own '' ( J.C. Moore ; Fred E. Cliffe ) sung by Marie Lloyd ; superior U.K. take on `` Every Little Movement ( Has a Meaning All Its Own ) '' . `` Good - bye - ee ! '' ( R.P. Weston ; Bert Lee ) sung by Florrie Forde and Daisy Wood . `` Has Anybody Here Seen Kelly ? '' ( C.W. Murphy and Will Letters ) sung by Florrie Forde . `` Hello , Hello , Who 's Your Lady Friend ? '' ( Harry Fragson ; Worton David ; Bert Lee ) sung by Mark Sheridan . `` Hold Your Hand Out , Naughty Boy '' ( C.W. Murphy and Will Letters ) sung by Florrie Forde . `` I Belong to Glasgow '' , written and performed by Will Fyffe . `` I Do Like to Be Beside the Seaside '' ( John A. Glover - Kind ) sung by Mark Sheridan . `` I Was A Good Little Girl '' ( Clifford F. Harris ; James W. Tate ) sung by Clarice Mayne and That . `` If It Was n't For The ' Ouses In Between '' ( George Le Brunn ; Edgar Bateman ) sung by Gus Elen . `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' ( 1911 ) ( 2 ) ( Fred Murray and Bert Weston ) sung by Harry Champion . `` It 's a Bit of a Ruin That Cromwell Knocked About a Bit '' ( Harry Bedford ; Terry Sullivan ) sung by Marie Lloyd . `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' ( 1914 ) ( 3 ) ( Jack Judge and Harry Williams ) sung by John McCormack . `` Let 's All Go Down the Strand '' ( Harry Castling and C.W. Murphy ) sung by Charles R. Whittle . `` Lily of Laguna '' ( Leslie Stuart ) sung by Eugene Stratton , and later G.H. Elliott . `` ( ( The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze The Man on the Flying Trapeze '' ( George Leybourne ; Gaston Lyle ; arr . Alfred Lee ) sung by George Leybourne . `` The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo '' ( Fred Gilbert ) sung by Charles Coborn . `` My Old Dutch '' ( Albert Chevalier ; Charles Ingle ) sung by Albert Chevalier . `` My Old Man ( Said Follow the Van ) '' ( Charles Collins and Fred W. Leigh ) sung by Marie Lloyd . `` Nellie Dean '' ( Henry W. Armstrong ) sung by Gertie Gitana . `` Oh , It 's a Lovely War '' ( J.P. Long ; Maurice Scott ) sung by Ella Shields . `` Oh ! Mr Porter '' ( George Le Brunn and Thomas Le Brunn ) sung by Marie Lloyd , and Norah Blaney . `` Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit - Bag '' ( Felix Powell ) sung by Florrie Forde . `` Ta - ra - ra - boom - de-ay '' ( Harry J. Sayers ) sung by Lottie Collins . `` Waiting at the Church '' ( 4 ) ( Henry E. Pether ; Frank W. Leigh ) sung by Vesta Victoria . `` Where Did You Get That Hat ? '' ( Joseph J. Sullivan , 1888 ; words rewritten 1901 by James Rolmaz ) sung by J.C. Heffron ( 1857 - 1934 ) `` Who Were You With Last Night ? '' ( Fred Godfrey ; Mark Sheridan ) sung by Mark Sheridan .", "`` Any Old Iron '' ( Charles Collins ; Terry Sheppard ) sung by Harry Champion .", "`` Belgium Put the Kibosh on the Kaiser '' ( Alf Ellerton ) sung by Mark Sheridan .", "`` Boiled Beef and Carrots '' ( Charles Collins and Fred Murray ) sung by Harry Champion .", "`` The Boy I Love is Up in the Gallery '' ( George Ware ) sung by Nelly Power , and Marie Lloyd .", "`` Burlington Bertie from Bow '' ( William Hargreaves ) sung by Ella Shields .", "`` Daddy Would n't Buy Me a Bow Wow '' ( Joseph Tabrar ) sung by Vesta Victoria .", "`` Daisy Bell ( Bicycle Built for Two ) '' ( Harry Dacre ) sung by Katie Lawrence .", "`` Down at the Old Bull and Bush '' ( Harry von Tilzer ; Andrew B. Sterling ) sung by Florrie Forde .", "`` Every Little Movement Has a Meaning Of Its Own '' ( J.C. Moore ; Fred E. Cliffe ) sung by Marie Lloyd ; superior U.K. take on `` Every Little Movement ( Has a Meaning All Its Own ) '' .", "`` Good - bye - ee ! '' ( R.P. Weston ; Bert Lee ) sung by Florrie Forde and Daisy Wood .", "`` Has Anybody Here Seen Kelly ? '' ( C.W. Murphy and Will Letters ) sung by Florrie Forde .", "`` Hello , Hello , Who 's Your Lady Friend ? '' ( Harry Fragson ; Worton David ; Bert Lee ) sung by Mark Sheridan .", "`` Hold Your Hand Out , Naughty Boy '' ( C.W. Murphy and Will Letters ) sung by Florrie Forde .", "`` I Belong to Glasgow '' , written and performed by Will Fyffe .", "`` I Do Like to Be Beside the Seaside '' ( John A. Glover - Kind ) sung by Mark Sheridan .", "`` I Was A Good Little Girl '' ( Clifford F. Harris ; James W. Tate ) sung by Clarice Mayne and That .", "`` If It Was n't For The ' Ouses In Between '' ( George Le Brunn ; Edgar Bateman ) sung by Gus Elen .", "`` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' ( 1911 ) ( 2 ) ( Fred Murray and Bert Weston ) sung by Harry Champion .", "`` It 's a Bit of a Ruin That Cromwell Knocked About a Bit '' ( Harry Bedford ; Terry Sullivan ) sung by Marie Lloyd .", "`` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' ( 1914 ) ( 3 ) ( Jack Judge and Harry Williams ) sung by John McCormack .", "`` Let 's All Go Down the Strand '' ( Harry Castling and C.W. Murphy ) sung by Charles R. Whittle .", "`` Lily of Laguna '' ( Leslie Stuart ) sung by Eugene Stratton , and later G.H. Elliott .", "`` ( ( The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze The Man on the Flying Trapeze '' ( George Leybourne ; Gaston Lyle ; arr . Alfred Lee ) sung by George Leybourne .", "`` The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo '' ( Fred Gilbert ) sung by Charles Coborn .", "`` My Old Dutch '' ( Albert Chevalier ; Charles Ingle ) sung by Albert Chevalier .", "`` My Old Man ( Said Follow the Van ) '' ( Charles Collins and Fred W. Leigh ) sung by Marie Lloyd .", "`` Nellie Dean '' ( Henry W. Armstrong ) sung by Gertie Gitana .", "`` Oh , It 's a Lovely War '' ( J.P. Long ; Maurice Scott ) sung by Ella Shields .", "`` Oh ! Mr Porter '' ( George Le Brunn and Thomas Le Brunn ) sung by Marie Lloyd , and Norah Blaney .", "`` Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit - Bag '' ( Felix Powell ) sung by Florrie Forde .", "`` Ta - ra - ra - boom - de-ay '' ( Harry J. Sayers ) sung by Lottie Collins .", "`` Waiting at the Church '' ( 4 ) ( Henry E. Pether ; Frank W. Leigh ) sung by Vesta Victoria .", "`` Where Did You Get That Hat ? '' ( Joseph J. Sullivan , 1888 ; words rewritten 1901 by James Rolmaz ) sung by J.C. Heffron ( 1857 - 1934 )", "`` Who Were You With Last Night ? '' ( Fred Godfrey ; Mark Sheridan ) sung by Mark Sheridan .", "Fred Albert ( 1844 - 1886 ) , `` topical vocalist '' who wrote his own material ; titles included `` Bradshaw 's Guide '' and `` The Mad Butcher '' ; popular in the 1870s . Laurence Barclay ( d . 1949 ) , lyricist of `` Our Lodger 's Such A Nice Young Man '' sung by Vesta Victoria . Edgar Bateman ( 1860 - 1946 ) , lyricist of `` If It Was n't for the ' Ouses in Between '' and `` It 's a Great Big Shame '' sung by Gus Elen . Frederick Bowyer ( dates not known ) , with Orlando Powell re-wrote Charles Harris 's `` After the Ball '' for Vesta Tilley . Harry Castling ( 1865 - 1933 ) , lyricist of `` Let 's All Go Down The Strand '' sung by Charles R. Whittle and `` Do n't Have Any More , Mrs More '' sung by Lily Morris . Harry Clifton ( 1832 - 1872 ) , prolific singer - songwriter whose titles include `` Polly Perkins of Paddingion Green '' . Harry Dacre ( 1857 - 1922 ) , composer of `` Daisy Bell ( Bicycle Built for Two ) '' ( 1892 ) and `` I 'll Be Your Sweetheart '' ( 1899 ) . H. Worton David ( d. after 1950 ) , lyricist of `` Hello Hello , Who 's Your Lady Friend ? '' sung by Mark Sheridan and `` Hold Your Hand Out , Naughty Boy '' sung by Florrie Forde . Augustus Durandeau ( 1848 - 1893 ) , composer of `` If You Want To Know The Time , Ask A Policeman '' sung by James Fawn , `` Come Where The Booze Is Cheaper '' sung by Charles Coborn , and `` Never introduce yer Donah to a pal '' sung by Gus Elen . George Everard ( 1873 - 1907 ) , composer of `` It 's Alright In The Summertime '' and `` It Ai n't All Honey and It Ai n't All Jam '' , both sung by Vesta Victoria . Stephen Collins Foster ( 1826 - 1864 ) , American parlour music and minstrel composer . Noel Gay ( 1898 - 1954 ) , composer of `` The Lambeth Walk '' ( 1937 ) and `` Leaning on a Lamp - post '' ( 1937 ) . Fred Gilbert ( 1850 - 1903 ) , composer of `` The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo '' , popularised by Charles Coborn . Charles Godfrey ( dates not known ) , Patriotic singer - songwriter . Fred Godfrey ( 1880 - 1953 ) , composer of `` Who Were You With Last Night ? '' sung by Mark Sheridan , and `` Now I Have To Call Him Father '' sung by Vesta Victoria . Eric Graham ( dates not known ) , composer of `` The Golden Dustman '' sung by Gus Elen . William Hargreaves ( 1880 - 1941 ) , wrote the 1915 parody `` Burlington Bertie from Bow '' for his wife Ella Shields . John P. Harrington ( 1865 - 1939 ) , lyricist , working with George Le Brunn earned the nickname `` the Gilbert and Sullivan '' of the Halls . F. Clifford Harris ( 1875 - 1949 ) , lyricist ( working often with James W. Tate ) of `` I Was A Good Little Girl '' and `` A Broken Doll '' , both sung by Clarice Mayne and That . Charles Knight ( dates not known ) , composer of `` Here We Are , Here We Are Again '' sung by Mark Sheridan . Harry Lauder ( 1870 - 1950 ) , writer of his own popular songs , `` I Love A Lassie '' and `` Stop your Tickling , Jock '' . George Le Brunn ( 1864 - 1905 ) , composer of `` Oh ! Mr Porter '' sung by Marie Lloyd , and `` If It Was n't for the ' Ouses in Between '' and `` It 's a Great Big Shame '' sung by Gus Elen . Alfred Lee ( c. 1839 - 1906 ) , composer of `` Champagne Charlie '' sung by George Leybourne . Bert Lee ( 1880 - 1946 ) , composer of `` Good - bye - ee ! '' sung by Florrie Forde and Daisy Wood , `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' sung by Harry Champion , and `` Hello Hello , Who 's Your Lady Friend ? '' sung by Mark Sheridan . Fred W. Leigh ( 1869 - 1924 ) , lyricist of `` Waiting at the Church '' sung by Vesta Victoria , and `` My Old Man ( Said Follow the Van ) '' popularised by Marie Lloyd ; literary editor of Francis , Day & Hunter . Frank Leo ( 1874 - 1930 ) , composer of `` When the Bugle Calls '' and `` My Little Deitcher Girl '' sung by Wilkie Bard . Arthur Lloyd ( 1839 - 1904 ) , music hall 's first prolific singer - songwriter . Kenneth Lyle ( dates not known ) , composer of `` Here We Are , Here We Are Again '' sung by Mark Sheridan , and `` Jolly Good Luck to the Girl Who Loves a Soldier '' sung by Vesta Tilley . Arthur J. Mills ( 1872 - 1919 ) , lyricist of `` When I Take My Morning Promenade '' sung by Marie Lloyd , and `` Ship Ahoy ! ( All The Nice Girls Love A Sailor ) '' sung by Hetty King . Richard Morton ( dates not known ) , lyricist of `` Twiggy Voo ? '' and `` Poor Thing '' , both sung by Marie Lloyd . C.W. Murphy ( 1875 - 1913 ) , composer of `` Has Anybody Here Seen Kelly ? '' sung by Florrie Forde and `` Hello Hello , Who 's Your Lady Friend ? '' sung by Mark Sheridan . Fred Murray ( d . 1922 ) I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' and `` Boiled Beef and Carrots '' sung by Harry Champion , and `` Our Lodger 's Such a Nice Young Man '' sung by Vesta Victoria . Harry B. Norris ( dates not known ) , wrote the original `` Burlington Bertie ( 1900 ) for Vesta Tilley . Henry Pether ( dates not known ) , composer of `` Waiting at the Church '' sung by Vesta Victoria . Orlando Powell ( 1867 - 1915 ) , composer of `` A Coster Girl in Paris '' and `` Tiddley - Om - Pom ! '' , both sung by Marie Lloyd . Edward W. Rogers ( b . 1864 ) , lyricist of `` If You Want To Know The Time , Ask A Policeman '' sung by James Fawn , and composer of Alec Hurley 's original `` The Lambeth Walk '' ( 1899 ) . F.V. St Clair ( 1860 - 1922 ) , singer - songwriter whose topical songs included `` The Ship That Will Never Return '' ( 1912 ; concerning the Titanic ) . George Alex Stevens ( 1875 - 1954 ) , composer of `` On Mother Kelly 's Doorstep '' sung by Randolph Sutton . Bennett Scott ( 1875 - 1930 ) , composer of `` When I Take My Morning Promenade '' sung by Marie Lloyd , and `` Ship Ahoy ! All the Nice Girls Love a Sailor '' sung by Ella Retford . Leslie Stuart ( 1863 - 1928 ) , composer of `` Lily of Laguna '' and `` Little Dolly Daydream '' sung by Eugene Stratton . Joseph Tabrar , prolific composer whose titles included `` Daddy Would n't Buy Me a Bow Wow '' sung by Vesta Victoria . James W. Tate ( 1875 - 1922 ) composer of `` I Was A Good Little Girl '' and `` A Broken Doll '' , both sung by Clarice Mayne and That . George Ware ( 1829 - 1895 ) , composer of `` The Boy I Love is Up in the Gallery '' written for Nelly Power ; made famous by Marie Lloyd . R.P. Weston ( 1878 - 1936 ) , composer of `` Good - bye - ee ! '' sung by Florrie Forde and Daisy Wood , and `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' sung by Harry Champion . Harry Wincott ( 1867 - 1947 ) , composer of `` When The Old Dun Cow Caught Fire '' sung by Harry Champion , and ( arguably ) `` Mademoiselle from Armentières '' .", "Fred Albert ( 1844 - 1886 ) , `` topical vocalist '' who wrote his own material ; titles included `` Bradshaw 's Guide '' and `` The Mad Butcher '' ; popular in the 1870s .", "Laurence Barclay ( d . 1949 ) , lyricist of `` Our Lodger 's Such A Nice Young Man '' sung by Vesta Victoria .", "Edgar Bateman ( 1860 - 1946 ) , lyricist of `` If It Was n't for the ' Ouses in Between '' and `` It 's a Great Big Shame '' sung by Gus Elen .", "Frederick Bowyer ( dates not known ) , with Orlando Powell re-wrote Charles Harris 's `` After the Ball '' for Vesta Tilley .", "Harry Castling ( 1865 - 1933 ) , lyricist of `` Let 's All Go Down The Strand '' sung by Charles R. Whittle and `` Do n't Have Any More , Mrs More '' sung by Lily Morris .", "Harry Clifton ( 1832 - 1872 ) , prolific singer - songwriter whose titles include `` Polly Perkins of Paddingion Green '' .", "Harry Dacre ( 1857 - 1922 ) , composer of `` Daisy Bell ( Bicycle Built for Two ) '' ( 1892 ) and `` I 'll Be Your Sweetheart '' ( 1899 ) .", "H. Worton David ( d. after 1950 ) , lyricist of `` Hello Hello , Who 's Your Lady Friend ? '' sung by Mark Sheridan and `` Hold Your Hand Out , Naughty Boy '' sung by Florrie Forde .", "Augustus Durandeau ( 1848 - 1893 ) , composer of `` If You Want To Know The Time , Ask A Policeman '' sung by James Fawn , `` Come Where The Booze Is Cheaper '' sung by Charles Coborn , and `` Never introduce yer Donah to a pal '' sung by Gus Elen .", "George Everard ( 1873 - 1907 ) , composer of `` It 's Alright In The Summertime '' and `` It Ai n't All Honey and It Ai n't All Jam '' , both sung by Vesta Victoria .", "Stephen Collins Foster ( 1826 - 1864 ) , American parlour music and minstrel composer .", "Noel Gay ( 1898 - 1954 ) , composer of `` The Lambeth Walk '' ( 1937 ) and `` Leaning on a Lamp - post '' ( 1937 ) .", "Fred Gilbert ( 1850 - 1903 ) , composer of `` The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo '' , popularised by Charles Coborn .", "Charles Godfrey ( dates not known ) , Patriotic singer - songwriter .", "Fred Godfrey ( 1880 - 1953 ) , composer of `` Who Were You With Last Night ? '' sung by Mark Sheridan , and `` Now I Have To Call Him Father '' sung by Vesta Victoria .", "Eric Graham ( dates not known ) , composer of `` The Golden Dustman '' sung by Gus Elen .", "William Hargreaves ( 1880 - 1941 ) , wrote the 1915 parody `` Burlington Bertie from Bow '' for his wife Ella Shields .", "John P. Harrington ( 1865 - 1939 ) , lyricist , working with George Le Brunn earned the nickname `` the Gilbert and Sullivan '' of the Halls .", "F. Clifford Harris ( 1875 - 1949 ) , lyricist ( working often with James W. Tate ) of `` I Was A Good Little Girl '' and `` A Broken Doll '' , both sung by Clarice Mayne and That .", "Charles Knight ( dates not known ) , composer of `` Here We Are , Here We Are Again '' sung by Mark Sheridan .", "Harry Lauder ( 1870 - 1950 ) , writer of his own popular songs , `` I Love A Lassie '' and `` Stop your Tickling , Jock '' .", "George Le Brunn ( 1864 - 1905 ) , composer of `` Oh ! Mr Porter '' sung by Marie Lloyd , and `` If It Was n't for the ' Ouses in Between '' and `` It 's a Great Big Shame '' sung by Gus Elen .", "Alfred Lee ( c. 1839 - 1906 ) , composer of `` Champagne Charlie '' sung by George Leybourne .", "Bert Lee ( 1880 - 1946 ) , composer of `` Good - bye - ee ! '' sung by Florrie Forde and Daisy Wood , `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' sung by Harry Champion , and `` Hello Hello , Who 's Your Lady Friend ? '' sung by Mark Sheridan .", "Fred W. Leigh ( 1869 - 1924 ) , lyricist of `` Waiting at the Church '' sung by Vesta Victoria , and `` My Old Man ( Said Follow the Van ) '' popularised by Marie Lloyd ; literary editor of Francis , Day & Hunter .", "Frank Leo ( 1874 - 1930 ) , composer of `` When the Bugle Calls '' and `` My Little Deitcher Girl '' sung by Wilkie Bard .", "Arthur Lloyd ( 1839 - 1904 ) , music hall 's first prolific singer - songwriter .", "Kenneth Lyle ( dates not known ) , composer of `` Here We Are , Here We Are Again '' sung by Mark Sheridan , and `` Jolly Good Luck to the Girl Who Loves a Soldier '' sung by Vesta Tilley .", "Arthur J. Mills ( 1872 - 1919 ) , lyricist of `` When I Take My Morning Promenade '' sung by Marie Lloyd , and `` Ship Ahoy ! ( All The Nice Girls Love A Sailor ) '' sung by Hetty King .", "Richard Morton ( dates not known ) , lyricist of `` Twiggy Voo ? '' and `` Poor Thing '' , both sung by Marie Lloyd .", "C.W. Murphy ( 1875 - 1913 ) , composer of `` Has Anybody Here Seen Kelly ? '' sung by Florrie Forde and `` Hello Hello , Who 's Your Lady Friend ? '' sung by Mark Sheridan .", "Fred Murray ( d . 1922 ) I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' and `` Boiled Beef and Carrots '' sung by Harry Champion , and `` Our Lodger 's Such a Nice Young Man '' sung by Vesta Victoria .", "Harry B. Norris ( dates not known ) , wrote the original `` Burlington Bertie ( 1900 ) for Vesta Tilley .", "Henry Pether ( dates not known ) , composer of `` Waiting at the Church '' sung by Vesta Victoria .", "Orlando Powell ( 1867 - 1915 ) , composer of `` A Coster Girl in Paris '' and `` Tiddley - Om - Pom ! '' , both sung by Marie Lloyd .", "Edward W. Rogers ( b . 1864 ) , lyricist of `` If You Want To Know The Time , Ask A Policeman '' sung by James Fawn , and composer of Alec Hurley 's original `` The Lambeth Walk '' ( 1899 ) .", "F.V. St Clair ( 1860 - 1922 ) , singer - songwriter whose topical songs included `` The Ship That Will Never Return '' ( 1912 ; concerning the Titanic ) .", "George Alex Stevens ( 1875 - 1954 ) , composer of `` On Mother Kelly 's Doorstep '' sung by Randolph Sutton .", "Bennett Scott ( 1875 - 1930 ) , composer of `` When I Take My Morning Promenade '' sung by Marie Lloyd , and `` Ship Ahoy ! All the Nice Girls Love a Sailor '' sung by Ella Retford .", "Leslie Stuart ( 1863 - 1928 ) , composer of `` Lily of Laguna '' and `` Little Dolly Daydream '' sung by Eugene Stratton .", "Joseph Tabrar , prolific composer whose titles included `` Daddy Would n't Buy Me a Bow Wow '' sung by Vesta Victoria .", "James W. Tate ( 1875 - 1922 ) composer of `` I Was A Good Little Girl '' and `` A Broken Doll '' , both sung by Clarice Mayne and That .", "George Ware ( 1829 - 1895 ) , composer of `` The Boy I Love is Up in the Gallery '' written for Nelly Power ; made famous by Marie Lloyd .", "R.P. Weston ( 1878 - 1936 ) , composer of `` Good - bye - ee ! '' sung by Florrie Forde and Daisy Wood , and `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' sung by Harry Champion .", "Harry Wincott ( 1867 - 1947 ) , composer of `` When The Old Dun Cow Caught Fire '' sung by Harry Champion , and ( arguably ) `` Mademoiselle from Armentières '' .", "The typical music hall comedian was a man or woman , usually dressed in character to suit the subject of the song , or sometimes attired in absurd and eccentric style . Until well into the twentieth century , the acts were essentially vocal , with songs telling a story , accompanied by a minimum of patter . They included a variety of genres , including :", "Lion comiques : essentially , men dressed as `` toffs '' , who sang songs about drinking champagne , going to the races , going to the ball , womanising and gambling , and living the life of an aristocrat . Male and female impersonators , the latter more in the style of a pantomime dame than a modern drag queen . Nevertheless , these included some more sophisticated performers such as Vesta Tilley and Ella Shields , whose male impersonations communicated real social commentary .", "Lion comiques : essentially , men dressed as `` toffs '' , who sang songs about drinking champagne , going to the races , going to the ball , womanising and gambling , and living the life of an aristocrat .", "Male and female impersonators , the latter more in the style of a pantomime dame than a modern drag queen . Nevertheless , these included some more sophisticated performers such as Vesta Tilley and Ella Shields , whose male impersonations communicated real social commentary .", "The vocal content of the music hall bills , was , from the beginning , accompanied by many other kinds of act , some of them quite weird and wonderful . These were known collectively as speciality acts ( abbreviated to `` spesh '' ) , which , over time , have included :", "Adagio : essentially a sort of cross between a dance act and a juggling act , consisting usually of a male dancer who threw a slim , pretty young girl around . Some aspects of modern dance choreography evolved from Adagio acts . Aerial acts , of the sort usually seen at the circus Animal acts : Talking dogs , flea circuses , and all manner of animals doing tricks . Cycling acts : again , a development of a circus act , consisting of either a solo or a troupe of trick cyclists . There was even seven - piece a cycling band called Seven Musical Savonas , who played fifty instruments between them , and Kaufmann 's Cycling Beauties , a troupe of girls in Victorian swim wear . Drag artists : female entertainers dressed as men , such as Vesta Tilley , Ella Shields , and Hetty King ; or male entertainers dressed as women , such as Bert Erroll , Julian Eltinge , Danny La Rue , and Rex Jameson in the character of Mrs Shufflewick . Electric acts , using the newly discovered phenomenon of static electricity to produce tricks such as lighting gas jets and setting fire to handkerchiefs through the performers fingertips . Dr Walford Brodie ( 1869 / 70 - 1939 ) was the most notable . Escapologists , such as Harry Houdini . Fire eaters and other eating acts , such as eating glass , razor blades , goldfish , etc . Juggling and plate spinning acts . Another variation was the Diabolo . Knife throwing and sword swallowing . The most spectacular of its time was the Victorina Troupe , who swallowed a sword fired from a rifle . Magic acts , such as David Devant . A memory act of the type performed by Datas , `` the Living Encyclopaedia '' ( 1875 - 1956 ) . Mentalism acts . Commonly a male mentalist , blindfolded on stage , and an attractive female assistant passing among the audience . The assistant would collect objects from the audience , and the mentalist would identify each by `` reading '' the assistants mind . This was usually accomplished by a clever system of codes and clues from the assistant . Mime artists and impressionists . Comic pianists , such as John Orlando Parry and George Grossmith . Puppet acts , including human puppets and living doll acts . Shadow puppet acts . Stilt walkers . Strongmen such as Eugen Sandow , and strongwomen such as Joan Rhodes , performing feats of strength . Trampoline acts . Ventriloquists , or Vent acts as they were called in the business , such as Fred Russell , Arthur Prince , Coram ( Thomas Mitchell ) . Wild West / Cowboy acts . Wrestling and jujitsu exhibitions were both popular speciality acts , forming the basis of modern professional wrestling .", "Adagio : essentially a sort of cross between a dance act and a juggling act , consisting usually of a male dancer who threw a slim , pretty young girl around . Some aspects of modern dance choreography evolved from Adagio acts .", "Aerial acts , of the sort usually seen at the circus", "Animal acts : Talking dogs , flea circuses , and all manner of animals doing tricks .", "Cycling acts : again , a development of a circus act , consisting of either a solo or a troupe of trick cyclists . There was even seven - piece a cycling band called Seven Musical Savonas , who played fifty instruments between them , and Kaufmann 's Cycling Beauties , a troupe of girls in Victorian swim wear .", "Drag artists : female entertainers dressed as men , such as Vesta Tilley , Ella Shields , and Hetty King ; or male entertainers dressed as women , such as Bert Erroll , Julian Eltinge , Danny La Rue , and Rex Jameson in the character of Mrs Shufflewick .", "Electric acts , using the newly discovered phenomenon of static electricity to produce tricks such as lighting gas jets and setting fire to handkerchiefs through the performers fingertips . Dr Walford Brodie ( 1869 / 70 - 1939 ) was the most notable .", "Escapologists , such as Harry Houdini .", "Fire eaters and other eating acts , such as eating glass , razor blades , goldfish , etc .", "Juggling and plate spinning acts . Another variation was the Diabolo .", "Knife throwing and sword swallowing . The most spectacular of its time was the Victorina Troupe , who swallowed a sword fired from a rifle .", "Magic acts , such as David Devant .", "A memory act of the type performed by Datas , `` the Living Encyclopaedia '' ( 1875 - 1956 ) .", "Mentalism acts . Commonly a male mentalist , blindfolded on stage , and an attractive female assistant passing among the audience . The assistant would collect objects from the audience , and the mentalist would identify each by `` reading '' the assistants mind . This was usually accomplished by a clever system of codes and clues from the assistant .", "Mime artists and impressionists .", "Comic pianists , such as John Orlando Parry and George Grossmith .", "Puppet acts , including human puppets and living doll acts .", "Shadow puppet acts .", "Stilt walkers .", "Strongmen such as Eugen Sandow , and strongwomen such as Joan Rhodes , performing feats of strength .", "Trampoline acts .", "Ventriloquists , or Vent acts as they were called in the business , such as Fred Russell , Arthur Prince , Coram ( Thomas Mitchell ) .", "Wild West / Cowboy acts .", "Wrestling and jujitsu exhibitions were both popular speciality acts , forming the basis of modern professional wrestling .", "Fred Barnes ( 1885 -- 1938 ) Bessie Bellwood ( 1856 -- 1896 ) Herbert Campbell ( 1844 -- 1904 ) Kate Carney ( 1869 -- 1950 ) Harry Champion ( 1866 -- 1942 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1889 -- 1977 ) Sydney Chaplin ( 1885 -- 1965 ) Albert Chevalier ( 1861 -- 1923 ) George H. Chirgwin ( 1854 -- 1922 ) Charles Coborn ( 1852 -- 1945 ) Daisy Dormer ( 1883 -- 1947 ) Leo Dryden ( 1864 -- 1939 ) T.E. Dunville ( 1867 - 1924 ) Gus Elen ( 1862 -- 1940 ) Joe Elvin ( 1862 - 1935 ) G.H. Elliott ( 1882 -- 1962 ) Florrie Forde ( 1875 -- 1940 ) George Formby , Sr. ( 1876 -- 1921 ) Harry Fragson ( 1869 -- 1913 ) Will Fyffe ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Charles Godfrey ( 1851 - 1900 ) Jenny Hill ( 1848 -- 1896 ) Fred Karno ( 1866 -- 1941 ) Marie Kendall ( 1873 -- 1964 ) Hetty King ( 1883 -- 1972 ) Lillie Langtry ( 1853 -- 1929 ) Harry Lauder ( 1870 -- 1950 ) Stan Laurel ( 1890 -- 1965 ) Katie Lawrence ( d . 1913 ) Tom Leamore ( 1866 - 1939 ) Dan Leno ( 1860 -- 1904 ) George Leybourne ( 1842 -- 1884 ) Cecilia Loftus ( 1876 -- 1943 ) Jack Lotto ( 1857 - 1944 ) Little Tich ( 1867 -- 1928 ) Arthur Lloyd ( 1839 -- 1904 ) Marie Lloyd ( 1870 -- 1922 ) Tom Major - Ball ( 1879 -- 1962 ) Ernie Mayne ( 1871 -- 1937 ) Mark Melford ( 1850 -- 1914 ) George Mozart ( 1864 - 1947 ) Denise Orme ( 1885 -- 1960 ) Edmund Payne ( 1864 -- 1914 ) Nelly Power ( 1854 -- 1887 ) Peggy Pryde ( 1869 -- 1943 ) Arthur Roberts ( 1852 -- 1933 ) George Robey ( 1869 -- 1954 ) Truly Shattuck ( 1875 -- 1954 ) Ella Shields ( 1879 -- 1952 ) Mark Sheridan ( 1864 -- 1918 ) Eugene Stratton ( 1861 -- 1918 ) Harry Tate ( 1872 -- 1940 ) Sam Torr ( 1849 -- 1923 ) Vesta Tilley ( 1864 -- 1952 ) Alfred Vance ( 1839 -- 1888 ) Vesta Victoria ( 1873 -- 1951 ) Vulcana ( 1875 -- 1946 ) Harry Weldon ( 1881 -- 1930 ) Daisy Wood ( 1877 - 1961 ) ( and the Sisters Lloyd ) Billy Williams ( 1878 -- 1915 )", "Fred Barnes ( 1885 -- 1938 )", "Bessie Bellwood ( 1856 -- 1896 )", "Herbert Campbell ( 1844 -- 1904 )", "Kate Carney ( 1869 -- 1950 )", "Harry Champion ( 1866 -- 1942 )", "Charlie Chaplin ( 1889 -- 1977 )", "Sydney Chaplin ( 1885 -- 1965 )", "Albert Chevalier ( 1861 -- 1923 )", "George H. Chirgwin ( 1854 -- 1922 )", "Charles Coborn ( 1852 -- 1945 )", "Daisy Dormer ( 1883 -- 1947 )", "Leo Dryden ( 1864 -- 1939 )", "T.E. Dunville ( 1867 - 1924 )", "Gus Elen ( 1862 -- 1940 )", "Joe Elvin ( 1862 - 1935 )", "G.H. Elliott ( 1882 -- 1962 )", "Florrie Forde ( 1875 -- 1940 )", "George Formby , Sr. ( 1876 -- 1921 )", "Harry Fragson ( 1869 -- 1913 )", "Will Fyffe ( 1885 -- 1947 )", "Charles Godfrey ( 1851 - 1900 )", "Jenny Hill ( 1848 -- 1896 )", "Fred Karno ( 1866 -- 1941 )", "Marie Kendall ( 1873 -- 1964 )", "Hetty King ( 1883 -- 1972 )", "Lillie Langtry ( 1853 -- 1929 )", "Harry Lauder ( 1870 -- 1950 )", "Stan Laurel ( 1890 -- 1965 )", "Katie Lawrence ( d . 1913 )", "Tom Leamore ( 1866 - 1939 )", "Dan Leno ( 1860 -- 1904 )", "George Leybourne ( 1842 -- 1884 )", "Cecilia Loftus ( 1876 -- 1943 )", "Jack Lotto ( 1857 - 1944 )", "Little Tich ( 1867 -- 1928 )", "Arthur Lloyd ( 1839 -- 1904 )", "Marie Lloyd ( 1870 -- 1922 )", "Tom Major - Ball ( 1879 -- 1962 )", "Ernie Mayne ( 1871 -- 1937 )", "Mark Melford ( 1850 -- 1914 )", "George Mozart ( 1864 - 1947 )", "Denise Orme ( 1885 -- 1960 )", "Edmund Payne ( 1864 -- 1914 )", "Nelly Power ( 1854 -- 1887 )", "Peggy Pryde ( 1869 -- 1943 )", "Arthur Roberts ( 1852 -- 1933 )", "George Robey ( 1869 -- 1954 )", "Truly Shattuck ( 1875 -- 1954 )", "Ella Shields ( 1879 -- 1952 )", "Mark Sheridan ( 1864 -- 1918 )", "Eugene Stratton ( 1861 -- 1918 )", "Harry Tate ( 1872 -- 1940 )", "Sam Torr ( 1849 -- 1923 )", "Vesta Tilley ( 1864 -- 1952 )", "Alfred Vance ( 1839 -- 1888 )", "Vesta Victoria ( 1873 -- 1951 )", "Vulcana ( 1875 -- 1946 )", "Harry Weldon ( 1881 -- 1930 )", "Daisy Wood ( 1877 - 1961 ) ( and the Sisters Lloyd )", "Billy Williams ( 1878 -- 1915 )", "The music hall has been evoked in many films , plays , TV series , and books .", "In James Joyce 's short story `` The Boarding House '' ( 1914 ) , Mrs Mooney 's boarding - house in Hardwicke Street accommodates `` occasionally ( ... ) artistes from the music halls '' . The Sunday night `` reunions '' with Jack Mooney in the drawing - room create a certain atmosphere . About half of the film Those Were the Days ( 1934 ) is set in a music hall . It was based on a farce by Pinero and features the music hall acts of Lily Morris , Harry Bedford , the gymnasts Gaston & Andre , G.H. Elliott , Sam Curtis , and Frank Boston & Betty . A music hall with a ' memory man ' act provides a pivotal plot device in the classic 1935 Alfred Hitchcock thriller The 39 Steps . The Arthur Askey comedy film I Thank You ( 1941 ) features old - time music hall star Lily Morris as an ex-music hall artiste now ennobled as `` Lady Randall '' . In the last scene of the film , however , she reverts to type and gives a rendition of `` Waiting at the Church '' at an impromptu concert at Aldwych tube station organised by Askey and his side - kick Richard `` Stinker '' Murdoch . The Victorian era of music hall was celebrated by the 1944 film , Champagne Charlie . The comedy of Benny Hill , first seen on British television in 1951 , was heavily influenced by the traditions and conventions of Music hall comedy and he actively kept those traditions ( comedy , songs , patter , pantomime , and female impersonations ) alive on his more - than - 100 television specials broadcast from 1955 through 1991 . Charlie Chaplin 's 1952 film Limelight , set in 1914 London , evokes the music hall world of Chaplin 's youth where he performed as comedian before he achieved worldwide celebrity as a film star in America . The film depicts the last performance of a washed - up music hall clown called Calvero at The Empire theatre , Leicester Square . The film premiered at the Empire Cinema , which was built on the same site as the Empire theatre . The Good Old Days ( 1953 to 1983 ) was a popular BBC television light entertainment programme recorded live at the Leeds City Varieties , which aimed to recreate an authentic atmosphere of the Victorian -- Edwardian music hall with songs and sketches of the era performed by present - day performers in the style of the original artistes . The audience dressed in period costume and joined in the singing , especially the singing of Down at the Old Bull and Bush which closed the show . The show was compered by Leonard Sachs , who introduced the acts . In the course of its run , it featured about 2,000 artists . The show was first broadcast on 20 July 1953 . The Good Old Days was inspired by the success of the Ridgeway 's Late Joys at the Players ' Theatre Club in London : a private members ' club that ran fortnightly programmes of variety acts in London 's West End . John Osborne 's play The Entertainer ( 1957 ) portrays the life and work of a failing , third - rate music hall stage performer who tries to keep his career going even as his personal life falls apart . The story is set at the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956 , against the backdrop of the dying music hall tradition , and has been seen as symbolic of Britain 's general post-war decline , its loss of its Empire , its power , and its cultural confidence and identity . It was made into a film in 1960 starring Laurence Olivier in the title role of Archie Rice . In Grip of the Strangler ( 1958 ) , set in Victorian London , the raunchy can - can dancers and loose women of the sleazy `` Judas Hole '' music hall are terrorised by the Haymarket Strangler , played by Boris Karloff . The variously titled Ken Dodd TV series recorded between 1959 and 1988 were heavily influenced by those traditions ; up to his death in 2018 , Dodd continued to tour a variety show including quick - fire stand - up comedy , songs , ventriloquism and sometimes other speciality acts . The Theatre of the Absurd ( c. late 1950s ) was influenced by music hall in its use of comedy , with avant - garde cultural forms ( such as surrealism ) being a more obvious influence . J.B. Priestley 's 1965 novel Lost Empires also evokes the world of Edwardian music hall just before the start of World War I ; the title is a reference to the Empire theatres ( as well as foreshadowing the decline of the British Empire itself ) . It was adapted as a television miniseries , shown in both the UK and in the U.S. as a PBS presentation . Priestley 's 1929 novel The Good Companions , set in the same period , follows the lives of the members of a `` concert party '' or touring Pierrot troupe . Herman 's Hermits , led by Peter Noone , incorporated music hall into their repertoire , scoring a major hit with their cover of the Harry Champion music hall standard , `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' , in 1965 ( Noone 's version includes only the chorus ; not the many verses of the original ) . Music hall had a discernible influence on The Beatles through Paul McCartney , himself the son of a performer in the music hall tradition ( Jim McCartney , who led Jim Mac 's Jazz Band ) . Examples of McCartney 's songs to display a music hall influence include : `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' ( 1967 ) , `` Your Mother Should Know '' ( 1967 ) , `` Honey Pie '' ( 1968 ) , and `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' ( 1969 ) . The parodic film Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) , based on the stage musical Oh , What a Lovely War ! ( 1963 ) by Joan Littlewood 's Theatre Workshop , featured the music hall turns and songs that had provided support for the British war effort in World War I . The popular British television series Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1971 -- 1975 ) and its spin - off Thomas & Sarah ( 1979 ) each dealt frequently with the world of the Edwardian music hall , sometimes through references to actual Edwardian era performers such as Vesta Tilley , or to characters on the show attending performances , and other times through the experiences of the popular character Sarah Moffat , who left domestic service several times and often ended up going on stage to support herself when she did . British rockers Queen incorporated music hall styles into several of their songs , such `` Killer Queen '' ( 1974 ) and `` Good Old - Fashioned Lover Boy '' ( 1976 ) . Garry Bushell 's punk pathetique band , The Gonads ( formed 1977 ) , did rock versions of music hall songs . Many punk pathetique acts were indebted to the music hall tradition . Between 1978 and 1984 , BBC television broadcast two series of programmes called The Old Boy Network . These featured a star ( usually a music hall / variety performer , but also some younger turns like Eric Sykes ) performing some of their best known routines while giving a slide show of their life story . Artistes featured included Arthur Askey , Tommy Trinder , Sandy Powell , and Chesney Allen . In Vivian Stanshall and Ki Longfellow - Stanshall 's musical , Stinkfoot , a Comic Opera ( 1985 ) , the lead performer is an ageing music hall artiste named Soliquisto . Sarah Waters 's book Tipping the Velvet ( 1998 ) revolves around the world of music halls in the late Victorian era , and in particular around two fictional `` mashers '' ( drag kings ) named Kitty Butler and Nan King . The modern Players ' Theatre Club provides a brief impression of contemporary music hall in the film The Fourth Angel ( 2001 ) , where Jeremy Irons ' character creates an alibi by visiting a show . The name of music hall entertainer Ida Barr ( 1882 - 1967 ; real name : Maud Barlow ) was appropriated some 40 years after her death by Christopher Green for a modified character act .", "In James Joyce 's short story `` The Boarding House '' ( 1914 ) , Mrs Mooney 's boarding - house in Hardwicke Street accommodates `` occasionally ( ... ) artistes from the music halls '' . The Sunday night `` reunions '' with Jack Mooney in the drawing - room create a certain atmosphere .", "About half of the film Those Were the Days ( 1934 ) is set in a music hall . It was based on a farce by Pinero and features the music hall acts of Lily Morris , Harry Bedford , the gymnasts Gaston & Andre , G.H. Elliott , Sam Curtis , and Frank Boston & Betty .", "A music hall with a ' memory man ' act provides a pivotal plot device in the classic 1935 Alfred Hitchcock thriller The 39 Steps .", "The Arthur Askey comedy film I Thank You ( 1941 ) features old - time music hall star Lily Morris as an ex-music hall artiste now ennobled as `` Lady Randall '' . In the last scene of the film , however , she reverts to type and gives a rendition of `` Waiting at the Church '' at an impromptu concert at Aldwych tube station organised by Askey and his side - kick Richard `` Stinker '' Murdoch .", "The Victorian era of music hall was celebrated by the 1944 film , Champagne Charlie .", "The comedy of Benny Hill , first seen on British television in 1951 , was heavily influenced by the traditions and conventions of Music hall comedy and he actively kept those traditions ( comedy , songs , patter , pantomime , and female impersonations ) alive on his more - than - 100 television specials broadcast from 1955 through 1991 .", "Charlie Chaplin 's 1952 film Limelight , set in 1914 London , evokes the music hall world of Chaplin 's youth where he performed as comedian before he achieved worldwide celebrity as a film star in America . The film depicts the last performance of a washed - up music hall clown called Calvero at The Empire theatre , Leicester Square . The film premiered at the Empire Cinema , which was built on the same site as the Empire theatre .", "The Good Old Days ( 1953 to 1983 ) was a popular BBC television light entertainment programme recorded live at the Leeds City Varieties , which aimed to recreate an authentic atmosphere of the Victorian -- Edwardian music hall with songs and sketches of the era performed by present - day performers in the style of the original artistes . The audience dressed in period costume and joined in the singing , especially the singing of Down at the Old Bull and Bush which closed the show . The show was compered by Leonard Sachs , who introduced the acts . In the course of its run , it featured about 2,000 artists . The show was first broadcast on 20 July 1953 . The Good Old Days was inspired by the success of the Ridgeway 's Late Joys at the Players ' Theatre Club in London : a private members ' club that ran fortnightly programmes of variety acts in London 's West End .", "John Osborne 's play The Entertainer ( 1957 ) portrays the life and work of a failing , third - rate music hall stage performer who tries to keep his career going even as his personal life falls apart . The story is set at the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956 , against the backdrop of the dying music hall tradition , and has been seen as symbolic of Britain 's general post-war decline , its loss of its Empire , its power , and its cultural confidence and identity . It was made into a film in 1960 starring Laurence Olivier in the title role of Archie Rice .", "In Grip of the Strangler ( 1958 ) , set in Victorian London , the raunchy can - can dancers and loose women of the sleazy `` Judas Hole '' music hall are terrorised by the Haymarket Strangler , played by Boris Karloff .", "The variously titled Ken Dodd TV series recorded between 1959 and 1988 were heavily influenced by those traditions ; up to his death in 2018 , Dodd continued to tour a variety show including quick - fire stand - up comedy , songs , ventriloquism and sometimes other speciality acts .", "The Theatre of the Absurd ( c. late 1950s ) was influenced by music hall in its use of comedy , with avant - garde cultural forms ( such as surrealism ) being a more obvious influence .", "J.B. Priestley 's 1965 novel Lost Empires also evokes the world of Edwardian music hall just before the start of World War I ; the title is a reference to the Empire theatres ( as well as foreshadowing the decline of the British Empire itself ) . It was adapted as a television miniseries , shown in both the UK and in the U.S. as a PBS presentation . Priestley 's 1929 novel The Good Companions , set in the same period , follows the lives of the members of a `` concert party '' or touring Pierrot troupe .", "Herman 's Hermits , led by Peter Noone , incorporated music hall into their repertoire , scoring a major hit with their cover of the Harry Champion music hall standard , `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' , in 1965 ( Noone 's version includes only the chorus ; not the many verses of the original ) .", "Music hall had a discernible influence on The Beatles through Paul McCartney , himself the son of a performer in the music hall tradition ( Jim McCartney , who led Jim Mac 's Jazz Band ) . Examples of McCartney 's songs to display a music hall influence include : `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' ( 1967 ) , `` Your Mother Should Know '' ( 1967 ) , `` Honey Pie '' ( 1968 ) , and `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' ( 1969 ) .", "The parodic film Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) , based on the stage musical Oh , What a Lovely War ! ( 1963 ) by Joan Littlewood 's Theatre Workshop , featured the music hall turns and songs that had provided support for the British war effort in World War I .", "The popular British television series Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1971 -- 1975 ) and its spin - off Thomas & Sarah ( 1979 ) each dealt frequently with the world of the Edwardian music hall , sometimes through references to actual Edwardian era performers such as Vesta Tilley , or to characters on the show attending performances , and other times through the experiences of the popular character Sarah Moffat , who left domestic service several times and often ended up going on stage to support herself when she did .", "British rockers Queen incorporated music hall styles into several of their songs , such `` Killer Queen '' ( 1974 ) and `` Good Old - Fashioned Lover Boy '' ( 1976 ) .", "Garry Bushell 's punk pathetique band , The Gonads ( formed 1977 ) , did rock versions of music hall songs . Many punk pathetique acts were indebted to the music hall tradition .", "Between 1978 and 1984 , BBC television broadcast two series of programmes called The Old Boy Network . These featured a star ( usually a music hall / variety performer , but also some younger turns like Eric Sykes ) performing some of their best known routines while giving a slide show of their life story . Artistes featured included Arthur Askey , Tommy Trinder , Sandy Powell , and Chesney Allen .", "In Vivian Stanshall and Ki Longfellow - Stanshall 's musical , Stinkfoot , a Comic Opera ( 1985 ) , the lead performer is an ageing music hall artiste named Soliquisto .", "Sarah Waters 's book Tipping the Velvet ( 1998 ) revolves around the world of music halls in the late Victorian era , and in particular around two fictional `` mashers '' ( drag kings ) named Kitty Butler and Nan King .", "The modern Players ' Theatre Club provides a brief impression of contemporary music hall in the film The Fourth Angel ( 2001 ) , where Jeremy Irons ' character creates an alibi by visiting a show .", "The name of music hall entertainer Ida Barr ( 1882 - 1967 ; real name : Maud Barlow ) was appropriated some 40 years after her death by Christopher Green for a modified character act .", "London was the centre of music hall with hundreds of venues , often in the entertainment rooms of public houses . With the decline in popularity of music hall , many were abandoned , or converted to other uses such as cinemas , and their interiors lost . There are a number of purpose - built survivors , including the Hackney Empire , an outstanding example of the late music hall period ( Frank Matcham 1901 ) . This has been restored to its Moorish splendour and now provides an eclectic programme of events from opera to `` Black Variety Nights '' . A mile to the south is Hoxton Hall , an 1863 example of the saloon style . It is unrestored but maintained in its original layout , and currently used as a community centre and theatre . In the neighbouring borough , Collins Music Hall ( built about 1860 ) still stands on the north side of Islington Green . The hall closed in the 1960s and currently forms part of a bookshop .", "In Clapham , The Grand , originally the Grand Palace of Varieties ( 1900 ) , has been restored , but its interior reflects its modern use as a music venue and nightclub . The Greenwich Theatre was originally the Rose and Crown Music Hall ( 1855 ) , and later became Crowder 's Music Hall and Temple of Varieties . The building has been extensively modernised and little of the original layout remains .", "In the nondescript Grace 's Alley , off Cable Street , Stepney , stands Wilton 's Music Hall . This 1858 example of the `` giant pub hall '' survived use as a church , fire , flood and war intact , but was virtually derelict , after its use as a rag warehouse , in the 1960s . The Wilton 's Music Hall Trust has embarked on a fund - raising campaign to restore the building . In June 2007 , the World Monuments Fund added the building to its list of the world 's `` 100 most endangered sites '' . The music video of the Frankie Goes to Hollywood single `` Relax '' was shot here . Many of these buildings can be seen as part of the annual London Open House event .", "There are also surviving music halls outside London , a notable example being the Leeds City Varieties ( 1865 ) with a preserved interior . This was used for many years as the setting for the BBC television variety show The Good Old Days , based on the music - hall genre . The Alhambra Theatre , Bradford was built in 1914 for theatre impresario Francis Laidler , and later owned by the Stoll - Moss Empire . It was restored in 1986 , and is a fine example of the late Edwardian style . It is now a receiving theatre for touring productions and opera .", "In Nottingham , the Malt Cross music hall retains its restored cast - iron interior . It is run as a cafe bar by a Christian charitable trust promoting responsible drinking , also as the location of a safe space late at night and for operating a street pastor service . It is an award - winning and popular venue true to its original purpose of providing a venue for up - and - coming musical acts .", "In Northern Ireland , the Grand Opera House , Belfast , Frank Matcham 1895 , was preserved and restored in the 1980s . The Gaiety Theatre , Isle of Man is another Matcham design from 1900 that remains in use after an extensive restoration programme in the 1970s . In Glasgow , the Britannia Music Hall ( 1857 ) , by architects Thomas Gildard and H.M. McFarlane , remains standing , with much of the theatre intact but in a poor state , having closed in 1938 . There is a preservation trust attempting to rescue the theatre .", "One of the few fully functional music hall entertainments is at the Brick Lane Music Hall in a former church in North Woolwich . The Players ' Theatre Club is another group performing a Victorian - style music hall show at a variety of venues , and The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America stage music hall - style entertainments ." ]

[ [ "Fantasia Barrino" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "American Idol Season 3 Broadcast from January 19 ( 2004 - 01 - 19 ) -- May 26 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 26 ) Judges Paula Abdul Simon Cowell Randy Jackson Host ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Broadcaster Fox Broadcasting Company Finals venue Kodak Theatre Winner Fantasia Barrino Origin High Point , North Carolina , United States Song `` I Believe '' Genre ( s ) R&B , soul , hip hop soul , gospel Runner - up Diana DeGarmo Chronology ◀ ▶", "American Idol", "Season 3", "Broadcast from January 19 ( 2004 - 01 - 19 ) -- May 26 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 26 )", "Judges Paula Abdul Simon Cowell Randy Jackson", "Host ( s ) Ryan Seacrest", "Broadcaster Fox Broadcasting Company", "Finals venue Kodak Theatre", "Winner", "Fantasia Barrino", "Origin High Point , North Carolina , United States", "Song `` I Believe ''", "Genre ( s ) R&B , soul , hip hop soul , gospel", "Runner - up", "Diana DeGarmo", "Chronology", "◀ ▶", "◀ ▶", "The third season of American Idol premiered on Monday , January 19 , 2004 and continued until May 26 , 2004 . The third season was won by Fantasia Barrino , who defeated Diana DeGarmo by an approximate margin of 2 % ( 1.3 million votes ) ; the vote total ( 65 million votes ) was the highest recorded vote total in the show 's history until the May 23 , 2007 , finale of the sixth season . This season also featured Jennifer Hudson , who would subsequently win the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . This was the last season to be aired in standard definition , with the only exception being the grand finale .", "Season 3 wais the first season where both the winner and the runner - up had been in the bottom 2 or 3 prior to the finale . It was the first season to have a finale with two female contestants . It is also the first season where a Wild Card contestant , Leah LaBelle , was eliminated in the first episode of the finals . It was the first season to have a gender imbalance among the finalists , Season 3 had eight female finalists .", "Both Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo released a single after the finale . Fantasia 's first single , released in June 2004 on the RCA record label , entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number one , making Fantasia the first artist in the history of Billboard to debut at number one with their first single . In addition to Fantasia and DeGarmo , Jasmine Trias , LaToya London , George Huff , Jennifer Hudson , and Camile Velasco have all released albums since the season ended . Leah LaBelle was signed by Epic Records .", "Unlike previous seasons , this season the semi-finalists performed in front of a small studio audience , with orchestra accompaniment on backing tape . During Top 10 was the first time where are there were five judges when the duo Ashford & Simpson joined as judges .", "Auditions were held in the following cities :", "Episode ( s ) City Preliminary Date Preliminary Venue Filming date ( s ) Filming venue Golden tickets New York City , New York August 25 , 2003 Jacob K. Javits Convention Center August 29 , 2003 Waldorf - Astoria Hotel 29 Atlanta , Georgia August 20 , 2003 Georgia Dome September 2003 Atlanta Convention Center at AmericasMart 24 Houston , Texas August 13 , 2003 Minute Maid Park September 4 -- 5 , 2003 InterContinental Houston 13 Los Angeles , California August 3 , 2003 Rose Bowl September 2003 Renaissance Hollywood Hotel 25 San Francisco , California September 22 , 2003 Pac Bell Park September 2003 Renaissance Parc 55 Hotel 10 5 Honolulu , Hawaii September 30 , 2003 Aloha Stadium October 4 -- 5 , 2003 Sheraton Waikiki Hotel 17 Total number of tickets to Hollywood 118", "Episode ( s ) City Preliminary Date Preliminary Venue Filming date ( s ) Filming venue Golden tickets", "New York City , New York August 25 , 2003 Jacob K. Javits Convention Center August 29 , 2003 Waldorf - Astoria Hotel 29", "Atlanta , Georgia August 20 , 2003 Georgia Dome September 2003 Atlanta Convention Center at AmericasMart 24", "Houston , Texas August 13 , 2003 Minute Maid Park September 4 -- 5 , 2003 InterContinental Houston 13", "Los Angeles , California August 3 , 2003 Rose Bowl September 2003 Renaissance Hollywood Hotel 25", "San Francisco , California September 22 , 2003 Pac Bell Park September 2003 Renaissance Parc 55 Hotel 10", "5 Honolulu , Hawaii September 30 , 2003 Aloha Stadium October 4 -- 5 , 2003 Sheraton Waikiki Hotel 17", "Total number of tickets to Hollywood 118", "In this season over 80,000 attended the auditions in 6 cities . Paula Abdul was absent from the Los Angeles audition . A prominent auditioner was William Hung , a University of California , Berkeley student , who became a surprise cult figure following his tuneless rendition of Ricky Martin 's `` She Bangs '' at the San Francisco audition . He was later invited back to perform on a special edition Uncut , Uncensored and Untalented . His appearance on the show landed him a record deal with Koch Records and he released an album soon afterwards .", "During the audition round in Houston , Texas , auditioner Jonathan Rey threw a cup of water at Simon , who moments earlier commented that he was terrible and `` there 's not a song in the world you could sing . '' Security quickly escorted Jonathan out , and Houston police questioned him , but released him after Simon decided against pressing assault charges on him . Other prominent auditioners that year were `` scooter girl '' Nicole Tieri , and Alan Ritchson who sang to Paula Abdul alone .", "There were 117 contestants in the first Hollywood round which was held at the Pasadena Civic Center in Pasadena , California . The contestants first came onto the stage in groups but each performed solo and talked briefly about themselves . Simon Cowell was not impressed with their performances . They were also asked to write original lyrics and melody for one of ten song titles given and perform their song the next day . After their performance , they were divided into four groups and one group was eliminated .", "In the next round , the remaining 87 contestants performed in groups in three . The girls and boys were separate and they were each given 3 different songs to choose -- Girls with The Supremes ' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' , Vonda Shepard 's `` Tell Him '' , Candi Staton 's `` Young Hearts Run Free '' , the boys with Billy Joel 's `` Tell Her About It '' , Rick Astley 's `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' , The Drifters 's `` Up on the Roof '' . 30 contestants were cut and 57 then advanced to the next stage where they performed solo . The contestants were then divided into three groups and placed in separate rooms , with one group sent home . 32 contestants remained for the semi-finals .", "The contestants who reached this stage were referred to in the show as the Top 32 finalists .", "George Huff replaced Donnie Williams in Semifinal Round 4 after Williams was disqualified following a DUI arrest .", "Unlike previous seasons , this season the contestants performed in front of a small studio audience , with orchestra accompaniment on backing tape . As with the second season , in these rounds , two from each group were selected by public vote to proceed on to the Top 12 , and those who failed at any of the previous stages were given a second chance in the wild - card show .", "During the wild card show , twelve contestants were invited back to participate . However , after being evaluated during the week in rehearsals , only eight were chosen by the judges to sing that night .", "Four contestants in the wild card round were eliminated by the judges before they had the chance to sing . They were Lisa Leuschner , Eric Yoder , Tiara Purifoy , and Marque Lynche .", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Diana DeGarmo I 've Got the Music in Me '' ( Kiki Dee ) Advanced Marque Lynche `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' ( Roger Whittaker ) Eliminated Ashley Thomas `` Crazy '' ( Willie Nelson ) Eliminated Katie Webber `` Orange Colored Sky '' ( Nat King Cole ) Wild Card 5 Erskine Walcott `` Open Arms '' ( Journey ) Eliminated 6 Jennifer Hudson `` Imagine '' ( John Lennon ) Wild Card 7 Matthew Metzger `` Walking in Memphis '' ( Marc Cohn ) Top 3 / Wild Card 8 Fantasia Barrino `` Something to Talk About '' ( Bonnie Raitt ) Advanced", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Diana DeGarmo I 've Got the Music in Me '' ( Kiki Dee ) Advanced", "Marque Lynche `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' ( Roger Whittaker ) Eliminated", "Ashley Thomas `` Crazy '' ( Willie Nelson ) Eliminated", "Katie Webber `` Orange Colored Sky '' ( Nat King Cole ) Wild Card", "5 Erskine Walcott `` Open Arms '' ( Journey ) Eliminated", "6 Jennifer Hudson `` Imagine '' ( John Lennon ) Wild Card", "7 Matthew Metzger `` Walking in Memphis '' ( Marc Cohn ) Top 3 / Wild Card", "8 Fantasia Barrino `` Something to Talk About '' ( Bonnie Raitt ) Advanced", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Matthew Rogers `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( Bobby Caldwell ) Advanced Briana Ramirez - Rial `` Do n't Know Why '' ( Norah Jones ) Eliminated Noel Roman `` This I Promise You '' ( * NSYNC ) Eliminated Kara Master `` I 'm Outta Love '' ( Anastacia ) Eliminated 5 Lisa Leuschner `` Sweet Thing '' ( Chaka Khan ) Top 3 / Eliminated 6 Jesus Roman `` Back at One '' ( Brian McKnight ) Eliminated 7 Camile Velasco `` One Last Cry '' ( Brian McKnight ) Advanced 8 Marisa Joy `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' ( Soul Brothers Six ) Eliminated", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Matthew Rogers `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( Bobby Caldwell ) Advanced", "Briana Ramirez - Rial `` Do n't Know Why '' ( Norah Jones ) Eliminated", "Noel Roman `` This I Promise You '' ( * NSYNC ) Eliminated", "Kara Master `` I 'm Outta Love '' ( Anastacia ) Eliminated", "5 Lisa Leuschner `` Sweet Thing '' ( Chaka Khan ) Top 3 / Eliminated", "6 Jesus Roman `` Back at One '' ( Brian McKnight ) Eliminated", "7 Camile Velasco `` One Last Cry '' ( Brian McKnight ) Advanced", "8 Marisa Joy `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' ( Soul Brothers Six ) Eliminated", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Elizabeth LeTendre `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Whitney Houston ) Wild Card Eric Yoder `` In the Still of the Night '' ( The Five Satins ) Eliminated Amy Adams `` The Power of Love '' ( Jennifer Rush ) Advanced Jon Peter Lewis `` Tiny Dancer '' ( Elton John ) Top 3 / Wild Card 5 Charly Lowry `` Chain of Fools '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Eliminated 6 Jonah Moananu `` I Wish '' ( Carl Thomas ) Eliminated 7 Leah LaBelle `` I Have Nothing '' ( Whitney Houston ) Wild Card 8 LaToya London `` All By Myself '' ( Eric Carmen ) Advanced", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Elizabeth LeTendre `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Whitney Houston ) Wild Card", "Eric Yoder `` In the Still of the Night '' ( The Five Satins ) Eliminated", "Amy Adams `` The Power of Love '' ( Jennifer Rush ) Advanced", "Jon Peter Lewis `` Tiny Dancer '' ( Elton John ) Top 3 / Wild Card", "5 Charly Lowry `` Chain of Fools '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Eliminated", "6 Jonah Moananu `` I Wish '' ( Carl Thomas ) Eliminated", "7 Leah LaBelle `` I Have Nothing '' ( Whitney Houston ) Wild Card", "8 LaToya London `` All By Myself '' ( Eric Carmen ) Advanced", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Suzy Vulaca `` Un-Break My Heart '' ( Toni Braxton ) Wild Card John Preator `` That 's What Love Is All About '' ( Michael Bolton ) Eliminated Heather Piccinini `` New Attitude '' ( Patti LaBelle ) Eliminated John Stevens `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( Billy Joel ) Advanced 5 Jasmine Trias `` Run to You '' ( Whitney Houston ) Advanced 6 George Huff `` Always and Forever '' ( Heatwave ) Top 3 / Wild Card 7 Lisa Wilson `` Come to My Window '' ( Melissa Etheridge ) Eliminated 8 Tiara Purifoy `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Whitney Houston ) Eliminated", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Suzy Vulaca `` Un-Break My Heart '' ( Toni Braxton ) Wild Card", "John Preator `` That 's What Love Is All About '' ( Michael Bolton ) Eliminated", "Heather Piccinini `` New Attitude '' ( Patti LaBelle ) Eliminated", "John Stevens `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( Billy Joel ) Advanced", "5 Jasmine Trias `` Run to You '' ( Whitney Houston ) Advanced", "6 George Huff `` Always and Forever '' ( Heatwave ) Top 3 / Wild Card", "7 Lisa Wilson `` Come to My Window '' ( Melissa Etheridge ) Eliminated", "8 Tiara Purifoy `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Whitney Houston ) Eliminated", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Jon Peter Lewis `` A Little Less Conversation '' ( Elvis Presley ) Public Vote Elizabeth LeTendre `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' ( Peggy Seeger ) Eliminated Katie Webber `` So Emotional '' ( Whitney Houston ) Eliminated George Huff `` Lean on Me '' ( Bill Withers ) Simon 's Choice 5 Suzy Vulaca `` I Will Survive '' ( Gloria Gaynor ) Eliminated 6 Matthew Metzger `` When I See You Smile '' ( Bad English ) Eliminated 7 Leah LaBelle `` Let 's Stay Together '' ( Al Green ) Paula 's Choice 8 Jennifer Hudson `` I Believe in You and Me '' ( Four Tops ) Randy 's Choice", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Jon Peter Lewis `` A Little Less Conversation '' ( Elvis Presley ) Public Vote", "Elizabeth LeTendre `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' ( Peggy Seeger ) Eliminated", "Katie Webber `` So Emotional '' ( Whitney Houston ) Eliminated", "George Huff `` Lean on Me '' ( Bill Withers ) Simon 's Choice", "5 Suzy Vulaca `` I Will Survive '' ( Gloria Gaynor ) Eliminated", "6 Matthew Metzger `` When I See You Smile '' ( Bad English ) Eliminated", "7 Leah LaBelle `` Let 's Stay Together '' ( Al Green ) Paula 's Choice", "8 Jennifer Hudson `` I Believe in You and Me '' ( Four Tops ) Randy 's Choice", "In this season , guest judges were introduced in some episodes , and sometimes the mentor joined as judges .", "In the result shows , the bottom two vote - getters reprised their performances before the elimination was announced , or only the eliminated one performed after the result is revealed , or they performed before and after their elimination as in Top 5 when George Huff reprised both his songs from the performance night .", "Fantasia Barrino ( born June 30 , 1984 , in High Point , North Carolina , aged 19 on the show ) auditioned in Atlanta . Her audition songs were Lauryn Hill 's `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' and Tina Turner 's `` Proud Mary '' . She has performed from a young age with her family who had released a CD . She performed Aretha Franklin 's `` Think '' in the Hollywood rounds . Diana DeGarmo ( born June 16 , 1987 , in Birmingham , Alabama , age 16 on the show ) is from Snellville , Georgia , and auditioned in Honolulu , Hawaii with Aretha Franklin 's `` Chain of Fools '' . She was on the show America 's Most Talented Kid in 2002 as well as other TV shows . She performed Ike & Tina Turner 's `` A Fool in Love '' in the Hollywood rounds . At 16 years , 7 months and 26 days old , she was the youngest contestant reach into the finals until Thia Megia and Lauren Alaina made to the finals in the tenth season . She was also the youngest Runner - Up in the history of American Idol . Jasmine Trias ( born November 3 , 1986 , in Honolulu , 17 on the show ) is from Mililani , Hawaii and auditioned in Honolulu . She is the first Filipino - American contestant in American Idol who made it to the final three , followed by Jessica Sanchez in the eleventh season , who was the Runner - Up . LaToya London ( born December 29 , 1978 , in San Francisco , 25 on the show ) is from Oakland , California and auditioned in San Francisco with Aretha Franklin 's `` Chain of Fools '' . George Huff ( born November 4 , 1980 , in New Orleans , aged 23 on the show ) auditioned in Houston , Texas with Joe Cocker 's `` You Are So Beautiful '' . He performed Luther Vandross ' `` Here and Now '' in the Hollywood rounds . John Stevens ( born July 28 , 1987 , in Buffalo , New York , 16 on the show ) is from East Amherst , New York and auditioned in New York City with Fred Astaire 's `` The Way You Look Tonight '' . He performed Tony Bennett 's `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' in Hollywood . He was the youngest male contestant to reach into the finals until Daniel Seavey in the fourteenth season . Jennifer Hudson ( born September 12 , 1981 , in Chicago , aged 22 on the show ) auditioned in Atlanta with Aretha Franklin 's `` Share Your Love with Me '' . Jon Peter Lewis ( born November 7 , 1979 , in Lincoln , Nebraska , aged 24 on the show ) is from Rexburg , Idaho and auditioned in Honolulu with Van Morrison 's `` Crazy Love '' . He was dubbed the ' pen salesman ' by Simon Cowell . He performed The Jackson 5 's `` I Want You Back '' . Camile Velasco ( born September 1 , 1985 , in Makati City , Philippines , 18 on the show ) is from Haiku , Maui and auditioned in Honolulu with Fugees ' `` Ready or Not '' . Amy Adams ( born July 25 , 1979 , in Kansas City , Kansas , aged 24 on the show ) is from Bakersfield , California and auditioned in Atlanta , Georgia with Fontella Bass ' `` Rescue Me '' . She performed Jennifer Rush 's `` The Power of Love '' in Hollywood . Matthew Rogers ( born September 16 , 1978 , in Rancho Cucamonga , California , 25 on the show ) auditioned in Los Angeles with James Ingram 's `` Just Once '' . Leah LaBelle ( September 8 , 1986 - January 31 , 2018 , born in Toronto , Canada , aged 17 on the show ) is from Seattle and auditioned in New York with Whitney Houston 's `` I Believe in You and Me '' . She auditioned with her birth name Leah Vladowski . Her family was originally from Bulgaria , who immigrated to the United States . She performed Diana Ross ' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' at the Hollywood rounds . In 2011 , LaBelle signed to Epic Records . LaBelle was killed in a car crash alongside her husband Rasual Butler on January 31 , 2018 , making her the third American Idol finalist to die , following Rickey Smith in 2016 and Michael Johns in 2014 .", "Fantasia Barrino ( born June 30 , 1984 , in High Point , North Carolina , aged 19 on the show ) auditioned in Atlanta . Her audition songs were Lauryn Hill 's `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' and Tina Turner 's `` Proud Mary '' . She has performed from a young age with her family who had released a CD . She performed Aretha Franklin 's `` Think '' in the Hollywood rounds .", "Diana DeGarmo ( born June 16 , 1987 , in Birmingham , Alabama , age 16 on the show ) is from Snellville , Georgia , and auditioned in Honolulu , Hawaii with Aretha Franklin 's `` Chain of Fools '' . She was on the show America 's Most Talented Kid in 2002 as well as other TV shows . She performed Ike & Tina Turner 's `` A Fool in Love '' in the Hollywood rounds . At 16 years , 7 months and 26 days old , she was the youngest contestant reach into the finals until Thia Megia and Lauren Alaina made to the finals in the tenth season . She was also the youngest Runner - Up in the history of American Idol .", "Jasmine Trias ( born November 3 , 1986 , in Honolulu , 17 on the show ) is from Mililani , Hawaii and auditioned in Honolulu . She is the first Filipino - American contestant in American Idol who made it to the final three , followed by Jessica Sanchez in the eleventh season , who was the Runner - Up .", "LaToya London ( born December 29 , 1978 , in San Francisco , 25 on the show ) is from Oakland , California and auditioned in San Francisco with Aretha Franklin 's `` Chain of Fools '' .", "George Huff ( born November 4 , 1980 , in New Orleans , aged 23 on the show ) auditioned in Houston , Texas with Joe Cocker 's `` You Are So Beautiful '' . He performed Luther Vandross ' `` Here and Now '' in the Hollywood rounds .", "John Stevens ( born July 28 , 1987 , in Buffalo , New York , 16 on the show ) is from East Amherst , New York and auditioned in New York City with Fred Astaire 's `` The Way You Look Tonight '' . He performed Tony Bennett 's `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' in Hollywood . He was the youngest male contestant to reach into the finals until Daniel Seavey in the fourteenth season .", "Jennifer Hudson ( born September 12 , 1981 , in Chicago , aged 22 on the show ) auditioned in Atlanta with Aretha Franklin 's `` Share Your Love with Me '' .", "Jon Peter Lewis ( born November 7 , 1979 , in Lincoln , Nebraska , aged 24 on the show ) is from Rexburg , Idaho and auditioned in Honolulu with Van Morrison 's `` Crazy Love '' . He was dubbed the ' pen salesman ' by Simon Cowell . He performed The Jackson 5 's `` I Want You Back '' .", "Camile Velasco ( born September 1 , 1985 , in Makati City , Philippines , 18 on the show ) is from Haiku , Maui and auditioned in Honolulu with Fugees ' `` Ready or Not '' .", "Amy Adams ( born July 25 , 1979 , in Kansas City , Kansas , aged 24 on the show ) is from Bakersfield , California and auditioned in Atlanta , Georgia with Fontella Bass ' `` Rescue Me '' . She performed Jennifer Rush 's `` The Power of Love '' in Hollywood .", "Matthew Rogers ( born September 16 , 1978 , in Rancho Cucamonga , California , 25 on the show ) auditioned in Los Angeles with James Ingram 's `` Just Once '' .", "Leah LaBelle ( September 8 , 1986 - January 31 , 2018 , born in Toronto , Canada , aged 17 on the show ) is from Seattle and auditioned in New York with Whitney Houston 's `` I Believe in You and Me '' . She auditioned with her birth name Leah Vladowski . Her family was originally from Bulgaria , who immigrated to the United States . She performed Diana Ross ' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' at the Hollywood rounds . In 2011 , LaBelle signed to Epic Records . LaBelle was killed in a car crash alongside her husband Rasual Butler on January 31 , 2018 , making her the third American Idol finalist to die , following Rickey Smith in 2016 and Michael Johns in 2014 .", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result LaToya London `` Ai n't Nobody '' ( Chaka Khan ) Safe Amy Adams `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' ( The Stylistics ) Bottom 3 Matthew Rogers `` Hard to Handle '' ( Otis Redding ) Safe Camile Velasco `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( Dusty Springfield ) Safe 5 Jon Peter Lewis `` Drift Away '' ( John Henry Kurtz ) Safe 6 Fantasia Barrino `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe 7 George Huff `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( Otis Redding ) Safe 8 Jennifer Hudson `` Baby I Love You '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Bottom 2 9 John Stevens `` Lately '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe 10 Leah LaBelle `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' ( The Supremes ) Eliminated 11 Jasmine Trias `` Inseparable '' ( Natalie Cole ) Safe 12 Diana DeGarmo `` Think '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Safe", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "LaToya London `` Ai n't Nobody '' ( Chaka Khan ) Safe", "Amy Adams `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' ( The Stylistics ) Bottom 3", "Matthew Rogers `` Hard to Handle '' ( Otis Redding ) Safe", "Camile Velasco `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( Dusty Springfield ) Safe", "5 Jon Peter Lewis `` Drift Away '' ( John Henry Kurtz ) Safe", "6 Fantasia Barrino `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe", "7 George Huff `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( Otis Redding ) Safe", "8 Jennifer Hudson `` Baby I Love You '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Bottom 2", "9 John Stevens `` Lately '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe", "10 Leah LaBelle `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' ( The Supremes ) Eliminated", "11 Jasmine Trias `` Inseparable '' ( Natalie Cole ) Safe", "12 Diana DeGarmo `` Think '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Safe", "Group performance : Soul Medley Guest performance : Clay Aiken -- `` Solitaire ''", "Group performance : Soul Medley", "Guest performance : Clay Aiken -- `` Solitaire ''", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Diana DeGarmo `` A Broken Wing '' ( Martina McBride ) Bottom 3 George Huff `` I Can Love You Like That '' ( John Michael Montgomery ) Safe Fantasia Barrino `` Always on My Mind '' ( Brenda Lee ) Safe John Stevens `` King of the Road '' ( Roger Miller ) Safe 5 Camile Velasco `` Desperado '' ( The Eagles ) Bottom 2 6 Jennifer Hudson `` No One Else on Earth '' ( Wynonna Judd ) Safe 7 Jon Peter Lewis `` She Believes in Me '' ( Kenny Rogers ) Safe 8 Jasmine Trias `` Breathe '' ( Faith Hill ) Safe 9 Matthew Rogers `` Amazed '' ( Lonestar ) Eliminated 10 LaToya London `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' ( Garth Brooks ) Safe 11 Amy Adams `` Sin Wagon '' ( Dixie Chicks ) Safe", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Diana DeGarmo `` A Broken Wing '' ( Martina McBride ) Bottom 3", "George Huff `` I Can Love You Like That '' ( John Michael Montgomery ) Safe", "Fantasia Barrino `` Always on My Mind '' ( Brenda Lee ) Safe", "John Stevens `` King of the Road '' ( Roger Miller ) Safe", "5 Camile Velasco `` Desperado '' ( The Eagles ) Bottom 2", "6 Jennifer Hudson `` No One Else on Earth '' ( Wynonna Judd ) Safe", "7 Jon Peter Lewis `` She Believes in Me '' ( Kenny Rogers ) Safe", "8 Jasmine Trias `` Breathe '' ( Faith Hill ) Safe", "9 Matthew Rogers `` Amazed '' ( Lonestar ) Eliminated", "10 LaToya London `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' ( Garth Brooks ) Safe", "11 Amy Adams `` Sin Wagon '' ( Dixie Chicks ) Safe", "Guest performance : Kimberley Locke -- `` 8th World Wonder ''", "Guest performance : Kimberley Locke -- `` 8th World Wonder ''", "Guest judges : Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson", "Guest judges : Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Camile Velasco `` For Once in My Life '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe Jon Peter Lewis `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( The Isley Brothers ) Safe LaToya London `` Ooo Baby Baby '' ( The Miracles ) Bottom 3 Amy Adams `` Dancing in the Street '' ( Martha & the Vandellas ) Eliminated 5 John Stevens `` My Girl '' ( The Temptations ) Safe 6 Jennifer Hudson `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heat Wave '' ( Martha & the Vandellas ) Bottom 2 7 Jasmine Trias `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell ) Safe 8 Diana DeGarmo `` Do You Love Me '' ( The Contours ) Safe 9 Fantasia Barrino `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( The Miracles ) Safe 10 George Huff `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( The Temptations ) Safe", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Camile Velasco `` For Once in My Life '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe", "Jon Peter Lewis `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( The Isley Brothers ) Safe", "LaToya London `` Ooo Baby Baby '' ( The Miracles ) Bottom 3", "Amy Adams `` Dancing in the Street '' ( Martha & the Vandellas ) Eliminated", "5 John Stevens `` My Girl '' ( The Temptations ) Safe", "6 Jennifer Hudson `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heat Wave '' ( Martha & the Vandellas ) Bottom 2", "7 Jasmine Trias `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell ) Safe", "8 Diana DeGarmo `` Do You Love Me '' ( The Contours ) Safe", "9 Fantasia Barrino `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( The Miracles ) Safe", "10 George Huff `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( The Temptations ) Safe", "Group performance : `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' ( Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell )", "Group performance : `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' ( Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell )", "Guest Mentor : Elton John", "Guest Mentor : Elton John", "Order Contestant Song Result Fantasia Barrino `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' Safe Jon Peter Lewis `` Rocket Man '' Safe Jasmine Trias `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Bottom 2 John Stevens `` Crocodile Rock '' Safe 5 Camile Velasco `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' Eliminated 6 George Huff `` Take Me to the Pilot '' Safe 7 Diana DeGarmo `` I 'm Still Standing '' Bottom 3 8 LaToya London `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' Safe 9 Jennifer Hudson `` Circle of Life '' Safe", "Order Contestant Song Result", "Fantasia Barrino `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' Safe", "Jon Peter Lewis `` Rocket Man '' Safe", "Jasmine Trias `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Bottom 2", "John Stevens `` Crocodile Rock '' Safe", "5 Camile Velasco `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' Eliminated", "6 George Huff `` Take Me to the Pilot '' Safe", "7 Diana DeGarmo `` I 'm Still Standing '' Bottom 3", "8 LaToya London `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' Safe", "9 Jennifer Hudson `` Circle of Life '' Safe", "Boys : `` Daniel '' Girls : `` Bennie and the Jets '' Group : `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' Guest performance : Tamyra Gray -- `` Raindrops Will Fall ''", "Boys : `` Daniel ''", "Girls : `` Bennie and the Jets ''", "Group : `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting ''", "Guest performance : Tamyra Gray -- `` Raindrops Will Fall ''", "Guest judge : Quentin Tarantino", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Featured Movie Result George Huff `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' ( Phil Collins ) Against All Odds Safe Jennifer Hudson `` I Have Nothing '' ( Whitney Houston ) The Bodyguard Safe Jon Peter Lewis `` Jailhouse Rock '' ( Elvis Presley ) Jailhouse Rock Eliminated Diana DeGarmo `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion ) Titanic Bottom 3 5 Fantasia Barrino `` Summertime '' ( Abbie Mitchell ) Porgy and Bess Safe 6 Jasmine Trias `` When I Fall in Love '' ( Doris Day ) Sleepless in Seattle Safe 7 John Stevens `` As Time Goes By '' ( Dooley Wilson ) Casablanca Bottom 2 8 LaToya London `` Somewhere '' ( Reri Grist ) West Side Story Safe", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Featured Movie Result", "George Huff `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' ( Phil Collins ) Against All Odds Safe", "Jennifer Hudson `` I Have Nothing '' ( Whitney Houston ) The Bodyguard Safe", "Jon Peter Lewis `` Jailhouse Rock '' ( Elvis Presley ) Jailhouse Rock Eliminated", "Diana DeGarmo `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion ) Titanic Bottom 3", "5 Fantasia Barrino `` Summertime '' ( Abbie Mitchell ) Porgy and Bess Safe", "6 Jasmine Trias `` When I Fall in Love '' ( Doris Day ) Sleepless in Seattle Safe", "7 John Stevens `` As Time Goes By '' ( Dooley Wilson ) Casablanca Bottom 2", "8 LaToya London `` Somewhere '' ( Reri Grist ) West Side Story Safe", "Guest performance : Christina Christian -- `` Forever and Never ''", "Guest performance : Christina Christian -- `` Forever and Never ''", "Guest Mentor and Judge : Barry Manilow", "Guest Mentor and Judge : Barry Manilow", "Order Contestant Song Result Diana DeGarmo `` One Voice '' Safe George Huff `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' Safe Jennifer Hudson `` Weekend in New England '' Eliminated Jasmine Trias `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' Safe 5 LaToya London `` All the Time '' Bottom 3 6 John Stevens `` Mandy '' Safe 7 Fantasia Barrino `` It 's a Miracle '' Bottom 2", "Order Contestant Song Result", "Diana DeGarmo `` One Voice '' Safe", "George Huff `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' Safe", "Jennifer Hudson `` Weekend in New England '' Eliminated", "Jasmine Trias `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' Safe", "5 LaToya London `` All the Time '' Bottom 3", "6 John Stevens `` Mandy '' Safe", "7 Fantasia Barrino `` It 's a Miracle '' Bottom 2", "Group performance : `` Let Freedom Ring '' feat . Barry Manilow", "Group performance : `` Let Freedom Ring '' feat . Barry Manilow", "Mentor and guest judge -- Gloria Estefan Guest band -- Miami Sound Machine", "Order Contestant Song Result Fantasia Barrino `` Get on Your Feet '' Safe George Huff `` Live for Loving You '' Bottom 2 LaToya London `` Rhythm Is Gonna Get You '' Safe John Stevens `` Music of My Heart '' Eliminated 5 Jasmine Trias `` Here We Are '' Bottom 3 6 Diana DeGarmo `` Turn the Beat Around '' Safe", "Order Contestant Song Result", "Fantasia Barrino `` Get on Your Feet '' Safe", "George Huff `` Live for Loving You '' Bottom 2", "LaToya London `` Rhythm Is Gonna Get You '' Safe", "John Stevens `` Music of My Heart '' Eliminated", "5 Jasmine Trias `` Here We Are '' Bottom 3", "6 Diana DeGarmo `` Turn the Beat Around '' Safe", "Group performance : Gloria Estefan medley", "Group performance : Gloria Estefan medley", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Diana DeGarmo `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' ( Gertrude Lawrence ) Safe `` Get Happy '' ( Ruth Etting ) George Huff `` Cheek to Cheek '' ( Fred Astaire ) Eliminated `` What a Wonderful World '' ( Louis Armstrong ) 5 LaToya London `` Too Close for Comfort '' ( Eydie Gormé ) Safe 6 `` Do n't Rain on My Parade '' ( Barbra Streisand ) 7 Jasmine Trias `` The Way You Look Tonight '' ( Fred Astaire ) Bottom 2 8 `` Almost Like Being in Love '' ( Nat King Cole ) 9 Fantasia Barrino `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( Queen ) Safe 10 `` What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life ? ( Julie Andrews )", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Diana DeGarmo `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' ( Gertrude Lawrence ) Safe", "`` Get Happy '' ( Ruth Etting )", "George Huff `` Cheek to Cheek '' ( Fred Astaire ) Eliminated", "`` What a Wonderful World '' ( Louis Armstrong )", "5 LaToya London `` Too Close for Comfort '' ( Eydie Gormé ) Safe", "6 `` Do n't Rain on My Parade '' ( Barbra Streisand )", "7 Jasmine Trias `` The Way You Look Tonight '' ( Fred Astaire ) Bottom 2", "8 `` Almost Like Being in Love '' ( Nat King Cole )", "9 Fantasia Barrino `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( Queen ) Safe", "10 `` What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life ? ( Julie Andrews )", "Guest judge : Donna Summer", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Jasmine Trias `` Everlasting Love '' ( Carl Carlton ) Safe LaToya London `` Love You Inside Out '' ( The Bee Gees ) Eliminated Fantasia Barrino `` Knock on Wood '' ( Eddie Floyd ) Bottom 2 Diana DeGarmo `` This Is It '' ( Melba Moore ) Safe 5 Jasmine Trias `` It 's Raining Men '' ( The Weather Girls ) Safe 6 LaToya London `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( Thelma Houston ) Eliminated 7 Fantasia Barrino `` Holding Out for a Hero '' ( Bonnie Tyler ) Bottom 2 8 Diana DeGarmo `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' ( Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer ) Safe", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Jasmine Trias `` Everlasting Love '' ( Carl Carlton ) Safe", "LaToya London `` Love You Inside Out '' ( The Bee Gees ) Eliminated", "Fantasia Barrino `` Knock on Wood '' ( Eddie Floyd ) Bottom 2", "Diana DeGarmo `` This Is It '' ( Melba Moore ) Safe", "5 Jasmine Trias `` It 's Raining Men '' ( The Weather Girls ) Safe", "6 LaToya London `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( Thelma Houston ) Eliminated", "7 Fantasia Barrino `` Holding Out for a Hero '' ( Bonnie Tyler ) Bottom 2", "8 Diana DeGarmo `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' ( Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer ) Safe", "Group performance : `` Bad Girls '' / `` Hot Stuff '' / `` Heaven Knows '' / `` She Works Hard for the Money '' Guest performance : Donna Summer - `` MacArthur Park ''", "Group performance : `` Bad Girls '' / `` Hot Stuff '' / `` Heaven Knows '' / `` She Works Hard for the Money ''", "Guest performance : Donna Summer - `` MacArthur Park ''", "Guest judge : Clive Davis", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Jasmine Trias `` Saving All My Love for You '' ( Whitney Houston ) Eliminated Fantasia Barrino `` Chain of Fools '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Safe Diana DeGarmo `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' ( Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell ) Safe Jasmine Trias `` Mr. Melody '' ( Natalie Cole ) -- Paula Abdul Eliminated 5 Fantasia Barrino `` A Fool in Love '' ( Ike & Tina Turner ) -- Simon Cowell Safe 6 Diana DeGarmo `` Because You Loved Me '' ( Celine Dion ) -- Randy Jackson Safe 7 Jasmine Trias `` All by Myself '' ( Eric Carmen ) Eliminated 8 Fantasia Barrino `` Greatest Love of All '' ( George Benson ) Safe 9 Diana DeGarmo `` Do n't Cry Out Loud '' ( Melissa Manchester ) Safe", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Jasmine Trias `` Saving All My Love for You '' ( Whitney Houston ) Eliminated", "Fantasia Barrino `` Chain of Fools '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Safe", "Diana DeGarmo `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' ( Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell ) Safe", "Jasmine Trias `` Mr. Melody '' ( Natalie Cole ) -- Paula Abdul Eliminated", "5 Fantasia Barrino `` A Fool in Love '' ( Ike & Tina Turner ) -- Simon Cowell Safe", "6 Diana DeGarmo `` Because You Loved Me '' ( Celine Dion ) -- Randy Jackson Safe", "7 Jasmine Trias `` All by Myself '' ( Eric Carmen ) Eliminated", "8 Fantasia Barrino `` Greatest Love of All '' ( George Benson ) Safe", "9 Diana DeGarmo `` Do n't Cry Out Loud '' ( Melissa Manchester ) Safe", "Guest performance : Tamyra Gray -- `` Star '' , `` Raindrops Will Fall '' Guest performance : Guy Sebastian -- `` Angels Brought Me Here ''", "Guest performance : Tamyra Gray -- `` Star '' , `` Raindrops Will Fall ''", "Guest performance : Guy Sebastian -- `` Angels Brought Me Here ''", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Diana DeGarmo `` I Believe '' Runner - Up Fantasia Barrino `` All My Life '' ( K - Ci & JoJo ) Winner Diana DeGarmo `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' ( Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer ) Runner - Up Fantasia Barrino `` Summertime '' ( Abbie Mitchell ) Winner 5 Diana DeGarmo `` Do n't Cry Out Loud '' ( Melissa Manchester ) Runner - Up 6 Fantasia Barrino `` I Believe '' Winner", "Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result", "Diana DeGarmo `` I Believe '' Runner - Up", "Fantasia Barrino `` All My Life '' ( K - Ci & JoJo ) Winner", "Diana DeGarmo `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' ( Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer ) Runner - Up", "Fantasia Barrino `` Summertime '' ( Abbie Mitchell ) Winner", "5 Diana DeGarmo `` Do n't Cry Out Loud '' ( Melissa Manchester ) Runner - Up", "6 Fantasia Barrino `` I Believe '' Winner", "Guest performance : Paul Anka -- `` My Way ''", "Note 1 : The song was rewritten by Paul Anka specially for the episode as a recap for the season .", "Note 1 : The song was rewritten by Paul Anka specially for the episode as a recap for the season .", "Finale result show Performer Song Artist Tamyra Gray `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Top 2 with Kelly Clarkson , Ruben Studdard `` The Impossible Dream '' Richard Kiley Kelly Clarkson `` Beautiful Disaster '' Kelly Clarkson Top 12 `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' `` 1 - 2 - 3 '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` She Works Hard for the Money '' `` Solid '' `` It Do n't Mean a Thing '' `` I 'm Still Standing '' `` I Made It Through the Rain '' The Four Tops Gloria Estefan Donna Summer Donna Summer Ashford & Simpson Duke Ellington Elton John Barry Manilow Ruben Studdard `` What If '' Ruben Studdard Diana DeGarmo `` I Believe '' Fantasia Fantasia Barrino `` Dreams '' Diana DeGarmo Top 2 `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' Aretha Franklin / George Michael Fantasia Barrino `` I Believe '' Fantasia", "Finale result show", "Performer Song Artist", "Tamyra Gray `` The Star - Spangled Banner ''", "Top 2 with Kelly Clarkson , Ruben Studdard `` The Impossible Dream '' Richard Kiley", "Kelly Clarkson , Ruben Studdard", "Kelly Clarkson `` Beautiful Disaster '' Kelly Clarkson", "Top 12 `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' `` 1 - 2 - 3 '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` She Works Hard for the Money '' `` Solid '' `` It Do n't Mean a Thing '' `` I 'm Still Standing '' `` I Made It Through the Rain '' The Four Tops Gloria Estefan Donna Summer Donna Summer Ashford & Simpson Duke Ellington Elton John Barry Manilow", "`` 1 - 2 - 3 '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` She Works Hard for the Money '' `` Solid '' `` It Do n't Mean a Thing '' `` I 'm Still Standing '' `` I Made It Through the Rain ''", "Gloria Estefan Donna Summer Donna Summer Ashford & Simpson Duke Ellington Elton John Barry Manilow", "Ruben Studdard `` What If '' Ruben Studdard", "Diana DeGarmo `` I Believe '' Fantasia", "Fantasia Barrino `` Dreams '' Diana DeGarmo", "Top 2 `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' Aretha Franklin / George Michael", "Fantasia Barrino `` I Believe '' Fantasia", "After a nationwide vote of more than 65 million votes in total -- more than the first two seasons combined -- Fantasia Barrino won the `` American Idol '' title beating out Diana DeGarmo . The third season was also shown in Australia on Network Ten about half a week after episodes were shown in the US . Leah LaBelle is the first contestant to advance to the finals via Wild Card then get eliminated in the first week of the finals .", "As a nod to the `` Did Clay see the card ? '' controversy in the second season , Ryan Seacrest was instructed to memorize the winner 's name and the vote margin and was given a blank card to hold while reporting the results . However , in a post-show interview with USA Today , Diana DeGarmo admitted that she had figured out that she had not won when the contestants were going over the schedule for the finale and she saw she would be singing `` I Believe '' ( the winner 's single ) before the results were announced . Realizing that she would not be scheduled to sing a song she would have to sing again minutes later if she were announced as the winner , she correctly deduced that she had lost and Fantasia had won .", "Kelly Clarkson is quoted in the June 14 , 2004 People magazine as saying she voted for Fantasia : `` I just hit redial , redial . ''", "Prior to the results show , the governors of Georgia and North Carolina -- the home states of DeGarmo and Barrino respectively -- announced a friendly bet between them over which state 's resident would prevail , each wagering a VIP NASCAR ticket package and a shipment of his state 's signature fruit . The bet participants were Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue , a Republican , and North Carolina Governor Mike Easley , a Democrat .", "Legend Did Not Perform Top 32 Wild Card Top 12 Winner", "Did Not Perform Top 32 Wild Card Top 12 Winner", "Safe Bottom 3 Bottom 2 Eliminated", "Safe Bottom 3 Bottom 2 Eliminated", "Stage : Semi-Finals Wild Card Finals Week : 2 / 11 2 / 18 2 / 25 3 / 3 3 / 10 3 / 17 3 / 24 3 / 31 4 / 7 4 / 15 4 / 21 4 / 28 5 / 5 5 / 12 5 / 19 5 / 26 Place Contestant Result Fantasia Barrino 1st Bottom 2 Bottom 2 Winner Diana DeGarmo 2nd Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Runner - Up Jasmine Trias 2nd Bottom 2 Bottom 3 Bottom 2 Elim LaToya London 1st Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Elim 5 George Huff 3rd Wild Card Top 12 Bottom 2 Elim 6 John Stevens 1st Bottom 2 Elim 7 Jennifer Hudson Wild Card Top 12 Bottom 2 Bottom 2 Elim 8 Jon Peter Lewis 3rd Wild Card 1st Elim 9 Camile Velasco 1st Bottom 2 Elim 10 Amy Adams 2nd Bottom 3 Elim 11 Matthew Rogers 2nd Elim 12 Leah LaBelle Wild Card Top 12 Elim 13 -- 16 Elizabeth LeTendre Wild Card Elim Matthew Metzger 3rd Wild Card Suzy Vulaca Wild Card Katie Webber Wild Card 17 -- 32 Heather Piccinni Elim John Preator Tiara Purifoy Lisa Wilson Charly Lowry Elim Jonah Moananu Eric Yoder Lisa Leuschner 3rd Marisa Joy Elim Kara Master Briana Ramirez - Rial Jesus Roman Noel Roman Marque Lynche Elim Ashley Thomas Erskine Walcott", "Stage : Semi-Finals Wild Card Finals", "Week : 2 / 11 2 / 18 2 / 25 3 / 3 3 / 10 3 / 17 3 / 24 3 / 31 4 / 7 4 / 15 4 / 21 4 / 28 5 / 5 5 / 12 5 / 19 5 / 26", "Place Contestant Result", "Fantasia Barrino 1st Bottom 2 Bottom 2 Winner", "Diana DeGarmo 2nd Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Runner - Up", "Jasmine Trias 2nd Bottom 2 Bottom 3 Bottom 2 Elim", "LaToya London 1st Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Elim", "5 George Huff 3rd Wild Card Top 12 Bottom 2 Elim", "6 John Stevens 1st Bottom 2 Elim", "7 Jennifer Hudson Wild Card Top 12 Bottom 2 Bottom 2 Elim", "8 Jon Peter Lewis 3rd Wild Card 1st Elim", "9 Camile Velasco 1st Bottom 2 Elim", "10 Amy Adams 2nd Bottom 3 Elim", "11 Matthew Rogers 2nd Elim", "12 Leah LaBelle Wild Card Top 12 Elim", "13 -- 16 Elizabeth LeTendre Wild Card Elim", "Matthew Metzger 3rd Wild Card", "Suzy Vulaca Wild Card", "Katie Webber Wild Card", "17 -- 32 Heather Piccinni Elim", "John Preator", "Tiara Purifoy", "Lisa Wilson", "Charly Lowry Elim", "Jonah Moananu", "Eric Yoder", "Lisa Leuschner 3rd", "Marisa Joy Elim", "Kara Master", "Briana Ramirez - Rial", "Jesus Roman", "Noel Roman", "Marque Lynche Elim", "Ashley Thomas", "Erskine Walcott", "Paul Anka made an appearance in the Season Finale .", "^ Note 1 : During the week of April 14 , the week got delayed for White House press conference on Tuesday , April 13 , 2004 . The performance show was moved to Wednesday , April 14 . Jon Peter Lewis was sent home on Thursday , April 15 .", "This is the first time that two contestants who previously tried out for American Idol ( Matthew Metzger and Lisa Leuschner ) made it to the top 3 of their semifinals group . Both contestants were eliminated during Hollywood round in the previous season .", "Finalist Jon Peter Lewis teamed with Ryan Hayes to create the duo `` Midas Whale '' and competed on fourth season of The Voice . They were eliminated in the Knockout Rounds", "Both Jennifer Hudson and LaToya London , part of final twelve , were eliminated , despite high praises from the judges . After Hudson was eliminated , Elton John , who was a mentor for that season , criticized the vote as ' incredibly racist ' in a press conference .", "The elimination of both Hudson and London has been pointed out as a classic demonstration of vote - splitting in the American Idol vote , in which the presence of similar choices reduces the votes for each of the similar choices . Hudson , London and Barrino ( who would eventually go on to win the competition ) were female , African - American , highly praised singers -- all appealing to the same demographic bloc of voters . All three of these previously popular singers ended up in the `` bottom three '' the night Hudson was eliminated -- the three having the lowest individual vote counts .", "Questions were nevertheless raised about the inadequacy of the phone voting system when it was revealed that the state of Hawaii with a population of just 1.2 million managed to log more calls than every other state apart from New York and California . Jasmine Trias ' and Camile Velasco 's fans from Hawaii , which is on its own time zone , enjoyed a far less crowded calling period and were able to get more of their votes through .", "Live + same day ratings", "This season the show was ranked second overall in total viewer for the 2003 -- 2004 TV seasons , with its Tuesday episodes taking the top spot , averaging 25.73 million viewers , while the Wednesday episodes ranked third with 24.31 million . It became the top - rated show for the 18 - 49 demographic for the season , a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including 2011 .", "hide Episode list Show Episode Air date Week rank 18 - 49 rating Viewers ( in millions ) `` Audition : New York '' January 19 , 2004 12.9 29.0 `` Audition : Atlanta '' January 20 , 2004 12.5 28.6 `` Audition : Houston '' January 21 , 2004 12.7 29.4 `` Audition : Los Angeles and San Francisco '' January 27 , 2004 13.0 29.6 5 `` Audition : Hawaii '' January 28 , 2004 12.0 28.3 6 `` Road to Hollywood , Best and Worst of the Rest '' February 2 , 2004 8 9.7 21.1 7 `` Hollywood Week : Part 1 '' February 3 , 2004 13.1 30.1 8 `` Hollywood Week : Part 2 '' February 4 , 2004 12.6 28.8 9 `` Top 32 : Group 1 '' February 10 , 2004 11.1 26.2 10 `` Top 32 : Group 1 Results '' February 11 , 2004 10.5 24.5 11 `` Top 32 : Group 2 '' February 17 , 2004 10.9 25.2 12 `` Top 32 : Group 2 Results '' February 18 , 2004 6 9.8 22.1 13 `` Top 32 : Group 3 '' February 24 , 2004 11.3 26.6 14 `` Top 32 : Group 3 Results '' February 25 , 2004 5 10.3 23.0 15 `` Special : Uncut , Uncensored and Untalented '' March 1 , 2004 6 8.5 19.7 16 `` Top 32 : Group 4 '' March 2 , 2004 11.1 25.5 17 `` Top 32 : Group 4 Results '' March 3 , 2004 7 8.5 19.3 18 `` Wildcard '' March 9 , 2004 10.7 24.6 19 `` Wildcard Results '' March 10 , 2004 9.7 22.0 20 `` Top 12 Perform '' March 16 , 2004 11.3 26.7 21 `` Top 12 Results '' March 17 , 2004 9.7 22.9 22 `` Top 11 Perform '' March 23 , 2004 11.5 27.0 23 `` Top 11 Results '' March 24 , 2004 8.8 20.4 24 `` Top 10 Perform '' March 30 , 2004 8.8 25.9 25 `` Top 10 Results '' March 31 , 2004 9.4 21.9 26 `` Top 9 Perform '' April 6 , 2004 10.1 23.5 27 `` Top 9 Results '' April 7 , 2004 8.9 20.6 28 `` Top 8 Perform '' April 14 , 2004 9.7 23.1 29 `` Top 8 Results '' April 15 , 2004 8 6.2 15.3 30 `` Top 7 Perform '' April 20 , 2004 10.1 23.4 31 `` Top 7 Results '' April 21 , 2004 9.3 21.2 32 `` Top 6 Perform '' April 27 , 2004 10.4 23.4 33 `` Top 6 Results '' April 28 , 2004 9.3 21.2 34 `` Special : The Final Five '' May 3 , 2004 22 4.8 11.7 35 `` Top 5 Perform '' May 4 , 2004 6 9.0 22.8 36 `` Top 5 Results '' May 5 , 2004 7 8.8 21.2 37 `` Top 4 Perform '' May 11 , 2004 9.6 23.2 38 `` Top 4 Results '' May 12 , 2004 5 10.0 22.3 39 `` Special : The Final Three '' May 3 , 2004 4.2 40 `` Top 3 Perform '' May 18 , 2004 10.0 23.6 41 `` Top 3 Results '' May 19 , 2004 9.8 22.4 42 `` Special : The American Idol Phenomenon '' May 23 , 2004 27 3.7 10.8 43 `` Top 2 Perform ( Finale ) '' May 25 , 2004 10.6 25.1 44 `` American Idol Season 3 Finale '' May 26 , 2004 12.0 28.8", "hide Episode list", "Show Episode Air date Week rank 18 - 49 rating Viewers ( in millions ) `` Audition : New York '' January 19 , 2004 12.9 29.0 `` Audition : Atlanta '' January 20 , 2004 12.5 28.6 `` Audition : Houston '' January 21 , 2004 12.7 29.4 `` Audition : Los Angeles and San Francisco '' January 27 , 2004 13.0 29.6 5 `` Audition : Hawaii '' January 28 , 2004 12.0 28.3 6 `` Road to Hollywood , Best and Worst of the Rest '' February 2 , 2004 8 9.7 21.1 7 `` Hollywood Week : Part 1 '' February 3 , 2004 13.1 30.1 8 `` Hollywood Week : Part 2 '' February 4 , 2004 12.6 28.8 9 `` Top 32 : Group 1 '' February 10 , 2004 11.1 26.2 10 `` Top 32 : Group 1 Results '' February 11 , 2004 10.5 24.5 11 `` Top 32 : Group 2 '' February 17 , 2004 10.9 25.2 12 `` Top 32 : Group 2 Results '' February 18 , 2004 6 9.8 22.1 13 `` Top 32 : Group 3 '' February 24 , 2004 11.3 26.6 14 `` Top 32 : Group 3 Results '' February 25 , 2004 5 10.3 23.0 15 `` Special : Uncut , Uncensored and Untalented '' March 1 , 2004 6 8.5 19.7 16 `` Top 32 : Group 4 '' March 2 , 2004 11.1 25.5 17 `` Top 32 : Group 4 Results '' March 3 , 2004 7 8.5 19.3 18 `` Wildcard '' March 9 , 2004 10.7 24.6 19 `` Wildcard Results '' March 10 , 2004 9.7 22.0 20 `` Top 12 Perform '' March 16 , 2004 11.3 26.7 21 `` Top 12 Results '' March 17 , 2004 9.7 22.9 22 `` Top 11 Perform '' March 23 , 2004 11.5 27.0 23 `` Top 11 Results '' March 24 , 2004 8.8 20.4 24 `` Top 10 Perform '' March 30 , 2004 8.8 25.9 25 `` Top 10 Results '' March 31 , 2004 9.4 21.9 26 `` Top 9 Perform '' April 6 , 2004 10.1 23.5 27 `` Top 9 Results '' April 7 , 2004 8.9 20.6 28 `` Top 8 Perform '' April 14 , 2004 9.7 23.1 29 `` Top 8 Results '' April 15 , 2004 8 6.2 15.3 30 `` Top 7 Perform '' April 20 , 2004 10.1 23.4 31 `` Top 7 Results '' April 21 , 2004 9.3 21.2 32 `` Top 6 Perform '' April 27 , 2004 10.4 23.4 33 `` Top 6 Results '' April 28 , 2004 9.3 21.2 34 `` Special : The Final Five '' May 3 , 2004 22 4.8 11.7 35 `` Top 5 Perform '' May 4 , 2004 6 9.0 22.8 36 `` Top 5 Results '' May 5 , 2004 7 8.8 21.2 37 `` Top 4 Perform '' May 11 , 2004 9.6 23.2 38 `` Top 4 Results '' May 12 , 2004 5 10.0 22.3 39 `` Special : The Final Three '' May 3 , 2004 4.2 40 `` Top 3 Perform '' May 18 , 2004 10.0 23.6 41 `` Top 3 Results '' May 19 , 2004 9.8 22.4 42 `` Special : The American Idol Phenomenon '' May 23 , 2004 27 3.7 10.8 43 `` Top 2 Perform ( Finale ) '' May 25 , 2004 10.6 25.1 44 `` American Idol Season 3 Finale '' May 26 , 2004 12.0 28.8", "Show Episode Air date Week rank 18 - 49 rating Viewers ( in millions ) `` Audition : New York '' January 19 , 2004 12.9 29.0 `` Audition : Atlanta '' January 20 , 2004 12.5 28.6 `` Audition : Houston '' January 21 , 2004 12.7 29.4 `` Audition : Los Angeles and San Francisco '' January 27 , 2004 13.0 29.6 5 `` Audition : Hawaii '' January 28 , 2004 12.0 28.3 6 `` Road to Hollywood , Best and Worst of the Rest '' February 2 , 2004 8 9.7 21.1 7 `` Hollywood Week : Part 1 '' February 3 , 2004 13.1 30.1 8 `` Hollywood Week : Part 2 '' February 4 , 2004 12.6 28.8 9 `` Top 32 : Group 1 '' February 10 , 2004 11.1 26.2 10 `` Top 32 : Group 1 Results '' February 11 , 2004 10.5 24.5 11 `` Top 32 : Group 2 '' February 17 , 2004 10.9 25.2 12 `` Top 32 : Group 2 Results '' February 18 , 2004 6 9.8 22.1 13 `` Top 32 : Group 3 '' February 24 , 2004 11.3 26.6 14 `` Top 32 : Group 3 Results '' February 25 , 2004 5 10.3 23.0 15 `` Special : Uncut , Uncensored and Untalented '' March 1 , 2004 6 8.5 19.7 16 `` Top 32 : Group 4 '' March 2 , 2004 11.1 25.5 17 `` Top 32 : Group 4 Results '' March 3 , 2004 7 8.5 19.3 18 `` Wildcard '' March 9 , 2004 10.7 24.6 19 `` Wildcard Results '' March 10 , 2004 9.7 22.0 20 `` Top 12 Perform '' March 16 , 2004 11.3 26.7 21 `` Top 12 Results '' March 17 , 2004 9.7 22.9 22 `` Top 11 Perform '' March 23 , 2004 11.5 27.0 23 `` Top 11 Results '' March 24 , 2004 8.8 20.4 24 `` Top 10 Perform '' March 30 , 2004 8.8 25.9 25 `` Top 10 Results '' March 31 , 2004 9.4 21.9 26 `` Top 9 Perform '' April 6 , 2004 10.1 23.5 27 `` Top 9 Results '' April 7 , 2004 8.9 20.6 28 `` Top 8 Perform '' April 14 , 2004 9.7 23.1 29 `` Top 8 Results '' April 15 , 2004 8 6.2 15.3 30 `` Top 7 Perform '' April 20 , 2004 10.1 23.4 31 `` Top 7 Results '' April 21 , 2004 9.3 21.2 32 `` Top 6 Perform '' April 27 , 2004 10.4 23.4 33 `` Top 6 Results '' April 28 , 2004 9.3 21.2 34 `` Special : The Final Five '' May 3 , 2004 22 4.8 11.7 35 `` Top 5 Perform '' May 4 , 2004 6 9.0 22.8 36 `` Top 5 Results '' May 5 , 2004 7 8.8 21.2 37 `` Top 4 Perform '' May 11 , 2004 9.6 23.2 38 `` Top 4 Results '' May 12 , 2004 5 10.0 22.3 39 `` Special : The Final Three '' May 3 , 2004 4.2 40 `` Top 3 Perform '' May 18 , 2004 10.0 23.6 41 `` Top 3 Results '' May 19 , 2004 9.8 22.4 42 `` Special : The American Idol Phenomenon '' May 23 , 2004 27 3.7 10.8 43 `` Top 2 Perform ( Finale ) '' May 25 , 2004 10.6 25.1 44 `` American Idol Season 3 Finale '' May 26 , 2004 12.0 28.8", "Show Episode Air date Week rank 18 - 49 rating Viewers ( in millions )", "`` Audition : New York '' January 19 , 2004 12.9 29.0", "`` Audition : Atlanta '' January 20 , 2004 12.5 28.6", "`` Audition : Houston '' January 21 , 2004 12.7 29.4", "`` Audition : Los Angeles and San Francisco '' January 27 , 2004 13.0 29.6", "5 `` Audition : Hawaii '' January 28 , 2004 12.0 28.3", "6 `` Road to Hollywood , Best and Worst of the Rest '' February 2 , 2004 8 9.7 21.1", "7 `` Hollywood Week : Part 1 '' February 3 , 2004 13.1 30.1", "8 `` Hollywood Week : Part 2 '' February 4 , 2004 12.6 28.8", "9 `` Top 32 : Group 1 '' February 10 , 2004 11.1 26.2", "10 `` Top 32 : Group 1 Results '' February 11 , 2004 10.5 24.5", "11 `` Top 32 : Group 2 '' February 17 , 2004 10.9 25.2", "12 `` Top 32 : Group 2 Results '' February 18 , 2004 6 9.8 22.1", "13 `` Top 32 : Group 3 '' February 24 , 2004 11.3 26.6", "14 `` Top 32 : Group 3 Results '' February 25 , 2004 5 10.3 23.0", "15 `` Special : Uncut , Uncensored and Untalented '' March 1 , 2004 6 8.5 19.7", "16 `` Top 32 : Group 4 '' March 2 , 2004 11.1 25.5", "17 `` Top 32 : Group 4 Results '' March 3 , 2004 7 8.5 19.3", "18 `` Wildcard '' March 9 , 2004 10.7 24.6", "19 `` Wildcard Results '' March 10 , 2004 9.7 22.0", "20 `` Top 12 Perform '' March 16 , 2004 11.3 26.7", "21 `` Top 12 Results '' March 17 , 2004 9.7 22.9", "22 `` Top 11 Perform '' March 23 , 2004 11.5 27.0", "23 `` Top 11 Results '' March 24 , 2004 8.8 20.4", "24 `` Top 10 Perform '' March 30 , 2004 8.8 25.9", "25 `` Top 10 Results '' March 31 , 2004 9.4 21.9", "26 `` Top 9 Perform '' April 6 , 2004 10.1 23.5", "27 `` Top 9 Results '' April 7 , 2004 8.9 20.6", "28 `` Top 8 Perform '' April 14 , 2004 9.7 23.1", "29 `` Top 8 Results '' April 15 , 2004 8 6.2 15.3", "30 `` Top 7 Perform '' April 20 , 2004 10.1 23.4", "31 `` Top 7 Results '' April 21 , 2004 9.3 21.2", "32 `` Top 6 Perform '' April 27 , 2004 10.4 23.4", "33 `` Top 6 Results '' April 28 , 2004 9.3 21.2", "34 `` Special : The Final Five '' May 3 , 2004 22 4.8 11.7", "35 `` Top 5 Perform '' May 4 , 2004 6 9.0 22.8", "36 `` Top 5 Results '' May 5 , 2004 7 8.8 21.2", "37 `` Top 4 Perform '' May 11 , 2004 9.6 23.2", "38 `` Top 4 Results '' May 12 , 2004 5 10.0 22.3", "39 `` Special : The Final Three '' May 3 , 2004 4.2", "40 `` Top 3 Perform '' May 18 , 2004 10.0 23.6", "41 `` Top 3 Results '' May 19 , 2004 9.8 22.4", "42 `` Special : The American Idol Phenomenon '' May 23 , 2004 27 3.7 10.8", "43 `` Top 2 Perform ( Finale ) '' May 25 , 2004 10.6 25.1", "44 `` American Idol Season 3 Finale '' May 26 , 2004 12.0 28.8", "Note 1 : The Top 8 shows were shifted to Wednesday and Thursday due to a presidential address on Tuesday .", "Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings", "Home For The Holidays : Kelly , Ruben , & Fantasia", "Home For The Holidays : Kelly , Ruben , & Fantasia was aired in November 2004 .", "American Idol Rewind ( season 3 )", "Re-edited episodes of American Idol season 3 were shown in syndication as American Idol Rewind .", "American Idol Season 3 : Greatest Soul Classics", "American Idol Season 3 : Greatest Soul Classics", "`` I Believe '' Free Yourself Fantasia Back to Me `` Side Effects of You '' `` The Definition Of ...", "`` I Believe ''", "Back to Me", "`` Side Effects of You ''", "`` The Definition Of ...", "`` Dreams '' Blue Skies", "`` Dreams ''", "`` Love Ko ' To '' Jasmine Trias", "`` Love Ko ' To ''", "Love & Life `` Appreciate / Every Part of Me / All By Myself ''", "Love & Life", "`` Appreciate / Every Part of Me / All By Myself ''", "My Christmas EP ! Miracles George Huff", "My Christmas EP !", "`` Come Fly with Me '' Red", "`` Come Fly with Me ''", "`` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' `` Spotlight '' Jennifer Hudson `` All Dressed in Love ''", "`` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going ''", "`` Spotlight ''", "`` All Dressed in Love ''", "Jon Peter Lewis", "Stories from Hollywood Break the Silence `` If I Go Away '' / `` Man Like Me '' ( single )", "Stories from Hollywood", "Break the Silence", "`` If I Go Away '' / `` Man Like Me '' ( single )", "TBA", "Sing Me Home Reality", "Sing Me Home", "I 'll Be Seeing You", "I 'll Be Seeing You", "Sun Shiney Day", "Sun Shiney Day", "Just Like Magic", "Just Like Magic", "This Is Next Time", "This Is Next Time", "Str8up Band", "Love , Lipstick and Poetry", "Love , Lipstick and Poetry", "Love , Lana", "Love , Lana", "American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2004", "American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2004", "Finalist Leah LaBelle died January 31 , 2018 in a car accident .", "Semi-finalist Marque Lynche died on December 6 , 2015 from alcoholism ." ]

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[ "What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been Greatest hits album by Grateful Dead Released August 18 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 18 ) Recorded 1967 -- 1972 Genre Psychedelic rock , country , folk , jam Length 85 : 38 Label Warner Bros . Producer Grateful Dead and Paul L. Wexler Grateful Dead chronology Terrapin Station ( 1977 ) Terrapin Station 1977 What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been ( 1977 ) Shakedown Street ( 1978 ) Shakedown Street 1978", "What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been", "Greatest hits album by Grateful Dead", "Released August 18 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 18 )", "Recorded 1967 -- 1972", "Genre Psychedelic rock , country , folk , jam", "Length 85 : 38", "Label Warner Bros .", "Producer Grateful Dead and Paul L. Wexler", "Grateful Dead chronology", "Terrapin Station ( 1977 ) Terrapin Station 1977 What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been ( 1977 ) Shakedown Street ( 1978 ) Shakedown Street 1978", "Terrapin Station ( 1977 ) Terrapin Station 1977 What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been ( 1977 ) Shakedown Street ( 1978 ) Shakedown Street 1978", "Terrapin Station ( 1977 ) Terrapin Station 1977 What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been ( 1977 ) Shakedown Street ( 1978 ) Shakedown Street 1978", "Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Robert Christgau Rolling Stone", "Professional ratings", "Review scores", "Source Rating", "Allmusic", "Robert Christgau", "Rolling Stone", "What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been is the second compilation album by the Grateful Dead . It was released August 18 , 1977 by Warner Bros. Records , three years after the Skeletons from the Closet compilation . Both albums are subtitled `` The Best of the Grateful Dead '' . Unlike the previous compilation , What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been is a double album .", "After the Grateful Dead had completed their contract with Warner Bros. and begun self - releasing their recordings , the label released Skeletons from the Closet . The compilation of tracks from their back catalog was successful and when the band moved onto Arista Records in 1977 , to record Terrapin Station , Warner Bros. released a second , larger compilation of tracks from the 1967 -- 1972 period .", "What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been is a two - record set , with mostly studio tracks collected on the first disc and all live tracks on the second . Sixteen of the tracks are taken from previously released albums . Two tracks are single versions previously unavailable on album : the studio version of `` Dark Star '' , and its B - side , the single mix of Anthem of the Sun 's `` Born Cross-Eyed '' . As the Grateful Dead 's most recognizable song , `` Truckin ' '' is the only track used on both compilations . `` St. Stephen '' appears again , though this time in a live version ( an excerpt of the Live / Dead track ) . Of the nine original Warner Bros. albums , the only one unrepresented is Anthem of the Sun ( aside from its associated single ) .", "The title comes from the chorus of `` Truckin ' '' , which ends with the stanza :", "Lately it occurs to me What a long strange trip it 's been .", "In an apparent , if ill - considered attempt to attract hard rock / heavy metal fans , the cover art is darkly themed , with red , Old English Gothic script and a black skeleton graphic against a black background . The metallized skeleton ( less distinct on some printings ) is an air - brushed image by Rick Griffin , who had created several previous album covers for the band . The back cover features the rear view of the skeleton , with the text reversed . The inside of the gatefold features the first appearance of the iconic `` dancing skeletons '' graphic , rendered in white . Also featured are photographs of the band in concert . However , rather than dating from the Warner Bros. era , they are from October 1976 ( see Dick 's Picks Volume 33 ) .", "What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been was released as a double CD in 1989 , after sales of the band 's albums had been revitalized by In the Dark . Like its predecessor compilation , it has achieved Platinum sales certification ( in 2001 ) .", "Side one", "`` New , New Minglewood Blues '' ( trad. ; credited to McGannahan Skjellyfetti ) -- 2 : 35 from The Grateful Dead `` Cosmic Charlie '' ( Jerry Garcia , Robert Hunter ) -- 5 : 31 from Aoxomoxoa `` Truckin ' '' ( Garcia , Hunter , Phil Lesh , Bob Weir ) -- 5 : 06 from American Beauty `` Black Peter '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 7 : 31 from Bear 's Choice ; live , February 13 , 1970 , Fillmore East , New York City `` Born Cross-Eyed '' ( single version ) ( Weir ) -- 2 : 58 from `` Dark Star '' single", "`` New , New Minglewood Blues '' ( trad. ; credited to McGannahan Skjellyfetti ) -- 2 : 35 from The Grateful Dead", "from The Grateful Dead", "from The Grateful Dead", "`` Cosmic Charlie '' ( Jerry Garcia , Robert Hunter ) -- 5 : 31 from Aoxomoxoa", "from Aoxomoxoa", "`` Truckin ' '' ( Garcia , Hunter , Phil Lesh , Bob Weir ) -- 5 : 06 from American Beauty", "from American Beauty", "from American Beauty", "`` Black Peter '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 7 : 31 from Bear 's Choice ; live , February 13 , 1970 , Fillmore East , New York City", "from Bear 's Choice ; live , February 13 , 1970 , Fillmore East , New York City", "from Bear 's Choice ; live , February 13 , 1970 , Fillmore East , New York City", "`` Born Cross-Eyed '' ( single version ) ( Weir ) -- 2 : 58 from `` Dark Star '' single", "from `` Dark Star '' single", "from `` Dark Star '' single", "Side two", "`` Ripple '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 4 : 10 from American Beauty `` Doin ' That Rag '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 4 : 43 from Aoxomoxoa `` Dark Star '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 2 : 41 from `` Dark Star '' single `` High Time '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 5 : 14 from Workingman 's Dead `` New Speedway Boogie '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 4 : 05 from Workingman 's Dead", "`` Ripple '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 4 : 10 from American Beauty", "from American Beauty", "from American Beauty", "`` Doin ' That Rag '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 4 : 43 from Aoxomoxoa", "from Aoxomoxoa", "`` Dark Star '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 2 : 41 from `` Dark Star '' single", "from `` Dark Star '' single", "from `` Dark Star '' single", "`` High Time '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 5 : 14 from Workingman 's Dead", "from Workingman 's Dead", "from Workingman 's Dead", "`` New Speedway Boogie '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 4 : 05 from Workingman 's Dead", "from Workingman 's Dead", "from Workingman 's Dead", "Side three", "`` St. Stephen '' ( Garcia , Hunter , Lesh ) -- 5 : 24 excerpt , from Live / Dead ; live , February 27 , 1969 , Fillmore West , San Francisco `` Jack Straw '' ( Weir , Hunter ) -- 4 : 53 from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 3 , 1972 , Olympia Theatre , Paris `` Me & My Uncle '' ( John Phillips ) -- 3 : 04 from Grateful Dead ( untitled ) ; live , April 29 , 1971 , Fillmore East , New York City ; `` Tennessee Jed '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 7 : 12 from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 3 , 1972 , Olympia Theatre , Paris", "`` St. Stephen '' ( Garcia , Hunter , Lesh ) -- 5 : 24 excerpt , from Live / Dead ; live , February 27 , 1969 , Fillmore West , San Francisco", "excerpt , from Live / Dead ; live , February 27 , 1969 , Fillmore West , San Francisco", "excerpt , from Live / Dead ; live , February 27 , 1969 , Fillmore West , San Francisco", "`` Jack Straw '' ( Weir , Hunter ) -- 4 : 53 from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 3 , 1972 , Olympia Theatre , Paris", "from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 3 , 1972 , Olympia Theatre , Paris", "from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 3 , 1972 , Olympia Theatre , Paris", "`` Me & My Uncle '' ( John Phillips ) -- 3 : 04 from Grateful Dead ( untitled ) ; live , April 29 , 1971 , Fillmore East , New York City ;", "from Grateful Dead ( untitled ) ; live , April 29 , 1971 , Fillmore East , New York City ;", "from Grateful Dead ( untitled ) ; live , April 29 , 1971 , Fillmore East , New York City ;", "`` Tennessee Jed '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 7 : 12 from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 3 , 1972 , Olympia Theatre , Paris", "from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 3 , 1972 , Olympia Theatre , Paris", "from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 3 , 1972 , Olympia Theatre , Paris", "Side four", "`` Cumberland Blues '' ( Garcia , Hunter , Lesh ) -- 5 : 40 from Europe ' 72 ; live , April 8 , 1972 , Empire Pool , London `` Playing in the Band '' ( Weir , Hunter , Mickey Hart ) -- 4 : 42 from Grateful Dead ( untitled ) ; live , April 6 , 1971 , Hammerstein Ballroom , Manhattan Center , New York City `` Brown - Eyed Woman '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 4 : 38 from Europe ' 72 ; live , April 14 , 1972 , Tivolis Koncertsal , Copenhagen `` Ramble On Rose '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 6 : 02 from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 26 , 1972 , Lyceum Theatre , London", "`` Cumberland Blues '' ( Garcia , Hunter , Lesh ) -- 5 : 40 from Europe ' 72 ; live , April 8 , 1972 , Empire Pool , London", "from Europe ' 72 ; live , April 8 , 1972 , Empire Pool , London", "from Europe ' 72 ; live , April 8 , 1972 , Empire Pool , London", "`` Playing in the Band '' ( Weir , Hunter , Mickey Hart ) -- 4 : 42 from Grateful Dead ( untitled ) ; live , April 6 , 1971 , Hammerstein Ballroom , Manhattan Center , New York City", "from Grateful Dead ( untitled ) ; live , April 6 , 1971 , Hammerstein Ballroom , Manhattan Center , New York City", "from Grateful Dead ( untitled ) ; live , April 6 , 1971 , Hammerstein Ballroom , Manhattan Center , New York City", "`` Brown - Eyed Woman '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 4 : 38 from Europe ' 72 ; live , April 14 , 1972 , Tivolis Koncertsal , Copenhagen", "from Europe ' 72 ; live , April 14 , 1972 , Tivolis Koncertsal , Copenhagen", "from Europe ' 72 ; live , April 14 , 1972 , Tivolis Koncertsal , Copenhagen", "`` Ramble On Rose '' ( Garcia , Hunter ) -- 6 : 02 from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 26 , 1972 , Lyceum Theatre , London", "from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 26 , 1972 , Lyceum Theatre , London", "from Europe ' 72 ; live , May 26 , 1972 , Lyceum Theatre , London", "Grateful Dead", "Tom Constanten -- keyboards Jerry Garcia -- guitar , vocals Donna Jean Godchaux -- vocals Keith Godchaux -- piano , keyboards Mickey Hart -- drums Bill Kreutzmann -- drums Phil Lesh -- bass guitar , vocals Ron `` Pigpen '' McKernan -- organ , vocals Bob Weir -- guitar , vocals", "Tom Constanten -- keyboards", "Jerry Garcia -- guitar , vocals", "Donna Jean Godchaux -- vocals", "Keith Godchaux -- piano , keyboards", "Mickey Hart -- drums", "Bill Kreutzmann -- drums", "Phil Lesh -- bass guitar , vocals", "Ron `` Pigpen '' McKernan -- organ , vocals", "Bob Weir -- guitar , vocals", "Technical personnel", "Betty Cantor , Bob Matthews -- production , engineering David Hassinger , Owsley Stanley -- production Paul Wexler -- executive production", "Betty Cantor , Bob Matthews -- production , engineering", "David Hassinger , Owsley Stanley -- production", "Paul Wexler -- executive production", "Certification Date Gold August 24 , 2001 Platinum", "Certification Date", "Gold August 24 , 2001", "Platinum" ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! Film poster Genre Comedy Fantasy Based on The Fairly OddParents by Butch Hartman Written by Butch Hartman Scott Fellows Directed by Savage Steve Holland Starring Drake Bell Steven Weber Daniella Monet Jason Alexander Cheryl Hines Teryl Rothery Daran Norris Susanne Blakeslee Tara Strong David Lewis Mark Gibbon Randy Jackson Theme music composer Guy Moon Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Scott McAboy Fred Seibert Marjorn Cohn Lauren Levine Butch Hartman Cinematography Jon Joffin Editor ( s ) Anita Brandt - Burgoyne Damon Fecht Running time 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Billionfold , Inc . Frederator Studios Pacific Bay Entertainment Release Original network Nickelodeon Nicktoons TeenNick Original release July 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 09 )", "A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner !", "Film poster", "Genre Comedy Fantasy", "Based on The Fairly OddParents by Butch Hartman", "Written by Butch Hartman Scott Fellows", "Directed by Savage Steve Holland", "Starring Drake Bell Steven Weber Daniella Monet Jason Alexander Cheryl Hines Teryl Rothery Daran Norris Susanne Blakeslee Tara Strong David Lewis Mark Gibbon Randy Jackson", "Theme music composer Guy Moon", "Country of origin United States Canada", "Original language ( s ) English", "Production", "Producer ( s ) Scott McAboy Fred Seibert Marjorn Cohn Lauren Levine Butch Hartman", "Cinematography Jon Joffin", "Editor ( s ) Anita Brandt - Burgoyne Damon Fecht", "Running time 61 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Billionfold , Inc . Frederator Studios Pacific Bay Entertainment", "Release", "Original network Nickelodeon Nicktoons TeenNick", "Original release July 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 09 )", "July 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 09 )", "July 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 09 )", "A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! ( or simply known as A Fairly Odd Movie ) is a 2011 American live action television film based on the animated series The Fairly OddParents . It first aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on July 9 , 2011 to celebrate the series 's tenth anniversary . Unlike the previous animated films of the series , this film was presented in live - action mixed with CGI animation . This is the second live - action film to be based on a Nicktoon ( preluding The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water and the first being The Last Airbender ) . The television film was viewed by 5.8 million viewers during its original airing .", "The television movie is set in the city of Dimmsdale and centers on Timmy Turner , his fairy godparents Cosmo and Wanda , and his fairy godbrother Poof . Timmy is now twenty - three years old , but is still in fifth grade with his fairy - obsessed fifth grade teacher , Mr. Crocker . Timmy finds a loophole in the fairy rulebook : if he continues to act like a child , he will get to keep his fairies . A dilemma arises when Tootie , who was an awkward girl when she was ten years old , returns to Dimmsdale as an attractive woman . Timmy falls in love with her , a sign that he is becoming an adult , which means he is closer to losing his fairies . Meanwhile , an oil tycoon named Hugh J. Magnate , Jr. , teams up with Mr. Crocker and plans to use Timmy 's fairies ' magic to promote his oil business .", "The television film was released on Region 1 DVD by Nickelodeon Studios on July 11 , 2011 . The television film was released on Blu - ray on December 15 , 2015 .", "On March 14 , 2012 , Nickelodeon announced a sequel to the film , A Fairly Odd Christmas , which premiered during 2012 's holiday season . A third film , A Fairly Odd Summer , premiered August 2 , 2014 with Drake Bell , Daniella Monet , and other cast members reprising their roles .", "Thirteen years after the timeline and finale of the original series , Timmy Turner ( Drake Bell ) has grown into a twenty - three - year - old adult by maintaining a lifestyle considered extremely immature for his age . He has done so to keep his fairy godparents . Timmy 's refusal to mature greatly irritates his parents ( who desperately encourage him to move out ) and Jorgen von Strangle ( Mark Gibbon ) , who is constantly scheming to entice Timmy into giving up his fairies .", "One day , Timmy reunites with a girl from his childhood named Tootie ( Daniella Monet ) , who had an obsessive crush on him for years . She has grown into a beautiful activist and Timmy falls for her instantly . His fairy godparents , Cosmo and Wanda , scheme to repel Tootie , afraid that he is finally growing up and may no longer need them . Timmy is torn between his love for Tootie and his desire to keep his fairy godparents .", "Meanwhile , Timmy 's schoolteacher , Denzel Crocker , teams up with an oil tycoon by the name of Hugh Magnate in order to kidnap Timmy 's fairies and use their magic for their own purposes . Magnate deceives and kidnaps Tootie while Crocker captures Cosmo , Wanda and Poof , imprisoning them in a device programmed to use their magic to grant anybody 's wishes . However , Magnate betrays Crocker , pushing him in a bottomless ballpit , and tortures the fairies by adjusting the wish - granting machine to electrocute them each time a wish is made . Fortunately , Timmy comes to the rescue of both the fairies and Tootie and battles with both his enemy and a toy robot that Magnate brought to life with the fairies ' magic . Timmy successfully frees everyone , but is forced to give up his fairy godparents , who vanish the moment he kisses Tootie .", "Although Timmy is saddened deeply by the departure of Cosmo , Wanda , and Poof , he is happy to be free to finally pursue more mature behaviors , as he had longed to do . However , he learns from Jorgen von Strangle that because of his courage , a new law was passed in Fairy World that will now permit him to keep his fairy godparents forever , as long as he makes unselfish wishes . Because of this , Tootie and Timmy plan to start a charity organization in which they will make wishes that will mend all of the world 's problems or travesties , flying away in a magical van . Magnate was sent to a mental hospital after claiming that fairies exist , and his secretary became CEO of the company turning it to environmental friendly enterprise . The film ends with Crocker finally falling out of the ball pit , landing in front of the Turners ' house , and walking away .", "Drake Bell as Timmy Turner Daniella Monet as Tootie Steven Weber as Hugh J. Magnate , Jr . Jason Alexander as Live Action Cosmo Cheryl Hines as Live Action Wanda Daran Norris as Animated Cosmo ( voice ) and Mr. Turner Susanne Blakeslee as Animated Wanda ( voice ) Tara Strong as Poof ( voice - baby noises ) Randy Jackson as Poof ( voice - spoken ) Teryl Rothery as Mrs. Turner Mark Gibbon as Jorgen Von Strangle David Lewis as Denzel Crocker Jesse Reid as A.J. Chris Anderson as Chester McBadbat Devon Weigel as Vicky Christie Laing as Janice Olivia Steele - Falconer as Katie Darien Provost as Howie Qayam Devji as Ravi Diego Martinez as Mouse Butch Hartman as Maitre D ' Serge Houde as the Mayor of Dimmsdale Harrison Houde as Hall Monitor Nicola Anderson as Real Estate Agent Keith Blackman Dallas as Bulldozer Operator Lee Tichon as Magnate Goon # 1 Osmond L. Bramble as Magnate Goon # 2 Judith Maxie as Fairy Council Member # 1 John Innes as Fairy Council Member # 2 Raugi Yu as Asian Waiter", "Drake Bell as Timmy Turner", "Daniella Monet as Tootie", "Steven Weber as Hugh J. Magnate , Jr .", "Jason Alexander as Live Action Cosmo", "Cheryl Hines as Live Action Wanda", "Daran Norris as Animated Cosmo ( voice ) and Mr. Turner", "Susanne Blakeslee as Animated Wanda ( voice )", "Tara Strong as Poof ( voice - baby noises )", "Randy Jackson as Poof ( voice - spoken )", "Teryl Rothery as Mrs. Turner", "Mark Gibbon as Jorgen Von Strangle", "David Lewis as Denzel Crocker", "Jesse Reid as A.J.", "Chris Anderson as Chester McBadbat", "Devon Weigel as Vicky", "Christie Laing as Janice", "Olivia Steele - Falconer as Katie", "Darien Provost as Howie", "Qayam Devji as Ravi", "Diego Martinez as Mouse", "Butch Hartman as Maitre D '", "Serge Houde as the Mayor of Dimmsdale", "Harrison Houde as Hall Monitor", "Nicola Anderson as Real Estate Agent", "Keith Blackman Dallas as Bulldozer Operator", "Lee Tichon as Magnate Goon # 1", "Osmond L. Bramble as Magnate Goon # 2", "Judith Maxie as Fairy Council Member # 1", "John Innes as Fairy Council Member # 2", "Raugi Yu as Asian Waiter", "The movie attracted 5.8 million viewers on its premiere night . It was also the top - rated broadcast on cable networks for the week ending on July 10 , 2011 . The film 's ratings were highest for The Fairly OddParents movies since its preceding special Wishology , a trilogy film which attained 4.0 million , 3.6 million , and 4.1 million viewers for its three parts `` The Big Beginning '' , `` The Exciting Middle Part '' , and `` The Final Ending '' , respectively , during its premiere broadcast during May 1 -- 3 , 2009 .", "Twenty days after the movie premiere on Nickelodeon , The Fairly OddParents creator and movie writer Butch Hartman tweeted that he was working on ideas for a sequel to Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! . On March 14 , 2012 , during Nickelodeon 's 2012 - 2013 Upfront , a sequel to 2011 ′ s first live - action TV movie was announced . The sequel , entitled A Fairly Odd Christmas , aired on November 29 , 2012 . In 2013 , it was announced there would be a third installment titled A Fairly Odd Summer with Drake Bell and Daniella Monet reprising their roles . The movie aired on August 2 , 2014 ." ]

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[ "It has been suggested that this article be merged with Hydrogel dressing . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2017 .", "It has been suggested that this article be merged with Hydrogel dressing . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2017 .", "A hydrocolloid dressing is an opaque or transparent dressing for wounds . A hydrocolloid dressing is biodegradeable , non-breathable , and adheres to the skin , so no separate taping is needed .", "Trade names include Exuderm , Comfeel Plus , Duoderm , Granuflex , Ultec , Himom Band , and 3M Tegaderm Hydrocolloid .", "The active surface of the dressing is coated with a cross-linked adhesive mass containing a dispersion of gelatin , pectin and carboxy - methylcellulose together with other polymers and adhesives forming a flexible wafer . In contact with wound exudate , the polysaccharides and other polymers absorb water and swell , forming a gel . The gel may be designed to drain , or to remain within the structure of the adhesive matrix .", "The moist conditions produced under the dressing are intended to promote fibrinolysis , angiogenesis and wound healing , without causing softening and breaking down of tissue . The gel which is formed as a result of the absorption of wound exudate is held in place within the structure of the adhesive matrix . Most hydrocolloid dressings are waterproof , allowing normal washing and bathing .", "This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 )", "This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 )", "Hydrocolloid dressing are used to treat uninfected wounds . Dressings may be used , under medical supervision , even where aerobic infection is present ; the infection should be treated appropriately .", "The dressing is applied to a cleaned wound . Hydrocolloid patches are sometimes used on the face for acne . They are also used to secure nasogastric tubes or CPAP masks to the patient 's face . Hydrocolloid dressings are used for pressure ulcers ( also known as bed sores ) . They are used in the treatment of eczema , to seal steroid ointment underneath and to provide a barrier against scratching .", "Smaller sizes are used on acne , not only to get rid of acne , but to avoid acne scars . Trade names : 3M and Nexcare , Miacare , Peace Out Acne , Dots Pro Canada , Dream dots , Cover - Dot Acne Care , Himom Band Spot , and Mighty Patch .", "The results of meta - analyses indicate no significant difference in healing rates between hydrocolloid dressings and other dressings ( including simple dressings ) for venous ulcers , or for diabetic foot ulcers .", "There is tentative but unclear evidence for hydrocolloid dressings for superficial and partial thickness burns ." ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The Bengal School of Art commonly referred as Bengal School , was an art movement and a style of Indian painting that originated in Bengal , primarily Kolkata and Shantiniketan , and flourished throughout India during the British Raj in the early 20th century . Also known as ' Indian style of painting ' in its early days , it was associated with Indian nationalism ( swadeshi ) and led by Abanindranath Tagore ( 1871 - 1951 ) , but was also promoted and supported by British arts administrators like E.B. Havell , the principal of the Government College of Art , Kolkata from 1896 ; eventually it led to the development of the modern Indian painting .", "Part of a series on the Culture of Bengal History People ( show ) Bengalis Bengali renaissance m List of Bengalis Languages ( show ) Script Dialects Vocabulary Grammar Bengali Language Movement Traditions ( show ) Bengali wedding Bengali Hindu wedding Gaye holud Walima Bhadralok Panjika Mythology and folklore ( show ) Myths Chand Sadagar Bonbibi Oladevi Satya Pir Manasa Lores Thakurmar Jhuli Molla Nasiruddin Alif Laila Cuisine Festivals ( show ) Pohela Boishakh Ekushey Book Fair Nabanna Kolkata Book Fair Poush Mela Sharadotsav Art ( show ) Arts of West Bengal Bangladeshi art Bengal School of Art Kalighat painting Literature ( show ) History History Charyapada Mangal - Kāvya Vaishnava Padavali Laila Majnu Genres Poetry Novels Science fiction Folk literature Tarja Institutions Literary institutions Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi Bangla Academy Awards Literary awards Rabindra Puraskar Bangla Academy Literary Award Ananda Puraskar Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Folk genres Agamani - Vijaya Bhatiali Bhawaiya Gombhira Kavigan Maimansingha Gitika Devotional Baul Bhandari Shreekrishna Kirtana Classical genres Bishnupur Gharana Maihar gharana Modern genres Bengali band Bangladeshi rock Rock music of West Bengal People Rabindra Sangeet Nazrul Geeti Dwijendralal Ray Ramprasad Sen Lalon Hason Raja Polligeeti Instruments Bansuri Dhak Harmonium Dance Alkap Chhau Theater Jatra Group theatre of Kolkata Organizations Indian People 's Theatre Association People Gerasim Lebedev Media ( show ) Cinema of Bangladesh Cinema of West Bengal Sport ( show ) Kabaddi Boli Khela Lathi khela Chaturaṅga Kho kho Bengal portal", "Part of a series on the", "Culture of Bengal", "History", "People ( show ) Bengalis Bengali renaissance m List of Bengalis", "Bengalis Bengali renaissance m List of Bengalis", "Bengali renaissance m", "List of Bengalis", "Languages ( show ) Script Dialects Vocabulary Grammar Bengali Language Movement", "Script Dialects Vocabulary Grammar Bengali Language Movement", "Bengali Language Movement", "Traditions ( show ) Bengali wedding Bengali Hindu wedding Gaye holud Walima Bhadralok Panjika", "Bengali wedding Bengali Hindu wedding Gaye holud Walima Bhadralok Panjika", "Bengali Hindu wedding", "Mythology and folklore ( show ) Myths Chand Sadagar Bonbibi Oladevi Satya Pir Manasa Lores Thakurmar Jhuli Molla Nasiruddin Alif Laila", "Chand Sadagar Bonbibi Oladevi Satya Pir Manasa", "Thakurmar Jhuli Molla Nasiruddin Alif Laila", "Cuisine", "Festivals ( show ) Pohela Boishakh Ekushey Book Fair Nabanna Kolkata Book Fair Poush Mela Sharadotsav", "Pohela Boishakh Ekushey Book Fair Nabanna Kolkata Book Fair Poush Mela Sharadotsav", "Ekushey Book Fair", "Kolkata Book Fair", "Art ( show ) Arts of West Bengal Bangladeshi art Bengal School of Art Kalighat painting", "Arts of West Bengal Bangladeshi art Bengal School of Art Kalighat painting", "Arts of West Bengal", "Bengal School of Art", "Literature ( show ) History History Charyapada Mangal - Kāvya Vaishnava Padavali Laila Majnu Genres Poetry Novels Science fiction Folk literature Tarja Institutions Literary institutions Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi Bangla Academy Awards Literary awards Rabindra Puraskar Bangla Academy Literary Award Ananda Puraskar", "History Charyapada Mangal - Kāvya Vaishnava Padavali Laila Majnu", "Mangal - Kāvya", "Poetry Novels Science fiction Folk literature Tarja", "Literary institutions Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi Bangla Academy", "Bangiya Sahitya Parishad", "Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi", "Literary awards Rabindra Puraskar Bangla Academy Literary Award Ananda Puraskar", "Bangla Academy Literary Award", "Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Folk genres Agamani - Vijaya Bhatiali Bhawaiya Gombhira Kavigan Maimansingha Gitika Devotional Baul Bhandari Shreekrishna Kirtana Classical genres Bishnupur Gharana Maihar gharana Modern genres Bengali band Bangladeshi rock Rock music of West Bengal People Rabindra Sangeet Nazrul Geeti Dwijendralal Ray Ramprasad Sen Lalon Hason Raja Polligeeti Instruments Bansuri Dhak Harmonium Dance Alkap Chhau Theater Jatra Group theatre of Kolkata Organizations Indian People 's Theatre Association People Gerasim Lebedev", "Music Performing arts", "Agamani - Vijaya Bhatiali Bhawaiya Gombhira Kavigan Maimansingha Gitika", "Agamani - Vijaya", "Baul Bhandari Shreekrishna Kirtana", "Bishnupur Gharana Maihar gharana", "Bengali band Bangladeshi rock Rock music of West Bengal", "Rock music of West Bengal", "Rabindra Sangeet Nazrul Geeti Dwijendralal Ray Ramprasad Sen Lalon Hason Raja Polligeeti", "Bansuri Dhak Harmonium", "Alkap Chhau", "Jatra Group theatre of Kolkata", "Group theatre of Kolkata", "Indian People 's Theatre Association", "Indian People 's Theatre Association", "Gerasim Lebedev", "Media ( show ) Cinema of Bangladesh Cinema of West Bengal", "Cinema of Bangladesh Cinema of West Bengal", "Cinema of Bangladesh Cinema of West Bengal", "Sport ( show ) Kabaddi Boli Khela Lathi khela Chaturaṅga Kho kho", "Kabaddi Boli Khela Lathi khela Chaturaṅga Kho kho", "Bengal portal", "Bengal portal", "", "", "The Bengal school arose as an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the academic art styles previously promoted in India , both by Indian artists such as Raja Ravi Varma and in British art schools . Following the influence of Indian spiritual ideas in the West , the British art teacher Ernest Binfield Havell attempted to reform the teaching methods at the Calcutta School of Art by encouraging students to imitate Mughal miniatures . This caused controversy , leading to a strike by students and complaints from the local press , including from nationalists who considered it to be a retrogressive move . Havell was supported by the artist Abanindranath Tagore , a nephew of the poet Rabindranath Tagore . Tagore painted a number of works influenced by Mughal art , a style that he and Havell believed to be expressive of India 's distinct spiritual qualities , as opposed to the `` materialism '' of the West . Tagore 's best - known painting , Bharat Mata ( Mother India ) , depicted a young woman , portrayed with four arms in the manner of Hindu deities , holding objects symbolic of India 's national aspirations . Tagore later attempted to develop links with Japanese artists as part of an aspiration to construct a pan-Asianist model of art . Through the paintings of ' Bharat Mata ' , Abanindranath established the pattern of patriortism . Painters and artists of Bengal school were Nandalal Bose , M.A.R Chughtai , Sunayani Devi ( sister of Abanindranath Tagore ) , Manishi Dey , Mukul Dey , Kalipada Ghoshal , Asit Kumar Haldar , Sudhir Khastgir , Kshitindranath Majumdar , Sughra Rababi , Debi Prasad Roychoudhury , Bireswar Sen , Beohar Rammanohar Sinha , Kiron Sinha , TP Gaganendranath Tagore ( Tagore 's brother ) MeharThapar and Sarada Ukil .", "The Bengal school 's influence in India declined with the spread of modernist ideas in the 1920s . As of 2012 , there has been a surge in interest in the Bengal school of art among scholars and connoisseurs .", "However , Bengal continues to produce some of the best artists of modern India . There is a department in the Government College Of Art & Craft that has been training students the traditional style of tempera and wash painting for almost a century now . These students are carrying the legacy of the Bengal School artists , who , initially , were a group of artists , following Abanindranath 's style and sharing his aesthetic vision . Among them , Dhirendranath Brahma is the living legend of the Bengal School of Art . He is a master of calligraphy and has innumerable students who are carrying on the tradition of Bengal School of painting . Among the other renowned artists of this style of painting are Ajoy Ghosh , Sankarlal Aich , Amal Chaklader , Narendranath De Sarkar , Sukti Subhra Pradhan & Ratan Acharya . Some of the best known artists of present - day Bengal are Jogen Chowdhury , Mrinal Kanti Das , Gopal Sanyal , Ganesh Pyne , Manishi Dey , Shanu Lahiri , Ganesh Haloi Jahar Dasgupta , Samir Aich , Bikash Bhattacharjee , Sudip Roy , Ramananda Bandopadhyay and Devajyoti Ray . Sanat Chatterjee is one of the last living pioneers of Bengal School of art . He studied under Asit Kumar Haldar for around fifteen years .", "R. Siva Kumar , who has been studying the work of the Santiniketan masters and their approach to art since the early 80s , refutes the practice of subsuming Nandalal Bose , Rabindranath Tagore , Ram Kinker Baij and Benode Behari Mukherjee under the Bengal School of Art . According to Siva Kumar , ' This happened because early writers were guided by genealogies of apprenticeship rather than their styles , worldviews , and perspectives on art practice ' .", "His ideas on this issue are formulated in the catalogue essay of the exhibition Santiniketan : The Making of a Contextual Modernism ." ]

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[ "Bay of Bengal Map of Bay of Bengal Location South Asia Coordinates 15 ° N 88 ° E  /  15 ° N 88 ° E  / 15 ; 88 Coordinates : 15 ° N 88 ° E  /  15 ° N 88 ° E  / 15 ; 88 Type Bay Primary inflows Indian Ocean Basin countries India Bangladesh Indonesia Myanmar Sri Lanka Max. length 2,090 km ( 1,300 mi ) Max . width 1,610 km ( 1,000 mi ) Surface area 2,172,000 km ( 839,000 sq mi ) Average depth 2,600 m ( 8,500 ft ) Max . depth 4,694 m ( 15,400 ft )", "Bay of Bengal", "Map of Bay of Bengal", "Location South Asia", "Coordinates 15 ° N 88 ° E  /  15 ° N 88 ° E  / 15 ; 88 Coordinates : 15 ° N 88 ° E  /  15 ° N 88 ° E  / 15 ; 88", "Type Bay", "Primary inflows Indian Ocean", "Basin countries India Bangladesh Indonesia Myanmar Sri Lanka", "India Bangladesh Indonesia Myanmar", "Max. length 2,090 km ( 1,300 mi )", "Max . width 1,610 km ( 1,000 mi )", "Surface area 2,172,000 km ( 839,000 sq mi )", "Average depth 2,600 m ( 8,500 ft )", "Max . depth 4,694 m ( 15,400 ft )", "The Bay of Bengal ( Bengali : বঙ্গোপসাগর ( bɔŋgopoʃagoɾ ) , Hindi : बंगाल की खाड़ी ( bəŋgɑːl kɪː khɑːɽɪː ) ) is the largest bay in the world , with waters flowing straight out of the Himalayas through Bengal region . Roughly triangular , it is bordered by India to the West , Northwest and East ( A&N Is . ) , Myanmar to the East , Sri Lanka to the Southwest , Bangladesh to the North and , Indonesia to the Southeast . Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal straddle both South Asia and Southeast Asia .", "The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 square kilometres ( 839,000 sq mi ) . A number of large rivers -- the Ganges and three major rivers of Bangladesh the Padma , the Jamuna and Meghna , other rivers such as the Irrawaddy River , Godavari , Mahanadi , Brahmani River , Baitarani , Krishna and Kaveri flow into the Bay of Bengal . Among the important ports are Chennai , Kolkata , Paradip Port , Port Blair , Tuticorin , Visakhapatnam , Krishnapatnam Port , Chittagong , Colombo , Yangon . Among the smaller ports are the Dhamra Port , Kakinada Port , Gopalpur Port and Mongla .", "The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Bay of Bengal as follows :", "On the east : A line running from Cape Negrais ( 16 ° 03'N ) in Burma through the larger islands of the Andaman group , in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal , as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10 ° 48'N , longitude 92 ° 24'E and thence along the southwest limit of the Burma Sea ( A line running from Oedjong Raja ( 5 ° 32 ′ N 95 ° 12 ′ E  /  5.533 ° N 95.200 ° E  / 5.533 ; 95.200 ) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras ( Breuëh ) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island , in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea ) .", "On the east : A line running from Cape Negrais ( 16 ° 03'N ) in Burma through the larger islands of the Andaman group , in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal , as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10 ° 48'N , longitude 92 ° 24'E and thence along the southwest limit of the Burma Sea ( A line running from Oedjong Raja ( 5 ° 32 ′ N 95 ° 12 ′ E  /  5.533 ° N 95.200 ° E  / 5.533 ; 95.200 ) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras ( Breuëh ) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island , in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea ) .", "On the east : A line running from Cape Negrais ( 16 ° 03'N ) in Burma through the larger islands of the Andaman group , in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal , as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10 ° 48'N , longitude 92 ° 24'E and thence along the southwest limit of the Burma Sea ( A line running from Oedjong Raja ( 5 ° 32 ′ N 95 ° 12 ′ E  /  5.533 ° N 95.200 ° E  / 5.533 ; 95.200 ) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras ( Breuëh ) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island , in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea ) .", "On the east : A line running from Cape Negrais ( 16 ° 03'N ) in Burma through the larger islands of the Andaman group , in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal , as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10 ° 48'N , longitude 92 ° 24'E and thence along the southwest limit of the Burma Sea ( A line running from Oedjong Raja ( 5 ° 32 ′ N 95 ° 12 ′ E  /  5.533 ° N 95.200 ° E  / 5.533 ; 95.200 ) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras ( Breuëh ) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island , in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea ) .", "On the south : Ram Sethu ( between India and Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) ) and from the southern extreme of Dondra Head ( south point of Ceylon ) to the north point of Poeloe Bras ( 5 ° 44 ′ N 95 ° 04 ′ E  /  5.733 ° N 95.067 ° E  / 5.733 ; 95.067 ) .", "On the south : Ram Sethu ( between India and Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) ) and from the southern extreme of Dondra Head ( south point of Ceylon ) to the north point of Poeloe Bras ( 5 ° 44 ′ N 95 ° 04 ′ E  /  5.733 ° N 95.067 ° E  / 5.733 ; 95.067 ) .", "On the south : Ram Sethu ( between India and Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) ) and from the southern extreme of Dondra Head ( south point of Ceylon ) to the north point of Poeloe Bras ( 5 ° 44 ′ N 95 ° 04 ′ E  /  5.733 ° N 95.067 ° E  / 5.733 ; 95.067 ) .", "On the south : Ram Sethu ( between India and Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) ) and from the southern extreme of Dondra Head ( south point of Ceylon ) to the north point of Poeloe Bras ( 5 ° 44 ′ N 95 ° 04 ′ E  /  5.733 ° N 95.067 ° E  / 5.733 ; 95.067 ) .", "The bay gets its name from the historical Bengal region ( The Indian state of West Bengal and modern - day Bangladesh ) . In ancient scriptures , this water body may have been referred to as ' Mahodadhi ' ( Sanskrit : महोदधि , lit . great water receptacle ) while it appears as Sinus Gangeticus or Gangeticus Sinus , meaning `` Gulf of the Ganges '' , in ancient maps .", "The other Sanskrit names for Bay of Bengal are ' Vangopasagara ' ( Sanskrit : वङ्गोपसागर , lit . Bengal 's Bay ) , also simply called as ' Vangasagara ' ( Sanskrit : वङ्गसागर , lit . Bengal Sea ) and ' Purvapayodhi ' ( Sanskrit : पूर्वपयोधि , lit . Eastern Ocean ) . Even today in Bengali and Odia it is known as `` Bongoposagor '' .", "Many major Rivers of India flow west to east before draining into the Bay of Bengal . The Ganga is the northernmost of these . Its main channel enters and flows through Bangladesh , where it is known as the Padma River , before joining the Meghna River . However , the Brahmaputra River flows from east to west in Assam before turning south and entering Bangladesh where it is called the Jamuna River . This joins the Padma where upon the Padma joins the Meghna River that finally drains into Bay of Bengal . The Sundarbans mangrove of forest of Bangladesh is a forest at the delta of the Padma , Jamuna and Meghna rivers lies partly in West Bengal and mostly in Bangladesh . The Brahmaputra at 2,948 km ( 1,832 mi ) is the 28th longest River in the world . It originates in Tibet . The Hooghly River , another channel of the Ganga that flows through Calcutta drains into Bay of Bengal .", "The Padma -- Meghna - Jamuna rivers deposit nearly 1000 million tons of sediment per year . The sediment from these three rivers form the Bengal Delta and the submarine fan , a vast structure that extends from Bangladesh to south of the Equator , is up to 16.5 kilometres ( 10.3 mi ) thick , and contains at least 1,130 trillion tonnes of sediment , which has accumulated over the last 17 million years at an average rate of 665 million tons per annum . The Bay of Bengal used to be deeper than the Mariana Trench , the present deepest ocean point . The fan has buried organic carbon at a rate of nearly 1.1 trillion mol / yr ( 13.2 million t / yr ) since the early Miocene period . The three rivers currently contribute nearly 8 % of the total organic carbon ( TOC ) deposited in the world 's oceans . Due to high TOC accumulation in the deep sea bed of the Bay of Bengal , the area is rich in oil and natural gas and gas hydrate reserves . Bangladesh can reclaim land substantially and economically gain from the sea area by constructing sea dikes , bunds , causeways and by trapping the sediment from its rivers .", "Further southwest of Bangladesh , the Mahanadi , Godavari , Krishna and Kaveri Rivers also flow from west to east in South Asia and drain into the Bay of Bengal . Many small rivers also drain directly into the Bay of Bengal ; the shortest of them is the Cooum River at 64 km ( 40 mi ) .", "The Irrawaddy ( or Ayeyarwady ) River in Myanmar flows into the Andaman Sea of the Bay of Bengal and once had thick mangrove forests of its own .", "Indian ports on the bay include Kolkata Port , Haldia Port , Chennai , Visakhapatnam , Kakinada , Pondicherry , Dhamra , Gopalpur and Bangladeshi ports on the Bay are Chittagong , Mongla , Payra Port .", "The islands in the bay are numerous , including the Andaman Islands , Nicobar and Mergui groups of India . The Cheduba group of islands , in the north - east , off the Burmese coast , are remarkable for a chain of mud volcanoes , which are occasionally active . Great Andaman is the main archipelago or island group of the Andaman Islands , whereas Ritchie 's Archipelago consists of smaller islands . Only 37 , or 6.5 % , of the 572 islands and islets of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited .", "Sea Beach Location Marina Beach , Chennai India Bakkhali Beach , West Bengal India Digha Beach , West Bengal India Mandarmoni Beach , West Bengal India Tajpur Beach , West Bengal India Shankarpur Beach , West Bengal India Pir Jahania India Bheemili India Chandaneswar India Chandipur India Konarak India Puri India R.K. Beach India Rushikonda India Manginapudi , Machilipatnam India Serenity Beach , Pondicherry India Cox 's Bazar Bangladesh Kuakata Bangladesh St. Martin 's Island Bangladesh Sonadia Bangladesh Inani Bangladesh Teknaf Bangladesh Ngapali Myanmar Ngwesaung Myanmar Chaungtha , Pathein Myanmar Sittwe Myanmar Galle Face Sri Lanka Galle Face Sri Lanka", "Sea Beach Location", "Marina Beach , Chennai India", "Bakkhali Beach , West Bengal India", "Digha Beach , West Bengal India", "Mandarmoni Beach , West Bengal India", "Tajpur Beach , West Bengal India", "Shankarpur Beach , West Bengal India", "Pir Jahania India", "Bheemili India", "Chandaneswar India", "Chandipur India", "Konarak India", "Puri India", "R.K. Beach India", "Rushikonda India", "Manginapudi , Machilipatnam India", "Serenity Beach , Pondicherry India", "Cox 's Bazar Bangladesh", "Kuakata Bangladesh", "St. Martin 's Island Bangladesh", "Sonadia Bangladesh", "Inani Bangladesh", "Teknaf Bangladesh", "Ngapali Myanmar", "Ngwesaung Myanmar", "Chaungtha , Pathein Myanmar", "Sittwe Myanmar", "Galle Face Sri Lanka", "Galle Face Sri Lanka", "The lithosphere of the earth is broken up into what are called tectonic plates . Underneath the Bay of Bengal , which is part of the great Indo - Australian Plate and is slowly moving north east . This plate meets the Burma Microplate at the Sunda Trench . The Nicobar Islands , and the Andaman Islands are part of the Burma Microplate . The India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate at the Sunda Trench or Java Trench . Here , the pressure of the two plates on each other increase pressure and temperature resulting in the formation of volcanoes such as the volcanoes in Myanmar , and a volcanic arc called the Sunda Arc . The Sumatra - Andaman earthquake and Asian tsunami was a result of the pressure at this zone causing a submarine earthquake which then resulted in a destructive tsunami .", "A zone 50 m wide extending from the island of Ceylon and the Coromandel coast to the head of the bay , and thence southwards through a strip embracing the Andaman and Nicobar islands , is bounded by the 100 fathom line of sea bottom ; some 50 m. beyond this lies the 500 - fathom limit . Opposite the mouth of the Ganges , however , the intervals between these depths are very much extended by deltaic influence .", "Swatch of No Ground is a 14 km - wide deep sea canyon of the Bay of Bengal . The deepest recorded area of this valley is about 1340 m . The submarine canyon is part of the Bengal Fan , the largest submarine fan in the world .", "The Bay of Bengal is full of biological diversity , diverging amongst coral reefs , estuaries , fish spawning and nursery areas , and mangroves . The Bay of Bengal is one of the World 's 64 largest marine ecosystems .", "Kerilia jerdonii is a sea snake of the Bay of Bengal . Glory of Bengal cone ( Conus bengalensis ) is just one of the seashells which can be photographed along beaches of the Bay of Bengal . An endangered species , the olive ridley sea turtle can survive because of the nesting grounds made available at the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary , Gahirmatha Beach , Odisha , India . Marlin , barracuda , skipjack tuna , ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) , yellowfin tuna , Indo - Pacific humpbacked dolphin ( Sousa chinensis ) , and Bryde 's whale ( Balaenoptera edeni ) are a few of the marine animals . Bay of Bengal hogfish ( Bodianus neilli ) is a type of wrass which live in turbid lagoon reefs or shallow coastal reefs . Schools of dolphins can be seen , whether they are the bottle nose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) , pantropical spotted dolphin ( Stenella attenuata ) or the spinner dolphin ( Stenella longirostris ) . Tuna and dolphins usually reside in the same waters . In shallower and warmer coastal waters the Irrawaddy dolphins ( Orcaella brevirostris ) can be found .", "The Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve provides sanctuary to many animals some of which include the saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ) , giant leatherback sea turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea ) , and Malayan box turtle ( Cuora amboinensis kamaroma ) to name a few .", "Another endangered species royal Bengal tiger is supported by Sundarbans a large estuarine delta that holds a mangrove area in the Ganges River Delta .", "Coastal regions bordering the Bay of Bengal are rich in minerals . Sri Lanka , Serendib , or Ratna -- Dweepa which means Gem Island . Amethyst , beryl , ruby , sapphire , topaz , and garnet are just some of the gems of Sri Lanka . Garnet and other precious gems are also found in abundance in the Indian states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh .", "From January to October , the current is northward flowing , and the clockwise circulation pattern is called the `` East Indian Current '' . The Bay of Bengal monsoon moves in a northwest direction striking the Nicobar Islands , and the Andaman Islands first end of May , then the north eastern coast of India by end of June .", "The remainder of the year , the counterclockwise current is southwestward flowing , and the circulation pattern is called the East Indian Winter Jet . September and December see very active weather , season varsha ( or monsoon ) , in the Bay of Bengal producing severe cyclones which affect eastern India . Several efforts have been initiated to cope with storm surge .", "A tropical storm with rotating winds blowing at speeds of 74 miles ( 119 kilometres ) per hour is called a cyclone when they originate over the Bay of Bengal ; and called a hurricane in the Atlantic . Between 100,000 and 500,000 residents of Bangladesh were killed because of the 1970 Bhola cyclone .", "2017 , Severe Cyclonic Storm Mora 2017 , Cyclone Maarutha 2016 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Vardah 2016 , Cyclone Nada 2016 , Cyclone Kyant 2016 , Cyclone Roanu 2015 , Cyclone Komen 2014 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud 2013 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin 2013 , Cyclone Viyaru 2012 , Cyclone Nilam 2011 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Thane 2010 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri 2009 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila 2008 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis 2007 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr 2006 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala 1999 , Odisha Super Cyclonic Storm 05B 1996 , Konaseema Cyclone 1991 , Super Cyclonic Storm 02B 1989 , November Typhoon Gay 1985 , May Tropical Storm One ( 1B ) 1982 , April Cyclone One ( 1B ) 1982 , May Tropical Storm Two ( 2B ) 1982 , October Tropical Storm Three ( 3B ) 1981 , December Cyclone Three ( 3B ) 1980 , October Tropical Storm One ( 1B ) 1980 , December Unknown Storm Four ( 4B ) 1980 , December Tropical Storm Five ( 5B ) 1977 , Andhra Pradesh Cyclone ( 6B ) 1971 , Cyclone Odisha 1970 , November Bhola cyclone The Calcutta cyclone of 1864 : caused a storm surge of 40 feet . Barometer 28.025 inches of mercury . 50,000 direct deaths and 30,000 from disease . The Backergunge cyclone of 1876 : 10 to 30 or 40 feet storm surge . 100,000 direct deaths and 100,000 indirect from disease . The False Point cyclone of 1885 : 22 feet of storm surge . Barometer 27.135 inches of mercury .", "2017 , Severe Cyclonic Storm Mora", "2017 , Cyclone Maarutha", "2016 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Vardah", "2016 , Cyclone Nada", "2016 , Cyclone Kyant", "2016 , Cyclone Roanu", "2015 , Cyclone Komen", "2014 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud", "2013 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin", "2013 , Cyclone Viyaru", "2012 , Cyclone Nilam", "2011 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Thane", "2010 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri", "2009 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila", "2008 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis", "2007 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr", "2006 , Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala", "1999 , Odisha Super Cyclonic Storm 05B", "1996 , Konaseema Cyclone", "1991 , Super Cyclonic Storm 02B", "1989 , November Typhoon Gay", "1985 , May Tropical Storm One ( 1B )", "1982 , April Cyclone One ( 1B )", "1982 , May Tropical Storm Two ( 2B )", "1982 , October Tropical Storm Three ( 3B )", "1981 , December Cyclone Three ( 3B )", "1980 , October Tropical Storm One ( 1B )", "1980 , December Unknown Storm Four ( 4B )", "1980 , December Tropical Storm Five ( 5B )", "1977 , Andhra Pradesh Cyclone ( 6B )", "1971 , Cyclone Odisha", "1970 , November Bhola cyclone", "The Calcutta cyclone of 1864 : caused a storm surge of 40 feet . Barometer 28.025 inches of mercury . 50,000 direct deaths and 30,000 from disease .", "The Backergunge cyclone of 1876 : 10 to 30 or 40 feet storm surge . 100,000 direct deaths and 100,000 indirect from disease .", "The False Point cyclone of 1885 : 22 feet of storm surge . Barometer 27.135 inches of mercury .", "The ancient Buddhist heritage sites of Pavurallakonda , Thotlakonda and Bavikonda lie along the coast of Bay of Bengal at Visakhapatnam in India . The remains of the Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple lie under the Bay of Bengal . Spokespeople from Andhra University Centre for Marine Archaeology say the temple may be opposite the Coastal Battery . The Jagannath Temple at Puri is the one of the four sacred places in Hindu pilgrimage along with Puri beach on the banks of Bay of Bengal . Mahodadhi was named after Lord Jagannath . Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram is the name for Mahabalipuram . Mahabalipuram 's Shore Temple , a World Heritage Site was constructed in the 8th century AD and myth has it that six other temples were built here . One site that has been preserved is Vivekanandar Illam . It was constructed in 1842 by the American `` Ice King '' Frederic Tudor to store and market ice year round . In 1897 , Swami Vivekananda 's famous lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan . The site is an exhibition devoted to Swami Vivekananda and his legacy . Arikamedu is an archaeological site in Southern India , in Kakkayanthope , Ariyankuppam Commune , Puducherry . It is 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) from the capital , Pondicherry of the Indian territory of Puducherry Konark is the home of the Sun Temple or Black Pagoda . This Brahman sanctuary was built of black granite mid-1200 AD and has been declared a World Heritage Site . Ramanathaswamy Temple is at Dhanushkodi , where the Bay of Bengal and the Laccadive sea come together .", "The ancient Buddhist heritage sites of Pavurallakonda , Thotlakonda and Bavikonda lie along the coast of Bay of Bengal at Visakhapatnam in India .", "The remains of the Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple lie under the Bay of Bengal . Spokespeople from Andhra University Centre for Marine Archaeology say the temple may be opposite the Coastal Battery .", "The Jagannath Temple at Puri is the one of the four sacred places in Hindu pilgrimage along with Puri beach on the banks of Bay of Bengal . Mahodadhi was named after Lord Jagannath .", "Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram is the name for Mahabalipuram . Mahabalipuram 's Shore Temple , a World Heritage Site was constructed in the 8th century AD and myth has it that six other temples were built here .", "One site that has been preserved is Vivekanandar Illam . It was constructed in 1842 by the American `` Ice King '' Frederic Tudor to store and market ice year round . In 1897 , Swami Vivekananda 's famous lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan . The site is an exhibition devoted to Swami Vivekananda and his legacy .", "Arikamedu is an archaeological site in Southern India , in Kakkayanthope , Ariyankuppam Commune , Puducherry . It is 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) from the capital , Pondicherry of the Indian territory of Puducherry", "Konark is the home of the Sun Temple or Black Pagoda . This Brahman sanctuary was built of black granite mid-1200 AD and has been declared a World Heritage Site .", "Ramanathaswamy Temple is at Dhanushkodi , where the Bay of Bengal and the Laccadive sea come together .", "The Bay of Bengal in the stretch of Swargadwar , the gateway to heaven in Sanskrit , in the Indian town of Puri is considered holy by Hindus .", "The Samudra arati is a daily tradition started by the present Shankaracharya of Puri 9 years ago to honour the sacred sea . The daily practise includes prayer and fire offering to the sea at Swargadwar in Puri by disciples of the Govardhana matha of the Shankaracharya . On Paush Purnima of every year the Shankaracharya himself comes out to offer prayers to the sea .", "One of the first trading ventures along the Bay of Bengal was The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies more commonly referred to as the British East India Company . Gopalpur - on - Sea was one of their main trading centers . Other trading companies along the Bay of Bengal shorelines were the English East India Company and the French East India Company .", "BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation ( BIMSTEC ) supports free trade internationally around the Bay of Bengal between Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Myanmar , Nepal , Sri Lanka , and Thailand .", "The Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project is a new venture proposed which would create a channel for a shipping route to link the Gulf of Mannar with the Bay of Bengal . This would connect India from east to west without the necessity of going around Sri Lanka .", "Thoni and catamaran fishing boats of fishing villages thrive along the Bay of Bengal shorelines . Fishermen can catch between 26 and 44 species of marine fish . In one year , the average catch is two million tons of fish from the Bay of Bengal alone . Approximately 31 % of the world 's coastal fishermen live and work on the bay .", "The Bay of Bengal is centrally located in South and Southeast Asia . It lies at the center of two huge economic blocks , the SAARC and ASEAN . It influences China 's southern landlocked region in the north and major sea ports of India and Bangladesh . China , India , and Bangladesh have forged naval cooperation agreements with Malaysia , Thailand and Indonesia to increase cooperation in checking terrorism in the high seas .", "Its outlying islands ( the Andaman and Nicobar islands ) and , most importantly , major ports such as Kolkata , Chennai , Visakhapatnam , Tuticorin , Chittagong , and Mongla , along its coast with the Bay of Bengal added to its importance .", "China has recently made efforts to project influence into the region through tie - ups with Myanmar and Bangladesh . The United States has held major exercises with Bangladesh , Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand and recently India The largest ever wargame in Bay of Bengal , known as Malabar 2007 , was held in 2007 and naval warships from US , Bangladesh , Thailand , Singapore , Japan and Australia took part . India was a participant .", "Large deposits of natural gas in the areas within Bangladesh 's sea zone incited a serious urgency by India and Myanmar into a territorial dispute . Disputes over rights of some oil and gas blocks have caused brief diplomatic spats between Myanmar and India with Bangladesh .", "The disputed maritime boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar resulted in military tensions in 2008 and 2009 . Bangladesh is pursuing a settlement with Myanmar and India to the boundary dispute through the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea .", "The Asian brown cloud , a layer of air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between January and March , and possibly also during earlier and later months , hangs over the Bay ofBengal . It is considered to be a combinationof vehicle exhaust , smoke from cooking fires , and industrial discharges .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "A transboundary issue is defined as an environmental problem in which either the cause of the problem and / or its impact is separated by a national boundary ; or the problem contributes to a global environmental problem and finding regional solutions is considered to be a global environmental benefit . The eight Bay of Bengal countries have ( 2012 ) identified three major transboundary problems ( or areas of concern ) affecting the health of the Bay , that they can work on together . With the support of the Bay Of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project ( BOBLME ) , the eight countries are now ( 2012 ) developing responses to these issues and their causes , for future implementation as the Strategic Action Programme .", "Fisheries production in the Bay of Bengal is six million tonnes per year , more than seven percent of the world 's catch . The major transboundary issues relating to shared fisheries are : a decline in the overall availability of fish resources ; changes in species composition of catches ; the high proportion of juvenile fish in the catch ; and changes in marine biodiversity , especially through loss of vulnerable and endangered species . The transboundary nature of these issues are : that many fish stocks are shared between BOBLME countries through the transboundary migration of fish , or larvae . Fishing overlaps national jurisdictions , both legally and illegally -- overcapacity and overfishing in one location forces a migration of fishers and vessels to other locations . All countries ( to a greater or lesser degree ) are experiencing difficulties in implementing fisheries management , especially the ecosystem approach to fisheries . Bay of Bengal countries contribute significantly to the global problem of loss of vulnerable and endangered species .", "The main causes of the issues are : open access to fishing grounds ; Government emphasis on increasing fish catches ; inappropriate government subsidies provided to fishers ; increasing fishing effort , especially from trawlers and purse seiners ; high consumer demand for fish , including for seed and fishmeal for aquaculture ; ineffective fisheries management ; and illegal and destructive fishing .", "The Bay of Bengal is an area of high biodiversity , with many endangered and vulnerable species . The major transboundary issues relating to habitats are : the loss and degradation of mangrove habitats ; degradation of coral reefs ; and the loss of , and damage to , seagrasses . The transboundary nature of these major issues are : that all three critical habitats occur in all BOBLME countries . Coastal development for several varying uses of the land and sea are common in all BOBLME countries . Trade in products from all the habitats is transboundary in nature . Climate change impacts are shared by all BOBLME countries . The main causes of the issues are : food security needs of the coastal poor ; lack of coastal development plans ; increasing trade in products from coastal habitats ; coastal development and industrialization ; ineffective marine protected areas and lack of enforcement ; upstream development that affects water - flow ; intensive upstream agricultural practices ; and increasing tourism .", "The major transboundary issues relating to pollution and water quality are : sewage - borne pathogens and organic load ; solid waste / marine litter ; increasing nutrient inputs ; oil pollution ; persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) and persistent toxic substances ( PTSs ) ; sedimentation ; and heavy metals . The transboundary nature of these issues are : discharge of untreated / partially treated sewage being a common problem . Sewage and organic discharges from the Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghna River are likely to be transboundary . Plastics and derelict fishing gear can be transported long distances across national boundaries . High nutrient discharges from rivers could intensify largescale hypoxia . Atmospheric transport of nutrients is inherently transboundary . Differences between countries with regard to regulation and enforcement of shipping discharges may drive discharges across boundaries . Tar balls are transported long distances . POPs / PTSs and mercury , including organo - mercury , undergo long - range transport . Sedimentation and most heavy metal contamination tend to be localized and lack a strong transboundary dimension . The main causes of the issues are : increasing coastal population density and urbanization ; higher consumption , resulting in more waste generated per person ; insufficient funds allocated to waste management ; migration of industry into BOBLME countries ; and proliferation of small industries .", "Northern Circars occupied the western coast of the Bay of Bengal and is now considered to be India 's Madras state . Chola dynasty ( 9th century to 12th century ) when ruled by Rajaraja Chola I occupied the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal circa AD 1014 , The Bay of Bengal was also called the Chola Lake . The Kakatiya dynasty reached the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers . Kushanas about the middle of the 1st century AD invaded northern India perhaps extending as far as the Bay of Bengal . Chandragupta Maurya extended the Maurya Dynasty across northern India to the Bay of Bengal . Hajipur was a stronghold for Portuguese Pirates . In the 16th century the Portuguese built trading posts in the north of the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong ( Porto Grande ) and Satgaon ( Porto Pequeno ) . Before the arrival of British to India it was also known as `` Kalinga Sagar '' .", "Cellular Jail or `` Black Waters '' built in 1896 on Ross Island , a part of the Andaman Island Chain . As early as 1858 this island was used as a British penal colony for political prisoners facing life imprisonment .", "Maritime archaeology or marine archaeology is the study of material remains of ancient peoples . A specialized branch , Archaeology of shipwrecks studies the salvaged artifacts of ancient ships . Stone anchors , amphorae shards , elephant tusks , hippopotamus teeth , ceramic pottery , a rare wood mast and lead ingots are examples which may survive the test of time for archaeologists to study and place the salvaged findings into a time line of history . coral reefs , tsunamis , cyclones , mangrove swamps , battles and a criss cross of sea routes in a high trading area combined with pirating have all contributed to shipwrecks in the Bay of Bengal .", "1778 to 1783 The Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal . c. 1816 Mornington ship burned in the Bay of Bengal . 1850 American clipper brig Eagle is supposed to have sunk in the Bay of Bengal . American Baptist missionary Adoniram Judson , Jr. died 12 April 1850 and was buried at sea in the Bay of Bengal . 1855 The Bark `` Incredible '' struck on a sunken rock in the Bay of Bengal . 1865 , a gale dismasted the Euterpe while traversing the Bay of Bengal typhoon . 1875 Veleda 76 m ( 250 ft ) long and 15 m ( 50 ft ) wide is a part of a current salvage operation . 1942 Japanese cruiser Yura of the Second Expeditionary Fleet , Malay Force , attacked merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal . 1971 December 3 -- It was claimed that the Indian Navy destroyer , INS Rajput , sunk the Pakistan Navy submarine PNS Ghazi off Visakhapatnam , in the Bay of Bengal .", "1778 to 1783 The Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal .", "c. 1816 Mornington ship burned in the Bay of Bengal .", "1850 American clipper brig Eagle is supposed to have sunk in the Bay of Bengal .", "American Baptist missionary Adoniram Judson , Jr. died 12 April 1850 and was buried at sea in the Bay of Bengal .", "1855 The Bark `` Incredible '' struck on a sunken rock in the Bay of Bengal .", "1865 , a gale dismasted the Euterpe while traversing the Bay of Bengal typhoon .", "1875 Veleda 76 m ( 250 ft ) long and 15 m ( 50 ft ) wide is a part of a current salvage operation .", "1942 Japanese cruiser Yura of the Second Expeditionary Fleet , Malay Force , attacked merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal .", "1971 December 3 -- It was claimed that the Indian Navy destroyer , INS Rajput , sunk the Pakistan Navy submarine PNS Ghazi off Visakhapatnam , in the Bay of Bengal ." ]

[ [ "Incumbent Rick Kriseman" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "St. Petersburg mayoral election , 2017 ← 2013 November 7 , 2017 2021 → Nominee Rick Kriseman Rick Baker Party Nonpartisan Nonpartisan Popular vote 34,531 32,341 Percentage 51 % 49 % Mayor before election Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan Elected Mayor Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan", "← 2013 November 7 , 2017 2021 →", "← 2013 November 7 , 2017 2021 →", "← 2013 November 7 , 2017 2021 →", "Nominee Rick Kriseman Rick Baker Party Nonpartisan Nonpartisan Popular vote 34,531 32,341 Percentage 51 % 49 %", "Nominee Rick Kriseman Rick Baker Party Nonpartisan Nonpartisan Popular vote 34,531 32,341 Percentage 51 % 49 %", "", "Nominee Rick Kriseman Rick Baker", "Party Nonpartisan Nonpartisan", "Popular vote 34,531 32,341", "Percentage 51 % 49 %", "Mayor before election Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan Elected Mayor Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan", "Mayor before election Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan Elected Mayor Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan", "Mayor before election Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan Elected Mayor Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan", "Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan", "Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan", "Elections in Florida Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2012 2016 Republican 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate elections 1968 1970 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018 U.S. House elections 2000 2002 2006 5th 8th 9th 16th 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 13th district , 2014 19th district , 2014 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1964 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Attorney General elections 2002 2006 2014 2018 Chief Financial Officer elections 2006 2014 2018 Agriculture Commissioner of Florida 1994 2006 2014 2018 Ballot measures Florida Amendment 2 ( 2008 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2014 ) Florida Amendment 1 ( 2016 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2016 ) Other elections 2006 Jacksonville ( show ) Mayoral elections 2003 2007 2011 2015 Miami ( show ) Mayoral elections 2009 2013 2017 Miami - Dade County ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2012 2016 Orlando ( show ) Mayoral elections 2012 2015 St. Petersburg ( show ) Mayoral elections 2013 2017 Tampa ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2015 Government", "Elections in Florida", "Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2012 2016 Republican 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate elections 1968 1970 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018 U.S. House elections 2000 2002 2006 5th 8th 9th 16th 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 13th district , 2014 19th district , 2014", "Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2012 2016 Republican 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate elections 1968 1970 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018 U.S. House elections 2000 2002 2006 5th 8th 9th 16th 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 13th district , 2014 19th district , 2014", "Presidential elections", "1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016", "1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016", "Presidential primaries", "Democratic 2008 2012 2016 Republican 2008 2012 2016", "Democratic 2008 2012 2016 Republican 2008 2012 2016", "Democratic 2008 2012 2016", "2008 2012 2016", "Republican 2008 2012 2016", "2008 2012 2016", "U.S. Senate elections", "1968 1970 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018", "1968 1970 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018", "U.S. House elections", "2000 2002 2006 5th 8th 9th 16th 2008 2012 2014 2016", "2000 2002 2006 5th 8th 9th 16th 2008 2012 2014 2016", "2006 5th 8th 9th 16th", "5th 8th 9th 16th", "Special elections", "13th district , 2014 19th district , 2014", "13th district , 2014 19th district , 2014", "13th district , 2014", "19th district , 2014", "State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1964 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Attorney General elections 2002 2006 2014 2018 Chief Financial Officer elections 2006 2014 2018 Agriculture Commissioner of Florida 1994 2006 2014 2018 Ballot measures Florida Amendment 2 ( 2008 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2014 ) Florida Amendment 1 ( 2016 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2016 ) Other elections 2006", "Gubernatorial elections 1964 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Attorney General elections 2002 2006 2014 2018 Chief Financial Officer elections 2006 2014 2018 Agriculture Commissioner of Florida 1994 2006 2014 2018 Ballot measures Florida Amendment 2 ( 2008 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2014 ) Florida Amendment 1 ( 2016 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2016 ) Other elections 2006", "Gubernatorial elections", "1964 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018", "1964 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018", "Attorney General elections", "2002 2006 2014 2018", "2002 2006 2014 2018", "Chief Financial Officer elections", "2006 2014 2018", "2006 2014 2018", "Agriculture Commissioner of Florida", "1994 2006 2014 2018", "1994 2006 2014 2018", "Ballot measures", "Florida Amendment 2 ( 2008 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2014 ) Florida Amendment 1 ( 2016 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2016 )", "Florida Amendment 2 ( 2008 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2014 ) Florida Amendment 1 ( 2016 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2016 )", "Florida Amendment 2 ( 2008 )", "Florida Amendment 2 ( 2014 )", "Florida Amendment 1 ( 2016 )", "Florida Amendment 2 ( 2016 )", "Other elections", "2006", "2006", "Jacksonville ( show ) Mayoral elections 2003 2007 2011 2015", "Mayoral elections 2003 2007 2011 2015", "Mayoral elections", "2003 2007 2011 2015", "2003 2007 2011 2015", "Miami ( show ) Mayoral elections 2009 2013 2017", "Mayoral elections 2009 2013 2017", "Mayoral elections", "2009 2013 2017", "2009 2013 2017", "Miami - Dade County ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2012 2016", "Mayoral elections 2011 2012 2016", "Mayoral elections", "2011 2012 2016", "2011 2012 2016", "Orlando ( show ) Mayoral elections 2012 2015", "Mayoral elections 2012 2015", "Mayoral elections", "2012 2015", "2012 2015", "St. Petersburg ( show ) Mayoral elections 2013 2017", "Mayoral elections 2013 2017", "Mayoral elections", "2013 2017", "2013 2017", "Tampa ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2015", "Mayoral elections 2011 2015", "Mayoral elections", "2011 2015", "2011 2015", "Government", "", "", "The 2017 St. Petersburg , Florida , mayoral election was held on November 7 , 2017 , to elect the next mayor of St. Petersburg , Florida , in a general election , with a primary election which took place on August 29 , 2017 . Incumbent mayor Rick Kriseman , a Democrat , opted to seek re-election . His opponent in the runoff was Republican former mayor Rick Baker ( 2001 -- 2010 ) . The election was officially non-partisan .", "Incumbent Rick Kriseman won the re-election .", "In the 2013 election , then incumbent mayor Bill Foster opted to seek re-election for that year 's mayoral election . With no candidates having a majority in the primary election , Foster and former Florida House of Representatives member Rick Kriseman faced off in the general election , where Kriseman was elected on November 5 , 2013 , by a 10 point margin . He assumed office on January 2 , 2014 .", "In December 2016 , advocate and singer - songwriter Paul Congemi announced his bid for mayor . In January 2017 , current incumbent mayor Rick Kriseman filed for re-election . In March 2017 , African People 's Socialist Party activist Jesse Nevel filed for election , as well as Anthony Cates II , a salesman . In May 2017 , former St. Petersburg mayor Rick Baker filed for re-election , and Ernisa Barnwell . In June 2017 , activist Theresa Lassiter announced her bid for mayoral office .", "Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Rick Kriseman Rick Baker Anthony Cates Jesse Nevel Paul Congemi Theresa Lassiter Ernisa Barnwell Undecided St. Pete Polls June 28 , 2016 620 ± 3.9 % 36.1 % 37.3 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 26.6 % St. Pete Polls December 12 , 2016 1,100 ± 3.0 % 35.1 % 43.8 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 21.1 % St. Pete Polls January 30 , 2017 892 ± 3.3 % 37.3 % 46.5 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 16.3 % St. Pete Polls May 16 , 2017 1,237 ± 2.8 % 33.2 % 46.4 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 20.4 % St. Pete Polls June 27 , 2017 754 ± 3.6 % 38.8 % 43.5 % 2.0 % 2.1 % 1.7 % 3.0 % 0 % 8.9 % St. Pete Polls July 17 , 2017 1,011 ± 3.1 % 37.7 % 45.7 % 1.7 % 1.4 % 2.8 % 3.1 % N / A 7.6 % St. Pete Polls August 7 , 2017 862 ± 3.3 % 39.3 % 45.7 % 1.4 % 1.6 % 3.9 % 2.7 % N / A 5.3 % St. Pete Polls August 23 , 2017 1,524 ± 2.5 % 40.3 % 46.7 % 0.8 % 2.0 % 2.4 % 1.8 % N / A 5.9 %", "Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Rick Kriseman Rick Baker Anthony Cates Jesse Nevel Paul Congemi Theresa Lassiter Ernisa Barnwell Undecided", "St. Pete Polls June 28 , 2016 620 ± 3.9 % 36.1 % 37.3 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 26.6 %", "St. Pete Polls December 12 , 2016 1,100 ± 3.0 % 35.1 % 43.8 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 21.1 %", "St. Pete Polls January 30 , 2017 892 ± 3.3 % 37.3 % 46.5 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 16.3 %", "St. Pete Polls May 16 , 2017 1,237 ± 2.8 % 33.2 % 46.4 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 20.4 %", "St. Pete Polls June 27 , 2017 754 ± 3.6 % 38.8 % 43.5 % 2.0 % 2.1 % 1.7 % 3.0 % 0 % 8.9 %", "St. Pete Polls July 17 , 2017 1,011 ± 3.1 % 37.7 % 45.7 % 1.7 % 1.4 % 2.8 % 3.1 % N / A 7.6 %", "St. Pete Polls August 7 , 2017 862 ± 3.3 % 39.3 % 45.7 % 1.4 % 1.6 % 3.9 % 2.7 % N / A 5.3 %", "St. Pete Polls August 23 , 2017 1,524 ± 2.5 % 40.3 % 46.7 % 0.8 % 2.0 % 2.4 % 1.8 % N / A 5.9 %", "Seven candidates ended up filing for the mayoral office before the cut - off date on June 23 . The front - runners include the incumbent mayor Kriseman and former mayor Baker , with minor candidates including Nevel , Lassiter , Cates , Congemi , and Barnwell .", "At the start of each campaign , Kriseman focused on the continuation of progress which included financing and construction of a new police headquarters and St. Petersburg Pier , poverty , and keeping the Tampa Bay Rays in the city . Baker aimed to win voters with his past management reputation , rebuilding the Sundial , and the Major League Soccer bid for the Tampa Bay Rowdies . Minor candidates such as Nevel and Lassiter vowed to focus on poverty and on St. Petersburg 's southern historical black community .", "Upon announcement of his re-election bid , Kriseman received endorsements from congressman Charlie Crist , U.S. senator Bill Nelson , the Sun Coast Police Benevolent Association , and four city council members in March .", "On June 27 , Kriseman and Baker participated in a debate which centered on local issues and questions as well as past campaigns .", "On July 10 , Barnwell was disqualified from the race due to a bounced check upon applying for candidacy . On the same day , the second public mayoral debate was held between both major candidates -- Kriseman and Baker -- and minor candidates - Nevel , Lassiter , Cates , Congemi , and Barnwell -- on issues involving the economy is south St. Petersburg , the police department , and homelessness before being halted due to protests . In the latter , mayoral candidate Congemi went viral after a comment he made on July 18 during a mayoral forum towards another mayoral candidate Nevel and his supporters .", "On August 9 , Ernisa Barnwell was officially disqualified from the mayoral race after a judge dismissed her injunction .", "Throughout the primary election , Baker had been endorsed by the Tampa Bay Times , various pastors in St. Petersburg , as well as realtors . In August , Kriseman was endorsed by Barack Obama .", "Kriseman and Baker obtained the most votes of any the candidates during the August 29 primary and both will advance a second election on November 7 as neither got the majority vote needed to avoid a runoff election . The day after the primary took place , it was reported Kriseman took 48.36 percent of the vote , or 27,322 votes with all 92 precincts reporting . Baker , a former two - term mayor , won 27,253 or 48.23 percent . Kriseman 's win in the actual primary vote was unexpected , since opinions polls conducted before the election showed Baker with not only a wide lead , but enough potential to win over enough voters needed to cross the more than 50 percent majority threshold ; at his post-election party , Baker had also given a speech claiming prematurely that he had won the primary as well .", "Primary election results Party Candidate Votes % Nonpartisan Rick Kriseman 27,322 48.36 Nonpartisan Rick Baker 27,253 48.23 Nonpartisan Jesse Nevel 944 1.67 Nonpartisan Theresa Lassiter 408 0.72 Nonpartisan Anthony Cates III 387 0.68 Nonpartisan Paul Congemi 187 0.33 Total votes 56,501 99.99", "Party Candidate Votes %", "Nonpartisan Rick Kriseman 27,322 48.36", "Nonpartisan Rick Baker 27,253 48.23", "Nonpartisan Jesse Nevel 944 1.67", "Nonpartisan Theresa Lassiter 408 0.72", "Nonpartisan Anthony Cates III 387 0.68", "Nonpartisan Paul Congemi 187 0.33", "Total votes 56,501 99.99", "At the beginning of the general election on September 6 , both Kriseman and Baker temporarily suspended their campaigns to prepare for Hurricane Irma .", "General election results Party Candidate Votes % Nonpartisan Rick Kriseman 34,531 51 % Nonpartisan Rick Baker 32,341 49 % Total votes 66,872 --", "Party Candidate Votes %", "Nonpartisan Rick Kriseman 34,531 51 %", "Nonpartisan Rick Baker 32,341 49 %", "Total votes 66,872 --" ]

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[ "The port mapper ( rpc. portmap or just portmap , or rpcbind ) is an Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call ( ONC RPC ) service that runs on network nodes that provide other ONC RPC services .", "Version 2 of the port mapper protocol maps ONC RPC program number / version number pairs to the network port number for that version of that program . When an ONC RPC server is started , it will tell the port mapper , for each particular program number / version number pair it implements for a particular transport protocol ( TCP or UDP ) , what port number it is using for that particular program number / version number pair on that transport protocol . Clients wishing to make an ONC RPC call to a particular version of a particular ONC RPC service must first contact the port mapper on the server machine to determine the actual TCP or UDP port to use .", "Versions 3 and 4 of the protocol , called the rpcbind protocol , map a program number / version number pair , and an indicator that specifies a transport protocol , to a transport - layer endpoint address for that program number / version number pair on that transport protocol .", "The port mapper service always uses TCP or UDP port 111 ; a fixed port is required for it , as a client would not be able to get the port number for the port mapper service from the port mapper itself .", "The port mapper must be started before any other RPC servers are started .", "The port mapper service first appeared in SunOS 2.0 .", "This shows the different programs and their versions , and which ports they use . For example , it shows that NFS is running , both version 2 and 3 , and can be reached at TCP port 2049 or UDP port 2049 , depending on what transport protocol the client wants to use , and that the mount protocol , both version 1 and 2 , is running , and can be reached at UDP port 644 or TCP port 645 , depending on what transport protocol the client wants to use .", "The port mapper service was discovered to be used in Distributed Denial of Service ( DDoS ) attacks and Distributed Reflective Denial of Service ( DRDoS ) attacks in 2015 . By using a spoofed port mapper request , an attacker can amplify the effects on a target because a portmap query will return many times more data than in the original request ." ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This is a list of all cricketers who have coached Indian national cricket team at the international level . India became a full member of the Imperial Cricket Conference ( now the International Cricket Council ) on 31 May 1926 . On 25 June 1932 it became the Test nation after England , Australia , South Africa , the West Indies and New Zealand when they took on England at Lord 's . They played only seven tests , which were all against England , before the Second World War , losing five matches and drawing twice . Their first game against other opposition came in 1947 -- 49 when they played Australia .", "The Indian team 's greatest successes came in 1983 , when they won the Cricket World Cup under the captaincy of Kapil Dev , and 2011 , when they won the world cup again under M.S. Dhoni . Also , they won the Under - 19 World Cup three times under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif in 2000 , 2008 under Virat Kohli and in 2012 under Unmukt Chand . Also , under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni , India won the inaugural ICC T20 World Cup . India came runner - up in World Cup 2003 under Saurav Ganguly who has the record of most number of Indian test wins ( 21 ) under his leadership . Mithali Raj led India to its best result in Women 's ODI cricket when the team advanced to the finals of the 2005 Women 's Cricket World Cup . Raj is also one of the three women 's captains who have led their side to a victory in women 's Test cricket , the others being Shantha Rangaswamy and Mamatha Maben .", "Number Coach Started Contract Ended Contract Country Assistant Coach Bishen Singh Bedi ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 1991 India Abbas Ali Baig ( 1991 -- 1992 ) 1991 1992 India Ajit Wadekar ( 1992 -- 1996 ) 1992 India Sandeep Patil ( 1996 ) India Madan Lal ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 1997 India 6 Anshuman Gaekwad ( 1997 -- 1999 ) 1997 1999 India 7 Kapil Dev ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 1999 2000 India 8 John Wright ( 2000 -- 2005 ) 2000 2005 New Zealand 9 Greg Chappell ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 2005 2007 Australia 10 Gary Kirsten ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 2008 2011 South Africa Venkatesh Prasad Robin Singh 11 Duncan Fletcher ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 2011 2015 Zimbabwe Sanjay Bangar Bharat Arun 12 Ravi Shastri ( 2014 - 2016 ) ( Team Director ) 2014 2016 India Sanjay Bangar Bharat Arun 13 Sanjay Bangar ( 2016 ) ( interim coach ) 2016 2016 India Bharat Arun Abhay Sharma 14 Anil Kumble ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 2016 2017 India Sanjay Bangar Abhay Sharma 15 Ravi Shastri ( 2017 -- Present ) 2017 Present India Bharat Arun Sanjay Bangar", "Number Coach Started Contract Ended Contract Country Assistant Coach", "Bishen Singh Bedi ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 1991 India", "Abbas Ali Baig ( 1991 -- 1992 ) 1991 1992 India", "Ajit Wadekar ( 1992 -- 1996 ) 1992 India", "Sandeep Patil ( 1996 ) India", "Madan Lal ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 1997 India", "6 Anshuman Gaekwad ( 1997 -- 1999 ) 1997 1999 India", "7 Kapil Dev ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 1999 2000 India", "8 John Wright ( 2000 -- 2005 ) 2000 2005 New Zealand", "9 Greg Chappell ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 2005 2007 Australia", "10 Gary Kirsten ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 2008 2011 South Africa Venkatesh Prasad Robin Singh", "11 Duncan Fletcher ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 2011 2015 Zimbabwe Sanjay Bangar Bharat Arun", "12 Ravi Shastri ( 2014 - 2016 ) ( Team Director ) 2014 2016 India Sanjay Bangar Bharat Arun", "13 Sanjay Bangar ( 2016 ) ( interim coach ) 2016 2016 India Bharat Arun Abhay Sharma", "14 Anil Kumble ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 2016 2017 India Sanjay Bangar Abhay Sharma", "15 Ravi Shastri ( 2017 -- Present ) 2017 Present India Bharat Arun Sanjay Bangar" ]

[ [ "once a year on Yom Kippur (the day of atonement)" ] ]

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[ "hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The Holy of Holies ( Tiberian Hebrew : קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים ‬ Qṓḏeš HaQŏḏāšîm ) is a term in the Hebrew Bible which refers to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle where God 's presence appeared . The Ark according to Hebrew Scripture contained the Ten Commandments , which were given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai . It is thought to be located under the Dome of the Rock . No archaeological evidence confirms the location .", "The area was defined by four pillars which held up the veil of the covering under which the Ark of the Covenant was held above the floor . King Solomon built the Temple in Jerusalem , where the Ark of the Covenant was kept during the First Temple .", "The construction `` Holy of Holies '' is a literal translation of a Hebrew idiom which is intended to express a superlative . Examples of similar constructions are `` servant of servants '' ( Gen 9 : 25 ) , `` Sabbath of sabbaths '' ( Ex 31 : 15 ) , `` God of gods '' ( Deut 10 : 17 ) , `` Vanity of vanities '' ( Eccl 1 : 2 ) , `` Song of songs '' ( Song of Songs 1 : 1 ) , `` king of kings '' ( Ezra 7 : 12 ) , etc .", "In the Authorized King James Version , `` Holy of Holies '' is always translated as `` Most Holy Place '' . This is in keeping with the intention of the Hebrew idiom to express the utmost degree of holiness . The King James Version of the Bible has been in existence for over four hundred years . For most of that time , it was a primary reference in much of the English speaking world for information about Judaism . Thus , the name `` Most Holy Place '' was used to refer to the `` Holy of Holies '' in many English documents .", "A related term is the debir ( דְּבִיר ‬ ) transliterated in the Septuagint ( the Greek translation as dabir ( δαβιρ ) , which either means the back ( i.e. western ) part of the Sanctuary , or derives from the verb stem D-V-R , `` to speak '' , justifying the translation in the Latin Vulgate as oraculum , from which the traditional English translation `` oracle '' ( KJV , 1611 ) derives .", "The Holy of Holies was covered by a veil , and no one was allowed to enter except the High Priest , and even he could only enter once a year on Yom Kippur ( the day of atonement ) , to offer the blood of sacrifice and incense before the mercy seat . The Bible reports that in the wilderness , on the day that the tabernacle was first raised up , the cloud of the Lord covered the tabernacle ( Exodus 40 : 33 - 40 : 34 ) . There are other times that this was recorded , and instructions were given that the Lord would appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat ( kapporet ) , and at that time the priests should not enter into the tabernacle ( Leviticus 16 : 2 ) . According to the Hebrew Bible , the Holy of Holies contained the Ark of the Covenant with representation of Cherubim . Upon completion of the dedication of the Tabernacle , the Voice of God spoke to Moses `` from between the Cherubim '' ( Numbers 7 : 89 ) .", "The area could be entered only by the High Priest on Yom Kippur after sanctifying himself .", "The Holy of Holies , the most sacred site in Judaism , is the inner sanctuary within the Tabernacle and Temple in Jerusalem when Solomon 's Temple and the Second Temple were standing . The Holy of Holies was located in the westernmost end of the Temple building , being a perfect cube : 20 cubits by 20 cubits by 20 cubits . The inside was in total darkness and contained the Ark of the Covenant , gilded inside and out , in which was placed the Tablets of the Covenant . According to Hebrews 9 : 4 in the New Testament , Aaron 's rod and a pot of manna were also in the ark . The Ark was covered with a lid made of pure gold , known as the `` mercy seat '' ( Exodus 37 : 6 ) which was covered by the beaten gold cherubim wings . Creating the space for the Divine Presence .", "When the Temple was rebuilt after the Babylonian captivity , the Ark was no longer present in the Holy of Holies ; instead , a portion of the floor was raised slightly to indicate the place where it had stood . Josephus records that Pompey profaned the Temple by insisting on entering the Holy of Holies in 63 BCE .", "The Holy of Holies was entered once a year by the High Priest on the Day of Atonement , to sprinkle the blood of sacrificial animals ( a bull offered as atonement for the Priest and his household , and a goat offered as atonement for the people ) and offer incense upon the Ark of the Covenant and the mercy seat which sat on top of the ark in the First Temple ( the Second Temple had no ark and the blood was sprinkled where the Ark would have been and the incense was left on the Foundation Stone ) . The animal was sacrificed on the Brazen Altar and the blood was carried into the most holy place . The golden censers were also found in the Most Holy Place .", "According to the Hebrew Bible , in order that God may dwell among the Israelites , God gave Moses instructions for erecting a sanctuary . The directions provide for :", "A wooden ark , gilded inside and outside , for the Tablets of the Covenant , with a pure gold cover as the `` mercy seat '' for the Divine Presence ; A gilt table for the `` Table of Showbread '' , on which loaves of bread were arranged ; A golden menorah , lampstand of 7 oil lamps for a light never to be extinguished ; The dwelling , including the curtains for the roof , the walls made of boards resting on silver feet and held together by wooden bolts , the purple curtain veiling the Holy of Holies , the table and candlestick , and the outer curtain ; A sacrificial altar made of bronzed boards for its korban / sacrifice ; The outer court formed by pillars resting on bronze pedestals and connected by hooks and crossbars of silver , with embroidered curtains ; Recipe and preparation of the oil for the Lampstand .", "A wooden ark , gilded inside and outside , for the Tablets of the Covenant , with a pure gold cover as the `` mercy seat '' for the Divine Presence ;", "A gilt table for the `` Table of Showbread '' , on which loaves of bread were arranged ;", "A golden menorah , lampstand of 7 oil lamps for a light never to be extinguished ;", "The dwelling , including the curtains for the roof , the walls made of boards resting on silver feet and held together by wooden bolts , the purple curtain veiling the Holy of Holies , the table and candlestick , and the outer curtain ;", "A sacrificial altar made of bronzed boards for its korban / sacrifice ;", "The outer court formed by pillars resting on bronze pedestals and connected by hooks and crossbars of silver , with embroidered curtains ;", "Recipe and preparation of the oil for the Lampstand .", "The Magdala stone is thought to be a representation of the Holy of Holies carved before the destruction of the Temple in the year 70 .", "Traditional Judaism regards the location where the inner sanctuary was originally located , on the Temple Mount in Mount Moriah , as retaining some or all of its original sanctity for use in a future Third Temple . The exact location of the Kodesh Hakodashim is a subject of dispute .", "Traditional Judaism regards the Holy of Holies as the place where the presence of God dwells . The Talmud gives detailed descriptions of Temple architecture and layout . According to the Babylonian Talmud Tractate Yoma , the Kodesh Hakodashim is located in the center North - South but significantly to the West from an East -- West perspective , with all the major courtyards and functional areas lying to its east .", "The Talmud supplies additional details , and describes the ritual performed by the High Priest . During the ritual , the High Priest would pronounce the Tetragrammaton , the only point according to traditional Judaism that it was pronounced out loud . According to Jewish tradition , the people prostrated themselves fully on the ground when it was said . According to the Talmud , the High Priest 's face upon exit from the Holy of Holies was radiant .", "While under normal circumstances , access to the Holy of Holies was restricted to the High Priest and only on Yom Kippur , the Talmud suggests that repair crews were allowed inside as needed but were lowered from the upper portion of the room via enclosures so that they only saw the area they were to work on .", "Judaism regards the Torah ark , a place in a synagogue where the Torah scrolls are kept , as a miniature Holy of Holies .", "At present it is conjectured that it is located under the Dome of the Rock which stands on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem , though the exact location of the Most Holy Place is not known with absolute certainty . Most Orthodox Jews today completely avoid climbing up to Temple Mount , to prevent them from accidentally stepping on the Most Holy Place or any sanctified areas . A few Orthodox Jewish authorities , following the opinion of the medieval scholar Maimonides , permit Jews to visit parts of the Temple Mount known not to be anywhere near any of the sanctified areas . Orthodox Jewish visitors to the Temple Mount , who come especially from those groups associated with the Temple Institute and its efforts to rebuild a Temple , seek to conform to the minimal requirements for coming near the Temple , such as immersing in a mikvah ( `` collection of water '' ) , not coming during or following menstruation or immediately following a seminal emission , not showing their back towards its presumed location , and other strictures .", "To avoid religious conflict , Jewish visitors caught praying or bringing ritual objects are usually expelled from the area by police .", "The Greek New Testament retains the pre-Christian Septuagint phrase `` Holy of the Holies '' hágion ( sg n ) tōn hagíōn ( ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων ) without the definite article as `` Holies of Holies '' hágia ( pl n ) hagíōn ( ἅγια ἁγίων ) in Hebrews 9 : 3 . In the Vulgate , these are rendered as sanctum sanctorum and sancta sanctorum , respectively . The Greek language was the common language upon Hellenization of much of the Middle East after the death of Alexander the Great , and the division of his empire among four generals . The Jews of the Diaspora spoke it . The Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome was a faithful translation for Christian Rome .", "This section needs expansion with : Seventh - Day Adventists . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 )", "This section needs expansion with : Seventh - Day Adventists . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 )", "Certain branches of Christianity , including the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church continue to have a tradition of a Holy of Holies which they regard as a most sacred site . The ciborium , a permanent canopy over the altar in some churches , once surrounded by curtains at points in the liturgy , symbolizes the Holy of Holies . Some Christian churches , particularly the Catholic Church , consider the Church tabernacle , or its location ( often at the rear of the sanctuary ) , as their symbolic equivalent of the Holy of Holies , due to the storage of consecrated host in that vessel .", "The Greek phrase refers to the Tabernacle or Temple . The name in Greek for the sanctuary of a church is Ἱερόν Βῆμα ( Hieron Vema , see Bema # Christianity ) , in Russian it is called Святой Алтарь ( Svyatoy Altar - literally : `` Holy Altar '' ) , and in Romanian it is called Sfântul Altar .", "A cognate term in Ge'ez is found in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church : Qidduse Qiddusan , referring to the innermost sanctuary of an Orthodox Christian church , where the tabot is kept and only clergy may enter . This is also called the `` Bete Mekdes . Every Ethiopian Orthodox Church has one , and it is covered with a Curtain . There are Three ways to enter ( most of the time ) and those three doors are also a way to reveal the Holy Trinity . In the middle there is always an Altar where the Church 's Tabot is kept . There can be as many altars as the number of Tabots . ''", "The Saint Thomas Christians ( also known as Nasrani or Syrian Christians ) from Kerala , South India still follow much Jewish Christian tradition . In Nasrani tradition the Holy of Holies is kept veiled for much of the time . The red veil covers the inner altar or the main altar . It is unveiled only during the central part of the main Nasrani ritual . The main ritual of the Saint Thomas Christians is the Qurbana ( derived from the Syriac word `` Qurobo '' meaning `` sacrifice '' ) .", "The Latin Vulgate Bible translates Qṓḏeš HaqQŏḏāšîm as Sanctum sanctorum ( Ex 26 : 34 ) . Reproducing in Latin the Hebrew construction , the expression is used as a superlative of the neuter adjective sanctum , to mean `` a thing most holy '' . It is used by Roman Catholics to refer to holy objects beyond the Holy of Holies , and is specifically often used as an alternative name for a tabernacle , due to the object being a storage chamber for consecrated host and thus where the presence of God is most represented .", "The Vulgate also refers to the Holy of Holies with the plural form Sancta sanctorum ( 2 Chr 5 : 7 ) , arguably a synecdoche referring to the holy objects hosted there . This form is also used more broadly in Catholic tradition with reference to sanctuaries other than the Temple in Jerusalem . A notable example is for the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Palatio ad Sancta Sanctorum , a chapel in the complex of St John Lateran in Rome .", "The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) contains a Holy of Holies wherein the church 's president -- acting as the Presiding High Priest -- enters to fulfill the relationship between the High Priest of Israel and God in accordance with the LDS interpretation of the Book of Exodus ( Exodus 25 : 22 ) and Mormon religious texts ." ]

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[ "Uncle Ben Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) Created by Stan Lee ( writer ) Steve Ditko ( artist ) In - story information Full name Benjamin Parker Supporting character of Spider - Man", "Uncle Ben", "Publication information", "Publisher Marvel Comics", "First appearance Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 )", "Created by Stan Lee ( writer ) Steve Ditko ( artist )", "In - story information", "Full name Benjamin Parker", "Supporting character of Spider - Man", "Benjamin `` Ben '' Parker , usually called Uncle Ben , is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , commonly in association with the superhero Spider - Man . Uncle Ben first appeared in Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko . Modeled after American founding father Benjamin Franklin , the character plays an influential role in the Spider - Man comic books .", "Uncle Ben first appeared in Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) and was killed in the very same issue . Although his history as a supporting character was very brief , Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider - Man 's life , often appearing in flashbacks .", "The murder of Uncle Ben is notable as one of the few comic book deaths ( along with the death of Gwen Stacy , although she has been recently revived ) that has never been reversed in terms of official continuity . He was a member of the `` Big Three '' , referring also to Jason Todd ( an associate of Batman ) and Bucky ( an associate of Captain America ) whose notable deaths , along with Ben 's , gave rise to the phrase : `` No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky , Jason Todd , and Uncle Ben '' . Later , the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment , `` No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben '' . The violent killing of Uncle Ben , done by a common street criminal , also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne , the parents of Batman , which sometimes is included in the saying .", "There have been examples of Uncle Ben remaining alive in alternative timelines , including stories featured in Marvel 's What If ( one of which he forces Peter to unmask in front of J. Jonah Jameson ) , and a storyline of the 1994 Spider - Man animated series featured a universe where Uncle Ben had never died , and Peter Parker became a successful industrialist , having never really bothered to use his powers responsibly as everything always seemed to work out for him . This fact is used to defeat the rampaging Spider - Carnage by exposing him to the one person he will trust and listen to : the Uncle Ben of that reality .", "A story - line in the official series Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man seemingly suggested that Ben may be alive . This Ben , however , was actually from a parallel universe where Aunt May died in a random accident , leaving him to raise Peter . This alternate Ben came to the planet Earth of regular Marvel comics ( the 616 reality ) as part of an evil plan devised by the Hobgoblin of 2211 to defeat the Spider - Men of different eras .", "During the Clone Conspiracy storyline , when Peter 's clone Ben Reilly who named himself after Uncle Ben and Aunt May , taking Ben 's first name and May 's last to differentiate himself from Peter used the Jackal 's technology to revive various old enemies and allies of Peter Parker , he offered to bring Uncle Ben back to life while trying to win Peter to his point of view , but although tempted at the offer , Peter concluded that the reason Ben had not brought ' their ' uncle back on his own was that he knew that Uncle Ben would disapprove of his `` nephew 's actions '' , as Ben 's plan would see everyone on Earth granted immortality while dependent on him to supply the medication needed to stabilize their cloned bodies .", "Ben Parker was born in Brooklyn , New York . He trained to be a military police officer , and also spent time as a singer in a band . He had known his future wife , May Reilly since their high school days , but she in turn was naively interested in a boy who was involved in criminal activities . When he came to her one night and proposed to her on the spot , Ben was there to expose him as a murderer , and to comfort the heart - broken May when the boy was arrested . Their relationship evolved into love , and they enjoyed a happily married life . When Ben 's younger brother Richard Parker and his wife Mary were killed in a plane crash , Ben and May took in their orphaned son Peter and raised him as their own .", "Ben was very protective of Peter , going as far as fighting some of the bullies that tormented young Parker . Peter became friends with Charlie Weiderman in high school , a teen even more unpopular than he was . However , Charlie often provoked the trouble with the other teens . One day , he was chased to the Parker home by a group of bullies led by Rich and Ben intervened . Ben told them that if they wanted Charlie , they would have to go through him . Rich tried to , but was surprised by Ben 's army training . As soon as the bullies were gone , he told the boy that he was not welcome at the house or with Peter because of his provoking the bullies and not being able to tell the truth .", "In high school , a radioactive spider bite gave Peter superhuman powers . Creating the costumed identity of Spider - Man for himself , Peter sought first to exploit his newfound powers as a masked wrestler and then as a television star . Coming from a television appearance , Spider - Man saw a burglar being chased by a security guard . The guard called for Spider - Man to stop the thief , but the nascent Spidey refused on the grounds that catching criminals was not his job . The robber got away .", "When Peter later returned home , he was informed by a police officer that his beloved Uncle Ben had been killed by a burglar . Outraged , he donned his Spider - Man costume and captured the man only to realize to his horror that it was the same burglar whom he could have effortlessly captured earlier at the studio . As a result , Peter considered himself morally responsible for Ben 's death and resolved to fight crime as a superhero -- realizing that with great power comes great responsibility -- and vowing never to let another innocent person come to harm if he could help it .", "Ben Parker 's death was truly avenged when the burglar returned for the money once more , threatening Aunt May . The burglar died from a heart attack upon beholding his old nemesis Spider - Man once again and learning that Spider - Man and Peter Parker were one and the same person .", "In Amazing Spider - Man Family # 7 , May relates to Peter her account of meeting Ben for the first time .", "Ben briefly appeared in Amazing Spider - Man # 500 ; after Spider - Man played a vital role in preventing the resurrection of Dormammu , an unidentified higher power provided Doctor Strange with a small box that he felt he had to give to Spider - Man as a reward for his role in events . When Peter opened the box on the roof of his apartment building , it contained a note saying `` You have five minutes . Spend them as you will '' , followed by Ben appearing on the roof . It was revealed that this Ben - whether a ghost or Ben having been temporally relocated from the moment before his death - remembered being out for the walk that resulted in him getting shot but nothing afterwards , although he concluded that the events leading to him being on that roof were not important . In their talk Ben said that the only thing that would disappoint him about Peter is if Peter ever settled for less because he was afraid of reaching for more . This helps Peter to see that he had a good life for all its hardships , recognizing that he has always used what he has , and Ben assures Peter that he is proud of him before he vanishes .", "During the 2008 -- 2009 `` Dark Reign '' storyline , Uncle Ben makes an appearance in the Underworld when Hercules attends the trial of Zeus , directing Amadeus Cho as he attempted to find his parents in the afterlife . In the `` Amazing Grace '' storyline , Ben appears as an apparition to Spider - Man while battling a horde of demons and gargoyles , telling him that his death is not Peter 's or anyone 's fault . However , one enemy notices him and attacked only to disappear . This left Spider - Man puzzled if he was imagining Ben or he was really talking to his ghost .", "When Ben Reilly adopted the identity of the Jackal and set up an elaborate plan to use Warren 's new cloning process to make the world immortal , he attempted to win Peter 's allegiance by showing him Ben 's coffin and offering to bring Ben back to life . However , although tempted by the idea , Peter realized that Ben never intended to bring ' their ' uncle back to life because he would have done it already , coldly informing his clone that Uncle Ben would tell him that he was wrong . At the conclusion of the crisis , Peter takes a moment beside the coffin containing Ben 's corpse , acknowledging that Reilly 's actions were wrong but wishing that he was there regardless .", "A version of Ben appeared in the Mark Millar , Terry Dodson 2003 limited series , `` Trouble '' , with his brother Richie , who were involved with teenagers , May and Mary .", "None of the characters ' last names were revealed . The story did not become canon because of its negative reception .", "In this alternate reality , a young Ben Parker is working as a military policeman . He is assigned to security for Doctor Erskine , a scientist for the Captain America program . An assassination attempt on Erskine succeeds , killing Ben in the process . Later on , May still attempts to raise Peter on her own , but without the influence of Ben , Peter grows up to be angry , cynical and mean - spirited , going on to become the Hulk of this reality when he sneaks onto the test site that Rick Jones sneaked onto in the original version of events .", "In the House of M reality , Ben Parker is alive and , like the rest of the world , is aware that Peter Parker is Spider - Man . After recovering Peter 's journal , with entries detailing that the world is not how it should be , Ben discovers that he is killed shortly after Peter gains his powers . He later helps Peter fake his death , photographing Spider - Man apparently hanging himself .", "In the Marvel Noir reality , Ben Parker is a social activist who was murdered by Norman Osborne 's enforcers . He had previously been a decorated pilot and veteran of World War I , but he did not take pride in his service , believing that no just cause was fought for . His nephew Peter dons his old aviator uniform and wields his service revolver during his activities as Spider - Man .", "A version of Peter Parker named Patton Parnell lives with his abusive Uncle Ted on an unknown Earth . After the bite of an irradiated spider mutates him into an arachnid monstrosity , Patton infects his Uncle Ted with his offspring while declaring he taught him that `` With great power comes a great appetite '' . An alternate Uncle Ben from an unknown reality appears in a flashback along with the version 's Aunt May . In this reality they are portrayed as scientists . They informed Peni Parker that she was the only person able to carry on the project ( after her father , the original SP / / dr , died in battle ) , and accepted the responsibly , allowing the radioactive spider that formed the other half of SP / / dr 's CPU to bite her . In an unknown reality , Uncle Ben and Aunt May are with their nephew Peter at the hospital after he suffers an allergic reaction to the radioactive spider bite , leaving him in a coma . Because of this , they are out of their house when is burgled by the thief that killed Ben in the main universe . Peter transforms into Man - Spider and attacks Uncle Ben and Aunt May , but is thwarted by Spider - Man Noir . Six - Armed Spider - Man creates a cure for Peter , allowing him to live a normal life with Ben and May . The Earth - 3145 version of Ben Parker was isolated in Ezekiel 's bunker after Earth is decimated by nuclear fallout . Ben is later found by Silk , Spider - Man and the other Spider - Men when arrive while fleeing from the Inheritors . Ben received his powers when he accompanied Peter to the science demonstration and was bitten by the spider instead of his nephew . Ben retired out of grief after his foe the Emerald Elf discovered his identity and killed his May and Peter . After entering Ezekiel 's bunker upon being told about the Inheritors , his Earth was decimated when a nuclear blackmail plot by Otto Octavius went wrong . Although he initially declines to join the other Spiders in their final attack on the Inheritors , Spider - Man and Superior Spider - Man convince him to do so by arguing that he has only failed if he gives up , Peter in particular affirming that the advice of his own Uncle Ben has saved his world and made a difference every day . He subsequently works with Spider - Ham to rescue Benjy Parker - the baby brother of Spider - Girl - and take him to another dimension for safety . When the crisis is concluded , Ben accompanies Spider - Girl back to her home dimension , and decides to remain so that he can be the great - uncle that no other Ben Parker has had the chance to become .", "A version of Peter Parker named Patton Parnell lives with his abusive Uncle Ted on an unknown Earth . After the bite of an irradiated spider mutates him into an arachnid monstrosity , Patton infects his Uncle Ted with his offspring while declaring he taught him that `` With great power comes a great appetite '' .", "An alternate Uncle Ben from an unknown reality appears in a flashback along with the version 's Aunt May . In this reality they are portrayed as scientists . They informed Peni Parker that she was the only person able to carry on the project ( after her father , the original SP / / dr , died in battle ) , and accepted the responsibly , allowing the radioactive spider that formed the other half of SP / / dr 's CPU to bite her .", "In an unknown reality , Uncle Ben and Aunt May are with their nephew Peter at the hospital after he suffers an allergic reaction to the radioactive spider bite , leaving him in a coma . Because of this , they are out of their house when is burgled by the thief that killed Ben in the main universe . Peter transforms into Man - Spider and attacks Uncle Ben and Aunt May , but is thwarted by Spider - Man Noir . Six - Armed Spider - Man creates a cure for Peter , allowing him to live a normal life with Ben and May .", "The Earth - 3145 version of Ben Parker was isolated in Ezekiel 's bunker after Earth is decimated by nuclear fallout . Ben is later found by Silk , Spider - Man and the other Spider - Men when arrive while fleeing from the Inheritors . Ben received his powers when he accompanied Peter to the science demonstration and was bitten by the spider instead of his nephew . Ben retired out of grief after his foe the Emerald Elf discovered his identity and killed his May and Peter . After entering Ezekiel 's bunker upon being told about the Inheritors , his Earth was decimated when a nuclear blackmail plot by Otto Octavius went wrong . Although he initially declines to join the other Spiders in their final attack on the Inheritors , Spider - Man and Superior Spider - Man convince him to do so by arguing that he has only failed if he gives up , Peter in particular affirming that the advice of his own Uncle Ben has saved his world and made a difference every day . He subsequently works with Spider - Ham to rescue Benjy Parker - the baby brother of Spider - Girl - and take him to another dimension for safety . When the crisis is concluded , Ben accompanies Spider - Girl back to her home dimension , and decides to remain so that he can be the great - uncle that no other Ben Parker has had the chance to become .", "Ben Parker in Ultimate Spider - Man differs slightly from the original Ben Parker . In the Ultimate Spider - Man comics , Ben Parker is younger than his original counterpart . He is also a former hippie who wears his hair in a ponytail and teaches Peter to be nonviolent . Ben also reminisces about the period he lived on a commune . After Peter Parker went out for a walk , he came home and learned from a police officer that Uncle Ben was murdered . Uncle Ben is seen one last time meeting Peter in the afterlife after his death .", "Uncle Ben was featured in various issues of What If .", "In one reality where May was killed by the burglar instead of Ben , Peter immediately went after the burglar , but accidentally pushed him out of the window of a warehouse during the fight , resulting in Ben taking the blame for the crime to save his nephew . Lacking the moral influence of Ben or the need to stay secret for his aunt , Peter broke out of the orphanage he was sent to and began to defeat criminals for the reward money , matters coming to a head when he nearly killed the Green Goblin in a fight . Attempting to break Ben out of prison , Ben nevertheless convinced him that he had to accept responsibility for his actions , prompting Peter to return to school and form a relationship with Mary Jane after Anna Watson took him in , culminating in Ben helping Peter in his crime - fighting activities after he was released from prison . In the first `` What If '' story regarding Spider - Man ( named `` classic '' ) , it was Aunt May who went downstairs after hearing a noise , not wanting to wake up Ben . The same storyline plays out , with the burglar shooting May and Spider - Man apprehending him in the warehouse . In this story , Ben finds out about Peter 's activities as Spider - Man relatively soon , and talks to him about it . Peter explains to him when he donned the costume and why , even telling him about letting the would - be murderer go that very same night he robbed the wrestling register . Peter breaks down , saying how everything was his fault . Ben responds with anger at himself , being weak in not being able to protect `` his May '' . After Peter tells him he did not know and could not have possibly done anything , Ben instantly calms down and tells Peter to follow his own advice . He further inspires Peter to keep being Spider - Man , not because of regret or penance , but to protect and help all those who are weak and in need of help . Ben and Peter form an even closer relationship with Ben offering his support in many of Spider - Man 's future battles . Eventually Ben becomes outraged at Jameson 's constant smearing of Spider - Man 's name , considering it an insult to May 's memory . He eventually lets Jameson in on Spider - Man 's identity , forcing Jameson in a position he is uncomfortable in as a journalist . He can not expose Spider - Man without endangering Ben Parker , yet he also does not wish to support vigilantism . Eventually , he finds a middle road and unofficially employs Spider - Man so he can gain inside scoops on crimes being solved in the city . The story eventually ends with Spider - Man saving Bennett Brant and Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus , as well as fighting a Green Goblin who kidnapped Jameson to find out Spider - Man 's real identity ( having correctly surmised there was a reason Jameson had those inside scoops ) . At the end of it all , Peter and Ben shake hands with Ben saying they will face all dangers and the future together .", "In one reality where May was killed by the burglar instead of Ben , Peter immediately went after the burglar , but accidentally pushed him out of the window of a warehouse during the fight , resulting in Ben taking the blame for the crime to save his nephew . Lacking the moral influence of Ben or the need to stay secret for his aunt , Peter broke out of the orphanage he was sent to and began to defeat criminals for the reward money , matters coming to a head when he nearly killed the Green Goblin in a fight . Attempting to break Ben out of prison , Ben nevertheless convinced him that he had to accept responsibility for his actions , prompting Peter to return to school and form a relationship with Mary Jane after Anna Watson took him in , culminating in Ben helping Peter in his crime - fighting activities after he was released from prison .", "In the first `` What If '' story regarding Spider - Man ( named `` classic '' ) , it was Aunt May who went downstairs after hearing a noise , not wanting to wake up Ben . The same storyline plays out , with the burglar shooting May and Spider - Man apprehending him in the warehouse . In this story , Ben finds out about Peter 's activities as Spider - Man relatively soon , and talks to him about it . Peter explains to him when he donned the costume and why , even telling him about letting the would - be murderer go that very same night he robbed the wrestling register . Peter breaks down , saying how everything was his fault . Ben responds with anger at himself , being weak in not being able to protect `` his May '' . After Peter tells him he did not know and could not have possibly done anything , Ben instantly calms down and tells Peter to follow his own advice . He further inspires Peter to keep being Spider - Man , not because of regret or penance , but to protect and help all those who are weak and in need of help . Ben and Peter form an even closer relationship with Ben offering his support in many of Spider - Man 's future battles . Eventually Ben becomes outraged at Jameson 's constant smearing of Spider - Man 's name , considering it an insult to May 's memory . He eventually lets Jameson in on Spider - Man 's identity , forcing Jameson in a position he is uncomfortable in as a journalist . He can not expose Spider - Man without endangering Ben Parker , yet he also does not wish to support vigilantism . Eventually , he finds a middle road and unofficially employs Spider - Man so he can gain inside scoops on crimes being solved in the city . The story eventually ends with Spider - Man saving Bennett Brant and Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus , as well as fighting a Green Goblin who kidnapped Jameson to find out Spider - Man 's real identity ( having correctly surmised there was a reason Jameson had those inside scoops ) . At the end of it all , Peter and Ben shake hands with Ben saying they will face all dangers and the future together .", "In an alternate reality shown in Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man , an alternate reality was witnessed where May died in a random accident , prompting Peter to go into show business with Ben as his agent to make money . Peter 's focus on his career prompts him to eventually leave home , simply paying Ben a percentage out of respect for their old relationship rather than any actual concern . This Ben was eventually ' derailed ' into the 616 reality by the Hobgoblin of 2211 as part of her plan against the Spider - Men of various eras , leaving him shocked when he witnessed his destroyed house and the still - living May Parker . Confronting her , he ended up in a fight with Jarvis , with whom she at the time has a relationship with , but wandered away in confusion . Lacking direction , Ben wandered into an alleyway where he encountered a shadowy figure who offered him a gun , telling Ben that any action he takes would simply create another universe where he took the opposite action , so he might as well do what felt good . After this Hobgoblin was erased from history by a Retcon Bomb of her own invention , the Spider - Man of 2211 met with what he presumed to be the same Ben Parker to take him back to his own timeline . In a surprise twist , deciding he rather wanted to `` stick around for a while '' , this Ben Parker shoots this future Spider - Man . At the same time , another Ben Parker was shown dead in the alley , meaning one Ben Parker had killed the other and taken his place .", "It was revealed that the Ben Parker who had died in the alleyway was the Uncle Ben of the alternate reality , while the Ben Parker who killed Spider - Man 2211 was , in fact , the Chameleon of 2211 ; the Chameleon had attempted to convince Ben to resort to murder , but Spider - Man correctly guessed that there were no circumstances under which Ben would do such a thing .", "The thematic and often - quoted ( including by the Supreme Court of the United States ) Spider - Man phrase with great power comes great responsibility is widely attributed to Uncle Ben . However , in Amazing Fantasy # 15 , where it first appears , it is not spoken by any character . In fact , Ben has only two lines in the entire comic . The original version of the phrase appears in a narrative caption of the comic 's last panel , rather than as spoken dialogue . It reads , `` ... with great power there must also come -- great responsibility ! '' .", "However , later stories and flashbacks that took place when Ben was still alive retroactively made the phrase one of Ben 's many homilies he would lecture Peter with . Latter - day reinterpretations of Spider - Man , such as the Spider - Man film and the Ultimate Spider - Man comic , depict Ben as saying this phrase to Peter while he is still alive , in their last conversation . Both the aforementioned adaptations also had Peter lash out at Ben just after he says it , and both also mention his father .", "The origins of the phrase pre-date its use in Spider - Man . In 1906 , Under - Secretary of the Colonial Office Winston Churchill said , `` Where there is great power there is great responsibility '' In 1817 , member of British parliament William Lamb is recorded saying , `` the possession of great power necessarily implies great responsibility , '' even indicating that it was already a cultural maxim invoked toward government at the time . The sentiment is also attributed to Jesus of Nazareth in the Gospel of Luke , `` Everyone to whom much was given , of him much will be required . ''", "Uncle Ben appeared in the 1960s Spider - Man television series . He appeared in the episode `` The Origin of Spider - Man '' . Uncle Ben is mentioned in the 1980s Spider - Man television series . In the episode `` Arsenic and Aunt May '' , the Chameleon ( after meeting the relative of the Burglar ) escapes from prison and poses as a medium while using technology to make Aunt May seemingly see Ben 's ghost . Uncle Ben appeared in Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , voiced by Frank Welker . He appeared in the episode `` Along Came Spidey '' . Uncle Ben appeared in Spider - Man : The Animated Series , voiced by Brian Keith ( in `` The Menace of Mysterio '' , `` The Mutant Agenda '' and the `` Spider Wars '' series finale ) . He appeared in the series as a spirit or seen in flashbacks talking to Peter Parker whenever his nephew gets frustrated the tough choices as Spider - Man . In the series finale when Spider - Man had to stop Spider - Carnage from destroying all reality , Spider - Man managed to make contact with an alternate reality of his uncle in a world where Peter Parker was a successful industrialist ; realizing that Peter 's counterpart in this reality had never failed or had any difficulties in life due to his casual attitude towards the crisis as opposed to Spider - Man or the other counterparts , Peter realized that Ben was almost certainly still alive in this reality if he was alive in any alternate timeline . Thanks to Ben 's influence , Spider - Carnage was convinced to stop trying to destroy reality . After Spider - Carnage instead used the reality bomb to create a portal and subsequently committed suicide by entering the portal to end the threat once and for all , Spider - Man and Ben hugged ; although they lived in different realities , Ben was proud of his different reality nephew while Spider - Man assured Ben that he will always have him in his own heart . In Spider - Man Unlimited , Uncle Ben is briefly mentioned in the pilot episode `` Worlds Apart '' ( Part One ) . He is also seen in the theme song which Uncle Ben was killed . Uncle Ben appears in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Edward Asner . His character remains faithful to the comics . He is featured in Spider - Man 's flashback in the episode `` Intervention '' revealed that Ben was killed while defending May Parker during a break - in at their house by a burglar that Peter Parker selfishly let go earlier that day . After Peter discovered that Ben was murdered by a burglar who broke into the Parker house and stole Ben 's car , Peter furiously sought revenge , donning the Spider - Man costume and confronting the burglar in an old warehouse . Spider - Man unmasked his uncle 's killer , realizing that it was the same burglar from earlier . After knocking the criminal out and lowered to policeman via web line , Peter vowed to use these spider powers for good and to never put himself before anyone else and to never to let another innocent person come to harm if anything could help it , and remembering his uncle 's words : ' With great power there must also come great responsibility ' . Uncle Ben is featured in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Greg Grunberg . His character is loosely based on his Ultimate Counterpart as opposed to his previous versions . In the pilot episodes `` Great Power '' and `` Great Responsibility '' , Peter Parker recalled that fateful night of his uncle 's murder and Nick Fury uses Ben 's memory to have Spider - Man join S.H.I.E.L.D. instead of being solo . A picture of Ben is also seen having fun with May Parker and their young nephew . Ben is personally featured in the episode `` Strange Days '' . Nightmare tries to use Spider - Man 's failure being unable to save his uncle 's life , however , this does not work ; Ben actually motivates Peter to defeat Nightmare ( something neither Iron Fist nor Doctor Strange was able to do ) . In the episode `` Ultimate Deadpool '' , Spider - Man remembers his uncle 's memory when thinking about Deadpool 's own demons . The character is occasionally referenced in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. The Sinister Six primarily as May 's source of Ben Reilly 's name . The episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse '' Pt. 2 features a Wild West reality version of Uncle Ben ( voiced by Clancy Brown ) who is depicted as the `` Phantom Rider '' and Webslinger the Spider Cowboy 's uncle . As Doc Ock Holliday 's brainwashed Deputy , the Phantom Rider helped repelled Wolf Spider and later fought both Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid . Although unaffected by Kid Arachnid 's venom blasts , Spider - Man and Webslinger eventually were able to defeat Doc Ock Holliday . Upon Doc Holliday 's defeat , Ben was freed from the brainwashing and remanded Doc Ock Holliday to the hoosegow while reclaiming his Sheriff title . As Sheriff Ben and Webslinger are reunited , Spider - Man gets a final look at Sheriff Ben before departing to the next reality , quietly hopeful that one reality has Ben still alive . Uncle Ben appears in Spider - Man , voiced by Patton Oswalt .", "Uncle Ben appeared in the 1960s Spider - Man television series . He appeared in the episode `` The Origin of Spider - Man '' .", "Uncle Ben is mentioned in the 1980s Spider - Man television series . In the episode `` Arsenic and Aunt May '' , the Chameleon ( after meeting the relative of the Burglar ) escapes from prison and poses as a medium while using technology to make Aunt May seemingly see Ben 's ghost .", "Uncle Ben appeared in Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , voiced by Frank Welker . He appeared in the episode `` Along Came Spidey '' .", "Uncle Ben appeared in Spider - Man : The Animated Series , voiced by Brian Keith ( in `` The Menace of Mysterio '' , `` The Mutant Agenda '' and the `` Spider Wars '' series finale ) . He appeared in the series as a spirit or seen in flashbacks talking to Peter Parker whenever his nephew gets frustrated the tough choices as Spider - Man . In the series finale when Spider - Man had to stop Spider - Carnage from destroying all reality , Spider - Man managed to make contact with an alternate reality of his uncle in a world where Peter Parker was a successful industrialist ; realizing that Peter 's counterpart in this reality had never failed or had any difficulties in life due to his casual attitude towards the crisis as opposed to Spider - Man or the other counterparts , Peter realized that Ben was almost certainly still alive in this reality if he was alive in any alternate timeline . Thanks to Ben 's influence , Spider - Carnage was convinced to stop trying to destroy reality . After Spider - Carnage instead used the reality bomb to create a portal and subsequently committed suicide by entering the portal to end the threat once and for all , Spider - Man and Ben hugged ; although they lived in different realities , Ben was proud of his different reality nephew while Spider - Man assured Ben that he will always have him in his own heart .", "In Spider - Man Unlimited , Uncle Ben is briefly mentioned in the pilot episode `` Worlds Apart '' ( Part One ) . He is also seen in the theme song which Uncle Ben was killed .", "Uncle Ben appears in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Edward Asner . His character remains faithful to the comics . He is featured in Spider - Man 's flashback in the episode `` Intervention '' revealed that Ben was killed while defending May Parker during a break - in at their house by a burglar that Peter Parker selfishly let go earlier that day . After Peter discovered that Ben was murdered by a burglar who broke into the Parker house and stole Ben 's car , Peter furiously sought revenge , donning the Spider - Man costume and confronting the burglar in an old warehouse . Spider - Man unmasked his uncle 's killer , realizing that it was the same burglar from earlier . After knocking the criminal out and lowered to policeman via web line , Peter vowed to use these spider powers for good and to never put himself before anyone else and to never to let another innocent person come to harm if anything could help it , and remembering his uncle 's words : ' With great power there must also come great responsibility ' .", "Uncle Ben is featured in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Greg Grunberg . His character is loosely based on his Ultimate Counterpart as opposed to his previous versions . In the pilot episodes `` Great Power '' and `` Great Responsibility '' , Peter Parker recalled that fateful night of his uncle 's murder and Nick Fury uses Ben 's memory to have Spider - Man join S.H.I.E.L.D. instead of being solo . A picture of Ben is also seen having fun with May Parker and their young nephew . Ben is personally featured in the episode `` Strange Days '' . Nightmare tries to use Spider - Man 's failure being unable to save his uncle 's life , however , this does not work ; Ben actually motivates Peter to defeat Nightmare ( something neither Iron Fist nor Doctor Strange was able to do ) . In the episode `` Ultimate Deadpool '' , Spider - Man remembers his uncle 's memory when thinking about Deadpool 's own demons . The character is occasionally referenced in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. The Sinister Six primarily as May 's source of Ben Reilly 's name . The episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse '' Pt. 2 features a Wild West reality version of Uncle Ben ( voiced by Clancy Brown ) who is depicted as the `` Phantom Rider '' and Webslinger the Spider Cowboy 's uncle . As Doc Ock Holliday 's brainwashed Deputy , the Phantom Rider helped repelled Wolf Spider and later fought both Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid . Although unaffected by Kid Arachnid 's venom blasts , Spider - Man and Webslinger eventually were able to defeat Doc Ock Holliday . Upon Doc Holliday 's defeat , Ben was freed from the brainwashing and remanded Doc Ock Holliday to the hoosegow while reclaiming his Sheriff title . As Sheriff Ben and Webslinger are reunited , Spider - Man gets a final look at Sheriff Ben before departing to the next reality , quietly hopeful that one reality has Ben still alive .", "Uncle Ben appears in Spider - Man , voiced by Patton Oswalt .", "In the Spider - Man film series , Ben Parker is portrayed by Cliff Robertson and his character remains relatively faithful to the comics , including his being shot by a criminal Peter failed to stop ( although in the comics he was shot trying to defend May during a break in at their house and in the film he was shot during a carjacking ) . He appeared in the first film as a father figure for Peter . The amiable Ben is laid off from his job as a chief electrician after 35 years and worries about his nephew 's strange behavior . His words of wisdom ( ' With great power comes great responsibility ' ) eventually inspire Peter to become Spider - Man . Losing his temper during this speech , Peter tells him to stop acting like his father , hurting his feelings badly . Later that night , Ben is apparently shot dead by a thief , Dennis Carradine , whom Peter refused to stop when he was cheated out of his money . Peter and his aunt greatly mourn his death , particularly Peter , who is haunted by the fact that he could have stopped Carradine and saved his uncle . By the end of the film , Peter has accepted Ben as the father figure of his childhood . The second film features a sequence where Peter contemplates giving up his Spider - Man identity to Ben who , in the flashback , is a physical representation of the entity and ideology of Spider - Man , encouraging Peter to continue on as a superhero . Also , Peter admits the truth surrounding Uncle Ben 's death to Aunt May . She is shocked and upset at first , but later commends Peter for telling her the truth . Robertson reprises his role in a flashback scene ( as well as a dream sequence ) in the third film . In the film , Captain George Stacy tells Peter and Aunt May of new evidence that suggests Carradine was only an accomplice of Flint Marko , who was Uncle Ben 's real killer ; Peter then imagines Marko throwing Ben out of the car and gunning him down in cold blood while Carradine desperately tries to stop Marko before driving off . Robertson appears again at the end of the film during a more accurate flashback , as Marko explains to Peter that he only wanted Ben 's car , since Marko needed to steal money to help his critically ill daughter Penny . However , Carradine startled Marko and caused him to accidentally pull the trigger when Ben was trying to reason with him . This somewhat shocked Marko , as he feels extremely remorseful for killing Ben . Realizing how desperate Marko is to help his own daughter and understanding the importance of forgiveness over revenge , Spider - Man forgives Marko and allows him to go free . Martin Sheen portrays Uncle Ben in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider - Man . Though his character still remains faithful to the comics , the manner of his murder is drastically different . Following an argument with Peter which results in Peter storming out , Ben leaves to find his nephew and encounters a thief who has just raided a grocery store where Peter was shopping but who Peter refused to stop when he did not provide enough money to pay for a drink . The thief trips over and drops his gun . Ben tries to get the gun first , but a struggle ensues and Ben is killed . Unlike the comics , Ben 's killer remains at large . The screenwriter for Spider - Man : Homecoming , John Francis Daley , confirms that Uncle Ben exists in the Marvel Cinematic Universe despite never being referenced directly in the film ( though Peter does mention that Aunt May 's been through a lot lately which was an intentional nod to the character ) . In an earlier draft of the film , May mentions that Peter 's wardrobe for homecoming was Ben 's clothing , but it was cut out because the screenwriters did n't want his death to be a throwaway line .", "In the Spider - Man film series , Ben Parker is portrayed by Cliff Robertson and his character remains relatively faithful to the comics , including his being shot by a criminal Peter failed to stop ( although in the comics he was shot trying to defend May during a break in at their house and in the film he was shot during a carjacking ) . He appeared in the first film as a father figure for Peter . The amiable Ben is laid off from his job as a chief electrician after 35 years and worries about his nephew 's strange behavior . His words of wisdom ( ' With great power comes great responsibility ' ) eventually inspire Peter to become Spider - Man . Losing his temper during this speech , Peter tells him to stop acting like his father , hurting his feelings badly . Later that night , Ben is apparently shot dead by a thief , Dennis Carradine , whom Peter refused to stop when he was cheated out of his money . Peter and his aunt greatly mourn his death , particularly Peter , who is haunted by the fact that he could have stopped Carradine and saved his uncle . By the end of the film , Peter has accepted Ben as the father figure of his childhood . The second film features a sequence where Peter contemplates giving up his Spider - Man identity to Ben who , in the flashback , is a physical representation of the entity and ideology of Spider - Man , encouraging Peter to continue on as a superhero . Also , Peter admits the truth surrounding Uncle Ben 's death to Aunt May . She is shocked and upset at first , but later commends Peter for telling her the truth . Robertson reprises his role in a flashback scene ( as well as a dream sequence ) in the third film . In the film , Captain George Stacy tells Peter and Aunt May of new evidence that suggests Carradine was only an accomplice of Flint Marko , who was Uncle Ben 's real killer ; Peter then imagines Marko throwing Ben out of the car and gunning him down in cold blood while Carradine desperately tries to stop Marko before driving off . Robertson appears again at the end of the film during a more accurate flashback , as Marko explains to Peter that he only wanted Ben 's car , since Marko needed to steal money to help his critically ill daughter Penny . However , Carradine startled Marko and caused him to accidentally pull the trigger when Ben was trying to reason with him . This somewhat shocked Marko , as he feels extremely remorseful for killing Ben . Realizing how desperate Marko is to help his own daughter and understanding the importance of forgiveness over revenge , Spider - Man forgives Marko and allows him to go free .", "He appeared in the first film as a father figure for Peter . The amiable Ben is laid off from his job as a chief electrician after 35 years and worries about his nephew 's strange behavior . His words of wisdom ( ' With great power comes great responsibility ' ) eventually inspire Peter to become Spider - Man . Losing his temper during this speech , Peter tells him to stop acting like his father , hurting his feelings badly . Later that night , Ben is apparently shot dead by a thief , Dennis Carradine , whom Peter refused to stop when he was cheated out of his money . Peter and his aunt greatly mourn his death , particularly Peter , who is haunted by the fact that he could have stopped Carradine and saved his uncle . By the end of the film , Peter has accepted Ben as the father figure of his childhood . The second film features a sequence where Peter contemplates giving up his Spider - Man identity to Ben who , in the flashback , is a physical representation of the entity and ideology of Spider - Man , encouraging Peter to continue on as a superhero . Also , Peter admits the truth surrounding Uncle Ben 's death to Aunt May . She is shocked and upset at first , but later commends Peter for telling her the truth . Robertson reprises his role in a flashback scene ( as well as a dream sequence ) in the third film . In the film , Captain George Stacy tells Peter and Aunt May of new evidence that suggests Carradine was only an accomplice of Flint Marko , who was Uncle Ben 's real killer ; Peter then imagines Marko throwing Ben out of the car and gunning him down in cold blood while Carradine desperately tries to stop Marko before driving off . Robertson appears again at the end of the film during a more accurate flashback , as Marko explains to Peter that he only wanted Ben 's car , since Marko needed to steal money to help his critically ill daughter Penny . However , Carradine startled Marko and caused him to accidentally pull the trigger when Ben was trying to reason with him . This somewhat shocked Marko , as he feels extremely remorseful for killing Ben . Realizing how desperate Marko is to help his own daughter and understanding the importance of forgiveness over revenge , Spider - Man forgives Marko and allows him to go free .", "He appeared in the first film as a father figure for Peter . The amiable Ben is laid off from his job as a chief electrician after 35 years and worries about his nephew 's strange behavior . His words of wisdom ( ' With great power comes great responsibility ' ) eventually inspire Peter to become Spider - Man . Losing his temper during this speech , Peter tells him to stop acting like his father , hurting his feelings badly . Later that night , Ben is apparently shot dead by a thief , Dennis Carradine , whom Peter refused to stop when he was cheated out of his money . Peter and his aunt greatly mourn his death , particularly Peter , who is haunted by the fact that he could have stopped Carradine and saved his uncle . By the end of the film , Peter has accepted Ben as the father figure of his childhood .", "The second film features a sequence where Peter contemplates giving up his Spider - Man identity to Ben who , in the flashback , is a physical representation of the entity and ideology of Spider - Man , encouraging Peter to continue on as a superhero . Also , Peter admits the truth surrounding Uncle Ben 's death to Aunt May . She is shocked and upset at first , but later commends Peter for telling her the truth .", "Robertson reprises his role in a flashback scene ( as well as a dream sequence ) in the third film . In the film , Captain George Stacy tells Peter and Aunt May of new evidence that suggests Carradine was only an accomplice of Flint Marko , who was Uncle Ben 's real killer ; Peter then imagines Marko throwing Ben out of the car and gunning him down in cold blood while Carradine desperately tries to stop Marko before driving off . Robertson appears again at the end of the film during a more accurate flashback , as Marko explains to Peter that he only wanted Ben 's car , since Marko needed to steal money to help his critically ill daughter Penny . However , Carradine startled Marko and caused him to accidentally pull the trigger when Ben was trying to reason with him . This somewhat shocked Marko , as he feels extremely remorseful for killing Ben . Realizing how desperate Marko is to help his own daughter and understanding the importance of forgiveness over revenge , Spider - Man forgives Marko and allows him to go free .", "Martin Sheen portrays Uncle Ben in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider - Man . Though his character still remains faithful to the comics , the manner of his murder is drastically different . Following an argument with Peter which results in Peter storming out , Ben leaves to find his nephew and encounters a thief who has just raided a grocery store where Peter was shopping but who Peter refused to stop when he did not provide enough money to pay for a drink . The thief trips over and drops his gun . Ben tries to get the gun first , but a struggle ensues and Ben is killed . Unlike the comics , Ben 's killer remains at large .", "The screenwriter for Spider - Man : Homecoming , John Francis Daley , confirms that Uncle Ben exists in the Marvel Cinematic Universe despite never being referenced directly in the film ( though Peter does mention that Aunt May 's been through a lot lately which was an intentional nod to the character ) . In an earlier draft of the film , May mentions that Peter 's wardrobe for homecoming was Ben 's clothing , but it was cut out because the screenwriters did n't want his death to be a throwaway line .", "Uncle Ben is mentioned in the first 3 missions , `` Search for Justice , '' `` Warehouse Hunt , '' and `` Birth of a Hero '' in the 2002 Spider - Man video game , as Peter Parker attempts to track down Ben 's killer . Uncle Ben is briefly mentioned at the end of Spider - Man 3 . Uncle Ben 's Noir version is mentioned by Spider - Man Noir in Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions when going after the Vulture ( that universe 's killer of Uncle Ben ) . Uncle Ben makes an appearance in the prologue of The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , voiced by Mark Bramhall . The tutorial starts off showing the event that lead to his death . After that , he is referenced throughout the game by Peter Parker , Aunt May , and Stan . Around the end of the game , Stan tells Peter that Ben would 've wanted him to grow up to be the man that he wanted Peter to be .", "Uncle Ben is mentioned in the first 3 missions , `` Search for Justice , '' `` Warehouse Hunt , '' and `` Birth of a Hero '' in the 2002 Spider - Man video game , as Peter Parker attempts to track down Ben 's killer .", "Uncle Ben is briefly mentioned at the end of Spider - Man 3 .", "Uncle Ben 's Noir version is mentioned by Spider - Man Noir in Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions when going after the Vulture ( that universe 's killer of Uncle Ben ) .", "Uncle Ben makes an appearance in the prologue of The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , voiced by Mark Bramhall . The tutorial starts off showing the event that lead to his death . After that , he is referenced throughout the game by Peter Parker , Aunt May , and Stan . Around the end of the game , Stan tells Peter that Ben would 've wanted him to grow up to be the man that he wanted Peter to be .", "Franklin Richards of the Fantastic Four often refers to Benjamin Grimm , the Thing , as `` Uncle Ben '' ( Grimm is the best friend of Franklin 's father Reed Richards ) . Franklin Richards and Peter Parker also have the same middle name , Benjamin , as the Thing and Ben Parker are their namesakes . Spider - Man is aware of this , and told Franklin , `` Uncle Bens are always right . ''", "In The Amazing Spider - Man # 498 - 500 , Spider - Man falls through time , encountering all of his enemies from the past , and sees himself in the future . The future Peter Parker tells him that he should tell Mary Jane Watson and their son that he loves them every day . `` Our son is called Ben '' , he says , `` but it would pretty much have to be , would n't it ? '' However , because of the way time - travel in the Marvel universe works , it should be noted that this is only a potential future , not necessarily a definite one ( This future being even more unlikely after the events of One More Day ) .", "Like her father , Spider - Girl also has an Uncle Ben . However , unlike her dad , May never knew her uncle : Ben Reilly , Spider - Man 's clone . If Spider - Girl has any children in the future , they too would have an Uncle Ben - May 's baby brother . Ironically in the aftermath of Spider - Verse , the Earth - 3145 's Ben Parker himself would stay on her world , and has a chance to be his grandfather , something that the other Ben Parkers were unable to achieve on account of their deaths ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Thermodynamics The classical Carnot heat engine Branches ( show ) Classical Statistical Chemical Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium Laws ( hide ) Zeroth First Second Third Systems ( show ) State Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Equilibrium Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency System properties ( show ) Note : Conjugate variables in italics Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties Functions of state Temperature / Entropy ( introduction ) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties Process functions Work Heat Material properties ( show ) Property databases Specific heat capacity c = ( \\ displaystyle c = ) T ( \\ displaystyle T ) ∂ S ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial S ) N ( \\ displaystyle N ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T ) Compressibility β = − ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta = - ) 1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ p ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial p ) Thermal expansion α = ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha = ) 1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T ) Equations ( show ) Carnot 's theorem Clausius theorem Fundamental relation Ideal gas law Maxwell relations Onsager reciprocal relations Bridgman 's equations Table of thermodynamic equations Potentials ( show ) Free energy Free entropy Internal energy U ( S , V ) ( \\ displaystyle U ( S , V ) ) Enthalpy H ( S , p ) = U + p V ( \\ displaystyle H ( S , p ) = U + pV ) Helmholtz free energy A ( T , V ) = U − T S ( \\ displaystyle A ( T , V ) = U-TS ) Gibbs free energy G ( T , p ) = H − T S ( \\ displaystyle G ( T , p ) = H - TS ) History Culture ( show ) History General Heat Entropy Gas laws `` Perpetual motion '' machines Philosophy Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell 's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt 's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Theory of heat Vis viva ( `` living force '' ) Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power Key publications `` An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat '' `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' `` Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire '' Timelines Thermodynamics Heat engines Art Education Maxwell 's thermodynamic surface Entropy as energy dispersal Scientists ( show ) Bernoulli Boltzmann Carnot Clapeyron Clausius Carathéodory Duhem Gibbs von Helmholtz Joule Maxwell von Mayer Onsager Rankine Smeaton Stahl Thompson Thomson van der Waals Waterston Book : Thermodynamics", "Thermodynamics", "The classical Carnot heat engine", "Branches ( show ) Classical Statistical Chemical Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium", "Classical Statistical Chemical", "Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium", "Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium", "Laws ( hide ) Zeroth First Second Third", "Zeroth First Second Third", "Systems ( show ) State Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Equilibrium Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency", "State Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Equilibrium Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency", "State", "Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Equilibrium Control volume Instruments", "Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Equilibrium Control volume Instruments", "Equation of state", "State of matter", "Processes", "Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility", "Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility", "Cycles", "Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency", "Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency", "System properties ( show ) Note : Conjugate variables in italics Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties Functions of state Temperature / Entropy ( introduction ) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties Process functions Work Heat", "Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties Functions of state Temperature / Entropy ( introduction ) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties Process functions Work Heat", "Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties", "Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties", "Intensive and extensive properties", "Functions of state", "Temperature / Entropy ( introduction ) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties", "Temperature / Entropy ( introduction ) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties", "Temperature / Entropy ( introduction )", "Pressure / Volume", "Chemical potential / Particle number", "Process functions", "Work Heat", "Work Heat", "Material properties ( show ) Property databases Specific heat capacity c = ( \\ displaystyle c = ) T ( \\ displaystyle T ) ∂ S ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial S ) N ( \\ displaystyle N ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T ) Compressibility β = − ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta = - ) 1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ p ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial p ) Thermal expansion α = ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha = ) 1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T )", "Property databases", "Specific heat capacity c = ( \\ displaystyle c = ) T ( \\ displaystyle T ) ∂ S ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial S ) N ( \\ displaystyle N ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T ) Compressibility β = − ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta = - ) 1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ p ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial p ) Thermal expansion α = ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha = ) 1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T )", "Specific heat capacity c = ( \\ displaystyle c = ) T ( \\ displaystyle T ) ∂ S ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial S ) N ( \\ displaystyle N ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T )", "T ( \\ displaystyle T ) ∂ S ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial S ) N ( \\ displaystyle N ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T )", "T ( \\ displaystyle T ) ∂ S ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial S )", "N ( \\ displaystyle N ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T )", "Compressibility β = − ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta = - ) 1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ p ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial p )", "1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ p ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial p )", "1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V )", "V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ p ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial p )", "Thermal expansion α = ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha = ) 1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T )", "1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T )", "1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V )", "V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T )", "Equations ( show ) Carnot 's theorem Clausius theorem Fundamental relation Ideal gas law Maxwell relations Onsager reciprocal relations Bridgman 's equations Table of thermodynamic equations", "Carnot 's theorem Clausius theorem Fundamental relation Ideal gas law", "Carnot 's theorem", "Ideal gas law", "Maxwell relations Onsager reciprocal relations Bridgman 's equations Table of thermodynamic equations", "Onsager reciprocal relations", "Bridgman 's equations", "Table of thermodynamic equations", "Potentials ( show ) Free energy Free entropy Internal energy U ( S , V ) ( \\ displaystyle U ( S , V ) ) Enthalpy H ( S , p ) = U + p V ( \\ displaystyle H ( S , p ) = U + pV ) Helmholtz free energy A ( T , V ) = U − T S ( \\ displaystyle A ( T , V ) = U-TS ) Gibbs free energy G ( T , p ) = H − T S ( \\ displaystyle G ( T , p ) = H - TS )", "Free energy Free entropy", "Internal energy U ( S , V ) ( \\ displaystyle U ( S , V ) ) Enthalpy H ( S , p ) = U + p V ( \\ displaystyle H ( S , p ) = U + pV ) Helmholtz free energy A ( T , V ) = U − T S ( \\ displaystyle A ( T , V ) = U-TS ) Gibbs free energy G ( T , p ) = H − T S ( \\ displaystyle G ( T , p ) = H - TS )", "Internal energy U ( S , V ) ( \\ displaystyle U ( S , V ) )", "Enthalpy H ( S , p ) = U + p V ( \\ displaystyle H ( S , p ) = U + pV )", "Helmholtz free energy A ( T , V ) = U − T S ( \\ displaystyle A ( T , V ) = U-TS )", "Gibbs free energy G ( T , p ) = H − T S ( \\ displaystyle G ( T , p ) = H - TS )", "History Culture ( show ) History General Heat Entropy Gas laws `` Perpetual motion '' machines Philosophy Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell 's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt 's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Theory of heat Vis viva ( `` living force '' ) Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power Key publications `` An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat '' `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' `` Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire '' Timelines Thermodynamics Heat engines Art Education Maxwell 's thermodynamic surface Entropy as energy dispersal", "History Culture", "History General Heat Entropy Gas laws `` Perpetual motion '' machines Philosophy Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell 's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt 's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Theory of heat Vis viva ( `` living force '' ) Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power Key publications `` An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat '' `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' `` Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire '' Timelines Thermodynamics Heat engines Art Education Maxwell 's thermodynamic surface Entropy as energy dispersal", "History", "General Heat Entropy Gas laws `` Perpetual motion '' machines", "General Heat Entropy Gas laws", "`` Perpetual motion '' machines", "`` Perpetual motion '' machines", "Philosophy", "Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell 's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt 's paradox Synergetics", "Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell 's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt 's paradox Synergetics", "Entropy and time", "Entropy and life", "Maxwell 's demon", "Heat death paradox", "Loschmidt 's paradox", "Theories", "Caloric theory Theory of heat Vis viva ( `` living force '' ) Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power", "Caloric theory Theory of heat", "Theory of heat", "Vis viva ( `` living force '' ) Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power", "Vis viva ( `` living force '' )", "Mechanical equivalent of heat", "Key publications", "`` An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat '' `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' `` Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire ''", "`` An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat '' `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' `` Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire ''", "`` An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat ''", "`` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances ''", "`` Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire ''", "Timelines", "Thermodynamics Heat engines", "Thermodynamics Heat engines", "Art Education", "Art Education", "Maxwell 's thermodynamic surface Entropy as energy dispersal", "Maxwell 's thermodynamic surface Entropy as energy dispersal", "Maxwell 's thermodynamic surface", "Entropy as energy dispersal", "Scientists ( show ) Bernoulli Boltzmann Carnot Clapeyron Clausius Carathéodory Duhem Gibbs von Helmholtz Joule Maxwell von Mayer Onsager Rankine Smeaton Stahl Thompson Thomson van der Waals Waterston", "Bernoulli Boltzmann Carnot Clapeyron Clausius Carathéodory Duhem Gibbs von Helmholtz Joule Maxwell von Mayer Onsager Rankine Smeaton Stahl Thompson Thomson van der Waals Waterston", "van der Waals", "Book : Thermodynamics", "", "", "The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy can only increase over time for an isolated system , meaning a system which neither energy nor matter can enter or leave . The total entropy can remain constant in ideal cases where the system is in a steady state ( equilibrium ) or undergoing a reversible process . The increase in entropy accounts for the irreversibility of natural processes , and the asymmetry between future and past .", "Historically , the second law was an empirical finding that was accepted as an axiom of thermodynamic theory . Statistical thermodynamics , classical or quantum , explains the microscopic origin of the law .", "The second law has been expressed in many ways . Its first formulation is credited to the French scientist Sadi Carnot in 1824 , who showed that there is an upper limit to the efficiency of conversion of heat to work in a heat engine .", "The first law of thermodynamics provides the basic definition of internal energy , associated with all thermodynamic systems , and states the rule of conservation of energy . The second law is concerned with the direction of natural processes . It asserts that a natural process runs only in one sense , and is not reversible . For example , heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder bodies , and never the reverse , unless external work is performed on the system . Its modern definition is in terms of entropy .", "In a fictive reversible process , an infinitesimal increment in the entropy ( dS ) of a system is defined to result from an infinitesimal transfer of heat ( δQ ) to a closed system ( which allows the entry or exit of energy but not matter ) divided by the common temperature ( T ) of the system and the surroundings which supply the heat :", "d S = δ Q T ( closed system , idealized fictive reversible process ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( d ) S = ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , ( \\ text ( ( closed system , idealized fictive reversible process ) ) ) . )", "d S = δ Q T ( closed system , idealized fictive reversible process ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( d ) S = ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , ( \\ text ( ( closed system , idealized fictive reversible process ) ) ) . )", "Different notations are used for infinitesimal amounts of heat ( δ ) and infinitesimal amounts of entropy ( d ) because entropy is a function of state , while heat , like work , is not . For an actually possible infinitesimal process without exchange of matter with the surroundings , the second law requires that the increment in system entropy be greater than that :", "d S > δ Q T ( closed system , actually possible , irreversible process ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( d ) S > ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , ( \\ text ( ( closed system , actually possible , irreversible process ) . ) ) )", "d S > δ Q T ( closed system , actually possible , irreversible process ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( d ) S > ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , \\ , ( \\ text ( ( closed system , actually possible , irreversible process ) . ) ) )", "This is because a general process for this case may include work being done on the system by its surroundings , which must have frictional or viscous effects inside the system , and because heat transfer actually occurs only irreversibly , driven by a finite temperature difference .", "The zeroth law of thermodynamics in its usual short statement allows recognition that two bodies in a relation of thermal equilibrium have the same temperature , especially that a test body has the same temperature as a reference thermometric body . For a body in thermal equilibrium with another , there are indefinitely many empirical temperature scales , in general respectively depending on the properties of a particular reference thermometric body . The second law allows a distinguished temperature scale , which defines an absolute , thermodynamic temperature , independent of the properties of any particular reference thermometric body .", "The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways , the most prominent classical statements being the statement by Rudolf Clausius ( 1854 ) , the statement by Lord Kelvin ( 1851 ) , and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory ( 1909 ) . These statements cast the law in general physical terms citing the impossibility of certain processes . The Clausius and the Kelvin statements have been shown to be equivalent .", "The historical origin of the second law of thermodynamics was in Carnot 's principle . It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine , fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static , so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium . The Carnot engine is an idealized device of special interest to engineers who are concerned with the efficiency of heat engines . Carnot 's principle was recognized by Carnot at a time when the caloric theory of heat was seriously considered , before the recognition of the first law of thermodynamics , and before the mathematical expression of the concept of entropy . Interpreted in the light of the first law , it is physically equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics , and remains valid today . It states", "The efficiency of a quasi-static or reversible Carnot cycle depends only on the temperatures of the two heat reservoirs , and is the same , whatever the working substance . A Carnot engine operated in this way is the most efficient possible heat engine using those two temperatures .", "The German scientist Rudolf Clausius laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by examining the relation between heat transfer and work . His formulation of the second law , which was published in German in 1854 , is known as the Clausius statement :", "Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change , connected therewith , occurring at the same time .", "The statement by Clausius uses the concept of ' passage of heat ' . As is usual in thermodynamic discussions , this means ' net transfer of energy as heat ' , and does not refer to contributory transfers one way and the other .", "Heat can not spontaneously flow from cold regions to hot regions without external work being performed on the system , which is evident from ordinary experience of refrigeration , for example . In a refrigerator , heat flows from cold to hot , but only when forced by an external agent , the refrigeration system .", "Lord Kelvin expressed the second law as", "It is impossible , by means of inanimate material agency , to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects .", "It is impossible , by means of inanimate material agency , to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects .", "It is impossible , by means of inanimate material agency , to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects .", "It is impossible , by means of inanimate material agency , to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects .", "Suppose there is an engine violating the Kelvin statement : i.e. , one that drains heat and converts it completely into work in a cyclic fashion without any other result . Now pair it with a reversed Carnot engine as shown by the figure . The net and sole effect of this newly created engine consisting of the two engines mentioned is transferring heat Δ Q = Q ( 1 η − 1 ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta Q = Q \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ eta ) ) - 1 \\ right ) ) from the cooler reservoir to the hotter one , which violates the Clausius statement . Thus a violation of the Kelvin statement implies a violation of the Clausius statement , i.e. the Clausius statement implies the Kelvin statement . We can prove in a similar manner that the Kelvin statement implies the Clausius statement , and hence the two are equivalent .", "Planck offered the following proposition as derived directly from experience . This is sometimes regarded as his statement of the second law , but he regarded it as a starting point for the derivation of the second law .", "It is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a complete cycle , and produce no effect except the raising of a weight and cooling of a heat reservoir .", "It is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a complete cycle , and produce no effect except the raising of a weight and cooling of a heat reservoir .", "It is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a complete cycle , and produce no effect except the raising of a weight and cooling of a heat reservoir .", "It is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a complete cycle , and produce no effect except the raising of a weight and cooling of a heat reservoir .", "It is almost customary in textbooks to speak of the `` Kelvin - Planck statement '' of the law , as for example in the text by ter Haar and Wergeland . One text gives a statement very like Planck 's proposition , but attributes it to Kelvin without mention of Planck . One monograph quotes Planck 's proposition as the `` Kelvin - Planck '' formulation , the text naming Kelvin as its author , though it correctly cites Planck in its references . The reader may compare the two statements quoted just above here .", "The Kelvin -- Planck statement ( or the heat engine statement ) of the second law of thermodynamics states that", "It is impossible to devise a cyclically operating device , the sole effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work .", "It is impossible to devise a cyclically operating device , the sole effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work .", "It is impossible to devise a cyclically operating device , the sole effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work .", "It is impossible to devise a cyclically operating device , the sole effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work .", "Planck stated the second law as follows .", "Every process occurring in nature proceeds in the sense in which the sum of the entropies of all bodies taking part in the process is increased . In the limit , i.e. for reversible processes , the sum of the entropies remains unchanged .", "Every process occurring in nature proceeds in the sense in which the sum of the entropies of all bodies taking part in the process is increased . In the limit , i.e. for reversible processes , the sum of the entropies remains unchanged .", "Every process occurring in nature proceeds in the sense in which the sum of the entropies of all bodies taking part in the process is increased . In the limit , i.e. for reversible processes , the sum of the entropies remains unchanged .", "Every process occurring in nature proceeds in the sense in which the sum of the entropies of all bodies taking part in the process is increased . In the limit , i.e. for reversible processes , the sum of the entropies remains unchanged .", "Rather like Planck 's statement is that of Uhlenbeck and Ford for irreversible phenomena .", "... in an irreversible or spontaneous change from one equilibrium state to another ( as for example the equalization of temperature of two bodies A and B , when brought in contact ) the entropy always increases .", "... in an irreversible or spontaneous change from one equilibrium state to another ( as for example the equalization of temperature of two bodies A and B , when brought in contact ) the entropy always increases .", "... in an irreversible or spontaneous change from one equilibrium state to another ( as for example the equalization of temperature of two bodies A and B , when brought in contact ) the entropy always increases .", "... in an irreversible or spontaneous change from one equilibrium state to another ( as for example the equalization of temperature of two bodies A and B , when brought in contact ) the entropy always increases .", "Constantin Carathéodory formulated thermodynamics on a purely mathematical axiomatic foundation . His statement of the second law is known as the Principle of Carathéodory , which may be formulated as follows :", "In every neighborhood of any state S of an adiabatically enclosed system there are states inaccessible from S .", "With this formulation , he described the concept of adiabatic accessibility for the first time and provided the foundation for a new subfield of classical thermodynamics , often called geometrical thermodynamics . It follows from Carathéodory 's principle that quantity of energy quasi-statically transferred as heat is a holonomic process function , in other words , δ Q = T d S ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta Q = TdS ) .", "Though it is almost customary in textbooks to say that Carathéodory 's principle expresses the second law and to treat it as equivalent to the Clausius or to the Kelvin - Planck statements , such is not the case . To get all the content of the second law , Carathéodory 's principle needs to be supplemented by Planck 's principle , that isochoric work always increases the internal energy of a closed system that was initially in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium .", "In 1926 , Max Planck wrote an important paper on the basics of thermodynamics . He indicated the principle", "The internal energy of a closed system is increased by an adiabatic process , throughout the duration of which , the volume of the system remains constant .", "The internal energy of a closed system is increased by an adiabatic process , throughout the duration of which , the volume of the system remains constant .", "The internal energy of a closed system is increased by an adiabatic process , throughout the duration of which , the volume of the system remains constant .", "The internal energy of a closed system is increased by an adiabatic process , throughout the duration of which , the volume of the system remains constant .", "This formulation does not mention heat and does not mention temperature , nor even entropy , and does not necessarily implicitly rely on those concepts , but it implies the content of the second law . A closely related statement is that `` Frictional pressure never does positive work . '' Using a now - obsolete form of words , Planck himself wrote : `` The production of heat by friction is irreversible . ''", "Not mentioning entropy , this principle of Planck is stated in physical terms . It is very closely related to the Kelvin statement given just above . It is relevant that for a system at constant volume and mole numbers , the entropy is a monotonic function of the internal energy . Nevertheless , this principle of Planck is not actually Planck 's preferred statement of the second law , which is quoted above , in a previous sub-section of the present section of this present article , and relies on the concept of entropy .", "A statement that in a sense is complementary to Planck 's principle is made by Borgnakke and Sonntag . They do not offer it as a full statement of the second law :", "... there is only one way in which the entropy of a ( closed ) system can be decreased , and that is to transfer heat from the system .", "... there is only one way in which the entropy of a ( closed ) system can be decreased , and that is to transfer heat from the system .", "... there is only one way in which the entropy of a ( closed ) system can be decreased , and that is to transfer heat from the system .", "... there is only one way in which the entropy of a ( closed ) system can be decreased , and that is to transfer heat from the system .", "Differing from Planck 's just foregoing principle , this one is explicitly in terms of entropy change . Of course , removal of matter from a system can also decrease its entropy .", "The second law has been shown to be equivalent to the internal energy U being a weakly convex function , when written as a function of extensive properties ( mass , volume , entropy , ... ) .", "Before the establishment of the Second Law , many people who were interested in inventing a perpetual motion machine had tried to circumvent the restrictions of first law of thermodynamics by extracting the massive internal energy of the environment as the power of the machine . Such a machine is called a `` perpetual motion machine of the second kind '' . The second law declared the impossibility of such machines .", "Carnot 's theorem ( 1824 ) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine . The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs . Carnot 's theorem states :", "All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs . All reversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are equally efficient with a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs .", "All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs .", "All reversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are equally efficient with a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs .", "In his ideal model , the heat of caloric converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle , a concept subsequently known as thermodynamic reversibility . Carnot , however , further postulated that some caloric is lost , not being converted to mechanical work . Hence , no real heat engine could realise the Carnot cycle 's reversibility and was condemned to be less efficient .", "Though formulated in terms of caloric ( see the obsolete caloric theory ) , rather than entropy , this was an early insight into the second law .", "The Clausius theorem ( 1854 ) states that in a cyclic process", "∮ δ Q T ≤ 0 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ oint ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ leq 0 . )", "∮ δ Q T ≤ 0 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ oint ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ leq 0 . )", "The equality holds in the reversible case and the ' < ' is in the irreversible case . The reversible case is used to introduce the state function entropy . This is because in cyclic processes the variation of a state function is zero from state functionality .", "For an arbitrary heat engine , the efficiency is :", "η = W n q H = q H − q C q H = 1 − q C q H ( 1 ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ eta = ( \\ frac ( W_ ( n ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( q_ ( H ) - q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = 1 - ( \\ frac ( q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) \\ qquad ( 1 ) )", "η = W n q H = q H − q C q H = 1 − q C q H ( 1 ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ eta = ( \\ frac ( W_ ( n ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( q_ ( H ) - q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = 1 - ( \\ frac ( q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) \\ qquad ( 1 ) )", "where W is for the net work done per cycle . Thus the efficiency depends only on q / q .", "Carnot 's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient . Thus , any reversible heat engine operating between temperatures T and T must have the same efficiency , that is to say , the efficiency is the function of temperatures only : q C q H = f ( T H , T C ) ( 2 ) . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = f ( T_ ( H ) , T_ ( C ) ) \\ qquad ( 2 ) . )", "In addition , a reversible heat engine operating between temperatures T and T must have the same efficiency as one consisting of two cycles , one between T and another ( intermediate ) temperature T , and the second between T andT . This can only be the case if", "f ( T 1 , T 3 ) = q 3 q 1 = q 2 q 3 q 1 q 2 = f ( T 1 , T 2 ) f ( T 2 , T 3 ) . ( \\ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 3 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 2 ) q_ ( 3 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ) = f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 2 ) ) f ( T_ ( 2 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) . )", "f ( T 1 , T 3 ) = q 3 q 1 = q 2 q 3 q 1 q 2 = f ( T 1 , T 2 ) f ( T 2 , T 3 ) . ( \\ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 3 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 2 ) q_ ( 3 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ) = f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 2 ) ) f ( T_ ( 2 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) . )", "Now consider the case where T 1 ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) ) is a fixed reference temperature : the temperature of the triple point of water . Then for any T and T ,", "f ( T 2 , T 3 ) = f ( T 1 , T 3 ) f ( T 1 , T 2 ) = 273.16 ⋅ f ( T 1 , T 3 ) 273.16 ⋅ f ( T 1 , T 2 ) . ( \\ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 2 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) ) ( f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 273.16 \\ cdot f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) ) ( 273.16 \\ cdot f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . )", "f ( T 2 , T 3 ) = f ( T 1 , T 3 ) f ( T 1 , T 2 ) = 273.16 ⋅ f ( T 1 , T 3 ) 273.16 ⋅ f ( T 1 , T 2 ) . ( \\ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 2 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) ) ( f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 273.16 \\ cdot f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) ) ( 273.16 \\ cdot f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . )", "Therefore , if thermodynamic temperature is defined by", "T = 273.16 ⋅ f ( T 1 , T ) ( \\ displaystyle T = 273.16 \\ cdot f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T ) \\ , )", "T = 273.16 ⋅ f ( T 1 , T ) ( \\ displaystyle T = 273.16 \\ cdot f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T ) \\ , )", "then the function f , viewed as a function of thermodynamic temperature , is simply", "f ( T 2 , T 3 ) = T 3 T 2 , ( \\ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 2 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( T_ ( 3 ) ) ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ) , )", "f ( T 2 , T 3 ) = T 3 T 2 , ( \\ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 2 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( T_ ( 3 ) ) ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ) , )", "and the reference temperature T will have the value 273.16 . ( Of course any reference temperature and any positive numerical value could be used -- the choice here corresponds to the Kelvin scale . )", "According to the Clausius equality , for a reversible process", "∮ δ Q T = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ oint ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) = 0 )", "∮ δ Q T = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ oint ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) = 0 )", "That means the line integral ∫ L δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle \\ int _ ( L ) ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) ) is path independent .", "So we can define a state function S called entropy , which satisfies", "d S = δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle dS = ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ ! )", "d S = δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle dS = ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ ! )", "With this we can only obtain the difference of entropy by integrating the above formula . To obtain the absolute value , we need the Third Law of Thermodynamics , which states that S = 0 at absolute zero for perfect crystals .", "For any irreversible process , since entropy is a state function , we can always connect the initial and terminal states with an imaginary reversible process and integrating on that path to calculate the difference in entropy .", "Now reverse the reversible process and combine it with the said irreversible process . Applying Clausius inequality on this loop ,", "− Δ S + ∫ δ Q T = ∮ δ Q T < 0 ( \\ displaystyle - \\ Delta S+ \\ int ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) = \\ oint ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) < 0 )", "− Δ S + ∫ δ Q T = ∮ δ Q T < 0 ( \\ displaystyle - \\ Delta S+ \\ int ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) = \\ oint ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) < 0 )", "Δ S ≥ ∫ δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta S \\ geq \\ int ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ , \\ ! )", "Δ S ≥ ∫ δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta S \\ geq \\ int ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ , \\ ! )", "where the equality holds if the transformation is reversible .", "Notice that if the process is an adiabatic process , then δ Q = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta Q = 0 ) , so Δ S ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta S \\ geq 0 ) .", "An important and revealing idealized special case is to consider applying the Second Law to the scenario of an isolated system ( called the total system or universe ) , made up of two parts : a sub-system of interest , and the sub-system's surroundings . These surroundings are imagined to be so large that they can be considered as an unlimited heat reservoir at temperature T and pressure P -- so that no matter how much heat is transferred to ( or from ) the sub-system , the temperature of the surroundings will remain T ; and no matter how much the volume of the sub-system expands ( or contracts ) , the pressure of the surroundings will remain P .", "Whatever changes to dS and dS occur in the entropies of the sub-system and the surroundings individually , according to the Second Law the entropy S of the isolated total system must not decrease :", "d S t o t = d S + d S R ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle dS_ ( \\ mathrm ( tot ) ) = dS + dS_ ( R ) \\ geq 0 )", "d S t o t = d S + d S R ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle dS_ ( \\ mathrm ( tot ) ) = dS + dS_ ( R ) \\ geq 0 )", "According to the First Law of Thermodynamics , the change dU in the internal energy of the sub-system is the sum of the heat δq added to the sub-system , less any work δw done by the sub-system , plus any net chemical energy entering the sub-system d ∑ μ N , so that :", "d U = δ q − δ w + d ( ∑ μ i R N i ) ( \\ displaystyle dU = \\ delta q - \\ delta w + d ( \\ sum \\ mu _ ( iR ) N_ ( i ) ) \\ , )", "d U = δ q − δ w + d ( ∑ μ i R N i ) ( \\ displaystyle dU = \\ delta q - \\ delta w + d ( \\ sum \\ mu _ ( iR ) N_ ( i ) ) \\ , )", "where μ are the chemical potentials of chemical species in the external surroundings .", "Now the heat leaving the reservoir and entering the sub-system is", "δ q = T R ( − d S R ) ≤ T R d S ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta q = T_ ( R ) ( - dS_ ( R ) ) \\ leq T_ ( R ) dS )", "δ q = T R ( − d S R ) ≤ T R d S ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta q = T_ ( R ) ( - dS_ ( R ) ) \\ leq T_ ( R ) dS )", "where we have first used the definition of entropy in classical thermodynamics ( alternatively , in statistical thermodynamics , the relation between entropy change , temperature and absorbed heat can be derived ) ; and then the Second Law inequality from above .", "It therefore follows that any net work δw done by the sub-system must obey", "δ w ≤ − d U + T R d S + ∑ μ i R d N i ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta w \\ leq - dU + T_ ( R ) dS+ \\ sum \\ mu _ ( iR ) dN_ ( i ) \\ , )", "δ w ≤ − d U + T R d S + ∑ μ i R d N i ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta w \\ leq - dU + T_ ( R ) dS+ \\ sum \\ mu _ ( iR ) dN_ ( i ) \\ , )", "It is useful to separate the work δw done by the subsystem into the useful work δw that can be done by the sub-system , over and beyond the work p dV done merely by the sub-system expanding against the surrounding external pressure , giving the following relation for the useful work ( exergy ) that can be done :", "δ w u ≤ − d ( U − T R S + p R V − ∑ μ i R N i ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta w_ ( u ) \\ leq - d ( U-T_ ( R ) S + p_ ( R ) V - \\ sum \\ mu _ ( iR ) N_ ( i ) ) \\ , )", "δ w u ≤ − d ( U − T R S + p R V − ∑ μ i R N i ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta w_ ( u ) \\ leq - d ( U-T_ ( R ) S + p_ ( R ) V - \\ sum \\ mu _ ( iR ) N_ ( i ) ) \\ , )", "It is convenient to define the right - hand - side as the exact derivative of a thermodynamic potential , called the availability or exergy E of the subsystem ,", "E = U − T R S + p R V − ∑ μ i R N i ( \\ displaystyle E = U-T_ ( R ) S + p_ ( R ) V - \\ sum \\ mu _ ( iR ) N_ ( i ) )", "E = U − T R S + p R V − ∑ μ i R N i ( \\ displaystyle E = U-T_ ( R ) S + p_ ( R ) V - \\ sum \\ mu _ ( iR ) N_ ( i ) )", "The Second Law therefore implies that for any process which can be considered as divided simply into a subsystem , and an unlimited temperature and pressure reservoir with which it is in contact ,", "d E + δ w u ≤ 0 ( \\ displaystyle dE+ \\ delta w_ ( u ) \\ leq 0 \\ , )", "d E + δ w u ≤ 0 ( \\ displaystyle dE+ \\ delta w_ ( u ) \\ leq 0 \\ , )", "i.e. the change in the subsystem 's exergy plus the useful work done by the subsystem ( or , the change in the subsystem 's exergy less any work , additional to that done by the pressure reservoir , done on the system ) must be less than or equal to zero .", "In sum , if a proper infinite - reservoir - like reference state is chosen as the system surroundings in the real world , then the Second Law predicts a decrease in E for an irreversible process and no change for a reversible process .", "d S t o t ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle dS_ ( tot ) \\ geq 0 ) Is equivalent to d E + δ w u ≤ 0 ( \\ displaystyle dE+ \\ delta w_ ( u ) \\ leq 0 )", "d S t o t ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle dS_ ( tot ) \\ geq 0 ) Is equivalent to d E + δ w u ≤ 0 ( \\ displaystyle dE+ \\ delta w_ ( u ) \\ leq 0 )", "This expression together with the associated reference state permits a design engineer working at the macroscopic scale ( above the thermodynamic limit ) to utilize the Second Law without directly measuring or considering entropy change in a total isolated system . ( Also , see process engineer ) . Those changes have already been considered by the assumption that the system under consideration can reach equilibrium with the reference state without altering the reference state . An efficiency for a process or collection of processes that compares it to the reversible ideal may also be found ( See second law efficiency . )", "This approach to the Second Law is widely utilized in engineering practice , environmental accounting , systems ecology , and other disciplines .", "The first theory of the conversion of heat into mechanical work is due to Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824 . He was the first to realize correctly that the efficiency of this conversion depends on the difference of temperature between an engine and its environment .", "Recognizing the significance of James Prescott Joule 's work on the conservation of energy , Rudolf Clausius was the first to formulate the second law during 1850 , in this form : heat does not flow spontaneously from cold to hot bodies . While common knowledge now , this was contrary to the caloric theory of heat popular at the time , which considered heat as a fluid . From there he was able to infer the principle of Sadi Carnot and the definition of entropy ( 1865 ) .", "Established during the 19th century , the Kelvin - Planck statement of the Second Law says , `` It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work . '' This was shown to be equivalent to the statement of Clausius .", "The ergodic hypothesis is also important for the Boltzmann approach . It says that , over long periods of time , the time spent in some region of the phase space of microstates with the same energy is proportional to the volume of this region , i.e. that all accessible microstates are equally probable over a long period of time . Equivalently , it says that time average and average over the statistical ensemble are the same .", "There is a traditional doctrine , starting with Clausius , that entropy can be understood in terms of molecular ' disorder ' within a macroscopic system . This doctrine is obsolescent .", "In 1856 , the German physicist Rudolf Clausius stated what he called the `` second fundamental theorem in the mechanical theory of heat '' in the following form :", "∫ δ Q T = − N ( \\ displaystyle \\ int ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) = - N )", "∫ δ Q T = − N ( \\ displaystyle \\ int ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) = - N )", "where Q is heat , T is temperature and N is the `` equivalence - value '' of all uncompensated transformations involved in a cyclical process . Later , in 1865 , Clausius would come to define `` equivalence - value '' as entropy . On the heels of this definition , that same year , the most famous version of the second law was read in a presentation at the Philosophical Society of Zurich on April 24 , in which , in the end of his presentation , Clausius concludes :", "The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum .", "This statement is the best - known phrasing of the second law . Because of the looseness of its language , e.g. universe , as well as lack of specific conditions , e.g. open , closed , or isolated , many people take this simple statement to mean that the second law of thermodynamics applies virtually to every subject imaginable . This , of course , is not true ; this statement is only a simplified version of a more extended and precise description .", "In terms of time variation , the mathematical statement of the second law for an isolated system undergoing an arbitrary transformation is :", "d S d t ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) \\ geq 0 )", "d S d t ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) \\ geq 0 )", "S is the entropy of the system and t is time .", "S is the entropy of the system and", "t is time .", "The equality sign applies after equilibration . An alternative way of formulating of the second law for isolated systems is :", "d S d t = S ̇ i ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) with S ̇ i ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) \\ geq 0 )", "d S d t = S ̇ i ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) with S ̇ i ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) \\ geq 0 )", "with S ̇ i ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) the sum of the rate of entropy production by all processes inside the system . The advantage of this formulation is that it shows the effect of the entropy production . The rate of entropy production is a very important concept since it determines ( limits ) the efficiency of thermal machines . Multiplied with ambient temperature T a ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( a ) ) it gives the so - called dissipated energy P d i s s = T a S ̇ i ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( diss ) = T_ ( a ) ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) .", "The expression of the second law for closed systems ( so , allowing heat exchange and moving boundaries , but not exchange of matter ) is :", "d S d t = Q ̇ T + S ̇ i ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ dot ( Q ) ) ( T ) ) + ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) with S ̇ i ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) \\ geq 0 )", "d S d t = Q ̇ T + S ̇ i ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ dot ( Q ) ) ( T ) ) + ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) with S ̇ i ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) \\ geq 0 )", "Q ̇ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( Q ) ) ) is the heat flow into the system T ( \\ displaystyle T ) is the temperature at the point where the heat enters the system .", "Q ̇ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( Q ) ) ) is the heat flow into the system", "T ( \\ displaystyle T ) is the temperature at the point where the heat enters the system .", "The equality sign holds in the case that only reversible processes take place inside the system . If irreversible processes take place ( which is the case in real systems in operation ) the > - sign holds . If heat is supplied to the system at several places we have to take the algebraic sum of the corresponding terms .", "For open systems ( also allowing exchange of matter ) :", "d S d t = Q ̇ T + S ̇ + S ̇ i ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ dot ( Q ) ) ( T ) ) + ( \\ dot ( S ) ) + ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) with S ̇ i ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) \\ geq 0 )", "d S d t = Q ̇ T + S ̇ + S ̇ i ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ dot ( Q ) ) ( T ) ) + ( \\ dot ( S ) ) + ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) with S ̇ i ≥ 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) \\ geq 0 )", "Here S ̇ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( S ) ) ) is the flow of entropy into the system associated with the flow of matter entering the system . It should not be confused with the time derivative of the entropy . If matter is supplied at several places we have to take the algebraic sum of these contributions .", "Statistical mechanics gives an explanation for the second law by postulating that a material is composed of atoms and molecules which are in constant motion . A particular set of positions and velocities for each particle in the system is called a microstate of the system and because of the constant motion , the system is constantly changing its microstate . Statistical mechanics postulates that , in equilibrium , each microstate that the system might be in is equally likely to occur , and when this assumption is made , it leads directly to the conclusion that the second law must hold in a statistical sense . That is , the second law will hold on average , with a statistical variation on the order of 1 / √ N where N is the number of particles in the system . For everyday ( macroscopic ) situations , the probability that the second law will be violated is practically zero . However , for systems with a small number of particles , thermodynamic parameters , including the entropy , may show significant statistical deviations from that predicted by the second law . Classical thermodynamic theory does not deal with these statistical variations .", "The first mechanical argument of the Kinetic theory of gases that molecular collisions entail an equalization of temperatures and hence a tendency towards equilibrium was due to James Clerk Maxwell in 1860 ; Ludwig Boltzmann with his H - theorem of 1872 also argued that due to collisions gases should over time tend toward the Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution .", "Due to Loschmidt 's paradox , derivations of the Second Law have to make an assumption regarding the past , namely that the system is uncorrelated at some time in the past ; this allows for simple probabilistic treatment . This assumption is usually thought as a boundary condition , and thus the second Law is ultimately a consequence of the initial conditions somewhere in the past , probably at the beginning of the universe ( the Big Bang ) , though other scenarios have also been suggested .", "Given these assumptions , in statistical mechanics , the Second Law is not a postulate , rather it is a consequence of the fundamental postulate , also known as the equal prior probability postulate , so long as one is clear that simple probability arguments are applied only to the future , while for the past there are auxiliary sources of information which tell us that it was low entropy . The first part of the second law , which states that the entropy of a thermally isolated system can only increase , is a trivial consequence of the equal prior probability postulate , if we restrict the notion of the entropy to systems in thermal equilibrium . The entropy of an isolated system in thermal equilibrium containing an amount of energy of E ( \\ displaystyle E ) is :", "S = k B ln ⁡ ( Ω ( E ) ) ( \\ displaystyle S = k_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) \\ ln \\ left ( \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) \\ right ) \\ , )", "S = k B ln ⁡ ( Ω ( E ) ) ( \\ displaystyle S = k_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) \\ ln \\ left ( \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) \\ right ) \\ , )", "where Ω ( E ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) ) is the number of quantum states in a small interval between E ( \\ displaystyle E ) and E + δ E ( \\ displaystyle E+ \\ delta E ) . Here δ E ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta E ) is a macroscopically small energy interval that is kept fixed . Strictly speaking this means that the entropy depends on the choice of δ E ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta E ) . However , in the thermodynamic limit ( i.e. in the limit of infinitely large system size ) , the specific entropy ( entropy per unit volume or per unit mass ) does not depend on δ E ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta E ) .", "Suppose we have an isolated system whose macroscopic state is specified by a number of variables . These macroscopic variables can , e.g. , refer to the total volume , the positions of pistons in the system , etc . Then Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) will depend on the values of these variables . If a variable is not fixed , ( e.g. we do not clamp a piston in a certain position ) , then because all the accessible states are equally likely in equilibrium , the free variable in equilibrium will be such that Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) is maximized as that is the most probable situation in equilibrium .", "If the variable was initially fixed to some value then upon release and when the new equilibrium has been reached , the fact the variable will adjust itself so that Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) is maximized , implies that the entropy will have increased or it will have stayed the same ( if the value at which the variable was fixed happened to be the equilibrium value ) . Suppose we start from an equilibrium situation and we suddenly remove a constraint on a variable . Then right after we do this , there are a number Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) of accessible microstates , but equilibrium has not yet been reached , so the actual probabilities of the system being in some accessible state are not yet equal to the prior probability of 1 / Ω ( \\ displaystyle 1 / \\ Omega ) . We have already seen that in the final equilibrium state , the entropy will have increased or have stayed the same relative to the previous equilibrium state . Boltzmann 's H - theorem , however , proves that the quantity H increases monotonically as a function of time during the intermediate out of equilibrium state .", "The second part of the Second Law states that the entropy change of a system undergoing a reversible process is given by :", "d S = δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle dS = ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) )", "d S = δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle dS = ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) )", "where the temperature is defined as :", "1 k B T ≡ β ≡ d ln ⁡ ( Ω ( E ) ) d E ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( k_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) T ) ) \\ equiv \\ beta \\ equiv ( \\ frac ( d \\ ln \\ left ( \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) \\ right ) ) ( dE ) ) )", "1 k B T ≡ β ≡ d ln ⁡ ( Ω ( E ) ) d E ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( k_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) T ) ) \\ equiv \\ beta \\ equiv ( \\ frac ( d \\ ln \\ left ( \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) \\ right ) ) ( dE ) ) )", "See here for the justification for this definition . Suppose that the system has some external parameter , x , that can be changed . In general , the energy eigenstates of the system will depend on x . According to the adiabatic theorem of quantum mechanics , in the limit of an infinitely slow change of the system 's Hamiltonian , the system will stay in the same energy eigenstate and thus change its energy according to the change in energy of the energy eigenstate it is in .", "The generalized force , X , corresponding to the external variable x is defined such that X d x ( \\ displaystyle Xdx ) is the work performed by the system if x is increased by an amount dx . E.g. , if x is the volume , then X is the pressure . The generalized force for a system known to be in energy eigenstate E r ( \\ displaystyle E_ ( r ) ) is given by :", "X = − d E r d x ( \\ displaystyle X = - ( \\ frac ( dE_ ( r ) ) ( dx ) ) )", "X = − d E r d x ( \\ displaystyle X = - ( \\ frac ( dE_ ( r ) ) ( dx ) ) )", "Since the system can be in any energy eigenstate within an interval of δ E ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta E ) , we define the generalized force for the system as the expectation value of the above expression :", "X = − ⟨ d E r d x ⟩ ( \\ displaystyle X = - \\ left \\ langle ( \\ frac ( dE_ ( r ) ) ( dx ) ) \\ right \\ rangle \\ , )", "X = − ⟨ d E r d x ⟩ ( \\ displaystyle X = - \\ left \\ langle ( \\ frac ( dE_ ( r ) ) ( dx ) ) \\ right \\ rangle \\ , )", "To evaluate the average , we partition the Ω ( E ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) ) energy eigenstates by counting how many of them have a value for d E r d x ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dE_ ( r ) ) ( dx ) ) ) within a range between Y ( \\ displaystyle Y ) and Y + δ Y ( \\ displaystyle Y+ \\ delta Y ) . Calling this number Ω Y ( E ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega _ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) ) , we have :", "Ω ( E ) = ∑ Y Ω Y ( E ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) = \\ sum _ ( Y ) \\ Omega _ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) \\ , )", "Ω ( E ) = ∑ Y Ω Y ( E ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) = \\ sum _ ( Y ) \\ Omega _ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) \\ , )", "The average defining the generalized force can now be written :", "X = − 1 Ω ( E ) ∑ Y Y Ω Y ( E ) ( \\ displaystyle X = - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) ) ) \\ sum _ ( Y ) Y \\ Omega _ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) \\ , )", "X = − 1 Ω ( E ) ∑ Y Y Ω Y ( E ) ( \\ displaystyle X = - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) ) ) \\ sum _ ( Y ) Y \\ Omega _ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) \\ , )", "We can relate this to the derivative of the entropy with respect to x at constant energy E as follows . Suppose we change x to x + dx . Then Ω ( E ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega \\ left ( E \\ right ) ) will change because the energy eigenstates depend on x , causing energy eigenstates to move into or out of the range between E ( \\ displaystyle E ) and E + δ E ( \\ displaystyle E+ \\ delta E ) . Let 's focus again on the energy eigenstates for which d E r d x ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dE_ ( r ) ) ( dx ) ) ) lies within the range between Y ( \\ displaystyle Y ) and Y + δ Y ( \\ displaystyle Y+ \\ delta Y ) . Since these energy eigenstates increase in energy by Y dx , all such energy eigenstates that are in the interval ranging from E -- Y dx to E move from below E to above E. There are", "N Y ( E ) = Ω Y ( E ) δ E Y d x ( \\ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ Omega _ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) ) ( \\ delta E ) ) Ydx \\ , )", "N Y ( E ) = Ω Y ( E ) δ E Y d x ( \\ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ Omega _ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) ) ( \\ delta E ) ) Ydx \\ , )", "such energy eigenstates . If Y d x ≤ δ E ( \\ displaystyle Ydx \\ leq \\ delta E ) , all these energy eigenstates will move into the range between E ( \\ displaystyle E ) and E + δ E ( \\ displaystyle E+ \\ delta E ) and contribute to an increase in Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) . The number of energy eigenstates that move from below E + δ E ( \\ displaystyle E+ \\ delta E ) to above E + δ E ( \\ displaystyle E+ \\ delta E ) is , of course , given by N Y ( E + δ E ) ( \\ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \\ left ( E+ \\ delta E \\ right ) ) . The difference", "N Y ( E ) − N Y ( E + δ E ) ( \\ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) - N_ ( Y ) \\ left ( E+ \\ delta E \\ right ) \\ , )", "N Y ( E ) − N Y ( E + δ E ) ( \\ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) - N_ ( Y ) \\ left ( E+ \\ delta E \\ right ) \\ , )", "is thus the net contribution to the increase in Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) . Note that if Y dx is larger than δ E ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta E ) there will be the energy eigenstates that move from below E to above E + δ E ( \\ displaystyle E+ \\ delta E ) . They are counted in both N Y ( E ) ( \\ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \\ left ( E \\ right ) ) and N Y ( E + δ E ) ( \\ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \\ left ( E+ \\ delta E \\ right ) ) , therefore the above expression is also valid in that case .", "Expressing the above expression as a derivative with respect to E and summing over Y yields the expression :", "( ∂ Ω ∂ x ) E = − ∑ Y Y ( ∂ Ω Y ∂ E ) x = ( ∂ ( Ω X ) ∂ E ) x ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ Omega ) ( \\ partial x ) ) \\ right ) _ ( E ) = - \\ sum _ ( Y ) Y \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ Omega _ ( Y ) ) ( \\ partial E ) ) \\ right ) _ ( x ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ left ( \\ Omega X \\ right ) ) ( \\ partial E ) ) \\ right ) _ ( x ) \\ , )", "( ∂ Ω ∂ x ) E = − ∑ Y Y ( ∂ Ω Y ∂ E ) x = ( ∂ ( Ω X ) ∂ E ) x ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ Omega ) ( \\ partial x ) ) \\ right ) _ ( E ) = - \\ sum _ ( Y ) Y \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ Omega _ ( Y ) ) ( \\ partial E ) ) \\ right ) _ ( x ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ left ( \\ Omega X \\ right ) ) ( \\ partial E ) ) \\ right ) _ ( x ) \\ , )", "The logarithmic derivative of Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) with respect to x is thus given by :", "( ∂ ln ⁡ ( Ω ) ∂ x ) E = β X + ( ∂ X ∂ E ) x ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ ln \\ left ( \\ Omega \\ right ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) \\ right ) _ ( E ) = \\ beta X+ \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial X ) ( \\ partial E ) ) \\ right ) _ ( x ) \\ , )", "( ∂ ln ⁡ ( Ω ) ∂ x ) E = β X + ( ∂ X ∂ E ) x ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ ln \\ left ( \\ Omega \\ right ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) \\ right ) _ ( E ) = \\ beta X+ \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial X ) ( \\ partial E ) ) \\ right ) _ ( x ) \\ , )", "The first term is intensive , i.e. it does not scale with system size . In contrast , the last term scales as the inverse system size and will thus vanishes in the thermodynamic limit . We have thus found that :", "( ∂ S ∂ x ) E = X T ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial x ) ) \\ right ) _ ( E ) = ( \\ frac ( X ) ( T ) ) \\ , )", "( ∂ S ∂ x ) E = X T ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial x ) ) \\ right ) _ ( E ) = ( \\ frac ( X ) ( T ) ) \\ , )", "Combining this with", "( ∂ S ∂ E ) x = 1 T ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial E ) ) \\ right ) _ ( x ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \\ , )", "( ∂ S ∂ E ) x = 1 T ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial E ) ) \\ right ) _ ( x ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \\ , )", "d S = ( ∂ S ∂ E ) x d E + ( ∂ S ∂ x ) E d x = d E T + X T d x = δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle dS = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial E ) ) \\ right ) _ ( x ) dE+ \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial x ) ) \\ right ) _ ( E ) dx = ( \\ frac ( dE ) ( T ) ) + ( \\ frac ( X ) ( T ) ) dx = ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ , )", "d S = ( ∂ S ∂ E ) x d E + ( ∂ S ∂ x ) E d x = d E T + X T d x = δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle dS = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial E ) ) \\ right ) _ ( x ) dE+ \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial x ) ) \\ right ) _ ( E ) dx = ( \\ frac ( dE ) ( T ) ) + ( \\ frac ( X ) ( T ) ) dx = ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \\ , )", "If a system is in thermal contact with a heat bath at some temperature T then , in equilibrium , the probability distribution over the energy eigenvalues are given by the canonical ensemble :", "P j = exp ⁡ ( − E j k B T ) Z ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( j ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ exp \\ left ( - ( \\ frac ( E_ ( j ) ) ( k_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) T ) ) \\ right ) ) ( Z ) ) )", "P j = exp ⁡ ( − E j k B T ) Z ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( j ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ exp \\ left ( - ( \\ frac ( E_ ( j ) ) ( k_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) T ) ) \\ right ) ) ( Z ) ) )", "Here Z is a factor that normalizes the sum of all the probabilities to 1 , this function is known as the partition function . We now consider an infinitesimal reversible change in the temperature and in the external parameters on which the energy levels depend . It follows from the general formula for the entropy :", "S = − k B ∑ j P j ln ⁡ ( P j ) ( \\ displaystyle S = - k_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) \\ sum _ ( j ) P_ ( j ) \\ ln \\ left ( P_ ( j ) \\ right ) )", "S = − k B ∑ j P j ln ⁡ ( P j ) ( \\ displaystyle S = - k_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) \\ sum _ ( j ) P_ ( j ) \\ ln \\ left ( P_ ( j ) \\ right ) )", "d S = − k B ∑ j ln ⁡ ( P j ) d P j ( \\ displaystyle dS = - k_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) \\ sum _ ( j ) \\ ln \\ left ( P_ ( j ) \\ right ) dP_ ( j ) )", "d S = − k B ∑ j ln ⁡ ( P j ) d P j ( \\ displaystyle dS = - k_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) \\ sum _ ( j ) \\ ln \\ left ( P_ ( j ) \\ right ) dP_ ( j ) )", "Inserting the formula for P j ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( j ) ) for the canonical ensemble in here gives :", "d S = 1 T ∑ j E j d P j = 1 T ∑ j d ( E j P j ) − 1 T ∑ j P j d E j = d E + δ W T = δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle dS = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \\ sum _ ( j ) E_ ( j ) dP_ ( j ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \\ sum _ ( j ) d \\ left ( E_ ( j ) P_ ( j ) \\ right ) - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \\ sum _ ( j ) P_ ( j ) dE_ ( j ) = ( \\ frac ( dE+ \\ delta W ) ( T ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) )", "d S = 1 T ∑ j E j d P j = 1 T ∑ j d ( E j P j ) − 1 T ∑ j P j d E j = d E + δ W T = δ Q T ( \\ displaystyle dS = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \\ sum _ ( j ) E_ ( j ) dP_ ( j ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \\ sum _ ( j ) d \\ left ( E_ ( j ) P_ ( j ) \\ right ) - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \\ sum _ ( j ) P_ ( j ) dE_ ( j ) = ( \\ frac ( dE+ \\ delta W ) ( T ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ delta Q ) ( T ) ) )", "There are two principal ways of formulating thermodynamics , ( a ) through passages from one state of thermodynamic equilibrium to another , and ( b ) through cyclic processes , by which the system is left unchanged , while the total entropy of the surroundings is increased . These two ways help to understand the processes of life . This topic is mostly beyond the scope of this present article , but has been considered by several authors , such as Erwin Schrödinger , Léon Brillouin and Isaac Asimov . It is also the topic of current research .", "To a fair approximation , living organisms may be considered as examples of ( b ) . Approximately , an animal 's physical state cycles by the day , leaving the animal nearly unchanged . Animals take in food , water , and oxygen , and , as a result of metabolism , give out breakdown products and heat . Plants take in radiative energy from the sun , which may be regarded as heat , and carbon dioxide and water . They give out oxygen . In this way they grow . Eventually they die , and their remains rot . This can be regarded as a cyclic process . Overall , the sunlight is from a high temperature source , the sun , and its energy is passed to a lower temperature sink , the soil . This is an increase of entropy of the surroundings of the plant . Thus animals and plants obey the second law of thermodynamics , considered in terms of cyclic processes . Simple concepts of efficiency of heat engines are hardly applicable to this problem because they assume closed systems .", "From the thermodynamic viewpoint that considers ( a ) , passages from one equilibrium state to another , only a roughly approximate picture appears , because living organisms are never in states of thermodynamic equilibrium . Living organisms must often be considered as open systems , because they take in nutrients and give out waste products . Thermodynamics of open systems is currently often considered in terms of passages from one state of thermodynamic equilibrium to another , or in terms of flows in the approximation of local thermodynamic equilibrium . The problem for living organisms may be further simplified by the approximation of assuming a steady state with unchanging flows . General principles of entropy production for such approximations are subject to unsettled current debate or research . Nevertheless , ideas derived from this viewpoint on the second law of thermodynamics are enlightening about living creatures .", "In systems that do not require for their descriptions the general theory of relativity , bodies always have positive heat capacity , meaning that the temperature rises with energy . Therefore , when energy flows from a high - temperature object to a low - temperature object , the source temperature is decreased while the sink temperature is increased ; hence temperature differences tend to diminish over time . This is not always the case for systems in which the gravitational force is important and the general theory of relativity is required . Such systems can spontaneously change towards uneven spread of mass and energy . This applies to the universe in large scale , and consequently it may be difficult or impossible to apply the second law to it . Beyond this , the thermodynamics of systems described by the general theory of relativity is beyond the scope of the present article .", "The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized . A main postulate or assumption , often not even explicitly stated , is the existence of systems in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium . In general , a region of space containing a physical system at a given time , that may be found in nature , is not in thermodynamic equilibrium , read in the most stringent terms . In looser terms , nothing in the entire universe is or has ever been truly in exact thermodynamic equilibrium .", "For purposes of physical analysis , it is often enough convenient to make an assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium . Such an assumption may rely on trial and error for its justification . If the assumption is justified , it can often be very valuable and useful because it makes available the theory of thermodynamics . Elements of the equilibrium assumption are that a system is observed to be unchanging over an indefinitely long time , and that there are so many particles in a system , that its particulate nature can be entirely ignored . Under such an equilibrium assumption , in general , there are no macroscopically detectable fluctuations . There is an exception , the case of critical states , which exhibit to the naked eye the phenomenon of critical opalescence . For laboratory studies of critical states , exceptionally long observation times are needed .", "In all cases , the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium , once made , implies as a consequence that no putative candidate `` fluctuation '' alters the entropy of the system .", "It can easily happen that a physical system exhibits internal macroscopic changes that are fast enough to invalidate the assumption of the constancy of the entropy . Or that a physical system has so few particles that the particulate nature is manifest in observable fluctuations . Then the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium is to be abandoned . There is no unqualified general definition of entropy for non-equilibrium states .", "There are intermediate cases , in which the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium is a very good approximation , but strictly speaking it is still an approximation , not theoretically ideal . For non-equilibrium situations in general , it may be useful to consider statistical mechanical definitions of other quantities that may be conveniently called ' entropy ' , but they should not be confused or conflated with thermodynamic entropy properly defined for the second law . These other quantities indeed belong to statistical mechanics , not to thermodynamics , the primary realm of the second law .", "Even though the applicability of the second law of thermodynamics is limited for non-equilibrium systems , the laws governing such systems are still being discussed . One of the guiding principles for systems which are far from equilibrium is the maximum entropy production principle . It states that a system away from equilibrium evolves in such a way as to maximize entropy production , given present constraints .", "The physics of macroscopically observable fluctuations is beyond the scope of this article .", "The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law that is not symmetric to reversal of the time direction .", "The second law has been proposed to supply an explanation of the difference between moving forward and backwards in time , such as why the cause precedes the effect ( the causal arrow of time ) .", "Irreversibility in thermodynamic processes is a consequence of the asymmetric character of thermodynamic operations , and not of any internally irreversible microscopic properties of the bodies . Thermodynamic operations are macroscopic external interventions imposed on the participating bodies , not derived from their internal properties . There are reputed `` paradoxes '' that arise from failure to recognize this .", "Loschmidt 's paradox , also known as the reversibility paradox , is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time - symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system .", "In the opinion of Schrödinger , `` It is now quite obvious in what manner you have to reformulate the law of entropy -- or for that matter , all other irreversible statements -- so that they be capable of being derived from reversible models . You must not speak of one isolated system but at least of two , which you may for the moment consider isolated from the rest of the world , but not always from each other . '' The two systems are isolated from each other by the wall , until it is removed by the thermodynamic operation , as envisaged by the law . The thermodynamic operation is externally imposed , not subject to the reversible microscopic dynamical laws that govern the constituents of the systems . It is the cause of the irreversibility . The statement of the law in this present article complies with Schrödinger 's advice . The cause -- effect relation is logically prior to the second law , not derived from it .", "The Poincaré recurrence theorem considers a theoretical microscopic description of an isolated physical system . This may be considered as a model of a thermodynamic system after a thermodynamic operation has removed an internal wall . The system will , after a sufficiently long time , return to a microscopically defined state very close to the initial one . The Poincaré recurrence time is the length of time elapsed until the return . It is exceedingly long , likely longer than the life of the universe , and depends sensitively on the geometry of the wall that was removed by the thermodynamic operation . The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics . More obviously , however , it is simply a microscopic model of thermodynamic equilibrium in an isolated system formed by removal of a wall between two systems . For a typical thermodynamical system , the recurrence time is so large ( many many times longer than the lifetime of the universe ) that , for all practical purposes , one can not observe the recurrence . One might wish , nevertheless , to imagine that one could wait for the Poincaré recurrence , and then re-insert the wall that was removed by the thermodynamic operation . It is then evident that the appearance of irreversibility is due to the utter unpredictability of the Poincaré recurrence given only that the initial state was one of thermodynamic equilibrium , as is the case in macroscopic thermodynamics . Even if one could wait for it , one has no practical possibility of picking the right instant at which to re-insert the wall . The Poincaré recurrence theorem provides a solution to Loschmidt 's paradox . If an isolated thermodynamic system could be monitored over increasingly many multiples of the average Poincaré recurrence time , the thermodynamic behavior of the system would become invariant under time reversal .", "James Clerk Maxwell imagined one container divided into two parts , A and B. Both parts are filled with the same gas at equal temperatures and placed next to each other , separated by a wall . Observing the molecules on both sides , an imaginary demon guards a microscopic trapdoor in the wall . When a faster - than - average molecule from A flies towards the trapdoor , the demon opens it , and the molecule will fly from A to B . The average speed of the molecules in B will have increased while in A they will have slowed down on average . Since average molecular speed corresponds to temperature , the temperature decreases in A and increases in B , contrary to the second law of thermodynamics .", "One response to this question was suggested in 1929 by Leó Szilárd and later by Léon Brillouin . Szilárd pointed out that a real - life Maxwell 's demon would need to have some means of measuring molecular speed , and that the act of acquiring information would require an expenditure of energy .", "Maxwell 's demon repeatedly alters the permeability of the wall between A and B. It is therefore performing thermodynamic operations on a microscopic scale , not just observing ordinary spontaneous or natural macroscopic thermodynamic processes .", "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Second law of thermodynamics", "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Second law of thermodynamics", "The law that entropy always increases holds , I think , the supreme position among the laws of Nature . If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell 's equations -- then so much the worse for Maxwell 's equations . If it is found to be contradicted by observation -- well , these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes . But if your theory is found to be against the second law of thermodynamics I can give you no hope ; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation .", "There have been nearly as many formulations of the second law as there have been discussions of it .", "Clausius is the author of the sibyllic utterance , `` The energy of the universe is constant ; the entropy of the universe tends to a maximum . '' The objectives of continuum thermomechanics stop far short of explaining the `` universe '' , but within that theory we may easily derive an explicit statement in some ways reminiscent of Clausius , but referring only to a modest object : an isolated body of finite size ." ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Dogs , as with all mammals , have natural odors . Natural dog odor can be unpleasant to dog owners especially when dogs are kept inside the home , as some people are not used to being exposed to the natural odor of a non-human species living in proximity to them . Dogs may also develop unnatural odors as a result of skin disease or other disorders or may become contaminated with odors from other sources in their environment .", "All natural dog odors are most prominent near the ears , and from the paw pads . Dogs naturally produce secretions , the function of which is to produce scents allowing for species and individual animal recognition by other dogs and for use in scent - marking of territory . This is a feature they share with other canids .", "Dogs only produce sweat on areas not covered with fur , such as the nose and paw pads , unlike humans who sweat almost everywhere . However , they do have sweat glands , called apocrine glands , associated with every hair follicle on their body . The exact function of these glands is not known , but they may produce pheromones or chemical signals for communication with other dogs . It is believed that these sweat secretions produce an individual odor signal that is recognizable by other dogs .", "Dogs also have sweat glands on their noses . These are eccrine glands . When these glands are active , they leave the nose and paw pads slightly moist and help these specialized skin features maintain their functional properties . The odor associated with dog paw pads is much more noticeable on dogs with moist paw pads than on those with dry pads .", "Dogs also have numerous apocrine glands in their external ear canals . In this location they are referred to as ceruminous glands . The ear canals also have numerous sebaceous glands . Together these two sets of glands produce natural ear wax , or cerumen . Micro-organisms live naturally in this material and give the ears a characteristic slightly yeasty odor even when healthy . When infected , the ears can give off a strong disagreeable smell . It is not uncommon for a vet to sniff a dog 's ears to try to detect any potential problem with bacterial or fungal infection . Some owners do this routinely if they have a dog susceptible to ear infections or if they have a breed with heavy , floppy ears which can hide early signs of inflammation .", "Dogs , like all Carnivorans , also possess two anal sacs , or scent glands . These sacs communicate with the surface of the skin by ducts which open on either side of the anus . The sacs are lined with apocrine and sebaceous glands . They function to produce a natural secretion that varies from thin and yellowish to pasty and greyish ; the secretion has a very strong musty odor . A small amount of this material is deposited when dogs defecate . A large amount may be extruded when a dog is frightened . It is thought that this secretion leaves a signal to other dogs allowing them to recognize the source of the individual fecal deposit . This odor is also likely the signal being sampled when strange dogs investigate one another by sniffing out the anal area . Dogs ' anal glands can become swollen and unable to drain naturally , sometimes requiring a visit to the veterinarian or groomer to express the built up liquid . Excessive licking and chewing of the area is one indication of this . Typically , these glands are expressed during routine professional grooming as a preventative measure .", "Another source of odor that can be considered natural results from a common dog behavior . Dogs like to roll in and mark themselves with the feces of other animals in their environment .", "Poor grooming of dogs with long , thick or corded hair can cause the haircoat to be a source of unpleasant odor . A coat that is not kept clean and groomed can trap dirt and other substances with unpleasant odors .", "Skin diseases can cause a dog to have increased or abnormal odor . Allergy can cause increased production of apocrine sweat , which imparts a musty odor . This condition , termed hyperhidrosis , can encourage yeast infection or bacterial skin infection and these micro-organisms produce odors as well . Dogs with seborrhea or keratinization defect , and dogs with deep skin folds ( such as on the face of a bulldog ) , are very subject to secondary proliferation of bacteria or yeast on the skin surface , and these produce odors .", "Ear disease ( otitis ) can be a source of odor that varies from yeasty to one resembling sewage as either cerumen or pus accumulates in the diseased ear canal . Anal sac disease or excessive anal sac production can cause a very musty pungent odor . Anal sacs can become abscessed and infecting micro-organisms produce odor .", "Dental disease or mouth ulcers can produce rotten smelling breath ( halitosis ) . Dental calculus harbors numerous bacteria which produce odor and foul breath . Dental disease can also lead to excessive drooling , and the skin around the mouth can become infected , leading to more odor production . Dogs can also acquire foul smelling breath as a result of coprophagia , the practice of eating their own feces or the feces of other animals . Commercially prepared food additives can be purchased which , when added to a dog 's food , impart a bitter flavor to their feces thereby reducing the tendency towards consuming their own feces .", "Some medications , such as antibiotics , taken by mouth or antiseptics or medicated shampoos used on the skin can produce odors that owners may find unpleasant . Likewise , some food ingredients , most noticeably fish meal or fish oil , can produce skin odor in dogs .", "Flatulence can be a problem for some dogs , which may be diet - related or a sign of gastrointestinal disease . This , in fact , may be the most commonly noticed source of odor from dogs fed cereal - based dog foods .", "Skunks and dogs often have aggressive encounters and a dog may be sprayed by a skunk . This results in an over-powering musky acrid odor that remains apparent in the ' skunked ' dog 's coat for many days or even weeks until steps are taken to neutralize the odor ." ]

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[ "United States Navy SEALs Special Warfare insignia known as the `` SEAL Trident '' Active 1 January 1962 -- present ( 56 years , 7 months ) Country United States of America Branch United States Navy Type Special operations force Role Special operations HVT Raids Direct action Counter-terrorism Special reconnaissance Unconventional warfare Hostage rescue Foreign internal defense Counter-proliferation Counter narcotic operations Part of U.S. Special Operations Command U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command Garrison / HQ Naval Amphibious Base Coronado Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek Nickname ( s ) `` Frogmen '' , `` The Teams '' , `` The Men with Green Faces '' Motto ( s ) `` The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday '' , `` It Pays to be a Winner '' Engagements Vietnam War Multinational Force in Lebanon Operation Urgent Fury Achille Lauro hijacking Operation Earnest Will Operation Prime Chance Operation Just Cause Operation Nifty Package Operation Desert Storm Somali Civil War Operation Restore Hope Operation Gothic Serpent Battle of Mogadishu Operation Uphold Democracy Yugoslav Wars Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan Operation Red Wings Operation Iraqi Freedom War in North - West Pakistan Angur Ada raid Operation Neptune Spear Maersk Alabama hijacking War on ISIL Operation Inherent Resolve 2014 hostage rescue operations in Yemen 2017 Marawi Crisis", "United States Navy SEALs", "Special Warfare insignia known as the `` SEAL Trident ''", "Active 1 January 1962 -- present ( 56 years , 7 months )", "Country United States of America", "Branch United States Navy", "Type Special operations force", "Role Special operations HVT Raids Direct action Counter-terrorism Special reconnaissance Unconventional warfare Hostage rescue Foreign internal defense Counter-proliferation Counter narcotic operations", "Part of U.S. Special Operations Command U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command", "Garrison / HQ Naval Amphibious Base Coronado Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek", "Nickname ( s ) `` Frogmen '' , `` The Teams '' , `` The Men with Green Faces ''", "Motto ( s ) `` The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday '' , `` It Pays to be a Winner ''", "Engagements Vietnam War Multinational Force in Lebanon Operation Urgent Fury Achille Lauro hijacking Operation Earnest Will Operation Prime Chance Operation Just Cause Operation Nifty Package Operation Desert Storm Somali Civil War Operation Restore Hope Operation Gothic Serpent Battle of Mogadishu Operation Uphold Democracy Yugoslav Wars Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan Operation Red Wings Operation Iraqi Freedom War in North - West Pakistan Angur Ada raid Operation Neptune Spear Maersk Alabama hijacking War on ISIL Operation Inherent Resolve 2014 hostage rescue operations in Yemen 2017 Marawi Crisis", "Vietnam War Multinational Force in Lebanon Operation Urgent Fury Achille Lauro hijacking Operation Earnest Will Operation Prime Chance Operation Just Cause Operation Nifty Package Operation Desert Storm Somali Civil War Operation Restore Hope Operation Gothic Serpent Battle of Mogadishu Operation Uphold Democracy Yugoslav Wars Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan Operation Red Wings Operation Iraqi Freedom War in North - West Pakistan Angur Ada raid Operation Neptune Spear Maersk Alabama hijacking War on ISIL Operation Inherent Resolve 2014 hostage rescue operations in Yemen 2017 Marawi Crisis", "Multinational Force in Lebanon", "Operation Urgent Fury", "Achille Lauro hijacking", "Operation Earnest Will", "Operation Prime Chance", "Operation Just Cause", "Operation Nifty Package", "Operation Desert Storm", "Somali Civil War Operation Restore Hope Operation Gothic Serpent Battle of Mogadishu", "Operation Uphold Democracy", "Operation Enduring Freedom", "War in Afghanistan Operation Red Wings", "Operation Iraqi Freedom", "War in North - West Pakistan Angur Ada raid Operation Neptune Spear", "Maersk Alabama hijacking", "War on ISIL Operation Inherent Resolve 2014 hostage rescue operations in Yemen 2017 Marawi Crisis", "The United States Navy 's Sea , Air and Land Teams , commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs , are the U.S. Navy 's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command . Among the SEALs ' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from , and return to , a river , ocean , swamp , delta , or coastline . The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments ( sea , air , and land ) for which they are named .", "As of 2018 , all active SEALs are male and members of the U.S. Navy . The CIA 's highly secretive and elite Special Operations Group ( SOG ) recruits operators from SEAL Teams , with joint operations going back to the MACV - SOG during the Vietnam War . This cooperation still exists today , as evidenced by military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The modern day U.S. Navy SEALs can trace their roots to World War II . The United States Navy recognized the need for the covert reconnaissance of landing beaches and coastal defenses . As a result , the Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce , Florida . The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year , just nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor , from the Observer Group , a joint U.S. Army - Marine - Navy unit .", "Recognizing the need for a beach reconnaissance force , a select group of Army and Navy personnel assembled at Amphibious Training Base Little Creek , Virginia on August 15 , 1942 to begin Amphibious Scouts and Raiders ( joint ) training . The Scouts and Raiders mission was to identify and reconnoiter the objective beach , maintain a position on the designated beach prior to a landing , and guide the assault waves to the landing beach .", "The first group included Phil H. Bucklew , the `` Father of Naval Special Warfare , '' after whom the Naval Special Warfare Center building is named . Commissioned in October 1942 , this group saw combat in November 1942 during Operation Torch on the North African Coast . Scouts and Raiders also supported landings in Sicily , Salerno , Anzio , Normandy , and southern France .", "A second group of Scouts and Raiders , code - named Special Service Unit No. 1 , was established on 7 July 1943 , as a joint and combined operations force . The first mission , in September 1943 , was at Finschhafen in Papua New Guinea . Later operations were at Gasmata , Arawe , Cape Gloucester , and the east and south coasts of New Britain , all without any loss of personnel . Conflicts arose over operational matters , and all non-Navy personnel were reassigned . The unit , renamed 7th Amphibious Scouts , received a new mission , to go ashore with the assault boats , buoy channels , erect markers for the incoming craft , handle casualties , take offshore soundings , clear beach obstacles and maintain voice communications linking the troops ashore , incoming boats and nearby ships . The 7th Amphibious Scouts conducted operations in the Pacific for the duration of the conflict , participating in more than 40 landings .", "The third and final Scouts and Raiders organization operated in China . Scouts and Raiders were deployed to fight with the Sino - American Cooperative Organization , or SACO . To help bolster the work of SACO , Admiral Ernest J. King ordered that 120 officers and 900 men be trained for `` Amphibious Raider '' at the Scout and Raider school at Fort Pierce , Florida . They formed the core of what was envisioned as a `` guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters , lakes and rivers employing small steamboats and sampans . '' While most Amphibious Raider forces remained at Camp Knox in Calcutta , three of the groups saw active service . They conducted a survey of the upper Yangtze River in the spring of 1945 and , disguised as coolies , conducted a detailed three - month survey of the Chinese coast from Shanghai to Kitchioh Wan , near Hong Kong .", "In September 1942 , 17 Navy salvage personnel arrived at ATB Little Creek , VA for a week long course in demolitions , explosive cable cutting and commando raiding techniques . On November 10 , 1942 , the first combat demolition unit successfully cut cable and net barriers across the Wadi Sebou River during Operation Torch in North Africa . This enabled the USS Dallas ( DD - 199 ) to traverse the water and insert U.S. Rangers who captured the Port Lyautey airdrome .", "In early May 1943 , a two - phase `` Naval Demolition Project '' was directed by the Chief of Naval Operations `` to meet a present and urgent requirement '' . The first phase began at Amphibious Training Base ( ATB ) Solomons , Maryland with the establishment of Operational Naval Demolition Unit No. 1 . Six Officers and eighteen enlisted men reported from the Seabee 's NTC Camp Peary dynamiting and demolition school , for a four - week course . Those Seabees were immediately sent to participate in the invasion of Sicily . At that time Lieutenant Commander Draper L. Kauffman , `` The Father of Naval Combat Demolition , '' was selected to set up a school for Naval Demolitions and direct the entire Project . The first six classes graduated from `` Area E '' at NTC Camp Peary . LCDR Kauffman 's needs quickly out - grew `` Area E '' and on 6 June 1943 he established NCDU training at Fort Pierce . Most of Kauffman 's volunteers came from the navy 's Civil Engineer Corps and enlisted seabees . Training commenced with a gruelling week designed to filter out under - performing candidates . By April 1944 , a total of 34 NCDUs were deployed to England in preparation for Operation Overlord , the amphibious landing at Normandy . On 6 June 1944 , in the face of great adversity , the NCDUs at Omaha Beach managed to blow eight complete gaps and two partial gaps in the German defenses . The NCDUs suffered 31 killed and 60 wounded , a casualty rate of 52 % . Meanwhile , the NCDUs at Utah Beach met less intense enemy fire . They cleared 700 yards ( 640 metres ) of beach in two hours , another 900 yards ( 820 metres ) by the afternoon .", "Casualties at Utah Beach were significantly lighter with six killed and eleven wounded . During Operation Overlord , not a single demolitioneer was lost to improper handling of explosives . In August 1944 , NCDUs from Utah Beach participated in the landings in southern France , the last amphibious operation in the European Theater of Operations . NCDUs also operated in the Pacific theater . NCDUs 1 - 10 were staged on Florida Island in the Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) during January 1944 . A few were temporarily attached to UDTs . Later NCDUs 1 - 10 were combined to form Underwater Demolition Team A. It is most commonly referred to by its USN phonetic UDT `` Able '' . NCDU 2 , under LTjg Frank Kaine , after whom the Naval Special Warfare Command building is named , and NCDU 3 under LTjg Lloyd Anderson , formed the nucleus of six NCDUs that served with the Seventh Amphibious Force and were the only remaining NCDUs at the end of the war .", "Some of the earliest World War II predecessors of the SEALs were the Operational Swimmers of the Office of Strategic Services , or OSS . Many current SEAL missions were first assigned to them . OSS specialized in special operations , dropping operatives behind enemy lines to engage in organized guerrilla warfare as well as to gather information on such things as enemy resources and troop movements . British Combined Operations veteran LCDR Wooley , of the Royal Navy , was placed in charge of the OSS Maritime Unit in June 1943 . Their training started in November 1943 at Camp Pendleton , California , moved to Santa Catalina Island , California in January 1944 , and finally moved to the warmer waters of The Bahamas in March 1944 . Within the U.S. military , they pioneered flexible swimfins and diving masks , closed - circuit diving equipment ( under the direction of Dr. Christian J. Lambertsen ) , the use of Swimmer Delivery Vehicles ( a type of submersible ) , and combat swimming and limpet mine attacks . In May 1944 , Colonel `` Wild Bill '' Donovan , the head of the OSS , divided the unit into groups . He loaned Group 1 , under Lieutenant Choate , to Admiral Nimitz , as a way to introduce the OSS into the Pacific theater . They became part of UDT - 10 in July 1944 . Five OSS men participated in the very first UDT submarine operation with the USS Burrfish in the Caroline Islands in August 1944 .", "On 23 November 1943 , the U.S. Marines suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Tarawa , as the second wave of landing crafts ran aground on coral reefs because of unexpectedly shallow tide . As a result , Admiral Kelly Turner ordered the formation of nine underwater demolition teams to do advance landing reconnaissance and demolition of beach obstructions . UDTs 1 & 2 consisted mostly of Seabees plus a few Amphibious Scouts and Raiders personnel . They all had been through the NCDU program and additionally trained at Waimanalo , on Maui . Seabees made up the vast majority of the men in teams 1 - 9 and 13 and were referred to as Seabee Teams . Seabees were roughly 20 % of UDT 11 . The officers were mostly CEC . When Teams 1 and 2 were initially formed they were `` provisional '' with 180 men total . They wore fatigues with life - vests and were not expected to leave their boats similar to the NCDUs . However , at Kwajalein Fort Pierce protocol was changed . Admiral Turner ordered daylight reconnaissance and CEC Ens . Lewis F. Luehrs and Seabee Chief Bill Acheson wore swim trunks under their fatigues anticipating they would not be able to get what the Admiral wanted by staying in the boat . They stripped down , spent 45 minutes in the water in broad daylight . When they got out were taken directly to Admiral Turners flagship to report , still in their trunks . Admiral Turner concluded that daylight reconnaissance by individual swimmers was the way to get accurate information on coral and underwater obstacles for upcoming landings . This is what he reported to Admiral Nimitz . The success of those UDT 1 Seabees not following Fort Pierce protocol rewrote the UDT mission model and training regimen . As a result of UDT 1 the Naval Combat Demolition Training & Experimental Base was created at Kihei on Maui and was distinctly different from Fort Pierce . Those seabees also created the image of UDTs as the `` naked warriors '' .", "Eventually , 34 UDT teams were established . Their combat uniform of the day was : trunks , fins , diving masks and Ka - bars . These `` Naked Warriors '' saw action across the Pacific in every major amphibious landing including : Eniwetok , Saipan , Kwajalein , Tinian , Guam , Angaur , Ulithi , Peleliu , Leyte , Lingayen Gulf , Zambales , Iwo Jima , Okinawa , Labuan , and Brunei Bay . The last UDT operation of the war was on 4 July 1945 at Balikpapan , Borneo . The rapid demobilization at the conclusion of the war reduced the number of active duty UDTs to two on each coast with a complement of seven officers and 45 enlisted men each .", "The Korean War began on 25 June 1950 , when the North Korean army invaded South Korea . Beginning with a detachment of 11 personnel from UDT 3 , UDT participation expanded to three teams with a combined strength of 300 men . During the `` Forgotten War '' the UDTs fought intensively , beginning to employ demolition expertise gained from WWII and use it for an offensive role . Continuing to use water as cover and concealment as well as an insertion method , the Korean Era UDTs targeted bridges , tunnels , fishing nets and other maritime and coastal targets . They also developed a close working relationship with the Republic of Korea Underwater Demolitions Unit ( predecessor to the Navy Special Warfare Flotilla ) , which continues today .", "The UDTs refined and developed their commando tactics during the Korean War , through their focused efforts on demolitions and mine disposal . The UDTs also accompanied South Korean commandos on raids in the North to demolish train tunnels . This was frowned upon by higher - ranking officials because they believed it was a non-traditional use of Naval forces . Due to the nature of the war the UDTs maintained a low operational profile . Some of the missions include transporting spies into North Korea and the destruction of North Korean fishing nets used to supply the North Korean Army .", "As part of the Special Operations Group , or SOG , UDTs successfully conducted demolition raids on railroad tunnels and bridges along the Korean coast . The UDTs specialized in a somewhat new mission : Night coastal demolition raids against railroad tunnels and bridges . The UDT men were given the task because , in the words of UDT Lieutenant Ted Fielding , `` We were ready to do what nobody else could do , and what nobody else wanted to do . '' ( Ted Fielding was awarded the Silver Star during Korea , and was later promoted to the rank of Captain ) . On 15 September 1950 , UDTs supported Operation Chromite , the amphibious landing at Incheon . UDT 1 and 3 provided personnel who went in ahead of the landing craft , scouting mud flats , marking low points in the channel , clearing fouled propellers , and searching for mines . Four UDT personnel acted as wave - guides for the Marine landing . In October 1950 , UDTs supported mine - clearing operations in Wonsan Harbor where frogmen would locate and mark mines for minesweepers . On 12 October 1950 , two U.S. minesweepers hit mines and sank . UDTs rescued 25 sailors . The next day , William Giannotti conducted the first U.S. combat operation using an `` aqualung '' when he dove on the USS Pledge . For the remainder of the war , UDTs conducted beach and river reconnaissance , infiltrated guerrillas behind the lines from sea , continued mine sweeping operations , and participated in Operation Fishnet , which devastated the North Koreans ' fishing capability .", "President John F. Kennedy , aware of the situation in Southeast Asia , recognized the need for unconventional warfare and special operations as a measure against guerrilla warfare . In a speech , to Congress , on 25 May 1961 , Kennedy spoke of his deep respect for the United States Army Special Forces . While his announcement of the government 's plan to put a man on the moon drew most of the attention , in the same speech he announced his intention to spend over $100 million to strengthen U.S. special operations forces and expand American capabilities in unconventional warfare . Some people erroneously credit President Kennedy with creating the Navy SEALs . His announcement was actually only a formal acknowledgement of a process that had been under way since Korea .", "The Navy needed to determine its role within the special operations arena . In March 1961 , Admiral Arleigh Burke , the Chief of Naval Operations , recommended the establishment of guerrilla and counter-guerrilla units . These units would be able to operate from sea , air or land . This was the beginning of the Navy SEALs . All SEALs came from the Navy 's Underwater Demolition Teams , who had already gained extensive experience in commando warfare in Korea ; however , the Underwater Demolition Teams were still necessary to the Navy 's amphibious force .", "The first two teams were formed in January 1962 and stationed on both US coasts : Team ONE at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado , in San Diego , California and Team TWO at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek , in Virginia Beach , Virginia . Formed entirely with personnel from UDTs , the SEALs mission was to conduct counter guerilla warfare and clandestine operations in maritime and riverine environments . Men of the newly formed SEAL Teams were trained in such unconventional areas as hand - to - hand combat , high - altitude parachuting , demolitions , and foreign languages . The SEALs attended Underwater Demolition Team replacement training and they spent some time training in UDTs . Upon making it to a SEAL team , they would undergo a SEAL Basic Indoctrination ( SBI ) training class at Camp Kerry in the Cuyamaca Mountains . After SBI training class , they would enter a platoon and conduct platoon training .", "According to founding SEAL team member Roy Boehm , the SEALs ' first missions were directed against communist Cuba . These consisted of deploying from submarines and carrying out beach reconnaissance in prelude to a proposed US amphibious invasion of the island . On at least one occasion Boehm and another SEAL smuggled a CIA agent ashore to take pictures of Soviet nuclear missiles being unloaded on the dockside .", "The Pacific Command recognized Vietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces . At the beginning of 1962 , the UDTs started hydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military , the Military Assistance Command Vietnam ( MACV ) was formed . In March 1962 , SEALs were deployed to South Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of training Army of the Republic of Vietnam commandos in the same methods they were trained themselves .", "The Central Intelligence Agency began using SEALs in covert operations in early 1963 . The SEALs were involved in the CIA sponsored Phoenix Program where it targeted key North Vietnamese Army personnel and Vietcong sympathizers for capture and assassination .", "The SEALs were initially deployed in and around Da Nang , training the South Vietnamese in combat diving , demolitions , and guerrilla / anti-guerrilla tactics . As the war continued , the SEALs found themselves positioned in the Rung Sat Special Zone where they were to disrupt the enemy supply and troop movements and in the Mekong Delta to fulfill riverine operations , fighting on the inland waterways .", "Combat with the Viet Cong was direct . Unlike the conventional warfare methods of firing artillery into a coordinate location , the SEALs operated close to their targets . Into the late 1960s , the SEALs were successful in a new style of warfare , effective in anti-guerrilla and guerrilla actions . SEALs brought a personal war to the enemy in a previously safe area . The Viet Cong referred to them as `` the men with green faces , '' due to the camouflage face paint the SEALs wore during combat missions .", "In February 1966 , a small SEAL Team One detachment arrived in Vietnam to conduct direct actions missions . Operating from Nha Be , in the Rung Sat Special Zone , this detachment signaled the beginning of a SEAL presence that would eventually include 8 SEAL platoons in country on a continuing basis . SEALs also served as advisors for Provincial Reconnaissance Units and the Lein Doc Nguio Nhia , the Vietnamese SEALs .", "SEALs continued to make forays into North Vietnam and Laos , and covertly into Cambodia , controlled by the Studies and Observations Group . The SEALs from Team TWO started a unique deployment of SEAL team members working alone with South Vietnamese Commandos ( ARVN ) . In 1967 , a SEAL unit named Detachment Bravo ( Det Bravo ) was formed to operate these mixed US and ARVN units , which were called South Vietnamese Provincial Reconnaissance Units ( PRUs ) .", "At the beginning of 1968 , the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong orchestrated a major offensive against South Vietnam : the `` Tet Offensive '' . The North hoped it would prove to be America 's Dien Bien Phu , attempting to break the American public 's desire to continue the war . As propaganda , the Tet Offensive was successful in adding to the American protest of the Vietnam war . However , North Vietnam suffered tremendous casualties , and from a purely military standpoint , the Tet Offensive was a major disaster for the Communists .", "By 1970 , President Richard Nixon initiated a Plan of Vietnamization , which would remove the US from the Vietnam War and return the responsibility of defense back to the South Vietnamese . Conventional forces were being withdrawn ; the last SEAL platoon left Vietnam on 7 December 1971 , the last SEAL advisor , left Vietnam in March 1973 . South Vietnam fell to North Vietnamese communist forces in April 1975 . The SEALs were among the highest decorated units for their size in the war , receiving five Navy Crosses , 42 Silver stars , 402 Bronze Stars , two Legions of Merit , 352 Commendation Medals , three Presidential Unit Citations and three Medals of Honor . By the end of the war , 48 SEALs had been killed in Vietnam , but estimates of their kill count are as high as 2,000 . The Navy SEAL Museum in Fort Pierce , Florida , displays a list of the 48 SEALs who lost their lives in combat during the Vietnam War .", "On May 1 , 1983 , UDT -- 11 was redesignated as SEAL Team FIVE , UDT -- 21 was redesignated as SEAL Team FOUR , UDT -- 12 became SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team ONE ( SDVT -- 1 ) , and UDT -- 22 was redesignated as SDVT -- 2 . SEAL Team THREE , was established October 1 , 1983 in Coronado , CA . SEAL Team EIGHT was established on October 1 , 1988 at Naval Amphibious Base , Little Creek , VA . United States Special Operations Command ( SOCOM ) was established in April 1987 and its Naval component , United States Naval Special Warfare Command ( NAVSPECWARCOM ) , also known as NSWC , was established at the same time .", "Both SEAL Team FOUR and SEAL Team SIX , the predecessor to DEVGRU , participated in the US invasion of Grenada . The SEALs ' two primary missions were the extraction of Grenada 's Governor - General and the capture of Grenada 's only radio tower . Neither mission was well briefed or sufficiently supported with timely intelligence and the SEALs ran into trouble from the very beginning . On 24 October 1983 , twelve operators from SEAL Team SIX and four Air Force Combat Control Team members ( CCT ) conducted a predawn combat airborne water insertion from C130 Hercules with Zodiac inflatable rubber boats 40 kilometers north of Point Salinas , Grenada . The team inserted with full combat gear in bad weather with low visibility conditions and high winds . Four SEALs drowned and were never recovered . SEALs split into two teams and proceeded to their objectives . After digging in at the Governor 's mansion , the SEALs realized they had forgotten to load their cryptographic satellite phone . As Grenadian and Cuban troops surrounded the team , the SEALs ' only radio ran out of battery power , and they used the mansion 's land line telephone to call in AC - 130 gunship fire support . The SEALs were pinned down in the mansion overnight and were relieved and extracted by a group of Marines the following morning .", "The team sent to the radio station also ran into communication problems . As soon as the SEALs reached the radio facility they found themselves unable to raise their command post . After beating back several waves of Grenadian and Cuban troops supported by BTR - 60 armoured personnel carriers , the SEALs decided that their position at the radio tower was untenable . They destroyed the station and fought their way to the water where they hid from patrolling enemy forces . After the enemy had given up their search the SEALs , some wounded , swam into the open sea where they were extracted several hours later after being spotted by a reconnaissance aircraft .", "During the closing stages of the Iran -- Iraq War the United States Navy began conducting operations in the Persian Gulf to protect US - flagged ships from attack by Iranian naval forces . A secret plan was put in place and dubbed Operation Prime Chance . Navy SEAL Teams 1 and 2 along with several Special Boat Units and EOD techs were deployed on mobile command barges and transported by helicopters from the Army 's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment . Over the course of the operation SEALs conducted VBSS ( Visit , Board , Search , and Seizure ) missions to counter Iranian mine laying boats . The only loss of life occurred during the take down of the Iran Ajr . Evidence gathered on the Iran Ajr by the SEALs later allowed the US Navy to trace the mines that struck the USS Samuel B. Roberts ( FFG - 58 ) . This chain of events lead to Operation Praying Mantis , the largest US Naval surface engagement since the Second World War .", "During Operation Desert Shield and Storm , Navy SEALs trained Kuwaiti Special Forces . They set up naval special operations groups in Kuwait , working with the Kuwaiti Navy in exile . Using these new diving , swimming , and combat skills , these commandos took part in combat operations such as the liberation of the capital city .", "The United States Navy contributed extensive special operations assets to the invasion of Panama , codenamed Operation Just Cause . This included SEAL Teams 2 and 4 , Naval Special Warfare Unit 8 , and Special Boat Unit 26 , all falling under Naval Special Warfare Group 2 ; and the separate Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU ) . DEVGRU fell under Task Force Blue , while Naval Special Warfare Group 2 composed the entirety of Task Force White . Task Force White was tasked with three principal objectives : the destruction of Panamanian Defense Forces ( PDF ) naval assets in Balboa Harbor and the destruction of Manuel Noriega 's private jet at Paitilla Airport ( collectively known as Operation Nifty Package ) , as well as isolating PDF forces on Flamenco Island .", "The strike on Balboa Harbor by Task Unit Whiskey is notably marked in SEAL history as the first publicly acknowledged combat swimmer mission since the Second World War . Prior to the commencement of the invasion four Navy SEALs , Lt Edward S. Coughlin , EN - 3 Timothy K. Eppley , ET - 1 Randy L. Beausoleil , and PH - 2 Chris Dye , swam underwater into the harbor on Draeger LAR - V rebreathers and attached C4 explosives to and destroyed Noriega 's personal gunboat the Presidente Porras .", "Task Unit Papa was tasked with the seizure of Paitilla airfield and the destruction of Noriega 's plane there . Several SEALs were concerned about the nature of the mission assigned to them being that airfield seizure was usually the domain of the Army Rangers . Despite these misgivings and a loss of operational surprise , the SEALs of TU Papa proceeded with their mission . Almost immediately upon landing , the 48 SEALs came under withering fire from the PDF stationed at the airfield . Although Noriega 's plane was eventually destroyed , the SEALs suffered four dead and thirteen wounded . Killed were Lt. John Connors , Chief Petty Officer Donald McFaul , Torpedoman 's Mate 2nd Class Issac Rodriguez , and Boatswain 's Mate 1st Class Chris Tilghman .", "In August 1990 , SEALs were the first western forces to deploy to the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Desert Shield . They infiltrated the capital city of Kuwait within hours of the invasion and gathered intelligence and developed plans to rescue US embassy staff should they become hostages . SEALs were also the first to capture Iraqi Prisoners of War when they assaulted nine Kuwaiti Oil platforms on 19 January 1991 . On 23 February 1991 , a seven - man SEAL team launched a mission to trick the Iraqi military into thinking an amphibious assault on Kuwait by coalition forces was imminent by setting off explosives and placing marking buoys 500 meters off the Kuwaiti coast . The mission was a success and Iraqi forces were diverted east away from the true coalition offensive . The SEALs were first into Kuwait City in their Desert Patrol Vehicles when it was recaptured .", "On 6 December 1992 , as part of Operation Restore Hope , U.S. Navy SEALs and Special Boat crewmen from Naval Special Warfare Task Unit TRIPOLI began a three - day operation carrying out reconnaissance operations in the vicinity of Mogadishu airport and harbor ; ahead of UNITAFs deployment to the country . They suffered only one casualty , who was injured by an IED .", "In August 1993 a four - man DEVGRU SEAL sniper team was deployed to Mogadishu to work alongside Delta Force as part of Task Force Ranger in the search for Somali warlord Mohammed Farrah Aidid . They took part in several operations in support of the CIA and Army culminating in the 3 October ' Battle of Mogadishu ' where they were part of the ground convoy raiding the Olympic Hotel . All four SEALs would be later awarded the Silver Star in recognition of their bravery whilst Navy SEAL Howard E. Wasdin would be awarded a Purple Heart after continuing to fight despite being wounded three times during the battle .", "In the immediate aftermath of the 11 September attacks , Navy SEALs quickly dispatched to Camp Doha , and those already aboard US Naval vessels in the Persian Gulf and surrounding waters began conducting VBSS operations against ships suspected of having ties to or even carrying al Qaeda operatives . SEAL Teams 3 and 8 also began rotating into Oman from the United States and staging on the island of Masirah for operations in Afghanistan . One of the SEALs ' immediate concerns was their lack of suitable vehicles to conduct special reconnaissance ( SR ) missions in the rough , landlocked terrain of Afghanistan . After borrowing and retrofitting Humvees from the Army Rangers also staging on Masirah , the SEALs inserted into Afghanistan to conduct the SR of what would become Camp Rhino , as part of Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ( OEF - A ) . These early stages of OEF were commanded by a fellow SEAL , Rear Admiral Albert Calland .", "As part of the CJSOTF ( Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force ) under the command of General Tommy Franks at CENTCOM SEALs from DEVGRU were part of Task Force Sword , which was established in early October 2001 , it was a black SOF ( Special Operations Forces ) unit under direct command of JSOC . It was a so - called hunter - killer force whose primary objective was of capturing or killing senior leadership and HVT within both al - Qaeda and the Taliban . Sword was initially structured around a two - squadron component of operators from Delta Force ( Task Force Green ) and DEVGRU ( Task Force Blue ) supported by a Ranger protection force teams ( Task Force Red ) and ISA signals intercept and surveillance operators ( Task Force Orange ) and the 160th SOAR ( Task Force Brown ) . Task Force K - Bar was established on 10 October 2001 , it was formed around a Naval Special Warfare Group consisting of SEALs from SEAL Teams 2 , 3 and 8 and Green Berets from 1st Battalion , 3rd SFG ; the task force was led by SEAL Captain Robert Harward . The task force 's principal task was to conduct SR and SSE missions in the south of the country . Other Coalition SOF - particularly KSK , JTF2 and New Zealand Special Air Service were assigned to the task force . As part of the JIATF - CT ( Joint Interagency Task Force - Counterterrorism ) - intelligence integration and fusion activity manned by personnel from all Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ( OEF - A ) participating units - SEALs from DEVGRU were part of Task Force Bowie , they were embedded in the task force in AFOs ( Advanced Force Operations ) . The AFOs were 45 - man reconnaissances units made up of a Delta Force recce specialists augmented by selected SEALs from DEVGRU and supported by ISA 's technical experts . The AFOs had been raised to support TF Sword and were tasked with intelligence preparation of the battlefield , working closely with the CIA and reported directly to Task Force Sword . The AFOs conducted covert reconnaissance -- sending small 2 or 3 man teams into al - Qaeda ' Backyard ' along the border with Pakistan , the AFO operators would deploy observation posts to watch and report enemy movements and numbers as well as environmental reconnaissance ; much of the work was done on foot or ATVs .", "SEALs were present at the Battle of Qala - i - Jangi in November 2001 alongside their counterparts from the British SBS . Chief Petty Officer Stephen Bass was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions during the battle .", "Before the US Marines landed at Camp Rhino in November 2001 , a SEAL recce team from SEAL Team 8 conducted reconnaissance of the area , they were mistakenly engaged by orbiting AH - 1W attack helicopters , but the SEALs managed to get a message through to the Marines before they suffered casualties . The SR mission in the region of Camp Rhino lasted for four days , after which two United States Air Force Combat Control Teams made a nighttime HALO jump to assist the SEALs in guiding in Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit who seized control of the area and established a Forward operating base .", "In January 2002 , following the Battle of Tora Bora , another series of caves was discovered in Zhawar Kili , just south of Tora Bora , airstrikes hit the sites before SOF teams were inserted into the area . A SEAL platoon from SEAL Team 3 , including several of their Desert Patrol Vehicles , accompanied by a German KSK element , a Norwegian SOF team and JTF2 reconnaissance teams spent some nine days conducting extensive SEE , clearing an estimated 70 caves and 60 structures in the area , recovering a huge amount of both intelligence and munitions , but they did n't encounter any al - Qaeda fighters . Subsequent SEAL operations during the invasion of Afghanistan were conducted within Task Force K - Bar , a joint special operations unit of Army Special Forces , United States Air Force Special Tactics Teams , and special operations forces from Norway , Germany , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , and Denmark . Task Force K - Bar conducted combat operations in the massive cave complexes near the city of Kandahar and surrounding territory , the town of Prata Ghar and hundreds of miles of rough terrain in southern and eastern Afghanistan . Over the course of six months Task Force K - Bar killed or captured over 200 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters , and destroyed tens of thousands of pounds of weapons and ordnance .", "In February 2002 , while at Camp Rhino , the CIA passed on intelligence from a Predator drone operating in the Paktia province that Taliban Mullah Khirullah Said Wali Khairkhwa was spotted leaving a building by vehicle convoy . SEALs and Danish Jægerkorpset commandos boarded Air Force Pave Low helicopters and seized Khairkhwa on the road less than two hours later . The SEALs continued to perform reconnaissance operations for the Marines until leaving after having spent 45 days on the ground .", "In March 2002 , SEALs from DEVGRU , SEAL Team 2 , 3 and 8 participated extensively in Operation Anaconda . During what would become known as the Battle of Takur Ghar , whilst inserting from an MH - 47E Chinook , PO1 Neil Roberts from DEVGRU , was thrown from his helicopter when it took fire from entrenched al Qaeda fighters . Roberts was subsequently killed after engaging and fighting dozens of enemies for almost an hour . Several SEALs were wounded in a rescue attempt and their Air Force Combat Controller , Technical Sergeant John Chapman , was killed . Attempts to rescue the stranded SEAL also led to the deaths of several US Army Rangers and an Air Force Pararescueman acting as a Quick Reaction Force .", "Later in 2002 , CJSOFT became a single integrated command under the broader CJTF - 180 that commanded all US forces assigned to OEF - A , it was built around an Army Special Forces Group ( often manned by National Guard units ) and SEAL teams . A small JSOC element ( formerly Task Force Sword / 11 ) not under direct CTJF command -- embedded within CJSOFT , it was manned by a joint SEAL and Ranger element that rotated command , it was not under direct ISAF command , although it operated in support of NATO operations .", "In June 2005 , Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor after his four - man reconnaissance counterinsurgency team was almost wiped out during Operation Red Wings . After the four man team lost Danny Dietz , he put himself in open view to call in the QRF . He soon after died from injuries sustained . Matthew Axelson also died on this operation . The QRF never reached the scene ; it was struck by an RPG killing eight Navy SEALs and eight Army Night Stalkers . Marcus Luttrell was the only survivor from this operation .", "In early 2010 , Brigadier General Scott Miller took command of CJSOTF - Afghanistan and assigned virtually all SOF in the theatre to a new counterinsurgency role that would become known as the ALP / VSO Program ( Afghan Local Police / Village Stability Operations ) , the SOF in Afghanistan were organised into battalion level SOTF ( Special Operations Task Forces ) each with a geographic area of responsibility - the SEALs were given southeast Afghanistan . To increase security of their assigned VSO village , a SEAL Platoon in Chora District , Uruzgan Province built a wall constructed of 500 metres ( 550 yd ) of HESCO barriers to divert insurgent movements away , this proved successful and eventually the Afghan villagers took ownership of it . SEALs and other SOTF still conducted Direct Action missions , but now partnered with Afghan forces .", "On 6 August 2011 , seventeen U.S. Navy SEALs were killed when their CH - 47 Chinook helicopter was shot down by an RPG fired by Taliban militants . The SEALs were en route to support U.S. Army Rangers who were taking fire while attempting to capture a senior Taliban leader in the Tangi Valley . Fifteen of the SEALs belonged to the Naval Special Warfare Development Group . Two others were SEALs assigned to a West Coast - based Naval Special Warfare unit . A total of 30 Americans and eight Afghans were killed in the crash , making it the single largest loss of U.S. lives in the Global War on Terrorism .", "On 16 June 2012 , SEALs in Uruzgan Province conducted a joint operation into the Shah Wali Kot Valley where they suffered the loss of a Black Hawk helicopter when it was struck by an insurgent RPG , the crash killed 11 servicemen ( seven US and four Afghan ) .", "In December 2012 , SEALs from DEVGRU rescued a US doctor who had been kidnapped a few days earlier . However , during the operation the unit suffered a fatality , Petty Officer 1st Class Nicolas D. Checque . Senior Chief Edward Byers , was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during this mission .", "In May 2013 , Rear Admiral Sean Pybus , commander of Navy Special Warfare stated that the unit would cut in half the number of SEAL platoons in Afghanistan by the end of 2013 . Pybus also added that the unit is already `` undergoing a transition back to its maritime roots '' by placing more emphasis on sea - based missions after being involved in mostly landlocked missions since 2001 .", "For the 2003 invasion of Iraq , a squadron from DEVGRU operated as part of Task Force 20 . Their role was to conduct heliborne direct action raids , particularly against HVTs . The Naval Special Operations Task Group was assigned to Operation Iraqi Freedom , and was built around a core of SEAL Teams 8 and 10 , Polish GROM , Royal Marines from 40 and 42 Commando under the command of 3 Commando Brigade and attached US Psy Ops and civil affairs teams . The Naval Task Group was principally tasked with the capture of the port of Umm Qasr , Iraq 's only deep - water port ; the oil pipeline facilities of the Al - Faw Peninsula ; and the two off - shore platforms the pipelines fed . Once these initial target sets were secured , the Task Group would support conventional forces in the south , conducting reconnaissance and raiding activities . Aviation support was provided by both Marine air of the 15th MEU and 20th Special Operations Squadron .", "Several days before the beginning of the invasion , two SDV teams were launched from Mark V Special Operations Craft in the Persian Gulf . Their objectives were the hydrographic reconnaissance of the Al Basrah ( MABOT ) and Khawr Al Amaya ( KAAOT ) Oil Terminals . After swimming under the terminals and securing their Mark 8 mod 1s , the SDV SEALs spent several hours taking pictures and surveying Iraqi activity on both platforms before returning to their boats . On March 20 , 2003 , SEALs from SEAL Team 8 and 10 ( 31 SEALs , 2 Navy EOD a USAF combat controller and several Iraqi interpreters ) moved to seize the MABOT oil terminal whilst GROM operators assaulted the KAAOT Oil Terminals . The terminals were quickly seized with no casualties , and explosives which were found on the terminals were made safe by GROM operators .", "The shore - based pumping stations ( known as MMS - Monitoring and Meter Stations ) and their pipelines on the Al - Faw Peninsula were seized by 12 SEALS from SEAL Team 3 , who were mounted in DPVs . They took off from Kuwait and were inserted under Iraqi anti-aircraft fire by MH - 53 helicopters . The target area was ' softened up ' by JDAM bombs dropped from B - 52s on Iraqi bunkers , trenches and dugouts around the oil facilities . After a brief firefight in which the SEALs killed 1 Iraqi soldier and captured 13 , the SEALs secured the MMS and the pipelines , and were relieved by Royal Marines from 40 Commando . The SEALs advised the Marines , helping coordinate AC - 130 Spectres fire support onto Iraqi forces . The other shore - based pumping station at Umm Qasr was secured by SEALs and Royal Marines ; before they landed , AC - 130 Spectres and A-10As engaged a nearby SAM installation and a responding Iraqi mechanised unit . The SEALs secured the facility itself whilst the Royal Marines cleared Iraqi bunkers , killing several Iraqi soldiers .", "Other Naval Task Group operations included elements of three SEAL platoons in GMV trucks and DPVs seizing the al Zubayr MMS , whilst I MEF attacked the Rumaylah Oil Fields north of al - Faw . SEALs and Special Boat teams helped secure the Khawr Abd Allah and Khawr Az Zubyar waterways , which enabled humanitarian supplies to be delivered to the port of Umm Qasr . SEALs from the unit that secured the al - Faw MMS also conducted reconnaissance on the Shat Al Arab waterway , that was later secured by British forces . SEALs were also involved in various VBSS missions with British and Australian forces to seize Iraqi craft carrying seaborne mines .", "Coalition military planners were concerned that retreating Iraqi forces would destroy the Mukatayin hydroelectric dam , located 57 miles northeast of Baghdad , in an attempt to slow advancing US troops . In addition to restricting the manoeuvre of Coalition forces , the destruction of the dam would deny critical power needs to the surrounding area , as well as cause massive flooding and loss of Iraqi civilian life . A mixed team of SEALs from SEAL Team 5 and Polish GROM was called in to seize the dam . This force was flown several hours by six US Air Force MH - 53J Pave Lows ; the force consisted of 20 SEALs ( with an extra six SEAL snipers in one helicopter carrying the SEAL command and control element ) and two EOD operators along with 35 GROM operators to the dam . The SEALs employed DPVs into blocking positions to defend against counter-attack and roving bands of Iranian bandits that had been crossing the border and raiding Iraqi towns . As in Al Faw , the SEALs found their DPVs ( the SEAL unit at the al - Faw MMS lost all but two DPVs when they were bogged down in the oily mud ) to be ineffective and this marked the last time they would employ them in Iraq . The SEALs and GROM on foot fast - roped out of their helicopters and immediately stormed the dam . The minimal Iraqi troops guarding the dam surrendered without a fight , and with the exception of a GROM soldier who broke an ankle during the insertion , no casualties were sustained in the operation . After several hours of searching the dam for remaining hostile forces or any explosives , the SEALs secured the dam and held it for five days until they were relieved by advancing elements of the US Army .", "During the Battle of Basra , SEALs along with the Brigade Reconnaissance Force and 539 Assault Squadron RM attempted a waterborne approach to Basra via the Shatt al - Arab waterway but were intercepted by Iranian Revolutionary Guard patrol craft and did not want to engage them so they withdrew . On 6 April 2003 , after relocating further up the waterway they successfully infiltrated via the waterway , using SEAL UAVs they called in `` show - of - force '' and an airstrike by a USMC harrier on Iraqi troops , the SEALs then headed to `` Chemical Ali 's '' house with SSE teams to find traces of chemical weapons . SEALs carried out missions around Nasiriyah , carrying out reconnaissance on surrounding villages and engaging enemy strong points bypassed by the US Marine advance . Charlie Platoon , SEAL Team 3 , later operated ahead of the Marine advance carrying out similar missions . SEAL and GROM units continued to cooperate throughout the rest of the invasion phase , with raids and anti-sniper missions in Baghdad .", "Following the invasion , SEAL platoons rotated through Iraq , conducting overwatch for US and Iraqi patrols and directly mentoring local Iraqi forces ; they also conducted surveillance and sniping missions into known trouble spots . In September 2004 , a SEAL sniper element was tasked with establishing an overwatch and surveillance position overlooking Haifa Street , they were inserted by Bradley IFVs from a unit of the 9th Cavalry Regiment , however they were spotted and engaged by insurgents . The SEALs notified the Bradleys , they drove back , fired on the insurgents and set up a cordon for the SEALs to be extracted , one Bradley was destroyed by a car bomb , there were no casualties and the SEALs were extracted .", "In the interim between the First Battle of Fallujah and Second Battle of Fallujah , insurgents in Fallujah knew that the coalition assault was inevitable and under the guidance of the influx of foreign fighters , began to build defensive networks throughout the city - ranging from fortified buildings , trench lines , berms , strategically placed car bombs and IEDs . In preparations for the second battle , SEALs conducted reconnaissance near the berms and tested out reports that the insurgents were equipped with night - vision equipment , they proved this by throwing an infra - red chemical light into the street which drew small arms fire . SEALs along with the 5th SFG , Marine Force Recon and Det One and other JSOC elements were heavily involved in shaping operations prior to the November 7 D - DAY when coalition forces entered the city . The SOF shaping included sophisticated feints to mislead the insurgents as to the direction of the final assault , close target reconnaissance and direct - action missions where a logistics node or IED factory was targeted . When the offensive on the insurgents in the city began , many of the US Marine companies had SEAL sniper teams attached to them , mainly from SEAL Teams 3 , 5 and 10 .", "From 2005 , SEALs were heavily committed to western Iraq in Al Anbar Governorate , AQI terrorists who escaped Fallujah had relocated to Ramadi . A SEAL Task Unit was co-located with the Marines at Al Asad Airbase and sent elements to Ramadi and Habbaniyah , the SEALs were initially tasked with target development for the Marines and providing sniper overwatch for their patrols . The SEALs were already training an Iraqi Army unit in Habbaniyah , although FID was their main focus until later that year . A SEAL Task Unit generally comprised two individual SEAL Platoons : each Platoon was made up of seven - man squad elements commanded by a junior officer , three of these Task Units ( although a fourth was often added ) along with a Special Boat Team detachment and a Headquarters Team ( including integral intelligence , targeting and EOD personnel ) made up a Naval Special Warfare Squadron . According to Dick Couch , the SEALs began FID with two Iraqi units - the Army Scouts who conducted conventional reconnaissance missions , and the SMP ( Special Missions Platoon ) , a locally formed unit that would later fight alongside the SEALs . Despite several challenges , the SEALs were soon conducted operations with partnered units , particularly in Special Reconnaissance , focusing on the surveillance aspect , whilst conventional US Army or Marines would conduct raids and arrests . The typical loadout of the SEALs in Ramadi included the M4 carbine , optimised for close quarter battle with a 10 - inch barrel equipped with a 6 - inch sound suppressor , Surefire flashlight and EOTech sight , short barrel and foregrip and seven magazines .", "As the SEALs were beginning to make headway in Ramadi , AQI was starting to infiltrate the area by targeting local Sheikhs and convincing them to allow jihadists to marry into local tribes , thus cementing their powerbase and Sheikhs that resisted these advances were met with typical AQI brutality . Al - Qaeda 's efforts to install a Sharia - style shadow government in Ramadi led to AQI 's downfall - when in the first half of 2006 , in the run - up to the Second Battle of Ramadi SEALs , increasingly partnered with conventional forces of the 1st Brigade Combat Team , 1st Armored Division which was planning the offensive . SEALs along with the Scouts and SMP , would conduct reconnaissance , surveillance and sniper overwatch tasks ; with their own targeting cell , they also began conducting raids on local insurgent leaders . The 1st BCT began the concerted offensive to clear Ramadi of AQI fighters ; on 29 September 2006 , whilst at a rooftop overwatch position , Petty Officer Michael A. Monsoor died after leaping upon an enemy grenade during a rooftop firefight , two SEALs on the roof were badly wounded from the grenade fragments and their local Iraqi Scouts ran back into the cover of the building , a fourth SEAL ( only lightly wounded ) , managed to radio his colleagues and get the Scouts to return fire . A SEAL element in a second overwatch position immediately ran through heavy fire to reach Monsoor ( whom later died from his wounds in the back of a Bradley IFV ) and the wounded SEALs , Monsoor was later awarded the Medal of Honor and the Silver Star . The advances by conventional forces and the SEALs in Ramadi , combined with the brutal tactics of AQI , helped to increase recruitment in a local police initiative - the programme was designed to bring the local Sheikhs ' militias into the Iraqi Security Forces . These volunteers would serve locally in their communities to defend them against al - Qaeda , a month after the kidnapping and murder of Sheikh Khalid by AQI ( which proved to be the tipping point ) , the Sheikhs signed a declaration agreeing to fight AQI and by the closing of 2006 , even former insurgents were joining the local police ( later known as the Anbar Awakening ) by the end of the battle , some 1,100 terrorists were killed .", "In Fallujah , the SEAL Task Unit were also heavily involved in fighting . In one joint operation to capture an AQI leader , they entered the target building and were engaged resulting in an Iraqi Scout being killed and a SEAL severely wounded , two SEALs returned fire and entered the building , both SEALs entered different rooms , in one room the SEAL encountered three insurgents who opened fired at close range , another SEAL across the hallway was struck in the head and killed , the SEAL in the room with the insurgents killed all three .", "In September 2009 , in a nighttime raid in Fallujah , SEALs captured Ahmad Hashim Abd al - Isawi ( nicknamed the `` Butcher of Fallujah '' ) , a prominent al - Qaeda terrorist who was the mastermind behind the 2004 Fallujah ambush . Al - Isawai made accusations of mistreatment while in custody , and testified in April 2010 at the ensuing courts - martial against three SEALs ( all of whom were acquitted ) . Iraqi authorities later tried and executed al - Isawi by hanging at some point before November 2013 .", "SEALS remained employed throughout the Iraqi Campaign as Task Units or Task Elements until its close in 2011 .", "OEF - P was established in 2002 to conduct long - term partnered operations with both Philippine Army special operations and intelligence units , as well as police units to counter the threat posed by the ASG and JI terrorist groups . Much of this work has been assigned to 1st SFG ; SEALs and USAF Special Operations who have also had a long - term presence in the Philippines . There are few confirmed operational details about the SEALs and Green Berets conducting partnered operations , although elements are partnered with Philippine Army and SOF ; there have been mentions of Green Berets and SEALs being wounded . On 21 June 2002 , SEALs in RIBs supported the Philippine Naval Special Operations Group in the operation that killed Abu Sabaya , a senior leader in the ASG . A US Predator UAV marked the HVT with an infrared laser as he tried to escape in a smugglers boat , the MH - 47Es from the 160th SOAR used search lights mounted on their helicopters to pinpoint the target 's boat while operators from the Philippine Naval Special Operations Group opened fire on the boat killing the terrorist leader and capturing four other terrorists with him .", "As part of OEF - HOA , Naval Special Warfare Unit 10 are deployed to Camp Lemonnier , Djibouti , under the command of SOCCE - HOA ( Special Opererations Command and Control Element - Horn of Africa ) which commands all SOCOM units assigned to training or operational missions in the region . Special operations carried out in Somalia are conducted under the codename : Operation Octave Dune , as part of the overall effort in Somalia , which is known as Operation Octave Shield .", "Before Djibouti became the epicentre for counter terrorism operations in Africa , unilateral operations were launched from temporary forward locations in friendly nations such as Kenya , or from US Navy Ships . The earliest known operation in Somalia was known as Operation Cobalt Blue : In 2003 , SEALs using SEAL Delivery Vehicles swam ashore along the Somali coastline and emplaced covert surveillance cameras . Known as cardinals , the cameras were designed to watch likely target locations for wanted terrorists as al - Qaeda and its affiliates began to regroup in the country , however the cameras only took one image a day and captured very little .", "CJSOTF - HOA ( Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force - Horn of Africa ) developed a rescue plan called Operation Mystic Talon , in case and CIA SAD or ISA operators were captured in the region , the plan required a SEAL platoon Air Force Special Operations assets that , if necessary , would fight their way into Somalia , recover the hostage and fight their way out , should a mission need to be launched before a dedicated JSOC task force could be deployed to the region .", "On 12 April 2009 , in response to a hostage taking incident off the coast of Somalia by Somalian pirates , three Navy SEALs from DEVGRU simultaneously engaged and killed the three pirates who were closely holding the hostage , Captain Richard Phillips , of the freighter ship Maersk Alabama . The pirates and their hostage were being towed in a lifeboat approximately 100 yards behind USS Bainbridge when each of the pirates were killed by a different DEVGRU sniper with a single shot to the head .", "In the early morning of 1 May 2011 local time , a team of Navy SEALs of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU ) , previously called `` SEAL Team 6 '' , along with a Belgian Malinois Military Working Dog ( named `` Cairo '' ) , supported by Special Activities Division officers on the ground , killed Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad , Pakistan about 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Islamabad in a CIA operation . President Barack Obama later confirmed the death of bin Laden , but did not directly mention the involvement of DEVGRU , saying only that a `` small team '' of Americans undertook the operation to bring down bin Laden . The unprecedented media coverage raised the public profile of the SEAL community , particularly the counter-terrorism specialists commonly known as SEAL Team 6 . The Walt Disney Company tried unsuccessfully to trademark the name `` SEAL Team 6 '' the day after the raid . The official name of the military operation was Operation Neptune Spear . The model of the compound used in the 60 Minutes documentary was donated by CBS to the Navy SEAL Museum .", "On 16 March 2014 , thirty U.S. Navy SEALs from SEAL Team 2 took control of MV Morning Glory , a tanker full of oil loaded from a rebel - held port in Libya . The raid by Navy SEALs took place in international waters off the coast of Cyprus , the raid was a success ; preventing a Libyan splinter militia group selling nationalized Libyan oil on the black market .", "As part of Operation Inherent Resolve 's Iraq Campaign , there are at least 100 SEALs as part of a Special Operations advise and assist mission to Peshmerga and Iraqi Security Forces in combating ISIS . The Navy SEAL operation in northern Iraq is called Task Force Trident . On 3 May 2016 , Petty Officer 1st Class Charles Keating IV was killed by ISIS small arms fire near the town of Tel Skuf during an ISIS assault on a Peshmerga position . He was a member of a 20 - man Quick Reaction Force ( QRF ) sent to rescue a dozen U.S. advisors at the position and temporarily assist the Peshmerga .", "Before getting accepted into Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL training , a prospective candidate must pass a certain number of both mental and physical requirements . These tests include : Pre-enlistment medical screening , ASVAB , AFQT , C - SORT , and PST . Then , the candidate must get a SEAL contract by passing the SEAL Physical Screening Test : 500 yard swim in 12 : 30 , 50 push - ups in 2 minutes , 50 sit - ups in 2 minutes , 10 consecutive pull - ups in 2 minutes , and a 1.5 mile run in 10 : 30 . Candidates receiving a passing score may then be admitted into training to become Navy SEALs . SEAL training is extremely rigorous . The attrition rate fluctuates , but averages at about 80 percent . The average candidate spends over a year in a series of formal training courses before being awarded the Special Warfare Operator Naval Rating and the Navy Enlisted Classification ( NEC ) 5326 Combatant Swimmer ( SEAL ) or , in the case of commissioned naval officers , the designation Naval Special Warfare ( SEAL ) Officer .", "Navy SEAL training pipeline :", "8 - week Naval Recruit Training 8 - week Naval Special Warfare Prep School 24 - week Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL Training ( BUD / S ) 5 - week Parachute Jump School 26 - week SEAL Qualification Training ( SQT )", "8 - week Naval Recruit Training", "8 - week Naval Special Warfare Prep School", "24 - week Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL Training ( BUD / S )", "5 - week Parachute Jump School", "26 - week SEAL Qualification Training ( SQT )", "Upon graduation from SQT , trainees receive the U.S. Navy SEAL Trident , designating them as Navy SEALs . They are subsequently assigned to a SEAL Team or SEAL Delivery Vehicle ( SDV ) Team and begin 18 - months of predeployment training before they are considered deployable . This training consists of :", "6 - month Professional Development -- Individual Specialty Training ( ProDev ) 6 - month Unit Level Training ( ULT ) . ULT is unit training conducted by each Groups Training Detachment . Core unit training blocks are Air Operations , Land Warfare , Maritime , Urban and Special Reconnaissance . 6 - month Squadron Integration Training ( SIT )", "6 - month Professional Development -- Individual Specialty Training ( ProDev )", "6 - month Unit Level Training ( ULT ) . ULT is unit training conducted by each Groups Training Detachment . Core unit training blocks are Air Operations , Land Warfare , Maritime , Urban and Special Reconnaissance .", "6 - month Squadron Integration Training ( SIT )", "Those enlisted SEALs with a medical rating will first attend the Special Operation Combat Medic Course for 6 months in Fort Bragg , North Carolina before joining a team in order to become a SEAL medic . Those pursuing Officer positions first attend the Junior Officer Training Course to learn about operations planning and how to perform team briefings . In total it can take over 2.5 years to completely train a Navy SEAL for his first deployment .", "Until December 2015 , female sailors were barred from becoming Navy SEALs by naval regulation . However , in August 2015 , it was reported that the `` Navy is planning to open its elite SEAL teams to women who can pass the grueling training regimen . '' Admiral Jon Greenert , the Chief of Naval Operations at the time , said that `` he and the head of Naval Special Warfare Command , Rear Admiral Brian Losey , believe that if women can pass the legendary six - month Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL training , they should be allowed to serve . '' In August 2015 , `` ( f ) inal approval ( for admission of women ) is still pending . '' On 3 December 2015 , it was announced that there are now `` no exceptions '' to all military roles in the U.S. , and women can become U.S. Navy SEALs . However , as of April 2016 , no female sailors have yet applied to undergo indoctrination as SEALs .", "The Washington Examiner reported on 10 August 2017 : `` A woman aiming to become the first female Navy SEAL officer quit about a week into the initial training '' .", "Naval Special Warfare Command is organized into the following configuration :", "Naval Special Warfare Group 1 : SEAL Teams 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 Naval Special Warfare Group 2 : SEAL Teams 2 , 4 , 8 , 10 Naval Special Warfare Group 3 : SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 Naval Special Warfare Group 4 : Special Boat Teams 12 , 20 , 22 Naval Special Warfare Group 10 : NSW Support Activity One , NSW Support Activity Two , Mission Support Center ( `` organize , train , educate , equip , deploy and sustain specialized intelligence , surveillance , reconnaissance and preparation - of - the - environment capabilities '' ) Naval Special Warfare Group 11 : SEAL Teams 17 , 18 ( formerly Operational Support Teams 1 , 2 ) Naval Special Warfare Development Group : Assigned operationally to JSOC ( formerly SEAL Team 6 )", "Naval Special Warfare Group 1 : SEAL Teams 1 , 3 , 5 , 7", "Naval Special Warfare Group 2 : SEAL Teams 2 , 4 , 8 , 10", "Naval Special Warfare Group 3 : SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1", "Naval Special Warfare Group 4 : Special Boat Teams 12 , 20 , 22", "Naval Special Warfare Group 10 : NSW Support Activity One , NSW Support Activity Two , Mission Support Center ( `` organize , train , educate , equip , deploy and sustain specialized intelligence , surveillance , reconnaissance and preparation - of - the - environment capabilities '' )", "Naval Special Warfare Group 11 : SEAL Teams 17 , 18 ( formerly Operational Support Teams 1 , 2 )", "Naval Special Warfare Development Group : Assigned operationally to JSOC ( formerly SEAL Team 6 )", "The total number of special operations personnel , including SEALs and SWCC 's assigned to Naval Special Warfare Command is approximately 8,195 out of a total 8,985 military staff , and 10,166 including civilian support staff .", "The original SEAL Teams in the Vietnam War were separated between West Coast ( Team ONE ) and East Coast ( Team TWO ) SEALs . Likewise current SEAL Teams are organized into two groups : Naval Special Warfare Group One ( West Coast ) and Naval Special Warfare Group Two ( East Coast ) , both of which come under the command of Naval Special Warfare Command at NAB Coronado , California . As of 2006 , there are eight confirmed Navy SEAL Teams . The current SEAL Team deployments include Teams 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , and 10 . The most recent teams are SEAL Team 7 and SEAL Team 10 , which were formed in March and April 2002 , respectively .", "The Teams deploy as Naval Special Warfare Squadrons or Special Operations Task Forces and can deploy anywhere in the world . Squadrons will normally be deployed and fall under a Joint Task Force ( JTF ) or a Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force ( CJSOTF ) as a Special Operations Task Force ( SOTF ) .", "Each SEAL Team is commanded by a Navy Commander ( O - 5 ) , and has a number of operational SEAL platoons and a headquarters element .", "A SEAL Team has a Staff Headquarters element and three 40 - man Troops . Each Troop consists of a Headquarters element consisting of a Troop Commander , typically a Lieutenant Commander ( O - 4 ) , a platoon Senior Enlisted ( E-8 ) , a Targeting / Operations Officer ( O - 2 / 3 ) and a Targeting / Operations Leading / Chief Petty Officer ( E-6 / 7 ) . Under the HQ element are two SEAL platoons of 16 -- 20 men ( two officers , 14 -- 16 enlisted SEALs , and sometimes assigned non-NSW support personnel ) ; a company - sized Combat Service Support ( CSS ) and / or Combat Support ( CS ) consisting of staff N - codes ( the Army and Marine Corps use S - codes ) ; N1 Administrative support , N2 Intelligence , N3 Operations , N4 Logistics , N5 Plans and Targeting , N6 Communications , N7 Training , and N8 Air / Medical .", "Each platoon can be task organized for operational purposes into four squads , of eight 4 -- 5 man fire teams / boat crews . The size of each SEAL `` Team '' with platoons and support staff is approximately 300 personnel . The typical SEAL platoon has an OIC ( Officer in Charge , usually a Lieutenant ( O - 3 ) , a Platoon chief ( E-7 / E-8 ) , and two squads commanded by a LTJG ( O - 2 ) and a Squad Leader ( E-6 ) . The remaining members of the Squad are operators ( E-4 to E-6 ) with their specialty skills in ordinance , communications , diving , medical . The core leadership in the Troop and Platoon are the Commander / OIC and the Senior Enlisted NCO ( Senior Chief / Chief ) .", "Platoon core skills consist of : Sniper , Breacher , Communicator , Maritime / Engineering , Close Air Support , Corpsman , Point - man / Navigator , Primary Driver / Navigator ( Rural / Urban / Protective Security ) , Heavy Weapons Operator , Sensitive Site Exploitation , Air Operations Master , Lead Climber , Lead Diver / Navigator , Interrogator , Explosive Ordnance Disposal , Technical Surveillance , and Advanced Special Operations .", "Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek , a naval base in Virginia Beach , Virginia , is home to SEAL Teams 2 , 4 , 8 , and 10 . Naval Amphibious Base Coronado , a naval base in Coronado , California , is home to SEAL Teams 1 , 3 , 5 , and 7 . There is also a SEAL Delivery Vehicle ( SDV ) unit , SDVT - 1 , located in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . SDVT - 2 was based in Virginia ; it was disestablished and merged into SDVT - 1 . SDV Teams are SEAL teams with an added underwater delivery capability . An SDV platoon consists of 12 -- 15 SEALs . Declassified locations :", "Insignia Team Deployment Number of Platoons HQ Notes SEAL Team 1 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 2 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 3 Middle East 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 4 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 5 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California Naval Special Warfare Development Group Worldwide Classified Dam Neck , Virginia SEAL Team 6 was dissolved in 1987 . The Navy then established the Naval Special Warfare Development Group , also known as DEVGRU . While DEVGRU is administratively supported by Naval Special Warfare Command , they are operationally under the command of the Joint Special Operations Command SEAL Team 7 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 8 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 10 Middle East 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Worldwide 4 Platoons Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Dets in : Little Creek , Virginia San Diego , California", "Insignia Team Deployment Number of Platoons HQ Notes", "SEAL Team 1 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California", "SEAL Team 2 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia", "SEAL Team 3 Middle East 6 Platoons Coronado , California", "SEAL Team 4 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia", "SEAL Team 5 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California", "Naval Special Warfare Development Group Worldwide Classified Dam Neck , Virginia SEAL Team 6 was dissolved in 1987 . The Navy then established the Naval Special Warfare Development Group , also known as DEVGRU . While DEVGRU is administratively supported by Naval Special Warfare Command , they are operationally under the command of the Joint Special Operations Command", "SEAL Team 7 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California", "SEAL Team 8 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia", "SEAL Team 10 Middle East 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia", "SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Worldwide 4 Platoons Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Dets in : Little Creek , Virginia San Diego , California", "The Special Warfare Operator rating ( SO ) and Special Warfare Boat Operator rating ( SB ) , were established in 2006 . Special Warfare Operators ( SEALs ) and Special Warfare Boat Operators ( SWCCs ) , are no longer required to maintain the original rating they qualified in upon joining the Navy .", "The following ratings are specific to Navy SEALs :", "Rate Abbreviation Pay grade Special warfare rating Abbreviation Master chief petty officer MCPO E-9 Master chief special warfare operator SOCM Senior chief petty officer SCPO E-8 Senior chief special warfare operator SOCS Chief petty officer CPO E-7 Chief special warfare operator SOC Petty officer first class PO1 E-6 Special warfare operator , first class SO1 Petty officer second class PO2 E-5 Special warfare operator , second class SO2 Petty officer third class PO3 E-4 Special warfare operator , third class SO3", "Rate Abbreviation Pay grade Special warfare rating Abbreviation", "Master chief petty officer MCPO E-9 Master chief special warfare operator SOCM", "Senior chief petty officer SCPO E-8 Senior chief special warfare operator SOCS", "Chief petty officer CPO E-7 Chief special warfare operator SOC", "Petty officer first class PO1 E-6 Special warfare operator , first class SO1", "Petty officer second class PO2 E-5 Special warfare operator , second class SO2", "Petty officer third class PO3 E-4 Special warfare operator , third class SO3", "The primary mission of the Navy Parachute Team ( NPT ) is to support Naval Special Warfare recruiting by gaining access and exposure to appropriate candidates through aerial parachuting demonstrations . The U.S. Navy Parachute Team is a fifteen - man team composed of U.S. Navy SEALs . Each member comes to the team for a three - year tour from one of the two Naval Special Warfare Groups located on the east and west coasts . On completion of the tour , members return to operational units . The parachute team began in 1969 when Navy SEALs and Frogmen volunteered to perform at weekend air shows . The Team initially consisted of five jumpers : LCDR Olson , PHC Gagliardi , SK2 `` Herky '' Hertenstein , PR1 Al Schmiz and PH2 `` Chip '' Maury . Schmiz and Maury were members of the original `` Chuting Stars . '' When LCDR Olson was transferred to California , PHC Gene `` Gag '' Gagliardi ( D 546 ) of UDT ELEVEN introduced him to the local jumping elite with the San Diego Skydivers , one of the nation 's first sports parachuting clubs . He convinced the Commander Naval Operations Support Group , PACIFIC to create a small demonstration team consisting of a cadre of highly qualified freefall jumpers . Its activities were to be conducted on a `` not to interfere '' basis with other military duties and at no cost to the government , other than utilizing normally scheduled aircraft . This group eventually adopted the `` Leap Frogs '' name .", "The team was officially commissioned as the U.S. Navy Parachute Team in 1974 by the Chief of Naval Operations and assigned the mission of demonstrating Navy excellence throughout the United States . The East Coast - based `` Chuting Stars '' were disbanded in the 1980s with the `` Leap Frogs '' taking on all official parachute demonstrations within the Navy .", "A typical Leap Frogs performance consists of six jumpers leaping out of an aircraft at an altitude of 6,000 feet . After freefalling sometimes using smoke or streamers , the Leap Frogs fly their canopies together to build canopy - relative work formations . After performances , the Leap Frogs make themselves available to the public to answer questions about the Navy and the Naval Special Warfare community , as well as to sign autographs .", "From its predecessors -- the Underwater Demolition Teams -- to its current form , the SEALs have influenced the training and formation of several foreign units . In 1955 the Underwater Demolition Teams provided funding and training for the Republic of Korea Naval Special Warfare Flotilla , who are also known as UDT / SEALs . The Philippine Naval Special Warfare Group is also patterned on the training and implementation of the US Navy SEALs and the UDTs . Upon the creation of the Indian MARCOS in 1987 , three officers were sent to undergo a hard training schedule with the SEALs that would help them further shape their unit 's capabilities . Due to their reputation as being one of America 's premier special operations forces , SEALs ( particularly operators from DEVGRU ) will often do exchanges with allied SOFs .", "The National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum , in Fort Pierce , Florida , was founded in 1985 and was recognized as a National Museum by an act of Congress . The museum is dedicated to preserving the history of the Navy SEALs and their predecessors . The SEAL Museum stands on the training site of the first Navy frogmen . There through World War II , thousands of service members were trained as members of Naval Combat Demolition Units and Underwater Demolition Teams . The Museum houses rare historic artifacts from the founding of the UDT to present day , including weapons , vehicles , equipment , and most recently added , the Maersk Alabama lifeboat aboard which Somali pirates held Captain Richard Phillips hostage .", "According to the museum , 280 UDT and SEALs were killed in action as of March 2018 : World War II & Korean War ( 1941 -- 1953 ) : 96 personnel Vietnam and Cold War ( 1954 -- 1989 ) : 103 personnel Desert Storm and War on Terror ( 1990 -- Present ) : 81 personnel", "U.S. Navy SEALs have been depicted in numerous works of art , entertainment , and media . Examples of well - known representations in films include : Navy SEALs ( 1990 ) , The Rock ( 1996 ) , G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) , Act of Valor ( 2012 ) , Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) , Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) and American Sniper ( 2014 ) . Examples of fictional representations in literature include various characters in Tom Clancy novels ( e.g. , Rainbow Six and Without Remorse ) and the G.I. Joe universe ." ]

[ [ "a raised block of the Earth's crust that has lifted, or has remained stationary, while the land on either side has subsided" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "In physical geography and geology , a horst is the raised fault block bounded by normal faults or graben . A horst is a raised block of the Earth 's crust that has lifted , or has remained stationary , while the land on either side has subsided . Horst is Dutch and German for heap .", "The Vosges Mountains in France and Black Forest in Germany are examples of horsts , as are the Table , Jura and the Dole mountains . The word is also applied to larger areas , such as the Russian Plain , Arabia , India and Central South Africa , where the continent remains stable , with horizontal table - land stratification , in distinction to folded regions such as the Eurasian chains .", "In many rift basins around the world , the vast majority of discovered hydrocarbons are found in conventional traps associated with horsts . For example , much of the petroleum found in the Sirte Basin , Libya ( of the order of tens of billions of barrels of reserves ) are found on large horst blocks such as the Zelten Platform and the Dahra Platform and on smaller horsts such as the Gialo High and the Bu - Attifel Ridge ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The House of the Vestal Virgins ( Latin : Atrium Vestae ; Italian : Casa delle Vestali ) was the residence of Vestal Virgins , located behind the circular Temple of Vesta at the eastern edge of the Roman Forum , between the Regia and the Palatine Hill . The domus publicae , where the Pontifex Maximus dwelled , was located near the Atrium until that role was assumed by the emperors .", "The Atrium Vestae was a three - story 50 - room palace in the ancient Roman Forum built around an elegant elongated atrium or court with a double pool . To the very east is an open vaulted hall with a statue of Numa Pompilius , the mythological founder of the cult .", "The complex lay at the foot of the Palatine Hill , where a sacred grove that was slowly encroached upon lingered into Imperial times , when all was swept away by the Fire of Rome in 64 . The House of the Vestals was rebuilt several times in the course of the Empire . After the dissolution of the College of the Vestals and the introduction of compulsory Christianity by Theodosius I in the late 4th century AD , the House of the Vestals continued to serve as a residence building . It now housed officials of the imperial court , and subsequently the papal court . Archaeological finds from this period include a hoard of 397 gold coins from the 5th century and another 830 Anglo - Saxon coins dating from the 9th and 10th centuries . The site was abandoned in the 11th / 12th century .", "Today , remains of the statues of the Vestals can be seen in the Atrium Vestae ." ]

[ [ "Emily Brent" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None Developer ( s ) AWE Productions Publisher ( s ) The Adventure Company Designer ( s ) Lee Sheldon Series Agatha Christie Platform ( s ) Windows , Wii Release Windows EU : September 30 , 2005 NA : October 27 , 2005 Wii EU : February 8 , 2008 NA : February 25 , 2008 AU : April 24 , 2008 Genre ( s ) Adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player", "Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None", "Developer ( s ) AWE Productions", "Publisher ( s ) The Adventure Company", "Designer ( s ) Lee Sheldon", "Series Agatha Christie", "Platform ( s ) Windows , Wii", "Release Windows EU : September 30 , 2005 NA : October 27 , 2005 Wii EU : February 8 , 2008 NA : February 25 , 2008 AU : April 24 , 2008", "EU : September 30 , 2005", "EU : September 30 , 2005", "NA : October 27 , 2005", "NA : October 27 , 2005", "EU : February 8 , 2008", "EU : February 8 , 2008", "NA : February 25 , 2008 AU : April 24 , 2008", "NA : February 25 , 2008", "AU : April 24 , 2008", "Genre ( s ) Adventure", "Mode ( s ) Single - player", "Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None ( also simply known as And Then There Were None ) is a 2005 point - and - click adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows . It was the first in The Adventure Company 's Agatha Christie series . The game is a detective murder - mystery ; it begins with nine people , including Patrick Narracott , the playable character , who meet and journey to the fictional Shipwreck Island . There , two additional onscreen characters are introduced , and the story then follows the events that unfold .", "And Then There Were None retains most of the basic plot elements of Agatha Christie 's novel of the same name ; the major differences are the inclusion of the playable character , Patrick Narracott , and the creation of a range of possible endings . To further the connection between the game and its source material , Christie 's novel was included in the North American PC release of the game . Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None was followed by two more games , Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express and Agatha Christie : Evil Under the Sun . Since they were based on their respective novels , their plots were unrelated to this first game .", "Reactions to the game were mixed , with many reviewers polarized in their opinions : some calling it a good adaptation of the novel ; others , an extremely poor adventure game . Several reviews harshly criticized the game 's character design and graphics as being archaic and outdated , whereas others praised aspects such as character dialogue and a captivating story .", "And Then There Were None is a point - and - click adventure game , played from a third - person perspective . Most of the interactive elements of And Then There Were None consist of asking other characters questions , and collecting and combining items . The player can carry items using an inventory system , consisting of screens which can show up to twelve items . New items go into the first available slot , and these items can be combined or examined throughout the game . The game 's cursor is context - sensitive , and changes into a rotating gear when held over an item the player can interact with and use . And Then There Were None features a 2.5 D graphics engine , which combines pre-rendered backgrounds with 3D - modelled characters .", "And Then There Were None is divided into 10 chapters . After completing a certain trigger event , the next chapter begins . The developers ensured that nothing essential to the game could be missed during the player 's progression , although large sections of gameplay are optional , and the player may ignore many of the side - quests . This divided progression adds another dimension to gameplay , as not only does the player have to be in the right place to find a clue or solve a puzzle , but must be there at the right time . For example , an empty room in one act could hold a vital clue in the next .", "And Then There Were None features a journal system to aid in the collection and piecing together of clues . The in - game journal records everything that the player needs to advance in the game , in order to prevent the player wandering aimlessly , unable to proceed . For example , the journal records conversations the player has with other characters , so that if they forget what was said , it will still be accessible . The developers also created the journal so that players did not have to use external resources , such as pen and paper . The journal is separated by content into several categories , such as a characters page , which lists all the characters by name and includes details about them , as well as separate pages for important items , documents and books . This information can be referenced at any time by the player .", "Another feature of And Then There Were None is the `` Suspicion Meter '' , which measures the player 's relationship with other characters , starting from a neutral position at the start of the game . There are negative consequences if the player is caught doing things that other characters deem inappropriate , which directly affects the `` Suspicion Meter '' : falling one point for every negative action and raising one point for each positive act . Depending on which of three positions the meter is in regarding a particular character , dialogue actions with that character are affected . The player is also able to regain approval points by solving `` Suspicion Meter '' puzzles ; multiple inventory items and combining items and can be quite complicated .", "After completing the game , the player is given one final puzzle . Completing it shows the original ending of the novel .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "And Then There Were None is set in 1939 , taking place at `` a beautiful mansion on the deserted Shipwreck Island . '' A quote by one of the characters , Emily Brent , in the first chapter sets the month as August ( `` This same week of August 4 years ago . '' ) The player can explore the two - story Art Deco - style mansion , which includes a secret room behind a bookcase in the library . The exterior of Shipwreck Island , including a beach , a forest , and an apiary , may also be explored .", "The player character is Patrick Narracott . Patrick is the only character not mentioned in Christie 's original novel , although his brother -- Fred Narracott -- is the one who ferries the guests to the island in the original book . The other characters are the guests : Judge Lawrence John Wargrave ; Vera Elizabeth Claythorne ; Philip Lombard ; General John Gordon Mackenzie ; Emily Caroline Brent ; Dr. Edward George Armstrong ; Anthony James Marston ; William Henry Blore ; the butler , Thomas Rogers ; and his wife , Ethel Rogers .", "The events of the book , with the exception of the killer 's identity and the player character , are closely retained in the game . The game begins with eight of the characters ( all but the two servants ) arriving at the fictional seaside town of Sticklehaven , where they are to be ferried to Shipwreck Island by Patrick Naracott ( who is substituting for his brother who is `` under the weather '' ) . When they arrive on the island , the other two characters are introduced , but when Patrick returns to his boat he finds it sabotaged , forcing him to stay on the island . Later , Blore confesses to Patrick that he is the one who damaged the boat , believing Patrick to be his brother Fred , who he thought was a thief . At dinner that night , the guests discover that none of them have met , or are familiar with , `` U.N. Owen '' , the enigmatic host who invited most of them to the party .", "After dinner , a gramophone record accuses the ten non-player characters of getting away with murder . Moments later , Anthony Marston dies after drinking a poisoned cocktail . That night , Ethel Rogers dies of a drug overdose in her sleep . The deaths are initially thought to be suicides or accidents until , after the death of General MacArthur , Judge Wargrave determines that they are actually murders and that the host , U.N. Owen , is most likely the killer . Wargrave further speculated that Owen must be one of the remaining 8 , and is following the pattern of the nursery rhyme over the fireplace , `` Ten Little Sailor Boys '' . After each murder , one of the ten figurines in the dining room goes missing . Naracott is now established as the detective of the group since his presence on the island was not expected by the killer . It is also discovered that Lombard has brought a self - defense revolver to the island .", "After the deaths of Thomas Rogers ' by axe and Emily Brent from anaphylactic shock from a bee sting , Lombard announces that his revolver has been stolen , and a search for it is fruitless . Naracott discovers he has been poisoned with the fictional drug Solidamide , but he obtains a remedy : a bottle of the fictional `` Bellman 's Universal Application '' . During a blackout after dinner that night , Wargrave is killed by a shot to the head . In the morning , however , Wargrave 's body is missing along with Armstrong , whose drowned body will later wash up on the shore . Wargrave 's body also turns up later in the screening room , but looks to have been bludgeoned , rather than shot . Later that day Blore is found to have been killed by having his head caved in by a clock .", "Naracott returns to the house to find that the killer is Emily Brent , who is really the famous actress Gabrielle Steele . Steele wanted Wargrave killed because he sentenced her true love to death . She would torture him first by killing those around him first , all criminals who had gotten away with their crimes , and she explains how she killed each one . She had faked her own death earlier .", "There are four different endings depending on whether Vera and Phillip -- one , both , or neither -- are saved . If Phillip is saved , he will reveal that his name is actually Charles Morley , a friend of Lombard 's who assumed his identity when the real Phillip Lombard committed suicide out of guilt for his past crime . If Vera is saved , she and Naracott return to Sticklehaven ( with Morley , if he also survives ) , where Vera explains her innocence of the crime the gramophone accused her of . If either Vera or Morley ( or both ) are saved , their statements to the police will clear Naracott and his brother . If neither of them survive , the Naracott brothers make their escape from the police . If Vera survives , she and Naracott decide to get married .", "Following the game 's completion , the player is given one last challenge that will reward them with the original ending to the book . The original ending to the book , where Wargrave is the killer . Dying , he wants to mete out justice personally to criminals who have escaped punishment , who he has invited to the island . The alternate ending details the events of the book , And Then There Were None , wherein all the guests on the island are killed by Wargrave except for the last two , Vera and Lombard . Vera then shoots Lombard , thinking him the murderer ( since Wargrave has faked his own death ) , and then hangs herself . Wargrave then shoots himself .", "And Then There Were None was announced on February 3 , 2005 , as the first in a series of games based on novels by Agatha Christie . For the release , The Adventure Company collaborated with developer AWE Productions . Lee Sheldon was named Lead Designer and writer for the game , while Scott Nixon , from AWE , was appointed Managing Director . The Adventure Company chose the novel And Then There Were None as the first game , instead of other Christie novels involving famous detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple , for several reasons . Among them was the popularity of the novel , which would help with marketing ; and the island nature of the story which would provide a natural barrier , while allowing more freedom of movement for the players within that confined area .", "One major obstacle in the development of And Then There Were None was gaining the approval of aspects of the game from Chorion , the company which owns the rights to Agatha Christie 's works . The development team met with Mathew Prichard , Christie 's grandson , and other members of Chorion . While protective of Christie 's license , Chorion was quite open about changes to the plot , as long as they were within the style of Christie 's novels . These included a change to the identity of the killer , the addition of a player character , and changes to the figurines at the table - renaming them `` sailor boys '' , to fit in with the boat motif of being moored on the island . Chorion did not accept all the changes proposed by the developers , for example rejecting the idea of a one - man submarine the player could operate as not being in the style of Christie 's work . The survival of Vera and Lombard , and the change of the General 's name from MacArthur to MacKenzie , were both used by Christie herself in a 1943 stage adaption of the novel . Patrick Narracott as the eleventh character was a major plot change , and was done to explore a semi-romance between him and Vera Claythorne , as well as the developers ' desire to have players connect to a more human character , rather than a nameless one .", "The main concern designer Lee Sheldon had was the emphasis placed on story and dialogue , he had considered the idea that the killer could change every time a player played the game ; this idea of open - ended , modular gameplay was quickly discarded , as Sheldon thought it did n't pay homage to Christie 's work . The orders of the murders forced Sheldon down a linear path , and the numerous cut scenes , cinematics and long dialogues were needed because the novel is composed largely of dialogue . Sheldon strived to make the puzzles a seamless part of the game 's environment and plot , and not simply tacked on for the sake of a puzzle .", "The designers of And Then There Were None decided to leave the game in its original time period , the 1930s . Sheldon was firmly against updating the game to a modern time period , calling this `` a futile attempt to attract an audience that really does n't care anyway . '' One of the main attractions to the past for Sheldon was the ability to explore its culture and mores . The mansion in the game was researched using architecture and Art Deco books as references . Christie described the mansion in the novel as stark and modern , and this made Sheldon turn to the work of famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright , and in particular his house Fallingwater .", "And Then There Were None was shipped to North American stores on October 27 , 2005 . The Adventure Company announced on March 19 , 2007 , that the game would be ported to the Wii console , which would feature an ability to spin the Wii Remote to turn safe handles , and the ability to unearth clues by imitating a digging action .", "Reception Review scores Publication Score PC Wii Adventure Gamers Eurogamer 4 / 10 Game Revolution D+ GameSpot 6.4 / 10 GameSpy GameZone 8 / 10 5 / 10 IGN 7 / 10 4.9 / 10 Nintendo World Report 3.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 73 % VideoGamer.com 6 / 10 The Times Aggregate scores GameRankings 65.36 % 54.96 % Metacritic 68 / 100 50 / 100", "Reception", "Review scores Publication Score PC Wii Adventure Gamers Eurogamer 4 / 10 Game Revolution D+ GameSpot 6.4 / 10 GameSpy GameZone 8 / 10 5 / 10 IGN 7 / 10 4.9 / 10 Nintendo World Report 3.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 73 % VideoGamer.com 6 / 10 The Times Aggregate scores GameRankings 65.36 % 54.96 % Metacritic 68 / 100 50 / 100", "Review scores Publication Score PC Wii Adventure Gamers Eurogamer 4 / 10 Game Revolution D+ GameSpot 6.4 / 10 GameSpy GameZone 8 / 10 5 / 10 IGN 7 / 10 4.9 / 10 Nintendo World Report 3.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 73 % VideoGamer.com 6 / 10 The Times Aggregate scores GameRankings 65.36 % 54.96 % Metacritic 68 / 100 50 / 100", "Review scores", "Publication Score", "PC Wii", "Adventure Gamers", "Eurogamer 4 / 10", "Game Revolution D+", "GameSpot 6.4 / 10", "GameSpy", "GameZone 8 / 10 5 / 10", "IGN 7 / 10 4.9 / 10", "Nintendo World Report 3.5 / 10", "PC Gamer ( US ) 73 %", "VideoGamer.com 6 / 10", "The Times", "Aggregate scores", "GameRankings 65.36 % 54.96 %", "Metacritic 68 / 100 50 / 100", "And Then There Were None has received widely varying reviews since its release . Metacritic 's weighted average score for the game was 68 out of 100 on the PC and 50 out of 100 on the Wii , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' , with individual reviews falling between 20 % and 90 % . One aspect of the game which has garnered some criticism are the graphics . 2404 denounced the game 's environments , commenting that `` there are graphically better games that were made two years ago . '' An aspect of the game 's graphics more heavily criticized was the character models , with GameSpy decrying them , saying : `` The 3D models used for Mr. Owen 's guests are crude and simplistic , with silly , sausage - like fingers , hair that looks like blocks of wood , lousy animation , poor lip - synching , and bland faces with barely any facial expression . ''", "Adventure Gamers found many faults with the character designs , describing them as ugly , and no more realistic than the characters from Sierra 's Gabriel Knight 3 , released six years previously . However , Just Adventure commented that the characters are nicely designed , with detailed facial expressions during close - ups , but could have been better by current standards . Opinions on the character voice acting were generally positive : praised by Adventure Gamers for injecting life into the wooden character models , and ICGames commented that the voice acting made the characters convincing . However , GameSpy denounced the game for not allowing readers to skip through dialogue , instead forcing them to sit through hours of spoken words . Sound in And Then There Were None received mixed reactions as well , with Game Chronicles calling the sound decent , with realistic weather and animal sounds . 2404 , in contrast , said that the game 's music is pleasant and unannoying , but never captures the emotions and tensions in the game .", "The puzzle aspects also received varying reactions . Game Over Online called the few puzzles bad , complaining that often the solutions were obscure and illogical , and did not advance the plot . GameSpot criticized the puzzles , saying that the player is `` regularly tasked with backtracking back and forth across the island with only a vague notion of what to do in order to progress the story . '' 2404 was more encouraging , saying that although the game was formulaic , there was a welcome lack of mazes and slider puzzles in the game , making it more accessible to a wider audience ." ]

[ [ "2002" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Railtrack Former type Public Industry Rail transport Fate Railway administration Predecessor British Rail Successor Network Rail Founded Defunct 3 October 2002 Headquarters London , England Key people John Robinson ( Chairman ) Gerald Corbett ( CEO )", "Former type Public", "Industry Rail transport", "Fate Railway administration", "Predecessor British Rail", "Successor Network Rail", "Founded", "Defunct 3 October 2002", "Headquarters London , England", "Key people John Robinson ( Chairman ) Gerald Corbett ( CEO )", "Railtrack was a group of companies that owned the track , signalling , tunnels , bridges , level crossings and all but a handful of the stations of the British railway system from 1994 until 2002 . It was created as part of the privatisation of British Rail , listed on the London Stock Exchange , and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . In 2002 , after experiencing major financial difficulty , most of Railtrack 's operations were transferred to the state - controlled non-profit company Network Rail . The remainder of Railtrack was renamed RT Group plc and eventually dissolved on 22 June 2010 .", "Founded under Conservative legislation that privatised the railways , Railtrack took control of the railway infrastructure on 1 April 1994 and was floated on the Stock Exchange in May 1996 . Robert Horton was first chairman , leading the organisation through the early years of its existence up to 1999 , including an industrial dispute from June to September 1994 .", "The fatal accidents at Southall in 1997 and Ladbroke Grove in 1999 called into question the effect that the fragmentation of the railway network had had on both safety and maintenance procedures .", "In February 1999 the company launched a bond issue which caused a significant fall in Railtrack 's share price .", "Railtrack was severely criticised for both its performance in improving the railway infrastructure and for its safety record . Between its creation and late 1998 , the company had a relatively calm relationship with its first economic regulator , John Swift QC , whose strategy was to encourage Railtrack to make commitments to improvement . But critics said that the regulator was not tough enough and that the company had , as a result , been able to abuse its monopoly position . In particular , its customers , the passenger and freight train operators , were desperate for regulatory action to force the company to improve its stewardship of the network and its performance . Swift had been appointed rail regulator in 1993 by the then Conservative transport secretary John MacGregor MP . When the Labour government took over after the general election in May 1997 , the new transport secretary ( and deputy prime minister ) John Prescott took a much harder line . When Swift 's five - year term of office expired on 30 November 1998 , he was not reappointed . After an interim holding period , during which Chris Bolt , Swift 's chief economic adviser and effective deputy , filled the regulator 's position , in July 1999 a new rail regulator began a five - year term , and a new , much tougher regulatory era began .", "The new rail regulator , Tom Winsor ( later Sir Thomas Winsor ) , had been Swift 's general counsel ( 1993 -- 95 ) , and adopted a more interventionist and aggressive regulatory approach . At times the relationship was stormy , with Railtrack resisting pressure to improve its performance . In April 2000 it was reported in the Guardian that `` Railtrack is adopting a deliberate ' culture of defiance ' against the rail regulator '' . Gerald Corbett , Railtrack 's chief executive at the time , and Winsor clearly saw things very differently from each other . Railtrack resisted regulatory action to improve its performance , and as the regulator probed ever more deeply , serious shortcomings in the company 's stewardship of the network were revealed .", "It was the Hatfield crash on 17 October 2000 that proved to be the defining moment in Railtrack 's collapse . The subsequent major repairs undertaken across the whole British rail network are estimated to have cost in the order of £ 580 million . According to Christian Wolmar , author of On the Wrong Line , the Railtrack board panicked in the wake of Hatfield . Because most of the engineering skill of British Rail had been sold off into the maintenance and renewal companies , Railtrack had no idea how many Hatfields were waiting to happen , nor did they have any way of assessing the consequence of the speed restrictions they were ordering -- restrictions that brought the railway network to all but a standstill .", "Regulatory and customer pressure had been increasing , and the company 's share price began to fall sharply as it became apparent that there were serious shortcomings in the company 's ability to tackle and solve its greatest problems .", "Meanwhile , the costs of modernising the West Coast Main Line were spiralling . In 2001 , Railtrack announced that , despite making a pre-tax profits before exceptional expenses of £ 199m , the £ 733m of costs and compensation paid out over the Hatfield crash plunged Railtrack from profit to a loss of £ 534m . This caused it to approach the government for funding , which it then controversially used to pay a £ 137m dividend to its shareholders in May 2001 .", "Railtrack plc was placed into railway administration under the Railways Act 1993 on 7 October 2001 , following an application to the High Court by the then Transport Secretary , Stephen Byers . This was effectively a form of bankruptcy protection that allowed the railway network to continue operating despite the financial problems of the operator . The parent company , Railtrack Group plc , was not put into administration and continued operating its other subsidiaries , which included property and telecommunications interests .", "For most of the year in administration , the government 's position had been that the new company would have to live within the existing regulatory settlement ( £ 14.8 billion for the five years 2001 -- 2006 ) . However , it soon became obvious that that was impossible , and that the aftermath of the Hatfield crash had revealed that the network required significantly more money for its operation , maintenance and renewal . It was reported on 23 November 2001 , that a further £ 3.5 billion may be needed to keep the national railway network running , a sum disputed by Ernst & Young , the administrators .", "To get Railtrack out of administration , the government had to go back to the High Court and present evidence that the company was no longer insolvent . The principal reason given by the government to the court for this assertion was the decision of the rail regulator -- announced on 22 September 2002 -- to carry out an interim review of the company 's finances , with the potential to advance significant additional sums to the company . The High Court accepted that the company was not therefore insolvent , and the railway administration order was discharged on 2 October 2002 .", "Network Rail was formed with the principal purpose of acquiring and owning Railtrack plc . Originally the Government allowed private companies to bid for Railtrack plc . However , with limited availability of financial data on Railtrack , the political implications of owning the company and the very obvious preference of the government that the national railway network should go to Network Rail , no bidders apart from Network Rail were forthcoming , and Network Rail bought Railtrack plc on 3 October 2002 . Railtrack plc was subsequently renamed to Network Rail Infrastructure Limited .", "Network Rail 's acquisition of Railtrack plc was welcomed at the time by groups that represented British train passengers . The attitude of Railtrack 's customers -- the passenger - and freight - train operators -- was much more cautious , especially as they were wary of a corporate structure under which shareholders ' equity was not at risk if the company 's new management mis - managed its affairs .", "Railtrack 's parent company , Railtrack Group , was placed into members ' voluntary liquidation as RT Group on 18 October 2002 . The Railtrack business ( and its £ 7 billion debt ) had been sold to Network Rail for £ 500 million , and the various diversified businesses it had created to seek to protect itself from the loss - making business of running a railway were disposed of to various buyers . £ 370 million held by Railtrack Group was frozen at the time the company went into administration and was earmarked to pay Railtrack shareholders an estimated 70p a share in compensation . The Group 's interest in the partially built High Speed 1 line was also sold for £ 295m .", "Railtrack shareholders formed two groups to press for increased compensation . A lawyer speaking for one of those groups remarked on GMTV that his strategy was to sue the government for incorrect and misleading information given at the time Railtrack was created , when John Major was Conservative Prime Minister . An increased offer of up to 262p per share was enough to convince the larger shareholder group , the Railtrack Action Group , to abandon legal action . The Chairman , Usman Mahmud , believed that legal action would not be successful without the support of management and major shareholders .", "The legality of the decision to put Railtrack into railway administration was challenged by the smaller Railtrack Private Shareholders Action Group . Their action against the government alleged that the Secretary of State for Transport at the time -- Stephen Byers MP -- had , by deciding to cut off funding for Railtrack and asking the High Court to put the company into railway administration , committed the common law tort of misfeasance in public office . It is believed that there was £ 532 million available to Railtrack comprising £ 370 million in the bank and £ 162 million of an existing Department of Transport loan facility still available to be drawn down , but Stephen Byers MP cancelled this facility , causing shareholders to believe that he had broken the loan agreement .", "This was the largest class action ever conducted in the English courts -- there were 49,500 claimants , all small shareholders in Railtrack . Keith Rowley , QC , the barrister for the shareholders , alleged Byers had `` devised a scheme by which he intended to injure the shareholders of Railtrack Group by impairing the value of their interests in that company without paying compensation and without the approval of Parliament '' .", "The case was heard in the High Court in London in July 2005 ; some embarrassment was caused to Byers when he admitted that an answer he had given to a House of Commons Select Committee was inaccurate , but on 14 October 2005 the judge found that there was no evidence that Byers had committed the tort of misfeasance in public office .", "The private shareholders decided not to appeal against the judgment , because there were no legal grounds for doing so . For many of them -- who had contributed around £ 50 each , on average , to the fighting fund to bring the action -- the case had served its purpose .", "The circumstances in which Railtrack had been put into administration were highly controversial , with allegations in Parliament on 24 October 2005 that the company had not been insolvent at the time ( 7 October 2001 ) and therefore that the administration order had been wrongly obtained . This was because of the jurisdiction of the independent rail regulator -- at the time Tom Winsor -- to provide additional money to maintain the company 's financial position . Sir Alan Duncan MP , then the shadow transport secretary , said in Parliament that this aspect of the affair -- which was not dealt with in the shareholders ' case in the High Court -- was `` perhaps the most shameful scar on the Government 's honesty '' and `` an absolute scandal '' .", "Byers apologised in the House of Commons on 17 October 2005 for having given a `` factually inaccurate '' reply to the Select Committee but said that he had not intended to mislead them . This personal statement to Parliament was not accepted by the MP who had asked the original question , and the matter was remitted to the House of Commons Standards and Privileges Committee for investigation . As a result of that committee 's report , Mr Byers made another statement of apology to Parliament .", "RT Group plc ( in voluntary liquidation ) made a number of payments to shareholders during the winding up of the company 's affairs before finally being dissolved on 22 June 2010 .", "December 2003 200 p August 2004 43p December 2004 9p December 2005 8.5 p March 2010 2.071865 p", "December 2003 200 p", "August 2004 43p", "December 2004 9p", "December 2005 8.5 p", "March 2010 2.071865 p", "Gerald Corbett was the company 's Chief Executive from 1997 until his resignation in November 2000 . He was succeeded by Steve Marshall , who announced his own resignation in October 2001 and actually stood down in March 2002 .", "Geoffrey Howe was appointed Chairman of Railtrack Group ( the part of the business not in administration ) in March 2002 ." ]

[ [ "Christopher Walken" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Jungle Book Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Jon Favreau Brigham Taylor Screenplay by Justin Marks Based on Disney 's The Jungle Book The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling Starring Bill Murray Ben Kingsley Idris Elba Lupita Nyong'o Scarlett Johansson Giancarlo Esposito Christopher Walken Neel Sethi Narrated by Ben Kingsley Music by John Debney ( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns ) Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Walt Disney Pictures Fairview Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 million Box office $966.6 million", "The Jungle Book", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Jon Favreau", "Produced by Jon Favreau Brigham Taylor", "Jon Favreau Brigham Taylor", "Screenplay by Justin Marks", "Based on Disney 's The Jungle Book The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling", "Disney 's The Jungle Book The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling", "Disney 's The Jungle Book", "The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling", "Starring Bill Murray Ben Kingsley Idris Elba Lupita Nyong'o Scarlett Johansson Giancarlo Esposito Christopher Walken Neel Sethi", "Bill Murray Ben Kingsley Idris Elba Lupita Nyong'o Scarlett Johansson Giancarlo Esposito Christopher Walken Neel Sethi", "Narrated by Ben Kingsley", "Music by John Debney ( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns )", "John Debney ( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns )", "( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns )", "Cinematography Bill Pope", "Edited by Mark Livolsi", "Production company Walt Disney Pictures Fairview Entertainment", "Walt Disney Pictures Fairview Entertainment", "Walt Disney Pictures", "Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures", "Release date April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States )", "April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States )", "April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre )", "April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States )", "Running time 106 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $175 million", "Box office $966.6 million", "The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film , directed and co-produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Justin Marks . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney 's 1967 animated film of the same name , The Jungle Book is a live - action / CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli , an orphaned human boy who , guided by his animal guardians , sets out on a journey of self - discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan . The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli and also features the voices of Bill Murray , Ben Kingsley , Idris Elba , Lupita Nyong'o , Scarlett Johansson , Giancarlo Esposito , and Christopher Walken .", "Favreau , Marks and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film 's story as a balance between Disney 's animated adaptation and Kipling 's original works , borrowing elements from both into the film . Principal photography commenced in 2014 , with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles . The film required extensive use of computer - generated imagery to portray the animals and settings .", "The Jungle Book was released in North America in Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , D - Box , and premium large formats , on April 15 , 2016 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $966 million , making it the fifth highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 35th highest - grossing film of all time . The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 89th Academy Awards .", "Mowgli is a `` man cub '' raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack , led by Akela , in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera . Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves , but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack .", "One day , during the dry season , the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle 's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators . The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives detecting Mowgli 's scent in the large crowd . Resentful against man for scarring him , he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought . After the drought ends , the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not . Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack . Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village .", "En route , Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera , but Mowgli manages to escape . Later , Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him . While under her influence , Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan . The vision also warns of the destructive power of the `` red flower '' ( fire ) . Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli , but she is attacked by a sloth bear named Baloo , rescuing an unconscious Mowgli . Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult - to - access honey for Baloo and Mowgli agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives . Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle , Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out .", "Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed , but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it . During the night , Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch . Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed , Baloo realizes that he can not guarantee Mowgli 's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan . Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village .", "Mowgli is kidnapped by the `` Bandar - log '' ( monkeys ) who present him to their leader , a giant ape named King Louie . Assuming that all humans can make fire , King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it . Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out , but their plan is discovered . As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple , he informs Mowgli of Akela 's death . King Louie 's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him . Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela 's death , Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone .", "Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle , accidentally starting a wildfire in the process . He confronts Shere Khan , who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire . Mowgli throws the torch into the water , giving Shere Khan the advantage . Baloo , Bagheera , and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off , giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap . He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch , which breaks under the tiger 's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death . Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire .", "In the aftermath , Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack . Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use , having found his true home and calling with his wolf family , Baloo , and Bagheera .", "Neel Sethi as Mowgli , a young boy who was raised by wolves . Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli 's father", "Neel Sethi as Mowgli , a young boy who was raised by wolves . Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli", "Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli", "Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli", "Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli 's father", "Bill Murray as Baloo , a Sloth bear who befriends Mowgli . Ben Kingsley as Bagheera , a Black panther who is Mowgli 's mentor and protector . Idris Elba as Shere Khan , a fearsome , scar - faced tiger with a grudge against Mowgli . Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha , a female wolf who is Mowgli 's adoptive mother . Scarlett Johansson as Kaa , an enormous python . Giancarlo Esposito as Akela , a male wolf who leads the pack . Christopher Walken as King Louie , a Gigantopithecus who rules the Bandar - log . Garry Shandling as Ikki , a porcupine that observes the Water Truce . Brighton Rose as Grey Brother , a wolf cub that is Mowgli 's adoptive brother . Jon Favreau as Fred , a Pygmy Hog . Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel . Russell Peters as Rocky , a rhinoceros . Madeleine Favreau as Raquel , a rhinoceros . Sara Arrington as a Nilgai Antelope", "Bill Murray as Baloo , a Sloth bear who befriends Mowgli .", "Ben Kingsley as Bagheera , a Black panther who is Mowgli 's mentor and protector .", "Idris Elba as Shere Khan , a fearsome , scar - faced tiger with a grudge against Mowgli .", "Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha , a female wolf who is Mowgli 's adoptive mother .", "Scarlett Johansson as Kaa , an enormous python .", "Giancarlo Esposito as Akela , a male wolf who leads the pack .", "Christopher Walken as King Louie , a Gigantopithecus who rules the Bandar - log .", "Garry Shandling as Ikki , a porcupine that observes the Water Truce .", "Brighton Rose as Grey Brother , a wolf cub that is Mowgli 's adoptive brother .", "Jon Favreau as Fred , a Pygmy Hog .", "Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel .", "Russell Peters as Rocky , a rhinoceros .", "Madeleine Favreau as Raquel , a rhinoceros .", "Sara Arrington as a Nilgai Antelope", "Emjay Anthony , Max Favreau , Chloe Hechter , Asher Blinkoff , Knox Gagnon , Sasha Schrieber , and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves .", "Dee Bradley Baker , Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices .", "Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action remake of The Jungle Book was in development on July 9 , 2013 , with Justin Marks set to write the script . The film would be Disney 's second live - action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling 's works , following the 1994 film , and the studio 's third overall after the 1967 animated musical . Jon Favreau was later confirmed as director on November 5 , 2013 . Favreau as a child used to watch Disney 's 1967 animated musical version . He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film , including some of its memorable songs , while crafting a movie with more realism and peril . He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling 's time and now , `` In Kipling 's time , nature was something to be overcome . Now nature is something to be protected . '' He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film 's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering , computer - generated imagery , and motion capture technologies . The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling 's works , but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films , including the child - mentor relationship in Shane ( 1953 ) , the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas ( 1990 ) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) .", "The cast was announced between March and August 2014 , with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014 . Between then , Scarlett Johansson , Ben Kingsley , and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa , Bagheera , and King Louie . Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa , originally a male character , as he felt the original film was `` a little too male - oriented . '' Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha 's character more prominently , as in Kipling 's tales . Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role , `` Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance . There 's an emotional underpinning she brings , and a strength , and we wanted that for this surrogate mother . Much of that comes from her voice . '' Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a Gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India , where the story takes place . His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando 's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now , as well as incorporating Walken 's own physical mannerisms . In regards to Louie 's changes , Favreau stated , `` We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli . And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire , he could have power over Shere Khan , whether it was good or bad . So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that ; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power , but corrupt them as well as create destruction . '' The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling , who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a heart attack before the film 's release .", "The search for casting Mowgli was extensive , with thousands of children auditioning from the United States , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , and Canada . Eventually , newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role , with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying `` the heart , humor , and daring of the character . He 's warm and accessible , yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation . '' Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role . Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story , as well as providing suggestions for the film 's end credits sequence .", "Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios in downtown Los Angeles . The animal characters were created entirely in key frame computer animation , with the assistance of footage of real animal movement , the actors recording their lines , and performance capture for reference . The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals ' speaking , while still making them perceptually believable to the audience . Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals -- including Walt Disney 's animated features , such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi , as well as modern films such as Babe -- and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book . Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film , with several species being portrayed as `` 150 % larger '' than their actual counterparts .", "Jim Henson 's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against , although none appear in the finished film . The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , Allan Trautman , and April Warren . Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors , expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect .", "Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Weta Digital created the film 's visual effects . MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals . Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production . Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence , with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that , `` It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature . So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features -- iconic lines , wrinkles and folds -- and integrated them into the animated character . '' Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film 's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney 's earlier animated films . At Favreau 's behest , the idea was extended into the film 's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo , which was recreated as `` a hand - painted , cel - animated multi-plane logo '' in homage to the animated films of that era , also incorporating the word `` Presents '' in the same style as the 1967 film 's opening credits . The film 's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film .", "Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt had in mind . When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos , as Favreau said , `` we isolated instruments when we could . And in the sound mix , we created a Fantasound mix . If you see the film in Atmos , you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater . '' A mention for Fantasound appears in the film 's closing credits .", "The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney , mostly drawing from George Bruns ' original music . Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical , nevertheless , he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film . `` The Bare Necessities , '' written by Terry Gilkyson , is performed by Murray and Sethi , and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' and `` Trust in Me '' -- written by the Sherman Brothers -- are performed by Walken and Johansson , respectively ; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken 's version of `` I Wan'na Be Like You . '' Johansson 's rendition of `` Trust in Me '' was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only .", "The Jungle Book ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by John Debney Released April 15 , 2016 Recorded 2015 -- 16 Studio Sony Pictures Studios ( score ) Esplanade Studios , New Orleans Chalice Recording Studios Music Shed Studios , New Orleans Genre Orchestral , swing jazz Length 74 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer John Debney John Debney chronology The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016", "The Jungle Book ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack )", "Film score by John Debney", "Released April 15 , 2016", "Recorded 2015 -- 16", "Studio Sony Pictures Studios ( score ) Esplanade Studios , New Orleans Chalice Recording Studios Music Shed Studios , New Orleans", "Genre Orchestral , swing jazz", "Length 74 : 17", "Label Walt Disney", "Producer John Debney", "John Debney chronology", "The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016", "The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016", "The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016", "Walt Disney Records released the film 's soundtrack on April 15 , 2016 .", "No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Dr. John and The Nite Trippers 3 : 36 2 . `` Trust in Me '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Scarlett Johansson 2 : 55 3 . `` Main Titles / Jungle Run '' John Debney & George Bruns 2 : 27 4 . `` Wolves / Law of the Jungle '' John Debney 2 : 16 5 . `` Water Truce '' John Debney 3 : 40 6 . `` Rains Return '' John Debney 1 : 46 7 . `` Mowgli 's Leaving / Elephant Theme '' John Debney 3 : 28 8 . `` Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede '' John Debney 2 : 06 9 . `` Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue '' 5 : 21 10 . `` Honeycomb Climb '' 3 : 31 11 . `` Man Village '' 2 : 59 12 . `` Mowgli and the Pit '' 3 : 26 13 . `` Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli '' 1 : 52 14 . `` Arriving at King Louie 's Temple '' 4 : 35 15 . `` Cold Lair Chase '' 4 : 03 16 . `` Red Flower '' 3 : 15 17 . `` To the River '' 3 : 05 18 . `` Shere Khan 's War Theme '' 2 : 37 19 . `` Shere Khan and the Fire '' 4 : 52 20 . `` Elephant Waterfall '' 3 : 27 21 . `` Mowgli Wins the Race '' 0 : 41 22 . `` Jungle Book Closes '' 2 : 16 23 . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Christopher Walken 3 : 02 24 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Bill Murray , Kermit Ruffins 3 : 01 Total length : 74 : 17", "No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length", "1 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Dr. John and The Nite Trippers 3 : 36", "2 . `` Trust in Me '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Scarlett Johansson 2 : 55", "3 . `` Main Titles / Jungle Run '' John Debney & George Bruns 2 : 27", "4 . `` Wolves / Law of the Jungle '' John Debney 2 : 16", "5 . `` Water Truce '' John Debney 3 : 40", "6 . `` Rains Return '' John Debney 1 : 46", "7 . `` Mowgli 's Leaving / Elephant Theme '' John Debney 3 : 28", "8 . `` Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede '' John Debney 2 : 06", "9 . `` Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue '' 5 : 21", "10 . `` Honeycomb Climb '' 3 : 31", "11 . `` Man Village '' 2 : 59", "12 . `` Mowgli and the Pit '' 3 : 26", "13 . `` Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli '' 1 : 52", "14 . `` Arriving at King Louie 's Temple '' 4 : 35", "15 . `` Cold Lair Chase '' 4 : 03", "16 . `` Red Flower '' 3 : 15", "17 . `` To the River '' 3 : 05", "18 . `` Shere Khan 's War Theme '' 2 : 37", "19 . `` Shere Khan and the Fire '' 4 : 52", "20 . `` Elephant Waterfall '' 3 : 27", "21 . `` Mowgli Wins the Race '' 0 : 41", "22 . `` Jungle Book Closes '' 2 : 16", "23 . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Christopher Walken 3 : 02", "24 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Bill Murray , Kermit Ruffins 3 : 01", "Total length : 74 : 17", "Note 1 . ^ Original `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' melody composed by Leigh Harline ; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina .", "Note 1 . ^ Original `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' melody composed by Leigh Harline ; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina .", "The film was originally scheduled for October 9 , 2015 , but the film 's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15 , 2016 . The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States , and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D ( in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago ) . The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4 , 2016 . It was released in 15 countries , a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15 , in countries like Argentina , Australia , Russia , Malaysia and most notably in India on April 8 . The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country . Disney India commissioned a contemporary recording of `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai , '' overseen by the song 's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar , and released it as part of the film 's promotional campaign in India .", "The film was released digitally on August 23 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 ( August 22 in the UK ) . A 3D Blu - ray was said to be coming by the end of the year . The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks .", "The film became a huge financial success and a surprise hit . It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all - time until the studio 's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year . It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million , against a budget of $175 million . Worldwide , the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens , a new record for a PG film . It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide . On May 13 , it became the second film of 2016 ( after the studio 's own Zootopia ) to pass the $800 million mark . On June 10 , it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America : Civil War to pass the $900 million mark . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the sixth most profitable release of 2016 .", "Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards , starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million , with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw . The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters ( 75 % ) were in 3D , including 376 IMAX screens , 463 premium large format screens , and 145 D - Box locations . It opened Friday , April 15 , 2016 , on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters , and earned $32.4 million , the fourth biggest April Friday . This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews , the biggest preview number for a Disney live - adaptation film ( tied with Maleficent ) , an almost unheard - of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night . In total , it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend , exceeding expectations by 40 % and recorded the biggest PG - rated April opening ( breaking Hop 's record ) , the second biggest Disney live - action adaptation opening ( behind Alice in Wonderland ) , and the second biggest April opening ( behind Furious 7 ) . It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats , where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film 's opening weekend gross respectively , the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening . Notably , it also became the only second PG - rated release to ever open above $100 million ( following Alice in Wonderland ) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million ( following Deadpool and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) . It earned $130.7 million in its first full week , the second biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , behind only Alice in Wonderland 's $146.6 million seven - day gross .", "Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break , it fell only by 40 % in its second weekend earning $61.5 million , still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War . That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million , it scored the fourth smallest drop behind Shrek 2 ( − 33 % ) , Spider - Man ( − 39 % ) , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( − 39 % ) . Of those numbers , $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10 % of its entire North American box office gross . It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters ( an addition of 13 more theaters ) , a fall of only 29 % , outgrossing the next six pictures combined ( including the openings of three newcomers ) and recorded the sixth biggest third weekend of all time . Moreover , the 29 % drop is the smallest third weekend drop ( from its second weekend ) for a $100 million opener ever . Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film 's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters , but nevertheless , it was overtaken by Disney 's own Captain America : Civil War after experiencing a − 50 % decline . It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release , on May 14 , as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend . It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers , which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million . It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest - grossing films of the year , alongside Finding Dory , The Secret Life of Pets , and Zootopia , centered around talking animals to dominate the year - end chart .", "The film was released in approximately 70 countries . Internationally , it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its U.S. debut , and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War and holdover Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the latter of which was entering its third weekend . The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America : Civil War releases in early May , as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors . It eventually grossed $31.7 million , debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office , behind Dawn of Justice , which was playing across 67 markets . In its second weekend , it expanded to an additional 49 countries ( 88 % of its total marketplace ) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries , easily topping the international box office , a bulk of it came from China . Approximately 63 % or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings , with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 83 % ) , Brazil ( 73 % ) , Russia ( 60 % ) , Mexico ( 47 % ) , and the UK ( 39 % ) . $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens , a record for a PG and April release . It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories , falling only by a marginal 32 % . IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three - weekend total of $20.6 million . After three straight No. 1 runs , it was finally dethroned by the studio 's Captain America : Civil War in its fourth weekend .", "In India , it scored the second biggest opening day for a Hollywood film , earning $1.51 million ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ) from around 1,500 screens and went on to score the second biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time film , with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens , behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency , performing better than expected and its initial $5 -- 6 million opening projection . Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney 's other live - fantasy adaptations -- Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz the Great and Powerful , and Alice in Wonderland -- in the country . It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million . In its second weekend , it dropped just by a mere 40 % to $4.97 million . In just ten days , it became the fourth highest - grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million . On Wednesday , April 19 -- its twelfth day of release -- it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest - grossing Hollywood / foreign release of all time there . By the end of its theatrical run , the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue -- 58 % -- coming from local dubbed versions , compared to Avengers : Age of Ultron , which saw 45 % of its revenue from dubbed versions .", "In China , where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest , expectations were high , with projections going as high $154 -- 200 million or more . Ultimately , it was unable to hit these marks . Before the release of the film in the state , Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month , in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure . Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals , heartwarming story , and talking animal cast . It earned around $12 million on its opening day , including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings . Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception ( albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics ) , it rose 72 % on its second day to $20 million . Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million , including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens , a new record for April release . Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever , the second biggest for a family film ( behind Kung Fu Panda 3 ) , the second biggest April debut ( behind Furious 7 ) , and the fourth biggest Disney opening ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend , after dropping by a mere 20 % to $29.8 million , despite facing some competitions . It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters , adding $1.2 million on its last day . Albeit falling just below expectations , it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth biggest Disney release there .", "In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an opening weekend total of £ 9.9 million ( $14.1 million ) from 594 theaters and in France with $8.1 million . Elsewhere , the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ( $7.4 million ) , Germany ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $3.9 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.3 million ) , and in Malaysia , where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live - action Disney film with $2.3 million . In the UK , it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £ 5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World , Spectre , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( all 2015 films ) to achieve such an accomplishment , and the first film of 2016 to earn above £ 40 million ( $58 million ) . In South Korea , it faced competition with Warcraft , but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million . It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there .", "It opened in Japan on August 11 , alongside the superhero film X-Men : Apocalypse and delivered a four - day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ( $3 million in two days ) , debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets . Although the opening figure was considered mediocre , Deadline.com noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples . It fell just 30 % in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven - day total of $13.7 million .", "In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of North America were China ( $150.1 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $66.2 million ) and India ( $38.8 million ) . It was the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million , the United Kingdom and Ireland , and in India ( although it was later surpassed by Sultan , in terms of Hollywood / imported films , it is still the biggest ) .", "The film received praise for its visual effects , Debney 's musical score , the performances of the voice cast , Favreau 's direction , and its faithfulness to the animated film . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % , based on 288 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch , The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors -- all while setting a new standard for CGI . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . 97 % of the audience gave the film an A or a B. It got As from both the under - and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age , and also for the over-50 audience .", "Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast , this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling 's tales of young Mowgli 's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging , even if it 's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft . '' Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version `` ca n't rival the woolly looseness of Disney 's 1967 animated classic , of course , but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five , and deemed it `` a sincere and full - hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says `` This ' Book ' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor , but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen 's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar . '' Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it , finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King . He wrote that the film was `` spectacular , exciting , funny and fun '' and that it `` handsomely revives the spirit of Disney 's original film . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com wrote that the film had laughs , excitement , an exceptional voice cast and , most importantly , a lot of heart , calling it a cinematic achievement like no other . He particularly praised Murray 's performance and the visual effects , deeming it `` simply astonishing . '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an `` A -- , '' calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016 . He , however , felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting , and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children .", "Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film . He labelled it `` a beautifully rendered , visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling 's oft - filmed tales '' but found the musical numbers to be trivial , saying that without the musical numbers , the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan remarked that `` The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three and a half stars out of four , labeling it scary and thrilling , yet unique and unforgettable , and adding that it `` fills us with something rare in movies today -- a sense of wonder . '' The Village Voice 's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it `` manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle , but never indulgent or gratuitous . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic . Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba 's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King , calling him `` baddie of the year . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba 's portrayal of Shere Khan stating : `` His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he 'd be scary no matter what , but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy . We understand and appreciate his point - of - view , even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli . ''", "The film 's visual effects and 3D photography received acclaim , with comparisons being made to the likes of Avatar , Gravity , Hugo , and Life of Pi . Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film `` is likely to evoke the same jaw - dropping reaction as James Cameron 's box office topper . '' Entertainment Weekly called it `` one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D . '' The film also garnered a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications , such as The Times of India , The Hindu , India Today , The Indian Express , and The Economic Times .", "The film also had its share of negative reviews with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director 's indecision to stick to one vision . Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote , `` Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film 's animated predecessor for plot , characterizations , songs , and set pieces , but does n't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision '' . Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings , saying that the film `` stumbles because the people involved are n't willing to fully commit to either making a near - shot - for - shot remake or going in a completely different direction '' . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless , writing that `` The better these talking beasts look , the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver . You admire The Jungle Book , but you ca n't lose yourself in it '' .", "Following the film 's early financial and critical success , the studio has begun working on a sequel . Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role of Mowgli , while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return . It was announced on April 25 , 2016 that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write , and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will shoot it back - to - back with a live - action remake of The Lion King . However , it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King ." ]

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[ -1 ]

[ "Neptune Neptune 's Great Dark Spot and its companion bright smudge ; on the west limb the fast moving bright feature called Scooter and the little dark spot are visible . Discovery Discovered by Johann Galle Urbain Le Verrier Discovery date 23 September 1846 Designations Pronunciation / ˈnɛptuːn / ( listen ) / ˈnɛptjuːn / Adjectives Neptunian Orbital characteristics Epoch J2000 Aphelion 30.33 AU ( 4.54 billion km ) Perihelion 29.81 AU ( 4.46 billion km ) Semi-major axis 30.110387 AU ( 4.50 billion km ) Eccentricity 6997945600000000000 ♠ 0.009 456 Orbital period 164.8 yr 60,182 days 89,666 Neptunian solar days Synodic period 367.49 days Average orbital speed 7003543000000000000 ♠ 5.43 km / s Mean anomaly 7000447202223580004 ♠ 256.228 ° Inclination 6998308569848429468 ♠ 1.767 975 ° to ecliptic 6.43 ° to Sun 's equator 0.72 ° to invariable plane Longitude of ascending node 7000230006470144821 ♠ 131.784 ° Argument of perihelion 7000482297304179106 ♠ 276.336 ° Known satellites 14 Physical characteristics Mean radius 7007246220000000000 ♠ 24,622 ± 19 km Equatorial radius 7007247640000000000 ♠ 24,764 ± 15 km 3.883 Earths Polar radius 7007243410000000000 ♠ 24,341 ± 30 km 3.829 Earths Flattening 6998171000000000000 ♠ 0.0171 ± 0.0013 Surface area 7015761830000000000 ♠ 7.6183 × 10 km 14.98 Earths Volume 7022625399999999999 ♠ 6.254 × 10 km 57.74 Earths Mass 7026102430000000000 ♠ 1.0243 × 10 kg 17.147 Earths 5.15 × 10 Suns Mean density 7003163800000000000 ♠ 1.638 g / cm Surface gravity 11.15 m / s 1.14 g Moment of inertia factor 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 ( estimate ) Escape velocity 23.5 km / s Sidereal rotation period 0.6713 day 16 h 6 min 36 s Equatorial rotation velocity 2.68 km / s ( 9,650 km / h ) Axial tilt 28.32 ° ( to orbit ) North pole right ascension 19 57 20 299.3 ° North pole declination 42.950 ° Albedo 0.290 ( bond ) 0.41 ( geom . ) Surface temp . min mean max 1 bar level 72 K ( − 201 ° C ) 0.1 bar ( 10 kPa ) 55 K ( − 218 ° C ) Apparent magnitude 8.02 to 7.78 Angular diameter 2.2 -- 2.4 '' Atmosphere Scale height 7004197000000000000 ♠ 19.7 ± 0.6 km Composition by volume Gases : 6999800000000000000 ♠ 80 % ± 3.2 % hydrogen ( H 2 ) 6999190000000000000 ♠ 19 % ± 3.2 % helium ( He ) 6998150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % ± 0.5 % methane ( CH 4 ) ~ 0.019 % hydrogen deuteride ( HD ) ~ 0.00015 % ethane ( C 6 ) Ices : ammonia ( NH 3 ) water ( H 2O ) ammonium hydrosulfide ( NH 4SH ) methane ice ( ? ) ( CH 4 5.75 H O )", "Neptune 's Great Dark Spot and its companion bright smudge ; on the west limb the fast moving bright feature called Scooter and the little dark spot are visible .", "Discovery", "Discovered by Johann Galle Urbain Le Verrier", "Johann Galle Urbain Le Verrier", "Urbain Le Verrier", "Discovery date 23 September 1846", "Designations", "Pronunciation / ˈnɛptuːn / ( listen ) / ˈnɛptjuːn /", "Adjectives Neptunian", "Orbital characteristics", "Epoch J2000", "Aphelion 30.33 AU ( 4.54 billion km )", "Perihelion 29.81 AU ( 4.46 billion km )", "Semi-major axis 30.110387 AU ( 4.50 billion km )", "Eccentricity 6997945600000000000 ♠ 0.009 456", "Orbital period 164.8 yr 60,182 days 89,666 Neptunian solar days", "164.8 yr 60,182 days 89,666 Neptunian solar days", "89,666 Neptunian solar days", "Synodic period 367.49 days", "Average orbital speed 7003543000000000000 ♠ 5.43 km / s", "Mean anomaly 7000447202223580004 ♠ 256.228 °", "Inclination 6998308569848429468 ♠ 1.767 975 ° to ecliptic 6.43 ° to Sun 's equator 0.72 ° to invariable plane", "Longitude of ascending node 7000230006470144821 ♠ 131.784 °", "Argument of perihelion 7000482297304179106 ♠ 276.336 °", "Known satellites 14", "Physical characteristics", "Mean radius 7007246220000000000 ♠ 24,622 ± 19 km", "Equatorial radius 7007247640000000000 ♠ 24,764 ± 15 km 3.883 Earths", "Polar radius 7007243410000000000 ♠ 24,341 ± 30 km 3.829 Earths", "Flattening 6998171000000000000 ♠ 0.0171 ± 0.0013", "Surface area 7015761830000000000 ♠ 7.6183 × 10 km 14.98 Earths", "Volume 7022625399999999999 ♠ 6.254 × 10 km 57.74 Earths", "Mass 7026102430000000000 ♠ 1.0243 × 10 kg 17.147 Earths 5.15 × 10 Suns", "Mean density 7003163800000000000 ♠ 1.638 g / cm", "Surface gravity 11.15 m / s 1.14 g", "Moment of inertia factor 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 ( estimate )", "Escape velocity 23.5 km / s", "Sidereal rotation period 0.6713 day 16 h 6 min 36 s", "Equatorial rotation velocity 2.68 km / s ( 9,650 km / h )", "Axial tilt 28.32 ° ( to orbit )", "North pole right ascension 19 57 20 299.3 °", "North pole declination 42.950 °", "Albedo 0.290 ( bond ) 0.41 ( geom . )", "Surface temp . min mean max 1 bar level 72 K ( − 201 ° C ) 0.1 bar ( 10 kPa ) 55 K ( − 218 ° C )", "Surface temp . min mean max 1 bar level 72 K ( − 201 ° C ) 0.1 bar ( 10 kPa ) 55 K ( − 218 ° C )", "Surface temp . min mean max", "1 bar level 72 K ( − 201 ° C )", "0.1 bar ( 10 kPa ) 55 K ( − 218 ° C )", "Apparent magnitude 8.02 to 7.78", "Angular diameter 2.2 -- 2.4 ''", "Atmosphere", "Scale height 7004197000000000000 ♠ 19.7 ± 0.6 km", "Composition by volume Gases : 6999800000000000000 ♠ 80 % ± 3.2 % hydrogen ( H 2 ) 6999190000000000000 ♠ 19 % ± 3.2 % helium ( He ) 6998150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % ± 0.5 % methane ( CH 4 ) ~ 0.019 % hydrogen deuteride ( HD ) ~ 0.00015 % ethane ( C 6 ) Ices : ammonia ( NH 3 ) water ( H 2O ) ammonium hydrosulfide ( NH 4SH ) methane ice ( ? ) ( CH 4 5.75 H O )", "Gases : 6999800000000000000 ♠ 80 % ± 3.2 % hydrogen ( H 2 ) 6999190000000000000 ♠ 19 % ± 3.2 % helium ( He ) 6998150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % ± 0.5 % methane ( CH 4 ) ~ 0.019 % hydrogen deuteride ( HD ) ~ 0.00015 % ethane ( C 6 ) Ices : ammonia ( NH 3 ) water ( H 2O ) ammonium hydrosulfide ( NH 4SH ) methane ice ( ? ) ( CH 4 5.75 H O )", "6999800000000000000 ♠ 80 % ± 3.2 % hydrogen ( H 2 )", "6999190000000000000 ♠ 19 % ± 3.2 % helium ( He )", "6998150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % ± 0.5 % methane ( CH 4 )", "~ 0.019 % hydrogen deuteride ( HD )", "~ 0.00015 % ethane ( C 6 )", "ammonia ( NH 3 )", "water ( H 2O )", "ammonium hydrosulfide ( NH 4SH )", "methane ice ( ? ) ( CH 4 5.75 H O )", "Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System . In the Solar System , it is the fourth - largest planet by diameter , the third-most - massive planet , and the densest giant planet . Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near - twin Uranus , which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune . Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units ( 4.50 × 10 km ) . It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆ , a stylised version of the god Neptune 's trident .", "Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation . Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet . Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier . Its largest moon , Triton , was discovered shortly thereafter , though none of the planet 's remaining known 13 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century . The planet 's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size , making it challenging to study with Earth - based telescopes . Neptune was visited by Voyager 2 , when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989 . The advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar .", "Like Jupiter and Saturn , Neptune 's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium , along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen , but it contains a higher proportion of `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane . However , its interior , like that of Uranus , is primarily composed of ices and rock , which is why Uranus and Neptune are normally considered `` ice giants '' to emphasise this distinction . Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet 's blue appearance .", "In contrast to the hazy , relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus , Neptune 's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns . For example , at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989 , the planet 's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter . These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System , with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour ( 580 m / s ; 1,300 mph ) . Because of its great distance from the Sun , Neptune 's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System , with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K ( − 218 ° C ) . Temperatures at the planet 's centre are approximately 5,400 K ( 5,100 ° C ) . Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system ( labelled `` arcs '' ) , which was discovered in 1982 , then later confirmed by Voyager 2 .", "Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope , Galileo 's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613 , contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune . On both occasions , Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close -- in conjunction -- to Jupiter in the night sky ; hence , he is not credited with Neptune 's discovery . At his first observation in December 1612 , Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that day . This apparent backward motion is created when Earth 's orbit takes it past an outer planet . Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle , the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo 's small telescope . In July 2009 , University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the `` star '' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars .", "In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune 's neighbour Uranus . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction . In 1843 , John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had . Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis , he requested extra data from Sir George Airy , the Astronomer Royal , who supplied it in February 1844 . Adams continued to work in 1845 -- 46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet .", "In 1845 -- 46 , Urbain Le Verrier , independently of Adams , developed his own calculations but aroused no enthusiasm in his compatriots . In June 1846 , upon seeing Le Verrier 's first published estimate of the planet 's longitude and its similarity to Adams 's estimate , Airy persuaded Challis to search for the planet . Challis vainly scoured the sky throughout August and September .", "Meanwhile , Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory 's refractor . Heinrich d'Arrest , a student at the observatory , suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier 's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet , as opposed to a fixed star . On the evening of 23 September 1846 , the day Galle received the letter , he discovered Neptune within 1 ° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be , about 12 ° from Adams ' prediction . Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice , on 4 and 12 August , but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up - to - date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations .", "In the wake of the discovery , there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery . Eventually , an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit . Since 1966 , Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams 's claim to co-discovery , and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the `` Neptune papers '' ( historical documents ) to the Royal Observatory , Greenwich . After reviewing the documents , they suggest that `` Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune . That credit belongs only to the person who succeeded both in predicting the planet 's place and in convincing astronomers to search for it . ''", "Shortly after its discovery , Neptune was referred to simply as `` the planet exterior to Uranus '' or as `` Le Verrier 's planet '' . The first suggestion for a name came from Galle , who proposed the name Janus . In England , Challis put forward the name Oceanus .", "Claiming the right to name his discovery , Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet , though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes . In October , he sought to name the planet Le Verrier , after himself , and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director , François Arago . This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France . French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus , after that planet 's discoverer Sir William Herschel , and Leverrier for the new planet .", "Struve came out in favour of the name Neptune on 29 December 1846 , to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences . Soon , Neptune became the internationally accepted name . In Roman mythology , Neptune was the god of the sea , identified with the Greek Poseidon . The demand for a mythological name seemed to be in keeping with the nomenclature of the other planets , all of which , except for Earth , were named for deities in Greek and Roman mythology .", "Most languages today , even in countries that have no direct link to Greco - Roman culture , use some variant of the name `` Neptune '' for the planet . However , in Chinese , Japanese , and Korean , the planet 's name was translated as `` sea king star '' ( 海王星 ) , because Neptune was the god of the sea . In Mongolian , Neptune is called Dalain Van ( Далайн ван ) , reflecting its namesake god 's role as the ruler of the sea . In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon ( Ποσειδώνας , Poseidonas ) , the Greek counterpart of Neptune . In Hebrew , `` Rahab '' ( רהב ) , from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms , was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet , even though the existing Latin term `` Neptun '' ( נפטון ) is commonly used . In Māori , the planet is called Tangaroa , named after the Māori god of the sea . In Nahuatl , the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli , named after the rain god Tlāloc . In Thai , Neptune is referred both by its Westernised name Dao Nepjun ( ดาว เนปจูน ) , and is also named Dao Ketu ( ดาว เกตุ , `` Star of Ketu '' ) , after the descending lunar node Ketu ( केतु ) who plays a role in Hindu astrology .", "From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930 , Neptune was the farthest known planet . When Pluto was discovered , it was considered a planet , and Neptune thus became the second - farthest known planet , except for a 20 - year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto 's elliptical orbit brought it closer than Neptune to the Sun . The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt . In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union defined the word `` planet '' for the first time , reclassifying Pluto as a `` dwarf planet '' and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System .", "Neptune 's mass of 1.0243 × 10 kg is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants : it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1 / 19th that of Jupiter . Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m / s , 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth , and surpassed only by Jupiter . Neptune 's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth . Neptune , like Uranus , is an ice giant , a subclass of giant planet , due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of volatiles relative to Jupiter and Saturn . In the search for extrasolar planets , Neptune has been used as a metonym : discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as `` Neptunes '' , just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as `` Jupiters '' .", "Neptune 's internal structure resembles that of Uranus . Its atmosphere forms about 5 % to 10 % of its mass and extends perhaps 10 % to 20 % of the way towards the core , where it reaches pressures of about 10 GPa , or about 100,000 times that of Earth 's atmosphere . Increasing concentrations of methane , ammonia and water are found in the lower regions of the atmosphere .", "Upper atmosphere , top clouds Atmosphere consisting of hydrogen , helium and methane gas Mantle consisting of water , ammonia and methane ices Core consisting of rock ( silicates and nickel -- iron )", "Upper atmosphere , top clouds", "Atmosphere consisting of hydrogen , helium and methane gas", "Mantle consisting of water , ammonia and methane ices", "Core consisting of rock ( silicates and nickel -- iron )", "The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water , ammonia and methane . As is customary in planetary science , this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot , dense fluid . This fluid , which has a high electrical conductivity , is sometimes called a water -- ammonia ocean . The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions , and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice . At a depth of 7,000 km , the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones . Very - high - pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may be an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid ' diamonds ' .", "The core of Neptune is likely composed of iron , nickel and silicates , with an interior model giving a mass about 1.2 times that of Earth . The pressure at the centre is 7 Mbar ( 700 GPa ) , about twice as high as that at the centre of Earth , and the temperature may be 5,400 K .", "At high altitudes , Neptune 's atmosphere is 80 % hydrogen and 19 % helium . A trace amount of methane is also present . Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm , in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum . As with Uranus , this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue , although Neptune 's vivid azure differs from Uranus 's milder cyan . Because Neptune 's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus , some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune 's colour .", "Neptune 's atmosphere is subdivided into two main regions : the lower troposphere , where temperature decreases with altitude , and the stratosphere , where temperature increases with altitude . The boundary between the two , the tropopause , lies at a pressure of 0.1 bars ( 10 kPa ) . The stratosphere then gives way to the thermosphere at a pressure lower than 10 to 10 bars ( 1 to 10 Pa ) . The thermosphere gradually transitions to the exosphere .", "Models suggest that Neptune 's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude . The upper - level clouds lie at pressures below one bar , where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense . For pressures between one and five bars ( 100 and 500 kPa ) , clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form . Above a pressure of five bars , the clouds may consist of ammonia , ammonium sulfide , hydrogen sulfide and water . Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars ( 5.0 MPa ) , where the temperature reaches 273 K ( 0 ° C ) . Underneath , clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found .", "High - altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below . There are also high - altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude . These circumferential bands have widths of 50 -- 150 km and lie about 50 -- 110 km above the cloud deck . These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs , the troposphere . Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere . Unlike Uranus , Neptune 's composition has a higher volume of ocean , whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle .", "Neptune 's spectra suggest that its lower stratosphere is hazy due to condensation of products of ultraviolet photolysis of methane , such as ethane and ethyne . The stratosphere is also home to trace amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide . The stratosphere of Neptune is warmer than that of Uranus due to the elevated concentration of hydrocarbons .", "For reasons that remain obscure , the planet 's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K . The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation . One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet 's magnetic field . Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere . The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water , which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust .", "Neptune resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere , with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47 ° and offset at least 0.55 radii , or about 13,500 km from the planet 's physical centre . Before Voyager 2 's arrival at Neptune , it was hypothesised that Uranus 's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation . In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets , scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets ' interiors . This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids ( probably a combination of ammonia , methane and water ) resulting in a dynamo action .", "The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas ( 0.14 G ) . The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 10 T m ( 14 μT R , where R is the radius of Neptune ) . Neptune 's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components , including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength . By contrast , Earth , Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments , and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis . The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet 's centre and geometrical constraints of the field 's dynamo generator .", "Neptune 's bow shock , where the magnetosphere begins to slow the solar wind , occurs at a distance of 34.9 times the radius of the planet . The magnetopause , where the pressure of the magnetosphere counterbalances the solar wind , lies at a distance of 23 -- 26.5 times the radius of Neptune . The tail of the magnetosphere extends out to at least 72 times the radius of Neptune , and likely much farther .", "Neptune 's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems , with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m / s ( 2,200 km / h ; 1,300 mph ) -- nearly reaching supersonic flow . More typically , by tracking the motion of persistent clouds , wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m / s in the easterly direction to 325 m / s westward . At the cloud tops , the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m / s along the equator to 250 m / s at the poles . Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet 's rotation . The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes . The difference in flow direction is thought to be a `` skin effect '' and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes . At 70 ° S latitude , a high - speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m / s .", "Neptune differs from Uranus in its typical level of meteorological activity . Voyager 2 observed weather phenomena on Neptune during its 1989 flyby , but no comparable phenomena on Uranus during its 1986 fly - by .", "The abundance of methane , ethane and acetylene at Neptune 's equator is 10 -- 100 times greater than at the poles . This is interpreted as evidence for upwelling at the equator and subsidence near the poles .", "In 2007 , it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune 's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere , which averages approximately 73 K ( − 200 ° C ) . The temperature differential is enough to let methane , which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere , escape into the stratosphere near the pole . The relative `` hot spot '' is due to Neptune 's axial tilt , which has exposed the south pole to the Sun for the last quarter of Neptune 's year , or roughly 40 Earth years . As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun , the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated , causing the methane release to shift to the north pole .", "Because of seasonal changes , the cloud bands in the southern hemisphere of Neptune have been observed to increase in size and albedo . This trend was first seen in 1980 and is expected to last until about 2020 . The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years .", "In 1989 , the Great Dark Spot , an anti-cyclonic storm system spanning 13,000 × 6,600 km , was discovered by NASA 's Voyager 2 spacecraft . The storm resembled the Great Red Spot of Jupiter . Some five years later , on 2 November 1994 , the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet . Instead , a new storm similar to the Great Dark Spot was found in Neptune 's northern hemisphere .", "The Scooter is another storm , a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot . This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989 , when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot ( and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2 ) . The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm , the second-most - intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter . It was initially completely dark , but as Voyager 2 approached the planet , a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest - resolution images .", "Neptune 's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features , so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks . As they are stable features that can persist for several months , they are thought to be vortex structures . Often associated with dark spots are brighter , persistent methane clouds that form around the tropopause layer . The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature . Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism .", "Neptune 's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating . Although Neptune lies over 50 % farther from the Sun than Uranus , and receives only 40 % its amount of sunlight , the two planets ' surface temperatures are roughly equal . The upper regions of Neptune 's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8 K ( − 221.3 ° C ) . At a depth where the atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar ( 100 kPa ) , the temperature is 72.00 K ( − 201.15 ° C ) . Deeper inside the layers of gas , the temperature rises steadily . As with Uranus , the source of this heating is unknown , but the discrepancy is larger : Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun ; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun . Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun , yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System . Depending on the thermal properties of its interior , the heat left over from Neptune 's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow , though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus 's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets .", "The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.50 billion km ( about 30.1 astronomical units ( AU ) ) , and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years , subject to a variability of around ± 0.1 years . The perihelion distance is 29.81 AU ; the aphelion distance is 30.33 AU .", "On 11 July 2011 , Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846 , although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky , because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26 - day orbit . Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System , on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun ; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used , the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011 .", "The elliptical orbit of Neptune is inclined 1.77 ° compared to that of Earth .", "The axial tilt of Neptune is 28.32 ° , which is similar to the tilts of Earth ( 23 ° ) and Mars ( 25 ° ) . As a result , Neptune experiences similar seasonal changes to Earth . The long orbital period of Neptune means that the seasons last for forty Earth years . Its sidereal rotation period ( day ) is roughly 16.11 hours . Because its axial tilt is comparable to Earth 's , the variation in the length of its day over the course of its long year is not any more extreme .", "Because Neptune is not a solid body , its atmosphere undergoes differential rotation . The wide equatorial zone rotates with a period of about 18 hours , which is slower than the 16.1 - hour rotation of the planet 's magnetic field . By contrast , the reverse is true for the polar regions where the rotation period is 12 hours . This differential rotation is the most pronounced of any planet in the Solar System , and it results in strong latitudinal wind shear .", "Neptune 's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it , known as the Kuiper belt . The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds , similar to the asteroid belt but far larger , extending from Neptune 's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun . Much in the same way that Jupiter 's gravity dominates the asteroid belt , shaping its structure , so Neptune 's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt . Over the age of the Solar System , certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune 's gravity , creating gaps in the Kuiper belt 's structure . The region between 40 and 42 AU is an example .", "There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System . These resonances occur when Neptune 's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object , such as 1 : 2 , or 3 : 4 . If , say , an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits , it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position . The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt , with over 200 known objects , is the 2 : 3 resonance . Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune , and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects , Pluto , is among them . Although Pluto crosses Neptune 's orbit regularly , the 2 : 3 resonance ensures they can never collide . The 3 : 4 , 3 : 5 , 4 : 7 and 2 : 5 resonances are less populated .", "Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun -- Neptune L and L Lagrangian points -- gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit , respectively . Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1 : 1 resonance with Neptune . Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits , and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured . The first object identified as associated with Neptune 's trailing L Lagrangian point was 2008 LC 18 . Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite , ( 309239 ) 2007 RW 10 . The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years .", "The formation of the ice giants , Neptune and Uranus , has proven difficult to model precisely . Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion , and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation . One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star .", "An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun , where the matter density was higher , and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc . This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured , due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans - Neptunian region . The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model , which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt .", "Neptune has 14 known moons . Triton is the largest Neptunian moon , comprising more than 99.5 % of the mass in orbit around Neptune , and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal . Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself . Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System , Triton has a retrograde orbit , indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place ; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt . It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation , and it is slowly spiralling inward because of tidal acceleration . It will eventually be torn apart , in about 3.6 billion years , when it reaches the Roche limit . In 1989 , Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System , with estimated temperatures of 38 K ( − 235 ° C ) .", "Neptune 's second known satellite ( by order of discovery ) , the irregular moon Nereid , has one of the most eccentric orbits of any satellite in the Solar System . The eccentricity of 0.7512 gives it an apoapsis that is seven times its periapsis distance from Neptune .", "From July to September 1989 , Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune . Of these , the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity . Although the second-most - massive Neptunian moon , it is only 0.25 % the mass of Triton . Neptune 's innermost four moons -- Naiad , Thalassa , Despina and Galatea -- orbit close enough to be within Neptune 's rings . The next - farthest out , Larissa , was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star . This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs , but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989 , Larissa was found to have caused it . Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004 . A new moon and the smallest yet , S / 2004 N 1 , was found in 2013 . Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea , Neptune 's moons have been named after lesser sea gods .", "Neptune has a planetary ring system , though one much less substantial than that of Saturn . The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon - based material , which most likely gives them a reddish hue . The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring , 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune , the Le Verrier Ring , at 53,000 km , and the broader , fainter Galle Ring , at 42,000 km . A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell ; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km .", "The first of these planetary rings was detected in 1968 by a team led by Edward Guinan . In the early 1980s , analysis of this data along with newer observations led to the hypothesis that this ring might be incomplete . Evidence that the rings might have gaps first arose during a stellar occultation in 1984 when the rings obscured a star on immersion but not on emersion . Images from Voyager 2 in 1989 settled the issue by showing several faint rings .", "The outermost ring , Adams , contains five prominent arcs now named Courage , Liberté , Egalité 1 , Egalité 2 and Fraternité ( Courage , Liberty , Equality and Fraternity ) . The existence of arcs was difficult to explain because the laws of motion would predict that arcs would spread out into a uniform ring over short timescales . Astronomers now estimate that the arcs are corralled into their current form by the gravitational effects of Galatea , a moon just inward from the ring .", "Earth - based observations announced in 2005 appeared to show that Neptune 's rings are much more unstable than previously thought . Images taken from the W.M. Keck Observatory in 2002 and 2003 show considerable decay in the rings when compared to images by Voyager 2 . In particular , it seems that the Liberté arc might disappear in as little as one century .", "With an apparent magnitude between + 7.7 and + 8.0 , Neptune is never visible to the naked eye and can be outshone by Jupiter 's Galilean moons , the dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroids 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , 7 Iris , 3 Juno , and 6 Hebe . A telescope or strong binoculars will resolve Neptune as a small blue disk , similar in appearance to Uranus .", "Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth , its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds , the smallest of the Solar System planets . Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually . Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics ( AO ) . The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground - based telescopes using adaptive optics , was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii . Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up , with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence . Combined with technological advancements , ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of it . Both Hubble and the adaptive - optics telescopes on Earth have made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s , with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the outer planet , among others . In 2004 and 2005 , five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered .", "From Earth , Neptune goes through apparent retrograde motion every 367 days , resulting in a looping motion against the background stars during each opposition . These loops carried it close to the 1846 discovery coordinates in April and July 2010 and again in October and November 2011 .", "Observation of Neptune in the radio - frequency band shows that it is a source of both continuous emission and irregular bursts . Both sources are thought to originate from its rotating magnetic field . In the infrared part of the spectrum , Neptune 's storms appear bright against the cooler background , allowing the size and shape of these features to be readily tracked .", "Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune . The spacecraft 's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989 . Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit , it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton , regardless of the consequences to the trajectory , similarly to what was done for Voyager 1 's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan . The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all - night program , Neptune All Night .", "During the encounter , signals from the spacecraft required 246 minutes to reach Earth . Hence , for the most part , Voyager 2 's mission relied on preloaded commands for the Neptune encounter . The spacecraft performed a near - encounter with the moon Nereid before it came within 4,400 km of Neptune 's atmosphere on 25 August , then passed close to the planet 's largest moon Triton later the same day .", "The spacecraft verified the existence of a magnetic field surrounding the planet and discovered that the field was offset from the centre and tilted in a manner similar to the field around Uranus . Neptune 's rotation period was determined using measurements of radio emissions and Voyager 2 also showed that Neptune had a surprisingly active weather system . Six new moons were discovered , and the planet was shown to have more than one ring .", "The flyby also provided the first accurate measurement of Neptune 's mass which was found to be 0.5 percent less than previously calculated . The new figure disproved the hypothesis that an undiscovered Planet X acted upon the orbits of Neptune and Uranus .", "After the Voyager 2 flyby mission , the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system , is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission . Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible in the late 2020s or early 2030s . However , there have been discussions to launch Neptune missions sooner . In 2003 , there was a proposal in NASA 's `` Vision Missions Studies '' for a `` Neptune Orbiter with Probes '' mission that does Cassini - level science . Another , more recent proposal was for Argo , a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019 , that would visit Jupiter , Saturn , Neptune , and a Kuiper belt object . The focus would be on Neptune and its largest moon Triton to be investigated around 2029 . The proposed New Horizons 2 mission ( which was later scrapped ) might also have done a close flyby of the Neptunian system ." ]

[ [ "Wilkie" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Switched at Birth is an American television drama series centering on Bay Kennish and Daphne Vasquez , who at the age of 15 learn that they were switched at birth . The wealthy Kennish family must struggle with the fact that their biological daughter is deaf from having meningitis as a child and must accept the character of working - class , recovering alcoholic Regina Vasquez , Daphne 's single `` mother . '' Bay and Daphne attempt to find out how their lives would have been if they had n't been switched . The one - hour - long series premiered on June 6 , 2011 .", "Played by Vanessa Marano , Bay Madeline Kennish - Vasquez ( born Daphne Paloma Vasquez ) is the rebellious legal daughter of John and Kathryn Kennish ; and biological daughter of Regina Vasquez and Angelo Sorrento . Bay is often bratty , which tends to lead to most of the conflicts within the series , especially with her boyfriends and Daphne . She is shown to be a talented graffiti artist . In the pilot episode , Bay , upon learning that she does not share the same blood type as either of her parents , visits a geneticist with her parents . It is then that they are informed that there was a mix up with two babies at the hospital , and that John and Kathryn are not her biological parents . The discovery of the switch leads Bay to question her entire upbringing , resulting in her breaking up with her boyfriend , Liam and getting arrested for attempting to buy beer with a fake ID .", "She becomes attracted to Ty , who is an old friend of Daphne , and briefly dates him in the first season before he leaves for the army . They continue their relationship in the second season when he returns . The relationship ends again when Ty pretends to have cheated on Bay then soon after leaves for the army again . Upon being caught sneaking around with Ty , her parents invite him around for dinner , during which , Ty accidentally lets slip that he has enlisted in the army . On his last night in town , the two almost sleep together , but Bay refuses and departs in tears .", "Curious about her biological father , Bay sets out to search for him with help from Emmett . They are eventually reunited . She grows closer with her biological mother and father , even moving in with the two of them at one point . Bay is the first to find out that Angelo got another woman pregnant and now has another daughter as a result of a one - night stand .", "After Ty 's departure , Bay begins a relationship with Daphne 's deaf best friend , Emmett , after he assists her in her search for Angelo . The two have a turbulent relationship due to their differences , but remain together , even after experiencing a number of setbacks including Bay 's past relationship with Ty , Emmett 's disapproving mother and the language barrier between them . Toward the end of the first season , Bay breaks up with Emmett after she finds out at prom that he slept with Simone her old friend . Following her break up with Emmett , Bay comes home from her summer trip with a new boyfriend . However , things do not last long between them after it becomes clear that Bay is still not over Emmett . Her feelings become more complicated when she sees a mural Emmett painted depicting their relationship , leading to her breaking it off with Alex .", "After her initial break up with Emmett , Bay finds that she is immersing herself more and more in her street art , resulting in an unlikely friendship with a fellow artist by the name of Zarra . This friendship causes Bay to rebel against John and Kathryn to the point of her almost running away with Zarra to Mexico . She is stopped before leaving and brought home by Emmett and John . In the second season , Bay meets Noah , a fellow hearing student at Carlton . A short romance ensues , but Bay breaks up with Noah when she realizes that he has feelings for Daphne .", "Ty returns in the second half of season two , resulting in their resuming their relationship . Bay expresses concern for Ty 's mental well being following his time serving in Afghanistan . The two eventually reconnect , sleeping together for the first time . Bay lose her virginity to Ty . However , in the season two finale , Ty , about to be recalled to the army , lies to Bay about sleeping with someone else after she finds girl 's underwear on his bedroom floor , in an effort to save her from further hurt . In season three , Ty is shown to not be responding to any of Bay 's efforts to contact him . However , when he finally does message her , Bay , determined to move on , deletes the message without responding . Bay eventually discovers Ty 's lie , but remains adamant to move on with her life .", "In the second - season finale , upon learning that Ty had cheated on her , Bay turns to Emmett for comfort and support . In the third season , Emmett asks Bay 's help on an astronomy project , where it is revealed that he is dating a new girl , Mandy , whom he met online . Despite responding to Bay 's kiss , Emmett soon pulls away . He confesses to Bay that the reason they can not be together is because she can not let go of the past and forgive him for sleeping with Simone . Bay , however , apologizes and promises not to bring it up again , leaving some hope for the future .", "In the third - season premiere , Bay starts her senior year and her first day at a new college art class . She makes a new friend named Tank . During a class assignment in which they have to draw a partner , Bay , in search of Tank , finds herself going to a frat party . In an effort to forget about Ty , she winds up heavily intoxicated . In her drunk state , she and Tank have a heart to heart regarding her broken heart and about why Ty cheated on her . Later on , Toby and Daphne pick up Bay from the party . After noticing the hockey sticks in the back seat , Toby informs Bay that she will be joining the Carlton field hockey team .", "Bay begins dating frat boy and college football player , Tank , in the episode ' The Scream ' , despite having only having thought of him as a friend in the past . After Mary - Beth reveals to Bay that Ty had lied to her about cheating , she begins to question her relationship with Tank . Tank becomes even more irritated when he learns that Bay turned to Emmett for advice before consulting him . Things later take a turn for the worse when Bay accidentally reveals that Tank was the one who blew the whistle on a frat event , leading him to be blackballed from the fraternity .", "Later in the season , Bay faces a number of challenges . She injures her hand at a party and is later revealed to have snapped a tendon in her hand . This leaves her unable to paint or sign during her months of recovery . As a result , she is moody and takes it out on everyone in her family .", "In the spring finale , Bay researches online after having suspicions about Emmett 's new girlfriend , Mandy . Despite her warnings , Emmett chooses to meet with her anyway . Mandy is shown to be nothing more than a fake profile designed to set up by Matthew , a classmate wanting to get back at Emmett . Emmett is subsequently beaten up . Realizing this , Bay rushes to find Emmett . After a heartfelt conversation , Bay and Emmett finally admit that they still love each other before sharing a kiss and proceeding to sleep together , resulting in Bay cheating on Tank , and later breaking up with him to return to Emmett .", "Later , Bay experiences the loss of Angelo , her biological father and expresses regret that she did not spend more time with him . After Angelo 's cause of death is discovered , it is feared that she may share the same biological trait that lead to Angelo 's brain aneurysm .", "Ending season 3 , and starting season 4 , Bay is on probation after taking the fall for Daphne when she vandalized her mom 's ( Regina Vasquez ) worksite out of anger . Due to this , Bay and Emmett 's plan to move to L.A. has been postponed . While Emmett leaves for L.A. Bay starts her community service . However , after giving a convicted criminal on probation a sandwich that had heroin in it , she is given another 100 days and house arrest . During season 4 , Bay and Tank get drunk at a dorm party and wake up in bed together , with Bay unable to remember many events of the evening . This causes problems for her relationship with Emmett. in the end , this causes them to break up .", "In the season 4 episode `` Borrowing Your Enemy 's Arrows '' Bay tries to get over Emmett by moving on . Bay sees a guy walking with Travis walk past her at work and finds him attractive . She keeps her eye on him so she goes to their table and takes their order and they introduce each other . Garrett asks Bay if she was deaf , and she responds no but that her sister Daphne is deaf . Bay acknowledges that she knows how to sign really well . Bay asks Travis about Garret . Bay meets Daphne after work to find a new outfit ; Daphne asks for what . Bay tells her she met a guy and her plan is to ask him out with that top that she is going to wear . Daphne asks who he is because he is a few years older . When Daphne learns it 's Garrett , she says that he is a player and Bay said she can roll with that . Bay tells Daphne its time for her to move on . She asks him on a date .", "Bay gets a call to have her own gallery , only to find out that Travis paid for everything and asked the people who actually own the gallery to pretend for her . Travis admits that he loves her and kisses her outside the gallery . She ends up going to China with Daphne for the summer but months later she gets a call that brings her back home .", "Travis later follows her to China where they start dating . They live together in China for a year before moving back home . When they get home , Bay and Daphne move in together but Travis and Bay still date . Bay becomes a tattoo artist . In the finale , Bay and Emmett remain friends but nothing more . Travis asks Bay to move to Japan with him where he got a job as a professional baseball player but she decides to stay home because she is just starting a new career but that she knows they will survive a long distance relationship and that she loves him .", "Played by Katie Leclerc , Daphne Paloma Vasquez - Kennish ( born Bay Madeline Kennish ) is the legal daughter of Regina Vasquez and Angelo Sorrento and biological daughter of John and Kathryn Kennish . Daphne lost her hearing at a young age due to a bad case of meningitis . It is mentioned in the episode `` Portrait of My Father '' that Daphne 's father abandoned her and Regina when she was little . It is later revealed that Angelo left upon learning that Daphne was not his biological daughter . She was raised by Regina , a single mother , with help from Regina 's mother Adriana . In the pilot episode , Daphne and her mother learn of the switch and move into the Kennishes ' guest house after experiencing financial difficulty . Daphne , like her biological father , shows a strong interest in athletics and sports throughout the series . She is also shown to be a vegetarian . At age eight , Daphne became best friends with future classmate Emmett Bledsoe after he defended her from school yard bullies ...", "Daphne has many love interests throughout the series , including Bay 's ex-boyfriend Liam Lupo ( with whom she breaks up with on Bay 's request ) , Toby 's friend Wilke , former employer Jeff Reycraft , Travis , Jace , Jorge , Campbell and her current love interest , Mingo .", "In the second season , after learning that her high school is being faced with closure , Daphne organizes a rally and succeeds in keeping Carlton 's doors open . Later , Daphne 's relationship with her mother struggles after Regina reveals her preference to live with Bay , over her . Frustrated at her mother 's decision to live with Bay and Angelo , Daphne jumps into a relationship with Jace , a guy who works in John 's office . Together , they get caught up in the blackmailing of a United States Senator , ending the Senator 's career and marriage . After breaking up with Jace , Daphne finds herself charged with blackmail and facing potential jail time .", "In the opening of the third season , it is shown that Daphne escaped prison , instead being ordered to serve out her time at a local free clinic . At the clinic , she befriends Campbell , a wheelchair - bound pre-med student paralyzed from a snowboarding accident . She also runs into trouble at school , facing conflict with a new - hearing girl named Sharee , who was taken on as part of Carlton 's bid to stay open by opening its doors to hearing kids .", "After taking up field hockey to impress John ( with whom she feels she has grown apart since being charged with blackmail ) , Daphne befriends Sharee . There is tension between the two at first , but after bonding over field hockey the two become friends . After finding out that Sharee 's mother is severely mentally ill , they conspire to bring her into the clinic to be diagnosed under the pretense of Sharee getting a flu shot . After the psychologist is late to arrive , Sharee 's mother lashes out , stabbing Daphne 's boss with a pair of scissors . Daphne successfully saves Doctor Jay , leading her to consider a career in medicine .", "While working at the clinic , Daphne finds herself the focus of the attentions of Campbell and her supervisor Jorge . After talking to Bay , Daphne decides not to act on her feelings for Campbell as he already has a girlfriend . She instead , accepts a date with Jorge , which turns awry when she faces criticism from his sister over her blackmailing of Senator Coto . After walking out of her date , she meets Campbell to shoot hoops , where he confesses his feelings for her , in spite of him being involved with someone else . Daphne , although admitting that she likes him , rebuffs his advances . Later , Daphne is seen kissing Jorge by Campbell , who then informs her that he has broken up with his girlfriend for her , leaving Daphne conflicted . Daphne , upon learning it is Campbell 's 21st birthday , decides to throw him a surprise party . Upon seeing how much attention Daphne pays Campbell , Jorge ends their relationship , causing tension in their working relationship .", "After much deliberation , Daphne finally decides it is Campbell she wants to be with . Despite initial tension , the two finally get together . However , after Daphne is offered a paid position in the Clinic , her relationship with Campbell starts to deteriorate . He is jealous over the fact that he has been in the Clinic longer , but he was never offered a paid position . After following through with Daphne 's suggestion to ask Dr. J for a paid position , Campbell obtains a paid position . However , this position is in another clinic on the other side of town , so Campbell tells Daphne that they might not be seeing each other often .", "Throughout season 3 , the relationship between Angelo and Daphne improved as father and daughter , significantly after Daphne asked him to learn sign language as to be able to communicate to each other more effectively . Due to Regina 's project at East Riverside , Daphne and Angelo became increasingly worried for her safety . One night , after learning to shoot using a gun by Wes , Regina almost shot Daphne when she heard some noises at her store . That resulted in a heated argument between Angelo and Regina at the store . Angelo left the store full of anger and drove off . Then , Angelo swirled off the road , ending up in the hospital . The next day , Daphne was to retake her SAT examination to improve her score to get into a better medical school . She was unable to focus and left before she finished her exam as Angelo 's condition was deteriorating . Unfortunately , Angelo was pronounced brain dead . The family decided to pull the plug on his life support after reading his will stating that if he were to be in a vegetative state , he wished to be let off life support . After learning that Angelo suffered a brain aneurysm while driving which may have occurred due to stress and anger , Daphne blamed Regina for his death .", "Currently Daphne is studying to become a doctor at UMKC . In the episode `` Borrowing Your Enemy 's Arrows '' Daphne Introduce Mingo to John and Kathryn . His full name is Greg Shimingo , and John and Kathryn are in shock to find out that Greg 's dad is Larry Shimingo .", "Mingo starts learning ASL to communicate with Daphne better and it increases their close bond but after Daphne kisses another guy in Mexico things start to spiral downwards and they end up breaking up so Daphne can go to China .", "After living in China for a year with Bay and Travis they come home . Once home Daphne returns to school to find out that Mingo is now in a relationship . Daphne struggles a bit in school and thinks about quitting trying to be a Doctor as she know that being deaf will make it extra hard but after talking with family and friends she decides that she will still try to be a Doctor . In the end Daphne and Mingo get back together .", "Played by Constance Marie , Regina Lourdes Vasquez is the legal mother of Daphne Vasquez and the biological mother of Bay Kennish . Before moving into the Kennishes ' guest house , she , Daphne , and her mother Adriana lived in fictional working - class neighborhood East Riverside , Missouri , where she worked as a hair stylist . Prior to the beginning of the series , Regina had been raising Daphne as a single mother . Daphne 's legal father , Angelo , abandoned their family after finding out that Daphne was not his daughter . After Angelo 's leaving , Regina had Daphne tested again , only for the tests to reveal that Daphne was not her biological daughter either . In spite of this revelation , Regina chooses to keep the information to herself for fear of Daphne being taken away from her . This fact comes to light when photos of Bay are discovered , Regina having had a Private Investigator keep tabs on her biological daughter throughout the years .", "After running into financial troubles , Regina and her family move into the Kennish 's guest house so that the two families might get to know each other better . She is also shown to be a talented artist , indicating that Bay inherited her skills as an artist from her biological mother .", "At first , there is tension between Regina and Kathryn and John , particularly regarding the way in which their daughters are raised . Despite these personality clashes , Regina and Kathryn become close friends . Regina later assists Kathryn in writing her book . John and Regina are even seen to get along , despite John 's longstanding resentment toward Regina over her keeping quiet about Daphne 's true parentage . Regina 's best friend is Melody Bledsoe , the mother of Daphne 's best friend Emmett . Throughout the first season , Regina enters into a short - lived casual relationship with Bruce , the ex-husband of Kathryn 's friend and Patrick , an art gallery owner .", "Angelo , Bay 's father , reenters her life after reading an article about the switch , wanting to get to know Bay . He indicates to Regina that he wishes for them to get back together , but she refuses . Later , Angelo flees the Kennish household and it is revealed that he is under threat of being deported for an outstanding warrant for arrest in Italy . When he first returns , Regina wants nothing to do with him , but eventually she relents , even marrying him in order for him to avoid deportation . Her relationship with Patrick is effectively ended by this marriage . She later gets half of Angelo 's money as a result of the marriage .", "In `` The Awakening Conscience '' , Angelo tells Regina that he got a woman named Lana pregnant , and upset , Regina walks out . Even though it happened before they married , Regina goes to tell Kathryn and tries to figure out how to tell Bay . Later however , when she 's having lunch with Bay , she finds out Bay already knows and that Bay had gotten into a quarrel with him about it . Regina then realizes that Angelo told her about the pregnancy simply because he was afraid Bay might tell her first . Later , however , Lana decides to give the child up for adoption .", "In the second season , Regina finds out that she can no longer cut hair or sign anymore , due to a medical problem with her wrists . She gets a new job , but is fired after the first day , because she oversleeps due to being drunk from a celebratory glass of Champagne . After this , and through the influence of Zane , a friend from her past , she starts drinking again . Bay , after finding out about Regina 's drinking , confronts her about it and the two get into fight . Regina realize what she said to Bay she later apologize and asks her to forgive her and keep it a secret with the promise of returning to AA . Daphne later discovers her mother 's alcohol problem when she finds her passed out on the sofa , smelling of alcohol . This further strains their relationship , which had already been suffering due to Regina 's inability to sign . In `` Introducing the Miracle '' , Regina 's drinking is discovered on all sides and she 's sent to rehab .", "Regina returns early from rehab , only to find that Daphne has grown closer to the Kennish family . Feeling left out , she decides to move in with Angelo . Hours later , Bay also moves with Angelo , leading to her and Regina developing a stronger mother - daughter bond , and form a strong mother - daughter relationship . Daphne and Regina begin to grow apart , culminating in Regina confessing to Daphne that she finds easier to live with Bay . However the two eventually patch things up and move back in together . Regina later supports Daphne when she is charged with blackmail .", "Angelo and Regina eventually reevaluate their relationship , deciding to get back together . However , Regina insists that they do n't move in together until after Bay and Daphne graduate from high school and leave for college .", "Regina eventually gets a second chance at the job that she was fired from and begins to enjoy her work . However , in the third season premiere , her boss announces that she is selling the business and Regina will lose her job . After getting advice from Bay , Regina decides to open her own business as an interior decorator with Angelo as chief investor . She is later hired by a property developer named Wes and her business begins to expand , unfortunately she finds out that Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside . As a result of this , the community retaliates and a brick is thrown through the window of Regina 's store . After she begins carrying a gun in order to defend herself , Regina accidentally pulls the gun on Daphne after she enters Regina 's store unannounced . This causes Angelo and Regina to get into a big fight during which Angelo storms off . He is later shown to have suffered a brain aneurysm and died . As a result of this fight , Daphne blames her mother for Angelo 's sudden death .", "Played by D.W. Moffett , John is the biological father of Toby Kennish and Daphne Vasquez , and the adopted father of Bay Kennish . He used to play professional baseball , and he and Daphne share a love for athletics . John later becomes friends with Daphne 's basketball coach , Melody Bledsoe . Toward the end of the first season , John announces his intention to run for office .", "John 's relationship with his children , although close , is often strained . He and Bay clash repeatedly over her choices regarding her street art , particularly after his car wash gets tagged by graffiti artists . John and Toby find themselves at odds when Toby reveals his decision to get married , despite only being nineteen . His relationship with Daphne comes under strain when he finds out that she was charged with blackmailing a United States Senator . Despite this , John remains a dedicated father to all three of his children and husband to Kathryn .", "Throughout the first two seasons , John frequently finds himself at loggerheads with Regina . The two strong personalities often clash over how to raise their children . For example , they run into conflict when John attempts to buy Daphne a car for her sixteenth birthday , much to Regina 's disapproval . Their biggest argument , however , comes after John revealing his longstanding resentment toward Regina from keeping Daphne from him for thirteen years . The strain of the fight causes John to have a heart attack , Regina in effect , saving his life . While in an altered state , John has a dream in which he sees how different and dark their lives would have been had Regina told the hospital of the switch after learning about it . In the dream , Regina has lost her life due to alcoholism and the girls did not get along . John see now how the switch was better for everyone . He comes to appreciate Regina and her place in their lives .", "The third season sees John and Kathryn run into marriage troubles . A confused John struggles to understand the plight of an unhappy Kathryn , who is beginning to feel a little lost . Eventually , the situation becomes so desperate that John , in a drunken haze , kisses Nikki 's mother Jennyne , for which Kathryn kicks him out of the house . In turn , John finds out that Kathryn plans on writing an erotic novel based on the sex lives of their friend 's from John 's baseball days . She finally tells him how unhappy she is , stating that they have nothing in common anymore and that they have fallen into a repetitive rut .", "John , determined to make things work with his wife , does not give up . An argument with Renzo leads him to the realization that their biggest blunder may be his inability to change . After a failed attempt at winning Kathryn back , he finally gives her the ' adventure ' she so longs for , staging a full scale dance number involving the whole family .", "After Angelo 's death , John feels guilt over denying Angelo a loan . He feels that this may have contributed to the stress that caused Angelo 's brain aneurysm and subsequent death .", "Played by Lea Thompson , Kathryn is the mother of Bay and Toby Kennish and the biological mother of Daphne Vasquez . At first , she was n't too excited about telling her friends that Bay and Daphne were switched at birth for the sake of maintaining her reputation , but after some pressing from Regina , she finally comes clean at a fundraiser .", "Despite initial tension and disagreement , Kathryn forms a close relationship with Regina . Kathryn helps get Regina a job at a local salon and , in turn , Regina helps Kathryn write her book based around the switch . Kathryn is committed to caring and looking after her children . She finds a way to get a mopey Toby out of the house after his break - up with Simone and consults with Regina about how to tell Bay about Angelo 's baby . Kathryn later finds out from Bay that Regina has begun drinking again and was sent to rehab .", "In the third season , Kathryn going to therapy , stating that she has been feeling ' lost ' since the switch . Her psychiatrist proves to be unhelpful , cutting her short to prescribe her drugs and send her on her way . While wandering the streets , Kathryn decides , on impulse , to attend a tap dancing class . Here , she befriends Renzo .", "Kathryn also comes to realise that she is unhappy with herself and in her marriage . Even after confessing her unhappiness to John , he fails to understand her emotions and situation . Eventually , the situation becomes so desperate that John , in a drunken haze , kisses Nikki 's mother Jennyne , for which Kathryn kicks him out of the house . In turn , John finds out that Kathryn plans on writing an erotic novel based on the sex lives of their friends from John 's baseball days . She finally tells him how unhappy she is , stating that they have nothing in common anymore and that they have fallen into a repetitive rut . After John tried to win her back by unintentionally buying her a piece of jewelry identical to one he had given her years before , Kathryn tells him that she wants adventure in their lives and that they have just grown apart .", "However , John , intent on winning his wife back , finally decides give her the ' adventure ' she so longs for , staging a full scale dance number involving the whole family . After realising that John had gone to the effort to plan the entire event and was willing to do anything to make their marriage work , the two reconcile .", "Played by Lucas Grabeel , Toby Christopher Kennish is the older brother of Bay and the biological brother of Daphne . Toby plays guitar in a band called Guitar Face with his best friend Wilkie and Daphne 's best friend , Emmett , who joins the band in `` Dance Amongst Daggers . ''", "Toby is an avid poker player , and it has gotten him into some trouble in the past . He tells his parents that he 's playing miniature golf with his friends when , in reality , he is gambling . He has Daphne and Emmett help him win several poker games to help him get out of debt with Wilkie , but after Daphne misreads Wilkie 's intentions , he loses a lot of money and is furious with Daphne . He subsequently sells his band equipment to help pay off the debt .", "He begins dating Simone , an ex-friend of Bay 's with a known reputation . She ultimately ends up cheating on him with Bay 's boyfriend , Emmett . Toby breaks up with Simone upon learning about the affair .", "Toby soon begins to consider starting a new band after another hanging out with Nikki , a girl he meets while performing gospel music , at his mother 's request . As a result of his time with Nikki , he has a change of heart about Emmett and rekindles their friendship . Nikki eventually becomes his girlfriend . Their relationship is rocky as Nikki refuses to have sex with Toby because of a pledge she took . Emmett shows Toby a picture of Nikki at a party topless . Toby questions her about it and she explains that she is a changed person and owes him no explanation . Toby later realizes that he was wrong and surprises her at her youth group to apologize .", "When Nikki then tells Toby that she is leaving for to work in Peru , Toby proposes , and she accepts . Later , when the man who killed Nikki 's father is imprisoned , Toby decides to arrange a visit with him for Nikki in hopes that she will find closure over her father 's death . After Nikki walks away from the man in the visiting center , Toby begins to chastise the killer . During the conversation , Toby is told that Nikki 's father was a meth dealer and was killed as part of a deal gone bad . He eventually tells Nikki and the two then find that Nikki 's mother had known all along .", "Wedding plans for the two are made during the second half of Season two . Upon realizing the resistance to their nuptials by Toby 's parents and Nikki 's mother , the two call off the ceremony on the actual day , after sleeping together the night before , and they choose to elope instead . Nikki and Toby later separate as she is offered a permanent job in Peru . Determined to find himself , Toby subsequently packs up and leaves the country for his own adventure . He returns home in `` In And We Bring the Light ''", "During season three Toby begins to date a Carlton teacher named Lily . The two date for the first half of season four and then break up after Lily develops a crush on a teacher at UMKC . It was revealed during the mid season premiere of season four that Lily is expecting Toby 's baby . After Lily finds out she is having a baby she find out the baby has Down Syndrome . After many bumps in the road they decide to keep the baby. The baby is born in the last episode and they named him Carlton after the school in which they met .", "Played by Sean Berdy , Emmett is Bay 's ex-boyfriend , and the longtime best friend of Daphne . He is deaf and rarely speaks verbally , preferring to communicate through American Sign Language . He rides a motorcycle and drives Daphne to their school , much to the dismay of the Kennishes . Despite their concerns and his being deaf , Emmett is proven to be a good driver . He is very protective of Daphne and has had a long - time crush on her , but does n't make his feelings known to her . He is the only child in an all - deaf family , and for this reason has grown up having trouble relating to people who hear .", "In the first season , despite of the language barrier , Bay and Emmett form a bond after he assists her in finding her father . The two eventually begin a relationship . When they first get together , Daphne realises her feelings for her long - time best friend , culminating in them kissing in a car wash . Emmett , however , reaffirms his loyalty to Bay . He reassures Bay of their relationship by communicating with her verbally for the first time . This relationship , however , runs into a multitude of troubles throughout its course , including Emmett 's family troubles and the interference of third parties .", "Throughout his relationship with Bay , Emmett faces difficulties at home . He learns that his parents are getting a divorce and that his father has moved in with another woman . Bay , concerned for Emmett 's well - being , goes behind his back to confide in his mother about her fears regarding Emmett living with her father . Emmett learns about their discussion and a fight ensues , resulting in Emmett sleeping with Simone , Bay 's former friend and Toby 's girlfriend . He does not reveal his actions to Bay until the night of prom , after which she promptly breaks up with him and leaves in tears . Emmett , however , is determined to win her back .", "Months later , in an effort to win Bay back , Emmett paints their relationship in a timeline on a brick wall . Bay and Emmett meet and Emmett tells Bay that he is deeply sorry about what happened between him and Simone , and that it meant nothing to either him or Simone . However , Bay does n't think they will ever be the same . Despite this , Emmett tells Bay he 's going to keep trying to win her back no matter how long it takes , which is later confirmed by Daphne , who tells Bay that if Emmett has as so much as a sliver of hope , he 'll wait forever . After Bay attempts to run away from home , it is Emmett who helps John find her . Bay and Emmett share a moment where he tells her that he will ' always come and find her ' . They almost kiss but are interrupted by Bay 's father .", "At the beginning of the second season , a nervous Bay tells Emmett that she has begun a new relationship with Noah , in response , Emmett kisses her and asks her whether she has really moved on from him before he walking away . Later , Emmett tells Bay about the kiss between Noah and Daphne . He also meets a deaf girl ( Ashley Fiolek ) who is a fellow motorcycle enthusiast . Daphne , who is eager for Emmett to simply move on from Bay for the sake of his happiness , tells him that the new girl is perfect for him because she 's deaf and into motorcycles , but Emmett tells her that he already has found his perfect girl in Bay .", "Over the course of the second season , Emmett and Toby reconnect , with Toby even forgiving Emmett for sleeping with Simone . The two renew their friendship and form another band . Emmett even stands as best man at Toby 's wedding . At which he makes a toast ( appearing to subtly be directed at Bay ) saying that He and Bay are meant to be together saying that she is the one he found . In the final episode of season 2 , Emmett comforts a crying Bay after finding out about the end of her relationship with Ty .", "The third season sees Emmett dealing with the integration of hearing kids into Carlton . He finds himself somewhat of an outcast among his peers after revealing the identity of a friend who had been slashing tires in order to make the new kids look bad .", "Emmett asks Bay 's help on an astronomy project , where it is revealed that he is dating a new girl , Mandy , whom he met online . Despite responding to Bay 's kiss , Emmett soon pulls away . He confesses to Bay that the reason they can not be together is because she can not let go of the past and forgive him for sleeping with Simone . Bay , however , apologizes and promises not to bring it up again , leaving some hope for a future for the two of them . In a later episode , after seeing Bay struggle to paint with a hand injury , Emmett helps inspire her by taking her to a replica of 1950 's Las Vegas built by a millionaire for his dying wife . He also helps her create the project and submit it to her class .", "In the spring finale Emmett goes to meet Mandy for the first time . However , Mandy is revealed to be Matthew , a classmate wanting to get back at Emmett for having him suspended earlier in the season . Bay later finds him and after admitting their love for each other , the two sleep together After some initial apprehension due to the two of them having unprotected sex , Bay reaffirms her commitment to Emmett and promises to break things off with Tank . He also runs into some trouble with Matthew , who is now blackmailing him into staying quiet about the beating .", "In ' Oh , Future ' Emmett 's father surprises his guests at a housewarming party with a wedding and the revelation that Emmett is to become a big brother . Emmett is initially angry with his father , but after some advice from Bay and his mother , he warms up to the idea of a new sibling .", "In the beginning of season four Emmett decides to go to film school in LA after much persuasion by Bay which leads them to have a long distance relationship . He does n't make friends at first but then meets Skye . Skye instantly become fast friends with Emmett and accidentally kisses Emmett on a movie set . Emmett discovers the hardships of the long distance with Bay and wants Bay to come to LA despite her on probation . Emmett finds out about Tank and disconnects with Bay in anger . She flies down to LA only to find out Emmett made a script about personal things in their relationship . Emmett admits he feels that they have changed too much and he wants to break up with Bay . She says it 's forever if he does this now and they end up going separate ways .", "After the breakup , Emmett decides to start dating Skye as they have common interests but when Travis comes to visit he thinks that she is only hurting him . Emmett also comes to visit on the Mexico trip to help deaf kids there which ultimately leads to Bay finding out about Skye . Bay tries to make Emmett jealous out of anger and in the end the two come to an understanding to not hurt each other anymore .", "Later on , in season 5 `` -- The Call '' , he said to Bay that he never should let Bay go meaning that he still has feelings for Bay .", "Played by Gilles Marini , Angelo Sorrento is Bay 's biological father , Daphne 's legal father and Regina 's husband . When Daphne was three , he became suspicious that she was n't his daughter due to her fair skin , red hair , and green eyes . When Daphne contracted meningitis , he has a DNA test done and discovers the Daphne is not biologically his . Believing that Regina had an affair and not wanting to raise another man 's child , he leaves Regina and Daphne . After learning about the switch , Angelo returns looking for Bay in `` The Homecoming '' , surprising her at her art show . Despite resistance from the rest of her family , Bay forms a relationship with him , while Daphne and Regina want nothing to do with him . Angelo later implies to Regina that he would like to get back together with her and that had the girls not been switched , they would still be together .", "When it comes out that Regina knew about the switch , Angelo is furious with her and felt that she kept him away from his daughter . They later reconcile and end up sleeping together , much to the dismay of Regina 's mother . Angelo is arrested due to an outstanding warrant in Italy and faces deportation . When he was drunk , he beat a man for having an affair with his ex-fiancee . Regina 's mother contacts the police so that Angelo would be arrested , and he is ordered back to Italy . In order to keep him in the country , Regina marries him so that he can gain US citizenship .", "He sues the hospital for switching the girls and is awarded $5 million . Right after that , it is revealed that he got a woman , Lana , pregnant in a one - night stand . Regina is furious with him at first but they later reconcile . Lana wants to give the baby up for adoption , but Angelo convinces her not to at first .", "After Regina relapsed with her alcoholism , she shows up at Angelo 's apartment drunk . Angelo contacts Bay , who then gets Daphne , and they go to retrieve Regina . Angelo instead promises he will take care of Regina and asks Bay to go to the hospital with Lana , who is in labor . Lana gives birth to Bay 's half sister .", "In the third season , Angelo and Regina continue their relationship , having decided to wait until Bay and Daphne go off to college before moving in together . Daphne asks him to learn ASL and to move in with them since Regina has been in danger due to her job .", "Angelo dies following a car accident as a result of a brain aneurysm . After doctors attempt to save his life , he is declared brain dead and the decision to take him off life support rests with the family . While searching his apartment for a way to contact Angelo 's mother , Bay and Emmett discover Angelo 's Last Will and Testament , which states that he should be taken off life support . Bay calls Angelo 's mother who also is Bay 's biological grandmother and speaks to her in French for the first time and gives his mother the opportunity to say goodbye to him over the phone . The family decides to have Angelo 's organs donated .", "Played by Max Adler . He is a fraternity pledge and ex-boyfriend of Bay Kennish in season three . The two met in an art class and bonded after he gave Bay advice on handling her break up with Ty . After taking care of an injured Bay at a party , the two get together . Despite many tensions in their relationship , Tank de-pledges his fraternity for Bay . The two break up after Bay cheats on him with Emmett . Tank is next seen running into Travis , Toby , Mary Beth and Emmett at a club . Emmett initially conceals his identity from Tank , but after he is discovered an intoxicated Tank attempts to swing a punch at Emmett . He is shown to still have feelings for Bay . In season four , Bay and Tank get drunk at a dorm party and wake up in bed together . Bay does n't remember parts of the evening , and during her attempt to figure out what exactly happened , the situation is reported to the college against her wishes . Despite Bay not remembering the night or coming to any conclusion as to what happened , the school ignores Bay 's request not to punish anyone , and Tank is expelled . His fate after that is working at a restaurant revealed awkwardly on a date as he expresses that it is hard to get a job now that rape is on his record and Bay wants to fix it but comes to peace that she can not .", "Played by Marlee Matlin , Melody Bledsoe is the mother of Emmett Bledsoe and the best friend of Regina Vasquez . She is divorced from her ex-husband , Cameron , her polar opposite when it comes to parenting . Like her son , Melody is deaf although she can speak on some occasions due to being forced to attend speech therapy when she was young . She is overprotective and judgmental . Melody is upset when Emmett initially tells her that he wants to date Bay , believing that hearing and deaf relationships can not succeed . This leads her to humiliate Bay at a dinner night with Emmett , Bay , and Regina . She gets into a dispute with Regina , but they reconcile and Melody eventually opens up to Bay when she realizes that Bay had good intentions . She also dates Daphne 's boss Jeff but he breaks it off after realizing he loves Daphne .", "In the second season , Melody and Emmett welcome Travis into their home after his father kicked him out . Melody now sees Travis as another son , even helping him with college applications and interviews . Later , in season 3 Melody endangers her job after getting rough with a student , Matthew , who had beaten up her son . She is dating Gabel and they soon get engaged . Gabe expresses wanting to adopt another deaf kid and after lots of thinking she finally agrees .", "Played by Ryan Lane , Travis is a deaf student who attends Carlton with Daphne and Emmett . His hearing parents do not sign and are said to be uninterested in his progress at school .", "After losing his job as a janitor at Carlton , Daphne helps him get a job at John Kennish 's carwash . Feeling isolated and lonely due to his inability to communicate fluently with his family at home , and fearing that his parents will soon kick him out when he turns 18 , Travis sometimes secretly sleeps in the offices of the Kennish Carwash before moving in with Melody and Emmett . He is shown to have romantic feelings for Daphne . The two date briefly before breaking up . Mary - Beth and Travis started dating in the second season finale . They broke up in season 4 . In the Episodes `` Instead of Damning the Darkness '' , and `` It 's Better to Light a little lantern '' Travis and Bay hang out at a bar in Mexico both and after getting drinks , Bay insisted that they both do body shots which made Emmett mad . Both Travis and Emmett get into a fight but in the end they made up . Emmett asked Travis if he liked Bay , in which he just looked at Emmett , which proves that he likes Bay . He ends up paying for the gallery Bay believed was her big break and kisses her outside .", "Bay latter decides to go to China with Daphne for the summer but after going to visit Bay in China Travis decides to stay there with her and they begin to date . After living there for a year they move back home . Travis go to college and joins the baseball team . Emmett and Travis have a falling out because Travis is with Bay .", "Travis gets in a fight after a guy makes fun of people with disabilities and Travis hits him . This causes Travis to get kicked off the baseball team but he is offered to join a baseball team in Japan . Travis asks Bay to move with him but Bay decides to stay as she has just started a new career but that she knows they will survive a long distance relationship and that she loves him . In the end Emmett and Travis make up and Emmett is going to go with him to Japan .", "Played by B.K. Cannon , is a friend of Bay and Ty and ex-girlfriend of Travis . Mary Beth works a summer job alongside Bay and Ty . She lost her brother , a former soldier , by way of suicide . As a result , she and Ty , who was stationed with her brother overseas , have a close relationship . In season two she also grows close to Ty 's then - girlfriend , Bay . In the second season finale , Ty makes her promise not to tell Bay that he did not really cheat on her . However , this information is revealed early in the following season . At the end of the second season she begins dating Travis . She then breaks up with him in season 4 .", "Played by Ivonne Coll , Adriana Vasquez is the mother of Regina Vasquez , the grandmother of Daphne Vasquez , and the biological grandmother of Bay Kennish . she had no idea that Regina knew about the switched but she was curious about why Daphne did not look like Regina . She had lived with Regina and Daphne for quite some time and is living with the two in the Kennishes ' guest house . She had taken a huge disliking to Regina 's ex-husband Angelo and ends up reporting him to the police . Regina told Adriana that she married Angelo and Adriana was not happy about it , and moved out of the guest house after she found out , but she later moved back into the guest house after she and Regina patched things up .", "Played by Maiara Walsh , Simone Sinclair is a classmate of Toby , Bay , and Wilkie at Buckner Hall . She used to be in a relationship with Wilkie Wilkerson and used to be best friends with Bay Kennish . They broke off their friendship when Bay figured out Simone 's mean streak . She is described as the `` school slut . '' She later starts a relationship with Toby , despite warnings given to him by Bay and Wilkie . During Daphne 's time at Buckner , she becomes friends with Simone , but their friendship ends when Simone insults a Latina girl from Daphne 's old neighborhood . At a basketball tournament , Simone had sex with Emmett . Despite constantly apologizing , Bay and Daphne have both refused to forgive her , thus dissolving both their friendships . When she is trying to have a conversation with Toby , he ignores her as well . She is last seen picking up an AA pamphlet , before bumping into Regina and quickly storming out of the room . Regina then finds Simone asking someone to buy her alcohol . Regina then goes up to Simone and talks to her in her car about why she was trying to buy alcohol . Simone told her that Bay and Daphne did not tell her what happened . Regina assures her that she knows what happened and Simone is frustrated that everyone hates her . Later on she lends Bay money to replace the money Bay got from her dad 's safe to try to make amends .", "Simone returns in the alternate reality episode , where she is shown to be Daphne 's best friend .", "Played by Blair Redford , Tyler `` Ty '' Mendoza is the older ex-boyfriend of Bay Kennish . He is an old friend of Regina and Daphne . Daphne considers him her older brother . In the episode `` Dogs Playing Poker , '' Ty admits he has enlisted in the army . He calls Bay later and she tells him she is dating Emmett . In `` Mother and Daughter Divide '' Ty returns home and hopes that he and Bay will start back up where they left off , but struggles to readjust to life after war . When he 's scheduled to return to combat , Bay tries to get him to stay in Mission Hills . Later , at Toby and Nikki 's wedding rehearsal dinner , Bay tells Ty about her plans to graduate early and go to art school in Berlin so they might still be together . Ty appears less than excited about Bay 's plan and tells her no one knows what will happen .", "Ty makes it appear that he is cheating on her in order for him to return to fighting in the war . Ty later explains to Mary Beth that he did it because the area he is being deployed to is even more dangerous than before and it would be easier to have Bay hate him now and move on with her life , rather than suffer his death overseas .", "Played by Charles Michael Davis , he is Bay Kennish 's ex-boyfriend and Daphne 's ex-boyfriend . He goes to Buckner Hall with Bay and Toby . His family owns a restaurant called Fondo Di Lupo . In the episode `` American Gothic , '' he takes Daphne to a music store , and all goes well until a couple of his friends show up and begin ridiculing Daphne . This leads Daphne to leave . Liam later brings fried zucchini to Daphne , knowing it 's her favorite , but she takes the zucchini without any signs of forgiveness . However , she comes to Liam , and they get together . Daphne ends things with Liam a short time later as Bay is uncomfortable with the two of them dating .", "Played by Austin Butler , Wilkie is the best friend of Toby Kennish and the ex-boyfriend of Daphne Vasquez . He had scoliosis when he was 10 ( as said in the episode 15 ) and had spinal fusion surgery , afterwards he wore a brace . He used to be in a relationship with Simone , but she was too controlling . Wilkie and Daphne begin their relationship after much pursuing on his part and were together until Wilkie was sent away to boarding school at the end of the first season .", "Played by Annie Ilonzeh , Lana is the mother of Angelo 's baby . She becomes friends with Toby when he gives her a ride home from the mechanic and she tells him that her family lives in Boston and they are n't aware that she 's pregnant . After giving birth to her daughter , she puts the baby up for adoption and leaves for the airport .", "Played by Stephanie Nogueras , Natalie is a deaf student at Carlton who dislikes the idea of the pilot program due to the amount of funding having been cut from multiple programs at Carlton to fund the pilot program . As such , Natalie and some of her friends torment the hearing students , particularly Bay . When Bay and Natalie 's rivalry appears to get out of hand , Melody hosts a mandatory retreat in the woods in order to bring the hearing and deaf students closer and dispel any animosity . At the end of the retreat , Bay and Natalie declare a truce . It is later revealed that Natalie is a lesbian .", "Portrayed by Matthew Kane . Jace is from Britain and is a coffee shop barista as well as Daphne 's ex-boyfriend . He grew up geocaching & he explains to Daphne that geocaching 's like a treasure hunt . Jace decides he 'd like to learn how to use sign language for a month & he learns quickly . Jace was a temporary love interest of Daphne . In `` The Departure Of Summer '' He and Daphne expose Senator Chip Coto as corrupt and a shameless womanizer ending his career and marriage . Jace was subsequently deported , although he was happy he got the truth about the corrupt Senator out .", "Played by Cassi Thomson , Nikki was married to Toby Kennish . She is a Christian musician and begins a new band with Toby and Emmett , soon after which she and Toby begin dating , however she quickly realizes that she does n't think it would work out to be dating someone who does not believe in God .", "She later reconciles with Toby , and they then become engaged . On the night before the wedding , they have sex and the next day call off the ceremony and elope to the courthouse . At the start of the third season , Nikki and Toby are in a long distance relationship as Nikki is doing aid work overseas . Nikki and Toby later separate after Nikki is offered a permanent job in Peru .", "Played by Anthony Natale , Cameron Bledsoe is the father of Emmett Bledsoe . He is the ex-husband of Melody Bledsoe . Unlike Melody , he takes a carefree approach to parenting his son , while causes problems between him and his ex-wife , as she believes that he is not a good influence on Emmett . Emmett moves in with him in due to Melody 's disapproval of Bay . After his divorce Cameron dated a younger woman named Olivia . Concern for Emmett 's wellbeing is raised by Bay after the discovery of Olivia 's bongs around the house and her use of marijuana . He subsequently breaks up with Olivia . Later on , he marries a woman named Debbie . They are expecting their first child .", "Played by RJ Mitte is a pre-med student and fellow volunteer at the free clinic where Daphne is ordered to serve out her hours at community service . Campbell is a former snowboarder and became a wheelchair user after an accident he suffered on the slopes . Despite having a girlfriend , he displays interest in Daphne , even ending his relationship for her . Despite initial tension , the two begin dating . However their romance comes to an end when Daphne is promoted over Campbell , simultaneously causing him to seek a position at another clinic across town and end their relationship .", "Played By Nyle DiMarco , Garrett is a deaf friend of Travis in season 4 . He is a few years older than Travis and the other guys ; in fact , he is in his early or mid twenties . It is said that he attended Carlton School . In ' Borrowing Your Enemy 's Arrows ' , he first meets Bay and instantly finds her attractive . They start dating , even though Travis does not like the idea .", "Played by Samuel Page , Craig Tebbe is the newly appointed lawyer for the Kennishes ' case against the hospital for the switch of Bay and Daphne . He is shown to have an affinity for redheads and tries to kiss Kathryn before she pulls away .", "Played by Christopher Wiehl , Patrick is the ex-boyfriend of Regina Vasquez . He is an art gallery owner and first met Regina at the hair salon that she worked at . She later tells him to look at Bay 's artwork , but he ends up commending her on her own art , eventually placing one of her pieces on exhibition , much to Bay 's dismay . Patrick broke up with Regina after Regina told him she married Angelo in order for him to stay in the country .", "Played by Meeghan Holaway , Amanda Burke is the former lawyer of John and Kathryn Kennish . She was the first lawyer that the Kennishes appointed to help them with their case against the hospital , but they later fire her when they find out that she was in a relationship with one of the hospital board members . While she denied that her relationship would have any effect on how she 'd perform for them in the case but John and Kathryn did not want to take any chances .", "Played by TL Forsberg , Olivia is the ex-girlfriend of Cameron Bledsoe . She is a bad influence on Emmett , as she encouraged him to drink away his stress . And she is very sex - crazed , always sharing details about her sex life . She is revealed to be a drug dealer , working out of Cameron 's home .", "Played by Max Lloyd - Jones , Noah is a hearing student at Carlton as part of the pilot program . He becomes friends with Bay and reveals to her that he has lost 60 percent of the hearing in his right ear due to Meniere 's disease , and that he will eventually go deaf . He has begins a relationship with Bay , but Bay soon ends their relationship after she finds out from Emmett that Noah and Daphne kissed . Theoretically , it was rehearsing for the school play of Romeo and Juliet , but Noah admitted to Bay that he felt a connection with Daphne .", "Played by Tania Raymonde , Zarra is a street artist who works under the pseudonym `` Medusa . '' Bay initially gets angry at Zarra for finishing Bay 's piece on a van without permission , but eventually Bay befriends Zarra , feeling that she gets Bay 's artistic way of life that she feels no one else understands . John and Kathryn disapprove of this friendship .", "Zarra encourages Bay to join her on her hunt for an artist named `` Smak '' who ruins other people 's street art by marking his name on the pieces . Eventually this lands her in jail . Zarra asks Bay to post a $1,500 bail without telling her that her friend was also jailed for the same reason , driving Bay to steal it from John 's safe at the carwash . Zarra and Bay and some friends of Zarra 's were caught by the police while doing street art in an alleyway . They were let go due to Bay 's Dad being John Kennish , the former baseball player .", "After John yells at her , Bay temporarily moves in with Zarra in her trailer , where the two make plans to drive to Mexico with . when it becomes clear that Zarra has no idea where they are going , Bay begins to realize that Zarra is n't exactly the greatest friend . She later bails on Bay and runs away to Mexico ." ]

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[ "P.S. I Love You Theatrical release poster Directed by Richard LaGravenese Produced by Wendy Finerman Broderick Johnson Andrew Kosove Molly Smith Screenplay by Richard LaGravenese Steven Rogers Based on PS , I Love You by Cecelia Ahern Starring Hilary Swank Gerard Butler Lisa Kudrow Gina Gershon Jeffrey Dean Morgan Kathy Bates Harry Connick Jr . James Marsters Music by John Powell Cinematography Terry Stacey Edited by David Moritz Production company Alcon Entertainment Grosvenor Park Productions 2S Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( USA ) Momentum Pictures ( UK ) Release date December 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) Running time 125 minutes Country United States Language English French Spanish Budget $30 million Box office $156,835,339", "P.S. I Love You", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Richard LaGravenese", "Produced by Wendy Finerman Broderick Johnson Andrew Kosove Molly Smith", "Wendy Finerman Broderick Johnson Andrew Kosove Molly Smith", "Screenplay by Richard LaGravenese Steven Rogers", "Based on PS , I Love You by Cecelia Ahern", "Starring Hilary Swank Gerard Butler Lisa Kudrow Gina Gershon Jeffrey Dean Morgan Kathy Bates Harry Connick Jr . James Marsters", "Hilary Swank Gerard Butler Lisa Kudrow Gina Gershon Jeffrey Dean Morgan Kathy Bates Harry Connick Jr . James Marsters", "Jeffrey Dean Morgan", "Harry Connick Jr .", "Music by John Powell", "Cinematography Terry Stacey", "Edited by David Moritz", "Production company Alcon Entertainment Grosvenor Park Productions 2S Films", "Alcon Entertainment Grosvenor Park Productions 2S Films", "Grosvenor Park Productions", "Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( USA ) Momentum Pictures ( UK )", "Release date December 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 )", "December 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 )", "December 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 )", "Running time 125 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English French Spanish", "Budget $30 million", "Box office $156,835,339", "P.S. I Love You is a 2007 American drama film directed by Richard LaGravenese . The screenplay by LaGravenese and Steven Rogers is based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Cecelia Ahern . It stars Hilary Swank , Gerard Butler , Lisa Kudrow , Gina Gershon , James Marsters , Harry Connick Jr. and Jeffrey Dean Morgan . It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and Momentum Pictures .", "Holly and Gerry are a married couple who live on the Lower East Side of Manhattan . They are deeply in love , but they fight occasionally . By winter that year , Gerry suddenly dies of a brain tumor , and Holly realizes how much he meant to her as well as how insignificant their arguments were .", "Deeply distraught , Holly withdraws from her family and friends out of grief until they descend upon her on her 30th birthday . They are determined to prod the young widow to face the future and explore what her life choices should be . As they rally around Holly and help organize her apartment , a cake is delivered , and with it is a message from Gerry . It proves to be the first of several meaningful messages -- all ending with `` I Love You '' -- which he had arranged to have delivered to her after his death .", "As the seasons pass , each new message fills her with encouragement and sends her on a new adventure . Holly 's mother believes that Gerry 's letters are keeping Holly tied to the past . But they are , in fact , pushing her into the future . With Gerry 's words as her guide , Holly slowly embarks on a journey of rediscovery .", "Gerry arranged for Holly and her friends Denise and Sharon to travel to his homeland of Ireland . They arrive at their destination , a house in the beautiful Irish countryside where they find letters from Gerry for Sharon & Denise , one asking Denise to take Holly to his favorite pub . While there , they meet William , a singer who strongly reminds Holly of her deceased husband . He asks her to stay to see him after his last song ( `` Galway Girl '' ) , which he dedicates to her . Upon hearing it , she is overcome with emotion and walks out , because it was the song Gerry sang to her shortly after they first met .", "During the vacation , while on a fishing trip , they lose the boat 's oars , leaving the three women stranded in the middle of a lake . During their wait for help , Sharon announces that she is pregnant and Denise reveals she is getting married . This news causes Holly to relapse emotionally and again withdraw into herself . They are eventually rescued by William , whom Sharon and Denise invite to stay the night because of the pouring rain .", "Unable to deny their feelings for each other , they kiss , and William and Holly have sex . They begin a conversation about her deceased husband and Holly asks William to drive her to visit her in - laws . Upon Holly revealing their names , William realizes she is the widow of his childhood best friend . Revealing this to Holly causes her to panic , but William calms her down and starts to tell stories about his and Gerry 's childhood . The next day , Holly visits Gerry 's parents and while there , she also receives a letter from Gerry reminding her of their first meeting .", "Arriving home , Holly again withdraws from family and friends . As she continues to become more and more lost , she is inspired by Gerry after finding one of his suspender clips next to one of her shoes and realizes she has a flair for designing women 's shoes ; she enrolls in a class that teaches how to actually make the shoes she has designed . A new found self - confidence allows her to emerge from her solitude and embrace her friends ' happiness .", "While on a walk with her mother , she learns that her mother was the one whom Gerry asked to deliver his letters after his death and receives the last letter . As the film ends with Holly taking her mother on a trip to Ireland , we see that Holly has opened herself up to the journey beginning with the next chapter of her life , and wherever it takes her she has the hope of falling in love again .", "The major difference between the novel and its film adaptation is that , in the novel , the main characters Holly and Gerry Kennedy are Irish . In the film , only Gerry is Irish , Holly and her family are Irish Americans , and the two live in New York . Also in the novel , Holly has numerous siblings , but in the film she has one . The film adds a character called William , played by Jeffrey Dean Morgan . Another change is that in the books , the letters arrive all in a package together and Holly is expected to open them once a month . In the movie , the letters are delivered by mail . The film remains fairly true to the novel , and all of Gerry 's letters are virtually unchanged .", "Hilary Swank -- Holly Reilly - Kennedy Gerard Butler -- Gerry Kennedy Lisa Kudrow -- Denise Hennessey Gina Gershon -- Sharon McCarthy James Marsters -- John McCarthy Harry Connick , Jr . -- Daniel Connelly Jeffrey Dean Morgan -- William Gallagher Nellie McKay -- Ciara Reilly , Holly 's sister Kathy Bates -- Patricia Reilly , Holly and Ciara 's mother Anne Kent -- Rose Kennedy , Gerry 's mother Brian McGrath -- Martin Kennedy , Gerry 's father", "Hilary Swank -- Holly Reilly - Kennedy", "Gerard Butler -- Gerry Kennedy", "Lisa Kudrow -- Denise Hennessey", "Gina Gershon -- Sharon McCarthy", "James Marsters -- John McCarthy", "Harry Connick , Jr . -- Daniel Connelly", "Jeffrey Dean Morgan -- William Gallagher", "Nellie McKay -- Ciara Reilly , Holly 's sister", "Kathy Bates -- Patricia Reilly , Holly and Ciara 's mother", "Anne Kent -- Rose Kennedy , Gerry 's mother", "Brian McGrath -- Martin Kennedy , Gerry 's father", "In A Conversation with Cecilia Ahern , a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film , the author of the original novel discusses the Americanization of her story -- which was set in Ireland -- for the screen and her satisfaction with the plot changes which screenwriter / director Richard LaGravenese had to make in order to fit the book into the screen .", "The film was shot on locations in New York City and County Wicklow , Ireland .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "P.S. I Love You Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released December 3 , 2007 Genre Pop Length 56 : 44 Label Atlantic", "P.S. I Love You", "Soundtrack album by Various Artists", "Released December 3 , 2007", "Genre Pop", "Length 56 : 44", "Label Atlantic", "The soundtrack for the film was released on December 3 , 2007 .", "`` Love You Till the End '' -- The Pogues `` Same Mistake '' -- James Blunt `` More Time '' -- Needtobreathe `` Carousel '' -- Laura Izibor `` Fortress '' -- Hope `` Last Train Home '' -- Ryan Star `` Rewind '' -- Paolo Nutini `` My Sweet Song '' -- Toby Lightman `` No Other Love '' -- Chuck Prophet `` Everything We Had '' -- The Academy Is ... `` In the Beginning '' -- The Stills `` If I Ever Leave This World Alive '' -- Flogging Molly `` P.S. I Love You '' -- Nellie McKay `` Kisses and Cake '' -- John Powell `` Trouble '' -- performed by Greg Dulli and Kerry Brown", "`` Love You Till the End '' -- The Pogues", "`` Same Mistake '' -- James Blunt", "`` More Time '' -- Needtobreathe", "`` Carousel '' -- Laura Izibor", "`` Fortress '' -- Hope", "`` Last Train Home '' -- Ryan Star", "`` Rewind '' -- Paolo Nutini", "`` My Sweet Song '' -- Toby Lightman", "`` No Other Love '' -- Chuck Prophet", "`` Everything We Had '' -- The Academy Is ...", "`` In the Beginning '' -- The Stills", "`` If I Ever Leave This World Alive '' -- Flogging Molly", "`` P.S. I Love You '' -- Nellie McKay", "`` Kisses and Cake '' -- John Powell", "`` Trouble '' -- performed by Greg Dulli and Kerry Brown", "The film also includes `` Fairytale of New York '' performed by The Pogues , `` Got Me Like Oh '' by Gia Farrell , `` No Other Love '' by Chuck Prophet , `` Mustang Sally '' performed by Gerard Butler and `` Galway Girl '' written and originally released by Steve Earle , performed by Gerard Butler , Nancy Davis , and Jeffrey Dean Morgan . Camera Obscura 's `` Lloyd , I 'm Ready to Be Heartbroken '' also plays in the opening credits . None of songs are included on the official soundtrack .", "The film received negative reviews from critics , with most of the criticism being focused on Hilary Swank 's performance . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 24 % based on 99 reviews . At Metacritic the film received a weighted average score of 39 % , based on 24 reviews .", "Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said the film `` looks squeaky clean and utterly straight and very much removed from the shadow worlds in which Ms. Swank has done her best work . Yet as directed by Richard LaGravenese ... it has a curious morbid quality ... ( It ) wo n't win any awards ; it is n't the sort of work that flatters a critic 's taste . It 's preposterous in big and small matters ... and there are several cringe - worthy set pieces , some involving Mr. Butler and a guitar . The film is not a beautiful object or a memorable cultural one , and yet it charms , however awkwardly . Ms. Swank 's ardent sincerity and naked emotionalism dovetail nicely with Mr. LaGravenese 's melodramatic excesses . ''", "David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote , `` This is a movie that will leave you stunned and stupefied from beginning to end , if you do n't head for the exits first . The only good things in it are Lisa Kudrow and Swank 's wardrobe . The plot is unbelievable , although a competent script could have fixed that . The direction is flabby and uninspired , the casting is wrongheaded , and the performances run the gamut from uninteresting to insufferable ... the film wants terribly to be Ghost without a potter 's wheel , but it just succeeds at being terrible . ''", "John Anderson of Variety also had a negative review : `` The question of love after death has been asked frequently enough in the movies , but seldom with the high ick factor found in P.S. I Love You ... this post-life comedy will have the sentimentally challenged weeping openly , while clutching desperately to the pants - legs of boyfriends and husbands who are trying to flee up the aisle . Richard LaGravenese 's trip into Lifetime territory may define the guilty pleasure of the genre ... As an exercise in chick - flickery , P.S. I Love You wants to possess the soulfulness of harsh reality and the lilt of romantic fantasy at the same time . In this case , at least , it simply ca n't be done . ''", "Stephen Whitty of The Oregonian wrote , `` On a week when many people just want a good reason to put down their packages and smile for a couple of hours , P.S. I Love You arrives -- signed , sealed and delivered just on time . ''", "Irish reviewers were particularly critical of Butler 's Irish accent . Butler later jokingly apologized for his poor effort at an Irish accent .", "The film opened on 2,454 screens in North America and earned $6,481,221 and ranked # 6 on its opening weekend . It eventually grossed $53,695,808 at the North American box office and $91,370,273 in the rest of the world for a total worldwide box office of $156,835,339 .", "Hilary Swank won the 2008 People 's Choice Irish Film and Television Award for Best International Actress .", "Dialogue between Connick 's and Swank 's characters inspired Reba McEntire 's 2011 single `` Somebody 's Chelsea '' ." ]

[ [] ]

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[ "The national highways network of India is a network of trunk roads that is managed and maintained by CPWD , an agency of the Government of India . These highways as of June 2017 measure over 115,435 km ( 71,728 mi ) . Indian government led by PM Modi has vowed to double the highway length from 96,000 to 2 , 00,000 km .", "As of June 2017 , 23 km per day of highway construction has been achieved which is unprecedented in Indian history .", "In India , National Highways are at - grade roads whereas Express Highways , commonly known as Expressways , are controlled - access highways , mostly six - lane or above , where entrance and exit is controlled by the use of slip roads ( ramps ) that are incorporated into the design of the highway . The at - grade national highways do not have shoulder lanes .", "The National Highways Authority of India ( NHAI ) is the nodal agency responsible for building , upgrading and maintaining most of the national highways network . It operates under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways . The National Highways Development Project ( NHDP ) is a major effort to expand and upgrade the network of highways . NHAI often uses a public - private partnership model for highway development , maintenance and toll - collection .", "While national highways constitute 1.8 % of Indian roads , they carry 40 % of the traffic . The majority of existing national highways are two - lane roads ( one lane in each direction ) , though much of this is being expanded to four - lanes and some to six or more lanes . Some sections of the network are toll roads .", "Bharatmala , a centrally - sponsored and funded road and highways project of the Government of India with a target of constructing 83,677 km ( 51,994 mi ) of new highways at an estimated cost of ₹ 5.35 trillion ( US $82 billion ) has been started in 2018 . Bharatmala Phase - I plans to construct 34,800 km of highways ( including remaining projects under NHDP ) at an estimated cost of Rs. 5 , 35,000 crore by 2021 - 22 .", "India has 111,111 km ( 69,041 mi ) of national highways ( NH ) connecting all the major cities and state capitals as of March 2018 .", "National highways comprise 2.7 % of India 's total road network , but carry about 40 % of road traffic . Most of them have two lanes . About 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) have been widened to four lanes with two lanes in each direction as of May 2016 . Only a few national highways are built with cement concrete . As of March 2016 , 20,703 km ( 12,864 mi ) of national highways were still single - laned roads .", "India has the distinction of having the world 's second highest - altitude motor highway -- Leh - Manali Highway , connecting Shimla to Leh in Ladakh , Kashmir .", "National highways form the economic backbone of the country and have often facilitated development along their routes . Many new towns have sprung up along major highways . Highways have large numbers of small restaurants and inns ( known as dhabas ) along their length . They serve popular local cuisine and serve as truck stops .", "The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways , Government of India adopted a new systematic numbering of national highways in April 2010 . The new system will indicate the direction of national highways whether it is east - west ( odd numbers ) or north - south ( even numbers ) . It will also be indicative of the geographical region where they are , even numbers increasing from east to west from NH2 and odd numbers increasing from north to south from NH1 .", "Under former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee India launched a massive programme of highway upgrades , called the National Highways Development Project ( NHDP ) , in which the main north - south and east - west corridors and highways connecting the four metropolitan cities ( Delhi , Mumbai , Chennai and Kolkata ) have been fully paved and widened into four - lane highways . Some of the busier national highway sectors in India have been converted to four or six lane expressways -- for example , Delhi - Agra , Delhi - Jaipur , Ahmedabad - Vadodara , Mumbai - Pune , Mumbai - Surat , Bangalore - Mysore , Bangalore - Chennai , Chennai - Tada , Delhi - Meerut Hyderabad - Vijayawada , Bhubaneswar - Puri and Guntur - Vijayawada .", "The National Highways Act , 1956 provides for private investment in the building and maintenance of the highways . Some existing roads have been reclassified as national highways . Bypasses have recently been constructed around larger towns and cities to provide uninterrupted passage for highway traffic . The hugely varied climatic , demographic , traffic , and sometimes political situation in India results in national highways being single lane in places with low traffic to six lanes in places with heavy traffic . National highways are being upgraded or are under construction . Some national highways are long while some are short spurs off other national highways to provide connectivity to nearby ports or harbours .", "The length of national highways in the country was 29,023 km in 1980 , which expanded to 76,818 km by the end of 2012 . Over 50 % of the total road network or 23,814 was added under the Vajpayee government between 1997 and 2002 -- the largest construction of national highways during any five - year period since independence . The UPA government added 18,000 km of highway in its ten - year administration between 2004 and 2014 .", "The longest national highway is NH44 , which runs between Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu , at the southernmost point of the Indian mainland , covering a distance of 2,369 km ( 1,472 mi ) . The shortest national highway is NH966B , which spans 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) , to the Ernakulam - Kochi Port .", "National Highways in India , by state and union territories and maintaining agency SL No State / Union Territory State PWD NHAI NHIDCL National Highway Length ( km ) Andaman and Nicobar Islands 87 330.7 Andhra Pradesh 6285.6 Arunachal Pradesh 1035 2537.4 Assam 1010 3844.7 5 Bihar 4838.8 6 Chandigarh 15.3 7 Chhattisgarh 3232.4 8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 31 9 Daman and Diu 22 10 Delhi 78.9 11 Goa 262 12 Gujarat 5017 13 Haryana 2640.6 14 Himachal Pradesh 320 2642.5 15 Jammu & Kashmir 436 2601 16 Jharkhand 2661.2 17 Karnataka 6761.3 18 Kerala 1781.6 19 Lakshadweep 0 20 Madhya Pradesh 7883.6 21 Maharashtra 15437 22 Manipur 1751 1746 23 Meghalaya 823 1204 24 Mizoram 372 1422.5 25 Nagaland 324 1546.7 26 Odisha 4837 27 Puducherry 64 28 Punjab 2769 29 Rajasthan 7906 30 Sikkim 595 463 31 Tamil Nadu 5381.1 32 Tripura 573 3786.4 33 Telangana 853.8 33 Uttarakhand 660 8711 34 Uttar Pradesh 2841.9 35 West Bengal 2997.8 India 48590 7990 115435", "SL No State / Union Territory State PWD NHAI NHIDCL National Highway Length ( km )", "Andaman and Nicobar Islands 87 330.7", "Andhra Pradesh 6285.6", "Arunachal Pradesh 1035 2537.4", "Assam 1010 3844.7", "5 Bihar 4838.8", "6 Chandigarh 15.3", "7 Chhattisgarh 3232.4", "8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 31", "9 Daman and Diu 22", "10 Delhi 78.9", "11 Goa 262", "12 Gujarat 5017", "13 Haryana 2640.6", "14 Himachal Pradesh 320 2642.5", "15 Jammu & Kashmir 436 2601", "16 Jharkhand 2661.2", "17 Karnataka 6761.3", "18 Kerala 1781.6", "19 Lakshadweep 0", "20 Madhya Pradesh 7883.6", "21 Maharashtra 15437", "22 Manipur 1751 1746", "23 Meghalaya 823 1204", "24 Mizoram 372 1422.5", "25 Nagaland 324 1546.7", "26 Odisha 4837", "27 Puducherry 64", "28 Punjab 2769", "29 Rajasthan 7906", "30 Sikkim 595 463", "31 Tamil Nadu 5381.1", "32 Tripura 573 3786.4", "33 Telangana 853.8", "33 Uttarakhand 660 8711", "34 Uttar Pradesh 2841.9", "35 West Bengal 2997.8", "India 48590 7990 115435", "", "Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Road Transport and Highways '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Highways road length to be increased from 96,000 km to 2 , 00,000 km : Nitin Gadkari '' . The Financial Express . 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Govt aimed to build 15,000 km of roads in 2016 - 17 but laid down only 8,200 km '' . hindustantimes.com/. 1 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian road network '' . National Highways Authority of India . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Mala : PM Narendra Modi 's planned Rs 14,000 crore road from Gujarat to Mizoram '' , The Economic Times , New Delhi , 29 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Ministry proposes construction of 20,000 km of roads under Bharat Mala project '' , The Economic Times , New Delhi , 9 January 2016 Jump up ^ `` Bharatmala Pariyojana - A Stepping Stone towards New India National Portal of India '' . www.india.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference roadstats2016 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` NDA regime constructed 50 % of national highways laid in last 30 years : Centre '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New numbers for national highways '' . The Times of India . 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The National Highways Act , 1956 '' . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NDA regime constructed 50 % of national highways laid in last 30 years : Centre - The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-highways-to-grow-by-50000km-in-6-months/articleshow/48930651.cms Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/national-highway-upgrade-22000-km-to-be-made-four-lane/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Maps of India . Jump up ^ `` List of highways in Kerala '' . ListKerala.com . Jump up ^ `` National Highway 47A '' . India9.com . Jump up ^ `` National Highways Summary - Ministry of Road Transport & Highways , Government of India '' . morth.nic.in . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to NHAI '' . www.nhai.org . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://nhidcl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/All-projects.pdf Jump up ^ http://nhai.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/AnnualReport201516.pdf", "Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Road Transport and Highways '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 .", "Jump up ^ `` National Highways road length to be increased from 96,000 km to 2 , 00,000 km : Nitin Gadkari '' . The Financial Express . 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 .", "Jump up ^ `` Govt aimed to build 15,000 km of roads in 2016 - 17 but laid down only 8,200 km '' . hindustantimes.com/. 1 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 .", "Jump up ^ `` Indian road network '' . National Highways Authority of India . Retrieved 18 April 2015 .", "Jump up ^ `` Bharat Mala : PM Narendra Modi 's planned Rs 14,000 crore road from Gujarat to Mizoram '' , The Economic Times , New Delhi , 29 April 2015", "Jump up ^ `` Ministry proposes construction of 20,000 km of roads under Bharat Mala project '' , The Economic Times , New Delhi , 9 January 2016", "Jump up ^ `` Bharatmala Pariyojana - A Stepping Stone towards New India National Portal of India '' . www.india.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 .", "^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference roadstats2016 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) .", "Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` NDA regime constructed 50 % of national highways laid in last 30 years : Centre '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 18 April 2015 .", "Jump up ^ `` New numbers for national highways '' . The Times of India . 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 .", "Jump up ^ `` The National Highways Act , 1956 '' . Retrieved 2 December 2012 .", "Jump up ^ `` NDA regime constructed 50 % of national highways laid in last 30 years : Centre - The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 17 November 2015 .", "Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-highways-to-grow-by-50000km-in-6-months/articleshow/48930651.cms", "Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/national-highway-upgrade-22000-km-to-be-made-four-lane/", "Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Maps of India .", "Jump up ^ `` List of highways in Kerala '' . ListKerala.com .", "Jump up ^ `` National Highway 47A '' . India9.com .", "Jump up ^ `` National Highways Summary - Ministry of Road Transport & Highways , Government of India '' . morth.nic.in . Retrieved 21 August 2017 .", "Jump up ^ `` Welcome to NHAI '' . www.nhai.org . Retrieved 21 August 2017 .", "Jump up ^ http://nhidcl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/All-projects.pdf", "Jump up ^ http://nhai.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/AnnualReport201516.pdf", "Indian Highways Network Map Expressways in India Ahmedabad - Vadodara ( NE 1 ) Ambala - Chandigarh Belghoria Chennai Bypass Chennai HSCTC Coimbatore bypass Delhi - Faridabad Delhi - Gurgaon DND Flyway Hosur Road Elevated Hyderabad Elevated Hyderabad ORR Jaipur - Kishangarh Mumbai - Pune Noida -- Greater Noida Raipur - Durg Yamuna National Highways 102 202 302 502 103 303 503 703 5 105 205 6 106 206 306 7 107 307 507 707 907 8 108 9 109 309 309A 509 709 10 110 11 12 112 512 13 113 313 513 713 713A 14 114 314 15 115 215 315 315A 415 515 715 16 116 116B 216 316 516 716 17 117 217 317 517 717 18 118 19 119 219 319 519 719 919 20 120 320 520 21 22 122 322 522 722 922 23 24 25 125 325 26 27 127 127A 227 327 527 527B 527D 727 927 28 128 29 129 229 30 130 230 330 530 31 131 231 331 431 531 731 32 132 332 532 33 133 34 134 234 334 534 734 934 35 135 335 36 136 336 536 37 38 138 39 139 339 539 40 140 340 41 141 42 43 143 44 144 244 344 544 544H 744 944 45 46 146 47 147 48 148 248 348 448 548 648 748 948 49 149 50 150 150A 150E 51 151 52 152 352 552 752 53 153 353 54 154 55 56 156 57 58 59 60 160 61 161 161A 361 62 162 63 163 64 65 165 565 765 66 166 366 566 766 966 966A 966B 67 167 367 68 69 169 169A 369 71 73 173 75 275 77 79 81 181 83 183 183A 85 185 87 State Highways Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Notable Arunachal Frontier Highway Golden Quadrilateral National Highways Development Project North -- South and East -- West Corridor", "Indian Highways Network Map", "", "Expressways in India Ahmedabad - Vadodara ( NE 1 ) Ambala - Chandigarh Belghoria Chennai Bypass Chennai HSCTC Coimbatore bypass Delhi - Faridabad Delhi - Gurgaon DND Flyway Hosur Road Elevated Hyderabad Elevated Hyderabad ORR Jaipur - Kishangarh Mumbai - Pune Noida -- Greater Noida Raipur - Durg Yamuna", "Ahmedabad - Vadodara ( NE 1 ) Ambala - Chandigarh Belghoria Chennai Bypass Chennai HSCTC Coimbatore bypass Delhi - Faridabad Delhi - Gurgaon DND Flyway Hosur Road Elevated Hyderabad Elevated Hyderabad ORR Jaipur - Kishangarh Mumbai - Pune Noida -- Greater Noida Raipur - Durg Yamuna", "Ahmedabad - Vadodara ( NE 1 )", "Ambala - Chandigarh", "Delhi - Faridabad", "Delhi - Gurgaon", "Hosur Road Elevated", "Jaipur - Kishangarh", "Mumbai - Pune", "Noida -- Greater Noida", "Raipur - Durg", "National Highways 102 202 302 502 103 303 503 703 5 105 205 6 106 206 306 7 107 307 507 707 907 8 108 9 109 309 309A 509 709 10 110 11 12 112 512 13 113 313 513 713 713A 14 114 314 15 115 215 315 315A 415 515 715 16 116 116B 216 316 516 716 17 117 217 317 517 717 18 118 19 119 219 319 519 719 919 20 120 320 520 21 22 122 322 522 722 922 23 24 25 125 325 26 27 127 127A 227 327 527 527B 527D 727 927 28 128 29 129 229 30 130 230 330 530 31 131 231 331 431 531 731 32 132 332 532 33 133 34 134 234 334 534 734 934 35 135 335 36 136 336 536 37 38 138 39 139 339 539 40 140 340 41 141 42 43 143 44 144 244 344 544 544H 744 944 45 46 146 47 147 48 148 248 348 448 548 648 748 948 49 149 50 150 150A 150E 51 151 52 152 352 552 752 53 153 353 54 154 55 56 156 57 58 59 60 160 61 161 161A 361 62 162 63 163 64 65 165 565 765 66 166 366 566 766 966 966A 966B 67 167 367 68 69 169 169A 369 71 73 173 75 275 77 79 81 181 83 183 183A 85 185 87", "102 202 302 502 103 303 503 703 5 105 205 6 106 206 306 7 107 307 507 707 907 8 108 9 109 309 309A 509 709 10 110 11 12 112 512 13 113 313 513 713 713A 14 114 314 15 115 215 315 315A 415 515 715 16 116 116B 216 316 516 716 17 117 217 317 517 717 18 118 19 119 219 319 519 719 919 20 120 320 520 21 22 122 322 522 722 922 23 24 25 125 325 26 27 127 127A 227 327 527 527B 527D 727 927 28 128 29 129 229 30 130 230 330 530 31 131 231 331 431 531 731 32 132 332 532 33 133 34 134 234 334 534 734 934 35 135 335 36 136 336 536 37 38 138 39 139 339 539 40 140 340 41 141 42 43 143 44 144 244 344 544 544H 744 944 45 46 146 47 147 48 148 248 348 448 548 648 748 948 49 149 50 150 150A 150E 51 151 52 152 352 552 752 53 153 353 54 154 55 56 156 57 58 59 60 160 61 161 161A 361 62 162 63 163 64 65 165 565 765 66 166 366 566 766 966 966A 966B 67 167 367 68 69 169 169A 369 71 73 173 75 275 77 79 81 181 83 183 183A 85 185 87", "State Highways Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal", "Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal", "Jammu and Kashmir", "Notable Arunachal Frontier Highway Golden Quadrilateral National Highways Development Project North -- South and East -- West Corridor", "Arunachal Frontier Highway Golden Quadrilateral National Highways Development Project North -- South and East -- West Corridor", "Arunachal Frontier Highway", "National Highways Development Project", "North -- South and East -- West Corridor" ]

[ [] ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Islam and other religions Abrahamic religions Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Judaism Mandaeism Other religions Pre-Islamic Hinduism Jainism Sikhism Islam and ... Apostasy Blasphemy Religious conversion Antisemitism Democracy Liberalism Secularism Portal", "Islam and other religions", "Abrahamic religions", "Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Judaism Mandaeism", "Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Judaism Mandaeism", "Christianity Mormonism Protestantism", "Mormonism Protestantism", "Other religions", "Pre-Islamic Hinduism Jainism Sikhism", "Pre-Islamic", "Hinduism Jainism Sikhism", "Islam and ...", "Apostasy Blasphemy Religious conversion Antisemitism Democracy Liberalism Secularism", "Apostasy Blasphemy Religious conversion", "Antisemitism", "Democracy Liberalism Secularism", "Portal", "Portal", "", "", "The definition and application of secularism , especially the place of religion in society , varies among Muslim countries as it does among western countries . Secularism is often used to describe the separation of public life and civil / government matters from religious teachings and commandments , or simply the separation of religion and politics . Secularism in Muslim countries is often contrasted with Islamism , and secularists tend to seek to promote secular political and social values as opposed to Islamic ones . Among western scholars and Muslim intellectuals , there are some debates over secularism which include the understanding of political and religious authorities in the Islamic world and the means and degree of application of sharia in legal system of the state .", "As the concept of secularism varies among secularists in the Muslim world , reactions of Muslim intellectuals to the pressure of secularization also varies . On the one hand , secularism is condemned by some Muslim intellectuals who do not feel that religious influence should be removed from the public sphere . On the other hand , secularism is claimed by others to be compatible with Islam . For example , the quest for secularism has inspired some Muslim scholars who argue that secular government is the best way to observe sharia ; `` enforcing ( sharia ) through coercive power of the state negates its religious nature , because Muslims would be observing the law of the state and not freely performing their religious obligation as Muslims '' says Abdullahi Ahmed An - Na'im , a professor of law at Emory University and author of Islam and the secular state : negotiating the future of Shariʻa . Moreover , some scholars argue that secular states have existed in the Muslim world since the Middle Ages .", "Nevertheless , many Muslim - majority countries define themselves as or are regarded as secular , and many of them have a dual system in which Muslims can bring familial and financial disputes to sharia courts . The exact jurisdiction of these courts varies from country to country , but usually includes marriage , divorce , inheritance , and guardianship .", "The etymology of the Arabic word for secularism can be controversial in itself . Some scholars pointed out that originally there was no Arabic term to describe the secular and secularism and therefore some neologisms were spawned . Secularism was translated into Arabic either as `` ' alamaniyah '' , which is derived from `` ' alam ( world or universe ) '' , or as `` ' ilmaniyah '' , which is derived from `` ' ilm ( science or knowledge ) '' . The term `` ' alamaniyah '' first appeared at the end of the nineteenth century in the dictionary Muhit al - Muhit written by the Christian Lebanese scholar Butrus al - Bustani . It has been suggested that the use of other translations , such as `` la diniyah ( non-religious ) '' , that implied the exclusion or marginalisation of religion , would have met with outright rejection by Muslims , for whom ( according to the principle al - Islam din wa - dawlah , Islam is religion and state ) the division between the temporal and the spiritual is literally unthinkable .", "Moreover , some refer to `` ' almaniyyah '' which is derived from the word `` ' alam '' , and others prefer `` dunyawiyyah '' , which is derived from `` dunya ( temporal ) '' , in contrast to `` dini ( religious ) '' .", "The concept of secularism was imported along with many of the ideas of post-enlightenment modernity from Europe into the Muslim world , namely Middle East and North Africa . Among Muslim intellectuals , the early debate on secularism centered mainly on the relationship between religion and state , and how this relationship was related to European successes in science , technology and governance . In the debate on the relationship between religion and state , ( in ) separability of religious and political authorities in the Islamic world , or status of the Caliph , was one of the biggest issues .", "( hide ) Part of a series on : Islamism Fundamentals ( hide ) Islam History Culture Economics Politics Secularism Concepts ( show ) Caliphate Democracy Islamic republic Islamic state Jihad Sharia Shura Ummah Pan-Islamism Islam Hadhari Influences ( show ) Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Islamic revival Islamic Golden Age Manifestations ( show ) Fundamentalism Islamization ( of knowledge ) Pan-Islamism Islamic socialism Movements ( show ) Abu Sayyaf Al - Itihaad Al - Qaeda Al - Shabaab Boko Haram Darul Islam ( Indonesia ) Gerakan Mujahidin Hamas Hezbollah Hizbul Islam Indonesian Mujahedeen Iranian Revolution Bangladesh Jamaat - e-Islami Islamic Courts Union Islamic Defenders Islamic democratic political parties Islamic Liberation Front of Patani Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jamaah Ansharut Jamaat al Muslimeen Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan Jemaah Islamiyah Laskar Jihad Millî Görüş Muslim Brotherhood Qutbism Salafi movement Deobandi Taliban Takfir wal - Hijra Ansar al - Sharia Wahhabism Key texts ( show ) Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam ( Iqbal 1930s ) Principles of State and Government ( Asad 1961 ) Ma'alim fi al - Tariq ( `` Milestones '' ) ( Qutb 1965 ) Islamic Government : Governance of the Jurist ( `` Velayat - e faqih '' ) ( Khomeini 1970 ) Heads of state ( show ) Ali Khamenei Mohammad Omar Omar al - Bashir Muammar Gaddafi Mohamed Morsi House of Saud House of Thani Ruhollah Khomeini Zia ul Haq Key ideologues ( show ) Sayyid Qutb Abul A'la Maududi Yusuf al - Qaradawi Taqi al - Din al - Nabhani Muhammad Asad Hassan al - Banna Ata Abu Rashta Haji Shariatullah Jamāl al - Dīn al - Afghānī Muhammad Abduh Rashid Rida Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Nasiruddin al - Albani Hassan Al - Turabi Mahathir Mohamad Ahmed Yassin Ali Shariati Navvab Safavi Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Qazi Hussain Ahmad Rached Ghannouchi Necmettin Erbakan Tariq Ramadan Safwat Hegazi Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islamism Islam and other religions Jihad Islamophobia Reform movements Modernity ( Modernism ) Politics portal Islam portal", "( hide ) Part of a series on : Islamism", "Fundamentals ( hide ) Islam History Culture Economics Politics Secularism", "Islam History Culture Economics Politics Secularism", "Concepts ( show ) Caliphate Democracy Islamic republic Islamic state Jihad Sharia Shura Ummah Pan-Islamism Islam Hadhari", "Caliphate Democracy Islamic republic Islamic state Jihad Sharia Shura Ummah Pan-Islamism Islam Hadhari", "Influences ( show ) Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Islamic revival Islamic Golden Age", "Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Islamic revival Islamic Golden Age", "Islamic Golden Age", "Manifestations ( show ) Fundamentalism Islamization ( of knowledge ) Pan-Islamism Islamic socialism", "Fundamentalism Islamization ( of knowledge ) Pan-Islamism Islamic socialism", "Islamization ( of knowledge )", "Movements ( show ) Abu Sayyaf Al - Itihaad Al - Qaeda Al - Shabaab Boko Haram Darul Islam ( Indonesia ) Gerakan Mujahidin Hamas Hezbollah Hizbul Islam Indonesian Mujahedeen Iranian Revolution Bangladesh Jamaat - e-Islami Islamic Courts Union Islamic Defenders Islamic democratic political parties Islamic Liberation Front of Patani Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jamaah Ansharut Jamaat al Muslimeen Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan Jemaah Islamiyah Laskar Jihad Millî Görüş Muslim Brotherhood Qutbism Salafi movement Deobandi Taliban Takfir wal - Hijra Ansar al - Sharia Wahhabism", "Abu Sayyaf Al - Itihaad Al - Qaeda Al - Shabaab Boko Haram Darul Islam ( Indonesia ) Gerakan Mujahidin Hamas Hezbollah Hizbul Islam Indonesian Mujahedeen Iranian Revolution Bangladesh Jamaat - e-Islami Islamic Courts Union Islamic Defenders Islamic democratic political parties Islamic Liberation Front of Patani Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jamaah Ansharut Jamaat al Muslimeen Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan Jemaah Islamiyah Laskar Jihad Millî Görüş Muslim Brotherhood Qutbism Salafi movement Deobandi Taliban Takfir wal - Hijra Ansar al - Sharia Wahhabism", "Al - Itihaad", "Al - Qaeda", "Al - Shabaab", "Darul Islam ( Indonesia )", "Bangladesh Jamaat - e-Islami", "Islamic Courts Union", "Islamic democratic political parties", "Islamic Liberation Front of Patani", "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", "Jamaat al Muslimeen", "Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan", "Takfir wal - Hijra", "Ansar al - Sharia", "Key texts ( show ) Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam ( Iqbal 1930s ) Principles of State and Government ( Asad 1961 ) Ma'alim fi al - Tariq ( `` Milestones '' ) ( Qutb 1965 ) Islamic Government : Governance of the Jurist ( `` Velayat - e faqih '' ) ( Khomeini 1970 )", "Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam ( Iqbal 1930s ) Principles of State and Government ( Asad 1961 ) Ma'alim fi al - Tariq ( `` Milestones '' ) ( Qutb 1965 ) Islamic Government : Governance of the Jurist ( `` Velayat - e faqih '' ) ( Khomeini 1970 )", "Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam ( Iqbal 1930s )", "Principles of State and Government ( Asad 1961 )", "Ma'alim fi al - Tariq ( `` Milestones '' ) ( Qutb 1965 )", "Islamic Government : Governance of the Jurist ( `` Velayat - e faqih '' ) ( Khomeini 1970 )", "Heads of state ( show ) Ali Khamenei Mohammad Omar Omar al - Bashir Muammar Gaddafi Mohamed Morsi House of Saud House of Thani Ruhollah Khomeini Zia ul Haq", "Ali Khamenei Mohammad Omar Omar al - Bashir Muammar Gaddafi Mohamed Morsi House of Saud House of Thani Ruhollah Khomeini Zia ul Haq", "Omar al - Bashir", "House of Saud", "House of Thani", "Zia ul Haq", "Key ideologues ( show ) Sayyid Qutb Abul A'la Maududi Yusuf al - Qaradawi Taqi al - Din al - Nabhani Muhammad Asad Hassan al - Banna Ata Abu Rashta Haji Shariatullah Jamāl al - Dīn al - Afghānī Muhammad Abduh Rashid Rida Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Nasiruddin al - Albani Hassan Al - Turabi Mahathir Mohamad Ahmed Yassin Ali Shariati Navvab Safavi Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Qazi Hussain Ahmad Rached Ghannouchi Necmettin Erbakan Tariq Ramadan Safwat Hegazi", "Sayyid Qutb Abul A'la Maududi Yusuf al - Qaradawi Taqi al - Din al - Nabhani Muhammad Asad Hassan al - Banna Ata Abu Rashta Haji Shariatullah Jamāl al - Dīn al - Afghānī Muhammad Abduh Rashid Rida Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Nasiruddin al - Albani Hassan Al - Turabi Mahathir Mohamad Ahmed Yassin Ali Shariati Navvab Safavi Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Qazi Hussain Ahmad Rached Ghannouchi Necmettin Erbakan Tariq Ramadan Safwat Hegazi", "Abul A'la Maududi", "Yusuf al - Qaradawi", "Taqi al - Din al - Nabhani", "Hassan al - Banna", "Ata Abu Rashta", "Jamāl al - Dīn al - Afghānī", "Muhammad Nasiruddin al - Albani", "Hassan Al - Turabi", "Qazi Hussain Ahmad", "Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islamism Islam and other religions Jihad Islamophobia Reform movements Modernity ( Modernism )", "Criticism of Islamism Islam and other religions Jihad Islamophobia Reform movements Modernity ( Modernism )", "Criticism of Islamism", "Islam and other religions", "Modernity ( Modernism )", "Politics portal Islam portal", "", "", "John L. Esposito , a professor of international affairs and Islamic studies , points out : `` the post-independent period witnessed the emergence of modern Muslim states whose pattern of development was heavily influenced by and indebted to Western secular paradigms or models . Saudi Arabia and Turkey reflected the two polar positions . ( ... ) The majority of Muslim states chose a middle ground in nation building , borrowing heavily from the West and relying on foreign advisers and Western - educated elites . ''", "Esposito also argues that in many modern Muslim countries the role of Islam in state and society as a source of legitimation for rulers , state , and government institutions was greatly decreased though the separation of religion and politics was not total . However while most Muslim governments replaced Islamic law with legal systems inspired by western secular codes , Muslim family law ( marriage , divorce , and inheritance ) remained in force .", "However , many Muslims argue that , unlike Christianity , Islam does not separate religion from the state and many Muslims around the world welcome a significant role for Islam in their countries ' political life . It is apolitical Islam , not political Islam , that requires explanation and that is an historical fluke of the `` shortlived heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970 . ''", "Furthermore , the resurgence of Islam , beginning with the Iranian revolution of 1978 - 9 , defied the illusions of advocates of secularization theory . The resurgence of Islam in politics in the most modernizing of Muslim countries , such as Egypt , Algeria and Turkey , betrayed expectations of those who believed religion should be at the margins not the center of public life . Furthermore , in most cases , it was not rural but urban phenomena , and its leaders and supporters were educated professionals .", "From a more historical perspective , scholar Olivier Roy argues that `` a defacto separation between political power '' of sultans and emirs and religious power of the caliph was `` created and institutionalized ... as early as the end of the first century of the hegira '' and what has been lacking in the Muslim world is `` political thought regarding the autonomy of this space . '' No positive law was developed outside of sharia . The sovereign 's religious function was to defend the Islamic community against its enemies , institute the sharia , ensure the public good ( maslaha ) . The state was an instrument to enable Muslims to live as good Muslims and Muslims were to obey the sultan if he did so . The legitimacy of the ruler was `` symbolized by the right to coin money and to have the Friday prayer ( Jumu'ah khutba ) said in his name . ''", "The concept of Secularism in Islam has been claimed to have religious sanction too . The Sahih of Imam Muslim , the second most authentic book on Hadith , dating from the 2nd century Hijrah , contains a chapter headed as follows : `` Whatever the Prophet has said in matters of religion must be followed , but this does not apply to worldly affairs . ''", "The Hadith is as follows : Once Prophet Muhammad came across some people doing artificial pollination of palm trees . Due to some reason he disliked the idea and commented that it would be better not to do any pollination at all . However for the following year the harvest was poor . When he came to know about this Prophet Muhammad admitted his limitation of knowledge regarding secular affairs and said : `` If a question relates to your worldly matters you would know better about it , but if it relates to your religion then to me it belongs . ''", "Maulana Wahiduddin Khan , the prominent Indian Muslim scholar , comments on this Hadith : `` Islam separated religious knowledge from physical knowledge . The source of religious knowledge which came into general acceptance was divine revelation ( the authentic version of which is preserved in the form of the Quran ) , while full freedom was given to enquiry into physical phenomena , so that individuals could arrive at their own conclusions independently '' .", "He further says : `` According to this hadith , Islam separates religious matters from scientific research . In religious affairs , there has to be strict adherence to divine guidance . But in scientific research , the work must proceed according to human experience .", "Ira M. Lapidus , an Emeritus Professor of Middle Eastern and Islamic History at The University of California at Berkeley , analyses the separation of religion and state in early Islamic history . First , he points out the integral unity of religious and political authorities while the Prophet Muhammad was leading the ummah :", "The prevailing view among Islamists is that classical Islamic society does not distinguish between the religious and the political aspects of communal life . The Caliphate was both the religious and the political leadership of the community of Muslims , whose individual believers and subjects belonged to a polity defined by religious allegiance . ( ... ) Since Muhammad was the Prophet who revealed God 's will in all of life 's concerns , belief in Islam entailed both loyalty to a chief whose authority derived from his religious position , and membership in the umma - the community he led . In this sense , religious and political values and religious and political offices were inseparable .", "However , Lapidus claims that secular governments had existed in the Muslim world since the 10th century , arguing that an effective separation of religion and politics came into being between ' ulama and political and military leaders under the symbolic authority of the Caliph :", "In fact , religious and political life developed distinct spheres of experience , with independent values , leaders , and organizations . From the middle of the tenth century effective control of the Arab - Muslim empire had passed into the hands of generals , administrators , governors , and local provincial lords ; the Caliphs had lost all effective political power . Governments in Islamic lands were henceforth secular regimes - Sultanates - in theory authorized by the Caliphs , but actually legitimized by the need for public order . Henceforth , Muslim states were fully differentiated political bodies without any intrinsic religious character , though they were officially loyal to Islam and committed to its defense .", "In the same period , religious communities developed independently of the states or empires that ruled them . The ulama regulated local communal and religious life by serving as judges , administrators , teachers , and religious advisers to Muslims . The religious elites were organized according to religious affiliation into Sunni schools of law , Shi'ite sects , or Sufi tariqas . ( ... ) In the wide range of matters arising from the Shari'a - the Muslim law - the ' ulama ' of the schools formed a local administrative and social elite whose authority was based upon religion . Thus though the Muslim madhahib were not organized in the same way as Christian churches , they had many of the religious and social functions we associate with churches . But whether or not we wish to speak of churches , religious organizations , institutions , personnel and activities were clearly separate from the ruling regimes .", "As long as two decades ago , Sir Hamilton Gibb , in his essay ' Constitutional Organization ' , showed that Muslim political thinkers themselves had become aware of the separation of state and religion and recognized the emergence of an autonomous sphere of religious activity and organization . For example , Ibn Taymiyyah held that apart from the Caliphate , the ulama constituted the true umma of Islam , and that ruling regimes were ' Muslim ' regimes not by any intrinsic quality but by virtue of the support they lent the Muslim religion and religious communities .", "The Umayyad caliphate is often referred to as the first secular state in the world . Lapidus argues that the Caliphate absorbed the ummah in the beginning but the religious and political aspects of Muslim communal life came to be separated by a historical process that involved three developments : Arab rebellions against the Caliphate , the emergence of religious activity independent of the actual authority of the Caliphs , and the emergence of the Hanbali school of law .", "In early Islamic philosophy , Averroes presented an argument in The Decisive Treatise providing a justification for the emancipation of science and philosophy from official Ash'ari theology ; thus Averroism has been considered a precursor to modern secularism .", "Many of the early supporters of Secularist principles in Middle Eastern countries were Baathist and non-Muslim Arabs , seeking a solution to a multi-confessional population and an ongoing drive to modernism .", "Many Islamic modernist thinkers argued against the inseparability of religious and political authorities in the Islamic world , and described the system of separation between religion and state within their ideal Islamic world .", "Muhammad ʿAbduh , a prominent Muslim modernist thinker , claimed in his book `` Al - Idtihad fi Al - Nasraniyya wa Al - Islam '' that no one had exclusive religious authority in the Islamic world . He argued that the Caliph did not represent religious authority , because he was not infallible nor was the Caliph the person whom the revelation was given to ; therefore , according to Abduh , the Caliph and other Muslims are equal . ʿAbduh argued that the Caliph should have the respect of the umma but not rule it ; the unity of the umma is a moral unity which does not prevent its division into national states .", "Abdel Rahman Al - Kawakibi , in his book `` Taba'i ' Al - Istibdad ( The Characteristics of Tyranny ) '' , discussed the relationship between religion and despotism , arguing that `` while most religions tried to enslave the people to the holders of religious office who exploited them , the original Islam was built on foundations of political freedom standing between democracy and aristocracy . '' Al - Kawakibi suggested that people can achieve a non-religious national unity , saying : `` Let us take care of our lives in this world and let the religions rule in the next world . '' Moreover , in his second book `` Umm Al - Qura ( The Mother of Villages ) '' his most explicit statement with regard to the question of religion and state appeared in an appendix to the book , where he presented a dialogue between the Muslim scholar from India and an amir . The amir expressed his opinion that `` religion is one thing and the government is another ... The administration of religion and the administration of the government were never united in Islam . ''", "Rashid Rida 's thoughts about the separation of religion and state had some similarities with ʿAbduh and Al - Kawakibi . According to the scholar , Eliezer Tauber :", "He was of the opinion that according to Islam ' the rule over the nation is in its own hands ... and its government is a sort of a republic . The caliph has no superiority in law over the lowest of the congregation ; he only executes the religious law and the will of the nation . ' And he added : ' For the Muslims , the caliph is not infallible ( ma'sum ) and not the source of revelation . ' And therefore , ' the nation has the right to depose the imam - caliph , if it finds a reason for doing so ' .", "What is unique in Rida 's thought is that he provided details of his ideas about the future Arab empire in a document , which he called the `` General Organic Law of the Arab Empire '' . Rida argued that the general administrative policy of the future empire would be managed by a president , a council of deputies to be elected from the entire empire , and a council of ministers to be chosen by the president from among the deputies . There , the caliph must recognize the ' General Organic Law ' and abide by it . He would manage all the religious matters of the empire . Rida 's ideal Islamic empire would be administered in practice by a president , while the caliph would administer only religious affairs and would be obliged to recognize the organic law of the empire and abide by it .", "As seen above , these arguments about separability of religious and political authorities in the Islamic world were greatly connected with the presence of the Caliphate . Therefore , the abolishment of the Caliphate by Turkish government in 1924 had considerable influence on such arguments among Muslim intellectuals .", "The most controversial work is that of Ali Abd al - Raziq , an Islamic Scholar and Shari'a judge who caused a sensation with his work `` Islam and the Foundations of Governance ( Al - Islam Wa Usul Al - Hukm ) '' in 1925 . He argued that there were no clear evidence in the Quran and the hadith , which justify a common assumption : to accept the authority of the caliph is an obligation . Furthermore , he claimed that it was not even necessary that the ummah should be politically united and religion has nothing to do with one form of government rather than another . He argued that there is nothing in Islam which forbids Muslims to destroy their old political system and build a new one on the basis or the newest conceptions of the human spirit and the experience of nations . This publication caused a fierce debate especially as he recommended that religion can be separated from government and politics . He was later removed from his position . Rosenthall commented on him saying :", "`` we meet for the first time a consistent , unequivocal theoretical assertion of the purely and exclusively religious character of Islam '' .", "Taha Hussein , an Egyptian writer , was also an advocate for the separation of religion and politics from a viewpoint of Egyptian nationalism . Hussein believed that Egypt always had been part of Western civilization and that Egypt had its renaissance in the nineteenth century and had re-Europeanized itself . For him , the distinguishing mark of the modern world is that it has brought about a virtual separation of religion and civilization , each in its own sphere . It is therefore quite possible to take the bases of civilization from Europe without its religion , Christianity . Moreover , he believed that it is easier for Muslims than for Christian , since Islam has no priesthood , and so there has grown up no vested interest in the control of religion over society .", "It was suggested that secular oriented women do not support sharia as the main source of legislation , rather they refer to civil law and the resolution of human rights conventions , as adopted by the United Nations , as frames for reference for their struggle . Azza Karam ( 1998 : 13 ) , for example , describes secular feminists as follows : `` Secular feminists firmly believe in grounding their discourse outside the realm of any religion , whether Muslim or Christian , and placing it , instead within the international human rights discourse . They do not ' waste their time ' attempting to harmonize religious discourses with the concept and declarations pertinent to human rights . To them religion is respected as a private matter for each individual , but it is totally rejected as a basis from which to formulate any agenda on women 's emancipation . By so doing , they avoid being caught up in interminable debates on the position of women with religion . '' Generally , secular feminist activists call for total equality between the sexes , attempt to ground their ideas on women 's rights outside religious frameworks , perceive Islamism as an obstacle to their equality and a linkage to patriarchal values . They argue that secularism was important for protecting civil rights .", "The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article may primarily relate to a different subject , or place undue weight on a particular aspect rather than the subject as a whole . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2017 )", "This article may primarily relate to a different subject , or place undue weight on a particular aspect rather than the subject as a whole . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2017 )", "In many former colonised Middle East countries , the kuttab or the madrassas ( the Quranic schools ) were moved to the western format . The French colonial government in the protectorates of the Maghreb changed the education system into a secular model closely modeled on their own . The colonialists firmly believed that their secular system was more modern , efficient , and progressive than the incumbent practices . These changes had far - reaching social consequences and laid the foundation of Arab Secularism by separating the Islam from government affairs , education , and justice .", "In consequence , `` perception of the public , political , and social domain through the prism of religion became marginal and was replaced by a new perception , a perception that was modern , temporal , ideological , ethical , evolutionary , and political . ''", "In 1918 the Soviet Union opened the Commissariat for Muslim Affairs , which actively opposed the colonial powers in the Middle East and their system of Mandates .", "In the 1920s the formation of the first communist parties in the Middle East started playing a key role in the anti-colonial struggle and promoting their ethos regarding workers rights . During the Second World War they also played a role fighting against fascism and participating in the international peace movement .", "A key element of the Communism movement was the well organized network of parties in different countries that provided support to each other and enabled communist organizations to become an effective outlet against oppression .", "Communism went on to become one of the key components of Arab Nationalism and was particularly prominent during the rule of Gamel Abdel Nasser in Egypt in which Egyptian communists stood aside . And even though communism was often a prominent supporter of Arab nationalism , the international relationships which allowed it to be such a potent force were also used by opposition regimes , and to some extent third parties during the Cold War .", "Albania Azerbaijan Bosnia - Herzegovina Burkina Faso Chad Côte d'Ivoire Guinea Guinea - Bissau Indonesia Kazakhstan Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Mali Niger Northern Cyprus Senegal Sierra Leone Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan West Bank", "Bosnia - Herzegovina", "Guinea - Bissau", "Secularism in Turkey was both dramatic and far reaching as it filled the vacuum of the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. With the country getting down Mustafa Kemal Atatürk led a political and cultural revolution . `` Official Turkish modernity took shape basically through a negation of the Islamic Ottoman system and the adoption of a west - oriented mode of modernization . ''", "The temporary abolition of the Caliphate . Religious lodges and Sufi orders were banned . A secular civil code based on Swiss civil code was adopted to replace the previous codes based on Islamic law ( shari'a ) outlawing all forms of polygamy , annulled religious marriages , granted equal rights to men and women , in matters of inheritance , marriage and divorce . The religious court system and institutions of religious education were abolished . The use of religion for political purposes was banned . A separate institution was created that dealt with the religious matters of the people . The alphabet was changed from Arabic to Latin . A portion of religious activity was moved to the Turkish language , including the Adhan ( call to prayer ) which lasted until 1950 . This was done by the second president of the republic of Turkey .", "The temporary abolition of the Caliphate .", "Religious lodges and Sufi orders were banned .", "A secular civil code based on Swiss civil code was adopted to replace the previous codes based on Islamic law ( shari'a ) outlawing all forms of polygamy , annulled religious marriages , granted equal rights to men and women , in matters of inheritance , marriage and divorce .", "The religious court system and institutions of religious education were abolished .", "The use of religion for political purposes was banned .", "A separate institution was created that dealt with the religious matters of the people .", "The alphabet was changed from Arabic to Latin .", "A portion of religious activity was moved to the Turkish language , including the Adhan ( call to prayer ) which lasted until 1950 . This was done by the second president of the republic of Turkey .", "Throughout the 20th century secularism was continuously challenged by Islamists . At the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century , political Islamists and Islamic democrats such as the Welfare Party and Justice and Development Party ( AKP ) gained in influence , with the AKP in the 2002 elections acquiring government and holding on to it ever since with increasingly authoritarian methods .", "Lebanon is a parliamentary democracy within the overall framework of Confessionalism , a form of consociationalism in which the highest offices are proportionately reserved for representatives from certain religious communities .", "A growing number of Lebanese , however , have organized against the confessionalist system , advocating for an installation of laïcité in the national government . The most recent expression of this secularist advocacy was the Laïque Pride march held in Beirut on April 26 , 2010 , as a response to Hizb ut - Tahrir 's growing appeal in Beirut and its call to re-establish the Islamic caliphate .", "Under the leadership of Habib Bourguiba ( 1956 -- 1987 ) , Tunisia 's post independence government pursued a program of secularization .", "Bourguiba modified laws regarding habous ( religious endowments ) , secularized education and unified the legal system so that all Tunisians , regardless of religion , were subject to the state courts . He restricted the influence of the religious University of Ez - Zitouna and replaced it with a faculty of theology integrated into the University of Tunis , banned the headscarf for women , made members of the religious hierarchy state employees and ordered that the expenses for the upkeep of mosques and the salaries of preachers to be regulated .", "Moreover , his best known legal innovations was the ' Code du Statut Personel ' ( CSP ) the laws governs issues related to the family : marriage , guardianship of children , inheritance and most importantly the abolishing of polygamy and making divorce subject to judicial review .", "Bourguiba clearly wanted to undercut the religious establishment 's ability to prevent his secularization program , and although he was careful to locate these changes within the framework of a modernist reading of Islam and presented them as the product of ijtihad ( independent interpretation ) and not a break with Islam , he became well known for his secularism . John Esposito says that `` For Bourguiba , Islam represented the past ; the west was Tunisia 's only hope for a modern future , but he was mistaken , Islam is modernization ''", "Following increasing economic problems , Islamist movements came about in 1970 with the revival of religious teaching in Ez - Zitouna University and the influence which came from Arab religious leaders like Syrian and Egyptian Muslim Brotherhoods . There is also influence by Hizb ut - Tahrir , whose members issue a magazine in Tunis named Azeytouna . In the aftermath , the struggle between Bourguiba and Islamists became uncontrolled and in order to repress the opposition the Islamist leaderships were exiled , arrested and interrogated .", "Ennahda Movement , also known as Renaissance Party or simply Ennahda , is a moderate Islamist political party in Tunisia . On 1 March 2011 , after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution , Tunisia 's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party . Since then it has become the biggest and most well - organized party in Tunisia , so far outdistancing its more secular competitors . In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election , 2011 , the first honest election in the country 's history with a turn out of 51.1 % of all eligible voters , the party won 37.04 % of the popular vote and 89 ( 41 % ) of the 217 assembly seats , far more than any other party .", "Secularism in Egypt has had a very important role to play in both the history of Egypt and that of the Middle East . Egypt 's first experience of secularism started with the British Occupation ( 1882 -- 1952 ) , the atmosphere which allowed propagation of western ideas . In this environment , pro-secularist intellectuals like Ya'qub Sarruf , Faris Nimr , Nicola Haddad who sought political asylum from Ottoman Rule were able to publish their work . This debate had then became a burning issue with the work of Egyptian Shaykh Ali abd al - Raziq ( 1888 -- 1966 ) , `` The most momentous document in the crucial intellectual and religious debate of modern Islamic history ''", "By 1919 Egypt had its first political secular entity called the Hizb ' Almani ( Secular Party ) this name was later changed to the Wafd party . It combined secular policies with a nationalist agenda and had the majority support in the following years against both the rule of the king and the British influence . The Wafd party supported the allies during World War II and then proceeded to win the 1952 parliamentary elections , following these elections the prime minister was overthrown by the King leading to riots . These riots precipitated a military coup after which all political parties were banned including the Wafd and the Muslim Brotherhood .", "The government of Gamel Abdel Nasser was secularist - nationalist in nature which at the time gathers a great deal of support both in Egypt and other Arab states . Key elements of Nasserism :", "Secularist - Nationalist dictatorship : No religious or other political movements allowed to impact government . Modernization , Industrialization and Nationalization ; Socialist economy Concentration on Arab values , identity and nationalism rather than Muslim values , identity and nationalism .", "Secularist - Nationalist dictatorship : No religious or other political movements allowed to impact government .", "Modernization , Industrialization and Nationalization ; Socialist economy", "Concentration on Arab values , identity and nationalism rather than Muslim values , identity and nationalism .", "Secular legacy of Nasser 's dictatorship influenced dictatorial periods of Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak and secularists ruled Egypt until 2011 Egyptian revolution . Nevertheless , the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic world , particularly in the Arab world . For many years it was described as `` semi-legal '' and was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections . In the Egyptian parliamentary election , 2011 -- 2012 , the political parties identified as `` Islamist '' ( the Brotherhood 's Freedom and Justice Party , Salafi Al - Nour Party and liberal Islamist Al - Wasat Party ) won 75 % of the total seats . Mohamed Morsi , an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood was the first democratically elected president of Egypt . Nowadays , most Egyptian proponents of secularism emphasize the link between secularism and ' national unity ' between Coptic Christians and Muslims .", "The process of secularization in Syria began under the French mandate in the 1920s and went on continuously under different governments since the independence . Syria has been governed by the Arab nationalist Ba'ath Party since 1963 . The Ba'ath government combined Arab socialism with secular ideology and an authoritarian political system . The constitution guarantees religious freedom for every recognized religious communities , including many Christian denominations . All schools are government - run and non-sectarian , although there is mandatory religious instruction , provided in Islam and / or Christianity . Political forms of Islam are not tolerated by the government . The Syrian legal system is primarily based on civil law , and was heavily influenced by the period of French rule . It is also drawn in part from Egyptian law of Abdel Nasser , quite from the Ottoman Millet system and very little from Sharia . Syria has separate secular and religious courts . Civil and criminal cases are heard in secular courts , while the Sharia courts handle personal , family , and religious matters in cases between Muslims or between Muslims and non-Muslims . Non-Muslim communities have their own religious courts using their own religious law .", "Following the military coup of 21 February 1921 , Reza Khan had established himself as the dominant political personality in the country . Fearing that their influence might be diminished , the clergy of Iran proposed their support and persuaded him to assume the role of the Shah .", "1925 -- 1941 : Reza Shah began to make some dramatic changes to Iranian society with the specific intention of westernization and removing religion from public sphere . He changed religious schools to secular schools , built Iran 's first secular university and banned the hijab in public . Nevertheless , the regime became totally undemocratic and authoritarian with the removal of Majles power ( the first parliament in 1906 ) and the clampdown on free speech .", "1951 -- 1953 : During the early 1950s the Prime Minister Dr Mossadeq was again forming a secular government with a socialist agenda with the specific aim of reducing the power held by the clergy . However his plans for nationalization the oil industry were a step too far for Britain , and the legislature became increasingly wary of his concentration of power . So with the help of the CIA , the United Kingdom supported a coup which replaced the government of Mossadeq with Mohammad Reza Shah .", "1962 -- 1963 : Using the mandate of westernization , Mohammad Reza Shah introduced White Revolution , aiming to transform Iran into a Westernized secular capitalist country .", "1963 -- 1973 : Opposition rallied united behind Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and by the end of the 1970s the Shah was overthrown in an Islamic Revolution ( 1979 ) .", "Early in the history of the state of Pakistan ( 12 March 1949 ) , a parliamentary resolution ( the Objectives Resolution ) was adopted , just a year after the death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the founder of Pakistan , in accordance with the vision of other founding fathers of Pakistan ( Muhammad Iqbal , Liaquat Ali Khan ) . proclaiming :", "Sovereignty belongs to Allah alone but He has delegated it to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him as a sacred trust .", "The State shall exercise its powers and authority through the elected representatives of the people . The principles of democracy , freedom , equality , tolerance and social justice , as enunciated by Islam , shall be fully observed . Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings of Islam as set out in the Quran and Sunnah . Provision shall be made for the religious minorities to freely profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures .", "The State shall exercise its powers and authority through the elected representatives of the people .", "The principles of democracy , freedom , equality , tolerance and social justice , as enunciated by Islam , shall be fully observed .", "Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings of Islam as set out in the Quran and Sunnah .", "Provision shall be made for the religious minorities to freely profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures .", "According to Pakistani secularists , this resolution differed from the Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's 11th August Speech that he made in the Constitutive Assembly , but however , this resolution was passed by the rest of members in the assembly after Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's death in 1948 . This resolution later became key source of inspiration for writers of Constitution of Pakistan and is included in constitution as preamble . However , Pakistan is an Islamic republic , with Islam as the state religion ; it has aspects of secularism inherited from its colonial past . Islamists and Islamic democratic parties in Pakistan are relatively less influential than democratic Islamists of other Muslim democracies however they do enjoy considerable street power .", "The Council of Islamic Ideology is a body that is supposed to advise the Parliament of Pakistan on bringing laws and legislation in alignment with the principles of the Quran and Sunnah , though it has no enforcement powers . The Federal Shariat Court can strike down any law deemed un-Islamic , though its decisions can be overturned by the Supreme Court of Pakistan .", "Islamists believe that Islam fuses religion and politics , with normative political values determined by the divine texts . It is argued that this has historically been the case and the secularist / modernist efforts at secularizing politics are little more than jahiliyyah ( ignorance ) , kafir ( unbelief / infidelity ) , irtidad ( apostasy ) and atheism . `` Those who participated in secular politics were raising the flag of revolt against Allah and his messenger . ''", "Saudi scholars denounce secularism as strictly prohibited in Islamic tradition . The Saudi Arabian Directorate of Ifta ' , Preaching and Guidance , has issued a directive decreeing that whoever believes that there is a guidance ( huda ) more perfect than that of the Prophet , or that someone else 's rule is better than his is a kafir .", "It lists a number of specific tenets which would be regarded as a serious departure from the precepts of Islam , punishable according to Islamic law . For example :", "The belief that human made laws and constitutions are superior to the Shari'a . The opinion that Islam is limited to one 's relation with God , and has nothing to do with the daily affairs of life . To disapprove of the application of the hudud ( legal punishments decreed by God ) that they are incompatible in the modern age . And whoever allows what God has prohibited is a kafir .", "The belief that human made laws and constitutions are superior to the Shari'a .", "The opinion that Islam is limited to one 's relation with God , and has nothing to do with the daily affairs of life .", "To disapprove of the application of the hudud ( legal punishments decreed by God ) that they are incompatible in the modern age .", "And whoever allows what God has prohibited is a kafir .", "In the view of Tariq al - Bishri , `` secularism and Islam can not agree except by means of talfiq ( combining the doctrines of more than one school , i.e. , falsification ) , or by each turning away from its true meaning . ''", "The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The spread of Islamism made secular leaders more repressive and authoritarian in order to protect secularism . At the same time , increased repression from the government , may have made Muslim societies more opposed to secularism and increased the popularity of Islamism the Middle East .", "Authoritarianism has left in many countries the mosque as the only place to voice political opposition . Scholars like Vali Nasr argue that the secular elites in the Muslim world were imposed by colonial powers to maintain hegemony .", "Secularism is also associated with military regimes , such as those in Turkey and Algeria . The Islamic Salvation Front ( FIS ) succeeded in December 1991 elections in Algeria and the Welfare Party succeeded in the Turkish 1995 elections . However , both of these parties were eliminated through military coups in order to protect secularism . While Welfare Party government in Turkey was forced to resign from the office by Turkish military in February 1997 with a military intervention which is called as `` post modern coup '' , FIS in Algeria lived an austere military coup which carried the country in to a civil war in 1992 . Military forces in those countries could use their power in undemocratic ways in order to ' protect secularism ' .", "In some countries , the fear of Islamist takeover via democratic processes has led to authoritarian measures against Islamist political parties . `` The Syrian regime was able to capitalize on the fear of Islamist coming to power to justify the massive clampdown on the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood . '' When American diplomats asked Hosni Mubarak to give more rights to the press and stop arresting the intellectuals , Mubarak rejected it and said , `` If I do what you ask , the fundamentalists will take over the government in Egypt . Do you want that ? '' Or when President Bill Clinton asked Yasser Arafat to establish democracy in Palestine in 2001 , Yasser Arafat also replied similarly . `` He said that in a democratic system Islamist Hamas will surely take control of the government in Palestine '' . Most secularist autocrats in the Middle East drew upon the risk of Islamism in order to justify their autocratic rule of government in the international arena ." ]

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[ "My Mother and Other Strangers is a 2016 British television drama series , written by Barry Devlin , made by BBC Northern Ireland with funding from Northern Ireland Screen . The story is set in 1943 during World War II , in a small village in Northern Ireland .", "Commissioning of the first series of five 60 - minute episodes for BBC1 was announced in May 2015 . The series began airing on the PBS network in the U.S. in June 2017 , as part of PBS ' Masterpiece series .", "My Mother and Other Strangers is set in 1943 during the Second World War in the fictional village of Moybeg , on the shores of Lough Neagh , Northern Ireland . The series centres on the Coyne family and their neighbours , as they come to terms with the influx of thousands of American servicemen of the USAAF Eighth Air Force into their small , rural community . The writer , Barry Devlin , who himself grew up in the small village of Ardboe on the shores of Lough Neagh , stated that he wanted to create an `` exotic love story '' set in the familiar surroundings of a place he recognised .", "The series has at its core the Coyne family , consisting of Rose Coyne ( Hattie Morahan ) , Michael Coyne ( Owen McDonnell ) and the Coynes ' three children , sixteen - year - old Emma ( Eileen O'Higgins ) , Francis , ten , and Kate , seven .", "Also central to the developing story across the five episodes is Captain Dreyfuss ( Aaron Staton ) , a USAAF liaison officer .", "The Coyne 's neighbours , the Hanlon family , are played by Des McAleer , Seamus O'Hara and Ryan McParland .", "Charles Lawson plays the parish doctor , Dr Black .", "Failey ( Kerr Logan ) is a local eel fisherman and boyfriend to Sally Quinn ( Fiona O'Shaughnessy ) who , along with her brother Barney ( Gavin Drea ) , works on the Coynes ' farm .", "The series is directed by Adrian Shergold .", "The executive producer is Stephen Wright , Head of Drama for BBC Northern Ireland .", "The producer is Grainne Marmion ." ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "`` Luck Be a Lady '' is a song written by Frank Loesser in 1950 and first performed by Robert Alda . The song was featured in the musical Guys and Dolls .", "The lyrics relate the point of view of a gambler , Sky Masterson , who hopes that he will win a bet , the outcome of which will decide whether or not he is able to save his relationship with the girl of his dreams .", "Marlon Brando sang the song in the 1955 film version . In 2004 that version finished at # 42 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema .", "Jack Jones recorded it for his 1964 album , Bewitched , arranged by Shorty Rogers .", "Later , it became a signature song for Frank Sinatra , first released on the compilation Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre and re-released on the album Sinatra ' 65 : The Singer Today . It was released as a duet with Chrissie Hynde on Duets II ( 1994 ) . The song was also recorded by Barbra Streisand for her album Back to Broadway , and appeared on The L Word 's soundtrack in episode 4.06 , where it was performed by Brian Setzer . Dee Snider performed it as a duet with Clay Aiken on Snider 's 2012 album Dee Does Broadway , while the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies recorded a version on their 2014 Rat Pack tribute Please Return the Evening .", "The song was parodied in the Simpsons episode `` Mayored to the Mob '' as `` Luke be a Jedi '' . It also has been used in the OST from The Cooler , a movie which deals with Casino life ( and also death ) in Las Vegas . It also had one line sung by the Doctor , in the Doctor Who episode `` Rose '' . The song features prominently in the film Mrs. Doubtfire when Robin Williams ' character , Daniel Hillard , is given a makeover to `` become '' a woman . The electronica group Fila Brazillia also references the song in the title of their album Luck Be a Weirdo Tonight .", "In December 2011 , Cîroc began airing an advertising campaign featuring Sean Combs and others in scenes reminiscent of the original Rat Pack , with a recording of Frank Sinatra singing `` Luck Be a Lady '' playing throughout the commercial as mood music ." ]

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[ "Water content or moisture content is the quantity of water contained in a material , such as soil ( called soil moisture ) , rock , ceramics , crops , or wood . Water content is used in a wide range of scientific and technical areas , and is expressed as a ratio , which can range from 0 ( completely dry ) to the value of the materials ' porosity at saturation . It can be given on a volumetric or mass ( gravimetric ) basis .", "Volumetric water content , θ , is defined mathematically as :", "θ = V w V wet ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta = ( \\ frac ( V_ ( w ) ) ( V_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) ) ) )", "θ = V w V wet ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta = ( \\ frac ( V_ ( w ) ) ( V_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) ) ) )", "where V w ( \\ displaystyle V_ ( w ) ) is the volume of water and V wet = V s + V w + V a ( \\ displaystyle V_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) = V_ ( s ) + V_ ( w ) + V_ ( a ) ) is equal to the total volume of the wet material , i.e. of the sum of the volume of solid host material ( e.g. , soil particles , vegetation tissue ) V s ( \\ displaystyle V_ ( s ) ) , of water V w ( \\ displaystyle V_ ( w ) ) , and of air V a ( \\ displaystyle V_ ( a ) ) .", "Gravimetric water content is expressed by mass ( weight ) as follows :", "u = m w m ( \\ displaystyle u = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( w ) ) ( m ) ) )", "u = m w m ( \\ displaystyle u = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( w ) ) ( m ) ) )", "where m w ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( w ) ) is the mass of water and m ( \\ displaystyle m ) is the mass of the substance . Normally the latter is taken before drying :", "u ′ = m w m wet ( \\ displaystyle u ' = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( w ) ) ( m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) ) ) )", "u ′ = m w m wet ( \\ displaystyle u ' = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( w ) ) ( m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) ) ) )", "except for woodworking , geotechnical and soil science applications where oven - dried material is used instead :", "u '' = m w m dry ( \\ displaystyle u ' ' = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( w ) ) ( m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) ) )", "u '' = m w m dry ( \\ displaystyle u ' ' = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( w ) ) ( m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) ) )", "To convert gravimetric water content to volumetric water content , multiply the gravimetric water content by the bulk specific gravity S G ( \\ displaystyle SG ) of the material :", "θ = u × S G ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta = u \\ times SG ) .", "θ = u × S G ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta = u \\ times SG ) .", "In soil mechanics and petroleum engineering the water saturation or degree of saturation , S w ( \\ displaystyle S_ ( w ) ) , is defined as", "S w = V w V v = V w V φ = θ φ ( \\ displaystyle S_ ( w ) = ( \\ frac ( V_ ( w ) ) ( V_ ( v ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( V_ ( w ) ) ( V \\ phi ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ theta ) ( \\ phi ) ) )", "S w = V w V v = V w V φ = θ φ ( \\ displaystyle S_ ( w ) = ( \\ frac ( V_ ( w ) ) ( V_ ( v ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( V_ ( w ) ) ( V \\ phi ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ theta ) ( \\ phi ) ) )", "where φ = V v / V ( \\ displaystyle \\ phi = V_ ( v ) / V ) is the porosity , in terms of the volume of void or pore space V v ( \\ displaystyle V_ ( v ) ) and the total volume of the substance V ( \\ displaystyle V ) . Values of S can range from 0 ( dry ) to 1 ( saturated ) . In reality , S never reaches 0 or 1 - these are idealizations for engineering use .", "The normalized water content , Θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Theta ) , ( also called effective saturation or S e ( \\ displaystyle S_ ( e ) ) ) is a dimensionless value defined by van Genuchten as :", "Θ = θ − θ r θ s − θ r ( \\ displaystyle \\ Theta = ( \\ frac ( \\ theta - \\ theta _ ( r ) ) ( \\ theta _ ( s ) - \\ theta _ ( r ) ) ) )", "Θ = θ − θ r θ s − θ r ( \\ displaystyle \\ Theta = ( \\ frac ( \\ theta - \\ theta _ ( r ) ) ( \\ theta _ ( s ) - \\ theta _ ( r ) ) ) )", "where θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta ) is the volumetric water content ; θ r ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta _ ( r ) ) is the residual water content , defined as the water content for which the gradient d θ / d h ( \\ displaystyle d \\ theta / dh ) becomes zero ; and , θ s ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta _ ( s ) ) is the saturated water content , which is equivalent to porosity , φ ( \\ displaystyle \\ phi ) .", "Water content can be directly measured using a known volume of the material , and a drying oven . Volumetric water content , θ , is calculated via the volume of water V w ( \\ displaystyle V_ ( w ) ) and the mass of water m w ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( w ) ) :", "V w = m w ρ w = m wet − m dry ρ w ( \\ displaystyle V_ ( w ) = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( w ) ) ( \\ rho _ ( w ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) - m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) ( \\ rho _ ( w ) ) ) )", "V w = m w ρ w = m wet − m dry ρ w ( \\ displaystyle V_ ( w ) = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( w ) ) ( \\ rho _ ( w ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) - m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) ( \\ rho _ ( w ) ) ) )", "m wet ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) ) and m dry ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) are the masses of the sample before and after drying in the oven ; ρ w ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho _ ( w ) ) is the density of water ; and", "m wet ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) ) and m dry ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) are the masses of the sample before and after drying in the oven ;", "ρ w ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho _ ( w ) ) is the density of water ; and", "For materials that change in volume with water content , such as coal , the water content , u , is expressed in terms of the mass of water per unit mass of the moist specimen :", "u ′ = m wet − m dry m wet ( \\ displaystyle u ' = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) - m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) ( m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) ) ) )", "u ′ = m wet − m dry m wet ( \\ displaystyle u ' = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) - m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) ( m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) ) ) )", "However , geotechnics requires the moisture content to be expressed with respect to the sample 's dry weight ( often as a percentage , i.e. % moisture content = u × 100 % )", "u '' = m wet − m dry m dry ( \\ displaystyle u ' ' = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) - m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) ( m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) ) )", "u '' = m wet − m dry m dry ( \\ displaystyle u ' ' = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( \\ text ( wet ) ) - m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) ( m_ ( \\ text ( dry ) ) ) ) )", "For wood , the convention is to report moisture content on oven - dry basis ( i.e. generally drying sample in an oven set at 105 deg Celsius for 24 hours ) . In wood drying , this is an important concept .", "Other methods that determine water content of a sample include chemical titrations ( for example the Karl Fischer titration ) , determining mass loss on heating ( perhaps in the presence of an inert gas ) , or after freeze drying . In the food industry the Dean - Stark method is also commonly used .", "From the Annual Book of ASTM ( American Society for Testing and Materials ) Standards , the total evaporable moisture content in Aggregate ( C 566 ) can be calculated with the formula :", "p = W − D W ( \\ displaystyle p = ( \\ frac ( W-D ) ( W ) ) )", "p = W − D W ( \\ displaystyle p = ( \\ frac ( W-D ) ( W ) ) )", "where p ( \\ displaystyle p ) is the fraction of total evaporable moisture content of sample , W ( \\ displaystyle W ) is the mass of the original sample , and D ( \\ displaystyle D ) is mass of dried sample .", "There are several geophysical methods available that can approximate in situ soil water content . These methods include : time - domain reflectometry ( TDR ) , neutron probe , frequency domain sensor , capacitance probe , amplitude domain reflectometry , electrical resistivity tomography , ground penetrating radar ( GPR ) , and others that are sensitive to the physical properties of water . Geophysical sensors are often used to monitor soil moisture continuously in agricultural and scientific applications .", "Satellite microwave remote sensing is used to estimate soil moisture based on the large contrast between the dielectric properties of wet and dry soil . The microwave radiation is not sensitive to atmospheric variables , and can penetrate through clouds . Also , microwave signal can penetrate , to a certain extent , the vegetation canopy and retrieve information from ground surface . The data from microwave remote sensing satellite such as : WindSat , AMSR - E , RADARSAT , ERS - 1 - 2 , Metop / ASCAT are used to estimate surface soil moisture .", "Moisture may be present as adsorbed moisture at internal surfaces and as capillary condensed water in small pores . At low relative humidities , moisture consists mainly of adsorbed water . At higher relative humidities , liquid water becomes more and more important , depending or not depending on the pore size can also be an influence of volume . In wood - based materials , however , almost all water is adsorbed at humidities below 98 % RH .", "In biological applications there can also be a distinction between physisorbed water and `` free '' water -- the physisorbed water being that closely associated with and relatively difficult to remove from a biological material . The method used to determine water content may affect whether water present in this form is accounted for . For a better indication of `` free '' and `` bound '' water , the water activity of a material should be considered .", "Water molecules may also be present in materials closely associated with individual molecules , as `` water of crystallization '' , or as water molecules which are static components of protein structure .", "In soil science , hydrology and agricultural sciences , water content has an important role for groundwater recharge , agriculture , and soil chemistry . Many recent scientific research efforts have aimed toward a predictive - understanding of water content over space and time . Observations have revealed generally that spatial variance in water content tends to increase as overall wetness increases in semiarid regions , to decrease as overall wetness increases in humid regions , and to peak under intermediate wetness conditions in temperate regions .", "There are four standard water contents that are routinely measured and used , which are described in the following table :", "Name Notation Suction pressure ( J / kg or kPa ) Typical water content ( vol / vol ) Conditions Saturated water content θ 0 0.2 -- 0.5 Fully saturated soil , equivalent to effective porosity Field capacity θ − 33 0.1 -- 0.35 Soil moisture 2 -- 3 days after a rain or irrigation Permanent wilting point θ or θ − 1500 0.01 -- 0.25 Minimum soil moisture at which a plant wilts Residual water content θ − ∞ 0.001 -- 0.1 Remaining water at high tension", "Name Notation Suction pressure ( J / kg or kPa ) Typical water content ( vol / vol ) Conditions", "Saturated water content θ 0 0.2 -- 0.5 Fully saturated soil , equivalent to effective porosity", "Field capacity θ − 33 0.1 -- 0.35 Soil moisture 2 -- 3 days after a rain or irrigation", "Permanent wilting point θ or θ − 1500 0.01 -- 0.25 Minimum soil moisture at which a plant wilts", "Residual water content θ − ∞ 0.001 -- 0.1 Remaining water at high tension", "And lastly the available water content , θ , which is equivalent to :", "θ ≡ θ − θ", "θ ≡ θ − θ", "which can range between 0.1 in gravel and 0.3 in peat .", "When a soil becomes too dry , plant transpiration drops because the water is increasingly bound to the soil particles by suction . Below the wilting point plants are no longer able to extract water . At this point they wilt and cease transpiring altogether . Conditions where soil is too dry to maintain reliable plant growth is referred to as agricultural drought , and is a particular focus of irrigation management . Such conditions are common in arid and semi-arid environments .", "Some agriculture professionals are beginning to use environmental measurements such as soil moisture to schedule irrigation . This method is referred to as smart irrigation or soil cultivation .", "In saturated groundwater aquifers , all available pore spaces are filled with water ( volumetric water content = porosity ) . Above a capillary fringe , pore spaces have air in them too .", "Most soils have a water content less than porosity , which is the definition of unsaturated conditions , and they make up the subject of vadose zone hydrogeology . The capillary fringe of the water table is the dividing line between saturated and unsaturated conditions . Water content in the capillary fringe decreases with increasing distance above the phreatic surface .", "One of the main complications which arises in studying the vadose zone , is the fact that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is a function of the water content of the material . As a material dries out , the connected wet pathways through the media become smaller , the hydraulic conductivity decreasing with lower water content in a very non-linear fashion .", "A water retention curve is the relationship between volumetric water content and the water potential of the porous medium . It is characteristic for different types of porous medium . Due to hysteresis , different wetting and drying curves may be distinguished ." ]

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[ "The Malaysian and Indonesian are both standardised registers of Malay language in Malaysia and Indonesia , respectively . Both languages are generally mutually intelligible , yet there are differences in spelling , grammar , pronunciation and vocabulary , as well as the predominant source of loanwords . The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another , to those having a closer familial resemblance . The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict , especially in higher education .", "To non-native speakers the two varieties may seem identical , but to native speakers the differences are noticeable through both diction and accent . They affect the broadcasting industry with regard to foreign language subtitling , for example , in DVD movies and on cable TV . In order to reach a wider audience , both Indonesian and Malay subtitles are sometimes displayed in a movie , along with other language subtitles . Another example is Malaysian TV providing Malay subtitling on Indonesian sinetrons ( TV dramas ) aired in Malaysia , and vice versa .", "The Malay language in Indonesia and Malaysia also differs in recognition , where in Malaysia it enjoys status as the national language ( Malaysian language ) , while in Indonesia it is considered as a regional language in Malay - speaking areas such as the eastern coast of Sumatra and West Kalimantan . The term `` Malay language '' ( Bahasa Melayu ) in Indonesia and Malaysia invites different perceptions from its respective people . To Malaysians , the Malay language is generally understood as the national language of Malaysia , with Malaysian language ( Bahasa Malaysia ) being the standardized register of Malay in the country . Between 1986 and 2007 , the term Bahasa Melayu was used instead of Bahasa Malaysia , until the latter was reinstated , in order to instill a sense of belonging among Malaysians of all races , rather than just Malays . Therefore , there was no clear distinction between the use of the term Malay ( Bahasa Melayu ) and the national language of Malaysia ( Bahasa Malaysia ) . In Brunei , where Malay is also an official language , the language is known as Bahasa Melayu and in English as `` Malay '' .", "In Indonesia , however , there is a clear distinction between `` Malay language '' ( Bahasa Melayu ) and `` Indonesian '' ( Bahasa Indonesia ) . Indonesian is the national language which serves as the unifying language of Indonesia . The term `` Malay '' is reserved for the language indigenous to the Malay people . Thus , `` Malay '' is considered a regional language in Indonesia , enjoying the same status as Javanese , Bataknese , Sundanese , Buginese , Balinese and others . Moreover , to some Indonesians , the term `` Malay '' is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian national language .", "In Malaysia , the terms `` Indonesian Malay '' and `` Malaysian Malay '' are sometimes used for Indonesian and Malaysian as spoken in Malaysia . In Indonesia , `` Indonesian Malay '' refers to the Malay spoken by the Malay peoples of Indonesia , that is , to Malay as a regional language in Sumatra , though it is rarely used . Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Melayu are used interchangeably in reference to Malay in Malaysia .", "Before the 20th century , Malay was written in a local modified form of the Arabic alphabet known as Jawi . During the 20th century , Malay written with Roman letters , known as Rumi , almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life . The romanisations originally used in Malaya ( now part of Malaysia ) and the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) reflected their past history as British and Dutch colonial possessions respectively . In Malaya , the romanisation of Malay , devised by Richard Wilkinson was influenced by English , whereas in the Dutch East Indies , the system devised by C.A. Van Ophuijsen was influenced by Dutch . As a result , in Indonesia , the vowel in the English word ' moon ' was formerly represented oe , as in Dutch , although the official spelling of this sound was changed to u in 1947 when the Republican Spelling System was used .", "Similarly , until 1972 , the initial consonant of the English ' chin ' was represented in Malaysia as ch , whereas in Indonesia , it continued to follow Dutch and used tj . Hence the word for ' grandchild ' used to be written as chuchu in Malaysia and tjoetjoe in Indonesia , until a unified spelling system was introduced in 1972 ( known in Indonesia as Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan or the ' Perfected Spelling ' ) which removed most differences between the two varieties : Malay ch and Indonesian tj became c : hence cucu . Indonesia abandoned the spelling dj ( for the consonant at the beginning of the word ' Jakarta ' ) to conform to the j already in use in Malaysia , while the old Indonesian j for the semivowel at the beginning of the English ' young ' , was replaced with y as in Malaysia . Likewise , the velar fricative which occurs in many Arabic loanwords , which used to be written ' ch ' in Indonesian , became kh in both languages . However , oe was retained in some proper names , such as the name of the first President , Sukarno ( written as Soekarno ) , and his successor Suharto , ( written as Soeharto ) . The ch and dj letter combinations are still encountered in names such as Achmad and Djojo ( pronounced as Akhmad and Joyo respectively ) , although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured .", "Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malay standards , a number of minor spelling differences remain , usually for historical reasons . For instance , the word for ' money ' is written as wang in Malaysia , but uang in Indonesia , the word for ' try ' is written as cuba in Malaysia , but coba in Indonesia , the word for ' because ' is written as kerana in Malaysia , but karena in Indonesia , while the word for ' cake ' is written as kuih in Malaysia , but kue in Indonesia . One notable difference in punctuation between the two languages is the use of different decimal marks ; Indonesian , influenced by Dutch , uses the decimal comma , whereas Malay , influenced by English , uses the decimal point .", "Pronunciation also tends to be very different , with East Malaysia , Brunei and East Indonesia pronouncing words in a form called Bahasa Baku , where the words are pronounced as spelt. and enunciation tends to be clipped , staccato and faster than on the Malay Peninsula , which is spoken at a more languorous pace . Many vowels are pronounced ( and were formerly spelt ) differently in Peninsular Malaysia , Singapore and Sumatra : tujuh is pronounced ( and was spelt ) tujoh , pilih as pileh , etc. , and many final a 's tend to be pronounced as schwas ; ( e ) and ( o ) are also allophones of / i / and / u / in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian , Singaporean and Sumatran varieties of Malay .", "Indonesian differs from Malaysian in the quantity of loanwords from Javanese , Dutch and other languages . For example , the word for ' post office ' in Malaysia is `` pejabat pos '' ( in Indonesia this means ' post officer ' ) , whereas in Indonesia it is `` kantor pos '' , from the Dutch word for office , kantoor . There are also some Portuguese influences : in Indonesia , Christmas is known as `` Natal '' , whereas Malaysia uses `` Krismas '' , derived from English ( or in some cases also `` Natal '' , due to Indonesian influence ) . Pronunciation of some loanwords in Standard Malay follows English , while some in Indonesian follows Dutch , for example Malay `` televisyen '' ( from English : television ) and Indonesian `` televisi '' ( from Dutch : televisie ) , the `` - syen '' and `` - si '' also prevail in some other words . There are also instances where the Malaysian version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian version takes its cue from Latin . The Latin preference of the ( older ) Indonesian intellectuals in these instances may be ascribed to the influence of their classical - oriented education when Gymnasium schools were established during the Dutch colonial period : compare Malay kualiti , kuantiti , majoriti , minoriti and universiti with Indonesian kualitas , kuantitas , mayoritas , minoritas and universitas .", "Some words which are spelt the same in both languages may even carry entirely different meanings in the other language , potentially leading to humorous or embarrassing situations : while baja means `` steel '' in Indonesian , in Malaysian it means `` fertiliser '' . Also , whereas the Indonesian word butuh means `` require '' or `` need '' , in Malaysian , it is a vulgar slang term equivalent to `` cunt / cock '' . Conversely , where the word `` banci '' seems innocuous enough in Malaysia ( `` census '' ) , in Indonesia it is a derogatory term for `` transvestite '' .", "The relatively large share of Islamic ( Arabic or Persian ) loan words shared by Malaysian and Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage , although some forms may have developed a ( slightly ) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malaysian or in Indonesian , e.g. khidmat , wakil ( see below ) .", "English Malaysian Indonesian abolition pemansuhan penghapusan , abolisi abortion pengguguran aborsi , pengguguran ( of a fetus ) abroad luar negara luar negeri accessibility kebolehcapaian , ketercapaian keterjangkauan , ketercapaian , aksesibilitas account ( bank , bills ) akaun rekening ( from Dutch -- only used in the bank ) , akun ( used in all term of account excluding bank account ) accountability kebertanggungjawapan , akauntabliti akuntabilitas , pertanggungjawaban accountant akauntan akuntan accounting perakaunan akuntansi accurate tepat tepat , akurat influenced by Dutch accuraat administration pentadbiran administrasi after selepas , setelah selepas , sesudah , setelah ( also used in Malay to indicate consecutive actions ) afternoon petang sore , petang agent ejen , agen agen air force tentera udara angkatan udara airport lapangan terbang ( ' airfield ' in Indonesian ) bandar udara ( bandara ) Algeria Algeria Aljazair from Arabic al - Jazā'ir alliance perikatan , persekutuan , pakatan aliansi ( influenced by Dutch alliantie ) , persekutuan alloy pancalogam , aloi logam paduan , logam campuran , aloi apartment pangsapuri , rumah pangsa , rumah kondo ( only for ' condominium ' ) apartemen ( influenced by Dutch appartement ) , rumah susun ( rusun ) ( public housing for poor family ) , kondominium application ( software ) perisian penggunaan , aplikasi perangkat lunak , aplikasi architecture seni bina arsitektur ( influenced by Dutch architectuur ) archive arkib arsip from Dutch archief area kawasan daerah , area , kawasan armed forces tentera tentara , angkatan bersenjata army tentera darat angkatan darat assembly majlis , perhimpunan ( from the root verb ' himpun ' meaning ' to gather / assemble ' ) majelis , himpunan , perhimpunan assets aset harta , aset , aktiva ( from Dutch activa ) association persatuan asosiasi ( from Dutch associatie ) , persatuan , perkumpulan assumption andaian , anggapan asumsi , anggapan , dugaan astronaut angkasawan antariksawan , astronot Athens Athens Athena ( influenced by Dutch Athene or from native Greek Athina ) athletics ( sport ) olahraga ( ' sport ' in Indonesian ) atletik auction lelong from Portuguese leilão lelang also from Portuguese leilão August Ogos Agustus from Dutch augustus auntie makcik ( also used in Riau Malay dialect in Indonesia ) , emak saudara , ibu saudara bibi , tante from Dutch autobiography autobiografi autobiografi , otobiografi is a substandard spelling automatic automatik ( formerly otomatik ) otomatis ( derived from Dutch pronunciation of automatisch ) autonomy autonomi otonomi ( Self - governing ) awkward janggal ; kekok ( of gesture ) aneh , janggal ; canggung , kikuk ( of gesture ) backpack beg sandang ( literally `` sling bag '' ) ransel ( from Dutch ) tas punggung backstage ( of a theater or studio ) belakang tabir belakang layar ( literally `` back screen / behind the screen '' ) , belakang panggung bag beg tas from Dutch baseband jalur asas pita dasar basin ( wash basin / sink ) besen wastafel ( from Dutch , lit . washing table ) basket ( ball ) keranjang bola basket basket ( in general ) bakul keranjang because kerana , sebab karena , sebab bed katil matras influenced by Dutch matras , tempat tidur , ranjang , kasur Belgium Belgium Belgia influenced by Dutch België Belgrade Belgrade Beograd belt ( of a seat ) tali keledar sabuk bicycle basikal sepeda ( influenced by French velocipede ) bill ( legislation ) rang undang - undang rancangan undang - undang , legislasi billboard papan iklan baliho supposedly from English ballyhoo ( in English it means extravagant publicity or fuss ) papan iklan , papan reklame from Dutch reclame ( advertisement ) billion seribu juta , bilion miliar ( from Dutch miljard ) binary perduaan biner ( from Dutch binaire ) bishop biskop , bisyop uskup board ( company ) lembaga ' agency ' in Indonesian dewan bonnet , hood ( of a car ) bonet , bumbung , hud kap from Dutch boot , trunk ( of a car ) but bagasi Britain Britain Britania ( influenced by Dutch Brittannië ) Brussels Brussels Brussel ( influenced by Dutch ) Bucharest Bucharest Bukarest bucket ; pail baldi ember from Dutch emmer bus bas bus , bis substandard , influenced by Dutch pronunciation bus station stesen bas terminal bus bus stop perhentian bas pemberhentian bus , halte bus from Dutch bushalte business perniagaan , bisnes perniagaan ( less commonly used ) , bisnis Cairo Kaherah from Arabic Al - Qahirah Kairo Cambodia Kemboja Kamboja Cameroon Cameroon Kamerun camp kem kamp ( reflects Dutch pronunciation ) campaign kempen kampanye ( from Dutch campagne ( a French loanword ) ) can ( to be able ) boleh , dapat bisa , dapat , cancer kanser , barah kanker from Dutch capacitor pemuat , kapasitor kondensator , kapasitor capital city ibu negara ibu kota car kereta ( means carriage in Indonesian , commonly used as a shorthand for kereta api , which means train . Malay followed English derivation of car which was a contraction of horseless carriage ) mobil ( from Dutch / mid-English automobile ) card kad kartu from Dutch kaart career kerjaya , karier karier Caribbean Caribbean Karibia carrot lobak merah wortel from Dutch case kes kasus , hal cash wang tunai uang tunai , kas cashier juruwang kasir , from Dutch kassier juru uang ( rare ) cavalry pasukan berkuda pasukan berkuda , kavaleri cement simen semen censor tapisan ( means `` filter '' in Indonesian ) sensor census banci ( means `` transvestite '' in Indonesian ) sensus , cacah , Banci ( never been used in Indonesia , available in Indonesian Dictionary KBBI ) centipede lipan kelabang , lipan central pusat pusat , sentral , tengah chaos ( theory ) teori kekacauan teori kekacauan chilli cili , lada ( ' pepper ' in Indonesian ) , cabai ( used in the northern states of Malaysia ) cabai , lombok China China Tionghoa ( standard term for Chinese people ) , Tiongkok ( Republik Rakyat Tiongkok : official name of the People 's Republic of China ) , Cina ( standard , still in common use but discouraged due to possible racist connotations . See Shina for further information . ) , China ( substandard ) Christmas Krismas , Natal Natal from Portuguese cinema panggung wayang bergambar ( more popularly abbreviated as pawagam ) , panggung wayang bioskop from Dutch bioscoop circuit litar sirkuit city bandar , bandaraya big city , kota kota , bandar ( a city in the sea shore or port city in Indonesian ) civil awam ( In Indonesian , it means `` not expert '' ) , sivil sipil claim tuntutan ( means `` sue '' in Indonesian ) klaim clarification penjernihan ( to make something , e.g. water , clear in Indonesian ) klarifikasi , penjelasan clause ( legal ) fasal ( equivalent term in Indonesian is pasal ) ayat , klausul club ( association ) kelab klub , perkumpulan infrequent coach ( carriage ) koc gerbong coat kot jas from Dutch jas cockroach lipas lipas , kecoa from the Chinese Min Nan ka chuah college kolej , maktab kampus , kolese , kolegium Cologne Cologne Köln , Koeln Colombia Colombia Kolombia comment ulasan , komen ulasan ( can be including review , interpretation and comment ) , komentar ( from Dutch commentaar ) commission suruhanjaya komisi ( from Dutch commissie ) commissioner pesuruhjaya komisaris ( from Dutch commissaris ) , komisioner committee jawatankuasa komite panitia commonwealth komanwel persemakmuran Comoros Comoros Komoro company syarikat perusahaan , firma , maskapai ( from Dutch maatschappij -- almost exclusively used to refer to airline companies , i.e. maskapai penerbangan ) compiler penyusun penyusun , kompilator complaint aduan aduan , keluhan , komplain conclusion kesimpulan ; konklusi ( rare ) kesimpulan , konklusi ( from Dutch conclusie ) condensation pemeluwapan , pengembunan , pencecairan kondensasi ( from Dutch condensatie ) , pengembunan conference persidangan konferensi ( from Dutch conferentie ) , sidang confirmation pengesahan konfirmasi , pengesahan of a document , kepastian of a decision conflict pertikaian konflik , pertentangan , pertikaian Congo Congo Kongo conservation ( movement ) pemuliharaan ; konservasi ( rare ) konservasi , pelestarian ( of animals and plants ) constitution of a country perlembagaan undang - undang dasar ( influenced by Dutch grondwet ( `` basic law '' ) ) , konstitusi ( from Dutch constitutie ) construction pembinaan pembangunan ( of building ) , pembinaan ( of moral ) , konstruksi ( from Dutch constructie ) consumption perbelanjaan konsumsi ( from Dutch consumptie ) , pemakaian , penggunaan contamination pencemaran pencemaran , kontaminasi continuous selanjar berkesinambungan , berlanjut , kontinu conversion penukaran ( mean `` exchange '' in Indonesia ) konversi ( from Dutch conversie ) , perubahan corporation perbadanan korporasi ( from Dutch corporatie ) , badan usaha , perusahaan corruption rasuah ; korupsi ( rare ) korupsi ( from Dutch corruptie ) , rasuah ( non-standard ) Costa Rica Costa Rica Kosta Rika counter kaunter loket from Dutch , konter / kaunter non-standard country negara negara , negeri in Malaysia , negeri usually refers to a state within a federation court mahkamah pengadilan , mahkamah cracker keropok kerupuk criminal jenayah penjahat , kriminal , ahli pidana ( ahli pidana is criminal law expert ) Croatia Croatia Kroasia crucial genting krusial , penting , genting Cuba Cuba Kuba cupboard almari ( from Portuguese armário ) lemari also from armário current ( adjective , of time ) semasa saat ini , kini , terkini , aktual ( from Dutch actueel ) current affairs hal ehwal semasa aktualitas , peristiwa terkini curtain langsir ( In Indonesian , langsir is train wagon arrangement . ) , tirai tirai , gorden ( from Dutch gordijn ) customs ( authority ) kastam pabean refers to the administrative institution , bea dan cukai ( bea - cukai ) lit . tariff - and - tax , duty cute comel imut , menggemaskan , lucu Cyprus Cyprus Siprus Czech Republic Republik Czech ( Republik ) Ceko dandruff kelemumur ketombe December Disember Desember ( influenced by Dutch december ) decimal perpuluhan ( In Indonesian , perpuluhan means tithe . ) desimal ( from Dutch decimale ) , persepuluhan ( rare ) decree dekri surat keputusan , dekrit ( from Dutch decreet ) degree ( of temperature ) darjah derajat delicious , tasty lazat , sedap , enak lezat , enak , sedap democratic demokratik demokratis ( from Dutch demokratisch note : `` democratic republic '' ( in country names ) translates as republik demokratik , such as in Republik Demokratik Kongo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo ) ) department jabatan ( ' occupation ' in Indonesian ) departemen , jurusan ( for department in university ) departure pelepasan keberangkatan , kepergian depression ( psychological ) kemurungan ( In Indonesian , kemurungan means `` sadness '' . ) depresi ( from Dutch depressie ) deputy timbalan wakil , deputi , timbalan ( rare ) design reka bentuk desain , kerangka bentuk , rancangan detail terperinci detail , detil ( substandard ) , perincian , rinci ( substandard ) dialect loghat dialek , logat detection pengesana pelacakan , deteksi different -- difference beza , berbeza -- perbezaan beda , berbeda -- perbedaan diocese kawasan uskup , keuskupan keuskupan director pengarah direktur from Dutch ( and French ) directeur , sutradara ( of a film ) from Sanskrit ( through Javanese ) , pengarah ( for an event ) discount diskaun , rebat , potongan harga diskon , rabat , potongan harga , korting from Dutch , less frequent discussion perbincangan , diskusi pembicaraan , perbincangan , diskusi ( from Dutch discussie ) disinfectant penyahjangkit disinfektan , sucihama domestic dalam negara dalam negeri , domestik driver pemandu means guide in Indonesian sopir from French chauffeur through Dutch , pengemudi formal driver 's license ( U.S. ) driving licence ( UK ) lesen memandu surat izin mengemudi ( SIM ) drugs ( illegal ) dadah ( colloquial use in Indonesia means `` goodbye '' . ) narkoba ( an acronym for NARKotika dan OBat - obatan terlArang ( narcotics and illegal drugs ) ) , NAPZA ( less frequent -- an acronym for NArkotika , Psikotropika dan Zat - zat Adiktif ( narcotics , psychotropics , and addictive chemical substances ) ) Dutch East Indies Hindia Timur Belanda Hindia - Belanda duty ( economics ) duti , cukai bea , cukai e-mail e-mel surel ( standard , shortened of surat elektronik ( electronic mail ) ) , email ( rarely used in everyday spelling , often used on online spelling ( e.g. website - based registration or social account ) ) Easter Easter , Paskah strictly used for Jewish Passover Paskah from Portuguese Pascoa Ecuador Ecuador Ekuador editor penyunting editor , penyunting , redaktur ( from French rédacteur through Dutch -- refers to editors of mass printed media ) editorial ( board ) kakitangan editorial redaksi ( from Dutch redactie ) , editorial effectiveness keberkesanan keampuhan , keefektifan , efektivitas ( from Dutch effectiviteit ) efficiency kecekapan efisiensi , kedayagunaan , kemangkusan Eid ul - Fitr Hari Raya Aidilfitri Hari Raya Idulfitri -- Idul Fitri substandard spelling , but common , Lebaran colloquial -- from Javanese eight lapan used as colloquial abbreviation in Indonesian delapan used in Malaysia before the spelling reform elasticity ( economy ) keanjalan bingkas , elastisitas electricity tenaga elektrik lit . electric energy listrik , kelistrikan , setrum ( from Dutch stroom ) embargo ( political ) sekatan ( In Indonesian , it means `` obstacle '' or `` room which separated with partition '' ) boikot , embargo emergency kecemasan ( used for anxiety or `` too anxious '' ( condition ) in Indonesian . ) darurat ( from Arabic -- also used in Malaysia to express a state of emergency ) , kegawatan emperor maharaja kaisar ( from Dutch keizer ) , maharaja ( from Sanskrit ) empire empayar kekaisaran , imperium enamel enamel email ( from Dutch emaille ) energy tenaga energi , tenaga ( for `` power '' ) engine enjin mesin , motor sub-standard England negeri Inggeris Inggris eraser getah pemadam penghapus erosion hakisan pengikisan , erosi ( from Dutch erosie ) escalator tangga gerak tangga berjalan , eskalator estimation jangkaan , anggaran perkiraan , dugaan , estimasi Europe Eropah Eropa , Europa ( substandard ) evacuation pemindahan ( In Indonesian , it means `` translocation '' or `` relocation '' . ) pengungsian , evakuasi ( from Dutch evacuatie ) evaluation penilaian penilaian , evaluasi ( from Dutch evaluatie ) evening teja sore petang excess lebihan kelebihan , berlebihan , ekses excretion perkumuhan ekskresi , pembuangan kotoran execution ( death sentence ) hukuman mati eksekusi ( from Dutch executie ) , ( peng ) hukuman mati exhaust ( pipe ) ekzos knalpot ( from Dutch , in which it also means `` muffler '' ) exploration penjelajahan , eksplorasi eksplorasi , penjelajahan export eksport ekspor expose pendedahan paparan , ekspos , pendedahan extinct pupus padam ( of flame or light ) , punah ( of species ) , pupus ( loss of hope ) faculty fakulti fakultas , fakulteit ( obsolete , from Dutch ) facility kemudahan , fasiliti kemudahan , fasilitas faction ( politics ) puak faksi , fraksi from Dutch fractie factory kilang ( ' refinery ' in Indonesian ) pabrik from Dutch fabriek federal persekutuan federal federation persekutuan ( related to `` alliance '' in Indonesian ) federasi from Dutch federatie , serikat fermentation fermentasi , peragian fermentasi , peragian , penapaian financial kewangan keuangan , finansial from Dutch financieel Finland Finland Finlandia firefighter squad bomba pemadam kebakaran ( lit . fire extinguisher ) , branwir ( from Dutch brandweer ( fire defense ) ) flash drive pemacu kilat flash drive , penggerak kilat floor , level ( storey ) tingkat may be used in Indonesian to express the number of storeys / levels a building has , e.g. a 5 - storey building = gedung bertingkat 5 , or to emphasize British floor numbering , e.g. tingkat satu means first floor ( UK ) , second floor ( US ) in both languages , aras ( used to emphasize American floor numbering , e.g. aras dua = tingkat satu lantai also refers to floor as ground surface in both languages , emphasizes American floor numbering , tingkat emphasizes British floor numbering , e.g. lantai dua = tingkat satu football bola sepak sepakbola form ( document ) borang formulir from Dutch formulier , borang ( substandard ) free ( of charge ) percuma in Indonesian means `` worthless '' gratis from Dutch , cuma - cuma , cecuma ( substandard ) fungus kulat , fungus fungi ( commonly has got misconception as : jamur ) furniture perabot rumah , perkakas rumah ( In Indonesian , perkakas means equipment . mebel from Dutch meubelen , perabot rumah tangga , furnitur fusion pelakuran fusi , penggabungan , peleburan gangster samseng geng , preman from Dutch vrijman ( lit . free - man ) , gangster from English garage garaj garasi influenced by Dutch pronunciation garrison garrison garnisun from Dutch garnizoen gear gear roda gigi influenced by Dutch tandwiel , literally `` tooth wheel '' gearbox kotak gear persneling from Dutch versnelling , girboks , transmisi general ( military ) jeneral jenderal from Dutch generaal ginger halia jahe Global Positioning System Sistem Kedudukan Sejagat Sistem Pemosisian Global goal keeper penjaga gol / penjaga gawang kiper , penjaga gawang golf club ( stick ) kayu golf stik golf , pemukul golf , tongkat golf government kerajaan derived from raja ( king ) -- used in Malaysia and Brunei -- in Indonesian means `` kingdom '' pemerintah derived from perintah ( order / instruction ) -- also used in Singapore , which , like Singapore , is a republic governor gabenor , Yang di - Pertua Negeri ( in Malaysian states ) gubernur from Dutch gouverneur gradation pemeringkatan gradasi , pemberian tingkat ( pemeringkatan ) graduate siswazah , sarjana lulusan , sarjana grandfather datuk kakek Greece Greece of recent use , Yunani Yunani from Arabic Yūnān يُونَان gross financial kasar bruto from Dutch , kasar group sekumpulan , kumpulan kelompok , grup from Dutch pronunciation of groep , ( per ) kumpulan , ( per ) himpunan guarantee jaminan jaminan , garansi from Dutch pronunciation of garantie half past one pukul satu setengah ( one thirty ) pukul setengah dua ( thirty to two ) hammer tukul palu , martil from Portugue martelo head office ibu pejabat `` ibu '' also means `` mother '' or `` ma'am '' in both languages . kantor pusat `` kantor '' -- from Dutch kantoor ( office ) headscarf , hijab tudung kerudung , jilbab though these words have different meaning healthy sihat sehat herb herba jamu often understood as traditional potion made from rhizomes , also means `` guest '' ( `` tamu '' ) and `` treat the guest '' ( `` menjamu '' ). , herbal hexadecimal perenambelasan heksadesimal hospital hospital rumah sakit influenced by Dutch ziekenhuis ( `` house of the sick '' ) -- This term is still used in Brunei , but in Malaysia , `` hospital '' has replaced the term completely since the 1960s . Hungary Hungary Hungaria , Hongaria substandard , influenced by Dutch Hongarije hybrid ( biology ) kacukan blasteran , hibrida saya , aku saya , aku , gue / gua ( slang ; from Chinese dialects `` ua '' ) ice ais es Iceland Iceland Islandia image citra , imej ( of reputation ) , gambar ( pictorial image ) citra ( of reputation ) , gambar ( pictorial image ) imagination imaginasi imajinasi immigration imigresen imigrasi from Dutch immigratie import import impor impotence mati pucuk , impotensi , lemah syahwat impotensi from Dutch impotentie , lemah syahwat colloquial impotent kemandulan impotensi , kemandulan incineration penunuan pembakaran , insinerasi Indian Ocean Lautan Hindi Samudra Hindia inductor peraruh , induktor ( rare ) induktor information maklumat informasi , from Dutch informatie , maklumat ( `` announcement '' , `` knowledge '' ) , penerangan injection suntikan suntikan , injeksi ink dakwat from Arabic tinta from Dutch tinte , dawat ( archaic ) installment ( payment ) ansuran angsuran , cicilan instant segera ( means `` soon '' in Indonesia ) seketika , instan insurance insurans asuransi from Dutch assurantie intelligence ( spying ) risikan ( means ' secret investigation ' in Indonesia ) intelijen , tilik sandi international antarabangsa internasional , antarnegara , ( sometimes used : mancanegara from Javanese meaning : foreign land ) internet café kafe internet , kafe cyber warnet an acronym for `` WARung interNET '' ( internet shop / café ) intervention campur tangan , intervensi campur tangan , intervensi introspection kaji diri , introspeksi ( rare ) introspeksi , mawas diri invasion penyerangan , penjajahan ( means colonialism in Indonesian ) , invasi invasi , penaklukan investment pelaburan investasi , penanaman modal Iraq Iraq Irak Ireland Ireland Irlandia irrigation pengairan irigasi , pengairan Italy Itali Italia from Italian Japan Jepun from Chinese dialect Jepang , Jepun ( archaic ) Jordan ( country ) Jordan Yordania from Dutch Jordanië journalist wartawan wartawan , jurnalis July Julai Juli from Dutch juli June Jun Juni from Dutch juni ketchup kicap ( Indonesian equivalent , kecap , means soy sauce . ) saus tomat from French sauce tomate lane lorong ( mean alley in Indonesian ) lajur lawyer peguam advokat from Dutch advocaat , pengacara ( means ' master of ceremony ' in Malay . ) , peguam ( rare ) Lebanon Lubnan from Arabic Lebanon , Libanon influenced by Dutch legislative perundangan ( In Indonesian , it means legislation . ) , legislatif legislatif liability liabiliti kewajiban licence lesen izin , lisensi from Dutch licentie lieutenant leftenan ( influenced by British English pronunciation ) letnan lift , elevator lif lift liquidity ( economy ) kecairan likuiditas Lisbon Lisbon Lisboa from Portuguese , Lisabon influenced by Dutch Lissabon list senarai daftar , senarai local tempatan lokal , setempat Luxembourg Luxembourg Luksemburg influenced by Dutch / German Luxemburg Macau Macau Makau Macedonia , Republic of Republik Macedonia Republik Makedonia magistrate majistret hakim from Arabic حَكِم -- used in Malaysian to refer to judges , magistrat less common Maldives Maldives Maladewa male lelaki , laki - laki , jantan ( for animals , depending on the context , it can mean masculine or used as a derogatory term on men ) laki - laki , pria , lelaki , jantan ( on animals , used on men to describe masculinity ) malfunction kerosakan , malfungsi , pincang tugas kerusakan , malafungsi malpractice penyelewengan ( mean `` misappropriation '' in Indonesian ) malapraktik management pengurusan manajemen , pengurusan manager pengurus manajer , pengurus manufacturing pengilangan manufaktur March ( month ) Mac Maret influenced by Dutch maart mass jisim massa , kelembaman ( inertia ) mathematics matematik , ilmu hisab matematika , ilmu hitung , ilmu hisab only used in Islamic text book matter jirim materi mattress tilam kasur , matras , tilam mean ( verb ) bererti berarti mediation pengantaraan ( In Indonesian , it means `` broking '' ) penengah , mediasi medicine ubat obat memory card kad ingatan / kad memori kartu memori mental arithmetic congak aritmetika cepat , congak Mexico Mexico Meksiko mile batu ( mean `` stone '' in Indonesian ) mil military tentera , ketenteraan , militari militer ( from French militaire through Dutch militair ) , kemiliteran , ketentaraan minibus bas mini bis mini , minibus minute minit menit mobile phone , cellphone telefon bimbit telepon seluler ( ponsel ) , telepon genggam , handphone ( HP ) ( colloquial ) Monaco Monaco Monako Monday Isnin Senin money wang , duit uang , duit ( colloquial ) Morocco Maghribi from Arabic Maroko mortgage gadai janji hipotek from Dutch hypotheek , gadai Moscow Moscow Moskwa , Moskow motorcycle motosikal sepeda motor lit . `` motorized bicycle '' -- influenced by Dutch motorfiets , motor ( informal ) Mozambique Mozambique Mozambik Mrs . Puan Ibu , Nyonya ( Ny . ) music muzik musik naked bogel , telanjang telanjang , bugil ( colloquial ) natural semulajadi alami , natural navigation pandu arah , navigasi navigasi navy tentera laut angkatan laut negotiation perundingan perundingan , negosiasi network rangkaian ( means series in Indonesian ) jaringan , jejaring New Zealand New Zealand Selandia Baru newspaper surat khabar coined from two Arabic words : ṣūrat -- صورة / صورت ( form , appearance ) and khabar خبر ( news ) surat kabar ( more formal -- lit . news letter ) , koran ( from French courant through Dutch , become Krant in modern Dutch , but Koerant in Afrikaans ) Nicosia Nicosia Nikosia nil nil nol from Dutch nul noisy bising , kecoh in Indonesian means `` disturb '' or `` distract '' , memekak berisik , ribut , ramai , bising Norway Norway Norwegia number nombor angka , nomor -- nomer substandard spelling from Dutch / German nummer nurse jururawat perawat , suster from Dutch zuster ocean lautan samudra , lautan Oceania Oceania Oseania octal perlapanan oktal office pejabat kantor ( from Dutch kantoor ) officer pegawai , kaki tangan ( a negative connotation usually means accomplice in criminal activity in Indonesian ) pejabat official ( adj . ) rasmi ( from Arabo - Persian rasmi رَسمِي ) resmi ( also from rasmi ) Olympic Olimpik Olimpiade opposition pembangkang opposisi , pembangkang ( in mean of `` defiance '' ) option pilihan , opsyen ( rare ) pilihan , opsi orange ( colour ) jingga , oren jingga , oranye ( from Dutch oranje ) orange ( fruit ) oren , limau jeruk , limau order order , perintah perintah , orde ( from Dutch ) organization pertubuhan , organisasi organisasi oscillation ayunan osilasi , ayunan oven ketuhar oven Pacific Ocean Lautan Pasifik , Lautan Teduh Samudra Pasifik , Lautan Pasifik Palestine Palestin Palestina papaya ( buah ) betik ( buah ) pepaya Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Papua Nugini parallel selari parallel parliament parlimen parlemen ( from Franco - Dutch parlement ) party ( political ) parti partai ( from Dutch partij ) passport pasport paspor patient pesakit In Indonesian , this means convict pasien patrol ronda patroli ( for police and military ) ( from Dutch patrolie ) , ronda ( for civilian ) pavement , sidewalk jalan pinggir , jalur jalan untuk pejalan kaki , laluan jalan kaki , kaki lima ( In Indonesia , it is used in pedagang kaki lima ( street vendor ) . ) trotoar ( from Franco - Dutch trottoir ) penis zakar from Arabic ذَكَر `` male '' - this word is extremely vulgar in Indonesian , `` buah zakar '' means testicles , batang lelaki , konek ( slang ) penis ( formal ) , zakarfrom Arabic , less frequent , pelir , alat kelamin laki - laki ( euphemism ) , kemaluan lelaki ( euphemism ) , burung ( vulgar ) , titit ( children 's slang like `` pee - pee '' ) , kontol ( slang , extremely vulgar ) percent peratus persen , perseratus perfume haruman , minyak wangi parfum from Dutch , minyak wangi , pengharum periodic berkala periodik , berkala Persia Parsi Persia pharmacy farmasi apotek ( from Dutch apotheek ) , farmasi ( usually for medicine manufacturers ) photograph gambar ( In Indonesian , it means `` picture '' or `` figure '' . ) , foto foto ( literally means photo ) physics fizik ( Indonesian equivalent term , fisik , is used for term physical , e.g. aktivitas fisik ( physical activity ) . ) fisika pickpocket noun penyeluk saku copet ( contraction of colong dompet - wallet thief ) , pencopet pig , swine khinzir from Arabic خِنْزِير ( khin - zeer ) babi pipe paip pipa pirate ( maritime ) lanun bajak laut , perompak ( perompak in Malay , means `` robber '' ) , lanun ( archaic ) platform ( train ) platform peron from Dutch perron Poland Poland Polandia police polis ( mean `` insurance policy '' ( polis asuransi ) in Indonesian ) polisi from Dutch politie pollution pencemaran pencemaran , polusi portion sebahagian porsi , sebagian ( a portion of ... ) post code poskod kode pos potential keupayaan potensial , daya berkemampuan Prague Prague Praha ( also used in Malay ) prayer ( Islam ) solat , sembahyang salat ( standard ) , shalat , sholat ( from Arabic , ' sh ' is usually pronounced as ' s ' ) , sembahyang prayer room ( Islam ) surau surau , musala , mushollah ( from Arabic , ' sh ' is usually pronounced as ' s ' ) precipitation ( meteorology ) kerpasan curah hujan , presipitasi prediction ramalan prediksi , ramalan , prakiraan ( not perkiraan estimation ) pregnant mengandung , hamil ( formal , from Arabic حَامِل ) , berbadan dua lit . `` two bodied '' , bunting for animals mengandung ( formal ) , hamil ( colloquial ) , berbadan dua ( poetic ) , bunting ( informal ) premature pramatang prematur , dini Preparation Penyediaan Persiapan preposition kata sendi naman preposisi , kata depan press media massa , surat khabar ( see above ) pers ( from Dutch ) , media massa Private Limited Company Sendirian Berhad abbreviated as Sdn Bhd ( suffix ) , `` sendirian '' alone means `` alone '' Perseroan Terbatas abbreviated as PT ( prefix ) privatization penswastaan privatisasi , swastanisasi , penswastaan producer produsen produsen , penghasil product keluaran produk ( from English and Dutch product ) , hasil , keluaran more specific term for outcome programming ( computer ) pemrograman pemrograman property harta properti propulsion perejangan propulsi , pendorong , penggerak prostitute pelacur , perempuan sundal ( vulgar ) pelacur , Wanita Tuna Susila ( WTS ) ( Sanskrit , pronounced ' way - tay - es ' , i.e. `` moral-less women '' ) , Pekerja Seks Komersial ( PSK ) ( formal , pronounced ' pay - es - ka ' ( commercial sex workers ) ) , perek ( slang ) prostitution pelacuran prostitusi , pelacuran province wilayah ( used in Indonesian to mean ' area ' ) , daerah ( used in Indonesian to mean ' area ' ) provinsi ( from Dutch provincie ) publication penerbitan penerbitan , publikasi , terbitan pulse denyut denyut , pulsa push , to ( door ) tolak ( It used as in tolak peluru ( shot put ) in Indonesian for this contex , used less primarily in Indonesian to mean ' subtract ' , it also means ' to refuse / reject ' , also common meaning in Malay when used in arithmetics ) dorong ( means `` to push '' in Malay , but often used to mean `` to support '' ) queue ( line ) barisan ( mean line `` formation '' in Indonesian ) antre rabbit arnab ( from Arabic ) kelinci Random - Access Memory ( RAM ) Ingatan Capaian Rawak Memori Akses Acak rape rogol perkosa raspberry rasberi frambus , frambosen ( from Dutch framboos ) ratio nisbah rasio , nisbah , perbandingan Read - Only Memory ( ROM ) Ingatan Baca Sahaja Memori Hanya Baca real estate hartanah realestat , properti tanah receipt resit , penerimaan kuitansi , kwitansi ( substandard , from Dutch kwitantie ) , resi , bon from Dutch , struk recession ( economy ) kemelesetan ( In Indonesian , it means `` mishit '' ) resesi , kelesuan ( ekonomi ) reclamation tebus guna reklamasi recruitment pergerakan ( In Indonesian , it means `` movement '' . ) , pengambilan ( In Indonesian , it means `` taking '' . ) perekrutan , rekrutmen refraction pembiasan pembiasan , refraksi refrigerator peti sejuk lit . cool box ( rarely used in Indonesian ) lemari es , lemari pendingin , kulkas ( from Dutch koelkast ) religion agama , ugama ( widely used before the 80s ) agama , kepercayaan renovation pengubahsuaian renovasi , pembaruan , pembaharuan reproduction pembiakan reproduksi , pembiakan ( also mean breeding ) research kajian ( mean research or investigation result in Indonesian ) penelitian , riset responsibility tanggungjawab tanggung jawab , pertanggungjawaban resistor perintang resistor , hambatan , perintang restaurant kedai makan lit . `` eating shop '' , restoran rumah makan lit . `` eating house '' , warung makan lit . `` eating café '' , restoran retailing peruncitan ritel , eceran ring ( mathematics ) gelanggang ring , gelanggang rob rompak ( Indonesian for `` to commit piracy '' ) rampok , rampas Rome Rom Roma room bilik ( usually used to mean `` compartment '' in Indonesian ) kamar ( from Dutch kamer ) , ruang ( Javanese , for storage areas etc . ) roundabout ( traffic ) bulatan e.g. Bulatan DBP in Kuala Lumpur pusing keliling ( in Brunei ) bundaran e.g. Bundaran HI in Jakarta routing penghalaan routing penghalaan royal diraja kerajaan ( in Malaysia and Brunei means `` kingdom '' or `` government '' ) rubber getah may also mean gum or sap or resin in both languages , also figure of speech for `` cause of bad deed '' karet rumour khabar angin , desas - desus rumor , desas - desus , kabar angin , kabar burung salty masin asin Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskerta sauce sos saus sausage sosej sosis ( from Dutch saucijs ) scenario senario skenario school ( Islamic ) sekolah pondok madrasah , pesantren , pondok pesantren science sains ilmu ( from Arabic ' ilm ) ( alam ) , sains ( especially for `` natural science '' ) Scotland Scotland Skotlandia secret rahsia rahasia secretary setiausaha Indonesian lit . `` loyal to work '' sekretaris ( from Dutch secretaris ) section seksyen , bahagian seksi ( from Dutch sectie ) , bagian sensor penderia , pengesan , sensor sensor , pendeteksi server ( computing ) pelayan peladen session sesyen , sesi sesi ( from Dutch sessie ) sewer saluran najis `` najis '' means dirty in both languages , saluran kumbahan selokan , parit ( means ' ditch ' in Malay ) , got , saluran air / pembuangan sexagesimal perenampuluhan seksagesimal shampoo syampu ( from Anglo - Indian / Hindustani chāmpo , the imperative form of ( Hindi ) चाँप्ना chāmpnā ' to smear , knead the muscles , massage ' ) sampo share berkongsi ( In Indonesian , it means `` creating trading company '' or `` ploting something bad '' . ) berbagi shirt baju ( also in Indonesian but more generally refers to clothes ) kaos , kemeja ( from Portuguese camisa , implies collared shirt ) shoe kasut generalized term for any footwear in Indonesian , but usually related to sandals or ancient shoes. , sepatu sepatu ( understood but less frequently used in Malaysia , from Portuguese sapato ) shop kedai ( Means eateries stall in Indonesia ) toko shopping mall pusat beli - belah mal , pusat perbelanjaan site laman , tapak ( mean foundation ( building ) or footprint in Indonesia ) situs , laman Slovakia Slovakia Slowakia snow salji ( from Arabic thalj ) salju ( also from thalj ) sodomy liwat ( from Arabic ) sodomi , liwat ( only used in Islamic text book ) solar solar , suria ( from Sanskrit ' surya ' ) surya solution penyelesaian ; solusi ( rare ) solusi , pemecahan , penyelesaian sour masam asam , masam ( poetic , usually used in connotative expression : bermuka masam : sour faced ( unsatisfied / unhappy expression ) ) soya beans kacang soya ( kacang ) kedelai Spain Sepanyol Spanyol speak / talk berbicara , bercakap ( means ' to chat ' in Indonesian ) , bersembang , berborak berbicara , ngomong ( Javanese ngoko , colloquial ) specialist perubatan , pakar spesialis ( in case of specialist doctor ) , pakar in general , it means expert spoon sudu sendok sport sukan olahraga ( means `` athletics '' Malay , from Sanskrit , lit . `` to train the body '' ) spouse pasangan suami - isteri , kelamin colloquial , in Indonesian means `` sex '' or `` gender '' pasangan ( suami - istri ) , suami - istri ( husband - wife ) stability kestabilan stabilitas , kestabilan stadium stadium stadion , stadiun from Dutch staff kakitangan ( phrase `` kaki tangan '' mean subordinate with negative image in Indonesian ) staff , personil from Dutch personeel , pegawai stamp setem perangko standard piawai , standard standar patokan starfish tapak Sulaiman bintang laut state ( within a federation ) negeri negara bagian station stesen stasiun ( formerly spelled `` setasiun '' ) steering wheel roda stereng roda setir from Dutch stuur stop ( verb ) berhenti berhenti , henti , stop strawberry strawberi stroberi , arbei from Dutch aardbei stupid bodoh , bengap , tolol , bangang , bongok ( slang ) bodoh , dungu , tolol , goblok ( slang ) , very demeaning in Malay , geblek ( slang ) , bego ( slang ) sublimation ( phase transition ) pemejalwapan sublimasi , penyubliman Sunday Ahad Minggu from Portuguese Domingo which means Lord 's Day , Ahad ( only used in Islamic calendar sunglasses cermin mata gelap ( In Indonesia , cermin means `` mirror '' . ) kacamata hitam ( lit . black glasses ) , kacamata riben ( from American brand of sunglasses ' Ray - Ban ' ) supermarket pasar raya supermarket , pasar swalayan supervision penyeliaan pengawasan , penyeliaan , supervisi survey tinjauan ( mean process or result of observation in Indonesian ) , kaji selidik survei suspend ( hang ) menggantung ( it means ' hang ' in Indonesian ) menangguhkan ( also ' adjourn ' in Malay ) Sweden Sweden Swedia Switzerland Switzerland Swiss Syria Syria Suriah ( from Arabic ) table ( set of facts or figures ) jadual ( Indonesian equivalent , jadwal , means `` schedule '' . ) tabel tank kereta kebal tank tap water air paip ( piped water ) air keran ( from Dutch Kraan ) , air ledeng ( `` ledeng '' also means `` plumbing '' , from Dutch `` leiding '' ) tapioca ubi kayu as in Indonesian , understood as the tuber cassava itself ( tepung ) tapioka , tepung singkong taxi teksi taksi teacher cikgu , guru guru teacher ( religious , Islam ) ustaz , ustad ( ultimately from Persian اُستَاذ ) , ustadzah female ustad , ustadzah team pasukan used in Indonesian to refer to squad ( military ) tim telephone telefon ( formerly talipon ) telepon television televisyen , TV televisi ( from Dutch televisie ) , TV terrorist pengganas ( means rioter '' in Indonesian ) teroris terrorism pengganasan terorisme testicles buah zakar , testis , buah keranjut testis , biji kemaluan , buah zakar ( slang , vulgar ) , kanjut ( slang , vulgar ) Thailand Negara Thai , Siam , Thailand Thailand , Siam , Muangthai used in old scripts The Hague The Hague Den Haag ( from Dutch ) ticket tiket tiket , karcis ( from Dutch kaartje ) time masa , waktu waktu from Arabic الوقت ( al - Waqt ) , masa ( can be used for ' at a specific long period of time ' in Indonesian ) tire ( US ) / tyre ( UK ) tayar ban ( from Dutch ( auto ) band ) tofu tauhu tahu toilet bilik air , tandas toilet , kamar kecil , WC ( pronounced ' we - se ' ) for watercloset tornado puting beliung puting beliung , angin puyuh , tornado toothpaste ubat gigi pasta gigi , odol towel tuala ( from Portuguese toalha ) handuk ( from Dutch handdoek ) traffic jam kesesakan lalulintas , jam ( slang ) kemacetan , macet traffic light lampu isyarat ( In Indonesian , isyarat means sign . ) lampu lalu - lintas train kereta api , tren kereta ( api ) transport , transportation pengangkutan transportasi , pengangkutan , perhubungan ( in case of Ministry of Transportation ) transsexual pondan , bapok ( slang ) , transseksual transseksual , waria ( polite ) a shortened form of wanita - pria , bencong , banci tree pokok in Indonesian means `` principal '' or `` core '' or `` staple '' , in Sundanese poko means authentic , e.g. authentic cuisine , pohon pohon try cuba coba turkey ( bird ) ayam belanda ( ayam ) kalkun ( from Dutch kalkoen ) turn pusing ( means ' to spin ' in Indonesian , commonly used to mean dizzy as a short form of kepala pusing ) , belok belok , putar ugly hodoh , teruk , buruk jelek , buruk Ukraine Ukraine Ukraina uncle pakcik paman , oom , om ( derived from Dutch , pronounced and sometimes spelt as oom ) union kesatuan ( in Indonesian means `` unitary '' ) persatuan , uni , serikat United Arab Emirates Emiriah Arab Bersatu Uni Emirat Arab United Kingdom United Kingdom Inggris Raya United Nations Pertubuhan Bangsa - Bangsa Bersatu Perserikatan Bangsa - Bangsa United States of America ( USA ) United States ( US ) Amerika Syarikat Amerika Serikat ( AS ) university universiti universitas until sehingga ( mean thus in Indonesian ) , sampai hingga , sampai vagina faraj ( from Arabic , in Indonesian means `` vulva '' ) , pepek / pepet ( slang ) alat kelamin wanita , liang peranakan , vagina , farji , memek ( slang , vulgar ) , pepek ( slang , vulgar ) variable ( mathematics ) pemboleh ubah variabel , peubah Vatican City Vatican City ( Kota ) Vatikan Venice Venice Venesia ( influenced by Dutch Venetië ) verb kata kerja kata kerja ( influenced by Dutch werkwoord , literally `` work word '' ) , verba verification pengesahan ( mean `` validation '' in Indonesian ) verifikasi very sangat , amat , sekali sangat , amat , sekali , banget ( from Javanese ngoko ) vice ( deputy ) naib wakil , naib ( less common ) victim mangsa in Indonesian means `` prey '' korban Vienna Vienna Wina ( influenced by Dutch Wenen ) violet ( colour ) lembayung violet , ungu , lembayung ( rarely used ) virgin ( anak ) dara , ( anak ) gadis , perawan perawan ( formal ) , gadis , ( anak ) dara viscosity kelikatan viskositas , kekentalan visit lawatan , pelancongan wisata , kunjungan , pelancongan , lawatan ( to foreign country , sick person or dead person ) volleyball bola tampar bola voli volume ( math ) isi padu volume , ruang , isi voucher baucer voucher want mahu mau , ingin warden warden , penjaga penjara sipir ( penjara ) ( from Dutch cipier ) Warsaw Warsaw Warsawa website laman web , laman sesawang situs web , laman web weekend hujung minggu akhir pekan , akhir minggu well ( water hole ) perigi sumur , perigi ( rarely used ) wheelchair kerusi roda kursi roda when bila , apabila , ketika , bilamana ( rarely used ) kapan , bilamana , ( question word ) bila , ketika window tingkap , jendela jendela ( from Portuguese janela ) , tingkap ( less common ) windscreen , windshield cermin kereta kaca depan ( mobil ) wire dawai , wayar kawat ( e.g. copper wire ) , kabel ( e.g. electrical wire , cable ) you anda ( very formal ) , awak , kamu , engkau , kau anda ( everyday formal ) , kamu ( familiar only ) , engkau ( ' kau ) ( prose ) , elu / loe ( very vulgar Betawi slang , influenced by Chinese dialect leu ) zero sifar nol from Dutch nul zipper ( fastener ) zip resleting from Dutch ritssluiting zone zon daerah , zona zoo zoo , taman haiwan ( kebun binatang was also frequently used in Malaysia before the mid-1960s ) kebun binatang ( derived from Dutch dierentuin , literally `` animal garden '' ) , taman margasatwa ( more formal form for zoological park )", "English Malaysian Indonesian", "abolition pemansuhan penghapusan , abolisi", "abortion pengguguran aborsi , pengguguran ( of a fetus )", "abroad luar negara luar negeri", "accessibility kebolehcapaian , ketercapaian keterjangkauan , ketercapaian , aksesibilitas", "account ( bank , bills ) akaun rekening ( from Dutch -- only used in the bank ) , akun ( used in all term of account excluding bank account )", "accountability kebertanggungjawapan , akauntabliti akuntabilitas , pertanggungjawaban", "accountant akauntan akuntan", "accounting perakaunan akuntansi", "accurate tepat tepat , akurat influenced by Dutch accuraat", "administration pentadbiran administrasi", "after selepas , setelah selepas , sesudah , setelah ( also used in Malay to indicate consecutive actions )", "afternoon petang sore , petang", "agent ejen , agen agen", "air force tentera udara angkatan udara", "airport lapangan terbang ( ' airfield ' in Indonesian ) bandar udara ( bandara )", "Algeria Algeria Aljazair from Arabic al - Jazā'ir", "alliance perikatan , persekutuan , pakatan aliansi ( influenced by Dutch alliantie ) , persekutuan", "alloy pancalogam , aloi logam paduan , logam campuran , aloi", "apartment pangsapuri , rumah pangsa , rumah kondo ( only for ' condominium ' ) apartemen ( influenced by Dutch appartement ) , rumah susun ( rusun ) ( public housing for poor family ) , kondominium", "application ( software ) perisian penggunaan , aplikasi perangkat lunak , aplikasi", "architecture seni bina arsitektur ( influenced by Dutch architectuur )", "archive arkib arsip from Dutch archief", "area kawasan daerah , area , kawasan", "armed forces tentera tentara , angkatan bersenjata", "army tentera darat angkatan darat", "assembly majlis , perhimpunan ( from the root verb ' himpun ' meaning ' to gather / assemble ' ) majelis , himpunan , perhimpunan", "assets aset harta , aset , aktiva ( from Dutch activa )", "association persatuan asosiasi ( from Dutch associatie ) , persatuan , perkumpulan", "assumption andaian , anggapan asumsi , anggapan , dugaan", "astronaut angkasawan antariksawan , astronot", "Athens Athens Athena ( influenced by Dutch Athene or from native Greek Athina )", "athletics ( sport ) olahraga ( ' sport ' in Indonesian ) atletik", "auction lelong from Portuguese leilão lelang also from Portuguese leilão", "August Ogos Agustus from Dutch augustus", "auntie makcik ( also used in Riau Malay dialect in Indonesia ) , emak saudara , ibu saudara bibi , tante from Dutch", "autobiography autobiografi autobiografi , otobiografi is a substandard spelling", "automatic automatik ( formerly otomatik ) otomatis ( derived from Dutch pronunciation of automatisch )", "autonomy autonomi otonomi ( Self - governing )", "awkward janggal ; kekok ( of gesture ) aneh , janggal ; canggung , kikuk ( of gesture )", "backpack beg sandang ( literally `` sling bag '' ) ransel ( from Dutch ) tas punggung", "backstage ( of a theater or studio ) belakang tabir belakang layar ( literally `` back screen / behind the screen '' ) , belakang panggung", "bag beg tas from Dutch", "baseband jalur asas pita dasar", "basin ( wash basin / sink ) besen wastafel ( from Dutch , lit . washing table )", "basket ( ball ) keranjang bola basket", "basket ( in general ) bakul keranjang", "because kerana , sebab karena , sebab", "bed katil matras influenced by Dutch matras , tempat tidur , ranjang , kasur", "Belgium Belgium Belgia influenced by Dutch België", "Belgrade Belgrade Beograd", "belt ( of a seat ) tali keledar sabuk", "bicycle basikal sepeda ( influenced by French velocipede )", "bill ( legislation ) rang undang - undang rancangan undang - undang , legislasi", "billboard papan iklan baliho supposedly from English ballyhoo ( in English it means extravagant publicity or fuss ) papan iklan , papan reklame from Dutch reclame ( advertisement )", "billion seribu juta , bilion miliar ( from Dutch miljard )", "binary perduaan biner ( from Dutch binaire )", "bishop biskop , bisyop uskup", "board ( company ) lembaga ' agency ' in Indonesian dewan", "bonnet , hood ( of a car ) bonet , bumbung , hud kap from Dutch", "boot , trunk ( of a car ) but bagasi", "Britain Britain Britania ( influenced by Dutch Brittannië )", "Brussels Brussels Brussel ( influenced by Dutch )", "Bucharest Bucharest Bukarest", "bucket ; pail baldi ember from Dutch emmer", "bus bas bus , bis substandard , influenced by Dutch pronunciation", "bus station stesen bas terminal bus", "bus stop perhentian bas pemberhentian bus , halte bus from Dutch bushalte", "halte bus from Dutch bushalte", "business perniagaan , bisnes perniagaan ( less commonly used ) , bisnis", "Cairo Kaherah from Arabic Al - Qahirah Kairo", "Cambodia Kemboja Kamboja", "Cameroon Cameroon Kamerun", "camp kem kamp ( reflects Dutch pronunciation )", "campaign kempen kampanye ( from Dutch campagne ( a French loanword ) )", "can ( to be able ) boleh , dapat bisa , dapat ,", "cancer kanser , barah kanker from Dutch", "capacitor pemuat , kapasitor kondensator , kapasitor", "capital city ibu negara ibu kota", "car kereta ( means carriage in Indonesian , commonly used as a shorthand for kereta api , which means train . Malay followed English derivation of car which was a contraction of horseless carriage ) mobil ( from Dutch / mid-English automobile )", "card kad kartu from Dutch kaart", "career kerjaya , karier karier", "Caribbean Caribbean Karibia", "carrot lobak merah wortel from Dutch", "case kes kasus , hal", "cash wang tunai uang tunai , kas", "cashier juruwang kasir , from Dutch kassier juru uang ( rare )", "cavalry pasukan berkuda pasukan berkuda , kavaleri", "cement simen semen", "censor tapisan ( means `` filter '' in Indonesian ) sensor", "census banci ( means `` transvestite '' in Indonesian ) sensus , cacah , Banci ( never been used in Indonesia , available in Indonesian Dictionary KBBI )", "centipede lipan kelabang , lipan", "central pusat pusat , sentral , tengah", "chaos ( theory ) teori kekacauan teori kekacauan", "chilli cili , lada ( ' pepper ' in Indonesian ) , cabai ( used in the northern states of Malaysia ) cabai , lombok", "China China Tionghoa ( standard term for Chinese people ) , Tiongkok ( Republik Rakyat Tiongkok : official name of the People 's Republic of China ) , Cina ( standard , still in common use but discouraged due to possible racist connotations . See Shina for further information . ) , China ( substandard )", "Christmas Krismas , Natal Natal from Portuguese", "cinema panggung wayang bergambar ( more popularly abbreviated as pawagam ) , panggung wayang bioskop from Dutch bioscoop", "circuit litar sirkuit", "city bandar , bandaraya big city , kota kota , bandar ( a city in the sea shore or port city in Indonesian )", "bandar ( a city in the sea shore or port city in Indonesian )", "civil awam ( In Indonesian , it means `` not expert '' ) , sivil sipil", "claim tuntutan ( means `` sue '' in Indonesian ) klaim", "clarification penjernihan ( to make something , e.g. water , clear in Indonesian ) klarifikasi , penjelasan", "clause ( legal ) fasal ( equivalent term in Indonesian is pasal ) ayat , klausul", "club ( association ) kelab klub , perkumpulan infrequent", "coach ( carriage ) koc gerbong", "coat kot jas from Dutch jas", "cockroach lipas lipas , kecoa from the Chinese Min Nan ka chuah", "college kolej , maktab kampus , kolese , kolegium", "Cologne Cologne Köln , Koeln", "Colombia Colombia Kolombia", "comment ulasan , komen ulasan ( can be including review , interpretation and comment ) , komentar ( from Dutch commentaar )", "commission suruhanjaya komisi ( from Dutch commissie )", "commissioner pesuruhjaya komisaris ( from Dutch commissaris ) , komisioner", "committee jawatankuasa komite panitia", "commonwealth komanwel persemakmuran", "Comoros Comoros Komoro", "company syarikat perusahaan , firma , maskapai ( from Dutch maatschappij -- almost exclusively used to refer to airline companies , i.e. maskapai penerbangan )", "compiler penyusun penyusun , kompilator", "complaint aduan aduan , keluhan , komplain", "conclusion kesimpulan ; konklusi ( rare ) kesimpulan , konklusi ( from Dutch conclusie )", "condensation pemeluwapan , pengembunan , pencecairan kondensasi ( from Dutch condensatie ) , pengembunan", "conference persidangan konferensi ( from Dutch conferentie ) , sidang", "confirmation pengesahan konfirmasi , pengesahan of a document , kepastian of a decision", "conflict pertikaian konflik , pertentangan , pertikaian", "Congo Congo Kongo", "conservation ( movement ) pemuliharaan ; konservasi ( rare ) konservasi , pelestarian ( of animals and plants )", "constitution of a country perlembagaan undang - undang dasar ( influenced by Dutch grondwet ( `` basic law '' ) ) , konstitusi ( from Dutch constitutie )", "construction pembinaan pembangunan ( of building ) , pembinaan ( of moral ) , konstruksi ( from Dutch constructie )", "consumption perbelanjaan konsumsi ( from Dutch consumptie ) , pemakaian , penggunaan", "contamination pencemaran pencemaran , kontaminasi", "continuous selanjar berkesinambungan , berlanjut , kontinu", "conversion penukaran ( mean `` exchange '' in Indonesia ) konversi ( from Dutch conversie ) , perubahan", "corporation perbadanan korporasi ( from Dutch corporatie ) , badan usaha , perusahaan", "corruption rasuah ; korupsi ( rare ) korupsi ( from Dutch corruptie ) , rasuah ( non-standard )", "Costa Rica Costa Rica Kosta Rika", "counter kaunter loket from Dutch , konter / kaunter non-standard", "country negara negara , negeri in Malaysia , negeri usually refers to a state within a federation", "court mahkamah pengadilan , mahkamah", "cracker keropok kerupuk", "criminal jenayah penjahat , kriminal , ahli pidana ( ahli pidana is criminal law expert )", "Croatia Croatia Kroasia", "crucial genting krusial , penting , genting", "Cuba Cuba Kuba", "cupboard almari ( from Portuguese armário ) lemari also from armário", "current ( adjective , of time ) semasa saat ini , kini , terkini , aktual ( from Dutch actueel )", "aktual ( from Dutch actueel )", "current affairs hal ehwal semasa aktualitas , peristiwa terkini", "curtain langsir ( In Indonesian , langsir is train wagon arrangement . ) , tirai tirai , gorden ( from Dutch gordijn )", "customs ( authority ) kastam pabean refers to the administrative institution , bea dan cukai ( bea - cukai ) lit . tariff - and - tax , duty", "cute comel imut , menggemaskan , lucu", "Cyprus Cyprus Siprus", "Czech Republic Republik Czech ( Republik ) Ceko", "dandruff kelemumur ketombe", "December Disember Desember ( influenced by Dutch december )", "decimal perpuluhan ( In Indonesian , perpuluhan means tithe . ) desimal ( from Dutch decimale ) , persepuluhan ( rare )", "decree dekri surat keputusan , dekrit ( from Dutch decreet )", "degree ( of temperature ) darjah derajat", "delicious , tasty lazat , sedap , enak lezat , enak , sedap", "democratic demokratik demokratis ( from Dutch demokratisch note : `` democratic republic '' ( in country names ) translates as republik demokratik , such as in Republik Demokratik Kongo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo ) )", "department jabatan ( ' occupation ' in Indonesian ) departemen , jurusan ( for department in university )", "departure pelepasan keberangkatan , kepergian", "depression ( psychological ) kemurungan ( In Indonesian , kemurungan means `` sadness '' . ) depresi ( from Dutch depressie )", "deputy timbalan wakil , deputi , timbalan ( rare )", "design reka bentuk desain , kerangka bentuk , rancangan", "detail terperinci detail , detil ( substandard ) , perincian , rinci ( substandard )", "dialect loghat dialek , logat", "detection pengesana pelacakan , deteksi", "different -- difference beza , berbeza -- perbezaan beda , berbeda -- perbedaan", "diocese kawasan uskup , keuskupan keuskupan", "director pengarah direktur from Dutch ( and French ) directeur , sutradara ( of a film ) from Sanskrit ( through Javanese ) , pengarah ( for an event )", "discount diskaun , rebat , potongan harga diskon , rabat , potongan harga , korting from Dutch , less frequent", "discussion perbincangan , diskusi pembicaraan , perbincangan , diskusi ( from Dutch discussie )", "disinfectant penyahjangkit disinfektan , sucihama", "domestic dalam negara dalam negeri , domestik", "driver pemandu means guide in Indonesian sopir from French chauffeur through Dutch , pengemudi formal", "driver 's license ( U.S. ) driving licence ( UK ) lesen memandu surat izin mengemudi ( SIM )", "drugs ( illegal ) dadah ( colloquial use in Indonesia means `` goodbye '' . ) narkoba ( an acronym for NARKotika dan OBat - obatan terlArang ( narcotics and illegal drugs ) ) , NAPZA ( less frequent -- an acronym for NArkotika , Psikotropika dan Zat - zat Adiktif ( narcotics , psychotropics , and addictive chemical substances ) )", "Dutch East Indies Hindia Timur Belanda Hindia - Belanda", "duty ( economics ) duti , cukai bea , cukai", "e-mail e-mel surel ( standard , shortened of surat elektronik ( electronic mail ) ) , email ( rarely used in everyday spelling , often used on online spelling ( e.g. website - based registration or social account ) )", "Easter Easter , Paskah strictly used for Jewish Passover Paskah from Portuguese Pascoa", "Ecuador Ecuador Ekuador", "editor penyunting editor , penyunting , redaktur ( from French rédacteur through Dutch -- refers to editors of mass printed media )", "editorial ( board ) kakitangan editorial redaksi ( from Dutch redactie ) , editorial", "effectiveness keberkesanan keampuhan , keefektifan , efektivitas ( from Dutch effectiviteit )", "efficiency kecekapan efisiensi , kedayagunaan , kemangkusan", "Eid ul - Fitr Hari Raya Aidilfitri Hari Raya Idulfitri -- Idul Fitri substandard spelling , but common , Lebaran colloquial -- from Javanese", "eight lapan used as colloquial abbreviation in Indonesian delapan used in Malaysia before the spelling reform", "elasticity ( economy ) keanjalan bingkas , elastisitas", "electricity tenaga elektrik lit . electric energy listrik , kelistrikan , setrum ( from Dutch stroom )", "embargo ( political ) sekatan ( In Indonesian , it means `` obstacle '' or `` room which separated with partition '' ) boikot , embargo", "emergency kecemasan ( used for anxiety or `` too anxious '' ( condition ) in Indonesian . ) darurat ( from Arabic -- also used in Malaysia to express a state of emergency ) , kegawatan", "emperor maharaja kaisar ( from Dutch keizer ) , maharaja ( from Sanskrit )", "empire empayar kekaisaran , imperium", "enamel enamel email ( from Dutch emaille )", "energy tenaga energi , tenaga ( for `` power '' )", "engine enjin mesin , motor sub-standard", "England negeri Inggeris Inggris", "eraser getah pemadam penghapus", "erosion hakisan pengikisan , erosi ( from Dutch erosie )", "escalator tangga gerak tangga berjalan , eskalator", "estimation jangkaan , anggaran perkiraan , dugaan , estimasi", "Europe Eropah Eropa , Europa ( substandard )", "evacuation pemindahan ( In Indonesian , it means `` translocation '' or `` relocation '' . ) pengungsian , evakuasi ( from Dutch evacuatie )", "evaluation penilaian penilaian , evaluasi ( from Dutch evaluatie )", "evening teja sore petang", "excess lebihan kelebihan , berlebihan , ekses", "excretion perkumuhan ekskresi , pembuangan kotoran", "execution ( death sentence ) hukuman mati eksekusi ( from Dutch executie ) , ( peng ) hukuman mati", "exhaust ( pipe ) ekzos knalpot ( from Dutch , in which it also means `` muffler '' )", "exploration penjelajahan , eksplorasi eksplorasi , penjelajahan", "export eksport ekspor", "expose pendedahan paparan , ekspos , pendedahan", "extinct pupus padam ( of flame or light ) , punah ( of species ) , pupus ( loss of hope )", "faculty fakulti fakultas , fakulteit ( obsolete , from Dutch )", "facility kemudahan , fasiliti kemudahan , fasilitas", "faction ( politics ) puak faksi , fraksi from Dutch fractie", "factory kilang ( ' refinery ' in Indonesian ) pabrik from Dutch fabriek", "federal persekutuan federal", "federation persekutuan ( related to `` alliance '' in Indonesian ) federasi from Dutch federatie , serikat", "fermentation fermentasi , peragian fermentasi , peragian , penapaian", "financial kewangan keuangan , finansial from Dutch financieel", "Finland Finland Finlandia", "firefighter squad bomba pemadam kebakaran ( lit . fire extinguisher ) , branwir ( from Dutch brandweer ( fire defense ) )", "flash drive pemacu kilat flash drive , penggerak kilat", "floor , level ( storey ) tingkat may be used in Indonesian to express the number of storeys / levels a building has , e.g. a 5 - storey building = gedung bertingkat 5 , or to emphasize British floor numbering , e.g. tingkat satu means first floor ( UK ) , second floor ( US ) in both languages , aras ( used to emphasize American floor numbering , e.g. aras dua = tingkat satu lantai also refers to floor as ground surface in both languages , emphasizes American floor numbering , tingkat emphasizes British floor numbering , e.g. lantai dua = tingkat satu", "football bola sepak sepakbola", "form ( document ) borang formulir from Dutch formulier , borang ( substandard )", "free ( of charge ) percuma in Indonesian means `` worthless '' gratis from Dutch , cuma - cuma , cecuma ( substandard )", "fungus kulat , fungus fungi ( commonly has got misconception as : jamur )", "furniture perabot rumah , perkakas rumah ( In Indonesian , perkakas means equipment . mebel from Dutch meubelen , perabot rumah tangga , furnitur", "fusion pelakuran fusi , penggabungan , peleburan", "gangster samseng geng , preman from Dutch vrijman ( lit . free - man ) , gangster from English", "garage garaj garasi influenced by Dutch pronunciation", "garrison garrison garnisun from Dutch garnizoen", "gear gear roda gigi influenced by Dutch tandwiel , literally `` tooth wheel ''", "gearbox kotak gear persneling from Dutch versnelling , girboks , transmisi", "general ( military ) jeneral jenderal from Dutch generaal", "ginger halia jahe", "Global Positioning System Sistem Kedudukan Sejagat Sistem Pemosisian Global", "goal keeper penjaga gol / penjaga gawang kiper , penjaga gawang", "golf club ( stick ) kayu golf stik golf , pemukul golf , tongkat golf", "government kerajaan derived from raja ( king ) -- used in Malaysia and Brunei -- in Indonesian means `` kingdom '' pemerintah derived from perintah ( order / instruction ) -- also used in Singapore , which , like Singapore , is a republic", "governor gabenor , Yang di - Pertua Negeri ( in Malaysian states ) gubernur from Dutch gouverneur", "gradation pemeringkatan gradasi , pemberian tingkat ( pemeringkatan )", "graduate siswazah , sarjana lulusan , sarjana", "grandfather datuk kakek", "Greece Greece of recent use , Yunani Yunani from Arabic Yūnān يُونَان", "gross financial kasar bruto from Dutch , kasar", "group sekumpulan , kumpulan kelompok , grup from Dutch pronunciation of groep , ( per ) kumpulan , ( per ) himpunan", "guarantee jaminan jaminan , garansi from Dutch pronunciation of garantie", "half past one pukul satu setengah ( one thirty ) pukul setengah dua ( thirty to two )", "hammer tukul palu , martil from Portugue martelo", "head office ibu pejabat `` ibu '' also means `` mother '' or `` ma'am '' in both languages . kantor pusat `` kantor '' -- from Dutch kantoor ( office )", "headscarf , hijab tudung kerudung , jilbab though these words have different meaning", "healthy sihat sehat", "herb herba jamu often understood as traditional potion made from rhizomes , also means `` guest '' ( `` tamu '' ) and `` treat the guest '' ( `` menjamu '' ). , herbal", "hexadecimal perenambelasan heksadesimal", "hospital hospital rumah sakit influenced by Dutch ziekenhuis ( `` house of the sick '' ) -- This term is still used in Brunei , but in Malaysia , `` hospital '' has replaced the term completely since the 1960s .", "Hungary Hungary Hungaria , Hongaria substandard , influenced by Dutch Hongarije", "hybrid ( biology ) kacukan blasteran , hibrida", "saya , aku saya , aku , gue / gua ( slang ; from Chinese dialects `` ua '' )", "ice ais es", "Iceland Iceland Islandia", "image citra , imej ( of reputation ) , gambar ( pictorial image ) citra ( of reputation ) , gambar ( pictorial image )", "imagination imaginasi imajinasi", "immigration imigresen imigrasi from Dutch immigratie", "import import impor", "impotence mati pucuk , impotensi , lemah syahwat impotensi from Dutch impotentie , lemah syahwat colloquial", "impotent kemandulan impotensi , kemandulan", "incineration penunuan pembakaran , insinerasi", "Indian Ocean Lautan Hindi Samudra Hindia", "inductor peraruh , induktor ( rare ) induktor", "information maklumat informasi , from Dutch informatie , maklumat ( `` announcement '' , `` knowledge '' ) , penerangan", "injection suntikan suntikan , injeksi", "ink dakwat from Arabic tinta from Dutch tinte , dawat ( archaic )", "installment ( payment ) ansuran angsuran , cicilan", "instant segera ( means `` soon '' in Indonesia ) seketika , instan", "insurance insurans asuransi from Dutch assurantie", "intelligence ( spying ) risikan ( means ' secret investigation ' in Indonesia ) intelijen , tilik sandi", "international antarabangsa internasional , antarnegara , ( sometimes used : mancanegara from Javanese meaning : foreign land )", "internet café kafe internet , kafe cyber warnet an acronym for `` WARung interNET '' ( internet shop / café )", "intervention campur tangan , intervensi campur tangan , intervensi", "introspection kaji diri , introspeksi ( rare ) introspeksi , mawas diri", "invasion penyerangan , penjajahan ( means colonialism in Indonesian ) , invasi invasi , penaklukan", "investment pelaburan investasi , penanaman modal", "Iraq Iraq Irak", "Ireland Ireland Irlandia", "irrigation pengairan irigasi , pengairan", "Italy Itali Italia from Italian", "Japan Jepun from Chinese dialect Jepang , Jepun ( archaic )", "Jordan ( country ) Jordan Yordania from Dutch Jordanië", "journalist wartawan wartawan , jurnalis", "July Julai Juli from Dutch juli", "June Jun Juni from Dutch juni", "ketchup kicap ( Indonesian equivalent , kecap , means soy sauce . ) saus tomat from French sauce tomate", "lane lorong ( mean alley in Indonesian ) lajur", "lawyer peguam advokat from Dutch advocaat , pengacara ( means ' master of ceremony ' in Malay . ) , peguam ( rare )", "Lebanon Lubnan from Arabic Lebanon , Libanon influenced by Dutch", "legislative perundangan ( In Indonesian , it means legislation . ) , legislatif legislatif", "liability liabiliti kewajiban", "licence lesen izin , lisensi from Dutch licentie", "lieutenant leftenan ( influenced by British English pronunciation ) letnan", "lift , elevator lif lift", "liquidity ( economy ) kecairan likuiditas", "Lisbon Lisbon Lisboa from Portuguese , Lisabon influenced by Dutch Lissabon", "list senarai daftar , senarai", "local tempatan lokal , setempat", "Luxembourg Luxembourg Luksemburg influenced by Dutch / German Luxemburg", "Macau Macau Makau", "Macedonia , Republic of Republik Macedonia Republik Makedonia", "magistrate majistret hakim from Arabic حَكِم -- used in Malaysian to refer to judges , magistrat less common", "Maldives Maldives Maladewa", "male lelaki , laki - laki , jantan ( for animals , depending on the context , it can mean masculine or used as a derogatory term on men ) laki - laki , pria , lelaki , jantan ( on animals , used on men to describe masculinity )", "malfunction kerosakan , malfungsi , pincang tugas kerusakan , malafungsi", "malpractice penyelewengan ( mean `` misappropriation '' in Indonesian ) malapraktik", "management pengurusan manajemen , pengurusan", "manager pengurus manajer , pengurus", "manufacturing pengilangan manufaktur", "March ( month ) Mac Maret influenced by Dutch maart", "mass jisim massa , kelembaman ( inertia )", "mathematics matematik , ilmu hisab matematika , ilmu hitung , ilmu hisab only used in Islamic text book", "matter jirim materi", "mattress tilam kasur , matras , tilam", "mean ( verb ) bererti berarti", "mediation pengantaraan ( In Indonesian , it means `` broking '' ) penengah , mediasi", "medicine ubat obat", "memory card kad ingatan / kad memori kartu memori", "mental arithmetic congak aritmetika cepat , congak", "Mexico Mexico Meksiko", "mile batu ( mean `` stone '' in Indonesian ) mil", "military tentera , ketenteraan , militari militer ( from French militaire through Dutch militair ) , kemiliteran , ketentaraan", "minibus bas mini bis mini , minibus", "minute minit menit", "mobile phone , cellphone telefon bimbit telepon seluler ( ponsel ) , telepon genggam , handphone ( HP ) ( colloquial )", "Monaco Monaco Monako", "Monday Isnin Senin", "money wang , duit uang , duit ( colloquial )", "Morocco Maghribi from Arabic Maroko", "mortgage gadai janji hipotek from Dutch hypotheek , gadai", "Moscow Moscow Moskwa , Moskow", "motorcycle motosikal sepeda motor lit . `` motorized bicycle '' -- influenced by Dutch motorfiets , motor ( informal )", "Mozambique Mozambique Mozambik", "Mrs . Puan Ibu , Nyonya ( Ny . )", "music muzik musik", "naked bogel , telanjang telanjang , bugil ( colloquial )", "natural semulajadi alami , natural", "navigation pandu arah , navigasi navigasi", "navy tentera laut angkatan laut", "negotiation perundingan perundingan , negosiasi", "network rangkaian ( means series in Indonesian ) jaringan , jejaring", "New Zealand New Zealand Selandia Baru", "newspaper surat khabar coined from two Arabic words : ṣūrat -- صورة / صورت ( form , appearance ) and khabar خبر ( news ) surat kabar ( more formal -- lit . news letter ) , koran ( from French courant through Dutch , become Krant in modern Dutch , but Koerant in Afrikaans )", "Nicosia Nicosia Nikosia", "nil nil nol from Dutch nul", "noisy bising , kecoh in Indonesian means `` disturb '' or `` distract '' , memekak berisik , ribut , ramai , bising", "Norway Norway Norwegia", "number nombor angka , nomor -- nomer substandard spelling from Dutch / German nummer", "nurse jururawat perawat , suster from Dutch zuster", "ocean lautan samudra , lautan", "Oceania Oceania Oseania", "octal perlapanan oktal", "office pejabat kantor ( from Dutch kantoor )", "officer pegawai , kaki tangan ( a negative connotation usually means accomplice in criminal activity in Indonesian ) pejabat", "official ( adj . ) rasmi ( from Arabo - Persian rasmi رَسمِي ) resmi ( also from rasmi )", "Olympic Olimpik Olimpiade", "opposition pembangkang opposisi , pembangkang ( in mean of `` defiance '' )", "option pilihan , opsyen ( rare ) pilihan , opsi", "orange ( colour ) jingga , oren jingga , oranye ( from Dutch oranje )", "orange ( fruit ) oren , limau jeruk , limau", "order order , perintah perintah , orde ( from Dutch )", "organization pertubuhan , organisasi organisasi", "oscillation ayunan osilasi , ayunan", "oven ketuhar oven", "Pacific Ocean Lautan Pasifik , Lautan Teduh Samudra Pasifik , Lautan Pasifik", "Palestine Palestin Palestina", "papaya ( buah ) betik ( buah ) pepaya", "Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Papua Nugini", "parallel selari parallel", "parliament parlimen parlemen ( from Franco - Dutch parlement )", "party ( political ) parti partai ( from Dutch partij )", "passport pasport paspor", "patient pesakit In Indonesian , this means convict pasien", "patrol ronda patroli ( for police and military ) ( from Dutch patrolie ) , ronda ( for civilian )", "pavement , sidewalk jalan pinggir , jalur jalan untuk pejalan kaki , laluan jalan kaki , kaki lima ( In Indonesia , it is used in pedagang kaki lima ( street vendor ) . ) trotoar ( from Franco - Dutch trottoir )", "penis zakar from Arabic ذَكَر `` male '' - this word is extremely vulgar in Indonesian , `` buah zakar '' means testicles , batang lelaki , konek ( slang ) penis ( formal ) , zakarfrom Arabic , less frequent , pelir , alat kelamin laki - laki ( euphemism ) , kemaluan lelaki ( euphemism ) , burung ( vulgar ) , titit ( children 's slang like `` pee - pee '' ) , kontol ( slang , extremely vulgar )", "percent peratus persen , perseratus", "perfume haruman , minyak wangi parfum from Dutch , minyak wangi , pengharum", "periodic berkala periodik , berkala", "Persia Parsi Persia", "pharmacy farmasi apotek ( from Dutch apotheek ) , farmasi ( usually for medicine manufacturers )", "photograph gambar ( In Indonesian , it means `` picture '' or `` figure '' . ) , foto foto ( literally means photo )", "physics fizik ( Indonesian equivalent term , fisik , is used for term physical , e.g. aktivitas fisik ( physical activity ) . ) fisika", "pickpocket noun penyeluk saku copet ( contraction of colong dompet - wallet thief ) , pencopet", "pig , swine khinzir from Arabic خِنْزِير ( khin - zeer ) babi", "pipe paip pipa", "pirate ( maritime ) lanun bajak laut , perompak ( perompak in Malay , means `` robber '' ) , lanun ( archaic )", "platform ( train ) platform peron from Dutch perron", "Poland Poland Polandia", "police polis ( mean `` insurance policy '' ( polis asuransi ) in Indonesian ) polisi from Dutch politie", "pollution pencemaran pencemaran , polusi", "portion sebahagian porsi , sebagian ( a portion of ... )", "post code poskod kode pos", "potential keupayaan potensial , daya berkemampuan", "Prague Prague Praha ( also used in Malay )", "prayer ( Islam ) solat , sembahyang salat ( standard ) , shalat , sholat ( from Arabic , ' sh ' is usually pronounced as ' s ' ) , sembahyang", "prayer room ( Islam ) surau surau , musala , mushollah ( from Arabic , ' sh ' is usually pronounced as ' s ' )", "precipitation ( meteorology ) kerpasan curah hujan , presipitasi", "prediction ramalan prediksi , ramalan , prakiraan ( not perkiraan estimation )", "pregnant mengandung , hamil ( formal , from Arabic حَامِل ) , berbadan dua lit . `` two bodied '' , bunting for animals mengandung ( formal ) , hamil ( colloquial ) , berbadan dua ( poetic ) , bunting ( informal )", "premature pramatang prematur , dini", "Preparation Penyediaan Persiapan", "preposition kata sendi naman preposisi , kata depan", "press media massa , surat khabar ( see above ) pers ( from Dutch ) , media massa", "Private Limited Company Sendirian Berhad abbreviated as Sdn Bhd ( suffix ) , `` sendirian '' alone means `` alone '' Perseroan Terbatas abbreviated as PT ( prefix )", "privatization penswastaan privatisasi , swastanisasi , penswastaan", "producer produsen produsen , penghasil", "product keluaran produk ( from English and Dutch product ) , hasil , keluaran more specific term for outcome", "programming ( computer ) pemrograman pemrograman", "property harta properti", "propulsion perejangan propulsi , pendorong , penggerak", "prostitute pelacur , perempuan sundal ( vulgar ) pelacur , Wanita Tuna Susila ( WTS ) ( Sanskrit , pronounced ' way - tay - es ' , i.e. `` moral-less women '' ) , Pekerja Seks Komersial ( PSK ) ( formal , pronounced ' pay - es - ka ' ( commercial sex workers ) ) , perek ( slang )", "prostitution pelacuran prostitusi , pelacuran", "province wilayah ( used in Indonesian to mean ' area ' ) , daerah ( used in Indonesian to mean ' area ' ) provinsi ( from Dutch provincie )", "publication penerbitan penerbitan , publikasi , terbitan", "pulse denyut denyut , pulsa", "push , to ( door ) tolak ( It used as in tolak peluru ( shot put ) in Indonesian for this contex , used less primarily in Indonesian to mean ' subtract ' , it also means ' to refuse / reject ' , also common meaning in Malay when used in arithmetics ) dorong ( means `` to push '' in Malay , but often used to mean `` to support '' )", "queue ( line ) barisan ( mean line `` formation '' in Indonesian ) antre", "rabbit arnab ( from Arabic ) kelinci", "Random - Access Memory ( RAM ) Ingatan Capaian Rawak Memori Akses Acak", "rape rogol perkosa", "raspberry rasberi frambus , frambosen ( from Dutch framboos )", "ratio nisbah rasio , nisbah , perbandingan", "Read - Only Memory ( ROM ) Ingatan Baca Sahaja Memori Hanya Baca", "real estate hartanah realestat , properti tanah", "receipt resit , penerimaan kuitansi , kwitansi ( substandard , from Dutch kwitantie ) , resi , bon from Dutch , struk", "recession ( economy ) kemelesetan ( In Indonesian , it means `` mishit '' ) resesi , kelesuan ( ekonomi )", "reclamation tebus guna reklamasi", "recruitment pergerakan ( In Indonesian , it means `` movement '' . ) , pengambilan ( In Indonesian , it means `` taking '' . ) perekrutan , rekrutmen", "refraction pembiasan pembiasan , refraksi", "refrigerator peti sejuk lit . cool box ( rarely used in Indonesian ) lemari es , lemari pendingin , kulkas ( from Dutch koelkast )", "religion agama , ugama ( widely used before the 80s ) agama , kepercayaan", "renovation pengubahsuaian renovasi , pembaruan , pembaharuan", "reproduction pembiakan reproduksi , pembiakan ( also mean breeding )", "research kajian ( mean research or investigation result in Indonesian ) penelitian , riset", "responsibility tanggungjawab tanggung jawab , pertanggungjawaban", "resistor perintang resistor , hambatan , perintang", "restaurant kedai makan lit . `` eating shop '' , restoran rumah makan lit . `` eating house '' , warung makan lit . `` eating café '' , restoran", "retailing peruncitan ritel , eceran", "ring ( mathematics ) gelanggang ring , gelanggang", "rob rompak ( Indonesian for `` to commit piracy '' ) rampok , rampas", "Rome Rom Roma", "room bilik ( usually used to mean `` compartment '' in Indonesian ) kamar ( from Dutch kamer ) , ruang ( Javanese , for storage areas etc . )", "roundabout ( traffic ) bulatan e.g. Bulatan DBP in Kuala Lumpur pusing keliling ( in Brunei ) bundaran e.g. Bundaran HI in Jakarta", "routing penghalaan routing penghalaan", "royal diraja kerajaan ( in Malaysia and Brunei means `` kingdom '' or `` government '' )", "rubber getah may also mean gum or sap or resin in both languages , also figure of speech for `` cause of bad deed '' karet", "rumour khabar angin , desas - desus rumor , desas - desus , kabar angin , kabar burung", "salty masin asin", "Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskerta", "sauce sos saus", "sausage sosej sosis ( from Dutch saucijs )", "scenario senario skenario", "school ( Islamic ) sekolah pondok madrasah , pesantren , pondok pesantren", "science sains ilmu ( from Arabic ' ilm ) ( alam ) , sains ( especially for `` natural science '' )", "Scotland Scotland Skotlandia", "secret rahsia rahasia", "secretary setiausaha Indonesian lit . `` loyal to work '' sekretaris ( from Dutch secretaris )", "section seksyen , bahagian seksi ( from Dutch sectie ) , bagian", "sensor penderia , pengesan , sensor sensor , pendeteksi", "server ( computing ) pelayan peladen", "session sesyen , sesi sesi ( from Dutch sessie )", "sewer saluran najis `` najis '' means dirty in both languages , saluran kumbahan selokan , parit ( means ' ditch ' in Malay ) , got , saluran air / pembuangan", "sexagesimal perenampuluhan seksagesimal", "shampoo syampu ( from Anglo - Indian / Hindustani chāmpo , the imperative form of ( Hindi ) चाँप्ना chāmpnā ' to smear , knead the muscles , massage ' ) sampo", "share berkongsi ( In Indonesian , it means `` creating trading company '' or `` ploting something bad '' . ) berbagi", "shirt baju ( also in Indonesian but more generally refers to clothes ) kaos , kemeja ( from Portuguese camisa , implies collared shirt )", "shoe kasut generalized term for any footwear in Indonesian , but usually related to sandals or ancient shoes. , sepatu sepatu ( understood but less frequently used in Malaysia , from Portuguese sapato )", "shop kedai ( Means eateries stall in Indonesia ) toko", "shopping mall pusat beli - belah mal , pusat perbelanjaan", "site laman , tapak ( mean foundation ( building ) or footprint in Indonesia ) situs , laman", "Slovakia Slovakia Slowakia", "snow salji ( from Arabic thalj ) salju ( also from thalj )", "sodomy liwat ( from Arabic ) sodomi , liwat ( only used in Islamic text book )", "solar solar , suria ( from Sanskrit ' surya ' ) surya", "solution penyelesaian ; solusi ( rare ) solusi , pemecahan , penyelesaian", "sour masam asam , masam ( poetic , usually used in connotative expression : bermuka masam : sour faced ( unsatisfied / unhappy expression ) )", "soya beans kacang soya ( kacang ) kedelai", "Spain Sepanyol Spanyol", "speak / talk berbicara , bercakap ( means ' to chat ' in Indonesian ) , bersembang , berborak berbicara , ngomong ( Javanese ngoko , colloquial )", "specialist perubatan , pakar spesialis ( in case of specialist doctor ) , pakar in general , it means expert", "spoon sudu sendok", "sport sukan olahraga ( means `` athletics '' Malay , from Sanskrit , lit . `` to train the body '' )", "spouse pasangan suami - isteri , kelamin colloquial , in Indonesian means `` sex '' or `` gender '' pasangan ( suami - istri ) , suami - istri ( husband - wife )", "stability kestabilan stabilitas , kestabilan", "stadium stadium stadion , stadiun from Dutch", "staff kakitangan ( phrase `` kaki tangan '' mean subordinate with negative image in Indonesian ) staff , personil from Dutch personeel , pegawai", "stamp setem perangko", "standard piawai , standard standar patokan", "starfish tapak Sulaiman bintang laut", "state ( within a federation ) negeri negara bagian", "station stesen stasiun ( formerly spelled `` setasiun '' )", "steering wheel roda stereng roda setir from Dutch stuur", "stop ( verb ) berhenti berhenti , henti , stop", "strawberry strawberi stroberi , arbei from Dutch aardbei", "stupid bodoh , bengap , tolol , bangang , bongok ( slang ) bodoh , dungu , tolol , goblok ( slang ) , very demeaning in Malay , geblek ( slang ) , bego ( slang )", "sublimation ( phase transition ) pemejalwapan sublimasi , penyubliman", "Sunday Ahad Minggu from Portuguese Domingo which means Lord 's Day , Ahad ( only used in Islamic calendar", "sunglasses cermin mata gelap ( In Indonesia , cermin means `` mirror '' . ) kacamata hitam ( lit . black glasses ) , kacamata riben ( from American brand of sunglasses ' Ray - Ban ' )", "supermarket pasar raya supermarket , pasar swalayan", "supervision penyeliaan pengawasan , penyeliaan , supervisi", "survey tinjauan ( mean process or result of observation in Indonesian ) , kaji selidik survei", "suspend ( hang ) menggantung ( it means ' hang ' in Indonesian ) menangguhkan ( also ' adjourn ' in Malay )", "Sweden Sweden Swedia", "Switzerland Switzerland Swiss", "Syria Syria Suriah ( from Arabic )", "table ( set of facts or figures ) jadual ( Indonesian equivalent , jadwal , means `` schedule '' . ) tabel", "tank kereta kebal tank", "tap water air paip ( piped water ) air keran ( from Dutch Kraan ) , air ledeng ( `` ledeng '' also means `` plumbing '' , from Dutch `` leiding '' )", "tapioca ubi kayu as in Indonesian , understood as the tuber cassava itself ( tepung ) tapioka , tepung singkong", "taxi teksi taksi", "teacher cikgu , guru guru", "teacher ( religious , Islam ) ustaz , ustad ( ultimately from Persian اُستَاذ ) , ustadzah female ustad , ustadzah", "team pasukan used in Indonesian to refer to squad ( military ) tim", "telephone telefon ( formerly talipon ) telepon", "television televisyen , TV televisi ( from Dutch televisie ) , TV", "terrorist pengganas ( means rioter '' in Indonesian ) teroris", "terrorism pengganasan terorisme", "testicles buah zakar , testis , buah keranjut testis , biji kemaluan , buah zakar ( slang , vulgar ) , kanjut ( slang , vulgar )", "Thailand Negara Thai , Siam , Thailand Thailand , Siam , Muangthai used in old scripts", "The Hague The Hague Den Haag ( from Dutch )", "ticket tiket tiket , karcis ( from Dutch kaartje )", "time masa , waktu waktu from Arabic الوقت ( al - Waqt ) , masa ( can be used for ' at a specific long period of time ' in Indonesian )", "tire ( US ) / tyre ( UK ) tayar ban ( from Dutch ( auto ) band )", "tofu tauhu tahu", "toilet bilik air , tandas toilet , kamar kecil , WC ( pronounced ' we - se ' ) for watercloset", "tornado puting beliung puting beliung , angin puyuh , tornado", "toothpaste ubat gigi pasta gigi , odol", "towel tuala ( from Portuguese toalha ) handuk ( from Dutch handdoek )", "traffic jam kesesakan lalulintas , jam ( slang ) kemacetan , macet", "traffic light lampu isyarat ( In Indonesian , isyarat means sign . ) lampu lalu - lintas", "train kereta api , tren kereta ( api )", "transport , transportation pengangkutan transportasi , pengangkutan , perhubungan ( in case of Ministry of Transportation )", "transsexual pondan , bapok ( slang ) , transseksual transseksual , waria ( polite ) a shortened form of wanita - pria , bencong , banci", "tree pokok in Indonesian means `` principal '' or `` core '' or `` staple '' , in Sundanese poko means authentic , e.g. authentic cuisine , pohon pohon", "try cuba coba", "turkey ( bird ) ayam belanda ( ayam ) kalkun ( from Dutch kalkoen )", "turn pusing ( means ' to spin ' in Indonesian , commonly used to mean dizzy as a short form of kepala pusing ) , belok belok , putar", "ugly hodoh , teruk , buruk jelek , buruk", "Ukraine Ukraine Ukraina", "uncle pakcik paman , oom , om ( derived from Dutch , pronounced and sometimes spelt as oom )", "union kesatuan ( in Indonesian means `` unitary '' ) persatuan , uni , serikat", "United Arab Emirates Emiriah Arab Bersatu Uni Emirat Arab", "United Kingdom United Kingdom Inggris Raya", "United Nations Pertubuhan Bangsa - Bangsa Bersatu Perserikatan Bangsa - Bangsa", "United States of America ( USA ) United States ( US ) Amerika Syarikat Amerika Serikat ( AS )", "university universiti universitas", "until sehingga ( mean thus in Indonesian ) , sampai hingga , sampai", "vagina faraj ( from Arabic , in Indonesian means `` vulva '' ) , pepek / pepet ( slang ) alat kelamin wanita , liang peranakan , vagina , farji , memek ( slang , vulgar ) , pepek ( slang , vulgar )", "variable ( mathematics ) pemboleh ubah variabel , peubah", "Vatican City Vatican City ( Kota ) Vatikan", "Venice Venice Venesia ( influenced by Dutch Venetië )", "verb kata kerja kata kerja ( influenced by Dutch werkwoord , literally `` work word '' ) , verba", "verification pengesahan ( mean `` validation '' in Indonesian ) verifikasi", "very sangat , amat , sekali sangat , amat , sekali , banget ( from Javanese ngoko )", "vice ( deputy ) naib wakil , naib ( less common )", "victim mangsa in Indonesian means `` prey '' korban", "Vienna Vienna Wina ( influenced by Dutch Wenen )", "violet ( colour ) lembayung violet , ungu , lembayung ( rarely used )", "virgin ( anak ) dara , ( anak ) gadis , perawan perawan ( formal ) , gadis , ( anak ) dara", "viscosity kelikatan viskositas , kekentalan", "visit lawatan , pelancongan wisata , kunjungan , pelancongan , lawatan ( to foreign country , sick person or dead person )", "volleyball bola tampar bola voli", "volume ( math ) isi padu volume , ruang , isi", "voucher baucer voucher", "want mahu mau , ingin", "warden warden , penjaga penjara sipir ( penjara ) ( from Dutch cipier )", "Warsaw Warsaw Warsawa", "website laman web , laman sesawang situs web , laman web", "weekend hujung minggu akhir pekan , akhir minggu", "well ( water hole ) perigi sumur , perigi ( rarely used )", "wheelchair kerusi roda kursi roda", "when bila , apabila , ketika , bilamana ( rarely used ) kapan , bilamana , ( question word ) bila , ketika", "window tingkap , jendela jendela ( from Portuguese janela ) , tingkap ( less common )", "windscreen , windshield cermin kereta kaca depan ( mobil )", "wire dawai , wayar kawat ( e.g. copper wire ) , kabel ( e.g. electrical wire , cable )", "you anda ( very formal ) , awak , kamu , engkau , kau anda ( everyday formal ) , kamu ( familiar only ) , engkau ( ' kau ) ( prose ) , elu / loe ( very vulgar Betawi slang , influenced by Chinese dialect leu )", "zero sifar nol from Dutch nul", "zipper ( fastener ) zip resleting from Dutch ritssluiting", "zone zon daerah , zona", "zoo zoo , taman haiwan ( kebun binatang was also frequently used in Malaysia before the mid-1960s ) kebun binatang ( derived from Dutch dierentuin , literally `` animal garden '' ) , taman margasatwa ( more formal form for zoological park )", "Besides vocabulary differences , there are also a number of false friends in both languages . As these words are in quite common use in either or both of the languages , misunderstandings can arise .", "Word Malaysian meaning Indonesian meaning ahli a member ( of a group ) ( when the word is used by itself ) ( from Arabo - Persian `` ahli '' اهلی ' belonging to a group , people , indigenous or sim . ' ) , expert in a field ( from Arabo - Persian `` ' aqli '' عقلی ' belonging to the intellect or mind , intellectual ' ) expert in a specific field akta ( from Latino - Dutch acta ) act ( = law ) act ( = written legal document ) awak you ( casual ) me / I ( Used by speakers from Sumatra mainly Malays , people in Medan , etc ) , crew ( of transportation ) baja fertilizer steel Malay : besi waja banci census ( Indonesian : sensus ) effeminate , transvestite homosexual ( negative connotation ) bandar city port bangun to develop / wake up ( from sleep ) to build / wake up ( from sleep ) bapa father ( male parent ) specific to ' Father ' ( God ) in religious context ( Christianity ) our Father which art in Heaven = Bapa kami yang di surga Father in Indonesian is bapak ( with an additional ' k ' letter ' ) belanja to treat , giving something for free to shop ( note : also carries this meaning in Malay , though in a context more akin to `` spend '' . ) berbagi to give to share ( something ) berbual to chat to tell a lie bercinta in ( the essence of ) love to make love , have sexual intercourse beredar From the root word `` edar '' which can means ; to oscillate ( planets only ) , to leave , or to distribute to oscillate , to distribute berlaku happen , occur apply biji seed seed , testicles ( `` balls '' , offensive ) bila when if , when ( older version , almost obsolete ) bina to build to develop bisa venom can / be able to ( also understood but less frequently used in Malay ) ( same as `` boleh '' in Malay ) , venom bontot / buntut buttock tail ( ' ekor ' as commonly used in Malay , sometimes in Indonesia ) budak kid Indonesian : anak or bocah slave butoh / butuh male genitals , an offensive reference need cadangan suggestion , opinion , proposal ( example : peti cadangan = suggestion box ) Indonesian : saran reserve , spare ( example : ban cadangan = spare tire ) comel cute , pretty ( to call ) someone who can not keep a secret ( example : mulutnya comel = her mouth ca n't keep a secret ) daripada A preposition that carries 5 meanings ; 1 . from ( to explain the origin of something ) 2. than ( to do comparison ) 3. from ( to protect from , to avoid from ) 4 . from ( to state the sender of something ) 5 . from ( to state the differences ) than ( comparison ) ( example : Kamus ini lebih baik daripada yang itu = This dictionary is better than that one ) detik jiffy second doktor doctor ( medical ) ; doctorate ( educational title ) doctorate ( educational title ) In Indonesian , the equivalent for medical doctor is dokter duduk to sit , a place to live on ( only used informally ) to sit , to occupy email electronic mail ( recently changed to `` emel '' ) enamel gampang bastard from ' anak gampang ' lit . easy child . easy ( non-negative meaning ) getah rubber , plant sap plant sap hemat moral excellence frugal , pennywise , save money or something e.g. electricity , gas or water usage jabatan department position jawatan position department jemput to invite , to pick up to pick up jeruk pickles / preserved fruits or vegetables orange ( fruit ) jimat frugal , pennywise , save money or something e.g. electricity amulet ( the Malay equivalent is azimat ) kacak handsome ber - kacak pinggang ( stands with hands on your hips ) The Malay equivalent is bercekak - pinggang , a phrase to mean that a person is being bossy kadar rate content , level kakak elder sister elder sibling ( either elder brother or sister ) kakitangan employee subordinate ( with negative meaning ) kapan or kafan : Muslim burial shroud ( kain kafan / kapan ) when ( kapan mau pulang ? = when do you want to go home ? ) karya work of art ( karyawan = artists ) to work ( karyawan = workers ) result of work Karya seni = work of art to create a piece of art . kerajaan government ( historical association , most Malay states were governed by monarchs , from Raja = King , now refers to any kind of government ) kingdom keranjang ' bola keranjang ' = basketball ( no other use than for basketball ) basket kereta car vehicle , carriage , cart ( kereta api = train , kereta kuda = horse carriage / cart , kereta gantung = cable car ) kesal regret Indonesian : sesal annoyed khidmat service Indonesian : layanan fully concentrate koneksi ' konek ' = dick ( slang / vulgar ) ( sambungan = connection in Malay ) connection konfeksi A soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar , sirup , or honey clothing industry , any fancy or luxurious women 's clothes ( Dutch : confectie . A non-standard spelling sometimes used is : `` konveksi '' ) kurun century a long ( time ) lucu funny funny , cute ( slang ) mangsa victim prey for animal mengacau to disturb , to stir Indonesian : mengaduk to disturb operasi mathematic operational symbol , tactical operation mathematic operational symbol , police operation , operation / surgery ( as in Dutch ) pajak to mortgage , pawn tax paket packet packet , package ( normally used for promotion purposes , as in Dutch ) pantas speedily appropriate , ' no wonder ' pantat buttock ( Sabahan Malay meaning ) , vagina / pussy ( slang / vulgar ) buttock pelan plan ( associated with architectural work , site map etc. only ) slow ( perlahan in Malay ) penyelenggaraan maintenance to organize , organizing pejabat office high - rank officer / officials ( those who hold office , Malay ( pegawai ) ) pembangkang opposition rebel ( noun ) , insurgent pemerintah ruler government pengacara emcee , host Indonesian : pembawa acara lawyer ( but it has nothing to do with its root word acara which means an event or a TV program in both languages ) pengajian studies Indonesian : pelajaran mass recitation of Qur'an , ( Islamic ) teaching penganjur organizer promoter percuma free of charge percuma can also mean free of charge in Indonesian , but its usage has become obsolete , replaced by cuma - cuma / gratis ( taken from Dutch : gratis = free ) useless , not needed petang afternoon evening piawai standard ; correct bahasa piawai = standard language expert ; skillful ( on something ) pijat bugs ( software bugs i.e. Year 2000 bug and also commonly referring to the bed bugs ) massage Javanese pijet pohon tree , to plea or to beg ( from basic word : `` mohon '' ) tree pokok tree essential , basic , main kebutuhan pokok = essential necessities polis police ( insurance ) policy ( as in Dutch ) polisi policy police ( as in Dutch ) punggung buttock back Malay : belakang pupuk to nurture fertilizer ( also means ' to nurture ' in the metaphorical sense of the word ) pusing to go around a place , circular in motion , to spin / rotate Indonesian : putar dizzy , confused , headache putera prince Indonesian : Pangeran son rambut hair ( for head only ) hair rayuan appeal ( neutral ) flattery , seduction ( emotional or sexual connotation ) saat second jiffy sederhana medium , normal simple , easy senang easy happy , relax seronok good , enjoyable impolite , pornography - related gambar seronok = porn picture sulit confidential , difficult difficult tambang fare Indonesian : tarif mine , rope ( as tali tambang ) tandas toilet to explain , to finish wakil representative vice ( for example , ' vice chancellor ' and ' vice president ' ) , representative", "Word Malaysian meaning Indonesian meaning", "ahli a member ( of a group ) ( when the word is used by itself ) ( from Arabo - Persian `` ahli '' اهلی ' belonging to a group , people , indigenous or sim . ' ) , expert in a field ( from Arabo - Persian `` ' aqli '' عقلی ' belonging to the intellect or mind , intellectual ' ) expert in a specific field", "akta ( from Latino - Dutch acta ) act ( = law ) act ( = written legal document )", "awak you ( casual ) me / I ( Used by speakers from Sumatra mainly Malays , people in Medan , etc ) , crew ( of transportation )", "baja fertilizer steel Malay : besi waja", "banci census ( Indonesian : sensus ) effeminate , transvestite homosexual ( negative connotation )", "bandar city port", "bangun to develop / wake up ( from sleep ) to build / wake up ( from sleep )", "bapa father ( male parent ) specific to ' Father ' ( God ) in religious context ( Christianity ) our Father which art in Heaven = Bapa kami yang di surga Father in Indonesian is bapak ( with an additional ' k ' letter ' )", "belanja to treat , giving something for free to shop ( note : also carries this meaning in Malay , though in a context more akin to `` spend '' . )", "berbagi to give to share ( something )", "berbual to chat to tell a lie", "bercinta in ( the essence of ) love to make love , have sexual intercourse", "beredar From the root word `` edar '' which can means ; to oscillate ( planets only ) , to leave , or to distribute to oscillate , to distribute", "berlaku happen , occur apply", "biji seed seed , testicles ( `` balls '' , offensive )", "bila when if , when ( older version , almost obsolete )", "bina to build to develop", "bisa venom can / be able to ( also understood but less frequently used in Malay ) ( same as `` boleh '' in Malay ) , venom", "bontot / buntut buttock tail ( ' ekor ' as commonly used in Malay , sometimes in Indonesia )", "budak kid Indonesian : anak or bocah slave", "butoh / butuh male genitals , an offensive reference need", "cadangan suggestion , opinion , proposal ( example : peti cadangan = suggestion box ) Indonesian : saran reserve , spare ( example : ban cadangan = spare tire )", "comel cute , pretty ( to call ) someone who can not keep a secret ( example : mulutnya comel = her mouth ca n't keep a secret )", "daripada A preposition that carries 5 meanings ; 1 . from ( to explain the origin of something ) 2. than ( to do comparison ) 3. from ( to protect from , to avoid from ) 4 . from ( to state the sender of something ) 5 . from ( to state the differences ) than ( comparison ) ( example : Kamus ini lebih baik daripada yang itu = This dictionary is better than that one )", "detik jiffy second", "doktor doctor ( medical ) ; doctorate ( educational title ) doctorate ( educational title ) In Indonesian , the equivalent for medical doctor is dokter", "duduk to sit , a place to live on ( only used informally ) to sit , to occupy", "email electronic mail ( recently changed to `` emel '' ) enamel", "gampang bastard from ' anak gampang ' lit . easy child . easy ( non-negative meaning )", "getah rubber , plant sap plant sap", "hemat moral excellence frugal , pennywise , save money or something e.g. electricity , gas or water usage", "jabatan department position", "jawatan position department", "jemput to invite , to pick up to pick up", "jeruk pickles / preserved fruits or vegetables orange ( fruit )", "jimat frugal , pennywise , save money or something e.g. electricity amulet ( the Malay equivalent is azimat )", "kacak handsome ber - kacak pinggang ( stands with hands on your hips ) The Malay equivalent is bercekak - pinggang , a phrase to mean that a person is being bossy", "kadar rate content , level", "kakak elder sister elder sibling ( either elder brother or sister )", "kakitangan employee subordinate ( with negative meaning )", "kapan or kafan : Muslim burial shroud ( kain kafan / kapan ) when ( kapan mau pulang ? = when do you want to go home ? )", "karya work of art ( karyawan = artists ) to work ( karyawan = workers ) result of work Karya seni = work of art to create a piece of art .", "kerajaan government ( historical association , most Malay states were governed by monarchs , from Raja = King , now refers to any kind of government ) kingdom", "keranjang ' bola keranjang ' = basketball ( no other use than for basketball ) basket", "kereta car vehicle , carriage , cart ( kereta api = train , kereta kuda = horse carriage / cart , kereta gantung = cable car )", "kesal regret Indonesian : sesal annoyed", "khidmat service Indonesian : layanan fully concentrate", "koneksi ' konek ' = dick ( slang / vulgar ) ( sambungan = connection in Malay ) connection", "konfeksi A soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar , sirup , or honey clothing industry , any fancy or luxurious women 's clothes ( Dutch : confectie . A non-standard spelling sometimes used is : `` konveksi '' )", "kurun century a long ( time )", "lucu funny funny , cute ( slang )", "mangsa victim prey for animal", "mengacau to disturb , to stir Indonesian : mengaduk to disturb", "operasi mathematic operational symbol , tactical operation mathematic operational symbol , police operation , operation / surgery ( as in Dutch )", "pajak to mortgage , pawn tax", "paket packet packet , package ( normally used for promotion purposes , as in Dutch )", "pantas speedily appropriate , ' no wonder '", "pantat buttock ( Sabahan Malay meaning ) , vagina / pussy ( slang / vulgar ) buttock", "pelan plan ( associated with architectural work , site map etc. only ) slow ( perlahan in Malay )", "penyelenggaraan maintenance to organize , organizing", "pejabat office high - rank officer / officials ( those who hold office , Malay ( pegawai ) )", "pembangkang opposition rebel ( noun ) , insurgent", "pemerintah ruler government", "pengacara emcee , host Indonesian : pembawa acara lawyer ( but it has nothing to do with its root word acara which means an event or a TV program in both languages )", "pengajian studies Indonesian : pelajaran mass recitation of Qur'an , ( Islamic ) teaching", "penganjur organizer promoter", "percuma free of charge percuma can also mean free of charge in Indonesian , but its usage has become obsolete , replaced by cuma - cuma / gratis ( taken from Dutch : gratis = free ) useless , not needed", "petang afternoon evening", "piawai standard ; correct bahasa piawai = standard language expert ; skillful ( on something )", "pijat bugs ( software bugs i.e. Year 2000 bug and also commonly referring to the bed bugs ) massage Javanese pijet", "pohon tree , to plea or to beg ( from basic word : `` mohon '' ) tree", "pokok tree essential , basic , main kebutuhan pokok = essential necessities", "polis police ( insurance ) policy ( as in Dutch )", "polisi policy police ( as in Dutch )", "punggung buttock back Malay : belakang", "pupuk to nurture fertilizer ( also means ' to nurture ' in the metaphorical sense of the word )", "pusing to go around a place , circular in motion , to spin / rotate Indonesian : putar dizzy , confused , headache", "putera prince Indonesian : Pangeran son", "rambut hair ( for head only ) hair", "rayuan appeal ( neutral ) flattery , seduction ( emotional or sexual connotation )", "saat second jiffy", "sederhana medium , normal simple , easy", "senang easy happy , relax", "seronok good , enjoyable impolite , pornography - related gambar seronok = porn picture", "sulit confidential , difficult difficult", "tambang fare Indonesian : tarif mine , rope ( as tali tambang )", "tandas toilet to explain , to finish", "wakil representative vice ( for example , ' vice chancellor ' and ' vice president ' ) , representative", "Word Malaysian syllabification Indonesian syllabification Starting Mu la i Mu lai Weather Cua ca Cu a ca", "Word Malaysian syllabification Indonesian syllabification", "Starting Mu la i Mu lai", "Weather Cua ca Cu a ca", "One of the most important aspect in differences between Malaysian and Indonesian is the degree of influence from English . Apart from being heavily influenced by the Dutch language , Indonesian language also adopted a significant number of English loanwords in its vocabulary , although English did not play significant role on the Indonesian language and in fact most of these vocabulary are of Dutch origin - Dutch and English share a similar Germanic origin , and Dutch has also borrowed from Latin , although to a lesser extent than English . There have been many changes in Indonesian as a result of its historical development . Words have been freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated , in many cases , to the Indonesian patterns of structure .", "By the late 1970s , English words began pouring into the language , leading one commentator , writing in 1977 , to refer to the `` trend towards Indo - Saxonization '' , known in Indonesian as pengindosaksonan . A great many borrowings from English sometimes fulfill no communicative need , expressing concepts adequately covered by existing words . Among the examples are : akurat instead of tepat ( accurate ) , aliansi in the place of sekutu ( alliance ) , eksis rather than ada ( exist ) , kandidat as well as calon ( candidate ) , konklusi instead of kesimpulan ( conclusion ) kontaminasi in the place of pencemaran ( contamination ) , opini rather than pendapat ( opinion ) and opsi in the place of pilihan ( option ) . Contrary to its Indonesian counterpart , Malay has shown a remarkable resilience , despite formerly being part of British Empire .", "Some in Indonesia view this trend of excessive borrowings as `` language dynamism '' , while some Malaysian linguists called it mass `` language pollution '' , and lack of creativity in creating new terms .", "The original text in Indonesian :", "Apabila peraturan pakta stabilitas Eropa dihormati sampai ke detailnya , rasio utang publik dibanding produk domestik bruto pada hari krisis akan berada di posisi 10 persentase poin kurang dalam zona euro , katanya .", "Apabila peraturan pakta stabilitas Eropa dihormati sampai ke detailnya , rasio utang publik dibanding produk domestik bruto pada hari krisis akan berada di posisi 10 persentase poin kurang dalam zona euro , katanya .", "The same text rendered in Malaysian :", "Apabila peraturan pakatan kestabilan Eropah dihormati secara terperinci , nisbah hutang awam berbanding keluaran dalam negara kasar pada zaman krisis akan berada di kedudukan 10 mata peratusan kurang dalam zon euro , kata beliau .", "Apabila peraturan pakatan kestabilan Eropah dihormati secara terperinci , nisbah hutang awam berbanding keluaran dalam negara kasar pada zaman krisis akan berada di kedudukan 10 mata peratusan kurang dalam zon euro , kata beliau .", "English translation :", "If the European stability pact rules had been respected in detail , the ratio of public debt to gross domestic product on the days of crisis would have been at the position 10 percentage points less in the eurozone , he said .", "If the European stability pact rules had been respected in detail , the ratio of public debt to gross domestic product on the days of crisis would have been at the position 10 percentage points less in the eurozone , he said .", "The rift of evolution between the two languages is based more on political nuance and the history of their formation than on cultural reasons . As a result , views regarding each other 's languages differ amongst Malaysians and Indonesians . In Malaysia , the national language is Malaysian ; in Indonesia , it is Indonesian . Malaysians tend to assert that Malaysian and Indonesian are merely different varieties of the same language , while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate -- albeit closely related -- languages . The result of this attitude is that the Indonesians feel little need to synchronize their language with Malaysia , Singapore and Brunei , whereas the Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with the Indonesians . However , both parties have realized that communication benefits from mutually comprehensible and intelligible languages , which motivated efforts to synchronize the languages ' development . The effort to synchronize both languages ' evolution to increase their mutual intelligibility has been embarked by imposing standard rules of language . This process is headed by Pusat Bahasa on the Indonesian side and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka as its Malaysian counterpart .", "The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Malaysian and Indonesian , along with the original declaration in English .", "Malaysian text sample :", "Malaysian text sample :", "Maka dengan ini ,", "Maka dengan ini ,", "Maka dengan ini ,", "Maka dengan ini ,", "Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan", "Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan", "Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan", "Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan", "PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA ini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat , dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini , hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak - hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah - langkah berperingkat - peringkat , di bidang negara dan antarabangsa , bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan , kedua - duanya di antara negara - negara anggota masing - masing dan rakyat wilayah - wilayah di bawah bidangkuasa mereka .", "PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA ini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat , dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini , hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak - hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah - langkah berperingkat - peringkat , di bidang negara dan antarabangsa , bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan , kedua - duanya di antara negara - negara anggota masing - masing dan rakyat wilayah - wilayah di bawah bidangkuasa mereka .", "PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA ini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat , dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini , hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak - hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah - langkah berperingkat - peringkat , di bidang negara dan antarabangsa , bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan , kedua - duanya di antara negara - negara anggota masing - masing dan rakyat wilayah - wilayah di bawah bidangkuasa mereka .", "PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA ini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat , dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini , hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak - hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah - langkah berperingkat - peringkat , di bidang negara dan antarabangsa , bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan , kedua - duanya di antara negara - negara anggota masing - masing dan rakyat wilayah - wilayah di bawah bidangkuasa mereka .", "Perkara 1 . Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak - hak . Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan .", "Perkara 1 . Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak - hak . Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan .", "Perkara 1 . Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak - hak . Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan .", "Perkara 1 . Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak - hak . Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan .", "Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak - hak . Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan .", "Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak - hak . Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan .", "Indonesian text sample :", "Indonesian text sample :", "Maka ,", "Maka ,", "Maka ,", "Majelis Umum memproklamasikan", "Majelis Umum memproklamasikan", "Majelis Umum memproklamasikan", "Majelis Umum memproklamasikan", "PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIA sebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara , dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini , akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak - hak dan kebebasan - kebebasan tersebut , dan dengan jalan tindakan - tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional , menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif , baik oleh bangsa - bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa - bangsa dari daerah - daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka .", "PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIA sebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara , dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini , akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak - hak dan kebebasan - kebebasan tersebut , dan dengan jalan tindakan - tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional , menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif , baik oleh bangsa - bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa - bangsa dari daerah - daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka .", "PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIA sebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara , dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini , akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak - hak dan kebebasan - kebebasan tersebut , dan dengan jalan tindakan - tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional , menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif , baik oleh bangsa - bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa - bangsa dari daerah - daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka .", "PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIA sebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara , dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini , akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak - hak dan kebebasan - kebebasan tersebut , dan dengan jalan tindakan - tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional , menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif , baik oleh bangsa - bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa - bangsa dari daerah - daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka .", "Pasal 1 Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak - hak yang sama . Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan .", "Pasal 1 Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak - hak yang sama . Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan .", "Pasal 1 Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak - hak yang sama . Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan .", "Pasal 1 Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak - hak yang sama . Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan .", "Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak - hak yang sama . Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan .", "Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak - hak yang sama . Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan .", "The original English version of the text :", "The original English version of the text :", "Now , therefore ,", "Now , therefore ,", "Now , therefore ,", "Now , therefore ,", "the General Assembly proclaims", "the General Assembly proclaims", "the General Assembly proclaims", "the General Assembly proclaims", "this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations , to the end that every individual and every organ of society , keeping this Declaration constantly in mind , shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures , national and international , to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance , both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction .", "this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations , to the end that every individual and every organ of society , keeping this Declaration constantly in mind , shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures , national and international , to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance , both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction .", "this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations , to the end that every individual and every organ of society , keeping this Declaration constantly in mind , shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures , national and international , to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance , both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction .", "this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations , to the end that every individual and every organ of society , keeping this Declaration constantly in mind , shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures , national and international , to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance , both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction .", "Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood .", "Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood .", "Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood .", "Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood .", "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood .", "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood ." ]

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[ "History of China ANCIENT Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BC Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BC Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BC Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BC Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States IMPERIAL Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BC Han dynasty 206 BC -- 220 AD Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 Wei , Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 Northern Song Western Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 MODERN Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles ( show ) Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history view talk", "History of China", "ANCIENT", "Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BC", "Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BC", "Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BC", "Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BC", "Western Zhou", "Eastern Zhou", "Spring and Autumn", "Warring States", "IMPERIAL", "Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BC", "Han dynasty 206 BC -- 220 AD", "Western Han", "Xin dynasty", "Eastern Han", "Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280", "Wei , Shu and Wu", "Jin dynasty 265 -- 420", "Western Jin", "Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms", "Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589", "Sui dynasty 581 -- 618", "Tang dynasty 618 -- 907", "( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 )", "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125", "Song dynasty 960 -- 1279", "Northern Song Western Xia", "Southern Song Jin", "Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368", "Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644", "Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912", "MODERN", "Republic of China 1912 -- 1949", "People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present", "Republic of China 1949 -- present", "Related articles ( show ) Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history", "Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history", "Timeline of Chinese history", "Dynasties in Chinese history", "Science and technology history", "view talk", "view talk", "Written records of the history of China date from as early as 1500 BC , from the Shang dynasty ( c. 1600 -- 1046 BC ) . Ancient historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian ( c. 100 BC ) and the Bamboo Annals ( 296 BC ) describe a Xia dynasty ( c. 2070 -- 1600 BC ) before the Shang , but no writing on a durable medium have survived . The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley , which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization . However , Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River . These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang . With thousands of years of continuous history , China is one of the world 's oldest civilizations , and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization .", "The Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 256 BC ) supplanted the Shang , and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule . The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC , and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period . These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period . Much of traditional Chinese culture , literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times .", "In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi ( Chinese : 皇帝 ) or `` emperor '' of the Qin , marking the beginning of imperial China . However , the oppressive government fell soon after his death , and was supplanted by the longer lived Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) . Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly . In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912 , routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar - officials . Young men , well - versed in calligraphy , history , literature , and philosophy , were carefully selected through difficult government examinations . China 's last dynasty was the Qing ( 1644 -- 1912 ) , which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912 , and in the mainland by the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , resulting in two de facto states claiming to be the legitimate government of all China .", "Chinese history has alternated between periods of politically unity and peace , and periods of war and failed statehood -- the most recent being the Chinese Civil War ( 1927 -- 1949 ) . China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples , most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population . Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism , Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China ; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet , as at present . Traditional culture , and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world ( carried by waves of immigration , cultural assimilation , expansion , and foreign contact ) , form the basis of the modern culture of China .", "Prehistoric cultures of China Paleolithic Neolithic Northeastern China Xinglongwa Zhaobaogou Hongshan Niuheliang Xiaoheyan Lower Xiajiadian Laohushan Xinle Upper Yellow River Dadiwan Yangshao Xishuipo Majiayao Banshan Qijia Lajia Zhukaigou Middle Yellow River ( Nanzhuangtou ) Cishan Peiligang Jiahu Dadiwan Yangshao Banpo Jiangzhai Yangguanzhai Longshan Taosi Lower Yellow River Houli Beixin Dawenkou Longshan Chengziya Yueshi Middle and Upper Yangtze Pengtoushan Bashidang Chengbeixi Daxi Tangjiagang Qujialing Shijiahe Baodun Lower Yangtze and Huai Hemudu Majiabang Songze Lingjiatan Liangzhu Guangfulin Maqiao Southern China Zengpiyan Shixia Tibet Karuo Qugong Liao civilization Yellow River civilization Yangtze civilization History Archaeology History", "Prehistoric cultures of China", "", "Paleolithic Neolithic", "Paleolithic Neolithic", "Northeastern China Xinglongwa Zhaobaogou Hongshan Niuheliang Xiaoheyan Lower Xiajiadian Laohushan Xinle", "Xinglongwa Zhaobaogou Hongshan Niuheliang Xiaoheyan Lower Xiajiadian Laohushan Xinle", "Hongshan Niuheliang", "Niuheliang", "Upper Yellow River Dadiwan Yangshao Xishuipo Majiayao Banshan Qijia Lajia Zhukaigou", "Dadiwan Yangshao Xishuipo Majiayao Banshan Qijia Lajia Zhukaigou", "Yangshao Xishuipo", "Xishuipo", "Majiayao Banshan", "Banshan", "Qijia Lajia", "Lajia", "Middle Yellow River ( Nanzhuangtou ) Cishan Peiligang Jiahu Dadiwan Yangshao Banpo Jiangzhai Yangguanzhai Longshan Taosi", "( Nanzhuangtou ) Cishan Peiligang Jiahu Dadiwan Yangshao Banpo Jiangzhai Yangguanzhai Longshan Taosi", "( Nanzhuangtou )", "Peiligang Jiahu", "Jiahu", "Yangshao Banpo Jiangzhai Yangguanzhai", "Banpo Jiangzhai Yangguanzhai", "Longshan Taosi", "Taosi", "Lower Yellow River Houli Beixin Dawenkou Longshan Chengziya Yueshi", "Houli Beixin Dawenkou Longshan Chengziya Yueshi", "Longshan Chengziya", "Chengziya", "Middle and Upper Yangtze Pengtoushan Bashidang Chengbeixi Daxi Tangjiagang Qujialing Shijiahe Baodun", "Pengtoushan Bashidang Chengbeixi Daxi Tangjiagang Qujialing Shijiahe Baodun", "Pengtoushan Bashidang", "Bashidang", "Daxi Tangjiagang", "Tangjiagang", "Lower Yangtze and Huai Hemudu Majiabang Songze Lingjiatan Liangzhu Guangfulin Maqiao", "Hemudu Majiabang Songze Lingjiatan Liangzhu Guangfulin Maqiao", "Liangzhu Guangfulin", "Guangfulin", "Southern China Zengpiyan Shixia", "Zengpiyan Shixia", "Tibet Karuo Qugong", "Karuo Qugong", "Liao civilization Yellow River civilization Yangtze civilization", "Liao civilization Yellow River civilization Yangtze civilization", "Yellow River civilization", "History Archaeology History", "History Archaeology History", "What is now China was inhabited by Homo erectus more than a million years ago . Recent study shows that the stone tools found at Xiaochangliang site are magnetostratigraphically dated to 1.36 million years ago . The archaeological site of Xihoudu in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded use of fire by Homo erectus , which is dated 1.27 million years ago . The excavations at Yuanmou and later Lantian show early habitation . Perhaps the most famous specimen of Homo erectus found in China is the so - called Peking Man discovered in 1923 -- 27 . Fossilised teeth of Homo sapiens dating to 125,000 -- 80,000 BC have been discovered in Fuyan Cave in Dao County in Hunan .", "The Neolithic age in China can be traced back to about 10,000 BC .", "Early evidence for proto - Chinese millet agriculture is radiocarbon - dated to about 7000 BC . The earliest evidence of cultivated rice , found by the Yangtze River , is carbon - dated to 8,000 years ago . Farming gave rise to the Jiahu culture ( 7000 to 5800 BC ) . At Damaidi in Ningxia , 3,172 cliff carvings dating to 6000 -- 5000 BC have been discovered , `` featuring 8,453 individual characters such as the sun , moon , stars , gods and scenes of hunting or grazing '' . These pictographs are reputed to be similar to the earliest characters confirmed to be written Chinese . Chinese proto - writing existed in Jiahu around 7000 BC , Dadiwan from 5800 BC to 5400 BC , Damaidi around 6000 BC and Banpo dating from the 5th millennium BC . Some scholars have suggested that Jiahu symbols ( 7th millennium BC ) were the earliest Chinese writing system . Excavation of a Peiligang culture site in Xinzheng county , Henan , found a community that flourished in 5,500 to 4,900 BC , with evidence of agriculture , constructed buildings , pottery , and burial of the dead . With agriculture came increased population , the ability to store and redistribute crops , and the potential to support specialist craftsmen and administrators . In late Neolithic times , the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a center of Yangshao culture ( 5000 BC to 3000 BC ) , and the first villages were founded ; the most archaeologically significant of these was found at Banpo , Xi'an . Later , Yangshao culture was superseded by the Longshan culture , which was also centered on the Yellow River from about 3000 BC to 2000 BC .", "Bronze artifacts have been found at the Majiayao culture site ( between 3100 and 2700 BC ) , The Bronze Age is also represented at the Lower Xiajiadian culture ( 2200 -- 1600 BC ) site in northeast China . Sanxingdui located in what is now Sichuan province is believed to be the site of a major ancient city , of a previously unknown Bronze Age culture ( between 2000 and 1200 BC ) . The site was first discovered in 1929 and then re-discovered in 1986 . Chinese archaeologists have identified the Sanxingdui culture to be part of the ancient kingdom of Shu , linking the artifacts found at the site to its early legendary kings .", "The Xia dynasty of China ( from c. 2070 to c. 1600 BC ) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian and Bamboo Annals .", "The dynasty was considered mythical by historians until scientific excavations found early Bronze Age sites at Erlitou , Henan in 1959 . With few clear records matching the Shang oracle bones , it remains unclear whether these sites are the remains of the Xia dynasty or of another culture from the same period . Excavations that overlap the alleged time period of the Xia indicate a type of culturally similar groupings of chiefdoms . Early markings from this period found on pottery and shells are thought to be ancestral to modern Chinese characters .", "According to ancient records , the dynasty ended around 1600 BC as a consequence of the Battle of Mingtiao .", "Archaeological findings providing evidence for the existence of the Shang dynasty , c. 1600 -- 1046 BC , are divided into two sets . The first set , from the earlier Shang period , comes from sources at Erligang , Zhengzhou , and Shangcheng . The second set , from the later Shang or Yin ( 殷 ) period , is at Anyang , in modern - day Henan , which has been confirmed as the last of the Shang 's nine capitals ( c. 1300 -- 1046 BC ) . The findings at Anyang include the earliest written record of Chinese past so far discovered : inscriptions of divination records in ancient Chinese writing on the bones or shells of animals -- the so - called `` oracle bones '' , dating from around 1500 BC .", "31 kings reigned over the Shang dynasty . During their reign , according to the Records of the Grand Historian , the capital city was moved six times . The final ( and most important ) move was to Yin in 1350 BC which led to the dynasty 's golden age . The term Yin dynasty has been synonymous with the Shang dynasty in history , although it has lately been used to refer specifically to the latter half of the Shang dynasty .", "Chinese historians living in later periods were accustomed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another , but the actual political situation in early China is known to have been much more complicated . Hence , as some scholars of China suggest , the Xia and the Shang can possibly refer to political entities that existed concurrently , just as the early Zhou is known to have existed at the same time as the Shang .", "Although written records found at Anyang confirm the existence of the Shang dynasty , Western scholars are often hesitant to associate settlements that are contemporaneous with the Anyang settlement with the Shang dynasty . For example , archaeological findings at Sanxingdui suggest a technologically advanced civilization culturally unlike Anyang . The evidence is inconclusive in proving how far the Shang realm extended from Anyang . The leading hypothesis is that Anyang , ruled by the same Shang in the official history , coexisted and traded with numerous other culturally diverse settlements in the area that is now referred to as China proper .", "The Zhou dynasty ( 1046 BC to approximately 256 BC ) was the longest - lasting dynasty in Chinese history . By the end of the 2nd millennium BC , the Zhou dynasty began to emerge in the Yellow River valley , overrunning the territory of the Shang . The Zhou appeared to have begun their rule under a semi-feudal system . The Zhou lived west of the Shang , and the Zhou leader had been appointed Western Protector by the Shang . The ruler of the Zhou , King Wu , with the assistance of his brother , the Duke of Zhou , as regent , managed to defeat the Shang at the Battle of Muye .", "The king of Zhou at this time invoked the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize his rule , a concept that would be influential for almost every succeeding dynasty . Like Shangdi , Heaven ( tian ) ruled over all the other gods , and it decided who would rule China . It was believed that a ruler had lost the Mandate of Heaven when natural disasters occurred in great number , and when , more realistically , the sovereign had apparently lost his concern for the people . In response , the royal house would be overthrown , and a new house would rule , having been granted the Mandate of Heaven .", "The Zhou initially moved their capital west to an area near modern Xi'an , on the Wei River , a tributary of the Yellow River , but they would preside over a series of expansions into the Yangtze River valley . This would be the first of many population migrations from north to south in Chinese history .", "Capitals : several ( multiple states )", "Capitals : several ( multiple states )", "In the 8th century BC , power became decentralized during the Spring and Autumn period , named after the influential Spring and Autumn Annals . In this period , local military leaders used by the Zhou began to assert their power and vie for hegemony . The situation was aggravated by the invasion of other peoples from the northwest , such as the Qin , forcing the Zhou to move their capital east to Luoyang . This marks the second major phase of the Zhou dynasty : the Eastern Zhou . The Spring and Autumn period is marked by a falling apart of the central Zhou power . In each of the hundreds of states that eventually arose , local strongmen held most of the political power and continued their subservience to the Zhou kings in name only . Some local leaders even started using royal titles for themselves . China now consisted of hundreds of states , some of them only as large as a village with a fort .", "As the era continued , larger and more powerful states annexed or claimed suzerainty over smaller ones . By the 6th century BC most small states had disappeared from being annexed and just a few large and powerful principalities dominated China . Some southern states , such as Chu and Wu , claimed independence from the Zhou , who undertook wars against some of them ( Wu and Yue ) . Many new cities were established in this period and Chinese culture was slowly shaped .", "Once all these powerful rulers had firmly established themselves within their respective dominions , the bloodshed focused more fully on interstate conflict in the Warring States period , which began when the three remaining élite families in the Jin state -- Zhao , Wei and Han -- partitioned the state . Many famous individuals such as Lao Zi , Confucius and Sun Tzu lived during this chaotic period .", "The Hundred Schools of Thought of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period , and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism , Taoism , Legalism and Mohism were founded , partly in response to the changing political world . The first two philosophical thoughts would have an enormous influence on Chinese culture .", "After further political consolidation , seven prominent states remained by the end of 5th century BC , and the years in which these few states battled each other are known as the Warring States period . Though there remained a nominal Zhou king until 256 BC , he was largely a figurehead and held little real power .", "Numerous developments were made during this period in culture and mathematics , examples include an important literary achievement , the Zuo Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals , which summarizes the preceding Spring and Autumn period and the bundle of 21 bamboo slips from the Tsinghua collection , which was invented during this period dated to 305 BC , are the worlds ' earliest example of a two digit decimal multiplication table , indicating that sophisticated commercial arithmetic was already established during this period .", "As neighboring territories of these warring states , including areas of modern Sichuan and Liaoning , were annexed , they were governed under the new local administrative system of commandery and prefecture ( 郡 縣 / 郡 县 ) . This system had been in use since the Spring and Autumn period , and parts can still be seen in the modern system of Sheng & Xian ( province and county , 省 縣 / 省 县 ) .", "The final expansion in this period began during the reign of Ying Zheng , the king of Qin . His unification of the other six powers , and further annexations in the modern regions of Zhejiang , Fujian , Guangdong and Guangxi in 214 BC , enabled him to proclaim himself the First Emperor ( Qin Shi Huang ) .", "The Imperial China Period can be divided into three subperiods : Early , Middle , and Late .", "Major events in the Early subperiod include the Qin unification of China and their replacement by the Han , the First Split followed by the Jin unification , and the loss of north China . The Middle subperiod was marked by the Sui unification and their supplementation by the Tang , the Second Split , and the Song unification . The Late subperiod included the Yuan , Ming , and Qing dynasties .", "Historians often refer to the period from Qin dynasty to the end of Qing dynasty as Imperial China . Though the unified reign of the First Qin Emperor lasted only 12 years , he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core of the Han Chinese homeland and to unite them under a tightly centralized Legalist government seated at Xianyang ( close to modern Xi'an ) . The doctrine of Legalism that guided the Qin emphasized strict adherence to a legal code and the absolute power of the emperor . This philosophy , while effective for expanding the empire in a military fashion , proved unworkable for governing it in peacetime . The Qin Emperor presided over the brutal silencing of political opposition , including the event known as the burning of books and burying of scholars . This would be the impetus behind the later Han synthesis incorporating the more moderate schools of political governance .", "Major contributions of the Qin include the concept of a centralized government , and the unification and development of the legal code , the written language , measurement , and currency of China after the tribulations of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods . Even something as basic as the length of axles for carts -- which need to match ruts in the roads -- had to be made uniform to ensure a viable trading system throughout the empire . Also as part of its centralization , the Qin connected the northern border walls of the states it defeated , making the first Great Wall of China .", "A major Qin innovation that lasted until 1912 was reliance upon a trained intellectual elite , the Scholar - official ( `` Scholar - gentlemen '' ) . They were civil servants appointed by the Emperor to handle daily governance . Talented young men were selected through an elaborate process of imperial examination . They had to demonstrate skill at calligraphy , and had to know Confucian philosophy . Historian Wing - Tsit Chan concludes that :", "Generally speaking , the record of these scholar - gentlemen has been a worthy one . It was good enough to be praised and imitated in 18th century Europe . Nevertheless , it has given China a tremendous handicap in their transition from government by men to government by law , and personal considerations in Chinese government have been a curse .", "Generally speaking , the record of these scholar - gentlemen has been a worthy one . It was good enough to be praised and imitated in 18th century Europe . Nevertheless , it has given China a tremendous handicap in their transition from government by men to government by law , and personal considerations in Chinese government have been a curse .", "After Emperor Qin Shi Huang 's unnatural death due to the consumption of mercury pills , the Qin government drastically deteriorated and eventually capitulated in 206 BC after the Qin capital was captured and sacked by rebels , which would ultimately lead to the establishment of a new dynasty of a unified China . Despite the short 15 - year duration of the Qin dynasty , it was immensely influential on China and the structure of future Chinese dynasties .", "The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang , who emerged victorious in the civil war that followed the collapse of the unified but short - lived Qin dynasty and its ' equally short - lived successors of the Eighteen Kingdoms . A golden age in Chinese history , the Han dynasty 's long period of stability and prosperity consolidated the foundation of China as a unified state under a central imperial bureaucracy , which was to last intermittently for most of the next two millennia . During the Han dynasty , territory of China was extended to most of the China proper and to areas far west . Confucianism was officially elevated to orthodox status and was to shape the subsequent Chinese civilization . Art , culture and science all advanced to unprecedented heights . With the profound and lasting impacts of this period of Chinese history , the dynasty name `` Han '' had been taken as the name of the Chinese people , now the dominant ethnic group in modern China , and had been commonly used to refer to Chinese language and written characters . The Han Dynasty also saw many mathematical innovations being invented such as the method of Gaussian elimination which appeared in the Chinese mathematical text Chapter Eight Rectangular Arrays of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art . Its use is illustrated in eighteen problems , with two to five equations . The first reference to the book by this title is dated to 179 AD , but parts of it were written as early as approximately 150 BC , more than 1500 years before the Europeans came up with the method in the 18th century .", "After the initial Laissez - faire policies of Emperors Wen and Jing , the ambitious Emperor Wu brought the empire to its zenith . To consolidate his power , Confucianism , which emphasizes stability and order in a well - structured society , was given exclusive patronage to be the guiding philosophical thoughts and moral principles of the empire . Imperial Universities were established to support its study and further development , while other schools of thought were discouraged .", "Major military campaigns were launched to weaken the nomadic Xiongnu Empire , limiting their influence north of the Great Wall . Along with the diplomatic efforts led by Zhang Qian , the sphere of influence of the Han Empire extended to the states in the Tarim Basin , opened up the Silk Road that connected China to the west , stimulating bilateral trade and cultural exchange . To the south , various small kingdoms far beyond the Yangtze River Valley were formally incorporated into the empire .", "Emperor Wu also dispatched a series of military campaigns against the Baiyue tribes . The Han annexed Minyue in 135 BC and 111 BC , Nanyue in 111 BC , and Dian in 109 BC . Migration and military expeditions led to the cultural assimilation of the south . It also brought the Han into contact with kingdoms in Southeast Asia , introducing diplomacy and trade .", "After Emperor Wu , the empire slipped into gradual stagnation and decline . Economically , the state treasury was strained by excessive campaigns and projects , while land acquisitions by elite families gradually drained the tax base . Various consort clans exerted increasing control over strings of incompetent emperors and eventually the dynasty was briefly interrupted by the usurpation of Wang Mang .", "In AD 9 , the usurper Wang Mang claimed that the Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the rise of his own , and he founded the short - lived Xin ( `` New '' ) dynasty . Wang Mang started an extensive program of land and other economic reforms , including the outlawing of slavery and land nationalization and redistribution . These programs , however , were never supported by the landholding families , because they favored the peasants . The instability of power brought about chaos , uprisings , and loss of territories . This was compounded by mass flooding of the Yellow River ; silt buildup caused it to split into two channels and displaced large numbers of farmers . Wang Mang was eventually killed in Weiyang Palace by an enraged peasant mob in AD 23 .", "Emperor Guangwu reinstated the Han dynasty with the support of landholding and merchant families at Luoyang , east of the former capital Xi'an . Thus , this new era is termed the Eastern Han dynasty . With the capable administrations of Emperors Ming and Zhang , former glories of the dynasty was reclaimed , with brilliant military and cultural achievements . The Xiongnu Empire was decisively defeated . The diplomat and general Ban Chao further expanded the conquests across the Pamirs to the shores of the Caspian Sea , thus reopening the Silk Road , and bringing trade , foreign cultures , along with the arrival of Buddhism . With extensive connections with the west , the first of several Roman embassies to China were recorded in Chinese sources , coming from the sea route in AD 166 , and a second one in AD 284 .", "The Eastern Han dynasty was one of the most prolific era of science and technology in ancient China , notably the historic invention of papermaking by Cai Lun , and the numerous scientific and mathematical contributions by the famous polymath Zhang Heng .", "By the 2nd century , the empire declined amidst land acquisitions , invasions , and feuding between consort clans and eunuchs . The Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in AD 184 , ushering in an era of warlords . In the ensuing turmoil , three states tried to gain predominance in the period of the Three Kingdoms . This time period has been greatly romanticized in works such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms .", "After Cao Cao reunified the north in 208 , his son proclaimed the Wei dynasty in 220 . Soon , Wei 's rivals Shu and Wu proclaimed their independence , leading China into the Three Kingdoms period . This period was characterized by a gradual decentralization of the state that had existed during the Qin and Han dynasties , and an increase in the power of great families .", "In 265 , the Jin dynasty overthrew the Wei and later unified the country in 280 , but this union was short - lived .", "The Jin dynasty was severely weakened by interceine fighting among imperial princes and lost control of northern China after non-Han Chinese settlers rebelled and captured Luoyang and Chang'an . In 317 , a Jin prince in modern - day Nanjing became emperor and continued the dynasty , now known as the Eastern Jin , which held southern China for another century . Prior to this move , historians refer to the Jin dynasty as the Western Jin .", "Northern China fragmented into a series of independent kingdoms , most of which were founded by Xiongnu , Xianbei , Jie , Di and Qiang rulers . These non-Han peoples were ancestors of the Turks , Mongols , and Tibetans . Many had , to some extent , been `` sinicized '' long before their ascent to power . In fact , some of them , notably the Qiang and the Xiongnu , had already been allowed to live in the frontier regions within the Great Wall since late Han times . During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms , warfare ravaged the north and prompted large - scale Han Chinese migration south to the Yangtze Basin and Delta .", "In the early 5th century , China entered a period known as the Northern and Southern dynasties , in which parallel regimes ruled the northern and southern halves of the country . In the south , the Eastern Jin gave way to the Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang and finally Chen . Each of these Southern Dynasties were led by Han Chinese ruling families and used Jiankang ( modern Nanjing ) as the capital . They held off attacks from the north and preserved many aspects of Chinese civilization , while northern barbarian regimes began to sinify .", "In the north , the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms was extinguished in 439 by the Northern Wei , a kingdom founded by the Xianbei , a nomadic people who unified northern China . The Northern Wei eventually split into the Eastern and Western Wei , which then became the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou . These regimes were dominated by Xianbei or Han Chinese who had married into Xianbei families . During this period most Xianbei people adopted Han surnames , eventually leading to complete assimilation into the Han .", "Despite the division of the country , Buddhism spread throughout the land . In southern China , fierce debates about whether Buddhism should be allowed were held frequently by the royal court and nobles . By the end of the era , Buddhists and Taoists had become much more tolerant of each other .", "The short - lived Sui dynasty was a pivotal period in Chinese history . Founded by Emperor Wen in 581 in succession of the Northern Zhou , the Sui went on to conquer the Southern Chen in 589 to reunify China , ending three centuries of political division . The Sui pioneered many new institutions , including the government system of Three Departments and Six Ministries , imperial examinations for selecting officials from commoners , while improved on the systems of fubing system of the army conscription and the Equal - field system of land distributions . These policies , which were adopted by later dynasties , brought enormous population growth , and amassed excessive wealth to the state . Standardized coinage were enforced throughout the unified empire . Buddhism took root as a prominent religion and were supported officially . Sui China was known for its numerous mega-construction projects . Intended for grains shipment and transporting troops , the Grand Canal was constructed , linking the capitals Daxing ( Chang'an ) and Luoyang to the wealthy southeast region , and in another route , to the northeast border . The Great Wall was also expanded , while series of military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers further pacified its borders . However , the massive invasions of the Korean Peninsula during the Goguryeo -- Sui War failed disastrously , triggering widespread revolts that led to the fall of the dynasty .", "According to historian Mark Edward Lewis :", "Most Chinese regard the Tang dynasty ( 618 - 907 ) as the high point of Imperial China , both politically and culturally . The empire reached its greatest size prior to the Manchu Qing Dynasty , becoming the center of and East Asian world linked by religion , script , and many economic and political institutions . Moreover , Tang writers produce the finest poetry in China 's great lyric tradition .", "Most Chinese regard the Tang dynasty ( 618 - 907 ) as the high point of Imperial China , both politically and culturally . The empire reached its greatest size prior to the Manchu Qing Dynasty , becoming the center of and East Asian world linked by religion , script , and many economic and political institutions . Moreover , Tang writers produce the finest poetry in China 's great lyric tradition .", "The Tang dynasty was founded by Emperor Gaozu on 18 June 618 . It was a golden age of Chinese civilization and considered to be the most prosperous period of China with significant developments in culture , art , literature , particularly poetry , and technology . Buddhism became the predominant religion for the common people . Chang'an ( modern Xi'an ) , the national capital , was the largest city in the world during its time .", "The second emperor , Taizong , is widely regarded as one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history , who had laid the foundation for the dynasty to flourish for centuries beyond his reign . Combined military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers were implemented to eliminate threats from nomadic tribes , extend the border , and submit neighboring states into a tributary system . Military victories in the Tarim Basin kept the Silk Road open , connecting Chang'an to Central Asia and areas far to the west . In the south , lucrative maritime trade routes began from port cities such as Guangzhou . There was extensive trade with distant foreign countries , and many foreign merchants settled in China , encouraging a cosmopolitan culture . The Tang culture and social systems were observed and imitated by neighboring countries , most notably , Japan . Internally the Grand Canal linked the political heartland in Chang'an to the agricultural and economic centers in the eastern and southern parts of the empire .", "Underlying the prosperity of the early Tang dynasty was a strong centralized bureaucracy with efficient policies . The government was organized as `` Three Departments and Six Ministries '' to separately draft , review , and implement policies . These departments were run by royal family members as well as scholar officials who were selected by imperial examinations . These practices , which matured in the Tang dynasty , were continued by the later dynasties , with some modifications .", "Under the Tang `` equal - field system '' all land was owned by the Emperor and granted to people according to household size . Men granted land were conscripted for military service for a fixed period each year , a military policy known as the `` Fubing system '' . These policies stimulated a rapid growth in productivity and a significant army without much burden on the state treasury . By the dynasty 's midpoint , however , standing armies had replaced conscription , and land was continuously falling into the hands of private owners .", "The dynasty continued to flourish under the rule of Empress Wu Zetian , the only empress regnant in Chinese history , and reached its zenith during the long reign of Emperor Xuanzong , who oversaw an empire that stretched from the Pacific to the Aral Sea with at least 50 million people . There were vibrant artistic and cultural creations , including works of the greatest Chinese poets , Li Bai , and Du Fu .", "At the zenith of prosperity of the empire , the An Lushan Rebellion from 755 to 763 was a watershed event that devastated the population and drastically weakened the central imperial government . Upon suppression of the rebellion , regional military governors , known as Jiedushi , gained increasingly autonomous status . With loss of revenue from land tax , the central imperial government relied heavily on salt monopoly . Externally , former submissive states raided the empire and the vast border territories were irreversibly lost for subsequent centuries . Nevertheless , civil society recovered and thrived amidst the weakened imperial bureaucracy .", "In late Tang period , there were ineffective and corrupt rulers and officials in the imperial court allowing regional warlords to trigger widespread revolts . The most catastrophic was the Huang Chao Rebellion , from 874 to 884 , which affected the entire empire for a decade . The sack of the southern port Guangzhou in 879 was followed by the massacre of most of its inhabitants , along with the large foreign merchant enclaves . By 881 , both capitals , Luoyang and Chang'an , fell successively . The reliance on ethnic Han and Turkic warlords in suppressing the rebellion increased their power and influence . Consequently , the fall of the dynasty following Zhu Wen 's usurpation led to an era of fragmentation .", "The period of political disunity between the Tang and the Song , known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , lasted from 907 to 960 . During this half - century , China was in all respects a multi-state system . Five regimes , namely , ( Later ) Liang , Tang , Jin , Han and Zhou , rapidly succeeded one another in control of the traditional Imperial heartland in northern China . Among the regimes , rulers of ( Later ) Tang , Jin and Han were sinicized Shatuo Turks , which ruled over the ethnic majority of Han Chinese . More stable and smaller regimes of mostly ethnic Han rulers coexisted in south and western China over the period , cumulatively constituted the `` Ten Kingdoms '' .", "Amidst political chaos in the north , the strategic Sixteen Prefectures ( region along today 's Great Wall ) were ceded to the emerging Khitan Liao Dynasty , which drastically weakened the defense of the China proper against northern nomadic empires . To the south , Vietnam gained lasting independence after being a Chinese prefecture for many centuries . With wars dominated in Northern China , there were mass southward migrations of population , which further enhanced the southward shift of cultural and economic centers in China . The era ended with the coup of Later Zhou general Zhao Kuangyin , and the establishment the Song dynasty in 960 , which would eventually annihilated the remains of the `` Ten Kingdoms '' and reunified China .", "In 960 , the Song dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu , with its capital established in Kaifeng ( also known as Bianjing ) . In 979 , the Song dynasty reunified most of the China proper , while large swaths of the outer territories were occupied by sinicized nomadic empires . The Khitan Liao dynasty , which lasted from 907 to 1125 , ruled over Manchuria , Mongolia , and parts of Northern China . Meanwhile , in what are now the north - western Chinese provinces of Gansu , Shaanxi , and Ningxia , the Tangut tribes founded the Western Xia dynasty from 1032 to 1227 .", "Aiming to recover the strategic Sixteen Prefectures lost in the previous dynasty , campaigns were launched against the Liao dynasty in the early Song period , which all ended in failure . Then in 1004 , the Liao cavalry swept over the exposed North China Plain and reached the outskirts of Kaifeng , forcing the Song 's submission and then agreement to the Chanyuan Treaty , which imposed heavy annual tributes from the Song treasury . The treaty was a significant reversal of Chinese dominance of the traditional tributary system . Yet the annual outflow of Song 's silver to the Liao was paid back through the purchase of Chinese goods and products , which expanded the Song economy , and replenished its treasury . This dampened the incentive for the Song to further campaign against the Liao . Meanwhile , this cross-border trade and contact induced further sinicization within the Liao Empire , at the expense of its military might which was derived from its primitive nomadic lifestyle . Similar treaties and social - economical consequences occurred in Song 's relations with the Jin dynasty .", "Within the Liao Empire , the Jurchen tribes revolted against their overlords to establish the Jin dynasty in 1115 . In 1125 , the devastating Jin cataphract annihilated the Liao dynasty , while remnants of Liao court members fled to Central Asia to found the Qara Khitai Empire ( Western Liao Dynasty ) . Jin 's invasion of the Song dynasty followed swiftly . In 1127 , Kaifeng was sacked , a massive catastrophe known as the Jingkang Incident , ending the Northern Song Dynasty . Later the entire north of China was conquered . The survived members of Song court regrouped in the new capital city of Hangzhou , and initiated the Southern Song dynasty , which ruled territories south of the Huai River . In the ensuing years , the territory and population of China were divided between the Song dynasty , the Jin dynasty and the Western Xia dynasty . The era ended with the Mongol conquest , as Western Xia fell in 1227 , the Jin dynasty in 1234 , and finally the Southern Song dynasty in 1279 .", "Despite its military weakness , the Song dynasty is widely considered to be the high point of classical Chinese civilization . The Song economy , facilitated by technology advancement , had reached a level of sophistication probably unseen in world history before its time . The population soared to over 100 million and the living standards of common people improved tremendously due to improvements in rice cultivation and the wide availability of coal for production . The capital cities of Kaifeng and subsequently Hangzhou were both the most populous cities in the world for their time , and encouraged vibrant civil societies unmatched by previous Chinese dynasties . As land trading routes to far west were blocked by nomadic empires , there were extensive maritime trade with neighbouring states , which facilitated the use of Song coinage as the de facto currency of exchange . Giant wooden vessels equipped with compasses travelled throughout the China Seas and northern Indian Ocean . The concept of insurance was practised by merchants to hedge the risks of such long - haul maritime shipments . With prosperous economic activities , the historically first use of paper currency emerged in the western city of Chengdu , as a supplement to the existing copper coins .", "The Song Dynasty was considered to be the golden age of great advancements in science and technology of China , thanks to innovative scholar - officials such as Su Song ( 1020 -- 1101 ) and Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) . Inventions such as the hydro - mechanical astronomical clock , the first continuous and endless power - transmitting chain , woodblock printing and paper money were all invented during the Song Dynasty .", "There was court intrigue between the political reformers and conservatives , led by the chancellors Wang Anshi and Sima Guang , respectively . By the mid-to - late 13th century , the Chinese had adopted the dogma of Neo-Confucian philosophy formulated by Zhu Xi . Enormous literary works were compiled during the Song dynasty , such as the historical work , the Zizhi Tongjian ( `` Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government '' ) . The invention of movable - type printing further facilitated the spread of knowledge . Culture and the arts flourished , with grandiose artworks such as Along the River During the Qingming Festival and Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute , along with great Buddhist painters such as the prolific Lin Tinggui .", "The Song dynasty was also a period of major innovation in the history of warfare . Gunpowder , while invented in the Tang Dynasty , was first put into use in battlefields by the Song army , inspiring a succession of new firearms and siege engines designs . During the Southern Song Dynasty , as its survival hinged decisively on guarding the Yangtze and Huai River against the cavalry forces from the north , the first standing navy in China was assembled in 1132 , with its admiral 's headquarters established at Dinghai . Paddle - wheel warships equipped with trebuchets could launch incendiary bombs made of gunpowder and lime , as recorded in Song 's victory over the invading Jin forces at the Battle of Tangdao in the East China Sea , and the Battle of Caishi on the Yangtze River in 1161 .", "The advances in civilization during the Song dynasty came to an abrupt end following the devastating Mongol conquest , during which the population sharply dwindled , with a marked contraction in economy . Despite viciously halting Mongol advance for more than three decades , the Southern Song capital Hangzhou fell in 1276 , followed by the final annihilation of the Song standing navy at the Battle of Yamen in 1279 .", "The Yuan Dynasty was formally proclaimed in 1271 , when the Great Khan of Mongol , Kublai Khan , one of the grandsons of Genghis Khan , assumed the additional title of the Emperor of China , and considered his inherited part of the Mongol Empire as a Chinese Dynasty . In the preceding decades , the Mongols had conquered the Jin Dynasty in Northern China , and the Southern Song dynasty fell in 1279 after a protracted and bloody war . The Mongol Yuan Dynasty became the first conquest dynasty in Chinese history to rule the entire China proper and its population as an ethnic minority . The dynasty also directly controlled the Mongolia heartland and other regions , inheriting the largest share of territory of the divided Mongol Empire , which roughly coincided with the modern area of China and nearby regions in East Asia . Further expansion of the empire was halted after defeats in the invasions of Japan and Vietnam . Following the previous Jin Dynasty , the capital of Yuan Dynasty was established at Khanbaliq ( also known as Dadu , modern - day Beijing ) . The Grand Canal was reconstructed to connect the remote capital city to economic hubs in southern part of China , setting the precedence and foundation where Beijing would largely remain as the capital of the successive regimes that unified China mainland .", "After the peace treaty in 1304 that ended a series of Mongols civil wars , the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty were upheld as the nominal Great Khan ( Khagan ) of the greater Mongol Empire over other Mongol Khanates , which nonetheless remained de facto autonomous . The era was known as Pax Mongolica , when much of the Asian continent was ruled by the Mongols . For the first and only time in history , the silk road was controlled entirely by a single state , facilitating the flow of people , trade , and cultural exchange . Network of roads and postal system were established to connect the vast empire . Lucrative maritime trade , developed from previous Song Dynasty , continued to flourish , with Quanzhou and Hangzhou emerged as the largest ports in the world . Adventurous travelers from far west , most notably the Venetian , Marco Polo , would have settled in China for decades . Upon his return , his detail travel record inspired generations of medieval Europeans with the splendors of the far East . The Yuan Dynasty was the first ancient economy , where paper currency , known at the time as Chao , was used as the predominant medium of exchange . Its unrestricted issuance in the late Yuan dynasty inflicted hyperinflation , which eventually brought the downfall of the dynasty .", "While the Mongol rulers of the Yuan Dynasty adopted substantially to Chinese culture , their sinicization was of lesser extent compared to earlier conquest dynasties in Chinese history . For preserving racial superiority as the conqueror and ruling class , traditional nomadic customs and heritage from the Mongolian steppe were held in high regard . On the other hand , the Mongol rulers also adopted flexibly to a variety of cultures from many advanced civilizations within the vast empire . Traditional social structure and culture in China underwent immense transform during the Mongol dominance . Large group of foreign migrants settled in China , who enjoyed elevated social status over the majority Han Chinese , while enriching Chinese culture with foreign elements . The class of scholar officials and intellectuals , traditional bearers of elite Chinese culture , lost substantial social status . This stimulated the development of culture of the common folks . There were prolific works in zaju variety shows and literary songs ( sanqu ) , which were written in a distinctive poetry style known as qu . Novels of vernacular style gained unprecedented status and popularity . Notably , the earlier two of the four great classical novels were written during the years of regime transition from Yuan to Ming Dynasties .", "Before the Mongol invasion , Chinese dynasties reported approximately 120 million inhabitants ; after the conquest had been completed in 1279 , the 1300 census reported roughly 60 million people . This major decline is not necessarily due only to Mongol killings . Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than an actual decrease ; others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols created a system of enserfment among a huge portion of the Chinese populace , causing many to disappear from the census altogether ; other historians including William McNeill and David Morgan consider that plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period . In the 14th century China suffered additional depredations from epidemics of plague , estimated to have killed 25 million people , 30 % of the population of China .", "Throughout the Yuan dynasty , there was some general sentiment among the populace against the Mongol dominance . Yet rather than the nationalist cause , it was mainly strings of natural disasters , and incompetence governance that triggered widespread peasant uprisings since the 1340s . After the massive naval engagement at Lake Poyang , Zhu Yuanzhang prevailed over other rebel forces in the south . He proclaimed himself emperor and founded the Ming Dynasty in 1368 . The same year his northern expedition army captured the capital Khanbaliq . The Yuan remnants fled back to Mongolia and sustained the regime . Other Mongol Khanates in Central Asia continued to exist after the fall of Yuan dynasty in China .", "The Ming dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368 , who proclaimed himself as the Hongwu Emperor . The capital was initially set at Nanjing , and was later moved to Beijing from Yongle Emperor 's reign onward .", "Urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex . Large urban centers , such as Nanjing and Beijing , also contributed to the growth of private industry . In particular , small - scale industries grew up , often specializing in paper , silk , cotton , and porcelain goods . For the most part , however , relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country . Town markets mainly traded food , with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil .", "Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism , China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated . Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world , particularly Japan , increased considerably . Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean , reaching East Africa with the voyages of Zheng He .", "Hongwu Emperor , being the only founder of Chinese dynasties from the peasant origin , had laid the foundation of a state that relied fundamentally in agriculture . Commerce and trade , which flourished in the previous Song and Yuan dynasties , were less emphasized . Neo-feudal landholdings of the Song and Mongol periods were expropriated by the Ming rulers . Land estates were confiscated by the government , fragmented , and rented out . Private slavery was forbidden . Consequently , after the death of the Yongle Emperor , independent peasant landholders predominated in Chinese agriculture . These laws might have paved the way to removing the worst of the poverty during the previous regimes . Towards later era of the Ming dynasty , with declining government control , commerce , trade and private industries revived .", "The dynasty had a strong and complex central government that unified and controlled the empire . The emperor 's role became more autocratic , although Hongwu Emperor necessarily continued to use what he called the `` Grand Secretariat '' to assist with the immense paperwork of the bureaucracy , including memorials ( petitions and recommendations to the throne ) , imperial edicts in reply , reports of various kinds , and tax records . It was this same bureaucracy that later prevented the Ming government from being able to adapt to changes in society , and eventually led to its decline .", "The Yongle Emperor strenuously tried to extend China 's influence beyond its borders by demanding other rulers send ambassadors to China to present tribute . A large navy was built , including four - masted ships displacing 1,500 tons . A standing army of 1 million troops ( some estimate as many as 1.9 million ) was created . The Chinese armies conquered and occupied Vietnam for around 20 years , while the Chinese fleet sailed the China seas and the Indian Ocean , cruising as far as the east coast of Africa . The Chinese gained influence in eastern Moghulistan . Several maritime Asian nations sent envoys with tribute for the Chinese emperor . Domestically , the Grand Canal was expanded and became a stimulus to domestic trade . Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced . Many books were printed using movable type . The imperial palace in Beijing 's Forbidden City reached its current splendor . It was also during these centuries that the potential of south China came to be fully exploited . New crops were widely cultivated and industries such as those producing porcelain and textiles flourished .", "In 1449 Esen Tayisi led an Oirat Mongol invasion of northern China which culminated in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor at Tumu . Since then , the Ming became on the defensive on the northern frontier , which led to the Ming Great Wall being built . Most of what remains of the Great Wall of China today was either built or repaired by the Ming . The brick and granite work was enlarged , the watchtowers were redesigned , and cannons were placed along its length .", "At sea , the Ming became increasingly isolationist after the death of the Yongle Emperor . The treasure voyages which sailed Indian Ocean were discontinued , and the maritime prohibition laws were set in place banning the Chinese from sailing abroad . European traders who reached China in the midst of the Age of Discovery were repeatedly rebuked in their requests for trade , with the Portuguese being repulsed by the Ming navy at Tuen Mun in 1521 and again in 1522 . Domestic and foreign demands for overseas trade , deemed illegal by the state , led to widespread wokou piracy attacking the southeastern coastline during the rule of the Jiajing Emperor ( 1507 -- 1567 ) , which only subsided after the opening of ports in Guangdong and Fujian and much military suppression . The Portuguese were allowed to settle in Macau in 1557 for trade , which remained in Portuguese hands until 1999 . The Dutch entry into the Chinese seas was also met with fierce resistance , with the Dutch being chased off the Penghu islands in the Sino - Dutch conflicts of 1622 -- 1624 and were forced to settle in Taiwan instead . The Dutch in Taiwan fought with the Ming in the Battle of Liaoluo Bay in 1633 and lost , and eventually surrendered to the Ming loyalist Koxinga in 1662 , after the fall of the Ming dynasty .", "In 1556 , during the rule of the Jiajing Emperor , the Shaanxi earthquake killed about 830,000 people , the deadliest earthquake of all time .", "The Ming dynasty intervened deeply in the Japanese invasions of Korea ( 1592 - 98 ) , which ended with the withdrawal of all invading Japanese forces in Korea , and the restoration of the Joseon dynasty , its traditional ally and tributary state . The regional hegemony of the Ming dynasty was preserved at a toll on its resources . Coincidentally , with Ming 's control in Manchuria in decline , the Manchu ( Jurchen ) tribes , under their chieftain Nurhaci , broke away from Ming 's rule , and emerged as a powerful , unified state , which was later proclaimed as the Qing dynasty . It went on to subdue the much weakened Korea as its tributary , conquered Mongolia , and expanded its territory to the outskirt of the Great Wall . The most elite army of the Ming dynasty was to station at the Shanhai Pass to guard the last stronghold against the Manchus , which weakened its suppression of internal peasants uprisings .", "The Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) was the last imperial dynasty in China . Founded by the Manchus , it was the second conquest dynasty to rule the entire territory of China and its people . The Manchus were formerly known as Jurchens , residing in the northeastern part of the Ming territory outside the Great Wall . They emerged as the major threat to the late Ming dynasty after Nurhaci united all Jurchen tribes and established an independent state . However , the Ming dynasty would be overthrown by Li Zicheng 's peasants rebellion , with Beijing captured in 1644 and the Chongzhen Emperor , the last Ming emperor , committing suicide . The Manchus allied with the former Ming general Wu Sangui to seize Beijing , which was made the capital of the Qing dynasty , and then proceeded to subdue the Ming remnants in the south . The decades of Manchu conquest caused enormous loss of lives and the economic scale of China shrank drastically . In total , the Qing conquest of the Ming ( 1618 -- 1683 ) cost as many as 25 million lives . Nevertheless , the Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule and were considered a Chinese dynasty .", "The Manchus enforced a ' queue order , ' forcing the Han Chinese to adopt the Manchu queue hairstyle . Officials were required to wear Manchu - style clothing Changshan ( bannermen dress and Tangzhuang ) , but ordinary Han civilians were allowed to wear traditional Han clothing , or Hanfu . Most Han then voluntarily shifted to wearing Qipao anyway . The Kangxi Emperor ordered the creation of the Kangxi Dictionary , the most complete dictionary of Chinese characters that had been compiled . The Qing dynasty set up the Eight Banners system that provided the basic framework for the Qing military organization . Bannermen could not undertake trade or manual labor ; they had to petition to be removed from banner status . They were considered a form of nobility and were given preferential treatment in terms of annual pensions , land , and allotments of cloth .", "Over the next half - century , all areas previously under the Ming dynasty were consolidated under the Qing . Xinjiang , Tibet , and Mongolia were also formally incorporated into Chinese territory . Between 1673 and 1681 , the Kangxi Emperor suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories , an uprising of three generals in Southern China who had been denied hereditary rule of large fiefdoms granted by the previous emperor . In 1683 , the Qing staged an amphibious assault on southern Taiwan , bringing down the rebel Kingdom of Tungning , which was founded by the Ming loyalist Koxinga ( Zheng Chenggong ) in 1662 after the fall of the Southern Ming , and had served as a base for continued Ming resistance in Southern China . The Qing defeated the Russians at Albazin , resulting in the Treaty of Nerchinsk .", "By the end of Qianlong Emperor 's long reign , the Qing Empire was at its zenith . China ruled more than one - third of the world 's population , and had the largest economy in the world . By area it was one of the largest empires ever .", "In the 19th century the empire was internally stagnant and externally threatened by western powers . The defeat by the British Empire in the First Opium War ( 1840 ) led to the Treaty of Nanking ( 1842 ) , under which Hong Kong was ceded to Britain and importation of opium ( produced by British Empire territories ) was allowed . Subsequent military defeats and unequal treaties with other western powers continued even after the fall of the Qing dynasty .", "Internally the Taiping Rebellion ( 1851 -- 1864 ) , a quasi-Christian religious movement led by the `` Heavenly King '' Hong Xiuquan , raided roughly a third of Chinese territory for over a decade until they were finally crushed in the Third Battle of Nanking in 1864 . This was one of the largest wars in the 19th century in terms of troop involvement ; there was massive loss of life , with a death toll of about 20 million . A string of civil disturbances followed , including the Punti -- Hakka Clan Wars , Nian Rebellion , Dungan Revolt , and Panthay Rebellion . All rebellions were ultimately put down , but at enormous cost and with millions dead , seriously weakening the central imperial authority . The Banner system that the Manchus had relied upon for so long failed : Banner forces were unable to suppress the rebels , and the government called upon local officials in the provinces , who raised `` New Armies '' , which successfully crushed the challenges to Qing authority . China never rebuilt a strong central army , and many local officials became warlords who used military power to effectively rule independently in their provinces .", "In response to calamities within the empire and threats from imperialism , the Self - Strengthening Movement was an institutional reform in the second half of the 1800s . The aim was to modernize the empire , with prime emphasis on strengthening the military . However , the reform was undermined by corrupt officials , cynicism , and quarrels within the imperial family . As a result , the `` Beiyang Fleet '' were soundly defeated in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 1895 ) . The Guangxu Emperor and the reformists then launched a more comprehensive reform effort , the Hundred Days ' Reform ( 1898 ) , but it was soon overturned by the conservatives under Empress Dowager Cixi in a military coup .", "At the turn of the 20th century , the violent Boxer Rebellion opposed foreign influence in Northern China , and attacked Chinese Christians and missionaries . When Boxers entered Beijing , the Qing government ordered all foreigners to leave . But instead the foreigners and many Chinese were besieged in the foreign legations quarter . The Eight - Nation Alliance sent the Seymour Expedition of Japanese , Russian , Italian , German , French , American , and Austrian troops to relieve the siege . The Expedition was stopped by the Boxers at the Battle of Langfang and forced to retreat . Due to the Alliance 's attack on the Dagu Forts , the Qing government in response sided with the Boxers and declared war on the Alliance . There was fierce fighting at Tientsin . The Alliance formed the second , much larger Gaselee Expedition and finally reached Beijing ; the Qing government evacuated to Xi'an . The Boxer Protocol ended the war .", "Frustrated by the Qing court 's resistance to reform and by China 's weakness , young officials , military officers , and students began to advocate the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the creation of a republic . They were inspired by the revolutionary ideas of Sun Yat - sen . A revolutionary military uprising , the Wuchang Uprising , began on 10 October 1911 , in Wuhan . The provisional government of the Republic of China was formed in Nanjing on 12 March 1912 . The Xinhai Revolution ended 2,000 years of dynastic rule in China .", "After the success of the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty , Sun Yat - sen was declared President , but Sun was forced to turn power over to Yuan Shikai , who commanded the New Army and was Prime Minister under the Qing government , as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate ( a decision Sun would later regret ) . Over the next few years , Yuan proceeded to abolish the national and provincial assemblies , and declared himself emperor in late 1915 . Yuan 's imperial ambitions were fiercely opposed by his subordinates ; faced with the prospect of rebellion , he abdicated in March 1916 , and died in June of that year .", "Yuan 's death in 1916 left a power vacuum in China ; the republican government was all but shattered . This ushered in the Warlord Era , during which much of the country was ruled by shifting coalitions of competing provincial military leaders .", "In 1919 , the May Fourth Movement began as a response to the terms imposed on China by the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I , but quickly became a nationwide protest movement about the domestic situation in China . The protests were a moral success as the cabinet fell and China refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles , which had awarded German holdings to Japan . The New Culture Movement stimulated by the May Fourth Movement waxed strong throughout the 1920s and 1930s . According to Ebrey :", "`` Nationalism , patriotism , progress , science , democracy , and freedom were the goals ; imperialism , feudalism , warlordism , autocracy , patriarchy , and blind adherence to tradition were the enemies . Intellectuals struggled with how to be strong and modern and yet Chinese , how to preserve China as a political entity in the world of competing nations . '' The flag of the Republic of China from 1928 to now .", "`` Nationalism , patriotism , progress , science , democracy , and freedom were the goals ; imperialism , feudalism , warlordism , autocracy , patriarchy , and blind adherence to tradition were the enemies . Intellectuals struggled with how to be strong and modern and yet Chinese , how to preserve China as a political entity in the world of competing nations . '' The flag of the Republic of China from 1928 to now .", "The discrediting of liberal Western philosophy amongst leftist Chinese intellectuals led to more radical lines of thought inspired by the Russian Revolution , and supported by agents of the Comintern sent to China by Moscow . This created the seeds for the irreconcilable conflict between the left and right in China that would dominate Chinese history for the rest of the century .", "In the 1920s , Sun Yat - sen established a revolutionary base in south China , and set out to unite the fragmented nation . With assistance from the Soviet Union ( itself fresh from a Lenin 's takeover ) , he entered into an alliance with the fledgling Communist Party of China . After Sun 's death from cancer in 1925 , one of his protégés , Chiang Kai - shek , seized control of the Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party or KMT ) and succeeded in bringing most of south and central China under its rule in a military campaign known as the Northern Expedition ( 1926 -- 1927 ) . Having defeated the warlords in south and central China by military force , Chiang was able to secure the nominal allegiance of the warlords in the North . In 1927 , Chiang turned on the CPC and relentlessly chased the CPC armies and its leaders from their bases in southern and eastern China . In 1934 , driven from their mountain bases such as the Chinese Soviet Republic , the CPC forces embarked on the Long March across China 's most desolate terrain to the northwest , where they established a guerrilla base at Yan'an in Shaanxi Province . During the Long March , the communists reorganized under a new leader , Mao Zedong ( Mao Tse - tung ) .", "The bitter struggle between the KMT and the CPC continued , openly or clandestinely , through the 14 - year - long Japanese occupation of various parts of the country ( 1931 -- 1945 ) . The two Chinese parties nominally formed a united front to oppose the Japanese in 1937 , during the Second Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , which became a part of World War II . Japanese forces committed numerous war atrocities against the civilian population , including biological warfare ( see Unit 731 ) and the Three Alls Policy ( Sankō Sakusen ) , the three alls being : `` Kill All , Burn All and Loot All '' .", "Following the defeat of Japan in 1945 , the war between the Nationalist government forces and the CPC resumed , after failed attempts at reconciliation and a negotiated settlement . By 1949 , the CPC had established control over most of the country ( see Chinese Civil War ) . Westad says the Communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang , and because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Furthermore , his party was weakened in the war against the Japanese . Meanwhile , the Communists told different groups , such as peasants , exactly what they wanted to hear , and cloaked themselves in the cover of Chinese Nationalism . During the civil war both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities , with millions of non-combatants killed by both sides . These included deaths from forced conscription and massacres . When the Nationalist government forces were defeated by CPC forces in mainland China in 1949 , the Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan with its forces , along with Chiang and most of the KMT leadership and a large number of their supporters ; the Nationalist government had taken effective control of Taiwan at the end of WWII as part of the overall Japanese surrender , when Japanese troops in Taiwan surrendered to Republic of China troops .", "Major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with Kuomintang ( KMT ) pulling out of the mainland , with the government relocating to Taipei and maintaining control only over a few islands . The Communist Party of China was left in control of mainland China . On 1 October 1949 , Mao Zedong proclaimed the People 's Republic of China . `` Communist China '' and `` Red China '' were two common names for the PRC .", "The PRC was shaped by a series of campaigns and five - year plans . The economic and social plan known as the Great Leap Forward caused an estimated 45 million deaths . Mao 's government carried out mass executions of landowners , instituted collectivisation and implemented the Laogai camp system . Execution , deaths from forced labor and other atrocities resulted in millions of deaths under Mao . In 1966 Mao and his allies launched the Cultural Revolution , which continued until Mao 's death a decade later . The Cultural Revolution , motivated by power struggles within the Party and a fear of the Soviet Union , led to a major upheaval in Chinese society .", "In 1972 , at the peak of the Sino - Soviet split , Mao and Zhou Enlai met US president Richard Nixon in Beijing to establish relations with the United States . In the same year , the PRC was admitted to the United Nations in place of the Republic of China , with permanent membership of the Security Council .", "A power struggle followed Mao 's death in 1976 . The Gang of Four were arrested and blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution , marking the end of a turbulent political era in China . Deng Xiaoping outmaneuvered Mao 's anointed successor chairman Hua Guofeng , and gradually emerged as the de facto leader over the next few years .", "Deng Xiaoping was the Paramount Leader of China from 1978 to 1992 , although he never became the head of the party or state , and his influence within the Party led the country to significant economic reforms . The Communist Party subsequently loosened governmental control over citizens ' personal lives and the communes were disbanded with many peasants receiving multiple land leases , which greatly increased incentives and agricultural production . This turn of events marked China 's transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy with an increasingly open market environment , a system termed by some as `` market socialism '' , and officially by the Communist Party of China as `` Socialism with Chinese characteristics '' . The PRC adopted its current constitution on 4 December 1982 .", "In 1989 the death of former general secretary Hu Yaobang helped to spark the Tiananmen Square protests of that year , during which students and others campaigned for several months , speaking out against corruption and in favour of greater political reform , including democratic rights and freedom of speech . However , they were eventually put down on 4 June when PLA troops and vehicles entered and forcibly cleared the square , with many fatalities . This event was widely reported , and brought worldwide condemnation and sanctions against the government . A filmed incident involving the `` tank man '' was seen worldwide .", "CPC general secretary and PRC President Jiang Zemin and PRC Premier Zhu Rongji , both former mayors of Shanghai , led post-Tiananmen PRC in the 1990s . Under Jiang and Zhu 's ten years of administration , the PRC 's economic performance pulled an estimated 150 million peasants out of poverty and sustained an average annual gross domestic product growth rate of 11.2 % . The country formally joined the World Trade Organization in 2001 .", "Although the PRC needs economic growth to spur its development , the government began to worry that rapid economic growth was degrading the country 's resources and environment . Another concern is that certain sectors of society are not sufficiently benefiting from the PRC 's economic development ; one example of this is the wide gap between urban and rural areas . As a result , under former CPC general secretary and President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao , the PRC initiated policies to address issues of equitable distribution of resources , but the outcome was not known as of 2014 . More than 40 million farmers were displaced from their land , usually for economic development , contributing to 87,000 demonstrations and riots across China in 2005 . For much of the PRC 's population , living standards improved very substantially and freedom increased , but political controls remained tight and rural areas poor ." ]

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[ "Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter", "Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter", "Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter", "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions", "Battle of Negro Fort", "Tariff of 1828", "Nat Turner 's slave rebellion", "Prigg v. Pennsylvania", "Mexican -- American War", "Compromise of 1850", "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850", "Uncle Tom 's Cabin", "Kansas -- Nebraska Act", "Caning of Charles Sumner", "Dred Scott v. Sandford", "The Impending Crisis of the South", "Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry", "1860 presidential election", "Secession of Southern States", "Star of the West", "Battle of Fort Sumter", "", "", "The Nullification Crisis was a United States sectional political crisis in 1832 -- 33 , during the presidency of Andrew Jackson , which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government . It ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state .", "The U.S. suffered an economic downturn throughout the 1820s , and South Carolina was particularly affected . Many South Carolina politicians blamed the change in fortunes on the national tariff policy that developed after the War of 1812 to promote American manufacturing over its European production competition . The controversial and highly protective Tariff of 1828 ( known to its detractors as the `` Tariff of Abominations '' ) was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams . The tariff was opposed in the South and parts of New England . By 1828 , South Carolina state politics increasingly organized around the tariff issue . Its opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced . When the Jackson administration failed to take any actions to address their concerns , the most radical faction in the state began to advocate that the state itself declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina . In Washington , an open split on the issue occurred between Jackson and Vice President John C. Calhoun , a native South Carolinian and the most effective proponent of the constitutional theory of state nullification .", "On July 14 , 1832 , before Calhoun had resigned the Vice Presidency to run for the Senate where he could more effectively defend nullification , Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832 . This compromise tariff received the support of most northerners and half of the southerners in Congress . The reductions were too little for South Carolina , and on November 24 , 1832 , a state convention adopted the Ordinance of Nullification , which declared that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina after February 1 , 1833 . The state initiated military preparations to resist anticipated federal enforcement . On March 1 , 1833 , Congress passed both the Force Bill -- authorizing the President to use military forces against South Carolina -- and a new negotiated tariff , the Compromise Tariff of 1833 , which was satisfactory to South Carolina . The South Carolina convention reconvened and repealed its Nullification Ordinance on March 15 , 1833 , but three days later nullified the Force Bill as a symbolic gesture to maintain its principles .", "The crisis was over , and both sides could find reasons to claim victory . The tariff rates were reduced and stayed low to the satisfaction of the South , but the states ' rights doctrine of nullification remained controversial . By the 1850s the issues of the expansion of slavery into the western territories and the threat of the Slave Power became the central issues in the nation .", "Since the Nullification Crisis , the doctrine of states ' rights has been asserted again by opponents of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , proponents of California 's Specific Contract Act of 1863 ( which nullified the Legal Tender Act of 1862 ) , opponents of Federal acts prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana in the first decade of the 21st century , and opponents of implementation of laws and regulations pertaining to firearms from the late 1900s up to early 2000s .", "The historian Richard E. Ellis wrote :", "By creating a national government with the authority to act directly upon individuals , by denying to the state many of the prerogatives that they formerly had , and by leaving open to the central government the possibility of claiming for itself many powers not explicitly assigned to it , the Constitution and Bill of Rights as finally ratified substantially increased the strength of the central government at the expense of the states .", "The extent of this change and the problem of the actual distribution of powers between state and the federal governments would be a matter of political and ideological discussion up to the Civil War and beyond . In the early 1790s the debate centered on Alexander Hamilton 's nationalistic financial program versus Jefferson 's democratic and agrarian program , a conflict that led to the formation of two opposing national political parties . Later in the decade the Alien and Sedition Acts led to the states ' rights position being articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions . The Kentucky Resolutions , written by Thomas Jefferson , contained the following , which has often been cited as a justification for both nullification and secession :", "... that in cases of an abuse of the delegated powers , the members of the general government , being chosen by the people , a change by the people would be the constitutional remedy ; but , where powers are assumed which have not been delegated , a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy : that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact , ( casus non fœderis ) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits : that without this right , they would be under the dominion , absolute and unlimited , of whosoever might exercise this right of judgment for them : that nevertheless , this commonwealth , from motives of regard and respect for its co-States , has wished to communicate with them on the subject : that with them alone it is proper to communicate , they alone being parties to the compact , and solely authorized to judge in the last resort of the powers exercised under it ... .", "The Virginia Resolutions , written by James Madison , hold a similar argument :", "The resolutions , having taken this view of the Federal compact , proceed to infer that , in cases of a deliberate , palpable , and dangerous exercise of other powers , not granted by the said compact , the States , who are parties thereto , have the right , and are in duty bound to interpose to arrest the evil , and for maintaining , within their respective limits , the authorities , rights , and liberties appertaining to them ... The Constitution of the United States was formed by the sanction of the States , given by each in its sovereign capacity . It adds to the stability and dignity , as well as to the authority of the Constitution , that it rests on this solid foundation . The States , then , being parties to the constitutional compact , and in their sovereign capacity , it follows of necessity that there can be no tribunal above their authority to decide , in the last resort , whether the compact made by them be violated ; and , consequently , as parties to it , they must themselves decide , in the last resort , such questions as may be of sufficient magnitude to require their interposition .", "Historians differ over the extent to which either resolution advocated the doctrine of nullification . Historian Lance Banning wrote , `` The legislators of Kentucky ( or more likely , John Breckinridge , the Kentucky legislator who sponsored the resolution ) deleted Jefferson 's suggestion that the rightful remedy for federal usurpations was a `` nullification '' of such acts by each state acting on its own to prevent their operation within its respective borders . Rather than suggesting individual , although concerted , measures of this sort , Kentucky was content to ask its sisters to unite in declarations that the acts were `` void and of no force '' , and in `` requesting their appeal '' at the succeeding session of the Congress . '' The key sentence , and the word `` nullification '' was used in supplementary Resolutions passed by Kentucky in 1799 .", "Madison 's judgment is clearer . He was chairman of a committee of the Virginia Legislature which issued a book - length Report on the Resolutions of 1798 , published in 1800 after they had been decried by several states . This asserted that the state did not claim legal force . `` The declarations in such cases are expressions of opinion , unaccompanied by other effect than what they may produce upon opinion , by exciting reflection . The opinions of the judiciary , on the other hand , are carried into immediate effect by force . '' If the states collectively agreed in their declarations , there were several methods by which it might prevail , from persuading Congress to repeal the unconstitutional law , to calling a constitutional convention , as two - thirds of the states may . When , at the time of the Nullification Crisis , he was presented with the Kentucky resolutions of 1799 , he argued that the resolutions themselves were not Jefferson 's words , and that Jefferson meant this not as a constitutional but as a revolutionary right .", "Madison biographer Ralph Ketcham wrote :", "Though Madison agreed entirely with the specific condemnation of the Alien and Sedition Acts , with the concept of the limited delegated power of the general government , and even with the proposition that laws contrary to the Constitution were illegal , he drew back from the declaration that each state legislature had the power to act within its borders against the authority of the general government to oppose laws the legislature deemed unconstitutional . ''", "Historian Sean Wilentz explains the widespread opposition to these resolutions :", "Several states followed Maryland 's House of Delegates in rejecting the idea that any state could , by legislative action , even claim that a federal law was unconstitutional , and suggested that any effort to do so was treasonous . A few northern states , including Massachusetts , denied the powers claimed by Kentucky and Virginia and insisted that the Sedition law was perfectly constitutional ... Ten state legislatures with heavy Federalist majorities from around the country censured Kentucky and Virginia for usurping powers that supposedly belonged to the federal judiciary . Northern Republicans supported the resolutions ' objections to the alien and sedition acts , but opposed the idea of state review of federal laws . Southern Republicans outside Virginia and Kentucky were eloquently silent about the matter , and no southern legislature heeded the call to battle .", "The election of 1800 was a turning point in national politics as the Federalists were replaced by the Democratic - Republican Party led by Jefferson . But , the four presidential terms spanning the period from 1800 to 1817 `` did little to advance the cause of states ' rights and much to weaken it . '' Over Jefferson 's opposition , the power of the federal judiciary , led by Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall , increased . Jefferson expanded federal powers with the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory and his use of a national embargo designed to prevent involvement in a European war . Madison in 1809 used national troops to enforce a Supreme Court decision in Pennsylvania , appointed an `` extreme nationalist '' in Joseph Story to the Supreme Court , signed the bill creating the Second Bank of the United States , and called for a constitutional amendment to promote internal improvements .", "Opposition to the War of 1812 was centered in New England . Delegates to a convention in Hartford , Connecticut met in December 1814 to consider a New England response to Madison 's war policy . The debate allowed many radicals to argue the cause of states ' rights and state sovereignty . In the end , moderate voices dominated and the final product was not secession or nullification , but a series of proposed constitutional amendments . Identifying the South 's domination of the government as the cause of much of their problems , the proposed amendments included `` the repeal of the three - fifths clause , a requirement that two - thirds of both houses of Congress agree before any new state could be admitted to the Union , limits on the length of embargoes , and the outlawing of the election of a president from the same state to successive terms , clearly aimed at the Virginians . '' The war was over before the proposals were submitted to President Madison .", "After the conclusion of the War of 1812 Sean Wilentz notes :", "Madison 's speech ( his 1815 annual message to Congress ) affirmed that the war had reinforced the evolution of mainstream Republicanism , moving it further away from its original and localist assumptions . The war 's immense strain on the treasury led to new calls from nationalist Republicans for a national bank . The difficulties in moving and supplying troops exposed the wretchedness of the country 's transportation links , and the need for extensive new roads and canals . A boom in American manufacturing during the prolonged cessation of trade with Britain created an entirely new class of enterprisers , most of them tied politically to the Republicans , who might not survive without tariff protection . More broadly , the war reinforced feelings of national identity and connection .", "This spirit of nationalism was linked to the tremendous growth and economic prosperity of this post war era . However in 1819 the nation suffered its first financial panic and the 1820s turned out to be a decade of political turmoil that again led to fierce debates over competing views of the exact nature of American federalism . The `` extreme democratic and agrarian rhetoric '' that had been so effective in 1798 led to renewed attacks on the `` numerous market - oriented enterprises , particularly banks , corporations , creditors , and absentee landholders '' .", "The Tariff of 1816 had some protective features , and it received support throughout the nation , including that of John C. Calhoun and fellow South Carolinian William Lowndes . The first explicitly protective tariff linked to a specific program of internal improvements was the Tariff of 1824 . Sponsored by Henry Clay , this tariff provided a general level of protection at 35 % ad valorem ( compared to 25 % with the 1816 act ) and hiked duties on iron , woolens , cotton , hemp , and wool and cotton bagging . The bill barely passed the federal House of Representatives by a vote of 107 to 102 . The Middle states and Northwest supported the bill , the South and Southwest opposed it , and New England split its vote with a majority opposing it . In the Senate the bill , with the support of Tennessee Senator Andrew Jackson , passed by four votes , and President James Monroe , the Virginia heir to the Jefferson - Madison control of the White House , signed the bill on March 25 , 1824 . Daniel Webster of Massachusetts led the New England opposition to this tariff .", "Protest against the prospect and the constitutionality of higher tariffs began in 1826 and 1827 with William Branch Giles , who had the Virginia legislature pass resolutions denying the power of Congress to pass protective tariffs , citing the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and James Madison 's 1800 defense of them . Madison denied both the appeal to nullification and the unconstitutionality ; he had always held that the power to regulate commerce included protection . Jefferson had , at the end of his life , written against protective tariffs .", "The Tariff of 1828 was largely the work of Martin Van Buren ( although Silas Wright Jr. of New York prepared the main provisions ) and was partly a political ploy to elect Andrew Jackson president . Van Buren calculated that the South would vote for Jackson regardless of the issues so he ignored their interests in drafting the bill . New England , he thought , was just as likely to support the incumbent John Quincy Adams , so the bill levied heavy taxes on raw materials consumed by New England such as hemp , flax , molasses , iron and sail duck . With an additional tariff on iron to satisfy Pennsylvania interests , Van Buren expected the tariff to help deliver Pennsylvania , New York , Missouri , Ohio , and Kentucky to Jackson . Over opposition from the South and some from New England , the tariff was passed with the full support of many Jackson supporters in Congress and signed by President Adams in early 1828 .", "As expected , Jackson and his running mate John Calhoun carried the entire South with overwhelming numbers in all the states but Louisiana where Adams drew 47 % of the vote in a losing effort . However many Southerners became dissatisfied as Jackson , in his first two annual messages to Congress , failed to launch a strong attack on the tariff . Historian William J. Cooper Jr. writes :", "The most doctrinaire ideologues of the Old Republican group ( supporters of the Jefferson and Madison position in the late 1790s ) first found Jackson wanting . These purists identified the tariff of 1828 , the hated Tariff of Abominations , as the most heinous manifestation of the nationalist policy they abhorred . That protective tariff violated their constitutional theory , for , as they interpreted the document , it gave no permission for a protective tariff . Moreover , they saw protection as benefiting the North and hurting the South .", "South Carolina had been adversely affected by the national economic decline of the 1820s . During this decade , the population decreased by 56,000 whites and 30,000 slaves , out of a total free and slave population of 580,000 . The whites left for better places ; they took slaves with them or sold them to traders moving slaves to the Deep South for sale .", "Historian Richard E. Ellis describes the situation :", "Throughout the colonial and early national periods , South Carolina had sustained substantial economic growth and prosperity . This had created an extremely wealthy and extravagant low country aristocracy whose fortunes were based first on the cultivation of rice and indigo , and then on cotton . Then the state was devastated by the Panic of 1819 . The depression that followed was more severe than in almost any other state of the Union . Moreover , competition from the newer cotton producing areas along the Gulf Coast , blessed with fertile lands that produced a higher crop - yield per acre , made recovery painfully slow . To make matters worse , in large areas of South Carolina slaves vastly outnumbered whites , and there existed both considerable fear of slave rebellion and a growing sensitivity to even the smallest criticism of `` the peculiar institution . ''", "State leaders , led by states ' rights advocates like William Smith and Thomas Cooper , blamed most of the state 's economic problems on the Tariff of 1816 and national internal improvement projects . Soil erosion and competition from the New Southwest were also very significant reasons for the state 's declining fortunes . George McDuffie was a particularly effective speaker for the anti-tariff forces , and he popularized the Forty Bale theory . McDuffie argued that the 40 % tariff on cotton finished goods meant that `` the manufacturer actually invades your barns , and plunders you of 40 out of every 100 bales that you produce . '' Mathematically incorrect , this argument still struck a nerve with his constituency . Nationalists such as Calhoun were forced by the increasing power of such leaders to retreat from their previous positions and adopt , in the words of Ellis , `` an even more extreme version of the states ' rights doctrine '' in order to maintain political significance within South Carolina .", "South Carolina 's first effort at nullification occurred in 1822 . Its planters believed that free black sailors had assisted Denmark Vesey in his planned slave rebellion . South Carolina passed a Negro Seamen Act , which required that all black foreign seamen be imprisoned while their ships were docked in Charleston . The UK strongly objected , especially as it was recruiting more Africans as sailors . What was worse , if the captains did not pay the fees to cover the cost of jailing , South Carolina would sell the sailors into slavery . Other southern states also passed laws against free black sailors .", "Supreme Court Justice William Johnson , in his capacity as a circuit judge , declared the South Carolina law as unconstitutional since it violated the United States ' treaties with the UK . The South Carolina Senate announced that the judge 's ruling was invalid and that the Act would be enforced . The federal government did not attempt to carry out Johnson 's decision .", "Historian Avery Craven argues that , for the most part , the debate from 1828 - 1832 was a local South Carolina affair . The state 's leaders were not united and the sides were roughly equal . The western part of the state and a faction in Charleston , led by Joel Poinsett , would remain loyal to the Union . Only in small part was the conflict between `` a National North against a States ' - right South '' .", "After the final vote on the Tariff of 1828 , the South Carolina congressional delegation held two caucuses , the second at the home of Senator Robert Y . Hayne . They were rebuffed in their efforts to coordinate a united Southern response and focused on how their state representatives would react . While many agreed with George McDuffie that tariff policy could lead to secession at some future date , they all agreed that as much as possible , the issue should be kept out of the upcoming presidential election . Calhoun , while not at this meeting , served as a moderating influence . He felt that the first step in reducing the tariff was to defeat Adams and his supporters in the upcoming election . William C. Preston , on behalf of the South Carolina legislature , asked Calhoun to prepare a report on the tariff situation . Calhoun readily accepted this challenge and in a few weeks time had a 35,000 - word draft of what would become his `` Exposition and Protest '' .", "Calhoun 's `` Exposition '' was completed late in 1828 . He argued that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional because it favored manufacturing over commerce and agriculture . He thought that the tariff power could only be used to generate revenue , not to provide protection from foreign competition for American industries . He believed that the people of a state or several states , acting in a democratically elected convention , had the retained power to veto any act of the federal government which violated the Constitution . This veto , the core of the doctrine of nullification , was explained by Calhoun in the Exposition :", "If it be conceded , as it must be by every one who is the least conversant with our institutions , that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments , and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former , it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers , and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction . The right of judging , in such cases , is an essential attribute of sovereignty , of which the States can not be divested without losing their sovereignty itself , and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition . In fact , to divide power , and to give to one of the parties the exclusive right of judging of the portion allotted to each , is , in reality , not to divide it at all ; and to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government ( it matters not by what department to be exercised ) , is to convert it , in fact , into a great consolidated government , with unlimited powers , and to divest the States , in reality , of all their rights , It is impossible to understand the force of terms , and to deny so plain a conclusion .", "The report also detailed the specific southern grievances over the tariff that led to the current dissatisfaction . Fearful that `` hotheads '' such as McDuffie might force the legislature into taking some drastic action against the federal government , historian John Niven describes Calhoun 's political purpose in the document :", "All through that hot and humid summer , emotions among the vociferous planter population had been worked up to a near - frenzy of excitement . The whole tenor of the argument built up in the `` Exposition '' was aimed to present the case in a cool , considered manner that would dampen any drastic moves yet would set in motion the machinery for repeal of the tariff act . It would also warn other sections of the Union against any future legislation that an increasingly self - conscious South might consider punitive , especially on the subject of slavery .", "The report was submitted to the state legislature which had 5,000 copies printed and distributed . Calhoun , who still had designs on succeeding Jackson as president , was not identified as the author but word on this soon leaked out . The legislature took no action on the report at that time .", "In the summer of 1828 Robert Barnwell Rhett , soon to be considered the most radical of the South Carolinians , entered the fray over the tariff . As a state representative , Rhett called for the governor to convene a special session of the legislature . An outstanding orator , Rhett appealed to his constituents to resist the majority in Congress . Rhett addressed the danger of doing nothing :", "But if you are doubtful of yourselves -- if you are not prepared to follow up your principles wherever they may lead , to their very last consequence -- if you love life better than honor , -- prefer ease to perilous liberty and glory ; awake not ! Stir not ! -- Impotent resistance will add vengeance to your ruin . Live in smiling peace with your insatiable Oppressors , and die with the noble consolation that your submissive patience will survive triumphant your beggary and despair .", "Rhett 's rhetoric about revolution and war was too radical in the summer of 1828 but , with the election of Jackson assured , James Hamilton Jr. on October 28 in the Colleton County Courthouse in Walterborough `` launched the formal nullification campaign . '' Renouncing his former nationalism , Hamilton warned the people that , `` Your task - master must soon become a tyrant , from the very abuses and corruption of the system , without the bowels of compassion , or a jot of human sympathy . '' He called for implementation of Mr. Jefferson 's `` rightful remedy '' of nullification . Hamilton sent a copy of the speech directly to President - elect Jackson . But , despite a statewide campaign by Hamilton and McDuffie , a proposal to call a nullification convention in 1829 was defeated by the South Carolina legislature meeting at the end of 1828 . State leaders such as Calhoun , Hayne , Smith , and William Drayton were all able to remain publicly non-committal or opposed to nullification for the next couple of years .", "The division in the state between radicals and conservatives continued throughout 1829 and 1830 . After the failure of a state project to arrange financing of a railroad within the state to promote internal trade , the state petitioned Congress to invest $250,000 in the company trying to build the railroad . After Congress tabled the measure , the debate in South Carolina resumed between those who wanted state investment and those who wanted to work to get Congress ' support . The debate demonstrated that a significant minority of the state did have an interest in Clay 's American System . The effect of the Webster -- Hayne debate was to energize the radicals , and some moderates started to move in their direction .", "The state election campaign of 1830 focused on the tariff issue and the need for a state convention . On the defensive , radicals underplayed the intent of the convention as pro-nullification . When voters were presented with races where an unpledged convention was the issue , the radicals generally won . When conservatives effectively characterized the race as being about nullification , the radicals lost . The October election was narrowly carried by the radicals , although the blurring of the issues left them without any specific mandate . In South Carolina , the governor was selected by the legislature , which selected James Hamilton , the leader of the radical movement , as governor and fellow radical Henry L. Pinckney as speaker of the South Carolina House . For the open Senate seat , the legislature chose the more radical Stephen Miller over William Smith .", "With radicals in leading positions , in 1831 , they began to capture momentum . State politics became sharply divided along Nullifier and Unionist lines . Still , the margin in the legislature fell short of the two - thirds majority needed for a convention . Many of the radicals felt that convincing Calhoun of the futility of his plans for the presidency would lead him into their ranks . Calhoun meanwhile had concluded that Martin Van Buren was clearly establishing himself as Jackson 's heir apparent . At Hamilton 's prompting , George McDuffie made a three - hour speech in Charleston demanding nullification of the tariff at any cost . In the state , the success of McDuffie 's speech seemed to open up the possibilities of both military confrontation with the federal government and civil war within the state . With silence no longer an acceptable alternative , Calhoun looked for the opportunity to take control of the anti-tariff faction in the state ; by June he was preparing what would be known as his Fort Hill Address .", "Published on July 26 , 1831 , the address repeated and expanded the positions Calhoun had made in the `` Exposition '' . While the logic of much of the speech was consistent with the states ' rights position of most Jacksonians , and even Daniel Webster remarked that it `` was the ablest and most plausible , and therefore the most dangerous vindication of that particular form of Revolution '' , the speech still placed Calhoun clearly in the nullifier camp . Within South Carolina , his gestures at moderation in the speech were drowned out as planters received word of the Nat Turner insurrection in Virginia . Calhoun was not alone in finding a connection between the abolition movement and the sectional aspects of the tariff issue . It confirmed for Calhoun what he had written in a September 11 , 1830 letter :", "I consider the tariff act as the occasion , rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things . The truth can no longer be disguised , that the peculiar domestick ( sic ) institution of the Southern States and the consequent direction which that and her soil have given to her industry , has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union , against the danger of which , if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the states they must in the end be forced to rebel , or , submit to have their paramount interests sacrificed , their domestic institutions subordinated by Colonization and other schemes , and themselves and children reduced to wretchedness .", "From this point , the nullifiers accelerated their organization and rhetoric . In July 1831 the States Rights and Free Trade Association was formed in Charleston and expanded throughout the state . Unlike state political organizations in the past , which were led by the South Carolina planter aristocracy , this group appealed to all segments of the population , including non-slaveholder farmers , small slaveholders , and the Charleston non-agricultural class . Governor Hamilton was instrumental in seeing that the association , which was both a political and a social organization , expanded throughout the state . In the winter of 1831 and spring of 1832 , the governor held conventions and rallies throughout the state to mobilize the nullification movement . The conservatives were unable to match the radicals in either organization or leadership .", "The state elections of 1832 were `` charged with tension and bespattered with violence , '' and `` polite debates often degenerated into frontier brawls . '' Unlike the previous year 's election , the choice was clear between nullifiers and unionists . The nullifiers won and on October 20 , 1832 , Governor Hamilton called the legislature into a special session to consider a convention . The legislative vote was 96 - 25 in the House and 31 - 13 in the Senate", "In November 1832 the Nullification Convention met . The convention declared that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable within the state of South Carolina after February 1 , 1833 . They said that attempts to use force to collect the taxes would lead to the state 's secession . Robert Hayne , who followed Hamilton as governor in 1833 , established a 2,000 - man group of mounted minutemen and 25,000 infantry who would march to Charleston in the event of a military conflict . These troops were to be armed with $100,000 in arms purchased in the North .", "The enabling legislation passed by the legislature was carefully constructed to avoid clashes if at all possible and to create an aura of legality in the process . To avoid conflicts with Unionists , it allowed importers to pay the tariff if they so desired . Other merchants could pay the tariff by obtaining a paper tariff bond from the customs officer . They would then refuse to pay the bond when due , and if the customs official seized the goods , the merchant would file for a writ of replevin to recover the goods in state court . Customs officials who refused to return the goods ( by placing them under the protection of federal troops ) would be civilly liable for twice the value of the goods . To insure that state officials and judges supported the law , a `` test oath '' would be required for all new state officials , binding them to support the ordinance of nullification .", "Governor Hayne in his inaugural address announced South Carolina 's position :", "If the sacred soil of Carolina should be polluted by the footsteps of an invader , or be stained with the blood of her citizens , shed in defense , I trust in Almighty God that no son of hers ... who has been nourished at her bosom ... will be found raising a parricidal arm against our common mother . And even should she stand ALONE in this great struggle for constitutional liberty ... that there will not be found , in the wider limits of the state , one recreant son who will not fly to the rescue , and be ready to lay down his life in her defense .", "When President Jackson took office in March 1829 he was well aware of the turmoil created by the `` Tariff of Abominations '' . While he may have abandoned some of his earlier beliefs that had allowed him to vote for the Tariff of 1824 , he still felt protectionism was justified for products essential to military preparedness and did not believe that the current tariff should be reduced until the national debt was fully paid off . He addressed the issue in his inaugural address and his first three messages to Congress , but offered no specific relief . In December 1831 , with the proponents of nullification in South Carolina gaining momentum , Jackson was recommending `` the exercise of that spirit of concession and conciliation which has distinguished the friends of our Union in all great emergencies . '' However on the constitutional issue of nullification , despite his strong beliefs in states ' rights , Jackson did not waver .", "Calhoun 's `` Exposition and Protest '' did start a national debate over the doctrine of nullification . The leading proponents of the nationalistic view included Daniel Webster , Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , Judge William Alexander Duer , John Quincy Adams , Nathaniel Chipman , and Nathan Dane . These people rejected the compact theory advanced by Calhoun , claiming that the Constitution was the product of the people , not the states . According to the nationalist position , the Supreme Court had the final say on the constitutionality of legislation , the national union was perpetual and had supreme authority over individual states . The nullifiers , on the other hand , asserted that the central government was not to be the ultimate arbiter of its own power , and that the states , as the contracting entities , could judge for themselves what was or was not constitutional . While Calhoun 's `` Exposition '' claimed that nullification was based on the reasoning behind the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , an aging James Madison in an August 28 , 1830 letter to Edward Everett , intended for publication , disagreed . Madison wrote , denying that any individual state could alter the compact :", "Can more be necessary to demonstrate the inadmissibility of such a doctrine than that it puts it in the power of the smallest fraction over 1 / 4 of the U.S. -- that is , of 7 States out of 24 -- to give the law and even the Constn. to 17 States , each of the 17 having as parties to the Constn . an equal right with each of the 7 to expound it & to insist on the exposition . That the 7 might , in particular instances be right and the 17 wrong , is more than possible . But to establish a positive & permanent rule giving such a power to such a minority over such a majority , would overturn the first principle of free Govt. and in practice necessarily overturn the Govt . itself .", "Part of the South 's strategy to force repeal of the tariff was to arrange an alliance with the West . Under the plan , the South would support the West 's demand for free lands in the public domain if the West would support repeal of the tariff . With this purpose Robert Hayne took the floor on the Senate in early 1830 , thus beginning `` the most celebrated debate , in the Senate 's history . '' Daniel Webster 's response shifted the debate , subsequently styled the Webster - Hayne debates , from the specific issue of western lands to a general debate on the very nature of the United States . Webster 's position differed from Madison 's : Webster asserted that the people of the United States acted as one aggregate body , Madison held that the people of the several states had acted collectively . John Rowan spoke against Webster on that issue , and Madison wrote , congratulating Webster , but explaining his own position . The debate presented the fullest articulation of the differences over nullification , and 40,000 copies of Webster 's response , which concluded with `` liberty and Union , now and forever , one and inseparable '' , were distributed nationwide .", "Many people expected the states ' rights Jackson to side with Hayne . However once the debate shifted to secession and nullification , Jackson sided with Webster . On April 13 , 1830 at the traditional Democratic Party celebration honoring Thomas Jefferson 's birthday , Jackson chose to make his position clear . In a battle of toasts , Hayne proposed , `` The Union of the States , and the Sovereignty of the States . '' Jackson 's response , when his turn came , was , `` Our Federal Union : It must be preserved . '' To those attending , the effect was dramatic . Calhoun would respond with his own toast , in a play on Webster 's closing remarks in the earlier debate , `` The Union . Next to our liberty , the most dear . '' Finally Martin Van Buren would offer , `` Mutual forbearance and reciprocal concession . Through their agency the Union was established . The patriotic spirit from which they emanated will forever sustain it . ''", "Van Buren wrote in his autobiography of Jackson 's toast , `` The veil was rent -- the incantations of the night were exposed to the light of day . '' Senator Thomas Hart Benton , in his memoirs , stated that the toast `` electrified the country . '' Jackson would have the final words a few days later when a visitor from South Carolina asked if Jackson had any message he wanted relayed to his friends back in the state . Jackson 's reply was :", "Yes I have ; please give my compliments to my friends in your State and say to them , that if a single drop of blood shall be shed there in opposition to the laws of the United States , I will hang the first man I can lay my hand on engaged in such treasonable conduct , upon the first tree I can reach .", "Other issues than the tariff were still being decided . In May 1830 Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road Bill an important internal improvements program ( especially to Kentucky and Henry Clay ) , and then followed this with additional vetoes of other such projects shortly before Congress adjourned at the end of May . Clay would use these vetoes to launch his presidential campaign . In 1831 the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States , with Clay and Jackson on opposite sides , reopened a long simmering problem . This issue was featured at the December 1831 National Republican convention in Baltimore which nominated Henry Clay for president , and the proposal to re-charter was formally introduced into Congress on January 6 , 1832 . The Calhoun - Jackson split entered the center stage when Calhoun , as vice-president presiding over the Senate , cast the tie - breaking vote to deny Martin Van Buren the post of minister to England . Van Buren was subsequently selected as Jackson 's running mate at the 1832 Democratic National Convention held in May .", "In February 1832 Henry Clay , back in the Senate after a two decades absence , made a three - day - long speech calling for a new tariff schedule and an expansion of his American System . In an effort to reach out to John Calhoun and other southerners , Clay 's proposal provided for a ten million dollar revenue reduction based on the amount of budget surplus he anticipated for the coming year . Significant protection was still part of the plan as the reduction primarily came on those imports not in competition with domestic producers . Jackson proposed an alternative that reduced overall tariffs to 28 % . John Quincy Adams , now in the House of Representatives , used his Committee of Manufacturers to produce a compromise bill that , in its final form , reduced revenues by five million dollars , lowered duties on non-competitive products , and retained high tariffs on woolens , iron , and cotton products . In the course of the political maneuvering , George McDuffie 's Ways and Means Committee , the normal originator of such bills , prepared a bill with drastic reduction across the board . McDuffie 's bill went nowhere . Jackson signed the Tariff of 1832 on July 14 , 1832 , a few days after he vetoed the Bank of the United States re-charter bill . Congress adjourned after it failed to override Jackson 's veto .", "With Congress in adjournment , Jackson anxiously watched events in South Carolina . The nullifiers found no significant compromise in the Tariff of 1832 and acted accordingly ( see the above section ) . Jackson heard rumors of efforts to subvert members of the army and navy in Charleston and he ordered the secretaries of the army and navy to begin rotating troops and officers based on their loyalty . He ordered General Winfield Scott to prepare for military operations and ordered a naval squadron in Norfolk to prepare to go to Charleston . Jackson kept lines of communication open with unionists like Joel Poinsett , William Drayton , and James L. Petigru and sent George Breathitt , brother of the Kentucky governor , to independently obtain political and military intelligence . After their defeat at the polls in October , Petigru advised Jackson that he should `` Be prepared to hear very shortly of a State Convention and an act of Nullification . ''", "On October 19 , 1832 Jackson wrote to his Secretary of War :", "The attempt will be made to surprise the Forts and garrisons by the militia , and must be guarded against with vestal vigilance and any attempt by force repelled with prompt and exemplary punishment .", "By mid-November Jackson 's reelection was assured . On December 3 , 1832 Jackson sent his fourth annual message to Congress . The message `` was stridently states ' rights and agrarian in its tone and thrust '' and he disavowed protection as anything other than a temporary expedient . His intent regarding nullification , as communicated to Van Buren , was `` to pass it barely in review , as a mere buble ( sic ) , view the existing laws as competent to check and put it down . '' He hoped to create a `` moral force '' that would transcend political parties and sections . The paragraph in the message that addressed nullification was :", "It is my painful duty to state that in one quarter of the United States opposition to the revenue laws has arisen to a height which threatens to thwart their execution , if not to endanger the integrity of the Union . What ever obstructions may be thrown in the way of the judicial authorities of the General Government , it is hoped they will be able peaceably to overcome them by the prudence of their own officers and the patriotism of the people . But should this reasonable reliance on the moderation and good sense of all portions of our fellow citizens be disappointed , it is believed that the laws themselves are fully adequate to the suppression of such attempts as may be immediately made . Should the exigency arise rendering the execution of the existing laws impracticable from any cause what ever , prompt notice of it will be given to Congress , with a suggestion of such views and measures as may be deemed necessary to meet it .", "On December 10 Jackson issued the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina , in which he characterized the positions of the nullifiers as `` impractical absurdity '' and `` a metaphysical subtlety , in pursuit of an impractical theory . '' He provided this concise statement of his belief :", "I consider , then , the power to annul a law of the United States , assumed by one State , incompatible with the existence of the Union , contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution , unauthorized by its spirit , inconsistent with every principle on which It was founded , and destructive of the great object for which it was formed .", "The language used by Jackson , combined with the reports coming out of South Carolina , raised the spectre of military confrontation for many on both sides of the issue . A group of Democrats , led by Van Buren and Thomas Hart Benton among others , saw the only solution to the crisis in a substantial reduction of the tariff .", "In apparent contradiction of his previous claim that the tariff could be enforced with existing laws , on January 16 Jackson sent his Force Bill Message to Congress . Custom houses in Beaufort and Georgetown would be closed and replaced by ships located at each port . In Charleston the custom house would be moved to either Castle Pinckney or Fort Moultrie in Charleston harbor . Direct payment rather than bonds would be required , and federal jails would be established for violators that the state refused to arrest and all cases arising under the state 's nullification act could be removed to the United States Circuit Court . In the most controversial part , the militia acts of 1795 and 1807 would be revised to permit the enforcement of the custom laws by both the militia and the regular United States military . Attempts were made in South Carolina to shift the debate away from nullification by focusing instead on the proposed enforcement .", "The Force bill went to the Senate Judiciary Committee chaired by Pennsylvania protectionist William Wilkins and supported by members Daniel Webster and Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey ; it gave Jackson everything he asked . On January 28 the Senate defeated a motion by a vote of 30 to 15 to postpone debate on the bill . All but two of the votes to delay were from the lower South and only three from this section voted against the motion . This did not signal any increased support for nullification but did signify doubts about enforcement . In order to draw more votes , proposals were made to limit the duration of the coercive powers and restrict the use of force to suppressing , rather than preventing , civil disorder . In the House the Judiciary Committee , in a 4 - 3 vote , rejected Jackson 's request to use force . By the time Calhoun made a major speech on February 15 strongly opposing it , the Force Bill was temporarily stalled .", "On the tariff issue , the drafting of a compromise tariff was assigned in December to the House Ways and Means Committee , now headed by Gulian C. Verplanck . Debate on the committee 's product on the House floor began in January 1833 . The Verplanck tariff proposed reductions back to the 1816 levels over the course of the next two years while maintaining the basic principle of protectionism . The anti-Jackson protectionists saw this as an economic disaster that did not allow the Tariff of 1832 to even be tested and `` an undignified truckling to the menaces and blustering of South Carolina . '' Northern Democrats did not oppose it in principle but still demanded protection for the varying interests of their own constituents . Those sympathetic to the nullifiers wanted a specific abandonment of the principle of protectionism and were willing to offer a longer transition period as a bargaining point . It was clear that the Verplanck tariff was not going to be implemented .", "In South Carolina , efforts were being made to avoid an unnecessary confrontation . Governor Hayne ordered the 25,000 troops he had created to train at home rather than gathering in Charleston . At a mass meeting in Charleston on January 21 , it was decided to postpone the February 1 deadline for implementing nullification while Congress worked on a compromise tariff . At the same time a commissioner from Virginia , Benjamin Watkins Leigh , arrived in Charleston bearing resolutions that criticized both Jackson and the nullifiers and offering his state as a mediator .", "Henry Clay had not taken his defeat in the presidential election well and was unsure on what position he could take in the tariff negotiations . His long term concern was that Jackson eventually was determined to kill protectionism along with the American Plan . In February , after consulting with manufacturers and sugar interests in Louisiana who favored protection for the sugar industry , Clay started to work on a specific compromise plan . As a starting point , he accepted the nullifiers ' offer of a transition period but extended it from seven and a half years to nine years with a final target of a 20 % ad valorem rate . After first securing the support of his protectionist base , Clay , through an intermediary , broached the subject with Calhoun . Calhoun was receptive and after a private meeting with Clay at Clay 's boardinghouse , negotiations preceded .", "Clay introduced the negotiated tariff bill on February 12 , and it was immediately referred to a select committee consisting of Clay as chairman , Felix Grundy of Tennessee , George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania , William Cabell Rives of Virginia , Webster , John M. Clayton of Delaware , and Calhoun . On February 21 the committee reported a bill to the floor of the Senate which was largely the original bill proposed by Clay . The Tariff of 1832 would continue except that reduction of all rates above 20 % would be reduced by one tenth every two years with the final reductions back to 20 % coming in 1842 . Protectionism as a principle was not abandoned and provisions were made for raising the tariff if national interests demanded it .", "Although not specifically linked by any negotiated agreement , it became clear that the Force Bill and Compromise Tariff of 1833 were inexorably linked . In his February 25 speech ending the debate on the tariff , Clay captured the spirit of the voices for compromise by condemning Jackson 's Proclamation to South Carolina as inflammatory , admitting the same problem with the Force Bill but indicating its necessity , and praising the Compromise Tariff as the final measure to restore balance , promote the rule of law , and avoid the `` sacked cities , '' `` desolated fields , '' and `` smoking ruins '' that he said would be the product of the failure to reach a final accord . The House passed the Compromise Tariff by 119 - 85 and the Force Bill by 149 - 48 . In the Senate the tariff passed 29 - 16 and the Force bill by 32 - 1 with many opponents of it walking out rather than voting for it .", "Calhoun rushed to Charleston with the news of the final compromises . The Nullification Convention met again on March 11 . It repealed the November Nullification Ordinance and also , `` in a purely symbolic gesture '' , nullified the Force Bill . While the nullifiers claimed victory on the tariff issue , even though they had made concessions , the verdict was very different on nullification . The majority had , in the end , ruled and this boded ill for the South and their minorities hold on slavery . Rhett summed this up at the convention on March 13 . Warning that , `` A people , owning slaves , are mad , or worse than mad , who do not hold their destinies in their own hands , '' he continued :", "Every stride of this Government , over your rights , brings it nearer and nearer to your peculiar policy . ... The whole world are in arms against your institutions ... Let Gentlemen not be deceived . It is not the Tariff -- not Internal Improvement -- nor yet the Force bill , which constitutes the great evil against which we are contending. ... These are but the forms in which the despotic nature of the government is evinced -- but it is the despotism which constitutes the evil : and until this Government is made a limited Government ... there is no liberty -- no security for the South .", "People reflected on the meaning of the nullification crisis and its outcome for the country . On May 1 , 1833 Jackson wrote , `` the tariff was only a pretext , and disunion and southern confederacy the real object . The next pretext will be the negro , or slavery question . ''", "The final resolution of the crisis and Jackson 's leadership had appeal throughout the North and South . Robert Remini , the historian and Jackson biographer , described the opposition that nullification drew from traditionally states ' rights Southern states :", "The Alabama legislature , for example , pronounced the doctrine `` unsound in theory and dangerous in practice . '' Georgia said it was `` mischievous , '' `` rash and revolutionary . '' Mississippi lawmakers chided the South Carolinians for acting with `` reckless precipitancy . ''", "Forrest McDonald , describing the split over nullification among proponents of states rights , wrote , `` The doctrine of states ' rights , as embraced by most Americans , was not concerned exclusively , or even primarily with state resistance to federal authority . '' But , by the end of the nullification crisis , many southerners started to question whether the Jacksonian Democrats still represented Southern interests . The historian William J. Cooper notes that , `` Numerous southerners had begun to perceive it ( the Jacksonian Democratic Party ) as a spear aimed at the South rather than a shield defending the South . ''", "In the political vacuum created by this alienation , the southern wing of the Whig Party was formed . The party was a coalition of interests united by the common thread of opposition to Andrew Jackson and , more specifically , his `` definition of federal and executive power . '' The party included former National Republicans with an `` urban , commercial , and nationalist outlook '' as well as former nullifiers . Emphasizing that `` they were more southern than the Democrats , '' the party grew within the South by going `` after the abolition issue with unabashed vigor and glee . '' With both parties arguing who could best defend southern institutions , the nuances of the differences between free soil and abolitionism , which became an issue in the late 1840s with the Mexican War and territorial expansion , never became part of the political dialogue . This failure increased the volatility of the slavery issues .", "Richard Ellis argues that the end of the crisis signified the beginning of a new era . Within the states ' rights movement , the traditional desire for simply `` a weak , inactive , and frugal government '' was challenged . Ellis states that `` in the years leading up to the Civil War the nullifiers and their pro-slavery allies used the doctrine of states ' rights and state sovereignty in such a way as to try to expand the powers of the federal government so that it could more effectively protect the peculiar institution . '' By the 1850s , states ' rights had become a call for state equality under the Constitution .", "Madison reacted to this incipient tendency by writing two paragraphs of `` Advice to My Country , '' found among his papers . It said that the Union `` should be cherished and perpetuated . Let the open enemy to it be regarded as a Pandora with her box opened ; and the disguised one , as the Serpent creeping with his deadly wiles into paradise . '' Richard Rush published this `` Advice '' in 1850 , by which time Southern spirit was so high that it was denounced as a forgery .", "The first test for the South over the slavery issue began during the final congressional session of 1835 . In what became known as the Gag Rule Debates , abolitionists flooded the Congress with anti-slavery petitions to end slavery and the slave trade in Washington , D.C. The debate was reopened each session as Southerners , led by South Carolinians Henry Pinckney and John Hammond , prevented the petitions from even being officially received by Congress . Led by John Quincy Adams , the slavery debate remained on the national stage until late 1844 when Congress lifted all restrictions on processing the petitions .", "Describing the legacy of the crisis , Sean Wilentz writes :", "The battle between Jacksonian democratic nationalists , northern and southern , and nullifier sectionalists would resound through the politics of slavery and antislavery for decades to come . Jackson 's victory , ironically , would help accelerate the emergence of southern pro-slavery as a coherent and articulate political force , which would help solidify northern antislavery opinion , inside as well as outside Jackson 's party . Those developments would accelerate the emergence of two fundamentally incompatible democracies , one in the slave South , the other in the free North .", "For South Carolina , the legacy of the crisis involved both the divisions within the state during the crisis and the apparent isolation of the state as the crisis was resolved . By 1860 , when South Carolina became the first state to secede , the state was more internally united than any other southern state . Historian Charles Edward Cauthen writes :", "Probably to a greater extent than in any other Southern state South Carolina had been prepared by her leaders over a period of thirty years for the issues of 1860 . Indoctrination in the principles of state sovereignty , education in the necessity of maintaining Southern institutions , warnings of the dangers of control of the federal government by a section hostile to its interests -- in a word , the education of the masses in the principles and necessity of secession under certain circumstances -- had been carried on with a skill and success hardly inferior to the masterly propaganda of the abolitionists themselves . It was this education , this propaganda , by South Carolina leaders which made secession the almost spontaneous movement that it was ." ]

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[ "Second Continental Congress Thirteen Colonies United States Type Type Unicameral History Established May 10 , 1775 Disbanded March 1 , 1781 Preceded by First Continental Congress Succeeded by 1st Confederation Congress Leadership President of Congress Peyton Randolph ( first ) Samuel Huntington ( last ) Secretary Charles Thomson Structure Seats Variable ; ~ 60 Authority President of the Continental Congress Meeting place mainly at Pennsylvania State House , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania from December 1776 to July 1778 various locations , see below Footnotes There were about 50 members of the Congress at any given time , but it was the colonies themselves that had voting privileges so there were effectively only 13 seats .", "Second Continental Congress", "Thirteen Colonies United States", "Type", "Type Unicameral", "History", "Established May 10 , 1775", "Disbanded March 1 , 1781", "Preceded by First Continental Congress", "Succeeded by 1st Confederation Congress", "Leadership", "President of Congress Peyton Randolph ( first ) Samuel Huntington ( last )", "Secretary Charles Thomson", "Structure", "Seats Variable ; ~ 60", "Authority President of the Continental Congress", "Meeting place", "mainly at Pennsylvania State House , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania from December 1776 to July 1778 various locations , see below", "Footnotes", "There were about 50 members of the Congress at any given time , but it was the colonies themselves that had voting privileges so there were effectively only 13 seats .", "The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It succeeded the First Continental Congress , which met in Philadelphia between September 5 , 1774 and October 26 , 1774 . The Second Congress managed the Colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence , adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 . The Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States by raising armies , directing strategy , appointing diplomats , and making formal treaties such as the Olive Branch Petition .", "The Second Continental Congress came together on May 10 , 1775 , effectively reconvening the First Continental Congress . Many of the 56 delegates who attended the first meeting were in attendance at the second , and the delegates appointed the same president ( Peyton Randolph ) and secretary ( Charles Thomson ) . Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts . Within two weeks , Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses ; he was replaced in the Virginia delegation by Thomas Jefferson , who arrived several weeks later . Henry Middleton was elected as president to replace Randolph , but he declined . Hancock was elected president on May 24 .", "Delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies were present when the Second Continental Congress convened . Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second . On May 13 , 1775 , Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. John 's in the Colony of Georgia , not as a delegate from the colony itself . On July 4 , 1775 , revolutionary Georgians held a Provincial Congress to decide how to respond to the American Revolution , and that congress decided on July 8 to send delegates to the Continental Congress . They arrived on July 20 .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article is part of a series on the United States Continental Congress Predecessors Albany Congress 1754 Stamp Act Congress 1765 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves Continental Association Petition to the King 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Committee of Secret Correspondence Necessity of Taking Up Arms Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Articles of Confederation Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture Congress of the Confederation Bank of North America Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Members List of delegates Presidents of the Continental Congress Secretary of the Continental Congress United States portal", "This article is part of a series on the", "United States Continental Congress", "Predecessors", "Albany Congress 1754 Stamp Act Congress 1765", "Albany Congress 1754 Stamp Act Congress 1765", "Albany Congress 1754", "Stamp Act Congress 1765", "1st Continental Congress", "Declaration and Resolves Continental Association Petition to the King", "Declaration and Resolves Continental Association Petition to the King", "Declaration and Resolves", "Petition to the King", "2nd Continental Congress", "Olive Branch Petition Committee of Secret Correspondence Necessity of Taking Up Arms Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Articles of Confederation Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture", "Olive Branch Petition Committee of Secret Correspondence Necessity of Taking Up Arms Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Articles of Confederation Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture", "Olive Branch Petition", "Committee of Secret Correspondence", "Necessity of Taking Up Arms", "Declaration of Independence", "Articles of Confederation", "Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture", "Congress of the Confederation", "Bank of North America Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787", "Bank of North America Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787", "Bank of North America", "Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785", "Northwest Ordinance of 1787", "Members", "List of delegates Presidents of the Continental Congress Secretary of the Continental Congress", "List of delegates Presidents of the Continental Congress Secretary of the Continental Congress", "List of delegates", "Presidents of the Continental Congress", "Secretary of the Continental Congress", "United States portal", "", "", "The First Continental Congress had sent entreaties to King George III to stop the Coercive Acts ; they had also created the Continental Association to establish a coordinated protest of those acts , putting a boycott on British goods . The Second Continental Congress met on May 10 , 1775 to plan further responses if the British government had not repealed or modified the acts ; however , the American Revolutionary War had already started by that time with the Battles of Lexington and Concord , and the Congress was called upon to take charge of the war effort .", "For the first few months of the war , the Patriots carried on their struggle in an ad - hoc and uncoordinated manner . They had seized arsenals , driven out royal officials , and besieged the British army in the city of Boston . On June 14 , 1775 , the Congress voted to create the Continental Army out of the militia units around Boston and appointed George Washington of Virginia as commanding general . On July 6 , 1775 Congress approved a Declaration of Causes outlining the rationale and necessity for taking up arms in the Thirteen Colonies . '' On July 8 , they extended the Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown as a final attempt at reconciliation ; however , it was received too late to do any good . Silas Deane was sent to France as a minister ( ambassador ) of the Congress , and American ports were reopened in defiance of the British Navigation Acts .", "The Continental Congress had no explicit legal authority to govern , but it assumed all the functions of a national government , such as appointing ambassadors , signing treaties , raising armies , appointing generals , obtaining loans from Europe , issuing paper money ( called `` Continentals '' ) , and disbursing funds . The Congress had no authority to levy taxes and was required to request money , supplies , and troops from the states to support the war effort . Individual states frequently ignored these requests .", "Congress was moving towards declaring independence from the British Empire in 1776 , but many delegates lacked the authority from their home governments to take such a drastic action . Advocates of independence moved to have reluctant colonial governments revise instructions to their delegations , or even replace those governments which would not authorize independence . On May 10 , 1776 , Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony with a government that was not inclined toward independence should form one that was . On May 15 , they adopted a more radical preamble to this resolution , drafted by John Adams , which advised throwing off oaths of allegiance and suppressing the authority of the Crown in any colonial government that still derived its authority from the Crown . That same day , the Virginia Convention instructed its delegation in Philadelphia to propose a resolution that called for a declaration of independence , the formation of foreign alliances , and a confederation of the states . The resolution of independence was delayed for several weeks , as advocates of independence consolidated support in their home governments .", "On June 7 , 1776 , Richard Henry Lee offered a resolution before the Congress declaring the colonies independent . He also urged Congress to resolve `` to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances '' and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states . Lee argued that independence was the only way to ensure a foreign alliance , since no European monarchs would deal with America if they remained Britain 's colonies . American leaders had rejected the divine right of kings in the New World , but recognized the necessity of proving their credibility in the Old World . Congress formally adopted the resolution of independence , but only after creating three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration , a Model Treaty , and the Articles of Confederation . The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation established `` a firm league '' among the thirteen free and independent states . These three things together constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for conducting vital domestic and foreign affairs .", "Congress finally approved the resolution of independence on July 2 , 1776 . They next turned their attention to a formal explanation of this decision , the United States Declaration of Independence which was approved on July 4 and published soon thereafter .", "The Congress moved from Philadelphia to Baltimore in the winter of 1776 to avoid capture by British forces who were advancing on Philadelphia . Henry Fite 's tavern was the largest building in Baltimore Town at the time and provided a comfortable location of sufficient size for Congress to meet . Its site at the western edge of town was beyond easy reach of the British Royal Navy 's ships should they try to sail up the harbor and the Patapsco River to shell the town . Congress was again forced to flee Philadelphia at the end of September 1777 , as British troops occupied the city ; they moved to York , Pennsylvania and continued their work .", "Congress passed the Articles of Confederation on November 15 , 1777 , after more than a year of debate , and sent them to the states for ratification . Jefferson 's proposal for a Senate to represent the states and a House to represent the people was rejected , but a similar proposal was adopted later in the United States Constitution . One issue of debate was large states wanting a larger say , nullified by small states who feared tyranny . The small states won and each state had one vote . Congress urged the individual states to pass the Articles as quickly as possible , but it took three and a half years for all the states to ratify them . The State Legislature of Virginia was the first of the Thirteen States to ratify the Articles on December 16 , 1777 , and the State Legislature of Maryland was the last on February 2 , 1781 .", "May 10 , 1775 -- December 12 , 1776 , Pennsylvania State House , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania December 20 , 1776 -- February 27 , 1777 , Henry Fite House , Baltimore , Maryland March 5 , 1777 -- September 18 , 1777 , Pennsylvania State House , Philadelphia September 27 , 1777 ( one day only ) , Court House , Lancaster , Pennsylvania September 30 , 1777 -- June 27 , 1778 , Court House , York , Pennsylvania July 2 , 1778 -- July 20 , 1778 , College Hall , Philadelphia July 23 , 1778 -- March 1 , 1781 , Pennsylvania State House , Philadelphia", "May 10 , 1775 -- December 12 , 1776 , Pennsylvania State House , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania", "December 20 , 1776 -- February 27 , 1777 , Henry Fite House , Baltimore , Maryland", "March 5 , 1777 -- September 18 , 1777 , Pennsylvania State House , Philadelphia", "September 27 , 1777 ( one day only ) , Court House , Lancaster , Pennsylvania", "September 30 , 1777 -- June 27 , 1778 , Court House , York , Pennsylvania", "July 2 , 1778 -- July 20 , 1778 , College Hall , Philadelphia", "July 23 , 1778 -- March 1 , 1781 , Pennsylvania State House , Philadelphia" ]

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[ "Code 128 is a high - density linear barcode symbology defined in ISO / IEC 15417 : 2007 . It is used for alphanumeric or numeric - only barcodes . It can encode all 128 characters of ASCII and , by use of an extension symbol ( FNC4 ) , the Latin - 1 characters defined in ISO / IEC 8859 - 1 .", "GS1 - 128 ( formerly known as UCC / EAN - 128 ) is a subset of Code 128 and is used extensively worldwide in shipping and packaging industries as a product identification code for the container and pallet levels in the supply chain . The symbology was formerly defined as ISO / IEC 15417 : 2007 .", "A Code 128 barcode has six sections :", "Quiet zone Start symbol Encoded data Check symbol Stop symbol Final bar ( often considered part of the stop symbol ) Quiet zone", "Final bar ( often considered part of the stop symbol )", "The check symbol is calculated from a weighted sum ( modulo 103 ) of all the symbols .", "Code 128 includes 108 symbols : 103 data symbols , 3 start symbols , and 2 stop symbols . Each symbol consist of three black bars and three white spaces of varying widths . All widths are multiples of a basic `` module '' . Each bar and space is 1 to 4 modules wide , and the symbols are fixed width : the sum of the widths of the three black bars and three white bars is 11 modules .", "The stop pattern is composed of two overlapped symbols and has four bars . The stop pattern permits bidirectional scanning . When the stop pattern is read left - to - right ( the usual case ) , the stop symbol ( followed by a 2 - module bar ) is recognized . When the stop pattern is read right - to - left , the reverse stop symbol ( followed by a 2 - module bar ) is recognized . A scanner seeing the reverse stop symbol then knows it must skip the 2 - module bar and read the rest of the barcode in reverse .", "Despite its name , Code 128 does not have 128 distinct symbols , so it can not represent 128 code points directly . To represent all 128 ASCII values , it shifts among three code sets ( A , B , C ) . Together , code sets A and B cover all 128 ASCII characters . Code set C is used to efficiently encode digit strings . The initial subset is selected by using the appropriate start symbol . Within each code set , some of the 103 data code points are reserved for shifting to one of the other two code sets . The shifts are done using code points 98 and 99 in code sets A and B , 100 in code sets A and C and 101 in code sets B and C to switch between them ) :", "128A ( Code Set A ) -- ASCII characters 00 to 95 ( 0 -- 9 , A -- Z and control codes ) , special characters , and FNC 1 -- 4 128B ( Code Set B) -- ASCII characters 32 to 127 ( 0 -- 9 , A -- Z , a -- z ) , special characters , and FNC 1 -- 4 128C ( Code Set C ) -- 00 -- 99 ( encodes two digits with a single code point ) and FNC1", "128A ( Code Set A ) -- ASCII characters 00 to 95 ( 0 -- 9 , A -- Z and control codes ) , special characters , and FNC 1 -- 4", "128B ( Code Set B) -- ASCII characters 32 to 127 ( 0 -- 9 , A -- Z , a -- z ) , special characters , and FNC 1 -- 4", "128C ( Code Set C ) -- 00 -- 99 ( encodes two digits with a single code point ) and FNC1", "The minimum width of the Quiet Zone to the left and right of the 128 Bar Code is 10x , where x is the minimum width of a module . It is mandatory at the left and right side of the barcode .", "Each symbol in the barcode is composed of three bars and three spaces . Each bar or space is 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 units wide , the sum of the widths of bars must be even ( 4 , 6 or 8 units ) , the sum of the widths of the spaces must be odd ( 3 , 5 or 7 units ) , and total 11 units per symbol . For instance , encoding the ASCII character `` 0 '' can be viewed as 10011101100 , where a sequence of 1 's is a bar and a sequence of 0 's is a space . A single 1 would be the thinnest line in the bar code . Three 1 's in sequence ( 111 ) indicates a bar three times as thick as a single 1 bar .", "There are 108 possible 11 - unit wide symbols , and the code uses all possible symbols . Two of the symbols are used for stop ( end - of - barcode ) indication , stop and reverse stop . The two stop symbols are merged into a 13 - unit long stop pattern . Reading the stop pattern left to right is the stop pattern ( followed by a 2 - unit bar ) , and reading the stop pattern right to left is the reverse stop pattern ( followed by a 2 - unit bar ) .", "The check digit is a weighted modulo - 103 checksum . It is calculated by summing the start code ' value ' to the products of each symbol 's ' value ' multiplied by its position in the barcode string . The start symbol and first encoded symbol are in position 1 . The sum of the products is then reduced modulo 103 . The remainder is then converted back to one of the 103 non-delimiter symbols ( following the instructions given below ) and appended to the barcode , immediately before the stop symbol .", "For example , in the following table , the code 128 variant A checksum value is calculated for the alphanumeric string PJJ123C :", "Code Value Position Value × Position Start Code A 103 103 48 48 J 42 84 J 42 126 17 68 18 5 90 19 6 114 35 7 245 Sum 878 Remainder mod 103 54", "Code Value Position Value × Position", "Start Code A 103 103", "48 48", "J 42 84", "J 42 126", "17 68", "18 5 90", "19 6 114", "35 7 245", "Sum 878", "Remainder mod 103 54", "For the purpose of computing the check symbol , the shift and code - switch symbols are treated the same as any other symbol in the bar code . The checksum is computed over the symbol values , without regard for which code set is active at the time . For instance the code set C value `` 33 '' and the code set B value `` A '' are both considered to be a Code 128 value of 33 , and the check digit is computed based on the value of 33 times the symbol 's position within the barcode .", "The special symbol FNC4 ( `` Function 4 '' ) , present only in code sets A and B , can be used to encode all the Latin - 1 ( ISO - 8859 - 1 ) characters in a Code 128 barcode . The feature is not widely supported and is not used in GS128 . When a single FNC4 is present in a string , the following symbol is converted to ASCII as usual , and then 128 is added to the ASCII value . ( If the following symbol is a shift , then a second symbol will be used to obtain the character . ) If two FNC4s are used consecutively then all following characters will be treated as such , up to the end of the string or another pair of FNC4s . Between the double FNC4s , a single FNC4 will be used to denote that the following character will be standard ASCII .", "Code128 specifies a combination of 6 alternating bars and spaces ( 3 of each ) for each symbol . Thus , each symbol begins with a bar and ends with a space . In barcode fonts , the final bar is generally combined with the stop symbol to make a wider stop pattern . The following table details the widths associated with each bar and space for each symbol . The width of each bar or space may be 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 units ( modules ) . Using the example above , an ' A ' would be depicted with the pattern 10100011000 , or as widths 111323 in the tables below .", "The widths value is derived by counting the length of each run of 1 's then 0 's in the pattern , starting from the left . There will always be 6 runs and the lengths of these 6 runs form the Widths value . For example , using the pattern 10100011000 , the run lengths are 1 ( digit 1 ) , 1 ( digit 0 ) , 1 ( digit 1 ) , 3 ( digit 0 ) , 2 ( digit 1 ) , 3 ( digit 0 ) . Reporting just the lengths of each run gives 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 3 , thereby producing a widths value of 111323 .", "Code 128 Value 128A 128B 128C Font position ( Common / Barcodesoft ) Bar / Space Code Latin - 1 Pattern Widths 0 space space 00 32 or 212 / 252 ␣ or Ô / ü 11011001100 212222 ! ! 01 33 ! 11001101100 222122 `` `` 02 34 `` 11001100110 222221 # # 03 35 # 10010011000 121223 $ $ 04 36 $ 10010001100 121322 5 % % 05 37 % 10001001100 131222 6 & & 06 38 & 10011001000 122213 7 ' ' 07 39 ' 10011000100 122312 8 ( ( 08 40 ( 10001100100 132212 9 ) ) 09 41 ) 11001001000 221213 10 * * 10 42 * 11001000100 221312 11 + + 11 43 + 11000100100 231212 12 , , 12 44 , 10110011100 112232 13 - - 13 45 - 10011011100 122132 14 . . 14 46 . 10011001110 122231 15 / / 15 47 / 10111001100 113222 16 0 0 16 48 0 10011101100 123122 17 17 49 10011100110 123221 18 18 50 11001110010 223211 19 19 51 11001011100 221132 20 20 52 11001001110 221231 21 5 5 21 53 5 11011100100 213212 22 6 6 22 54 6 11001110100 223112 23 7 7 23 55 7 11101101110 312131 24 8 8 24 56 8 11101001100 311222 25 9 9 25 57 9 11100101100 321122 26 : : 26 58 : 11100100110 321221 27 ; ; 27 59 ; 11101100100 312212 28 < < 28 60 < 11100110100 322112 29 = = 29 61 = 11100110010 322211 30 > > 30 62 > 11011011000 212123 31 ? ? 31 63 ? 11011000110 212321 32 @ @ 32 64 @ 11000110110 232121 33 33 65 10100011000 111323 34 34 66 10001011000 131123 35 35 67 10001000110 131321 36 36 68 10110001000 112313 37 37 69 10001101000 132113 38 38 70 10001100010 132311 39 39 71 11010001000 211313 40 40 72 11000101000 231113 41 41 73 11000100010 231311 42 J J 42 74 J 10110111000 112133 43 43 75 10110001110 112331 44 44 76 10001101110 132131 45 45 77 10111011000 113123 46 46 78 10111000110 113321 47 O O 47 79 O 10001110110 133121 48 48 80 11101110110 313121 49 Q Q 49 81 Q 11010001110 211331 50 50 82 11000101110 231131 51 51 83 11011101000 213113 52 52 84 11011100010 213311 53 U U 53 85 U 11011101110 213131 54 V V 54 86 V 11101011000 311123 55 55 87 11101000110 311321 56 X X 56 88 X 11100010110 331121 57 Y Y 57 89 Y 11101101000 312113 58 Z Z 58 90 Z 11101100010 312311 59 59 91 11100011010 332111 60 \\ \\ 60 92 \\ 11101111010 314111 61 61 93 11001000010 221411 62 62 94 11110001010 431111 63 _ _ 63 95 _ 10100110000 111224 64 NUL ` 64 96 ` 10100001100 111422 65 SOH 65 97 10010110000 121124 66 STX 66 98 10010000110 121421 67 ETX 67 99 10000101100 141122 68 EOT d 68 100 d 10000100110 141221 69 ENQ 69 101 10110010000 112214 70 ACK f 70 102 f 10110000100 112412 71 BEL g 71 103 g 10011010000 122114 72 BS h 72 104 h 10011000010 122411 73 HT i 73 105 i 10000110100 142112 74 LF j 74 106 j 10000110010 142211 75 VT k 75 107 k 11000010010 241211 76 FF l 76 108 l 11001010000 221114 77 CR m 77 109 m 11110111010 413111 78 SO n 78 110 n 11000010100 241112 79 SI o 79 111 o 10001111010 134111 80 DLE p 80 112 p 10100111100 111242 81 DC1 q 81 113 q 10010111100 121142 82 DC2 r 82 114 r 10010011110 121241 83 DC3 s 83 115 s 10111100100 114212 84 DC4 84 116 10011110100 124112 85 NAK u 85 117 u 10011110010 124211 86 SYN 86 118 11110100100 411212 87 ETB w 87 119 w 11110010100 421112 88 CAN x 88 120 x 11110010010 421211 89 EM y 89 121 y 11011011110 212141 90 SUB z 90 122 z 11011110110 214121 91 ESC ( 91 123 ( 11110110110 412121 92 FS 92 124 10101111000 111143 93 GS ) 93 125 ) 10100011110 111341 94 RS ~ 94 126 ~ 10001011110 131141 95 US DEL 95 200 / 240 È / ð 10111101000 114113 96 FNC 3 FNC 3 96 201 / 241 É / ñ 10111100010 114311 97 FNC 2 FNC 2 97 202 / 242 Ê / ò 11110101000 411113 98 Shift B Shift A 98 203 / 243 Ë / ó 11110100010 411311 99 Code C Code C 99 204 / 244 Ì / ô 10111011110 113141 100 Code B FNC 4 Code B 205 / 245 Í / õ 10111101110 114131 101 FNC 4 Code A Code A 206 / 246 Î / ö 11101011110 311141 102 FNC 1 FNC 1 FNC 1 207 / 247 Ï / ÷ 11110101110 411131 103 Start Code A 208 / 248 Ð / ø 11010000100 211412 104 Start Code B 209 / 249 Ñ / ù 11010010000 211214 105 Start Code C 210 / 250 Ò / ú 11010011100 211232 106 Stop -- -- 11000111010 233111 -- Reverse Stop -- -- 11010111000 211133 -- Stop pattern ( 7 bars / spaces ) 211 / 251 Ó / û 1100011101011 2331112", "Value 128A 128B 128C Font position ( Common / Barcodesoft ) Bar / Space", "Code Latin - 1 Pattern Widths", "0 space space 00 32 or 212 / 252 ␣ or Ô / ü 11011001100 212222", "! ! 01 33 ! 11001101100 222122", "`` `` 02 34 `` 11001100110 222221", "# # 03 35 # 10010011000 121223", "$ $ 04 36 $ 10010001100 121322", "5 % % 05 37 % 10001001100 131222", "6 & & 06 38 & 10011001000 122213", "7 ' ' 07 39 ' 10011000100 122312", "8 ( ( 08 40 ( 10001100100 132212", "9 ) ) 09 41 ) 11001001000 221213", "10 * * 10 42 * 11001000100 221312", "11 + + 11 43 + 11000100100 231212", "12 , , 12 44 , 10110011100 112232", "13 - - 13 45 - 10011011100 122132", "14 . . 14 46 . 10011001110 122231", "15 / / 15 47 / 10111001100 113222", "16 0 0 16 48 0 10011101100 123122", "17 17 49 10011100110 123221", "18 18 50 11001110010 223211", "19 19 51 11001011100 221132", "20 20 52 11001001110 221231", "21 5 5 21 53 5 11011100100 213212", "22 6 6 22 54 6 11001110100 223112", "23 7 7 23 55 7 11101101110 312131", "24 8 8 24 56 8 11101001100 311222", "25 9 9 25 57 9 11100101100 321122", "26 : : 26 58 : 11100100110 321221", "27 ; ; 27 59 ; 11101100100 312212", "28 < < 28 60 < 11100110100 322112", "29 = = 29 61 = 11100110010 322211", "30 > > 30 62 > 11011011000 212123", "31 ? ? 31 63 ? 11011000110 212321", "32 @ @ 32 64 @ 11000110110 232121", "33 33 65 10100011000 111323", "34 34 66 10001011000 131123", "35 35 67 10001000110 131321", "36 36 68 10110001000 112313", "37 37 69 10001101000 132113", "38 38 70 10001100010 132311", "39 39 71 11010001000 211313", "40 40 72 11000101000 231113", "41 41 73 11000100010 231311", "42 J J 42 74 J 10110111000 112133", "43 43 75 10110001110 112331", "44 44 76 10001101110 132131", "45 45 77 10111011000 113123", "46 46 78 10111000110 113321", "47 O O 47 79 O 10001110110 133121", "48 48 80 11101110110 313121", "49 Q Q 49 81 Q 11010001110 211331", "50 50 82 11000101110 231131", "51 51 83 11011101000 213113", "52 52 84 11011100010 213311", "53 U U 53 85 U 11011101110 213131", "54 V V 54 86 V 11101011000 311123", "55 55 87 11101000110 311321", "56 X X 56 88 X 11100010110 331121", "57 Y Y 57 89 Y 11101101000 312113", "58 Z Z 58 90 Z 11101100010 312311", "59 59 91 11100011010 332111", "60 \\ \\ 60 92 \\ 11101111010 314111", "61 61 93 11001000010 221411", "62 62 94 11110001010 431111", "63 _ _ 63 95 _ 10100110000 111224", "64 NUL ` 64 96 ` 10100001100 111422", "65 SOH 65 97 10010110000 121124", "66 STX 66 98 10010000110 121421", "67 ETX 67 99 10000101100 141122", "68 EOT d 68 100 d 10000100110 141221", "69 ENQ 69 101 10110010000 112214", "70 ACK f 70 102 f 10110000100 112412", "71 BEL g 71 103 g 10011010000 122114", "72 BS h 72 104 h 10011000010 122411", "73 HT i 73 105 i 10000110100 142112", "74 LF j 74 106 j 10000110010 142211", "75 VT k 75 107 k 11000010010 241211", "76 FF l 76 108 l 11001010000 221114", "77 CR m 77 109 m 11110111010 413111", "78 SO n 78 110 n 11000010100 241112", "79 SI o 79 111 o 10001111010 134111", "80 DLE p 80 112 p 10100111100 111242", "81 DC1 q 81 113 q 10010111100 121142", "82 DC2 r 82 114 r 10010011110 121241", "83 DC3 s 83 115 s 10111100100 114212", "84 DC4 84 116 10011110100 124112", "85 NAK u 85 117 u 10011110010 124211", "86 SYN 86 118 11110100100 411212", "87 ETB w 87 119 w 11110010100 421112", "88 CAN x 88 120 x 11110010010 421211", "89 EM y 89 121 y 11011011110 212141", "90 SUB z 90 122 z 11011110110 214121", "91 ESC ( 91 123 ( 11110110110 412121", "92 FS 92 124 10101111000 111143", "93 GS ) 93 125 ) 10100011110 111341", "94 RS ~ 94 126 ~ 10001011110 131141", "95 US DEL 95 200 / 240 È / ð 10111101000 114113", "96 FNC 3 FNC 3 96 201 / 241 É / ñ 10111100010 114311", "97 FNC 2 FNC 2 97 202 / 242 Ê / ò 11110101000 411113", "98 Shift B Shift A 98 203 / 243 Ë / ó 11110100010 411311", "99 Code C Code C 99 204 / 244 Ì / ô 10111011110 113141", "100 Code B FNC 4 Code B 205 / 245 Í / õ 10111101110 114131", "101 FNC 4 Code A Code A 206 / 246 Î / ö 11101011110 311141", "102 FNC 1 FNC 1 FNC 1 207 / 247 Ï / ÷ 11110101110 411131", "103 Start Code A 208 / 248 Ð / ø 11010000100 211412", "104 Start Code B 209 / 249 Ñ / ù 11010010000 211214", "105 Start Code C 210 / 250 Ò / ú 11010011100 211232", "106 Stop -- -- 11000111010 233111", "-- Reverse Stop -- -- 11010111000 211133", "-- Stop pattern ( 7 bars / spaces ) 211 / 251 Ó / û 1100011101011 2331112", "The `` Code A '' , `` Code B '' and `` Code C '' symbols cause all future symbols to be interpreted according to the corresponding subcode . The `` Shift '' symbol switches a single following symbol 's interpretation between subcodes A and B .", "The encoded ASCII char depends on the actual used barcode - font . Especially the ASCII char of value 0 and of value 95 and above may be defined differently in the font that is installed .", "The FNCx codes are used for special purposes . FNC1 at the beginning of a bar code indicates a GS1 - 128 bar code which begins with a 2 - 3 - or 4 - digit application identifier assigned by the Uniform Code Council , which explains the following digits . For example , application identifier 421 indicates that an ISO 3166 - 1 numeric country code and ship - to postal code follows . Thus , the U.S. ZIP code for the White House would generally be printed as `` ( 421 ) 840 20500 '' , but would actually be coded as `` ( Start C ) ( FNC1 ) 42 18 40 20 50 ( Code A ) 0 ( Check symbol 92 ) ( Stop ) ''", "Check digit calculation for the above Zip code example :", "Value Weight Weight × Value Start C 105 105 FNC1 102 102 42 42 84 18 18 54 40 40 160 20 20 5 100 50 50 6 300 Code A 101 7 707 0 16 8 128 Sum = 1740 1740 Mod 103 = 92", "Value Weight Weight × Value", "Start C 105 105", "FNC1 102 102", "42 42 84", "18 18 54", "40 40 160", "20 20 5 100", "50 50 6 300", "Code A 101 7 707", "0 16 8 128", "Sum = 1740", "1740 Mod 103 = 92", "For the end user , Code 128 barcodes may be generated by either an outside application to create an image of the barcode , or by a font - based barcode solution . Either solution requires the use of an application or an application add in to calculate the check digit and create the barcode .", "Although code set C uses one code symbol to represent two digits , it does not always produce a more compact code than code sets A or B. Using code set C saves one symbol per two digits , but costs a mode - shift symbol to enter and exit the set . Thus , it only worth using if there are enough consecutive digits . For example , encoding the string `` X00Y '' with code set A or B requires 7 code symbols ( ( Start B ) 56 16 16 57 ( checksum ) ( Stop ) ) , while using code set C for the `` 00 '' would result in a code 8 symbols long ( ( Start B ) 56 ( Code C ) 00 ( Code B ) 57 ( checksum ) ( Stop ) ) .", "Using code set C is only advantageous under the following conditions :", "Location of digits Number of consecutive digits beginning of data 4 + end of data 4 + middle of data ( surrounded by symbols from code set A or B) 6 + entire data either 2 or 4 + ( but not 3 )", "Location of digits Number of consecutive digits", "beginning of data 4 +", "end of data 4 +", "middle of data ( surrounded by symbols from code set A or B) 6 +", "entire data either 2 or 4 + ( but not 3 )", "At the end of a string , delaying the transition to code set C until there are an even number of digits remaining avoids an extra symbol . Consider the string `` ... 01234 '' : a delayed switch produces ... 0 ( Code C ) 12 34 ( checksum ) ( Stop ) but an early switch produces ... ( Code C ) 01 23 ( Code A ) 4 ( checksum ) ( Stop ) .", "For example , given the string `` 098x1234567y23 '' , savings on barcode length using code set C are achieved only if it is applied to middle part of the string . For the beginning and ending part of the string , switching to code set C is not effective . As there are an odd number of digits in the middle of the string , the odd one must be use a different code , set , but it makes no difference whether this is the first or last ; 16 symbols are required in either case : ( Start B ) 0 9 8 x 1 ( Code C ) 23 45 67 ( Code B ) y 2 3 ( checksum ) ( Stop ) , or ( Start B ) 0 9 8 x ( Code C ) 12 34 56 ( Code B ) 7 y 2 3 ( checksum ) ( Stop ) .", "Optimizing the length of the resulting barcode is important when barcode readers are used which must detect the entire barcode image at once in order to read it , such as common laser scanners . The longer the barcode is , the greater distance of laser barcode reader from barcode image is needed , making reading difficult or impossible above some threshold lengths / distances .", "The optimal encoding can be found using a dynamic programming algorithm ." ]

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[ "hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2015 )", "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2015 )", "The Jackie Gleason Show Gleason and June Taylor dancer Margaret Jeanne ( 1955 ) Also known as Cavalcade of Stars ( DuMont ) Genre Variety Presented by Jackie Gleason Opening theme `` Melancholy Serenade '' ( CBS ) Composer ( s ) Jackie Gleason Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 156 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 47 -- 50 minutes Release Original network DuMont ( 1949 -- 1952 ) CBS ( 1952 -- 1957 ) Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release DuMont : June 4 , 1949 ( 1949 - 06 - 04 ) -- September 26 , 1952 ( 1952 - 09 - 26 ) CBS : September 20 , 1952 ( 1952 - 09 - 20 ) -- June 22 , 1957 ( 1957 - 06 - 22 )", "The Jackie Gleason Show", "Gleason and June Taylor dancer Margaret Jeanne ( 1955 )", "Also known as Cavalcade of Stars ( DuMont )", "Genre Variety", "Presented by Jackie Gleason", "Opening theme `` Melancholy Serenade '' ( CBS )", "Composer ( s ) Jackie Gleason", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 156 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Camera setup Multi-camera", "Running time 47 -- 50 minutes", "Release", "Original network DuMont ( 1949 -- 1952 ) CBS ( 1952 -- 1957 )", "Picture format Black - and - white", "Audio format Monaural", "Original release DuMont : June 4 , 1949 ( 1949 - 06 - 04 ) -- September 26 , 1952 ( 1952 - 09 - 26 ) CBS : September 20 , 1952 ( 1952 - 09 - 20 ) -- June 22 , 1957 ( 1957 - 06 - 22 )", "DuMont : June 4 , 1949 ( 1949 - 06 - 04 ) -- September 26 , 1952 ( 1952 - 09 - 26 )", "The Jackie Gleason Show is the name of a series of American network television shows that starred Jackie Gleason , which ran from 1952 to 1970 , in various forms .", "Gleason 's first variety series , which aired on the DuMont Television Network under the title Cavalcade of Stars , first aired June 4 , 1949 . The show 's first host was comedian Jack Carter , who was followed by Jerry Lester . After Lester quit in June 1950 ( soon to become the star of NBC 's first late - night series , Broadway Open House ) , Gleason -- who had made his mark on the first television incarnation of The Life of Riley sitcom -- stepped into Cavalcade on July 15 , 1950 and became an immediate sensation .", "The show was broadcast live in front of a theater audience , and offered the same kind of vaudevillian entertainment common to early television revues . Gleason 's guests included New York - based performers of stage and screen , including Bert Wheeler , Smith and Dale , Patricia Morison , and Vivian Blaine . Production values were modest , owing to DuMont 's humble facilities and a thrifty sponsor ( Quality Drugs , representing most of the nation 's drug stores ) .", "In 1952 , CBS president William S. Paley offered Gleason a considerably higher salary . The series was retitled The Jackie Gleason Show and premiered on CBS Television on September 20 , 1952 . Paley used the show 's position on CBS to showcase artists like Frankie Laine , Frankie Avalon , Doris Day , and the teenage guitar prodigy Zane Ashton . In 1953 , CBS ' own orchestral accordionist John Serry Sr. made a cameo appearance .", "While much of DuMont 's programming archive was destroyed after they ceased broadcasting , a surprising number of Cavalcade of Stars episodes survive , including several episodes at the UCLA Film and Television Archive . Additionally , at least 14 Gleason episodes survive at the Paley Center for Media .", "In his book The Forgotten Network , author David Weinstein mentions an unusual aspect of the DuMont network . He notes that while Drug Store Productions was technically the sponsor , they in turn sold the commercial air time to various companies and products . Weinstein notes this as an early example of U.S. network television moving away from the single - sponsor system typical of the early 1950s . He quotes former DuMont executive Ted Bergmann describing the DuMont version as featuring six commercial breaks during the hour , with each break comprising a single one - minute commercial .", "The show typically opened with a monologue from Gleason , followed by sketch comedy involving Gleason and a number of regular performers ( including Art Carney ) and a musical interlude featuring the June Taylor Dancers . ( Taylor later became Gleason 's sister - in - law ; he married her sister Marilyn in 1975 . )", "Gleason portrayed a number of recurring characters , including :", "supercilious , mustachioed playboy millionaire Reginald Van Gleason III ( Gleason 's personal favorite ) friendly Joe the Bartender loudmouthed braggart Charlie Bratten Rum Dum , a hapless dipsomaniac with a walrus mustache mild - mannered Fenwick Babbitt The Bachelor who was forever unmarried bombastic Rudy the Repairman a put - upon character known only as the Poor Soul , whom Gleason performed in pantomime . Stanley R. Sogg , late - night movie pitchman for Mother Fletcher 's products ( `` No - Cal Chicken Fat '' ) blowhard Brooklyn bus driver Ralph Kramden", "supercilious , mustachioed playboy millionaire Reginald Van Gleason III ( Gleason 's personal favorite )", "friendly Joe the Bartender", "loudmouthed braggart Charlie Bratten", "Rum Dum , a hapless dipsomaniac with a walrus mustache", "mild - mannered Fenwick Babbitt", "The Bachelor who was forever unmarried", "bombastic Rudy the Repairman", "a put - upon character known only as the Poor Soul , whom Gleason performed in pantomime .", "Stanley R. Sogg , late - night movie pitchman for Mother Fletcher 's products ( `` No - Cal Chicken Fat '' )", "blowhard Brooklyn bus driver Ralph Kramden", "The series was a big hit for CBS , finishing at # 8 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1953 -- 1954 season and # 2 in 1954 -- 1955 . The Jackie Gleason Show also earned Emmy nominations for best variety series in 1953 , 1954 and 1955 , for Gleason as best star in 1954 and 1955 , for Audrey Meadows as best supporting actress in 1954 and 1957 , Art Carney for best supporting actor in 1957 , June Taylor for best choreography in 1956 , and best writing and best engineering effects in 1955 . The series won Emmys for Meadows as best supporting actress in 1955 , Carney as best supporting actor in 1954 and 1955 , and Taylor for choreography in 1955 . Gleason never received an Emmy .", "By far the most memorable and popular of Gleason 's characters was blowhard Brooklyn bus driver Ralph Kramden , featured originally in a series of Cavalcade skits known as `` The Honeymooners '' , with Pert Kelton as his wife Alice , and Art Carney as his upstairs neighbor Ed Norton . These were so popular that in 1955 Gleason suspended the variety format and filmed The Honeymooners as a regular half - hour sitcom ( television 's first spin - off ) , co-starring Carney , Audrey Meadows ( who had replaced the blacklisted Kelton after the earlier move to CBS ) , and Joyce Randolph . Finishing 19th in the ratings , these 39 episodes were subsequently rerun constantly in syndication , often five nights a week , with the cycle repeating every two months for decades . They are probably the most familiar body of work from 1950s television with the exception of I Love Lucy starring Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz .", "The show 's original variety format and title returned in September 1956 and continued until June 1957 . Then , in October 1958 , Gleason debuted a half - hour version of The Jackie Gleason Show , with Buddy Hackett as a sidekick , but it was short - lived , cancelled in January 1959 .", "The Jackie Gleason Show Genre Talk show Presented by Jackie Gleason Narrated by Johnny Olson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( excluding You 're in the Picture ) Production Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 24 - 25 minutes Release Original network CBS Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release February 3 ( 1961 - 02 - 03 ) -- March 24 , 1961 ( 1961 - 03 - 24 )", "The Jackie Gleason Show", "Genre Talk show", "Presented by Jackie Gleason", "Narrated by Johnny Olson", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 8 ( excluding You 're in the Picture )", "Production", "Camera setup Multi-camera", "Running time 24 - 25 minutes", "Release", "Original network CBS", "Picture format Black - and - white", "Audio format Monaural", "Original release February 3 ( 1961 - 02 - 03 ) -- March 24 , 1961 ( 1961 - 03 - 24 )", "In 1961 , Gleason began an ill - fated stint as host of a game show called You 're in the Picture , which lasted only one episode , and was so bad that it led to Gleason offering an on - air apology to his viewers the following week . Committed to filling a quota of episodes , Gleason renamed the series The Jackie Gleason Show and turned it into a short - lived talk show , featuring one - on - one informal interviews with Art Carney , Jayne Mansfield , Bobby Darin , and other friends and celebrities . It ran for eight episodes .", "In 1962 , Gleason returned to the tried - and - true variety format with his American Scene Magazine . The official title of the show was , again , The Jackie Gleason Show . In its first year , Gleason 's ratings killed the competition : a revived comedy - western - variety program , The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show , on ABC and the legal drama Sam Benedict with Edmond O'Brien on NBC . American Scene was initially taped in New York City ; after two seasons , production moved to Miami Beach ( 1964 ) , on Jackie 's insistence . ( This caused difficulties for announcer Johnny Olson , who had several other announcing jobs ; Olson commuted frequently between New York City and Miami to accommodate Gleason . )", "Gleason would begin his monologue each week and be surprised by the flamboyant jackets worn by bandleader Sammy Spear . ( Beholding Spear 's animal - print blazer , Gleason quipped , `` I 've heard of Tiger Rag , but this is ridiculous ! '' ) Ralph Kramden , Reggie Van Gleason , the Poor Soul , and the rest of Gleason 's comic characters were regular attractions . Frank Fontaine , as bug - eyed , grinning `` Crazy '' Guggenheim , starred in the Joe the Bartender skits , delighting fans with his nutty speaking voice and goofy laugh , and charmed by his surprisingly mellow singing voice . June Taylor 's chorus girl routines revived for the television generation the aerial pattern kaleidoscope formations made famous on film by Busby Berkeley . During this time , Gleason 's show finished # 17 for the 1962 -- 1963 season , # 15 for 1963 -- 1964 , # 21 in 1964 -- 1965 and # 24 in 1965 -- 1966 .", "In fall 1966 , the show titled reverted to simply The Jackie Gleason Show ( dropping the American Scene format ) , and would remain so until its cancellation in 1970 . By this point episodes included guest stars and skits . A component during this period was the musical Honeymooners episodes , which had first been tried on Gleason 's variety show during the 1956 -- 1957 season . These were later collected as The Color Honeymooners , with Sheila MacRae and Jane Kean as Alice and Trixie , respectively . The regular cast included Art Carney ; Milton Berle was a frequent guest star . The show was shot in color on videotape at the Miami Beach Auditorium ( today called the Jackie Gleason Theatre of the Performing Arts ) , and Gleason never tired of promoting the `` sun and fun capital of the world '' on camera . Hordes of vacationers took Gleason 's advice , boosting Florida 's economy . Later specials were taped at the Olympia Theatre 's Gusman Center across Biscayne Bay in downtown Miami . The shows began with the television camera in front of a boat speeding toward the shore of Miami Beach , and ended with Gleason bellowing , `` Miami Beach audiences are the greatest audiences in the world ! ''", "During this period , The Jackie Gleason Show earned three more Emmy nominations , for Carney for special classification in 1966 and for variety series and writing in 1967 . Carney won two Emmys for his work in 1967 and 1968 . The series also ranked at No. 5 in 1966 - 1967 and No. 9 in 1967 - 1968 .", "At the end of the 1968 - 69 season , The Jackie Gleason Show still garnered decent ratings , ranking at No. 25 in the Nielsens and CBS renewed it for an eighth season . The following year would bring a radical change to the series . Gleason went on a stringent diet in 1969 and lost approximately 60 pounds . When the show returned in September 1969 , there was much publicity about Gleason 's new slimmer look . To gracefully incorporate his weight loss into the show , it was explained that Ralph Kramden also had gone on a diet and lost weight . This proved to be somewhat of a detriment ( especially since Carney had gained weight ) . Jokes about Kramden 's weight had been a strong component of humor for the Honeymooners sketches . A skinnier Ralph did not seem as funny to viewers and the overall ratings for the program began to slip . Coupled with the fact that CBS was concerned with demographics and wanted to change its image with more urban - oriented shows ( to attract younger audiences ) , the network not only cancelled Gleason 's series in the spring of 1970 , but also The Red Skelton Hour and Petticoat Junction as well . Beginning in late December , 1970 , CBS began airing selected reruns of The Jackie Gleason Show ( featuring only the color Honeymooners episodes ) in prime time on Sunday nights at 10 p.m. ( EST ) , thereby replacing the short - lived Tim Conway Comedy Hour ." ]

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[ "Wills , trusts and estates Part of the common law series Wills Legal history of wills Joint wills and mutual wills Will contract Codicil Holographic will Oral will Sections Attestation clause Residuary clause Incorporation by reference Contest Testamentary capacity Undue influence Insane delusion Fraud No - contest clause Property disposition Lapse and anti-lapse Ademption Abatement Satisfaction of legacies Acts of independent significance Elective share Pretermitted heir Wills and conflict of laws Trusts Express Resulting Constructive Common types Bare Discretionary Accumulation and maintenance Interest in possession Charitable Purpose Incentive Other types Protective Spendthrift Life insurance Remainder Life interest Reversionary interest Testamentary Honorary Asset - protection Special needs ( Supplemental needs ) Governing doctrines Pour - over will Cy - près doctrine Hague Convention ( conflict law ) Application in civil law Dishonest assistance Estate administration Intestacy Testator Probate Power of appointment Simultaneous death Slayer rule Laughing heir Advancement Disclaimer of interest Inheritance tax Related topics Advance directive ( Living will ) Forced heirship Totten trust Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Criminal law Evidence", "Wills , trusts and estates", "Part of the common law series", "Wills", "Legal history of wills Joint wills and mutual wills Will contract Codicil Holographic will Oral will Sections Attestation clause Residuary clause Incorporation by reference Contest Testamentary capacity Undue influence Insane delusion Fraud No - contest clause Property disposition Lapse and anti-lapse Ademption Abatement Satisfaction of legacies Acts of independent significance Elective share Pretermitted heir Wills and conflict of laws", "Legal history of wills", "Legal history of wills", "Joint wills and mutual wills", "Joint wills and mutual wills", "Will contract Codicil", "Holographic will Oral will", "Attestation clause", "Residuary clause", "Incorporation by reference", "Incorporation by reference", "Testamentary capacity", "Undue influence", "Insane delusion Fraud", "No - contest clause", "No - contest clause", "Lapse and anti-lapse", "Lapse and anti-lapse", "Ademption Abatement", "Satisfaction of legacies", "Satisfaction of legacies", "Acts of independent significance", "Acts of independent significance", "Elective share Pretermitted heir", "Wills and conflict of laws", "Wills and conflict of laws", "Trusts", "Express Resulting Constructive Common types Bare Discretionary Accumulation and maintenance Interest in possession Charitable Purpose Incentive Other types Protective Spendthrift Life insurance Remainder Life interest Reversionary interest Testamentary Honorary Asset - protection Special needs ( Supplemental needs ) Governing doctrines Pour - over will Cy - près doctrine Hague Convention ( conflict law ) Application in civil law Dishonest assistance", "Express Resulting", "Constructive", "Bare Discretionary", "Accumulation and maintenance", "Accumulation and maintenance", "Interest in possession", "Interest in possession", "Charitable Purpose Incentive", "Protective Spendthrift", "Life insurance Remainder", "Life interest", "Reversionary interest", "Testamentary", "Honorary Asset - protection", "Asset - protection", "Special needs ( Supplemental needs )", "Special needs ( Supplemental needs )", "Pour - over will", "Pour - over will", "Cy - près doctrine", "Cy - près doctrine", "Hague Convention ( conflict law )", "Hague Convention ( conflict law )", "Application in civil law", "Application in civil law", "Dishonest assistance", "Estate administration", "Intestacy Testator Probate Power of appointment Simultaneous death Slayer rule Laughing heir Advancement Disclaimer of interest Inheritance tax", "Intestacy Testator Probate", "Power of appointment", "Power of appointment", "Simultaneous death Slayer rule", "Laughing heir Advancement", "Disclaimer of interest Inheritance tax", "Disclaimer of interest", "Related topics", "Advance directive ( Living will ) Forced heirship Totten trust", "Advance directive ( Living will ) Forced heirship Totten trust", "Advance directive ( Living will )", "Other common law areas", "Contract Tort Property Criminal law Evidence", "Contract Tort Property", "Criminal law Evidence", "", "", "A trust is a three - party fiduciary relationship in which the first party , the trustor or settlor , transfers ( `` settles '' ) a property ( often but not necessarily a sum of money ) upon the second party ( the trustee ) for the benefit of the third party , the beneficiary . At least two of the three parties must be different individuals or business entities ; that is , one person can be trustor and trustee , and another can be the beneficiary or one can be trustor and beneficiary , and another be trustee or one person can be trustor and another can be trustee and beneficiary .", "A testamentary trust is created by a will and arises after the death of the settlor . An inter vivos trust is created during the settlor 's lifetime by a trust instrument . A trust may be revocable or irrevocable ; in the United States , a trust is presumed to be irrevocable unless the instrument or will creating it states it is revocable , except in California , Oklahoma and Texas , in which trusts are presumed to be revocable until the instrument or will creating them states they are irrevocable . An irrevocable trust can be `` broken '' ( revoked ) only by a judicial proceeding .", "Trusts and similar relationships have existed since Roman times .", "The trustee is the legal owner of the property in trust , as fiduciary for the beneficiary or beneficiaries who is / are the equitable owner ( s ) of the trust property . Trustees thus have a fiduciary duty to manage the trust to the benefit of the equitable owners . They must provide a regular accounting of trust income and expenditures . Trustees may be compensated and be reimbursed their expenses . A court of competent jurisdiction can remove a trustee who breaches his / her fiduciary duty . Some breaches of fiduciary duty can be charged and tried as criminal offences in a court of law .", "A trustee can be a natural person , a business entity or a public body . A trust itself is a distinct entity from its trustee and , in the United States , is subject to federal and state taxation . Trusts can be incorporated or formed into limited liability companies , with the business entity acting as both trustor and trustee .", "A trust is created by a settlor , who transfers title to some or all of his or her property to a trustee , who then holds title to that property in trust for the benefit of the beneficiaries . The trust is governed by the terms under which it was created . In most jurisdictions , this requires a contractual trust agreement or deed . It is possible for a single individual to assume the role of more than one of these parties , and for multiple individuals to share a single role . For example , in a living trust it is common for the grantor to be both a trustee and a lifetime beneficiary while naming other contingent beneficiaries .", "Trusts have existed since Roman times and have become one of the most important innovations in property law . Trust law has evolved through court rulings differently in different states , so statements in this article are generalizations , understanding the jurisdiction - specific case law involved is tricky . Some U.S. States are adapting the Uniform Trust Code to codify and harmonize their trust laws , but state - specific variations still remain .", "An owner placing property into trust turns over part of his or her bundle of rights to the trustee , separating the property 's legal ownership and control from its equitable ownership and benefits . This may be done for tax reasons or to control the property and its benefits if the settlor is absent , incapacitated , or deceased . Testamentary trusts may be created in wills , defining how money and property will be handled for children or other beneficiaries .", "While the trustee is given legal title to the trust property , in accepting the property title , the trustee owes a number of fiduciary duties to the beneficiaries . The primary duties owed include the duty of loyalty , the duty of prudence , the duty of impartiality . A trustee may be held to a very high standard of care in their dealings , in order to enforce their behavior . To ensure beneficiaries receive their due , trustees are subject to a number of ancillary duties in support of the primary duties , including a duties of openness and transparency ; duties of recordkeeping , accounting , and disclosure . In addition , a trustee has a duty to know , understand , and abide by the terms of the trust and relevant law . The trustee may be compensated and have expenses reimbursed , but otherwise must turn over all profits from the trust properties .", "There are strong restrictions regarding a trustee with conflict of interests . Courts can reverse a trustee 's actions , order profits returned , and impose other sanctions if it finds a trustee has failed in any of their duties . Such a failure is termed a breach of trust and can leave a neglectful or dishonest trustee with severe liabilities for their failures . It is highly advisable for both settlors and trustees to seek qualified legal counsel prior to entering into a trust agreement .", "Roman law had a well - developed concept of the trust ( fideicommissum ) in terms of `` testamentary trusts '' created by wills but never developed the concept of the inter vivos ( living ) trusts which apply while the creator lives . This was created by later common law jurisdictions . Personal trust law developed in England at the time of the Crusades , during the 12th and 13th centuries . In medieval English trust law , the settlor was known as the feoffor to uses while the trustee was known as the feoffee to uses and the beneficiary was known as the cestui que use , or cestui que trust .", "At the time , land ownership in England was based on the feudal system . When a landowner left England to fight in the Crusades , he conveyed ownership of his lands in his absence to manage the estate and pay and receive feudal dues , on the understanding that the ownership would be conveyed back on his return . However , Crusaders often encountered refusal to hand over the property upon their return . Unfortunately for the Crusader , English common law did not recognize his claim . As far as the King 's courts were concerned , the land belonged to the trustee , who was under no obligation to return it . The Crusader had no legal claim . The disgruntled Crusader would then petition the king , who would refer the matter to his Lord Chancellor . The Lord Chancellor could decide a case according to his conscience . At this time , the principle of equity was born .", "The Lord Chancellor would consider it `` unconscionable '' that the legal owner could go back on his word and deny the claims of the Crusader ( the `` true '' owner ) . Therefore , he would find in favour of the returning Crusader . Over time , it became known that the Lord Chancellor 's court ( the Court of Chancery ) would continually recognize the claim of a returning Crusader . The legal owner would hold the land for the benefit of the original owner and would be compelled to convey it back to him when requested . The Crusader was the `` beneficiary '' and the acquaintance the `` trustee '' . The term `` use of land '' was coined , and in time developed into what we now know as a trust .", "The trust is widely considered to be the most innovative contribution of the English legal system . Today , trusts play a significant role in most common law systems , and their success has led some civil law jurisdictions to incorporate trusts into their civil codes . In Curaçao , for example , the trust was enacted into law on 1 January 2012 ; however , the Curaçao Civil Code only allows express trusts constituted by notarial instrument . France has recently added a similar , Roman - law - based device to its own law with the fiducie , amended in 2009 ; the fiducie , unlike a trust , is a contractual relationship . Trusts are widely used internationally , especially in countries within the English law sphere of influence , and whilst most civil law jurisdictions do not generally contain the concept of a trust within their legal systems , they do recognise the concept under the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition ( partly only the extent that they are parties thereto ) . The Hague Convention also regulates conflict of trusts .", "Although trusts are often associated with intrafamily wealth transfers , they have become very important in American capital markets , particularly through pension funds ( in certain countries essentially always trusts ) and mutual funds ( often trusts ) .", "Property of any sort may be held in a trust . The uses of trusts are many and varied , for both personal and commercial reasons , and trusts may provide benefits in estate planning , asset protection , and taxes . Living trusts may be created during a person 's life ( through the drafting of a trust instrument ) or after death in a will .", "In a relevant sense , a trust can be viewed as a generic form of a corporation where the settlors ( investors ) are also the beneficiaries . This is particularly evident in the Delaware business trust , which could theoretically , with the language in the `` governing instrument '' , be organized as a cooperative corporation or a limited liability corporation , although traditionally the Massachusetts business trust has been commonly used in the US . One of the most significant aspects of trusts is the ability to partition and shield assets from the trustee , multiple beneficiaries , and their respective creditors ( particularly the trustee 's creditors ) , making it `` bankruptcy remote '' , and leading to its use in pensions , mutual funds , and asset securitization as well protection of individual spendthrifts through the spendthrift trust .", "Appointer : This is the person who can appoint a new trustee or remove an existing one . This person is usually mentioned in the trust deed . Appointment : In trust law , `` appointment '' often has its everyday meaning . It is common to talk of `` the appointment of a trustee '' , for example . However , `` appointment '' also has a technical trust law meaning , either : the act of appointing ( i.e. giving ) an asset from the trust to a beneficiary ( usually where there is some choice in the matter -- such as in a discretionary trust ) ; or the name of the document which gives effect to the appointment .", "Appointer : This is the person who can appoint a new trustee or remove an existing one . This person is usually mentioned in the trust deed .", "Appointment : In trust law , `` appointment '' often has its everyday meaning . It is common to talk of `` the appointment of a trustee '' , for example . However , `` appointment '' also has a technical trust law meaning , either : the act of appointing ( i.e. giving ) an asset from the trust to a beneficiary ( usually where there is some choice in the matter -- such as in a discretionary trust ) ; or the name of the document which gives effect to the appointment .", "the act of appointing ( i.e. giving ) an asset from the trust to a beneficiary ( usually where there is some choice in the matter -- such as in a discretionary trust ) ; or the name of the document which gives effect to the appointment .", "the act of appointing ( i.e. giving ) an asset from the trust to a beneficiary ( usually where there is some choice in the matter -- such as in a discretionary trust ) ; or", "the name of the document which gives effect to the appointment .", "The trustee 's right to do this , where it exists , is called a power of appointment . Sometimes , a power of appointment is given to someone other than the trustee , such as the settlor , the protector , or a beneficiary .", "The trustee 's right to do this , where it exists , is called a power of appointment . Sometimes , a power of appointment is given to someone other than the trustee , such as the settlor , the protector , or a beneficiary .", "As Trustee For ( ATF ) : This is the legal term used to imply that an entity is acting as a trustee . Beneficiary : A beneficiary is anyone who receives benefits from any assets the trust owns . In Its Own Capacity ( IIOC ) : This term refers to the fact that the trustee is acting on its own behalf . Protector : A protector may be appointed in an express , inter vivos trust , as a person who has some control over the trustee -- usually including a power to dismiss the trustee and appoint another . The legal status of a protector is the subject of some debate . No - one doubts that a trustee has fiduciary responsibilities . If a protector also has fiduciary responsibilities , then the courts -- if asked by beneficiaries -- could order him or her to act in the way the court decrees . However , a protector is unnecessary to the nature of a trust -- many trusts can and do operate without one . Also , protectors are comparatively new , while the nature of trusts has been established over hundreds of years . It is therefore thought by some that protectors have fiduciary duties , and by others that they do not . The case law has not yet established this point . Settlor ( s ) : This is the person ( or persons ) who creates the trust . Grantor ( s ) is a common synonym . Terms of the Trust means the settlor 's wishes expressed in the Trust Instrument . Trust deed : A trust deed is a legal document that defines the trust such as the trustee , beneficiaries , settlor and appointer , and the terms and conditions of the agreement . Trust distributions : A trust distribution is any income or asset that is given out to the beneficiaries of the trust . Trustee : A person ( either an individual , a corporation or more than one of either ) who administers a trust . A trustee is considered a fiduciary and owes the highest duty under the law to protect trust assets from unreasonable loss for the trust 's beneficiaries .", "As Trustee For ( ATF ) : This is the legal term used to imply that an entity is acting as a trustee .", "Beneficiary : A beneficiary is anyone who receives benefits from any assets the trust owns .", "In Its Own Capacity ( IIOC ) : This term refers to the fact that the trustee is acting on its own behalf .", "Protector : A protector may be appointed in an express , inter vivos trust , as a person who has some control over the trustee -- usually including a power to dismiss the trustee and appoint another . The legal status of a protector is the subject of some debate . No - one doubts that a trustee has fiduciary responsibilities . If a protector also has fiduciary responsibilities , then the courts -- if asked by beneficiaries -- could order him or her to act in the way the court decrees . However , a protector is unnecessary to the nature of a trust -- many trusts can and do operate without one . Also , protectors are comparatively new , while the nature of trusts has been established over hundreds of years . It is therefore thought by some that protectors have fiduciary duties , and by others that they do not . The case law has not yet established this point .", "Settlor ( s ) : This is the person ( or persons ) who creates the trust . Grantor ( s ) is a common synonym .", "Terms of the Trust means the settlor 's wishes expressed in the Trust Instrument .", "Trust deed : A trust deed is a legal document that defines the trust such as the trustee , beneficiaries , settlor and appointer , and the terms and conditions of the agreement .", "Trust distributions : A trust distribution is any income or asset that is given out to the beneficiaries of the trust .", "Trustee : A person ( either an individual , a corporation or more than one of either ) who administers a trust . A trustee is considered a fiduciary and owes the highest duty under the law to protect trust assets from unreasonable loss for the trust 's beneficiaries .", "Trusts may be created by the expressed intentions of the settlor ( express trusts ) or they may be created by operation of law known as implied trusts . An implied trust is one created by a court of equity because of acts or situations of the parties . Implied trusts are divided into two categories : resulting and constructive . A resulting trust is implied by the law to work out the presumed intentions of the parties , but it does not take into consideration their expressed intent . A constructive trust is a trust implied by law to work out justice between the parties , regardless of their intentions .", "Typically a trust can be created in the following ways :", "a written trust instrument created by the settlor and signed by both the settlor and the trustees ( often referred to as an inter vivos or living trust ) ; an oral declaration ; the will of a decedent , usually called a testamentary trust ; or a court order ( for example in family proceedings ) .", "a written trust instrument created by the settlor and signed by both the settlor and the trustees ( often referred to as an inter vivos or living trust ) ;", "an oral declaration ;", "the will of a decedent , usually called a testamentary trust ; or", "a court order ( for example in family proceedings ) .", "In some jurisdictions certain types of assets may not be the subject of a trust without a written document .", "Generally , a trust requires three certainties , as determined in Knight v Knight :", "Intention . There must be a clear intention to create a trust ( Re Adams and the Kensington Vestry ) Subject Matter . The property subject to the trust must be clearly identified ( Palmer v Simmonds ) . One may not , for example state , settle `` the majority of my estate '' , as the precise extent can not be ascertained . Trust property may be any form of specific property , be it real or personal , tangible or intangible . It is often , for example , real estate , shares or cash . Objects . The beneficiaries of the trust must be clearly identified , or at least be ascertainable ( Re Hain 's Settlement ) . In the case of discretionary trusts , where the trustees have power to decide who the beneficiaries will be , the settlor must have described a clear class of beneficiaries ( McPhail v Doulton ) . Beneficiaries may include people not born at the date of the trust ( for example , `` my future grandchildren '' ) . Alternatively , the object of a trust could be a charitable purpose rather than specific beneficiaries .", "Intention . There must be a clear intention to create a trust ( Re Adams and the Kensington Vestry )", "Subject Matter . The property subject to the trust must be clearly identified ( Palmer v Simmonds ) . One may not , for example state , settle `` the majority of my estate '' , as the precise extent can not be ascertained . Trust property may be any form of specific property , be it real or personal , tangible or intangible . It is often , for example , real estate , shares or cash .", "Objects . The beneficiaries of the trust must be clearly identified , or at least be ascertainable ( Re Hain 's Settlement ) . In the case of discretionary trusts , where the trustees have power to decide who the beneficiaries will be , the settlor must have described a clear class of beneficiaries ( McPhail v Doulton ) . Beneficiaries may include people not born at the date of the trust ( for example , `` my future grandchildren '' ) . Alternatively , the object of a trust could be a charitable purpose rather than specific beneficiaries .", "A trust may have multiple trustees , and these trustees are the legal owners of the trust 's property , but have a fiduciary duty to beneficiaries and various duties , such as a duty of care and a duty to inform . If trustees do not adhere to these duties , they may be removed through a legal action . The trustee may be either a person or a legal entity such as a company , but typically the trust itself is not an entity and any lawsuit must be against the trustees . A trustee has many rights and responsibilities which vary based on the jurisdiction and trust instrument . If a trust lacks a trustee , a court may appoint a trustee .", "The trustees administer the affairs attendant to the trust . The trust 's affairs may include prudently investing the assets of the trust , accounting for and reporting periodically to the beneficiaries , filing required tax returns and other duties . In some cases dependent upon the trust instrument , the trustees must make discretionary decisions as to whether beneficiaries should receive trust assets for their benefit . A trustee may be held personally liable for problems , although fiduciary liability insurance similar to directors and officers liability insurance can be purchased . For example , a trustee could be liable if assets are not properly invested . In addition , a trustee may be liable to its beneficiaries even where the trust has made a profit but consent has not been given . However , in the United States , similar to directors and officers , an exculpatory clause may minimize liability ; although this was previously held to be against public policy , this position has changed .", "In the United States , the Uniform Trust Code provides for reasonable compensation and reimbursement for trustees subject to review by courts , although trustees may be unpaid . Commercial banks acting as trustees typically charge about 1 % of assets under management .", "The beneficiaries are beneficial ( or equitable ) owners of the trust property . Either immediately or eventually , the beneficiaries will receive income from the trust property , or they will receive the property itself . The extent of a beneficiary 's interest depends on the wording of the trust document . One beneficiary may be entitled to income ( for example , interest from a bank account ) , whereas another may be entitled to the entirety of the trust property when he attains the age of twenty - five years . The settlor has much discretion when creating the trust , subject to some limitations imposed by law .", "The beneficiaries are jocosely known as `` trust fund babies '' or `` trustafarians '' .", "Common purposes for trusts include :", "Privacy : Trusts may be created purely for privacy . The terms of a will are public in certain jurisdictions , while the terms of a trust are not . Spendthrift clauses : Trusts may be used to protect beneficiaries ( for example , one 's children ) against their own inability to handle money . These are especially attractive for spendthrifts . Courts may generally recognize spendthrift clauses against trust beneficiaries and their creditors , but not against creditors of a settlor . Wills and estate planning : Trusts frequently appear in wills ( indeed , technically , the administration of every deceased 's estate is a form of trust ) . Conventional wills typically leave assets to the deceased 's spouse ( if any ) , and then to the children equally . If the children are under 18 , or under some other age mentioned in the will ( 21 and 25 are common ) , a trust must come into existence until the contingency age is reached . The executor of the will is ( usually ) the trustee , and the children are the beneficiaries . The trustee will have powers to assist the beneficiaries during their minority . Charities : In some common law jurisdictions all charities must take the form of trusts . In others , corporations may be charities also . In most jurisdictions , charities are tightly regulated for the public benefit ( in England , for example , by the Charity Commission ) . Unit trusts : The trust has proved to be such a flexible concept that it has proved capable of working as an investment vehicle : the unit trust . Pension plans : Pension plans are typically set up as a trust , with the employer as settlor , and the employees and their dependents as beneficiaries . Remuneration trusts : Trusts for the benefit of directors and employees or companies or their families or dependents . This form of trust was developed by Paul Baxendale - Walker and has since gained widespread use . Corporate structures : Complex business arrangements , most often in the finance and insurance sectors , sometimes use trusts among various other entities ( e.g. , corporations ) in their structure . Asset protection : Trusts may allow beneficiaries to protect assets from creditors as the trust may be bankruptcy remote . For example , a discretionary trust , of which the settlor may be the protector and a beneficiary , but not the trustee and not the sole beneficiary . In such an arrangement the settlor may be in a position to benefit from the trust assets , without owning them , and therefore in theory protected from creditors . In addition , the trust may attempt to preserve anonymity with a completely unconnected name ( e.g. , `` The Teddy Bear Trust '' ) . These strategies are ethically and legally controversial . Tax planning : The tax consequences of doing anything using a trust are usually different from the tax consequences of achieving the same effect by another route ( if , indeed , it would be possible to do so ) . In many cases , the tax consequences of using the trust are better than the alternative , and trusts are therefore frequently used for legal tax avoidance . For an example see the `` nil - band discretionary trust '' , explained at Inheritance Tax ( United Kingdom ) . Co-ownership : Ownership of property by more than one person is facilitated by a trust . In particular , ownership of a matrimonial home is commonly effected by a trust with both partners as beneficiaries and one , or both , owning the legal title as trustee . Construction law : In Canada and Minnesota monies owed by employers to contractors or by contractors to subcontractors on construction projects must by law be held in trust . In the event of contractor insolvency , this makes it much more likely that subcontractors will be paid for work completed . Legal retainer - Lawyers in certain countries often require that a legal retainer be paid upfront and held in trust until such time as the legal work is performed and billed to the client , this serves as a minimum guarantee of remuneration should the client become insolvent . However , strict legal ethical codes apply to the use of legal retainer trusts .", "Privacy : Trusts may be created purely for privacy . The terms of a will are public in certain jurisdictions , while the terms of a trust are not .", "Spendthrift clauses : Trusts may be used to protect beneficiaries ( for example , one 's children ) against their own inability to handle money . These are especially attractive for spendthrifts . Courts may generally recognize spendthrift clauses against trust beneficiaries and their creditors , but not against creditors of a settlor .", "Wills and estate planning : Trusts frequently appear in wills ( indeed , technically , the administration of every deceased 's estate is a form of trust ) . Conventional wills typically leave assets to the deceased 's spouse ( if any ) , and then to the children equally . If the children are under 18 , or under some other age mentioned in the will ( 21 and 25 are common ) , a trust must come into existence until the contingency age is reached . The executor of the will is ( usually ) the trustee , and the children are the beneficiaries . The trustee will have powers to assist the beneficiaries during their minority .", "Charities : In some common law jurisdictions all charities must take the form of trusts . In others , corporations may be charities also . In most jurisdictions , charities are tightly regulated for the public benefit ( in England , for example , by the Charity Commission ) .", "Unit trusts : The trust has proved to be such a flexible concept that it has proved capable of working as an investment vehicle : the unit trust .", "Pension plans : Pension plans are typically set up as a trust , with the employer as settlor , and the employees and their dependents as beneficiaries .", "Remuneration trusts : Trusts for the benefit of directors and employees or companies or their families or dependents . This form of trust was developed by Paul Baxendale - Walker and has since gained widespread use .", "Corporate structures : Complex business arrangements , most often in the finance and insurance sectors , sometimes use trusts among various other entities ( e.g. , corporations ) in their structure .", "Asset protection : Trusts may allow beneficiaries to protect assets from creditors as the trust may be bankruptcy remote . For example , a discretionary trust , of which the settlor may be the protector and a beneficiary , but not the trustee and not the sole beneficiary . In such an arrangement the settlor may be in a position to benefit from the trust assets , without owning them , and therefore in theory protected from creditors . In addition , the trust may attempt to preserve anonymity with a completely unconnected name ( e.g. , `` The Teddy Bear Trust '' ) . These strategies are ethically and legally controversial .", "Tax planning : The tax consequences of doing anything using a trust are usually different from the tax consequences of achieving the same effect by another route ( if , indeed , it would be possible to do so ) . In many cases , the tax consequences of using the trust are better than the alternative , and trusts are therefore frequently used for legal tax avoidance . For an example see the `` nil - band discretionary trust '' , explained at Inheritance Tax ( United Kingdom ) .", "Co-ownership : Ownership of property by more than one person is facilitated by a trust . In particular , ownership of a matrimonial home is commonly effected by a trust with both partners as beneficiaries and one , or both , owning the legal title as trustee .", "Construction law : In Canada and Minnesota monies owed by employers to contractors or by contractors to subcontractors on construction projects must by law be held in trust . In the event of contractor insolvency , this makes it much more likely that subcontractors will be paid for work completed .", "Legal retainer - Lawyers in certain countries often require that a legal retainer be paid upfront and held in trust until such time as the legal work is performed and billed to the client , this serves as a minimum guarantee of remuneration should the client become insolvent . However , strict legal ethical codes apply to the use of legal retainer trusts .", "Trusts go by many different names , depending on the characteristics or the purpose of the trust . Because trusts often have multiple characteristics or purposes , a single trust might accurately be described in several ways . For example , a living trust is often an express trust , which is also a revocable trust , and might include an incentive trust , and so forth .", "Asset - protection trust : An asset - protection trust is a term which covers a wide spectrum of legal structures . Any form of trust which provides for funds to be held on a discretionary basis falls within the category . Such trusts are set up in an attempt to avoid or mitigate the effects of taxation , divorce and bankruptcy on the beneficiary . Such trusts are therefore frequently proscribed or limited in their effects by governments and the courts . Community land trust : A community land trust is a nonprofit corporation that develops and stewards affordable housing , community gardens , civic buildings , commercial spaces and other community assets on behalf of a community . `` CLTs '' balance the needs of individuals to access land and maintain security of tenure with a community 's need to maintain affordability , economic diversity and local access to essential services . Constructive trust : Unlike an express trust , a constructive trust is not created by an agreement between a settlor and the trustee . A constructive trust is imposed by the law as an `` equitable remedy '' . This generally occurs due to some wrongdoing , where the wrongdoer has acquired legal title to some property and can not in good conscience be allowed to benefit from it . A constructive trust is , essentially , a legal fiction . For example , a court of equity recognizing a plaintiff 's request for the equitable remedy of a constructive trust may decide that a constructive trust has been created and simply order the person holding the assets to deliver them to the person who rightfully should have them . The constructive trustee is not necessarily the person who is guilty of the wrongdoing , and in practice it is often a bank or similar organization . The distinction may be finer than the preceding exposition in that there are also said to be two forms of constructive trust , the institutional constructive trust and the remedial constructive trust . The latter is an `` equitable remedy '' imposed by law being truly remedial ; the former arising due to some defect in the transfer of property . Discretionary trust : In a discretionary trust , certainty of object is satisfied if it can be said that there is a criterion which a person must satisfy in order to be a beneficiary ( i.e. , whether there is a ' class ' of beneficiaries , which a person can be said to belong to ) . In that way , persons who satisfy that criterion ( who are members of that class ) can enforce the trust . Re Baden 's Deed Trusts ; McPhail v Doulton Directed trust : In these types , a directed trustee is directed by a number of other trust participants in implementing the trust 's execution ; these participants may include a distribution committee , trust protector , or investment advisor . The directed trustee 's role is administrative which involves following investment instructions , holding legal title to the trust assets , providing fiduciary and tax accounting , coordinating trust participants and offering dispute resolution among the participants Dynasty trust ( also known as a generation - skipping trust ) : A type of trust in which assets are passed down to the grantor 's grandchildren , not the grantor 's children . The children of the grantor never take title to the assets . This allows the grantor to avoid the estate taxes that would apply if the assets were transferred to his or her children first . Generation - skipping trusts can still be used to provide financial benefits to a grantor 's children , however , because any income generated by the trust 's assets can be made accessible to the grantor 's children while still leaving the assets in trust for the grandchildren . Express trust : An express trust arises where a settlor deliberately and consciously decides to create a trust , over their assets , either now , or upon his or her later death . In these cases this will be achieved by signing a trust instrument , which will either be a will or a trust deed . Almost all trusts dealt with in the trust industry are of this type . They contrast with resulting and constructive trusts . The intention of the parties to create the trust must be shown clearly by their language or conduct . For an express trust to exist , there must be certainty to the objects of the trust and the trust property . In the USA Statute of Frauds provisions require express trusts to be evidenced in writing if the trust property is above a certain value , or is real estate . Fixed trust : In a fixed trust , the entitlement of the beneficiaries is fixed by the settlor . The trustee has little or no discretion . Common examples are : a trust for a minor ( `` to x if she attains 21 '' ) ; a life interest ( `` to pay the income to x for her lifetime '' ) ; and a remainder ( `` to pay the capital to y after the death of x '' ) Grantor retained annuity trust ( GRAT ) : GRAT is an irrevocable trust whereby a grantor transfers asset ( s ) , as a gift , into a trust and receives an annual payment from the trust for a period of time specified in the trust instrument . At the end of the term , the financial property is transferred ( tax - free ) to the named beneficiaries . This trust is commonly used in the U.S. to facilitate large financial gifts that are not subject to a gift tax . Hybrid trust : A hybrid trust combines elements of both fixed and discretionary trusts . In a hybrid trust , the trustee must pay a certain amount of the trust property to each beneficiary fixed by the settlor . But the trustee has discretion as to how any remaining trust property , once these fixed amounts have been paid out , is to be paid to the beneficiaries . Implied trust : An implied trust , as distinct from an express trust , is created where some of the legal requirements for an express trust are not met , but an intention on behalf of the parties to create a trust can be presumed to exist . A resulting trust may be deemed to be present where a trust instrument is not properly drafted and a portion of the equitable title has not been provided for . In such a case , the law may raise a resulting trust for the benefit of the grantor ( the creator of the trust ) . In other words , the grantor may be deemed to be a beneficiary of the portion of the equitable title that was not properly provided for in the trust document . Improvement trust : Improvement trusts can be set up by urban or local government to hold funds for the development or improvement of an area . The trust is often run by a committee , and can act similarly to a development agency , depending on the provisions of its charter . Incentive trust : A trust that uses distributions from income or principal as an incentive to encourage or discourage certain behaviors on the part of the beneficiary . The term `` incentive trust '' is sometimes used to distinguish trusts that provide fixed conditions for access to trust funds from discretionary trusts that leave such decisions up to the trustee . Inter vivos trust ( or living trust ) : A settlor who is living at the time the trust is established creates an inter vivos trust .", "Asset - protection trust : An asset - protection trust is a term which covers a wide spectrum of legal structures . Any form of trust which provides for funds to be held on a discretionary basis falls within the category . Such trusts are set up in an attempt to avoid or mitigate the effects of taxation , divorce and bankruptcy on the beneficiary . Such trusts are therefore frequently proscribed or limited in their effects by governments and the courts .", "Community land trust : A community land trust is a nonprofit corporation that develops and stewards affordable housing , community gardens , civic buildings , commercial spaces and other community assets on behalf of a community . `` CLTs '' balance the needs of individuals to access land and maintain security of tenure with a community 's need to maintain affordability , economic diversity and local access to essential services .", "Constructive trust : Unlike an express trust , a constructive trust is not created by an agreement between a settlor and the trustee . A constructive trust is imposed by the law as an `` equitable remedy '' . This generally occurs due to some wrongdoing , where the wrongdoer has acquired legal title to some property and can not in good conscience be allowed to benefit from it . A constructive trust is , essentially , a legal fiction . For example , a court of equity recognizing a plaintiff 's request for the equitable remedy of a constructive trust may decide that a constructive trust has been created and simply order the person holding the assets to deliver them to the person who rightfully should have them . The constructive trustee is not necessarily the person who is guilty of the wrongdoing , and in practice it is often a bank or similar organization . The distinction may be finer than the preceding exposition in that there are also said to be two forms of constructive trust , the institutional constructive trust and the remedial constructive trust . The latter is an `` equitable remedy '' imposed by law being truly remedial ; the former arising due to some defect in the transfer of property .", "Discretionary trust : In a discretionary trust , certainty of object is satisfied if it can be said that there is a criterion which a person must satisfy in order to be a beneficiary ( i.e. , whether there is a ' class ' of beneficiaries , which a person can be said to belong to ) . In that way , persons who satisfy that criterion ( who are members of that class ) can enforce the trust . Re Baden 's Deed Trusts ; McPhail v Doulton", "Directed trust : In these types , a directed trustee is directed by a number of other trust participants in implementing the trust 's execution ; these participants may include a distribution committee , trust protector , or investment advisor . The directed trustee 's role is administrative which involves following investment instructions , holding legal title to the trust assets , providing fiduciary and tax accounting , coordinating trust participants and offering dispute resolution among the participants", "Dynasty trust ( also known as a generation - skipping trust ) : A type of trust in which assets are passed down to the grantor 's grandchildren , not the grantor 's children . The children of the grantor never take title to the assets . This allows the grantor to avoid the estate taxes that would apply if the assets were transferred to his or her children first . Generation - skipping trusts can still be used to provide financial benefits to a grantor 's children , however , because any income generated by the trust 's assets can be made accessible to the grantor 's children while still leaving the assets in trust for the grandchildren .", "Express trust : An express trust arises where a settlor deliberately and consciously decides to create a trust , over their assets , either now , or upon his or her later death . In these cases this will be achieved by signing a trust instrument , which will either be a will or a trust deed . Almost all trusts dealt with in the trust industry are of this type . They contrast with resulting and constructive trusts . The intention of the parties to create the trust must be shown clearly by their language or conduct . For an express trust to exist , there must be certainty to the objects of the trust and the trust property . In the USA Statute of Frauds provisions require express trusts to be evidenced in writing if the trust property is above a certain value , or is real estate .", "Fixed trust : In a fixed trust , the entitlement of the beneficiaries is fixed by the settlor . The trustee has little or no discretion . Common examples are : a trust for a minor ( `` to x if she attains 21 '' ) ; a life interest ( `` to pay the income to x for her lifetime '' ) ; and a remainder ( `` to pay the capital to y after the death of x '' )", "a trust for a minor ( `` to x if she attains 21 '' ) ; a life interest ( `` to pay the income to x for her lifetime '' ) ; and a remainder ( `` to pay the capital to y after the death of x '' )", "a trust for a minor ( `` to x if she attains 21 '' ) ;", "a life interest ( `` to pay the income to x for her lifetime '' ) ; and", "a remainder ( `` to pay the capital to y after the death of x '' )", "Grantor retained annuity trust ( GRAT ) : GRAT is an irrevocable trust whereby a grantor transfers asset ( s ) , as a gift , into a trust and receives an annual payment from the trust for a period of time specified in the trust instrument . At the end of the term , the financial property is transferred ( tax - free ) to the named beneficiaries . This trust is commonly used in the U.S. to facilitate large financial gifts that are not subject to a gift tax .", "Hybrid trust : A hybrid trust combines elements of both fixed and discretionary trusts . In a hybrid trust , the trustee must pay a certain amount of the trust property to each beneficiary fixed by the settlor . But the trustee has discretion as to how any remaining trust property , once these fixed amounts have been paid out , is to be paid to the beneficiaries .", "Implied trust : An implied trust , as distinct from an express trust , is created where some of the legal requirements for an express trust are not met , but an intention on behalf of the parties to create a trust can be presumed to exist . A resulting trust may be deemed to be present where a trust instrument is not properly drafted and a portion of the equitable title has not been provided for . In such a case , the law may raise a resulting trust for the benefit of the grantor ( the creator of the trust ) . In other words , the grantor may be deemed to be a beneficiary of the portion of the equitable title that was not properly provided for in the trust document .", "Improvement trust : Improvement trusts can be set up by urban or local government to hold funds for the development or improvement of an area . The trust is often run by a committee , and can act similarly to a development agency , depending on the provisions of its charter .", "Incentive trust : A trust that uses distributions from income or principal as an incentive to encourage or discourage certain behaviors on the part of the beneficiary . The term `` incentive trust '' is sometimes used to distinguish trusts that provide fixed conditions for access to trust funds from discretionary trusts that leave such decisions up to the trustee .", "Inter vivos trust ( or living trust ) : A settlor who is living at the time the trust is established creates an inter vivos trust .", "Irrevocable trust : In contrast to a revocable trust , an irrevocable trust is one in which the terms of the trust can not be amended or revised until the terms or purposes of the trust have been completed . Although in rare cases , a court may change the terms of the trust due to unexpected changes in circumstances that make the trust uneconomical or unwieldy to administer , under normal circumstances an irrevocable trust may not be changed by the trustee or the beneficiaries of the trust . Land Trust : A private , nonprofit organization that , as all or part of its mission , actively works to conserve land by undertaking or assisting in land or conservation easement acquisition , or by its stewardship of such land or easements ; or an agreement whereby one party ( the trustee ) agrees to hold ownership of a piece of real property for the benefit of another party ( the beneficiary ) . Offshore trust : Strictly speaking , an offshore trust is a trust which is resident in any jurisdiction other than that in which the settlor is resident . However , the term is more commonly used to describe a trust in one of the jurisdictions known as offshore financial centers or , colloquially , as tax havens . Offshore trusts are usually conceptually similar to onshore trusts in common law countries , but usually with legislative modifications to make them more commercially attractive by abolishing or modifying certain common law restrictions . By extension , `` onshore trust '' has come to mean any trust resident in a high - tax jurisdiction . Personal injury trust : A personal injury trust is any form of trust where funds are held by trustees for the benefit of a person who has suffered an injury and funded exclusively by funds derived from payments made in consequence of that injury . Private and public trusts : A private trust has one or more particular individuals as its beneficiary . By contrast , a public trust ( also called a charitable trust ) has some charitable end as its beneficiary . In order to qualify as a charitable trust , the trust must have as its object certain purposes such as alleviating poverty , providing education , carrying out some religious purpose , etc . The permissible objects are generally set out in legislation , but objects not explicitly set out may also be an object of a charitable trust , by analogy . Charitable trusts are entitled to special treatment under the law of trusts and also the law of taxation . Protective trust : Here the terminology is different between the UK and the USA : In the UK , a protective trust is a life interest that terminates upon the happening of a specified event ; such as the bankruptcy of the beneficiary , or any attempt by an individual to dispose of his or her interest . They have become comparatively rare . In the USA , a protective trust is a type of trust that was devised for use in estate planning . ( In another jurisdiction this might be thought of as one type of asset protection trust . ) Often a person , A , wishes to leave property to another person B. A , however , fears that the property might be claimed by creditors before A dies , and that therefore B would receive none of it . A could establish a trust with B as the beneficiary , but then A would not be entitled to use of the property before they died . Protective trusts were developed as a solution to this situation . A would establish a trust with both A and B as beneficiaries , with the trustee instructed to allow A use of the property until they died , and thereafter to allow its use to B . The property is then safe from being claimed by A 's creditors , at least so long as the debt was entered into after the trust 's establishment . This use of trusts is similar to life estates and remainders , and is frequently used as an alternative to them . Purpose trust : Or , more accurately , non-charitable purpose trust ( all charitable trusts are purpose trusts ) . Generally , the law does not permit non-charitable purpose trusts outside of certain anomalous exceptions which arose under the eighteenth century common law ( and , arguable , Quistclose trusts ) . Certain jurisdictions ( principally , offshore jurisdictions ) have enacted legislation validating non-charitable purpose trusts generally . QTIP Trust : Short for `` qualified terminal interest property . '' A trust recognized under the tax laws of the United States which qualifies for the marital gift exclusion from the estate tax . Resulting trust : A resulting trust is a form of implied trust which occurs where ( 1 ) a trust fails , wholly or in part , as a result of which the settlor becomes entitled to the assets ; or ( 2 ) a voluntary payment is made by A to B in circumstances which do not suggest gifting . B becomes the resulting trustee of A 's payment . Revocable trust : A trust of this kind may be amended , altered or revoked by its settlor at any time , provided the settlor is not mentally incapacitated . Revocable trusts are becoming increasingly common in the US as a substitute for a will to minimize administrative costs associated with probate and to provide centralized administration of a person 's final affairs after death . Secret trust : A post mortem trust constituted externally from a will but imposing obligations as a trustee on one , or more , legatees of a will . Semi-secret trust : A trust in which a will demonstrates the intention to create a trust , names a trustee , but does not identify the intended beneficiary . Simple trust : In the US jurisdiction this has two distinct meanings : In a simple trust the trustee has no active duty beyond conveying the property to the beneficiary at some future time determined by the trust . This is also called a bare trust . All other trusts are special trusts where the trustee has active duties beyond this . A simple trust in Federal income tax law is one in which , under the terms of the trust document , all net income must be distributed on an annual basis . In the UK a bare or simple trust is one where the beneficiary has an immediate and absolute right to both the capital and income held in the trust . Bare trusts are commonly used to transfer assets to minors . Trustees hold the assets on trust until the beneficiary is 18 in England and Wales , or 16 in Scotland . Special trust : In the US , a special trust , also called complex trust , contrasts with a simple trust ( see above ) . It does not require the income be paid out within the subject tax year . The funds from a complex trust can also be used to donate to a charity or for charitable purposes . Special Power of Appointment trust ( SPA Trust ) : A trust implementing a special power of appointment to provide asset protection features . Spendthrift trust : It is a trust put into place for the benefit of a person who is unable to control their spending . It gives the trustee the power to decide how the trust funds may be spent for the benefit of the beneficiary . Standby Trust ( or Pourover Trust ) : The trust is empty at creation during life and the will transfers the property into the trust at death . This is a statutory trust . Statutory Business Trust : A trust created pursuant to a state 's business trust statute used primarily for commercial purposes . Two prominent variants of Statutory Business Trusts are Delaware statutory trust s and Massachusetts business trust s . The Uniform Law Commission promulgated a final amended draft of the Uniform Statutory Entity Act ( 2009 ) in 2013 . As of 24 January 2017 , no states have adopted the Uniform Statutory Entity Act of 2009 . Testamentary trust ( or Will Trust ) : A trust created in an individual 's will is called a testamentary trust . Because a will can become effective only upon death , a testamentary trust is generally created at or following the date of the settlor 's death . Unit trust : A trust where the beneficiaries ( called unitholders ) each possess a certain share ( called units ) and can direct the trustee to pay money to them out of the trust property according to the number of units they possess . A unit trust is a vehicle for collective investment , rather than disposition , as the person who gives the property to the trustee is also the beneficiary .", "Irrevocable trust : In contrast to a revocable trust , an irrevocable trust is one in which the terms of the trust can not be amended or revised until the terms or purposes of the trust have been completed . Although in rare cases , a court may change the terms of the trust due to unexpected changes in circumstances that make the trust uneconomical or unwieldy to administer , under normal circumstances an irrevocable trust may not be changed by the trustee or the beneficiaries of the trust .", "Land Trust : A private , nonprofit organization that , as all or part of its mission , actively works to conserve land by undertaking or assisting in land or conservation easement acquisition , or by its stewardship of such land or easements ; or an agreement whereby one party ( the trustee ) agrees to hold ownership of a piece of real property for the benefit of another party ( the beneficiary ) .", "Offshore trust : Strictly speaking , an offshore trust is a trust which is resident in any jurisdiction other than that in which the settlor is resident . However , the term is more commonly used to describe a trust in one of the jurisdictions known as offshore financial centers or , colloquially , as tax havens . Offshore trusts are usually conceptually similar to onshore trusts in common law countries , but usually with legislative modifications to make them more commercially attractive by abolishing or modifying certain common law restrictions . By extension , `` onshore trust '' has come to mean any trust resident in a high - tax jurisdiction .", "Personal injury trust : A personal injury trust is any form of trust where funds are held by trustees for the benefit of a person who has suffered an injury and funded exclusively by funds derived from payments made in consequence of that injury .", "Private and public trusts : A private trust has one or more particular individuals as its beneficiary . By contrast , a public trust ( also called a charitable trust ) has some charitable end as its beneficiary . In order to qualify as a charitable trust , the trust must have as its object certain purposes such as alleviating poverty , providing education , carrying out some religious purpose , etc . The permissible objects are generally set out in legislation , but objects not explicitly set out may also be an object of a charitable trust , by analogy . Charitable trusts are entitled to special treatment under the law of trusts and also the law of taxation .", "Protective trust : Here the terminology is different between the UK and the USA : In the UK , a protective trust is a life interest that terminates upon the happening of a specified event ; such as the bankruptcy of the beneficiary , or any attempt by an individual to dispose of his or her interest . They have become comparatively rare . In the USA , a protective trust is a type of trust that was devised for use in estate planning . ( In another jurisdiction this might be thought of as one type of asset protection trust . ) Often a person , A , wishes to leave property to another person B. A , however , fears that the property might be claimed by creditors before A dies , and that therefore B would receive none of it . A could establish a trust with B as the beneficiary , but then A would not be entitled to use of the property before they died . Protective trusts were developed as a solution to this situation . A would establish a trust with both A and B as beneficiaries , with the trustee instructed to allow A use of the property until they died , and thereafter to allow its use to B . The property is then safe from being claimed by A 's creditors , at least so long as the debt was entered into after the trust 's establishment . This use of trusts is similar to life estates and remainders , and is frequently used as an alternative to them .", "In the UK , a protective trust is a life interest that terminates upon the happening of a specified event ; such as the bankruptcy of the beneficiary , or any attempt by an individual to dispose of his or her interest . They have become comparatively rare . In the USA , a protective trust is a type of trust that was devised for use in estate planning . ( In another jurisdiction this might be thought of as one type of asset protection trust . ) Often a person , A , wishes to leave property to another person B. A , however , fears that the property might be claimed by creditors before A dies , and that therefore B would receive none of it . A could establish a trust with B as the beneficiary , but then A would not be entitled to use of the property before they died . Protective trusts were developed as a solution to this situation . A would establish a trust with both A and B as beneficiaries , with the trustee instructed to allow A use of the property until they died , and thereafter to allow its use to B . The property is then safe from being claimed by A 's creditors , at least so long as the debt was entered into after the trust 's establishment . This use of trusts is similar to life estates and remainders , and is frequently used as an alternative to them .", "In the UK , a protective trust is a life interest that terminates upon the happening of a specified event ; such as the bankruptcy of the beneficiary , or any attempt by an individual to dispose of his or her interest . They have become comparatively rare .", "In the USA , a protective trust is a type of trust that was devised for use in estate planning . ( In another jurisdiction this might be thought of as one type of asset protection trust . ) Often a person , A , wishes to leave property to another person B. A , however , fears that the property might be claimed by creditors before A dies , and that therefore B would receive none of it . A could establish a trust with B as the beneficiary , but then A would not be entitled to use of the property before they died . Protective trusts were developed as a solution to this situation . A would establish a trust with both A and B as beneficiaries , with the trustee instructed to allow A use of the property until they died , and thereafter to allow its use to B . The property is then safe from being claimed by A 's creditors , at least so long as the debt was entered into after the trust 's establishment . This use of trusts is similar to life estates and remainders , and is frequently used as an alternative to them .", "Purpose trust : Or , more accurately , non-charitable purpose trust ( all charitable trusts are purpose trusts ) . Generally , the law does not permit non-charitable purpose trusts outside of certain anomalous exceptions which arose under the eighteenth century common law ( and , arguable , Quistclose trusts ) . Certain jurisdictions ( principally , offshore jurisdictions ) have enacted legislation validating non-charitable purpose trusts generally .", "QTIP Trust : Short for `` qualified terminal interest property . '' A trust recognized under the tax laws of the United States which qualifies for the marital gift exclusion from the estate tax .", "Resulting trust : A resulting trust is a form of implied trust which occurs where ( 1 ) a trust fails , wholly or in part , as a result of which the settlor becomes entitled to the assets ; or ( 2 ) a voluntary payment is made by A to B in circumstances which do not suggest gifting . B becomes the resulting trustee of A 's payment .", "Revocable trust : A trust of this kind may be amended , altered or revoked by its settlor at any time , provided the settlor is not mentally incapacitated . Revocable trusts are becoming increasingly common in the US as a substitute for a will to minimize administrative costs associated with probate and to provide centralized administration of a person 's final affairs after death .", "Secret trust : A post mortem trust constituted externally from a will but imposing obligations as a trustee on one , or more , legatees of a will .", "Semi-secret trust : A trust in which a will demonstrates the intention to create a trust , names a trustee , but does not identify the intended beneficiary .", "Simple trust : In the US jurisdiction this has two distinct meanings : In a simple trust the trustee has no active duty beyond conveying the property to the beneficiary at some future time determined by the trust . This is also called a bare trust . All other trusts are special trusts where the trustee has active duties beyond this . A simple trust in Federal income tax law is one in which , under the terms of the trust document , all net income must be distributed on an annual basis . In the UK a bare or simple trust is one where the beneficiary has an immediate and absolute right to both the capital and income held in the trust . Bare trusts are commonly used to transfer assets to minors . Trustees hold the assets on trust until the beneficiary is 18 in England and Wales , or 16 in Scotland .", "In the US jurisdiction this has two distinct meanings : In a simple trust the trustee has no active duty beyond conveying the property to the beneficiary at some future time determined by the trust . This is also called a bare trust . All other trusts are special trusts where the trustee has active duties beyond this . A simple trust in Federal income tax law is one in which , under the terms of the trust document , all net income must be distributed on an annual basis . In the UK a bare or simple trust is one where the beneficiary has an immediate and absolute right to both the capital and income held in the trust . Bare trusts are commonly used to transfer assets to minors . Trustees hold the assets on trust until the beneficiary is 18 in England and Wales , or 16 in Scotland .", "In the US jurisdiction this has two distinct meanings : In a simple trust the trustee has no active duty beyond conveying the property to the beneficiary at some future time determined by the trust . This is also called a bare trust . All other trusts are special trusts where the trustee has active duties beyond this . A simple trust in Federal income tax law is one in which , under the terms of the trust document , all net income must be distributed on an annual basis .", "In a simple trust the trustee has no active duty beyond conveying the property to the beneficiary at some future time determined by the trust . This is also called a bare trust . All other trusts are special trusts where the trustee has active duties beyond this . A simple trust in Federal income tax law is one in which , under the terms of the trust document , all net income must be distributed on an annual basis .", "In a simple trust the trustee has no active duty beyond conveying the property to the beneficiary at some future time determined by the trust . This is also called a bare trust . All other trusts are special trusts where the trustee has active duties beyond this .", "A simple trust in Federal income tax law is one in which , under the terms of the trust document , all net income must be distributed on an annual basis .", "In the UK a bare or simple trust is one where the beneficiary has an immediate and absolute right to both the capital and income held in the trust . Bare trusts are commonly used to transfer assets to minors . Trustees hold the assets on trust until the beneficiary is 18 in England and Wales , or 16 in Scotland .", "Special trust : In the US , a special trust , also called complex trust , contrasts with a simple trust ( see above ) . It does not require the income be paid out within the subject tax year . The funds from a complex trust can also be used to donate to a charity or for charitable purposes .", "Special Power of Appointment trust ( SPA Trust ) : A trust implementing a special power of appointment to provide asset protection features .", "Spendthrift trust : It is a trust put into place for the benefit of a person who is unable to control their spending . It gives the trustee the power to decide how the trust funds may be spent for the benefit of the beneficiary .", "Standby Trust ( or Pourover Trust ) : The trust is empty at creation during life and the will transfers the property into the trust at death . This is a statutory trust .", "Statutory Business Trust : A trust created pursuant to a state 's business trust statute used primarily for commercial purposes . Two prominent variants of Statutory Business Trusts are Delaware statutory trust s and Massachusetts business trust s . The Uniform Law Commission promulgated a final amended draft of the Uniform Statutory Entity Act ( 2009 ) in 2013 . As of 24 January 2017 , no states have adopted the Uniform Statutory Entity Act of 2009 .", "Testamentary trust ( or Will Trust ) : A trust created in an individual 's will is called a testamentary trust . Because a will can become effective only upon death , a testamentary trust is generally created at or following the date of the settlor 's death .", "Unit trust : A trust where the beneficiaries ( called unitholders ) each possess a certain share ( called units ) and can direct the trustee to pay money to them out of the trust property according to the number of units they possess . A unit trust is a vehicle for collective investment , rather than disposition , as the person who gives the property to the trustee is also the beneficiary .", "Trusts originated in England , and therefore English trusts law has had a significant influence , particularly among common law legal systems such as the United States and the countries of the Commonwealth .", "Trust law in civil law jurisdictions , generally including Continental Europe only exists in a limited number of jurisdictions ( e.g. Curaçao , Liechtenstein and Sint Maarten ) . The trust may however be recognized as an instrument of foreign law in conflict of laws cases , for example within the Brussels regime ( Europe ) and the parties to the Hague Trust Convention . Tax avoidance concerns have historically been one of the reasons that European countries with a civil law system have been reluctant to adopt trusts .", "State law applies to trusts , and the Uniform Trust Code has been enacted by the legislatures in many states . In addition , federal law considerations such as federal taxes administered by the Internal Revenue Service may affect the structure and creation of trusts . The common law of trusts is summarized in the Restatements of the Law , such as the Restatement of Trusts , Third ( 2003 − 08 ) .", "In the United States the tax law allows trusts to be taxed as corporations , partnerships , or not at all depending on the circumstances , although trusts may be used for tax avoidance in certain situations . For example , the trust - preferred security is a hybrid ( debt and equity ) security with favorable tax treatment which is treated as regulatory capital on banks ' balance sheets . The Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act changed this somewhat by not allowing these assets to be a part of ( large ) banks ' regulatory capital .", "Living trusts , as opposed to testamentary ( will ) trusts , may help a trustor avoid probate . Avoiding probate may save costs and maintain privacy and living trusts have become very popular . Probate is potentially costly , and probate records are available to the public while distribution through a trust is private . Both living trusts and wills can also be used to plan for unforeseen circumstances such as incapacity or disability , by giving discretionary powers to the trustee or executor of the will .", "Negative aspects of using a living trust as opposed to a will and probate include upfront legal expenses , the expense of trust administration , and a lack of certain safeguards . The cost of the trust may be 1 % of the estate per year versus the one - time probate cost of 1 to 4 % for probate , which applies whether or not there is a drafted will . Unlike trusts , wills must be signed by two to three witnesses , the number depending on the law of the jurisdiction in which the will is executed . Legal protections that apply to probate but do not automatically apply to trusts include provisions that protect the decedent 's assets from mismanagement or embezzlement , such as requirements of bonding , insurance , and itemized accountings of probate assets .", "Living trusts generally do not shelter assets from the U.S. federal estate tax . Married couples may , however , effectively double the estate tax exemption amount by setting up the trust with a formula clause .", "For a living trust , the grantor may retain some level of control to the trust , such by appointment as protector under the trust instrument . Living trusts also , in practical terms , tend to be driven to large extent by tax considerations . If a living trust fails , the property will usually be held for the grantor / settlor on resulting trusts , which in some notable cases , has had catastrophic tax consequences .", "In many ways trusts in South Africa operate similarly to other common law countries , although the law of South Africa is actually a hybrid of the British common law system and Roman - Dutch law .", "In South Africa , in addition to the traditional living trusts and will trusts there is a ' bewind trust ' ( inherited from the Roman - Dutch bewind administered by a bewindhebber ) in which the beneficiaries own the trust assets while the trustee administers the trust , although this is regarded by modern Dutch law as not actually a trust . Bewind trusts are created as trading vehicles providing trustees with limited liability and certain tax advantages .", "In South Africa , minor children can not inherit assets and in the absence of a trust and assets held in a state institution , the Guardian 's Fund , and released to the children in adulthood . Therefore , testamentary ( will ) trusts often leave assets in a trust for the benefit of these minor children .", "There are two types of living trusts in South Africa , namely vested trusts and discretionary trusts . In vested trusts , the benefits of the beneficiaries are set out in the trust deed , whereas in discretionary trusts the trustees have full discretion at all times as to how much and when each beneficiary is to benefit .", "Until recently , there were tax advantages to living trusts in South Africa , although most of these advantages have been removed . Protection of assets from creditors is a modern advantage . With notable exceptions , assets held by the trust are not owned by the trustees or the beneficiaries , the creditors of trustees or beneficiaries can have no claim against the trust . Under the Insolvency Act ( Act 24 of 1936 ) , assets transferred into a living trust remain at risk from external creditors for 6 months if the previous owner of the assets is solvent at the time of transfer , or 24 months if he / she is insolvent at the time of transfer . After 24 months , creditors have no claim against assets in the trust , although they can attempt to attach the loan account , thereby forcing the trust to sell its assets . Assets can be transferred into the living trust by selling it to the trust ( through a loan granted to the trust ) or donating cash to it ( any natural person can donate R100 000 per year without attracting donations tax ; 20 % donations tax applies to further donations within the same tax year ) .", "Under South African law living trusts are considered tax payers . Two types of tax apply to living trusts , namely income tax and capital gains tax ( CGT ) . A trust pays income tax at a flat rate of 40 % ( individuals pay according to income scales , usually less than 20 % ) . The trust 's income can , however , be taxed in the hands of either the trust or the beneficiary . A trust pays CGT at the rate of 20 % ( individuals pay 10 % ) . Trusts do not pay deceased estate tax ( although trusts may be required to pay back outstanding loans to a deceased estate , in which the loan amounts are taxable with deceased estate tax ) .", "The taxpayer whose residence has been ' locked ' into a trust has now been given another opportunity to take advantage of these CGT exemptions . The Taxation Law Amendment Act of 30 September 2009 commenced on 1 January 2010 and granted a 2 - year window period from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2011 , affording a natural person the opportunity to take transfer of the residence with advantage of no transfer duty being payable or CGT consequences . Whilst taxpayers can take advantage of this opening of a window of opportunity , it is not likely that it will ever become available thereafter ." ]

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[ "The miracle of healing the man born blind is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels .", "According to the Gospel of John , 9 : 1 -- 12 , Jesus saw a man who had been blind since birth . His disciples asked him , `` Rabbi , who sinned , this man or his parents , that he was born blind ? ''", "Jesus replied :", "Neither this man nor his parents sinned , '' said Jesus , `` but this happened so that the works of God might be displayed in him . As long as it is day , we must do the works of him who sent me . Night is coming , when no one can work . While I am in the world , I am the light of the world .", "Having said this , he spat on the ground , made some mud with the saliva , and put it on the man 's eyes . `` Go , '' he told him , `` wash in the Pool of Siloam '' ( this word means `` Sent '' ) . So the man went and washed , and came home seeing .", "His neighbors and those who had formerly seen him begging asked , `` Is n't this the same man who used to sit and beg ? '' Some claimed that he was . Others said , `` No , he only looks like him . '' But he himself insisted , `` I am the man . ''", "`` How then were your eyes opened ? '' they asked . He replied , `` The man they call Jesus made some mud and put it on my eyes . He told me to go to Siloam and wash . So I went and washed , and then I could see . ''", "`` Where is this man ? '' they asked him . `` I do n't know , '' he said .", "In this miracle , Jesus applies the title Light of the World to himself in John 9 : 5 , saying :", "When I am in the world , I am the Light of the World .", "When I am in the world , I am the Light of the World .", "This episode leads into John 9 : 39 where Jesus metaphorically explains that he came to this world , so that the blind may see .", "According to Christian tradition , the man 's name was Celidonius . Jesus is shaking" ]

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[ "A debit card ( also known as a bank card or check card ) is a plastic payment card that can be used instead of cash when making purchases . It is similar to a credit card , but unlike a credit card , the money comes directly from the user 's bank account when performing a transaction .", "Some cards may carry a stored value with which a payment is made , while most relay a message to the cardholder 's bank to withdraw funds from a payer 's designated bank account . In some cases , the primary account number is assigned exclusively for use on the Internet and there is no physical card .", "In many countries , the use of debit cards has become so widespread that their volume has overtaken or entirely replaced cheques and , in some instances , cash transactions . The development of debit cards , unlike credit cards and charge cards , has generally been country specific resulting in a number of different systems around the world , which were often incompatible . Since the mid-2000s , a number of initiatives have allowed debit cards issued in one country to be used in other countries and allowed their use for internet and phone purchases .", "Unlike credit and charge cards , payments using a debit card are immediately transferred from the cardholder 's designated bank account , instead of them paying the money back at a later date .", "Debit cards usually also allow for instant withdrawal of cash , acting as an ATM card for withdrawing cash . Merchants may also offer cashback facilities to customers , where a customer can withdraw cash along with their purchase .", "Issuing bank logo EMV chip ( optional and may depend on the issuing institution or bank ) Hologram ( in some cards it 's located at the back especially in most MasterCard ) Card number ( may vary in length but mostly 16 - digits with unique last 4 digits . However in cases such as Discover , Diner 's Club , UnionPay & American Express it has a unique 15 - digit card number ) Card brand logo Expiration date Cardholder 's name", "Issuing bank logo", "EMV chip ( optional and may depend on the issuing institution or bank )", "Hologram ( in some cards it 's located at the back especially in most MasterCard )", "Card number ( may vary in length but mostly 16 - digits with unique last 4 digits . However in cases such as Discover , Diner 's Club , UnionPay & American Express it has a unique 15 - digit card number )", "Card brand logo", "Cardholder 's name", "Magnetic stripe Signature strip panel Card Security Code", "Signature strip panel", "Card Security Code", "There are currently three ways that debit card transactions are processed : EFTPOS ( also known as online debit or PIN debit ) , offline debit ( also known as signature debit ) , and the Electronic Purse Card System . One physical card can include the functions of all three types , so that it can be used in a number of different circumstances .", "Although the four largest bank card issuers ( American Express , Discover Card , MasterCard , and Visa ) all offer debit cards , there are many other types of debit card , each accepted only within a particular country or region , for example Switch ( now : Maestro ) and Solo in the United Kingdom , Interac in Canada , Carte Bleue in France , EC electronic cash ( formerly Eurocheque ) in Germany , UnionPay in China , RuPay in India and EFTPOS cards in Australia and New Zealand . The need for cross-border compatibility and the advent of the euro recently led to many of these card networks ( such as Switzerland 's `` EC direkt , '' Austria 's `` Bankomatkasse , '' and Switch in the United Kingdom ) being re-branded with the internationally recognized Maestro logo , which is part of the MasterCard brand . Some debit cards are dual branded with the logo of the ( former ) national card as well as Maestro ( for example , EC cards in Germany , Switch and Solo in the UK , Pinpas cards in the Netherlands , Bancontact cards in Belgium , etc . ) . The use of a debit card system allows operators to package their product more effectively while monitoring customer spending .", "Online debit cards require electronic authorization of every transaction and the debits are reflected in the user 's account immediately . The transaction may be additionally secured with the personal identification number ( PIN ) authentication system ; some online cards require such authentication for every transaction , essentially becoming enhanced automatic teller machine ( ATM ) cards .", "One difficulty with using online debit cards is the necessity of an electronic authorization device at the point of sale ( POS ) and sometimes also a separate PINpad to enter the PIN , although this is becoming commonplace for all card transactions in many countries .", "Overall , the online debit card is generally viewed as superior to the offline debit card because of its more secure authentication system and live status , which alleviates problems with processing lag on transactions that may only issue online debit cards . Some on - line debit systems are using the normal authentication processes of Internet banking to provide real - time online debit transactions .", "Offline debit cards have the logos of major credit cards ( for example , Visa or MasterCard ) or major debit cards ( for example , Maestro in the United Kingdom and other countries , but not the United States ) and are used at the point of sale like a credit card ( with payer 's signature ) . This type of debit card may be subject to a daily limit , and / or a maximum limit equal to the current / checking account balance from which it draws funds . Transactions conducted with offline debit cards require 2 -- 3 days to be reflected on users ' account balances .", "In some countries and with some banks and merchant service organizations , a `` credit '' or offline debit transaction is without cost to the purchaser beyond the face value of the transaction , while a fee may be charged for a `` debit '' or online debit transaction ( although it is often absorbed by the retailer ) . Other differences are that online debit purchasers may opt to withdraw cash in addition to the amount of the debit purchase ( if the merchant supports that functionality ) ; also , from the merchant 's standpoint , the merchant pays lower fees on online debit transaction as compared to `` credit '' ( offline ) .", "Smart - card - based electronic purse systems ( in which value is stored on the card chip , not in an externally recorded account , so that machines accepting the card need no network connectivity ) are in use throughout Europe since the mid-1990s , most notably in Germany ( Geldkarte ) , Austria ( Quick Wertkarte ) , the Netherlands ( Chipknip ) , Belgium ( Proton ) , Switzerland ( CASH ) and France ( Moneo , which is usually carried by a debit card ) . In Austria and Germany , almost all current bank cards now include electronic purses , whereas the electronic purse has been recently phased out in the Netherlands .", "Prepaid debit cards that can be reloaded are also called reloadable debit cards .", "The primary market for prepaid debit cards has traditionally been unbanked people ; that is , people who do not use banks or credit unions for their financial transactions . But prepaid cards also appeal to other users attracted by their advantages .", "Advantages of prepaid debit cards include being safer than carrying cash , worldwide functionality due to Visa and MasterCard merchant acceptance , not having to worry about paying a credit card bill or going into debt , the opportunity for anyone over the age of 18 to apply and be accepted without regard to credit quality , and the option to directly deposit paychecks and government benefits onto the card for free . And if a user has doubts about online security , using a prepaid debit card for online purchases protects their normal credit card from risk .", "If the card provider offers an insecure website for letting you check the card 's balance , this could give an attacker access to the card information . If you lose the card , and have not somehow registered it , you likely lose the money . If a provider has technical issues , the money might not be accessible when you need it . Some companies ' payment systems do not appear to accept prepaid debit cards . And there is a risk that prolific use of prepaid debit cards could lead data provider companies to miscategorize you in unfortunate ways .", "Some of the first companies to enter this market were : MiCash , RushCard , Netspend , and Green Dot who gained market share as a result of being first to market . However , since 1999 , there have been several new providers , such as TransCash , 247card , iKobo . These prepaid card companies offer a number of benefits , such as money remittance services , card - to - card transfers , and the ability to apply without a social security number .", "In 2009 a company called PEX Card launched a corporate expense card service aimed at business users .", "As of 2017 , many other companies also offer the cards .", "As of 2013 , several city governments ( including Oakland , California and Chicago , Illinois ) are now offering prepaid debit cards , either as part of a municipal ID card ( for people such as illegal immigrants who are unable to obtain a state driver 's license or DMV ID card ) in the case of Oakland , or in conjunction with a prepaid transit pass ( Chicago ) . These cards have been heavily criticized for their higher - than - average fees , including some ( such as a flat fee added onto every purchase made with the card ) that similar products offered by Green Dot and American Express do not have .", "The U.S. federal government uses prepaid debit cards to make benefits payments to people who do not have bank accounts . In 2008 , the U.S. Treasury Department paired with Comerica Bank to offer the Direct Express Debit MasterCard prepaid debit card .", "In July 2013 , the Association of Government Accountants released a report on government use of prepaid cards , concluding that such programs offer a number of advantages to governments and those who receive payments on a prepaid card rather than by check . The prepaid card programs benefit payments largely for cost savings they offer and provide easier access to cash for recipients , as well as increased security . The report also advises that governments should consider replacing any remaining cheque - based payments with prepaid card programs in order to realize substantial savings for taxpayers , as well as benefits for payees .", "In January 2016 , the UK government introduced fee - free basic bank accounts for all , having a significant impact on the prepaid industry , including the departure of a number of firms .", "Consumer protections vary , depending on the network used . Visa and MasterCard , for instance , prohibit minimum and maximum purchase sizes , surcharges , and arbitrary security procedures on the part of merchants . Merchants are usually charged higher transaction fees for credit transactions , since debit network transactions are less likely to be fraudulent . This may lead them to `` steer '' customers to debit transactions . Consumers disputing charges may find it easier to do so with a credit card , since the money will not immediately leave their control . Fraudulent charges on a debit card can also cause problems with a checking account because the money is withdrawn immediately and may thus result in an overdraft or bounced checks . In some cases debit card - issuing banks will promptly refund any disputed charges until the matter can be settled , and in some jurisdictions the consumer liability for unauthorized charges is the same for both debit and credit cards .", "In some countries , like India and Sweden , the consumer protection is the same regardless of the network used . Some banks set minimum and maximum purchase sizes , mostly for online - only cards . However , this has nothing to do with the card networks , but rather with the bank 's judgement of the person 's age and credit records . Any fees that the customers have to pay to the bank are the same regardless of whether the transaction is conducted as a credit or as a debit transaction , so there is no advantage for the customers to choose one transaction mode over another . Shops may add surcharges to the price of the goods or services in accordance with laws allowing them to do so . Banks consider the purchases as having been made at the moment when the card was swiped , regardless of when the purchase settlement was made . Regardless of which transaction type was used , the purchase may result in an overdraft because the money is considered to have left the account at the moment of the card swiping .", "Debit cards and secured credit cards are popular among college students who have not yet established a credit history . Debit cards may also be used by expatriated workers to send money home to their families holding an affiliated debit card .", "To the consumer , a debit transaction is perceived as occurring in real - time ; i.e. the money is withdrawn from their account immediately following the authorization request from the merchant , which in many countries , is the case when making an online debit purchase . However , when a purchase is made using the `` credit '' ( offline debit ) option , the transaction merely places an authorization hold on the customer 's account ; funds are not actually withdrawn until the transaction is reconciled and hard - posted to the customer 's account , usually a few days later . However , the previous sentence applies to all kinds of transaction types , at least when using a card issued by a European bank . This is in contrast to a typical credit card transaction ; though it can also have a lag time of a few days before the transaction is posted to the account , it can be many days to a month or more before the consumer makes repayment with actual money .", "Because of this , in the case of a benign or malicious error by the merchant or bank , a debit transaction may cause more serious problems ( for example , money not accessible ; overdrawn account ) than in the case of a credit card transaction ( for example , credit not accessible ; over credit limit ) . This is especially true in the United States , where check fraud is a crime in every state , but exceeding your credit limit is not .", "Debit cards may also be used on the Internet either with or without using a PIN . Internet transactions may be conducted in either online or offline mode , although shops accepting online - only cards are rare in some countries ( such as Sweden ) , while they are common in other countries ( such as the Netherlands ) . For a comparison , PayPal offers the customer to use an online - only Maestro card if the customer enters a Dutch address of residence , but not if the same customer enters a Swedish address of residence .", "Internet purchases can be authenticated by the consumer entering their PIN if the merchant has enabled a secure online PIN pad , in which case the transaction is conducted in debit mode . Otherwise , transactions may be conducted in either credit or debit mode ( which is sometimes , but not always , indicated on the receipt ) , and this has nothing to do with whether the transaction was conducted in online or offline mode , since both credit and debit transactions may be conducted in both modes .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "In some countries , banks tend to levy a small fee for each debit card transaction . In some countries ( for example , the UK ) the merchants bear all the costs and customers are not charged . There are many people who routinely use debit cards for all transactions , no matter how small . Some ( small ) retailers refuse to accept debit cards for small transactions , where paying the transaction fee would absorb the profit margin on the sale , making the transaction uneconomic for the retailer .", "The banks in Angola issue by official regulation only one brand of debit cards : Multicaixa , which is also the brand name of the one and only network of ATMs and POS terminals .", "ArCa ( Armenian Card ) - a national system of debit ( ArCa Debit and ArCa Classic ) and credit ( ArCa Gold , ArCa Business , ArCA Platinum , ArCa Affinity and ArCa Co-branded ) cards popular in the Republic of Armenia . Established in 2000 by 17 largest Armenian banks .", "Debit cards in Australia are called different names depending on the issuing bank : Commonwealth Bank of Australia : Keycard ; Westpac Banking Corporation : Handycard ; National Australia Bank : FlexiCard ; ANZ Bank : Access card ; Bendigo Bank : Cashcard .", "EFTPOS is very popular in Australia and has been operating there since the 1980s . EFTPOS - enabled cards are accepted at almost all swipe terminals able to accept credit cards , regardless of the bank that issued the card , including Maestro cards issued by foreign banks , with most businesses accepting them , with 450,000 point of sale terminals .", "EFTPOS cards can also be used to deposit and withdraw cash over the counter at Australia Post outlets participating in GiroPost , just as if the transaction was conducted at a bank branch , even if the bank branch is closed . Electronic transactions in Australia are generally processed via the Telstra Argent and Optus Transact Plus network - which has recently superseded the old Transcend network in the last few years . Most early keycards were only usable for EFTPOS and at ATM or bank branches , whilst the new debit card system works in the same way as a credit card , except it will only use funds in the specified bank account . This means that , among other advantages , the new system is suitable for electronic purchases without a delay of two to four days for bank - to - bank money transfers .", "Australia operates both electronic credit card transaction authorization and traditional EFTPOS debit card authorization systems , the difference between the two being that EFTPOS transactions are authorized by a personal identification number ( PIN ) while credit card transactions can additionally be authorized using a contactless payment mechanism . If the user fails to enter the correct pin three times , the consequences range from the card being locked out for a minimum 24 - hour period , a phone call or trip to the branch to reactivate with a new PIN , the card being cut up by the merchant , or in the case of an ATM , being kept inside the machine , both of which require a new card to be ordered .", "Generally credit card transaction costs are borne by the merchant with no fee applied to the end user ( although a direct consumer surcharge of 0.5 - 3 % is not uncommon ) while EFTPOS transactions cost the consumer an applicable withdrawal fee charged by their bank .", "The introduction of Visa and MasterCard debit cards along with regulation in the settlement fees charged by the operators of both EFTPOS and credit cards by the Reserve Bank has seen a continuation in the increasing ubiquity of credit card use among Australians and a general decline in the profile of EFTPOS . However , the regulation of settlement fees also removed the ability of banks , who typically provide merchant services to retailers on behalf of Visa or MasterCard , from stopping those retailers charging extra fees to take payment by credit card instead of cash or EFTPOS .", "In Bahrain debit cards are under Benefit , the interbanking network for Bahrain . Benefit is also accepted in other countries though , mainly GCC , similar to the Saudi Payments Network and the Kuwaiti KNET .", "In Brazil debit cards are called cartão de débito ( singular ) and got popular from 2008 and on . In 2013 , Brazil achieved the mark of 100 million debit cards issued . The initial usage of it was to replace the Check usage , that was common until the first decade of the 2000s .", "Today , the majority of the financial transactions ( like shopping , etc . ) are made using debit cards ( and this system is quickly replacing cash payments ) . Nowadays , the majority of debit payments are processed using a card + pin combination , and almost every card comes with a chip to make transactions .", "The major debit card vendors in Brazil are Visa ( with Visa Electron cards ) and MasterCard ( with Maestro cards ) .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "In Bulgaria debit cards are allowed in almost all stores and shops , as well as in most of the hotels and restaurants in the bigger cities . Smaller restaurants or small shops will probably accept cash only . All Bulgarian banks can provide debit cards when you open a bank account , for maintenance costs . Usually debit cards used on ATMs owned by the same bank do not cost a thing , and used on ATMs of other banks costs low ( 3 - 10 times cheaper than using credit card ) . The most common cards in Bulgaria are Maestro and Visa Electron , accepted everywhere together with VISA and MasterCard .", "Canada has a nationwide EFTPOS system , called Interac Direct Payment . Since being introduced in 1994 , IDP has become the most popular payment method in the country . Previously , debit cards have been in use for ABM usage since the late 1970s , with Credit Unions in Saskatchewan and Alberta , Canada introducing the first card - based , networked ATMs beginning in June , 1977 . Debit Cards , which could be used anywhere a credit card was accepted , were first introduced in Canada by Saskatchewan Credit Unions in 1982 . In the early 1990s , pilot projects were conducted among Canada 's six largest banks to gauge security , accuracy and feasibility of the Interac system . Slowly in the later half of the 1990s , it was estimated that approximately 50 % of retailers offered Interac as a source of payment . Retailers , many small transaction retailers like coffee shops , resisted offering IDP to promote faster service . In 2009 , 99 % of retailers offer IDP as an alternative payment form .", "In Canada , the debit card is sometimes referred to as a `` bank card '' . It is a client card issued by a bank that provides access to funds and other bank account transactions , such as transferring funds , checking balances , paying bills , etc. , as well as point of purchase transactions connected on the Interac network . Since its national launch in 1994 , Interac Direct Payment has become so widespread that , as of 2001 , more transactions in Canada were completed using debit cards than cash . This popularity may be partially attributable to two main factors : the convenience of not having to carry cash , and the availability of automated bank machines ( ABMs ) and Direct Payment merchants on the network .", "Debit cards may be considered similar to stored - value cards in that they represent a finite amount of money owed by the card issuer to the holder . They are different in that stored - value cards are generally anonymous and are only usable at the issuer , while debit cards are generally associated with an individual 's bank account and can be used anywhere on the Interac network .", "In Canada , the bank cards can be used at POS and ABMs . Interac Online has also been introduced in recent years allowing clients of most major Canadian banks to use their debit cards for online payment with certain merchants as well . Certain financial institutions also allow their clients to use their debit cards in the United States on the NYCE network .", "Consumers in Canada are protected under a voluntary code entered into by all providers of debit card services , The Canadian Code of Practice for Consumer Debit Card Services ( sometimes called the `` Debit Card Code '' ) . Adherence to the Code is overseen by the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada ( FCAC ) , which investigates consumer complaints .", "According to the FCAC website , revisions to the Code that came into effect in 2005 put the onus on the financial institution to prove that a consumer was responsible for a disputed transaction , and also place a limit on the number of days that an account can be frozen during the financial institution 's investigation of a transaction .", "Chile has an EFTPOS system called Redcompra ( Purchase Network ) which is currently used in at least 23,000 establishments throughout the country . Goods may be purchased using this system at most supermarkets , retail stores , pubs and restaurants in major urban centers . Chilean banks issue Maestro , Visa Electron and Visa Debit cards .", "Colombia has a system called Redeban - Multicolor and Credibanco Visa which are currently used in at least 23,000 establishments throughout the country . Goods may be purchased using this system at most supermarkets , retail stores , pubs and restaurants in major urban centers . Colombian debit cards are Maestro ( pin ) , Visa Electron ( pin ) , Visa Debit ( as Credit ) and MasterCard - Debit ( as Credit ) .", "The Danish debit card Dankort is ubiquitous in Denmark . It was introduced on 1 September 1983 , and despite the initial transactions being paper - based , the Dankort quickly won widespread acceptance . By 1985 the first EFTPOS terminals were introduced , and 1985 was also the year when the number of Dankort transactions first exceeded 1 million . Today the Dankort is primarily issued as a multicard combining the national Dankort with the more internationally recognized VISA ( denoted simply as a `` VISA / Dankort '' card ) . In September 2008 , 4 million cards have been issued , of which 3 million cards were VISA / Dankort cards . It is also possible to get a Visa Electron debit card and MasterCard .", "In 2007 , PBS ( now called Nets ) , the Danish operator of the Dankort system , processed a total of 737 million Dankort transactions . Of these , 4.5 million were processed on just a single day , 21 December . This remains the current record . At the end of 2007 , there were 3.9 million Dankort cards in existence . As of 2012 , more than 80,000 Danish shops had a Dankort terminal , and another 11,000 internet shops also accepted the Dankort .", "In 2007 , PBS ( now called Nets ) , the Danish operator of the Dankort system , processed a total of 737 million Dankort transactions . Of these , 4.5 million were processed on just a single day , 21 December . This remains the current record .", "At the end of 2007 , there were 3.9 million Dankort cards in existence .", "As of 2012 , more than 80,000 Danish shops had a Dankort terminal , and another 11,000 internet shops also accepted the Dankort .", "Most daily customer transactions are carried out with debit cards or online giro / electronic bill payment , although credit cards and cash are accepted . Checks are no longer used . Prior to European standardization , Finland had a national standard ( pankkikortti ) . Physically , a pankkikortti was the same as an international credit card , and the same card imprinters and slips were used for pankkikortti and credit cards , but the cards were not accepted abroad . This has now been replaced by the Visa and MasterCard debit card systems , and Finnish cards can be used elsewhere in the European Union and the world .", "An electronic purse system , with a chipped card , was introduced , but did not gain much traction .", "Signing a payment offline entails incurring debt , thus offline payment is not available to minors . However , online transactions are permitted , and since almost all stores have electronic terminals , today also minors can use debit cards . Previously , only cash withdrawal from ATMs was available to minors ( automaattikortti or Visa ) .", "Carte Bancaire ( CB ) , the national payment scheme , in 2008 , had 57.5 million cards carrying its logo and 7.76 billion transactions ( POS and ATM ) were processed through the e-rsb network ( 135 transactions per card mostly debit or deferred debit ) . Most CB cards are debit cards , either debit or deferred debit . Less than 10 % of CB cards were credit cards .", "Banks in France usually charge annual fees for debit cards ( despite card payments being very cost efficient for the banks ) , yet they do not charge personal customers for checkbooks or processing checks ( despite checks being very costly for the banks ) . This imbalance dates from the unilateral introduction in France of Chip and PIN debit cards in the early 1990s , when the cost of this technology was much higher than it is now . Credit cards of the type found in the United Kingdom and United States are unusual in France and the closest equivalent is the deferred debit card , which operates like a normal debit card , except that all purchase transactions are postponed until the end of the month , thereby giving the customer between 1 and 31 days of `` interest - free '' credit .", "The annual fee for a deferred debit card is around € 10 more than for one with immediate debit . Most France debit cards are branded with the Carte Bleue logo , which assures acceptance throughout France . Most card holders choose to pay around € 5 more in their annual fee to additionally have a Visa or a MasterCard logo on their Carte Bleue , so that the card is accepted internationally . A Carte Bleue without a Visa or a MasterCard logo is often known as a `` Carte Bleue Nationale '' and a Carte Bleue with a Visa or a MasterCard logo is known as a `` Carte Bleue Internationale '' , or more frequently , simply called a `` Visa '' or `` MasterCard '' .", "Many smaller merchants in France refuse to accept debit cards for transactions under a certain amount because of the minimum fee charged by merchants ' banks per transaction ( this minimum amount varies from € 5 to € 15.25 , or in some rare cases even more ) . But more and more merchants accept debit cards for small amounts , due to the massive daily use of debit card nowadays . Merchants in France do not differentiate between debit and credit cards , and so both have equal acceptance . It is legal in France to set a minimum amount to transactions , but the merchants must display it clearly .", "In January 2016 , 57.2 % of all the debits cards in France also had a contactless payment chip . The maximum amount per transaction is set to € 20 and the maximum amount of all contactless payments per day is between 50 and € 100 depending on the bank .", "According to French law , banks are liable for any transaction made with a copy of the original card and for any transaction made without a card ( on the phone or on the Internet ) , so banks have to pay back any fraudulent transaction to the card holder if the previous criteria are met . Fighting card fraud is therefore more interesting for banks . As a consequence , French banks websites usually propose an `` e-card '' service ( `` electronic ( bank ) card '' ) , where a new virtual card is created and linked to a physical card . Such virtual card can be used only once and for the maximum amount given by the card holder . If the virtual card number is intercepted or used to try to get a higher amount than expected , the transaction is blocked .", "Debit cards have enjoyed wide acceptance in Germany for years . Facilities already existed before EFTPOS became popular with the Eurocheque card , an authorization system initially developed for paper checks where , in addition to signing the actual check , customers also needed to show the card alongside the check as a security measure . Those cards could also be used at ATMs and for card - based electronic funds transfer ( called Girocard ) with PIN entry . These are now the only functions of such cards : the Eurocheque system ( along with the brand ) was abandoned in 2002 during the transition from the Deutsche Mark to the euro . As of 2005 , most stores and petrol outlets have EFTPOS facilities . Processing fees are paid by the businesses , which leads to some business owners refusing debit card payments for sales totalling less than a certain amount , usually 5 or 10 euro .", "To avoid the processing fees , many businesses resorted to using direct debit , which is then called electronic direct debit ( German : Elektronisches Lastschriftverfahren , abbr . ELV ) . The point - of - sale terminal reads the bank sort code and account number from the card but instead of handling the transaction through the Girocard network it simply prints a form , which the customer signs to authorise the debit note . However , this method also avoids any verification or payment guarantee provided by the network . Further , customers can return debit notes by notifying their bank without giving a reason . This means that the beneficiary bears the risk of fraud and illiquidity . Some business mitigate the risk by consulting a proprietary blacklist or by switching to Girocard for higher transaction amounts .", "Around 2000 , an Electronic Purse Card was introduced , dubbed Geldkarte ( `` money card '' ) . It makes use of the smart card chip on the front of the standard issue debit card . This chip can be charged with up to 200 euro , and is advertised as a means of making medium to very small payments , even down to several euros or cent payments . The key factor here is that no processing fees are deducted by banks . It did not gain the popularity its inventors had hoped for . However , this could change as this chip is now used as means of age verification at cigarette vending machines , which has been mandatory since January 2007 . Furthermore , some payment discounts are being offered ( e.g. a 10 % reduction for public transport fares ) when paying with `` Geldkarte '' . The `` Geldkarte '' payment lacks all security measures , since it does not require the user to enter a PIN or sign a sales slip : the loss of a `` Geldkarte '' is similar to the loss of a wallet or purse - anyone who finds it can then use their find to pay for their own purchases .", "Please , see below on `` UEMOA ''", "Debit card usage surged in Greece after the introduction of Capital Controls in 2015 .", "A popular payment instant method widely used in Hong Kong is EPS . Bank customers can use their ATM card to make an instant EPS payment , much like a debit card . Most banks in Hong Kong provide ATM cards with EPS capability .", "The British banking firm HSBC 's subsidiary Hang Seng Bank 's Enjoy card and American firm Citibank 's ATM Visa are two of the Visa debit card available in Hong Kong . It is linked to the cardholder 's savings or transactional account and funds can be moved upon request or on a regularly scheduled basis to cover the charges that are incurred , whether in person or on - line . Overdraft privileges are not offered for holders of this card . The card is in limited use due to the virtual monopoly of the EPS Corporation which is co-owned by 21 major banks . EPS can be utilised overseas only in limited circumstances , such as for POS transactions . The Mainland Chinese and Indian equivalents of EPS , UnionPay and RuPay , can on the other hand be utilised overseas more extensively , for example at ATMs , casinoes , and hotels .", "In Hungary debit cards are far more common and popular than credit cards . Many Hungarians even refer to their debit card ( `` betéti kártya '' ) mistakenly using the word for credit card ( `` hitelkártya '' ) .", "The debit card had limited popularity in India as the merchant is charged for each transaction . The debit card was mostly used for ATM transactions . RBI has announced that such fees are not justified so the transaction has no processing fee . Most Indian banks issue Visa debit cards , though some banks ( like SBI and Citibank India ) also issue Maestro cards . The debit card transactions are routed through Visa or MasterCard networks in India and overseas rather than directly via the issuing bank .", "The National Payments Corporation of India ( NPCI ) has launched a new card called RuPay . It is similar to Singapore 's NETS and Mainland China 's UnionPay", "Foreign - owned brands issuing Indonesian debit cards include Visa , Maestro , MasterCard , and MEPS . Domestically - owned debit card networks operating in Indonesia include Debit BCA ( and its Prima network 's counterpart , Prima Debit ) and Mandiri Debit .", "Iraq 's two biggest state - owned banks , Rafidain Bank and Rasheed Bank , together with the Iraqi Electronic Payment System ( IEPS ) have established a company called International Smart Card , which has developed a national credit card called ' Qi Card ' , which they have issued since 2008 . According to the company 's website : ' after less than two years of the initial launch of the Qi card solution , we have hit 1.6 million cardholder with the potential to issue 2 million cards by the end of 2010 , issuing about 100,000 card monthly is a testament to the huge success of the Qi card solution . Parallel to this will be the expansion into retail stores through a network of points of sales of about 30,000 units by 2015 '", "Today , Irish debit cards are exclusively Chip and PIN and almost entirely Visa Debit . These can be used anywhere the Visa logo is seen and in much the same way as a credit card . MasterCard debit is also used by a small minority of institutions and operates in a very similar manner .", "Irish debit cards are normally multi-functional and combine ATM card facilities . The cards are also sometimes used for authenticating transactions together with a card reader for 2 - factor authentication on online banking .", "The majority of Irish Visa Debit cards are also enabled for contactless payment for small , frequent transactions ( with a maximum value of € 15 or € 30 ) . Three consecutive contactless transactions are allowed , after which , the card software will refuse contactless transactions until a standard Chip and PIN transaction has been completed and the counter resets . This measure was put in place to minimise issuers ' exposure to fraudulent charges .", "The cards are usually processed online , but some cards can also be processed offline depending on the rules applied by the card issuer .", "A number of card issuers also provide prepaid debit card accounts primarily for use as gift cards / vouchers or for added security and anonymity online . These may be disposable or reloadable and are usually either Visa or MasterCard branded .", "Previous system ( defunct since 28 February 2014 ) :", "Laser was launched by the Irish banks in 1996 as an extension of the existing ATM and Cheque guarantee card systems that had existed for many years . When the service was added , it became possible to make payments with a multifunctional card that combined ATM , cheque and debit card and international ATM facilities through MasterCard Cirrus or Visa Plus and sometimes the British Link ATM system . Their functionality was similar to the British Switch card .", "The system first launched as a swipe & sign card and could be used in Ireland in much the same way as a credit card and were compatible standard card terminals ( online or offline , although they were usually processed online ) . They could also be used in cardholder - not - present transactions over the phone , by mail or on the internet or for processing recurring payments . Laser also offered ' cash back ' facilities where customers could ask retailers ( where offered ) for an amount of cash along with their transaction . This service allowed retailers to reduce volumes of cash in tills and allowed consumers to avoid having to use ATMs . Laser adopted EMV ' Chip and PIN ' security in 2002 in common with other credit and debit cards right across Europe . In 2005 , some banks issued customers with Lasers cards that were cobranded with Maestro . This allowed them to be used in POS terminals overseas , internet transactions were usually restricted to sites that specifically accepted Laser .", "Since 2006 , Irish banks have progressively replaced Laser with international schemes , primarily Visa Debit and by 28 February 2014 the Laser Card system had been withdrawn entirely and is no longer accepted by retailers .", "The Israel bank card system is somewhat confusing to newcomers , comprising a blend of features taken from different types of cards . What may be referred to as a credit card , is most likely to be a deferred debit card on an associated bank current account , the most common type of card in Israel , somewhat like the situation in France , though the term `` debit card '' is not in common usage . Cards are nearly universally called cartis eshrei ( כרטיס אשראי ) , literally , `` credit card '' , a term which may bely the card 's characteristics . Its main feature may be a direct link to a connected bank account ( through which they are mostly issued ) , with the total value of the transactions made on the card being debited from the bank account in full on a regular date once a month , without the option to carry the balance over ; indeed certain types of transactions ( such as online and / or foreign currency ) may be debited directly from the connected bank account at the time of the transaction . Any such limited credit enjoyed is a result of the customer 's assets and credibility with the bank , and not granted by the credit card company . The card usually enables immediate ATM cash withdrawals & balance inquiries ( as debit cards do ) , instalment & deferred charge interest free transactions offered by merchants ( also applicable in Brazil ) , interest bearing instalment plans / deferred charge / revolving credit which is transaction specific at the point of sale ( though granted by the issuer , hence the interest ) , and a variety of automated / upon request types of credit schemes including loans , some of which revolve or resemble the extended payment options sometimes offered by charge cards .", "Thus the `` true '' debit card is not so common in Israel , though it has existed since 1994 . It is offered by two credit companies in Israel : One is ICC , short for `` Israeli Credit Cards '' ( referred to as `` CAL '' , an acronym formed from its abbreviation in Hebrew ) , which issues it in the form of a Visa Electron card valid only in Israel . It is offered mainly through the Israel Post ( post office ) bank ( which is not allowed , by regulation , to offer any type of credit ) or through Israel Discount Bank , its main owner ( where it is branded as `` Discount Money Key '' card ) . This branded Israel Discount Bank branded debit card also offered as valid worldwide card , either as Visa Electron or MasterCard Debit cards . The second debit card is offered by the Isracard consortium to its affiliate banks and is branded `` Direct '' . It is valid only in Israel , under its local & unique - though immensely popular - private label brand , as `` Isracard Direct '' ( which was known as `` Electro Cheque '' until 2002 and while the local brand Isracard is often viewed as a MasterCard for local use only ) . Since 2006 , Isracard has also offered an international version , branded `` MasterCard Direct '' , which is less common . These two debit card brands operate offline in Israel ( meaning the transaction operates under the credit cards systems & debited officially from the cardholder account only few days later , after being processed - though reflected on the current account immediately ) . In 2014 the Isracard Direct card ( a.k.a. the valid only in Israel version ) was relaunched as Isracash , though the former subbrand still being marketed - & replaced ICC Visa Electron as Israel Post bank debit card .", "Overall , banks routinely offer deferred debit cards to their new customers , with `` true '' debit cards usually offered only to those who can not obtain credit . These latter cards are not attractive to the average customer since they attract both a monthly fee from the credit company and a bank account fee for each day 's debits . Isracard Direct is by far more common than the ICC Visa Electron debit card . Banks who issue mainly Visa cards will rather offer electronic use , mandate authorized transaction only , unembossed version of Visa Electron deferred debit cards ( branded as `` Visa Basic '' or `` Visa Classic '' ) to its customers - sometimes even in the form of revolving credit card .", "Credit / debit card transactions in Israel are not PIN based ( other than at ATMs ) and it is only in recent years that EMV chip smart cards have begun to be issued , with the Bank of Israel ordering the banks and credit card companies - in 2013 - to switch customers to credit cards with the EMV security standard within 3.5 years .", "Debit cards are quite popular in Italy . There are both classic and prepaid cards . The main classic debit card in Italy is Bancomat / PagoBancomat : this kind of card is issued by Italian banks . Bancomat is the commercial brand for the cash withdrawal circuit , while PagoBancomat is used for POS transactions . Unlike other European countries such as UK , only a few Italian banks are issuing Visa / MasterCard debit cards ( such as Intesa Sanpaolo NextCard ) . The main international debit circuit used by Italian banks is Maestro : for this reason almost every debit card issued in Italy has both PagoBancomat and Maestro logos , with Bancomat / PagoBancomat being used in Italy and the Maestro circuit when abroad . Sometimes , instead of using the Maestro circuit , the Bancomat / PagoBancomat debit card is issued along with V - Pay or Visa Electron logos , or sometimes with credit card functions ( so you get a dual - mode card ) . In this last case , only the credit - card mode is allowed for abroad / Internet transactions , while the debit card mode is used only in Italy . The most popular prepaid debit card is `` Postepay '' . It is issued by Poste italiane S.p.A. , and runs on the Visa Electron circuit . It can be used on Poste Italiane 's ATMs ( Postamat ) and on Visa 's Electron - compatible bank ATMs all over the world . It has no fees when used on the Internet and in POS - based transactions . Other cards are issued by other companies , such as Vodafone CashCard , Banca Popolare di Milano 's Carta Jeans and Carta Moneta Online .", "This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2011 )", "This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2011 )", "In Japan people usually use their cash cards ( キャッシュ カード , kyasshu kādo ) , originally intended only for use with cash machines , as debit cards . The debit functionality of these cards is usually referred to as J - Debit ( ジェイ デビット , Jeidebitto ) , and only cash cards from certain banks can be used . A cash card has the same size as a Visa / MasterCard . As identification , the user will have to enter his or her four - digit PIN when paying . J - Debit was started in Japan on March 6 , 2000 . However , J - Debit has not been that popular since then .", "Suruga Bank began service of Japan 's first Visa Debit in 2006 . Rakuten Bank , formally known as Ebank , offers a Visa debit card .", "Resona Bank and The Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFJ bank also offer a Visa branded debit card .", "In Kuwait , all banks provide a debit card to their account holders . This card is branded as KNET , which is the central switch in Kuwait . KNET card transactions are free for both customer and the merchant and therefore KNET debit cards are used for low valued transactions as well . KNET cards are mostly co-branded as Maestro or Visa Electron which makes it possible to use the same card outside Kuwait on any terminal supporting these payment schemes .", "In Malaysia , the local debit card network is operated by the Malaysian Electronic Clearing Corporation ( MyClear ) , which had taken over the scheme from MEPS in 2008 . The new name for the local debit card in Malaysia is MyDebit , which was previously known as either bankcard or e-debit . Debit cards in Malaysia are now issued on a combo basis where the card has both the local debit card payment application as well as having that of an International scheme ( Visa or MasterCard ) . All newly issued MyDebit combo cards with Visa or MasterCard have the contactless payment feature . The same card also acts as the ATM card for cash withdrawals .", "Please , see below on `` UEMOA ''", "In Mexico , many companies use a type of debit card called a payroll card ( tarjeta de nómina ) , in which they deposit their employee 's payrolls , instead of paying them in cash or through checks . This method is preferred in many places because it is a much safer and secure alternative compared to the more traditional forms of payment .", "In the Netherlands using EFTPOS is known as pinnen ( pinning ) , a term derived from the use of a personal identification number ( PIN ) . PINs are also used for ATM transactions , and the term is used interchangeably by many people , although it was introduced as a marketing brand for EFTPOS . The system was launched in 1987 , and in 2010 there were 258,585 terminals throughout the country , including mobile terminals used by delivery services and on markets . All banks offer a debit card suitable for EFTPOS with current accounts .", "PIN transactions are usually free to the customer , but the retailer is charged per - transaction and monthly fees . Equens , an association with all major banks as its members , runs the system , and until August 2005 also charged for it . Responding to allegations of monopoly abuse , it has handed over contractual responsibilities to its member banks through who now offer competing contracts . The system is organised through a special banking association Currence set up specifically to coordinate access to payment systems in the Netherlands . Interpay , a legal predecessor of Equens , was fined € 47 million in 2004 , but the fine was later dropped , and a related fine for banks was lowered from € 17 million to € 14 million . Per - transaction fees are between 5 - 10 eurocents , depending on volume .", "Credit card use in the Netherlands is very low , and most credit cards can not be used with EFTPOS , or charge very high fees to the customer . Debit cards can often , though not always , be used in the entire EU for EFTPOS . Most debit cards are Mastercard Maestro cards . Visa 's V Pay cards are also accepted at most locations . In 2011 spending money using debit cards rose to 83 billion euro whilst cash spending dropped to 51 billion euro and creditcard spending grew to 5 billion .", "Electronic Purse Cards ( called Chipknip ) were introduced in 1996 , but have never become very popular . The system was abolished at the end of 2014 .", "EFTPOS ( electronic fund transfer at point of sale ) in New Zealand is highly popular . In 2006 , 70 percent of all retail transactions were made by Eftpos , with an average of 306 Eftpos transaction being made per person . At the same time , there were 125,000 Eftpos terminals in operation ( one for every 30 people ) , and 5.1 million Eftpos cards in circulation ( 1.27 per capita ) .", "The system involves the merchant swiping ( or inserting ) the customer 's card and entering the purchase amount . Point of sale systems with integrated EFTPOS often sent the purchase total to the terminal and the customer swipes their own card . The customer then selects the account they wish to use : Current / Cheque ( CHQ ) , Savings ( SAV ) , or Credit Card ( CRD ) , before entering in their PIN . After a short processing time in which the terminal contacts the EFTPOS network and the bank , the transaction is approved ( or declined ) and a receipt is printed . The EFTPOS system is used for credit cards as well , with a customer selecting Credit Card and entering their PIN , or for older credit cards without loaded PIN , pressing OK and signing their receipt with identification through matching signatures . Fixed EFTPOS terminals in most businesses utilise the public switched telephone network to contact the EFTPOS network , either utilising dedicated phone lines or sharing the merchant 's voice line ( especially in smaller businesses ) . The uptake of broadband internet in the 21st century has seen some terminals move to internet protocol connections .", "Virtually all retail outlets have EFTPOS facilities , so much that retailers without EFTPOS have to advertise so . In addition , an increasing number of mobile operator , such as taxis , stall holders and pizza deliverers have mobile EFTPOS systems . The system is made up of two primary networks : EFTPOS NZ , which is owned by VeriFone and Paymark Limited ( formerly Electronic Transaction Services Limited ) , which is owned by ANZ Bank New Zealand , ASB Bank , Westpac and the Bank of New Zealand . The two networks are intertwined and highly sophisticated and secure , able to handle huge volumes of transactions during busy periods such as the lead - up to Christmas : on 24 December 2012 , the Paymark network alone recorded an average of 132 transactions per second between 12 : 00 and 13 : 00 . Network failures are rare , but when they occur they cause massive disruption , resulting in major delays and loss of income for businesses . Most businesses have to resort to manual `` zip - zap '' swipe machines in such case . Newer POS - based terminals have the ability to `` capture '' transactions in the event of a communications break - down - instead of entering a PIN , the customer signs their receipt and the transaction is approved on a matching signature , The transaction details are stored and sent for processing once the connection to the network is restored . A notable example of this occurs on the Cook Strait ferries , where in the middle of Cook Strait there is no mobile phone reception to connect to the EFTPOS network .", "Depending on the user 's bank , a fee may be charged for use of EFTPOS . Most youth accounts ( the minimum age to obtain an Eftpos card from most banks in New Zealand is 13 years ) and an increasing number of ' electronic transaction accounts ' do not attract fees for electronic transactions , meaning the use of Eftpos by younger generations has become ubiquitous and subsequently cash use has become rare . Typically merchants do n't pay fees for transactions , most only having to pay for the equipment rental .", "One of the disadvantages of New Zealand 's well - established EFTPOS system is that it is incompatible with overseas systems and non-face - to - face purchases . In response to this , many banks since 2005 have introduced international debit cards such as Maestro and Visa Debit which work online and overseas as well as on the New Zealand EFTPOS system .", "Please , see below on `` UEMOA ''", "In the Philippines , all three national ATM network consortia offer proprietary PIN debit . This was first offered by Express Payment System in 1987 , followed by Megalink with Paylink in 1993 then BancNet with the Point - of - Sale in 1994 .", "Express Payment System or EPS was the pioneer provider , having launched the service in 1987 on behalf of the Bank of the Philippine Islands . The EPS service has subsequently been extended in late 2005 to include the other Expressnet members : Banco de Oro and Land Bank of the Philippines . They currently operate 10,000 terminals for their cardholders .", "Megalink launched Paylink EFTPOS system in 1993 . Terminal services are provided by Equitable Card Network on behalf of the consortium . Service is available in 2,000 terminals , mostly in Metro Manila .", "BancNet introduced their point of sale system in 1994 as the first consortium - operated EFTPOS service in the country . The service is available in over 1,400 locations throughout the Philippines , including second and third - class municipalities . In 2005 , BancNet signed a Memorandum of Agreement to serve as the local gateway for China UnionPay , the sole ATM switch in the People 's Republic of China . This will allow the estimated 1.0 billion Chinese ATM cardholders to use the BancNet ATMs and the EFTPOS in all participating merchants .", "Visa debit cards are issued by Union Bank of the Philippines ( e-Wallet & eon ) , Chinatrust , Equicom Savings Bank ( Key Card & Cash Card ) , Banco De Oro , HSBC , HSBC Savings Bank , Sterling Bank of Asia ( Visa ShopNPay prepaid and debit cards ) & EastWest Bank . Union Bank of the Philippines cards , EastWest Visa Debit Card , Equicom Savings Bank & Sterling Bank of Asia EMV cards which can also be used for internet purchases . Sterling Bank of Asia has released its first line of prepaid and debit Visa cards with EMV chip .", "MasterCard debit cards are issued by Banco de Oro , Security Bank ( Cashlink & Cash Card ) & Smart Communications ( Smart Money ) tied up with Banco De Oro . MasterCard Electronic cards are issued by BPI ( Express Cash ) and Security Bank ( CashLink Plus ) .", "Originally , all Visa and MasterCard based debit cards in the Philippines are non-embossed and are marked either for `` Electronic Use Only '' ( Visa / MasterCard ) or `` Valid only where MasterCard Electronic is Accepted '' ( MasterCard Electronic ) . However , EastWest Bank started to offer embossed Visa Debit Cards without the for `` Electronic Use Only '' mark . Paypass Debit MasterCard from other banks also have embossed labels without the for `` Electronic Use Only '' mark . Unlike credit cards issued by some banks , these Visa and MasterCard - branded debit cards do not feature EMV chips , hence they can only be read by the machines through swiping .", "By March 21 , 2016 , BDO has started issuing sets of Debit MasterCards having the EMV chip and is the first Philippine bank to have it . This is a response to the BSP 's monitor of the EMV shift progress in the country . By 2017 , all Debit Cards in the country should have an EMV chip on it .", "In Poland , the first system of electronic payments was operated by Orbis , which later was changed to PolCard in 1991 ( which also issued its own cards ) and then that system was bought by First Data Poland Holding SA . In the mid-1990s international brands such as Visa , MasterCard , and the unembossed Visa Electron or Maestro were introduced .", "Visa Electron and Maestro work as a standard debit cards : the transactions are debited instantly , although it may happen on some occasions that a transaction is processed with some delay ( hours , up to one day ) . These cards do not possess the options that credit cards have .", "In the late 2000s contactless cards started to be introduced . The first technology to be used was MasterCard PayPass , later joined by Visa 's payWave . This payment method is now universal and accepted almost everywhere . In an everyday use this payment method is always called Paypass . Almost all business and stores in Poland accept debit and credit cards .", "In the mid-2010s Polish banks started to replace unembossed cards with embossed electronic cards such as Debit MasterCard and Visa Debit , allowing the customers to own a card that has all qualities of a credit card ( given that credit cards are not popular in Poland ) .", "There are also some banks that do not possess an identification system to allow customers to order debit cards online .", "In Portugal , debit cards are accepted almost everywhere : ATMs , stores , and so on . The most commonly accepted are Visa and MasterCard , or the unembossed Visa Electron or Maestro . Regarding Internet payments debit cards can not be used for transfers , due to its unsafeness , so banks recommend the use of ' MBnet ' , a pre-registered safe system that creates a virtual card with a pre-selected credit limit . All the card system is regulated by SIBS , the institution created by Portuguese banks to manage all the regulations and communication processes proply . SIBS ' shareholders are all the 27 banks operating in Portugal .", "In addition to Visa , MasterCard and American Express , there are some local payment systems based in general on Smart Card technology .", "Sbercard . This payment system was created by Sberbank around 1995 -- 1996 . It uses BGS Smartcard Systems AG smart card technology that is , DUET . Sberbank was a single retail bank in the Soviet Union before 1990 . De facto this is a payment system of the SberBank . Zolotaya Korona . This card brand was created in 1994 . Zolotaya Korona is based on CFT technology . STB Card . This card uses the classic magnetic stripe technology . It almost fully collapsed after 1998 ( GKO crisis ) with STB bank failure . Union Card . The card also uses the classic magnetic stripe technology . This card brand is on the decline . These accounts are being reissued as Visa or MasterCard accounts .", "Sbercard . This payment system was created by Sberbank around 1995 -- 1996 . It uses BGS Smartcard Systems AG smart card technology that is , DUET . Sberbank was a single retail bank in the Soviet Union before 1990 . De facto this is a payment system of the SberBank .", "Zolotaya Korona . This card brand was created in 1994 . Zolotaya Korona is based on CFT technology .", "STB Card . This card uses the classic magnetic stripe technology . It almost fully collapsed after 1998 ( GKO crisis ) with STB bank failure .", "Union Card . The card also uses the classic magnetic stripe technology . This card brand is on the decline . These accounts are being reissued as Visa or MasterCard accounts .", "Nearly every transaction , regardless of brand or system , is processed as an immediate debit transaction . Non-debit transactions within these systems have spending limits that are strictly limited when compared with typical Visa or MasterCard accounts .", "In Saudi Arabia , all debit card transactions are routed through Saudi Payments Network ( SPAN ) , the only electronic payment system in the Kingdom and all banks are required by the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency ( SAMA ) to issue cards fully compatible with the network . It connects all point of sale ( POS ) terminals throughout the country to a central payment switch which in turn re-routes the financial transactions to the card issuer , local bank , Visa , Amex or MasterCard .", "As well as its use for debit cards , the network is also used for ATM and credit card transactions .", "Singapore 's debit service is managed by the Network for Electronic Transfers ( NETS ) , founded by Singapore 's leading banks and shareholders namely DBS , Keppel Bank , OCBC and its associates , OUB , IBS , POSB , Tat Lee Bank and UOB in 1985 as a result of a need for a centralised e-Payment operator .", "However , due to the banking restructuring and mergers , the local banks remaining were UOB , OCBC , DBS - POSB as the shareholders of NETS with Standard Chartered Bank to offer NETS to their customers . However , DBS and POSB customers can use their network atms on their own and not be shared with UOB , OCBC or SCB ( StanChart ) . The mega failure of 5 July 2010 of POSB - DBS ATM Networks ( about 97,000 machines ) made the government to rethink the shared ATM system again as it affected the NETS system too .", "In 2010 , in line with the mandatory EMV system , Local Singapore Banks started to reissue their Debit Visa / MasterCard branded debit cards with EMV Chip compliant ones to replace the magnetic stripe system . Banks involved included NETS Members of POSB - DBS , UOB - OCBC - SCB along with the SharedATM alliance ( NON-NETS ) of HSBC , Citibank , State Bank of India , and Maybank . Standard Chartered Bank ( SCB ) is also a SharedATM alliance member . Non branded cards of POSB and Maybank local ATM Cards are kept without a chip but have a Plus or Maestro sign which can be used to withdraw cash locally or overseas .", "Maybank Debit MasterCards can be used in Malaysia just like a normal ATM or Debit MEPS card .", "Singapore also uses the e-purse systems of NETS CASHCARD and the CEPAS wave system by EZ - Link and NETS .", "Debit cards are accepted in a relatively larger amount of stores , both large and small in Spain . Banks often offer debit cards for small fees in connection with a chequing account . These cards are used more often than credit cards at ATMs because it is a cheaper alternative .", "Most banks issue major - brand debit cards that can be used internationally such as Visa , MasterCard and JCB , often with contactless functionality . Payments at brick - and - mortar stores generally require a signature except for contactless payments .", "A separate , local debit system , known as Smart Pay , can be used by the majority of debit and ATM cards , even major - brand cards . This system is available only in Taiwan and a few locations in Japan as of 2016 . Non-contactless payments require a PIN instead of a signature . Cards from a few banks support contactless payment with Smart Pay .", "In the UK debit cards ( an integrated EFTPOS system ) are an established part of the retail market and are widely accepted both by bricks and mortar stores and by internet stores . The term EFTPOS is not widely used by the public ; debit card is the generic term used . Debit cards commonly issued are Debit MasterCard and Visa Debit , with Maestro , Visa Electron and UnionPay also in circulation . Banks do not charge customers for EFTPOS transactions in the UK , but some retailers make small charges , particularly where the transaction amount in question is small . The UK has converted all debit cards in circulation to Chip and PIN ( except for Chip and Signature cards issued to people with certain disabilities and non-reloadable prepaid cards ) , based on the EMV standard , to increase transaction security ; however , PINs are not required for internet transactions ( though some banks employ additional security measures for online transactions such as Verified by Visa and MasterCard Secure Code ) , nor for most contactless transactions .", "In the United Kingdom , banks started to issue debit cards in the mid-1980s in a bid to reduce the number of cheques being used at the point of sale , which are costly for the banks to process ; the first bank to do so was Barclays with the Barclays Connect card . As in most countries , fees paid by merchants in the United Kingdom to accept credit cards are a percentage of the transaction amount , which funds card holders ' interest - free credit periods as well as incentive schemes such as points or cashback . For consumer credit cards issued within the EEA , the interchange fee is capped at 0.3 % , with a cap of 0.2 % for debit cards , although the merchant acquirers may charge the merchant a higher fee . Although merchants won the right through The Credit Cards ( Price Discrimination ) Order 1990 to charge customers different prices according to the payment method , few merchants in the UK charge less for payment by debit card than by credit card , the most notable exceptions being budget airlines and travel agents . Most debit cards in the UK lack the advantages offered to holders of UK - issued credit cards , such as free incentives ( points , cashback etc. ( the Tesco Bank debit card being one exception ) ) , interest - free credit and protection against defaulting merchants under Section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 . Almost all establishments in the United Kingdom that accept credit cards also accept debit cards , but a minority of merchants , for cost reasons , accept debit cards and not credit cards .", "It is the West Africa Economic et Monetary Union federating eight countries : Benin , Burkina Faso , Côte d'Ivoire , Guinée Bissau , Mali , Niger , Senegal and Togo .", "GIM - UEMOA is the Regional Switch féderating more than 120 membres ( banks , microfinances , electronic money issuers , etc . ) . All interbank cards transactions between banks in the same country or between banks in two different countries UEMOA zone are routed and cleared by GIM - UEMOA . The settlement in done on Central Bank RTGS .", "GIM - UEMOA also provides somes processing products and services to more than 50 banks in UEMOA zone and out of UEMOA zone .", "This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : out of place text and missing citations Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : out of place text and missing citations Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "In the U.S. , EFTPOS is universally referred to simply as debit . The same interbank networks that operate the ATM network also operate the POS network . Most interbank networks , such as Pulse , NYCE , MAC , Tyme , SHAZAM , STAR , and so on , are regional and do not overlap , however , most ATM / POS networks have agreements to accept each other 's cards . This means that cards issued by one network will typically work anywhere they accept ATM / POS cards for payment . For example , a NYCE card will work at a Pulse POS terminal or ATM , and vice versa . Debit cards in the United States are usually issued with a Visa , MasterCard , Discover or American Express logo allowing use of their signature - based networks .", "U.S. Federal law caps the liability of a U.S. debit card user in case of loss or theft at $50 USD if the loss or theft is reported to the issuing bank in two business days after the customer notices the loss . Most banks will , however , set this limit to $0 for debit cards issued to their customers which are linked to their checking or savings account .", "The fees charged to merchants for offline debit purchases vs. the lack of fees charged to merchants for processing online debit purchases and paper checks have prompted some major merchants in the U.S. to file lawsuits against debit - card transaction processors , such as Visa and MasterCard . In 2003 , Visa and MasterCard agreed to settle the largest of these lawsuits for $2 billion and $1 billion respectively .", "Some consumers prefer `` credit '' transactions because of the lack of a fee charged to the consumer / purchaser . A few debit cards in the U.S. offer rewards for using `` credit '' . However , since `` credit '' transactions cost more for merchants , many terminals at PIN - accepting merchant locations now make the `` credit '' function more difficult to access . For example , if you swipe a debit card at Wal - Mart or Ross in the U.S. , you are immediately presented with the PIN screen for online debit . To use offline debit you must press `` cancel '' to exit the PIN screen , and then press `` credit '' on the next screen .", "As a result of the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , U.S. merchants can now set a minimum purchase amount for credit card transactions , as long as it does not to exceed $10 .", "In the United States , an FSA debit card only allow medical expenses . It is used by some banks for withdrawals from their FSAs , medical savings accounts ( MSA ) , and health savings accounts ( HSA ) as well . They have Visa or MasterCard logos , but can not be used as `` debit cards '' , only as `` credit cards '' . Furthermore , they are not accepted by all merchants that accept debit and credit cards , but only by those that specifically accept FSA debit cards . Merchant codes and product codes are used at the point of sale ( required by law by certain merchants by certain states in the US ) to restrict sales if they do not qualify . Because of the extra checking and documenting that goes on , later , the statement can be used to substantiate these purchases for tax deductions . In the occasional instance that a qualifying purchase is rejected , another form of payment must be used ( a check or payment from another account and a claim for reimbursement later ) . In the more likely case that non-qualifying items are accepted , the consumer is technically still responsible , and the discrepancy could be revealed during an audit . A small but growing segment of the debit card business in the U.S. involves access to tax - favored spending accounts such as FSAs , HRAs , and HSAs . Most of these debit cards are for medical expenses , though a few are also issued for dependent care and transportation expenses .", "Traditionally , FSAs ( the oldest of these accounts ) were accessed only through claims for reimbursement after incurring , and often paying , an out - of - pocket expense ; this often happens after the funds have already been deducted from the employee 's paycheck . ( FSAs are usually funded by payroll deduction . ) The only method permitted by the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) to avoid this `` double - dipping '' for medical FSAs and HRAs is through accurate and auditable reporting on the tax return . Statements on the debit card that say `` for medical uses only '' are invalid for several reasons : ( 1 ) The merchant and issuing banks have no way of quickly determining whether the entire purchase qualifies for the customer 's type of tax benefit ; ( 2 ) the customer also has no quick way of knowing ; often has mixed purchases by necessity or convenience ; and can easily make mistakes ; ( 3 ) extra contractual clauses between the customer and issuing bank would cross-over into the payment processing standards , creating additional confusion ( for example if a customer was penalized for accidentally purchasing a non-qualifying item , it would undercut the potential savings advantages of the account ) . Therefore , using the card exclusively for qualifying purchases may be convenient for the customer , but it has nothing to do with how the card can actually be used . If the bank rejects a transaction , for instance , because it is not at a recognized drug store , then it would be causing harm and confusion to the cardholder . In the United States , not all medical service or supply stores are capable of providing the correct information so an FSA debit card issuer can honor every transaction - if rejected or documentation is not deemed enough to satisfy regulations , cardholders may have to send in forms manually .", "Debit cards are accepted in a relatively large number of stores , both large and small in Uruguay ; but their use has so far remained low as compared to credit cards at ATMs . Since August 2014 , with the Financial Inclusion Law coming into force , end consumers obtain a 4 % VAT deduction for using debit cards in their purchases ." ]

[ [ "30.5" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This is a list of countries by age at first marriage . Definition of marriage is the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship ( historically and in some jurisdictions specifically a union between a man and a woman ) . Marriage is a legally recognized union between two partners in a relationship . The average age to first get married varies from one country to another and is affected by several factors such as financial stability , career , academic pursuit , and family background . This list is current from the most recent surveys and does not treat the topic in history .", "Because the age distribution of people at first marriage is skewed with a longer tail towards older ages , the majority of people marry before the average age of first marriage . The median age is a more precise representation of when the majority of people marry , however , for most reporting sources , only the average age at marriage is reported .", "In this article , Some countries had most recent and updated census while other countries had n't been updated since the 1990s . There are different numbers ranging from early 20s to mid 30s which raises the questions of how culture , religion and social status play an enormous role of changing the age of first marriage for different countries .", "Country Men Women Average Age Gap Year Source Algeria 33.5 27.8 30.7 5.7 2006 Angola 24.7 21.4 23.1 3.3 Benin 23.8 18.7 21.3 5.1 2006 Burkina Faso 24.3 17.9 21.1 6.4 Burundi 23.6 20.3 22 3.3 Cape Verde 26.2 21.5 23.9 4.7 Cameroon 25.8 19.0 22.4 6.8 2011 Central African Republic 23.3 17.4 20.4 5.9 1994 - 1995 Chad 22.4 16.0 19.2 6.4 Comoros 25.6 20.4 23 5.2 Congo 25.1 21.0 23.1 4.1 2009 Ivory Coast 26.7 19.5 23.1 7.2 2005 Democratic Republic of the Congo 24.2 19.0 21.6 5.2 2007 Egypt 33.6 27.9 30.8 5.7 Eritrea 24.7 17.4 21.1 7.3 1995 Ethiopia 23.9 17.4 20.7 6.5 2011 Gabon 24.7 20.4 22.6 4.3 2000 Ghana 25.7 21.0 23.4 4.7 2008 Guinea 24.6 16.5 20.6 8.1 2005 Kenya 24.8 20.2 22.5 4.6 2008 - 2009 Lesotho 25.5 20.9 23.2 4.6 2009 Liberia 23.4 18.9 21.2 4.5 2007 Libya 32.0 29.2 30.6 2.8 1995 Madagascar 22.3 18.4 20.4 3.9 2008 Malawi 22.3 17.9 20.1 4.4 Mali 24.1 16.7 20.4 7.4 2006 Mauritania 27.1 19.0 23.1 8.1 2000 - 2001 Mauritius 29.8 25.4 27.6 4.4 2000 Morocco 34.3 29.8 32.1 4.5 Mozambique 21.7 17.5 19.6 4.2 2009 Namibia 31.7 29.2 30.5 2.5 2006 - 2007 Niger 23.1 15.7 19.4 7.4 2006 Nigeria 26.9 19.3 23.1 7.6 2008 Rwanda 24.8 20.6 22.7 4.2 São Tomé and Príncipe 23.8 18.8 21.3 5 2008 - 2009 Senegal 28.9 19.9 24.4 9 2010 - 2011 Sierra Leone 24.4 17.1 20.8 7.3 2008 South Africa 32.0 29.0 30.5 2008 Sudan 29.1 22.7 25.9 6.4 Uganda 22.4 18.2 20.3 4.2 2011 Tanzania 23.8 18.9 21.4 4.9 Zambia 23.7 18.7 21.2 5 2007 Zimbabwe 24.6 19.9 22.3 4.7 2010 - 2011", "Country Men Women Average Age Gap Year Source", "Algeria 33.5 27.8 30.7 5.7 2006", "Angola 24.7 21.4 23.1 3.3", "Benin 23.8 18.7 21.3 5.1 2006", "Burkina Faso 24.3 17.9 21.1 6.4", "Burundi 23.6 20.3 22 3.3", "Cape Verde 26.2 21.5 23.9 4.7", "Cameroon 25.8 19.0 22.4 6.8 2011", "Central African Republic 23.3 17.4 20.4 5.9 1994 - 1995", "Chad 22.4 16.0 19.2 6.4", "Comoros 25.6 20.4 23 5.2", "Congo 25.1 21.0 23.1 4.1 2009", "Ivory Coast 26.7 19.5 23.1 7.2 2005", "Democratic Republic of the Congo 24.2 19.0 21.6 5.2 2007", "Egypt 33.6 27.9 30.8 5.7", "Eritrea 24.7 17.4 21.1 7.3 1995", "Ethiopia 23.9 17.4 20.7 6.5 2011", "Gabon 24.7 20.4 22.6 4.3 2000", "Ghana 25.7 21.0 23.4 4.7 2008", "Guinea 24.6 16.5 20.6 8.1 2005", "Kenya 24.8 20.2 22.5 4.6 2008 - 2009", "Lesotho 25.5 20.9 23.2 4.6 2009", "Liberia 23.4 18.9 21.2 4.5 2007", "Libya 32.0 29.2 30.6 2.8 1995", "Madagascar 22.3 18.4 20.4 3.9 2008", "Malawi 22.3 17.9 20.1 4.4", "Mali 24.1 16.7 20.4 7.4 2006", "Mauritania 27.1 19.0 23.1 8.1 2000 - 2001", "Mauritius 29.8 25.4 27.6 4.4 2000", "Morocco 34.3 29.8 32.1 4.5", "Mozambique 21.7 17.5 19.6 4.2 2009", "Namibia 31.7 29.2 30.5 2.5 2006 - 2007", "Niger 23.1 15.7 19.4 7.4 2006", "Nigeria 26.9 19.3 23.1 7.6 2008", "Rwanda 24.8 20.6 22.7 4.2", "São Tomé and Príncipe 23.8 18.8 21.3 5 2008 - 2009", "Senegal 28.9 19.9 24.4 9 2010 - 2011", "Sierra Leone 24.4 17.1 20.8 7.3 2008", "South Africa 32.0 29.0 30.5 2008", "Sudan 29.1 22.7 25.9 6.4", "Uganda 22.4 18.2 20.3 4.2 2011", "Tanzania 23.8 18.9 21.4 4.9", "Zambia 23.7 18.7 21.2 5 2007", "Zimbabwe 24.6 19.9 22.3 4.7 2010 - 2011", "Africa has a majority of age at first marriage between age of 15 until early twenties for women and early and late twenties for males . Here 's where cultural and economic status come to play . Also , there is an age gap that older males are marrying younger females by at least 8 years of age difference . For example , Niger and Eritrea as an example of young females with older males ranging from fifteen years of for women and mid twenties for males .", "Country Men Women Average Age Gap Year Source Brazil 30 27 28.5 2013 Canada 31.0 29.6 30.3 1.4 2008 Chile 35.3 32.6 34 2.7 2013 Mexico 29 26 27.5 2011 United States 29.2 27.1 28.2 2.1 2015", "Country Men Women Average Age Gap Year Source", "Brazil 30 27 28.5 2013", "Canada 31.0 29.6 30.3 1.4 2008", "Chile 35.3 32.6 34 2.7 2013", "Mexico 29 26 27.5 2011", "United States 29.2 27.1 28.2 2.1 2015", "Country Men Women Average Age Gap Year Source Armenia 29.4 26.3 27.9 3.1 2014 Bangladesh 23.8 16.0 19.9 7.8 2011 Cambodia 23.4 21.0 22.2 2.4 China 27.1 24.9 26 2.2 2017 Hong Kong 31.2 28.9 30.1 2.3 2011 India 26.0 22.2 24.1 3.8 2011 Indonesia 25.7 22.3 24 3.4 Iran 27.4 23.8 25.6 3.6 2015 Israel 31.5 28.4 30 3.1 Japan 30.9 29.3 30.1 1.6 2013 Jordan 28.7 23.8 26.3 4.9 Kazakhstan 26.9 24.3 25.6 2.6 Kyrgyzstan 26.9 23.5 25.2 3.4 Lebanon 32.8 28.8 30.8 2006 Malaysia 28 25.7 26.9 2.3 Maldives 24.1 21.6 22.9 2.5 2009 Mongolia 26.2 24.2 25.2 Myanmar 24.0 20.5 22.3 3.5 2007 Nepal 22.1 17.9 20 4.2 2011 Pakistan 21.8 20.3 21.1 1.5 2006 - 2007 Palestine 25.4 20.1 22.8 5.3 Philippines 28.0 25.3 26.7 2.7 2011 Singapore 30.1 27.9 29 2.2 2014 South Korea 32.6 30.0 31.3 2.6 2015 Taiwan 32.0 29.7 30.9 2.3 2014 Tajikistan 26.3 22.5 24.4 3.8 Thailand 24.4 21.0 22.7 3.4 Timor - Leste 25.0 20.6 22.8 4.4 2009 - 2010 Turkmenistan 24.6 23.3 24 1.3 2006 Uzbekistan 25.2 22.4 23.8 2.8 2006 Vietnam 26.2 22.8 24.5 3.4 2009", "Country Men Women Average Age Gap Year Source", "Armenia 29.4 26.3 27.9 3.1 2014", "Bangladesh 23.8 16.0 19.9 7.8 2011", "Cambodia 23.4 21.0 22.2 2.4", "China 27.1 24.9 26 2.2 2017", "Hong Kong 31.2 28.9 30.1 2.3 2011", "India 26.0 22.2 24.1 3.8 2011", "Indonesia 25.7 22.3 24 3.4", "Iran 27.4 23.8 25.6 3.6 2015", "Israel 31.5 28.4 30 3.1", "Japan 30.9 29.3 30.1 1.6 2013", "Jordan 28.7 23.8 26.3 4.9", "Kazakhstan 26.9 24.3 25.6 2.6", "Kyrgyzstan 26.9 23.5 25.2 3.4", "Lebanon 32.8 28.8 30.8 2006", "Malaysia 28 25.7 26.9 2.3", "Maldives 24.1 21.6 22.9 2.5 2009", "Mongolia 26.2 24.2 25.2", "Myanmar 24.0 20.5 22.3 3.5 2007", "Nepal 22.1 17.9 20 4.2 2011", "Pakistan 21.8 20.3 21.1 1.5 2006 - 2007", "Palestine 25.4 20.1 22.8 5.3", "Philippines 28.0 25.3 26.7 2.7 2011", "Singapore 30.1 27.9 29 2.2 2014", "South Korea 32.6 30.0 31.3 2.6 2015", "Taiwan 32.0 29.7 30.9 2.3 2014", "Tajikistan 26.3 22.5 24.4 3.8", "Thailand 24.4 21.0 22.7 3.4", "Timor - Leste 25.0 20.6 22.8 4.4 2009 - 2010", "Turkmenistan 24.6 23.3 24 1.3 2006", "Uzbekistan 25.2 22.4 23.8 2.8 2006", "Vietnam 26.2 22.8 24.5 3.4 2009", "Country Men Women Average Age Gap Year Source Albania 29.5 24 26.8 5.5 2014 Austria 32.6 30.3 31.5 2.3 2015 Azerbaijan 27.6 23.7 25.7 3.9 2014 Armenia 29.4 26.3 27.9 3.1 2014 Belarus 27.4 25.3 26.4 2.1 2014 Belgium 32.3 30 31.2 2.3 2015 Bosnia and Herzegovina 29.6 26.4 28 3.2 2014 Bulgaria 30.3 26.9 28.6 3.4 2014 Croatia 30.6 28.1 29.4 2.5 2014 Czech Republic 32.4 29.8 31.1 2.6 2015 Cyprus 30.8 29.0 29.9 1.8 2014 Denmark 34.5 32 33.3 2.5 2015 Estonia 31.6 29.0 30.3 2.6 2014 Finland 33.4 31.2 32.3 2.2 2015 France 33.0 30.8 31.9 2.2 2011 Georgia 29.9 26.6 28.3 3.3 2014 Germany 33.4 30.9 32.2 2.5 2014 Greece 33.0 29.9 31.5 3.1 2014 Hungary 32.1 29.3 30.7 2.8 2014 Iceland 34.6 32.7 33.7 1.9 2011 Ireland 33.9 32.3 33.1 1.6 2015 Italy 34.2 31.3 32.8 2.9 2014 Latvia 30.6 28.2 29.4 2.4 2014 Lithuania 29.7 27.3 28.5 2.4 2014 Luxembourg 33.3 31.1 32.2 2.2 2015 Macedonia 28.8 26 27.4 2.8 2014 Malta 31.6 29.2 30.4 2.4 2011 Moldova 27.0 24.0 25.5 2014 Montenegro 32.7 28.6 30.7 4.1 2014 Netherlands 33.5 30.9 32.2 2.6 2015 Norway 33.8 31.9 32.9 1.9 2015 Poland 29.1 26.7 27.9 2.4 2014 Portugal 32.5 31 31.8 1.5 2015 Romania 30.2 26.7 28.5 3.5 2014 Russia 27.4 24.9 26.2 2.5 2011 Serbia 31.0 28.1 29.6 2.9 2014 Slovakia 30.8 28.1 29.5 2.7 2014 Slovenia 32.2 29.7 31 2.5 2014 Spain 34.5 32.3 33.4 2.2 2014 Sweden 36 33.5 34.8 2.5 2015 Switzerland 32.5 30.1 31.3 2.4 2014 Ukraine 27.0 25.0 26 2013 United Kingdom 32.5 30.6 31.6 1.9 2013", "Country Men Women Average Age Gap Year Source", "Albania 29.5 24 26.8 5.5 2014", "Austria 32.6 30.3 31.5 2.3 2015", "Azerbaijan 27.6 23.7 25.7 3.9 2014", "Armenia 29.4 26.3 27.9 3.1 2014", "Belarus 27.4 25.3 26.4 2.1 2014", "Belgium 32.3 30 31.2 2.3 2015", "Bosnia and Herzegovina 29.6 26.4 28 3.2 2014", "Bulgaria 30.3 26.9 28.6 3.4 2014", "Croatia 30.6 28.1 29.4 2.5 2014", "Czech Republic 32.4 29.8 31.1 2.6 2015", "Cyprus 30.8 29.0 29.9 1.8 2014", "Denmark 34.5 32 33.3 2.5 2015", "Estonia 31.6 29.0 30.3 2.6 2014", "Finland 33.4 31.2 32.3 2.2 2015", "France 33.0 30.8 31.9 2.2 2011", "Georgia 29.9 26.6 28.3 3.3 2014", "Germany 33.4 30.9 32.2 2.5 2014", "Greece 33.0 29.9 31.5 3.1 2014", "Hungary 32.1 29.3 30.7 2.8 2014", "Iceland 34.6 32.7 33.7 1.9 2011", "Ireland 33.9 32.3 33.1 1.6 2015", "Italy 34.2 31.3 32.8 2.9 2014", "Latvia 30.6 28.2 29.4 2.4 2014", "Lithuania 29.7 27.3 28.5 2.4 2014", "Luxembourg 33.3 31.1 32.2 2.2 2015", "Macedonia 28.8 26 27.4 2.8 2014", "Malta 31.6 29.2 30.4 2.4 2011", "Moldova 27.0 24.0 25.5 2014", "Montenegro 32.7 28.6 30.7 4.1 2014", "Netherlands 33.5 30.9 32.2 2.6 2015", "Norway 33.8 31.9 32.9 1.9 2015", "Poland 29.1 26.7 27.9 2.4 2014", "Portugal 32.5 31 31.8 1.5 2015", "Romania 30.2 26.7 28.5 3.5 2014", "Russia 27.4 24.9 26.2 2.5 2011", "Serbia 31.0 28.1 29.6 2.9 2014", "Slovakia 30.8 28.1 29.5 2.7 2014", "Slovenia 32.2 29.7 31 2.5 2014", "Spain 34.5 32.3 33.4 2.2 2014", "Sweden 36 33.5 34.8 2.5 2015", "Switzerland 32.5 30.1 31.3 2.4 2014", "Ukraine 27.0 25.0 26 2013", "United Kingdom 32.5 30.6 31.6 1.9 2013", "From the data , most of the wealthiest countries in Europe appear to have a higher average age at first marriage than their less developed counterparts . Most men and women postpone marriage in countries where they enjoy the higher social status , better education system , and employment . In Europe , we can see a pattern of 20s / early 30s first marriage which makes sense as a time to start a lifelong partnership with someone as well as being financially solvent enough to be able to contemplate supporting someone should the need arise . Italy and United Kingdom for a reference on their age of first marriage shows late twenties and early thirties for both generate which follows with the idea that economic and cultural factors do play a significant role into changing the patters of first marriage .", "Note : the reported age for these countries is the median , not the mean ( average ) . All countries in italics have their data in the mean and not the median .", "Country Men Women Median Age Gap Year Source Australia 31.8 29.8 30.8 2015 Kiribati 23.6 20.1 21.9 3.5 2009 Marshall Islands 25.7 24.2 25 1.5 2011 F.S. Micronesia 27.5 25.5 26.5 Nauru 21.2 22.8 22.0 - 1.6 2007 New Zealand 30.1 28.6 29.4 1.5 2013 Solomon Islands 25.6 20.3 23.0 5.3 2007 Tonga 25.0 23.6 24.3 1.4 2012 Tuvalu 27.2 22.1 24.7 5.1 2007 Vanuatu 24.4 20.8 22.6 3.6 2013", "Country Men Women Median Age Gap Year Source", "Australia 31.8 29.8 30.8 2015", "Kiribati 23.6 20.1 21.9 3.5 2009", "Marshall Islands 25.7 24.2 25 1.5 2011", "F.S. Micronesia 27.5 25.5 26.5", "Nauru 21.2 22.8 22.0 - 1.6 2007", "New Zealand 30.1 28.6 29.4 1.5 2013", "Solomon Islands 25.6 20.3 23.0 5.3 2007", "Tonga 25.0 23.6 24.3 1.4 2012", "Tuvalu 27.2 22.1 24.7 5.1 2007", "Vanuatu 24.4 20.8 22.6 3.6 2013" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Rico Rodriguez Rodriguez at the 2015 Paley Center for Media ( 1998 - 07 - 31 ) July 31 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Bryan , Texas , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actor Years active 2006 -- present Notable credit ( s ) Manny Delgado in Modern Family Relatives Raini Rodriguez ( sister )", "Rico Rodriguez", "Rodriguez at the 2015 Paley Center for Media", "( 1998 - 07 - 31 ) July 31 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Bryan , Texas , U.S.", "Nationality American", "Occupation Actor", "Years active 2006 -- present", "Notable credit ( s ) Manny Delgado in Modern Family", "Relatives Raini Rodriguez ( sister )", "Rico Rodriguez ( born July 31 , 1998 ) is an American actor .", "He is best known for playing Manny Delgado in the ABC sitcom Modern Family . He also wrote a book that was published in 2012 .", "Rodriguez was born in Bryan , Texas , the son of Diane and Roy Rodriguez , who own a tire shop called Rodriguez Tire . His siblings are brothers Ray and Roy Jr. , and sister Raini Rodriguez , who is an actress . He is of Mexican descent .", "On March 12 , 2017 , Rodriguez 's father , Roy , died at age 52 .", "Rodriguez had not considered becoming an actor until around 2006 , when his sister began acting , stating in 2010 that he thought he would be `` a NASCAR chef going to the moon '' .", "In September 2009 , he began playing Manny Delgado in Modern Family . He is a co-winner of the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series on two occasions ( 2011 and 2012 ) , alongside the rest of the show 's cast , and a nomination for the same award was garnered in 2010 .", "He wrote a book that was published in 2012 titled Reel Life Lessons ... So Far .", "Year Title Role Notes 2007 Epic Movie Chanchito 2007 Parker Kid on Playground # 2 Short film 2008 Babysitters Beware Marco 2009 Opposite Day Kid Janitor 2011 The Muppets Himself Cameo 2015 Endgame Jose 2016 El Americano : The Movie Cuco ( voice )", "Year Title Role Notes", "2007 Epic Movie Chanchito", "2007 Parker Kid on Playground # 2 Short film", "2008 Babysitters Beware Marco", "2009 Opposite Day Kid Janitor", "2011 The Muppets Himself Cameo", "2015 Endgame Jose", "2016 El Americano : The Movie Cuco ( voice )", "Year Title Role Notes 2006 -- 2007 Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Ice cream kid prankster 10 episodes 2007 Cory in the House Rico 2 episodes 2007 ER James 1 episode 2007 Nip / Tuck Kid # 1 1 episode 2007 iCarly Boy riding toy horse Episode : `` iRue the Day '' 2008 My Name Is Earl Kid Season 3 , Ep20 : `` Girl Earl '' 2009 NCIS Travis Buckley Season 6 , Ep201 19 : `` Hide and Seek '' 2009 -- present Modern Family Manny Delgado Main Cast 2011 Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil Luigi Vendetta ( voice ) 1 episode 2011 Good Luck Charlie Leo 1 Episode 2012 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour Chi Episode : `` The Weeping Woman '' 2012 Sesame Street Presenter 1 episode 2012 Norman Costumed Boy / Linus van Pelt ( voice ) 1 episode 2014 Cyberchase Ollie ( voice ) 1 episode 2015 Jake and the Never Land Pirates Snow - Foot ( voice ) Episode : `` The Legendary Snow - Foot ! '' 2015 Austin & Ally Benny Episode : `` Burdens & Boynado '' 2016 Chopped Junior Guest Judge Season 2 , Episode 3 `` Quail Quest '' 2016 Nickelodeon 's Ultimate Halloween Haunted House Himself Main Role 2018 The Lion Guard Raha ( voice ) Episode : `` The Golden Zebra ''", "Year Title Role Notes", "2006 -- 2007 Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Ice cream kid prankster 10 episodes", "2007 Cory in the House Rico 2 episodes", "2007 ER James 1 episode", "2007 Nip / Tuck Kid # 1 1 episode", "2007 iCarly Boy riding toy horse Episode : `` iRue the Day ''", "2008 My Name Is Earl Kid Season 3 , Ep20 : `` Girl Earl ''", "2009 NCIS Travis Buckley Season 6 , Ep201 19 : `` Hide and Seek ''", "2009 -- present Modern Family Manny Delgado Main Cast", "2011 Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil Luigi Vendetta ( voice ) 1 episode", "2011 Good Luck Charlie Leo 1 Episode", "2012 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour Chi Episode : `` The Weeping Woman ''", "2012 Sesame Street Presenter 1 episode", "2012 Norman Costumed Boy / Linus van Pelt ( voice ) 1 episode", "2014 Cyberchase Ollie ( voice ) 1 episode", "2015 Jake and the Never Land Pirates Snow - Foot ( voice ) Episode : `` The Legendary Snow - Foot ! ''", "2015 Austin & Ally Benny Episode : `` Burdens & Boynado ''", "2016 Chopped Junior Guest Judge Season 2 , Episode 3 `` Quail Quest ''", "2016 Nickelodeon 's Ultimate Halloween Haunted House Himself Main Role", "2018 The Lion Guard Raha ( voice ) Episode : `` The Golden Zebra ''", "Year Association Work Result 2009 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won Young Artist Award Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series Won Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Male Breakout Star Won Imagen Award Best Supporting Actor -- Television Nominated 2011 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2011 ALMA Award Favorite TV Actor - Supporting Role in a Comedy Won 2011 Young Artist Awards Outstanding Young Ensemble in a TV Series Nominated 2011 Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Male Breakout Star Nominated 2012 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2012 ALMA Award Favorite TV Actor - Supporting Role in a Comedy Won 2013 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2013 Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Male Breakout Star Nominated 2014 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2015 Image Award Best Young Actor -- Television Won", "Year Association Work Result", "2009 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Won", "Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won", "Young Artist Award Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series Won", "Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Male Breakout Star Won", "Imagen Award Best Supporting Actor -- Television Nominated", "2011 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won", "2011 ALMA Award Favorite TV Actor - Supporting Role in a Comedy Won", "2011 Young Artist Awards Outstanding Young Ensemble in a TV Series Nominated", "2011 Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Male Breakout Star Nominated", "2012 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won", "2012 ALMA Award Favorite TV Actor - Supporting Role in a Comedy Won", "2013 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won", "2013 Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Male Breakout Star Nominated", "2014 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated", "2015 Image Award Best Young Actor -- Television Won" ]

[ [ "Surat" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Part of a series on Diamonds Material Material properties Crystallographic defects Formation and surfacing The 4 Cs Carat Clarity Color Cut Production List of mines Diamond cutting Synthetic diamonds The diamond industry Blood diamond De Beers Cultural impact History Symbolism Famous diamonds Imitations and enhancements Simulants Enhancements Theft Millennium Dome raid Schiphol Airport robbery Graff Diamonds robbery Belgium diamond heist Commons", "Part of a series on", "Diamonds", "Material", "Material properties Crystallographic defects Formation and surfacing", "Material properties Crystallographic defects Formation and surfacing", "Formation and surfacing", "The 4 Cs", "Carat Clarity Color Cut", "Carat Clarity Color Cut", "Production", "List of mines Diamond cutting Synthetic diamonds The diamond industry Blood diamond De Beers", "List of mines Diamond cutting Synthetic diamonds The diamond industry Blood diamond De Beers", "List of mines", "The diamond industry", "Cultural impact", "History Symbolism Famous diamonds", "History Symbolism Famous diamonds", "Imitations and enhancements", "Simulants Enhancements", "Simulants Enhancements", "Theft", "Millennium Dome raid Schiphol Airport robbery Graff Diamonds robbery Belgium diamond heist", "Millennium Dome raid Schiphol Airport robbery Graff Diamonds robbery Belgium diamond heist", "Millennium Dome raid", "Schiphol Airport robbery", "Graff Diamonds robbery", "Belgium diamond heist", "Commons", "Commons", "Diamond cutting is the practice of changing a diamond from a rough stone into a faceted gem . Cutting diamond requires specialized knowledge , tools , equipment , and techniques because of its extreme difficulty .", "The first guild of diamond cutters and polishers ( diamantaire ) was formed in 1375 in Nuremberg , Germany , and led to the development of various types of `` cut '' . This has two meanings in relation to diamonds . The first is the shape : square , oval , and so on . The second relates to the specific quality of cut within the shape , and the quality and price will vary greatly based on the cut quality . Since diamonds are one of the hardest materials , special diamond - coated surfaces are used to grind the diamond down . The first major development in diamond cutting came with the `` Point Cut '' during the later half of the 14th century : the Point Cut follows the natural shape of an octahedral rough diamond crystal , eliminating some waste in the cutting process .", "Diamond cutting , as well as overall processing , is concentrated in a few cities around the world . The main diamond trading centers are Antwerp , Tel Aviv , and Dubai from where roughs are sent to the main processing centers of India and China . Diamonds are cut and polished in Surat , India and the Chinese cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen . India in recent years has held between 19 -- 31 % of the world market in polished diamonds and China has held 17 % of the world market share in a recent year . Another important diamond center is New York City .", "The diamond cutting process includes these steps ; planning , cleaving or sawing , bruting , polishing , and final inspection .", "Diamond manufacturers analyze diamond rough from an economic perspective , with two objectives steering decisions made about how a faceted diamond will be cut . The first objective is that of maximum return on investment for the piece of diamond rough . The second is how quickly the finished diamond can be sold . Scanning devices are used to get a 3 - dimensional computer model of the rough stone . Also , inclusions are photographed and placed on the 3D model , which is then used to find an optimal way to cut the stone .", "The process of maximizing the value of finished diamonds , from a rough diamond into a polished gemstone , is both an art and a science . The choice of cut is influenced by many factors . Market factors include the exponential increase in value of diamonds as weight increases , referred to as weight retention , and the popularity of certain shapes amongst consumers . Physical factors include the original shape of the rough stone , and location of the inclusions and flaws to be eliminated .", "The weight retention analysis studies the diamond rough to find the best combination of finished stones as it relates to per carat value . For instance , a 2.20 carat ( 440 mg ) octahedron may produce ( i ) either two half carat ( 100 mg ) diamonds whose combined value may be higher than that of ( ii ) a 0.80 carat ( 160 mg ) diamond + 0.30 carat ( 60 mg ) diamond that could be cut from the same rough diamond .", "The round brilliant cut and square brilliant cuts are preferred when the crystal is an octahedron , as often two stones may be cut from one such crystal . Oddly shaped crystals , such as macles are more likely to be cut in a fancy cut -- that is , a cut other than the round brilliant -- which the particular crystal shape lends itself to .", "Even with modern techniques , the cutting and polishing of a diamond crystal always results in a dramatic loss of weight , about 50 % . Sometimes the cutters compromise and accept lesser proportions and symmetry in order to avoid inclusions or to preserve the weight . Since the per - carat price of a diamond shifts around key milestones ( such as 1.00 carat ) , many one - carat ( 200 mg ) diamonds are the result of compromising Cut quality for Carat weight .", "In colored diamonds , cutting can influence the color grade of the diamond , thereby raising its value . Certain cut shapes are used to intensify the color of the diamond . The radiant cut is an example of this type of cut .", "Natural green color diamonds most often have merely a surface coloration caused by natural irradiation , which does not extend through the stone . For this reason green diamonds are cut with significant portions of the original rough diamond 's surface ( naturals ) left on the finished gem . It is these naturals that provide the color to the diamond .", "The other consideration of diamond planning is how quickly a diamond will sell . This consideration is often unique to the type of manufacturer . While a certain cutting plan may yield a better value , a different plan may yield diamonds that will sell sooner , providing an earlier return on the investment .", "Cleaving is the separation of a piece of diamond rough into separate pieces , to be finished as separate gems .", "Sawing is the use of a diamond saw or laser to cut the diamond rough into separate pieces .", "Bruting is the art of cutting a diamond round . In the modern era diamonds are rounded using either a laser ; a diamond disk impregnated with diamonds ; or two diamonds cutting against each other . Industrial diamonds can also be used for bruting a diamond round . Modern computer software measures the roundness of each diamond and `` Ideal Cut '' diamonds have to round within a 10th of a millimeter to qualify as an excellent cut diamond .", "Diamond polishing is the final polishing of the diamond . In a diamond factory one would find a diamond `` Crossworker '' who first places the main facets on a diamond ( Blocking the diamond ) . This is done to ensure maximum weight , clarity and best angles for the specific shape of diamond . After initial crossworking is complete , the diamond is finalized by smoothing the main facets by the crossworker , which is known as polishing the diamond . After the main facets have been polished by the crossworker , the final facets are polished onto the diamond by a `` Brillianteer . '' The facets added are the stars , top and bottom halves also known as upper and lower girdle facets .", "The final stage involves thoroughly cleaning the diamond in acids , and examining the diamond to see whether it meets the quality standards of the manufacturer .", "It is possible only because the hardness of diamond varies widely according to the direction in which one is trying to cut or grind .", "A simplified round brilliant cut process includes the following stages :", "Planning -- Modern day planning of a diamond is done using computer software . Marking -- Outlining the best possible shape and cut of the diamond . Sawing the rough stone -- depending on the shape of rough diamond as not all diamonds are sawn . Table Bruting the girdle . Blocking 8 main pavilion facets -- these facets are divided into 4 Corners and 4 pavilions as the corners and pavilions run in different directions due to the atomic structure of the diamond . Crown -- the crown consist of 8 main facets and are divided into 4 Corners and 4 Bezels . Final bruting -- ensuring the diamonds girdle is perfectly round and smooth . Polishing all 16 main facets . Brillianteering -- Adding and polishing 8 stars and 16 pavilion and 16 crown halves . Quality Control -- checking for symmetry , polish and cut ( angles ) after the diamond is completed .", "Planning -- Modern day planning of a diamond is done using computer software .", "Marking -- Outlining the best possible shape and cut of the diamond .", "Sawing the rough stone -- depending on the shape of rough diamond as not all diamonds are sawn .", "Bruting the girdle .", "Blocking 8 main pavilion facets -- these facets are divided into 4 Corners and 4 pavilions as the corners and pavilions run in different directions due to the atomic structure of the diamond .", "Crown -- the crown consist of 8 main facets and are divided into 4 Corners and 4 Bezels .", "Final bruting -- ensuring the diamonds girdle is perfectly round and smooth .", "Polishing all 16 main facets .", "Brillianteering -- Adding and polishing 8 stars and 16 pavilion and 16 crown halves .", "Quality Control -- checking for symmetry , polish and cut ( angles ) after the diamond is completed .", "This is just one , although a fairly common way of creating a round brilliant cut . The actual process also includes many more stages depending on the size and quality of the rough stone . For example , bigger stones are first scanned to get the three - dimensional shape , which is then used to find the optimal usage . The scanning may be repeated after each stage and bruting may be done in several steps , each bringing the girdle closer to the final shape .", "Due to changes in market desirability and popularity , the value of different styles of diamond fluctuate . All diamonds can be recut into new shapes that will increase value at that time in the market and desirability . An example of this is the marquise cut diamond which was popular in the 1970s to 1980s . In later decades , jewelers had little success in selling this shape in comparison to other shapes like the oval or pear shape . The marquise can be cut into an oval diamond by any diamond cutter with a loss of 5 - 10 % in total weight . For example , a 1.10 carat marquise shape would be a 1.00 oval cut diamond by rounding the sharp points and creating an oval which currently in the market has a much greater desirability and resale value . The same marquise shape also could become a pear shape instead by only trimming and rounding the side which will be turned into the base of the pear shape .", "In the 18th century there was a trend for recutting Indian diamonds to suit English tastes . The Koh - i - Noor 's original cut weighed a little over 186.00 carats . When it was recut to an oval - shapped brilliant , almost 80 carats were lost .", "Other aspects are affected in recutting for value as well , such as the clarity . If an original shape contained inclusions on the tips , the recut would yield an increase in clarity since trimming down to a new shape would yield a cleaner overall finished diamond ." ]

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[ "Get Rich or Die Tryin ' Directed by Jim Sheridan Produced by Jimmy Iovine Chris Lighty Paul Rosenberg Jim Sheridan Written by Terence Winter Starring Curtis `` 50 Cent '' Jackson Terrence Howard Joy Bryant Bill Duke Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje Omar Benson Miller Viola Davis Music by Quincy Jones Gavin Friday Maurice Seezer Cinematography Declan Quinn Edited by Roger Barton Conrad Buff Production company MTV Films G - Unit Films Interscope / Shady / Aftermath Films Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $46.4 million", "Get Rich or Die Tryin '", "Directed by Jim Sheridan", "Produced by Jimmy Iovine Chris Lighty Paul Rosenberg Jim Sheridan", "Jimmy Iovine Chris Lighty Paul Rosenberg Jim Sheridan", "Written by Terence Winter", "Starring Curtis `` 50 Cent '' Jackson Terrence Howard Joy Bryant Bill Duke Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje Omar Benson Miller Viola Davis", "Curtis `` 50 Cent '' Jackson Terrence Howard Joy Bryant Bill Duke Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje Omar Benson Miller Viola Davis", "Curtis `` 50 Cent '' Jackson", "Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje", "Omar Benson Miller", "Music by Quincy Jones Gavin Friday Maurice Seezer", "Quincy Jones Gavin Friday Maurice Seezer", "Cinematography Declan Quinn", "Edited by Roger Barton Conrad Buff", "Roger Barton Conrad Buff", "Production company MTV Films G - Unit Films Interscope / Shady / Aftermath Films", "MTV Films G - Unit Films Interscope / Shady / Aftermath Films", "G - Unit Films", "Interscope / Shady / Aftermath Films", "Distributed by Paramount Pictures", "Release date November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 )", "November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 )", "November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 )", "Running time 117 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $40 million", "Box office $46.4 million", "Get Rich or Die Tryin ' is a 2005 American Hip - Hop Rap biopic crime film starring 50 Cent , in his feature film acting debut . It was released on November 9 , 2005 , and was known as Locked and Loaded during production . Similar to the 2002 Eminem film 8 Mile , which it used as a template , the film is loosely based on 50 Cent 's own life and was directed by Jim Sheridan . The name of the film is shared with 50 Cent 's 2003 debut album of the same name .", "After Marcus and his friends rob a Colombian safe house , Marcus is shot nine times . As the unidentified shooter points the gun to Marcus ' head and pulls the trigger , the film flashes back to his childhood .", "Marcus is a quiet young boy who adores his loving mother , and the two live a relatively comfortable life on her drug - dealing income . She often has to leave him with his grandparents while she conducts business . She is murdered in an apparent drug deal gone wrong .", "Forced to live with his grandparents full - time , they themselves also having children to look after , Marcus finds his life less appealing as his grandfather works long hours to support the family . As he grows older , he rejects the idea of legal work and decides to deal drugs , buying new clothing and a gun . Eventually he abandons high school to sell drugs for local kingpin Levar and his underling , Majestic , full - time . Majestic , however , plans to become a major drug lord himself , often conspiring with a Rap artist he manages named Dangerous .", "Years later , after Marcus reunites with his childhood sweetheart Charlene , 1 of his friends is shot and paralyzed at a club by a Colombian named Raul ; the gunman initially aimed for Marcus . In retaliation , Marcus attacks Raul but is unable to bring himself to kill Raul when he calls out to his father .", "When Raul refuses to identify Marcus as the shooter in a police line up , he is free to go . After an anonymous tip off , cops raid his house and find a gun and drugs , which did n't belong to Marcus . Marcus is jailed , and during his time in prison , he befriends an inmate named Bama .", "After encouragement from Bama , Marcus leaves the drug trade behind to pursue and fulfill his lifelong dream of being a rapper , calling himself Young Caesar . Bama joins as his manager and producer . Bama gets out of prison before Marcus but promises he will see him again .", "When Marcus leaves prison , Bama , Justice , Majestic , and June Bug are waiting for him . Majestic invites Marcus to become his right - hand man ( taking June Bug 's place ) , but Marcus tells him of his aspirations to being a rapper , which Majestic laughs off . Marcus leaves with Bama , taking Justice with him .", "Justice and Bama initially have a clash of personalities , but Marcus calms them after a roadside stop . Unconvinced of Marcus ' dream , Justice informs Majestic of his activities . As Marcus more seriously pursues music , Majestic tries everything in his power to sabotage his success , threatening record label employees , DJs , and more . Marcus refuses to stop and taunts Majestic and Dangerous in songs .", "Despite Marcus ' insistence at avoiding crime , Bama convinces him to carry out one last robbery on a Columbian safe house . While this happens , Majestic targets Marcus for death . After Marcus and his crew complete the robbery , the film returns to the 1st scene . It is then revealed that Marcus is shot outside of his family 's home by Justice . Marcus rethinks his life , prioritizing his young child . After a long and painful recovery , he records music again .", "Angered with Justice 's failure , Majestic kills him . Shortly after , Marcus meets with Levar , who remorsefully reveals that he is Marcus ' biological father and regrets not being there for him and his mother .", "Marcus prepares to go on stage . In the moments before the show , he angers Majestic , who reveals he killed Marcus ' mother years earlier . A fight ensues , and Marcus wins . Majestic begs for Marcus to kill him , but Marcus does n't . As Marcus is about to walk out on stage , Majestic tries to stab him . However , Bama shoots and wounds him . Marcus leaves Majestic in the hands of his cronies , and as he walks out towards the crowd , he stops as he hears a gunshot in the room behind him . There , Bama fires more shots into Majestic 's corpse .", "Marcus steps onto the stage and performs `` Hustler 's Ambition '' .", "Curtis `` 50 Cent '' Jackson as Marcus `` Young Caesar '' Greer Marc John Jefferies as Young Marcus Greer Terrence Howard as Bama Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Majestic Joy Bryant as Charlene Omar Benson Miller as Kyrl Tory Kittles as Justice Ashley Walters as Antoine Viola Davis as Grandma Sullivan Walker as Grandpa Serena Reeder as Katrina Bill Duke as Levar Mpho Koaho as Junebug Russell Hornsby as Odell Joseph Pierre as Uncle Deuce Ryan Allen as Uncle Roy Mykelti Williamson as Charlene 's step - father ( uncredited )", "Curtis `` 50 Cent '' Jackson as Marcus `` Young Caesar '' Greer Marc John Jefferies as Young Marcus Greer", "Marc John Jefferies as Young Marcus Greer", "Marc John Jefferies as Young Marcus Greer", "Terrence Howard as Bama", "Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Majestic", "Joy Bryant as Charlene", "Omar Benson Miller as Kyrl", "Tory Kittles as Justice", "Ashley Walters as Antoine", "Viola Davis as Grandma", "Sullivan Walker as Grandpa", "Serena Reeder as Katrina", "Bill Duke as Levar", "Mpho Koaho as Junebug", "Russell Hornsby as Odell", "Joseph Pierre as Uncle Deuce", "Ryan Allen as Uncle Roy", "Mykelti Williamson as Charlene 's step - father ( uncredited )", "The soundtrack was released on November 8 , 2005 . In December 2005 , the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album platinum . The album has so far sold over 3 million copies worldwide .", "Samuel L. Jackson publicly turned down an offer to co-star in the film , citing that he did not want to lend credence to what he believed was an inexperienced and unproven actor . Film critic Roger Ebert wrote of Jackson 's decision : `` ... Jackson is arguing against the anti-intellectual message that success for young black males is better sought in the worlds of rap and sports than in the classroom '' . Jackson and 50 Cent later co-starred in the 2006 film Home of the Brave .", "Get Rich or Die Tryin holds a 16 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based upon 117 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While it may be based upon 50 Cent 's own life experiences , Get Rich Or Die Tryin ' is too similar to many other rags - to - riches stories to resonate . '' Radio Times criticized the film , saying that `` as a vehicle for hip - hop superstar Curtis ' 50 Cent ' Jackson , this ( film ) runs out of gas a fair few kilometres short '' , giving it a `` could be worse '' rating of 2 / 5 stars . CinePassion stated that `` ( Jim ) Sheridan 's surface vividness is applied around a vacuum . ''", "FilmFocus said that the film 's `` real danger is that it sets a precedent for the director ; if the price is right he 's on board . '' The BBC was not entirely impressed with the film , saying that `` while it boasts a first - class director and is loosely based on the singer 's own life - story , the results leave you feeling a little short - changed . ''", "Jonathan Ross gave a positive review , calling Get Rich or Die Tryin ' `` gripping '' and suggesting that it had `` excellent performances '' . Roger Ebert also praised the film , giving the film a 3 out of 4 rating and saying that it was `` a film with a rich and convincing texture , a drama with power and anger '' .", "Get Rich or Die Tryin ' grossed $12,020,807 in its opening weekend . Altogether , the film grossed $46,442,528 in total worldwide ." ]

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[ "Wattle and daub is a composite building material used for making walls , in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil , clay , sand , animal dung and straw . Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years and is still an important construction material in many parts of the world . Many historic buildings include wattle and daub construction , and the technique is becoming popular again in more developed areas as a low - impact sustainable building technique .", "The wattle is made by weaving thin branches ( either whole , or more usually split ) or slats between upright stakes . The wattle may be made as loose panels , slotted between timber framing to make infill panels , or made in place to form the whole of a wall . In different regions , the material of wattle can be different . For example , in Mitchell Site on the northern outskirts of the city of Mitchell , South Dakota , willow has been found as the wattle material of the walls of the house . Reeds and vines can also be used as wattle material . The origin of the term wattle describing a group of acacias in Australia , is derived from the common use of acacias as wattle in early Australian European settlements .", "Daub is usually created from a mixture of fudu ingredients from three categories : binders , aggregates and reinforcement . Binders hold the mix together and can include clay , lime , chalk dust and limestone dust . Aggregates give the mix its bulk and dimensional stability through materials such as earth , sand , crushed chalk and crushed stone . Reinforcement is provided by straw , hair , hay or other fibrous materials , and helps to hold the mix together as well as to control shrinkage and provide flexibility . The daub may be mixed by hand , or by treading -- either by humans or livestock . It is then applied to the wattle and allowed to dry , and often then whitewashed to increase its resistance to rain . Sometimes there can be more than one layer of daub . Still in Mitchell Site , the anterior of the house had double layers of burned daub .", "This process has been replaced in modern architecture by lath and plaster , a common building material for wall and ceiling surfaces , in which a series of nailed wooden strips are covered with plaster smoothed into a flat surface . In many regions this building method has itself been overtaken by drywall construction using plasterboard sheets .", "The wattle and daub technique was used already in the Neolithic period . It was common for houses of a Linear pottery and Rössen cultures of Central Europe , but is also found in Western Asia ( Çatalhöyük , Shillourokambos ) as well as in North America ( Mississippian culture ) and South America ( Brazil ) . In Africa it is common in the architecture of traditional houses such as those of the Ashanti people . Its usage dates back at least 6000 years . There are suggestions that construction techniques such as lath and plaster and even cob may have evolved from wattle and daub . Fragments from prehistoric wattle and daub buildings have been found in Africa , Europe , Mesoamerica and North America . A review of English architecture especially reveals that the sophistication of this craft is dependent on the various styles of timber frame housing .", "As discussed earlier , there were two popular choices for wattle and daub paneling : close - studded paneling and square paneling .", "Close - studding panels create a much more narrow space between the timbers : anywhere from 7 to 16 inches ( 18 to 40 cm ) . For this style of panel , weaving is too difficult , so the wattles run horizontally and are known as ledgers . The ledgers are sprung into each upright timber ( stud ) through a system of augered holes on one side and short chiseled grooves along the other . The holes ( along with holes of square paneling ) are drilled at a slight angle towards the outer face of each stud . This allows room for upright hazels to be tied to ledgers from the inside of the building . The horizontal ledgers are placed every two to three feet ( 0.6 to 0.9 metres ) with whole hazel rods positioned upright top to bottom and lashed to the ledgers . These hazel rods are generally tied a finger widths apart with 6 - 8 rods each with a 16 - inch ( 40 cm ) width . Gaps allow key formation for drying .", "Square panels are large , wide panels typical of some later timber frame houses . These panels may be square in shape , or sometimes triangular to accommodate arched or decorative bracing . This style does require wattles to be woven for better support of the daub .", "To insert wattles in a square panel several steps are required . First , a series of evenly spaced holes are drilled along the middle of the inner face of each upper timber . Next , a continuous groove is cut along the middle of each inner face of the lower timber in each panel . Vertical slender timbers , known as staves , are then inserted and these hold the whole panel within the timber frame . The staves are positioned into the holes and then sprung into the grooves . They must be placed with sufficient gaps to weave the flexible horizontal wattles .", "In some places or cultures , the technique of wattle and daub were used with different materials thus has different names , including pug and pine , mud and stud ( stud and mud ) , hourdis , rab ( rad ) and dab , pierrotage / bousillage ( bouzillage ) and columage . Bajarreque and jacal are examples of structure built with the technique of wattle and daub .", "In the early days of the colonisation of South Australia , in areas where substantial timber was unavailable , pioneers ' cottages and other small buildings were frequently constructed with light vertical timbers , which may have been `` native pine '' ( Callitris or Casuarina spp . ) , driven into the ground , the gaps being stopped with pug ( kneaded clay and grass mixture ) . Another term for this construction is palisade and pug .", "`` Mud and stud '' is a similar process to wattle and daub , with a simple frame consisting only of upright studs joined by cross rails at the tops and bottoms . Thin staves of ash were attached , then daubed with a mixture of mud , straw , hair and dung . The style of building was once common in Lincolnshire .", "Pierrotage is the infilling material used in French Vernacular architecture of the Southern United States to infill between half - timbering with diagonal braces , which is similar with daub . It is usually made of lime mortar clay mixed with small stones . It is also called bousillage or bouzillage , especially in French Vernacular architecture of Louisiana of the early 1700s . The materials of bousillage are Spanish moss or clay and grass . Bousillage also refers to the type of brick molded with the same materials and used as infilling between posts . Columbage refers to the timber - framed construction with diagonal bracing of the framework . Pierratage or bousillage is the material filled into the structural timbers .", "Bajarreque is a wall constructed with the technique of wattle and daub . The wattle here is made of bagasse , and the daub is the mix of clay and straw .", "Jacal can refer to a type of crude house whose wall is built with wattle and daub in southwestern America . Closely spaced upright sticks or poles driven into the ground with small branches ( wattle ) interwoven between them make the structural frame of the wall . Mud or an adobe clay ( daub ) is covered outside . To provide additional weather protection , the wall is usually plastered ." ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Like most forms of modern football , rugby league football is played outdoors on a rectangular grass field with goals at each end that are to be attacked and defended by two opposing teams . The rules of rugby league have changed significantly over the decades since rugby football split into the league and union codes . This article details the modern form of the game and how it is generally played today , however rules do vary slightly between specific competitions .", "A game of rugby league consists of two forty - minute halves , played by two teams on a rectangular grass field of 120 metres in length and 58 -- 68 metres in width depending on the individual ground . In the middle of the field is the 50 - metre `` halfway '' line . Each side of the field , on either side of the 50 - metre line , is identical . 10 metres from the 50 - metre line is the 40 - metre line , followed by the 30 , 20 , 10 - metre and goal or ' try ' lines . This makes up 100 metres of field that is used for general play ( JK ) .", "At the middle of each goal line is a set of goal posts in the shape of the letter ' H ' , used for point scoring from kicks ( drop goals , penalty goals and conversions ) . Six to twelve metres beyond each goal - line is the dead ball line . The area between these two lines is called the in - goal area , and varies from field to field .", "The dead ball lines and the touch - lines ( side lines ) make up the boundary of the field of play . If the ball ( or any part of the body of a player in possession of the ball ) touches the ground on or beyond any of these lines , the ball is said to be dead and play must be restarted .", "Players of rugby league all need to be particularly physically fit and tough because of the game 's fast pace and the expansive size of the playing - field as well as the inherently rough physical contact involved . Depending on their exact role or position , a player 's size , strength and / or speed can provide different advantages ( or disadvantages ) . Effective teamwork is also extremely important as all players must work in concert with each other if they are to be successful .", "After a coin toss with the two captains and referee , the winner elects to either kick off or receive the kick off and chooses which end of the field to attack for the first half ( the ends changing over after the half - time break ) .", "Play commences once the ball has been kicked off from the ground in the centre of the field by one team to the other . The longer and higher the kick , the more advantageous , as this forces the team receiving the ball to return it from deeper within their own territory . However a kick that is too long or misdirected and goes out of the field of play without first bouncing in it results in a penalty being awarded to the non-kicking team from the halfway line . Conversely though if the kickoff exits the field of play after a bounce or more , the kicking team receives possession at the point of entry . A short kick off may be employed to regain possession , but it must travel at least beyond the 10 metre line ; they are usually attempted towards the end of closely fought matches when time is scarce and points are needed .", "Each team is responsible for defending their end of the field , and they take turns throughout a game at defending and attacking . At half - time ( the 40th minute of the game ) , the teams have a 10 - minute break , then swap ends before resuming play .", "The team with possession of the football is the team in attack . The primary aim of this team is to ' work ' the ball out from their own end of the field , into a more favourable position towards the opposition 's end , and score a try by grounding the ball in the opposition 's in - goal area or on the goal line . In some circumstances the team in attack may opt to kick a one - point drop goal instead of attempting to score a try . Scoring will at least involve first gaining field position and , in the case of scoring a try , will almost certainly involve breaking the opposition 's defensive line .", "The objective of the defensive side is to prevent the team in possession from scoring and obtaining their shorter term objectives . The defensive team carries out these objectives by :", "maintaining the defensive line providing last - ditch defenders preventing a try", "maintaining the defensive line", "providing last - ditch defenders", "preventing a try", "Favourable field position is an important aim in rugby league , a goal present in the minds of players at almost all times . Possession of the ball is the primary aim of each team . When in possession the aim is to maintain possession and score by running in packs and trying to minimise ball - handling errors and penalties conceded ( which always result in a changeover of possession ) . When not in possession the aim is to prevent the opposition from scoring , prevent or reduce the incidence of the opposition carrying the ball forward , and ultimately to gain possession of the ball .", "There are four ways to score points in rugby league : tries and conversions , penalty goals and drop goals .", "The try is worth four points and is the primary means of scoring in rugby league . To score a try , the ball must be placed with controlled downward pressure on the goal line ( also called the try line ) or in the in - goal area between the goal line and the dead ball line using the hand , forearm or torso area . This is referred to as grounding the football . If the player scoring the try is also being tackled at the same time , the try must be completed before or at the moment the tackle is completed . Occasionally , when it is deemed that a try would certainly have been scored were it not for a rule infringement of a defending player , a penalty try can be awarded ( instead of a regular penalty ) directly under the goal posts regardless of where the offence took place . Because of the certainty the referee must have that the try `` would have '' been scored , penalty tries are uncommon .", "The try is worth four points and is the primary means of scoring in rugby league . To score a try , the ball must be placed with controlled downward pressure on the goal line ( also called the try line ) or in the in - goal area between the goal line and the dead ball line using the hand , forearm or torso area . This is referred to as grounding the football . If the player scoring the try is also being tackled at the same time , the try must be completed before or at the moment the tackle is completed . Occasionally , when it is deemed that a try would certainly have been scored were it not for a rule infringement of a defending player , a penalty try can be awarded ( instead of a regular penalty ) directly under the goal posts regardless of where the offence took place . Because of the certainty the referee must have that the try `` would have '' been scored , penalty tries are uncommon .", "Even more uncommon are 8 - Point tries , where in the process of a try being scored ; a severe infringement by the defensive team has been committed ; such as a dangerous tackle or ensuing violence . In this circumstance four points are awarded for the try and two attempts are allowed at goal ; one in line with the try and the other directly in front , giving a possible 8 points .", "Following a try , the scoring team has a chance to convert the try from four points to six with a place kicked goal over the crossbar and between the uprights of the goal - posts ; this is known as a conversion and the six - point total is known as a converted try . The kick may be taken from a position perpendicular to the goal line opposite the location that the try was scored . The kick may be taken as close or as far from the goal line as the kicker prefers . In Europe and under the international rules it is also permissible to take the conversion attempt with a drop kick rather than a place kick . Try - scorers will sometimes attempt to `` improve the angle '' for the kicker by grounding the football as close to the goal - posts as possible .", "Following a try , the scoring team has a chance to convert the try from four points to six with a place kicked goal over the crossbar and between the uprights of the goal - posts ; this is known as a conversion and the six - point total is known as a converted try . The kick may be taken from a position perpendicular to the goal line opposite the location that the try was scored . The kick may be taken as close or as far from the goal line as the kicker prefers . In Europe and under the international rules it is also permissible to take the conversion attempt with a drop kick rather than a place kick . Try - scorers will sometimes attempt to `` improve the angle '' for the kicker by grounding the football as close to the goal - posts as possible .", "Change in scoring values over time Period Try Conversion Penalty Drop goal Field goal Goal from mark 1895 -- 1897 1897 -- 1922 1922 -- 1950 -- 1950 -- 1971 - -- 1971 -- 1983 - -- 1983 -- present - --", "Period Try Conversion Penalty Drop goal Field goal Goal from mark", "1895 -- 1897", "1897 -- 1922", "1922 -- 1950 --", "1950 -- 1971 - --", "1971 -- 1983 - --", "1983 -- present - --", "When a team is awarded a penalty , they are given the choice of taking a two - point penalty kick from the point that the offence took place , or attacking with a set of six tackles in the hope of scoring a four - point try . Depending on the proximity to the goal posts and other circumstances of the game , the team 's captain will choose which option they feel is the more appropriate . As with other goals , the kick must pass both over the crossbar and between the uprights of the goal - posts . In the event of a foul being committed on a player as or after that player succeeds in scoring a try , the scoring team will be awarded a penalty kick in addition to the conversion attempt . In such a circumstance , the conversion attempt is taken in line with where the ball was grounded , followed by a penalty goal attempt taken from directly in front of the goal posts , regardless of the spot of the foul . Should both kicks be successful , this event is often referred to as an 8 - point try . The 8 - point try differs from a penalty try , because the attacking player must have successfully scored the try . A drop goal ( also known as a field goal ) is worth only one point and is thus the least chosen method of scoring . It is attempted during general play , and to be valid must be made by a drop kick , and as with penalty and conversion goals , must pass both over the crossbar and between the uprights of the goal - posts . Drop goals are usually attempted when in good field position in an attempt to secure a win late in a close game or when the scores are within a converted try ( 6 points ) of each other so that , if successful , their opponents must score a minimum of two times to avoid losing . Less commonly , drop goals may be attempted just before half - time , to secure the most points scored in the first half . Additionally , it is a common way to win matches in competitions that use golden point extra time to decide games that are tied after normal time has elapsed . Unnecessary or unlikely attempts at Field Goal have become less common with the advent of the Zero tackle rule , with a miss generally resulting in a Seven - tackle set restart from the 20m line for the opposing side .", "When a team is awarded a penalty , they are given the choice of taking a two - point penalty kick from the point that the offence took place , or attacking with a set of six tackles in the hope of scoring a four - point try . Depending on the proximity to the goal posts and other circumstances of the game , the team 's captain will choose which option they feel is the more appropriate . As with other goals , the kick must pass both over the crossbar and between the uprights of the goal - posts .", "In the event of a foul being committed on a player as or after that player succeeds in scoring a try , the scoring team will be awarded a penalty kick in addition to the conversion attempt . In such a circumstance , the conversion attempt is taken in line with where the ball was grounded , followed by a penalty goal attempt taken from directly in front of the goal posts , regardless of the spot of the foul . Should both kicks be successful , this event is often referred to as an 8 - point try . The 8 - point try differs from a penalty try , because the attacking player must have successfully scored the try .", "A drop goal ( also known as a field goal ) is worth only one point and is thus the least chosen method of scoring . It is attempted during general play , and to be valid must be made by a drop kick , and as with penalty and conversion goals , must pass both over the crossbar and between the uprights of the goal - posts . Drop goals are usually attempted when in good field position in an attempt to secure a win late in a close game or when the scores are within a converted try ( 6 points ) of each other so that , if successful , their opponents must score a minimum of two times to avoid losing . Less commonly , drop goals may be attempted just before half - time , to secure the most points scored in the first half . Additionally , it is a common way to win matches in competitions that use golden point extra time to decide games that are tied after normal time has elapsed . Unnecessary or unlikely attempts at Field Goal have become less common with the advent of the Zero tackle rule , with a miss generally resulting in a Seven - tackle set restart from the 20m line for the opposing side .", "Points scored differ from rugby union , where a try , conversion , penalty , and drop goal score 5 , 2 , 3 , and 3 points respectively .", "Players on the team with possession may pass the ball to one another while trying to reach the opposition 's end of the field . A player may only pass the ball behind him , or across the field parallel to the goal line . Therefore , the rest of the players on the team in possession must ensure that they are ' on - side ' , and in a position to legally receive the ball by staying behind or in - line with the passer . A pass deemed to have propelled the ball forward is called a ' forward pass ' and results in an immediate halt to play and changeover of possession . Passes are also susceptible to interception by enterprising players on the defensive team who anticipate the pass and rush up to catch it , winning possession for their team .", "The defensive team tries to stop the attacking team from scoring by tackling the player with the ball as quickly as possible to prevent him gaining more ground . A tackle forces a halt in play for as long as it takes the tackled player to return to his feet and play the ball . In that time , the defending team , with the exception of two markers , must move back a minimum of 10 metres towards their end of the field . The attacking team restarts play and continues with its next chance to score via the play - the - ball . After each tackle the attacking team should be closer to their opposition 's end of the field . A 2012 New Zealand study found that over 659 tackles are made per game in professional rugby league . Of all the rugby league positions , second - row forward averages the most tackles .", "Since 1972 , an attacking team has a set of six chances to score , often referred to as six tackles . The referee keeps track of how many tackles have been performed in each set of six . Some referees choose to shout the number of tackles ( to avoid any players ' confusion as to what point in the tackle count it is ) ; however , this is not a requirement . When a side has used five tackles , the referee signals `` fifth tackle '' by raising an arm above his head with fingers spread , indicating that five of the tackles in the set have taken place and the next tackle will be the last .", "If a sixth tackle is made , a change - over takes place . The defending and attacking teams switch roles , and the new attacking team starts its own set of six by playing the ball at the point on the field where the last tackle was made . Usually the attacking team kicks the ball onwards after the fifth tackle in either a last - ditch attempt to score , or to force the opposition to start their next set of six tackles as far back as possible .", "An attacking team may also have seven chances to score in a special circumstance , governed by the zero tackle rule .", "Play - the - ball is used to restart play in various instances during a game , but most - commonly immediately following a tackle . The act of the play - the - ball is sometimes referred to simply as ' playing the ball ' . To return the ball to play correctly , the tackled player must :", "have stopped forward progress ( i.e. , been tackled ) ; have both feet on the ground ; place the ball on the ground in front of one foot and ; roll the ball backwards by use of the boot .", "have stopped forward progress ( i.e. , been tackled ) ;", "have both feet on the ground ;", "place the ball on the ground in front of one foot and ;", "roll the ball backwards by use of the boot .", "From the moment the ball is rolled back by the tackled player 's boot , the next phase of play begins . The ' dummy half ' is the term used to refer to the player who then picks up the ball and resumes his team 's attack .", "The ruck is located between the player playing - the - ball and the defending marker . The ruck exists during the time between a tackle being completed and the subsequent play - the - ball being completed . The ball can not be interfered with by a defending player whilst it is in the ruck , otherwise a penalty will be issued against that player 's team . A penalty is also issued against the attacking team if the player responsible for playing the ball , does not play it correctly . Many penalties in rugby league occur in and around the ruck .", "Following a completed tackle , all but two of the defending team ( the markers , see below ) must retreat at least ten metres from the point at which the tackle is made . This distance is marked by the referee . Following the play - the - ball , defenders are permitted to advance to try to put pressure on the attackers and to reduce the distance they can make with the ball . If a defender who has failed to retreat 10 metres interferes with play , then he will be deemed to have been offside and this will result in a penalty to the attacking team . Equally , if a defender advances too quickly before the ball is played , then this will also result in a penalty to the attackers . When a player kicks the ball their teammates must be behind them or they will be called for offside if they interfere with the play .", "If at any time the ball is dropped forwards by an attacker and hits the ground or another player , this constitutes a knock on and possession will be turned over . The only exception is if a player is performing a drop - kick . If the ball is dropped in a backwards motion , this will not be ruled as a knock - on . Equally , if a player fumbles the ball but manages to regather it before it hits the ground , an opponent or teammate , then play will be allowed to continue . ( Floating forward but landing backwards ends in a knock on )", "The scrum is formed by the ' front row ' forwards of each side locking together , and ' packing down ' to push against each other . The ' second row ' forwards pack in behind the front rows , and the loose forward join the scrum at the back . The ball is `` fed '' through the legs of one of the props by the halfback , who normally then retrieves it again from the back of the scrum .", "The scrum was traditionally used as a mechanism where the two teams compete for possession of the football ; however this has since changed with the introduction of fair , but uncontested scrums , where the ball is fed into the second row , instead of the first , all but eliminating an effective competition for the ball . Because of these changes the scrum serves to simply remove the forwards from the play for a period , thus creating more space for the backs to attack the depleted defensive line . This is intended to give advantage to the side that is awarded the scrum . It is very rare ( but not completely unknown ) for a team to win possession of the ball , despite not having the feed , though in such situations the referee may restart the scrum .", "A scrum can be awarded following a forward pass , knock on or the ball going over the sideline and into touch .", "If the defending team ' knocks on ' or touches the ball when it 's in the air , and the ball is immediately regathered by the attacking team , the referee may elect to restart the tackle count in lieu of awarding a scrum ; known as the zero tackle rule because the next tackle is counted as ' tackle zero ' and not the usual ' tackle one ' . The zero tackle rule can not be used in a set that was started by the zero tackle rule . On awarding the zero tackle rule , the referee will shout `` Back to zero ! '' or `` Six again '' , and wave one arm over his head with fingers clenched into a fist , indicating the attacking side 's next tackle is tackle zero . If a player collects the ball directly from an opposition kick in general play , the first time he is tackled does not register on the tackle count . If the receiving player kicks or passes the ball prior to being tackled then this does not apply .", "During the play - the - ball it is customary for a player from the defending team to stand directly in front of the player playing the ball , called the marker . If no marker is present , the tackled player may tap the ball on his boot to start the next play , instead of the normally required play - the - ball . As the tap is faster to perform than the play - the - ball , giving great advantage to the attack , there is almost always a marker . Usually the person who tackled the player becomes a marker because he is the closest to the tackled player . There may be a maximum of two markers for each play - the - ball , the second standing behind the first .", "The marker ( s ) must stand directly in front of the tackled player ; not doing so will result in a penalty . A marker must also not move towards the ball until the play - the - ball has been completed , otherwise he will be penalised .", "The 40 -- 20 rule was introduced by the ARL in Australia in 1997 to further reward accurate kicking in general play . It has since been adopted in Britain as well , at all levels . A 40 -- 20 kick must be both accurate and long . For a successful 40 -- 20 :", "the kicker must be behind his side 's 40 - metre line when he kicks the ball , the ball must first hit the ground within the field of play , the ball must then go over the sidelines of the field of play ( into touch ) past the opponent 's 20 - metre line .", "the kicker must be behind his side 's 40 - metre line when he kicks the ball ,", "the ball must first hit the ground within the field of play ,", "the ball must then go over the sidelines of the field of play ( into touch ) past the opponent 's 20 - metre line .", "The team that kicked is awarded a tap - kick restart from the point that the ball left the field . Before the 40 -- 20 rule , the non-kicking team would have otherwise been awarded the scrum feed . Until recent years , a successful 40 - 20 kick resulted in a scrum for the kicking team . This was changed and now the attacking team is awarded a tap restart in line from where the ball went out of bounds .", "If the player in possession of the ball is tackled behind their own goal line , plays the ball over their own dead - ball line , or grounds the ball in their own in - goal area , their team is obliged to perform a drop - kick from between their own goal posts . This kick must travel over the 10 - metre line before it is touched by either team . The goal line drop - out usually gives possession back to the opposing team .", "The drop - kicking team might attempt to gain possession by executing a short kick and have their players attempt to reach the ball before the other team does , but this carries the risk that the other team could gain possession very close to the try - line . The drop - kicking team might also attempt to gain possession by kicking the ball so that it bounces before going into touch , in that event they would be awarded head and feed at the resulting scrum .", "This rule is similar to the safety rule in American football . Unlike the safety rule , however , no points are awarded for tackling a player behind his goal line .", "The defensive team and attacking team carry out any number of tactics , within the rules , to achieve their short term and ultimately long term objectives . The tactics below are a basic guide to how the game is typically played . On occasions , enterprising teams may choose to deviate from the typical tactics to surprise their opponents .", "Field position is crucial in rugby league .", "Usually when inside their own half of the field , an attacking team will use low - risk plays to attempt to gain metres while avoiding turning over possession .", "Hit - up", "Also known as a drive , this is the act of taking a pass from the dummy - half and running straight into the opposition 's defensive line without looking to pass . Hit - ups are usually employed to gain low - risk metres early in the tackle - count , but a good hit - up can also result in a breach of the defensive line . It also tires defenders , who have to stop an on - rushing opponent by putting their bodies on the line . Defending players may be drawn in towards the player hitting the ball up in an effort to make a tackle , possibly leaving other parts of the defensive line weakened for other attackers should the ball - carrier manage to off - load the ball to a teammate . Forwards are usually used for taking hit - ups because of their greater size ( often over 100 kg ) and strength , although most players on a team will take some hit - ups during a match . Most sets of 6 usually involve at least one hit - up to build a position from which to attack . A set of five hit - ups and a kick is known as one - out rugby ,", "Dummy - half Scoot An alternative to a hit - up is for the player in the acting - halfback position to run the ball himself , without passing . This is often performed by quicker players as they are able to round the markers and make ground for their side . Some teams use repeated dummy - half scoots with the intention of playing the ball quickly and catching defenders before they are able to properly position themselves . This is known as quick ball or ' getting a roll on ' .", "Kicks in play can , if successful , result in rapid field advancement . Towards the end of the tackle count , the ball will often find its way to the best kicker on the team who will then return possession of the ball to the other side in the most favourable position for his team by kicking it down to the other end . These kicks are sometimes intended to go into touch ( leave the field of play ) , resulting in a scrum to restart play . Scrums take a while to form , so this gives the attacking team a chance for a short rest before play resumes . Following a defensive penalty , a team with possession may gain field position by kicking for touch ; that is , by kicking the ball on the full over either of the touch lines . Unlike Rugby Union , which brings the ball back into play with a line - out , the team with possession retains the ball by putting the ball back in play with a tap , in line from where the ball crossed the touch line . This also gives that team a new set of six tackles . The 40 / 20 rule is a relatively new rule created to reward excellence in kicking for touch . When a player on the attacking team kicks the ball from behind his 40 - metre line and it goes into touch between the opposition 's 20 - metre line and goal - line after bouncing at least once within the field of play , a 40 / 20 is awarded . The usual decision to give the head and feed of the scrum to the non-kicking team when the ball enters touch is reversed if the kick is a 40 / 20 . As scrums are rarely competitive , a successful 40 / 20 virtually guarantees possession in an attacking position by effectively moving the team from their own 40 - metre line to the position where the ball went out .", "Kicks in play can , if successful , result in rapid field advancement . Towards the end of the tackle count , the ball will often find its way to the best kicker on the team who will then return possession of the ball to the other side in the most favourable position for his team by kicking it down to the other end . These kicks are sometimes intended to go into touch ( leave the field of play ) , resulting in a scrum to restart play . Scrums take a while to form , so this gives the attacking team a chance for a short rest before play resumes .", "Following a defensive penalty , a team with possession may gain field position by kicking for touch ; that is , by kicking the ball on the full over either of the touch lines . Unlike Rugby Union , which brings the ball back into play with a line - out , the team with possession retains the ball by putting the ball back in play with a tap , in line from where the ball crossed the touch line . This also gives that team a new set of six tackles .", "The 40 / 20 rule is a relatively new rule created to reward excellence in kicking for touch . When a player on the attacking team kicks the ball from behind his 40 - metre line and it goes into touch between the opposition 's 20 - metre line and goal - line after bouncing at least once within the field of play , a 40 / 20 is awarded . The usual decision to give the head and feed of the scrum to the non-kicking team when the ball enters touch is reversed if the kick is a 40 / 20 . As scrums are rarely competitive , a successful 40 / 20 virtually guarantees possession in an attacking position by effectively moving the team from their own 40 - metre line to the position where the ball went out .", "In addition to trying to break the defensive line with the sheer force of a hit - up , players attempt to breach the opposing team 's defence through combinations of plays , using speed , passing and / or kicking .", "Most rugby league tries result from back - line movements which involve deft passing between attacking players to move the ball out quickly to the wings or centres . If the ball movement is quicker than the defensive line 's ability to shift to cover the outer attackers , resulting spaces towards the side of the field give opportunities for the faster wingers and centres to score out wide . The most skilful forwards will , during a hit - up , look to release the ball to a supporting player before the tackle is completed ; known as an off - load . The hit - up , if successful , should create spaces in the defensive line due to defending players having been drawn into the tackle . This creates opportunities for the supporting players to breach the defensive line while the defence is busy trying to contain the initial hit - up . A ' dummy ' is a move in which the player with the ball pretends to pass to a teammate , but retains the ball and continues to run with it . The aim of this move is to take advantage of defenders that like to rush up on players who are about to receive the ball . This in effect draws the defending player ( s ) into the ' supposed ' receiver of the ball leaving the player with the ball , unmarked . Generally , defensive players are assigned a player ( or rather a position ) which they must account for in defence . Manoeuvres by players on the attacking team are sometimes aimed at foiling this defensive system . A ' run - around ' occurs when player A passes the ball to player B , and then circles behind him to receive the ball again from him . This play is designed to take advantage of those defenders who will follow the ' player ' and not the ' position ' thus luring one or many defenders out of their respective positions in the defensive line , leaving the defensive line punctuated by gaps . The defending team must try to move laterally with the ball across the field to ensure all attacking players remain marked . A ' face - ball ' , ' second man play ' or ' cut - out pass ' is a pass that travels through the air in front of one or more attacking players ( who do not catch it ) to another player further down the line . Defenders may mistakenly focus on the next player in the attacking line , who does not receive the ball , potentially leaving the actual ball - receiver unmarked .", "Most rugby league tries result from back - line movements which involve deft passing between attacking players to move the ball out quickly to the wings or centres . If the ball movement is quicker than the defensive line 's ability to shift to cover the outer attackers , resulting spaces towards the side of the field give opportunities for the faster wingers and centres to score out wide .", "The most skilful forwards will , during a hit - up , look to release the ball to a supporting player before the tackle is completed ; known as an off - load . The hit - up , if successful , should create spaces in the defensive line due to defending players having been drawn into the tackle . This creates opportunities for the supporting players to breach the defensive line while the defence is busy trying to contain the initial hit - up .", "A ' dummy ' is a move in which the player with the ball pretends to pass to a teammate , but retains the ball and continues to run with it . The aim of this move is to take advantage of defenders that like to rush up on players who are about to receive the ball . This in effect draws the defending player ( s ) into the ' supposed ' receiver of the ball leaving the player with the ball , unmarked .", "Generally , defensive players are assigned a player ( or rather a position ) which they must account for in defence . Manoeuvres by players on the attacking team are sometimes aimed at foiling this defensive system . A ' run - around ' occurs when player A passes the ball to player B , and then circles behind him to receive the ball again from him . This play is designed to take advantage of those defenders who will follow the ' player ' and not the ' position ' thus luring one or many defenders out of their respective positions in the defensive line , leaving the defensive line punctuated by gaps . The defending team must try to move laterally with the ball across the field to ensure all attacking players remain marked .", "A ' face - ball ' , ' second man play ' or ' cut - out pass ' is a pass that travels through the air in front of one or more attacking players ( who do not catch it ) to another player further down the line . Defenders may mistakenly focus on the next player in the attacking line , who does not receive the ball , potentially leaving the actual ball - receiver unmarked .", "A chip kick can be used to put the ball behind the defensive line so that either the kicker himself or a teammate can chase or regather it . Sometimes the kicker himself will attempt to regather after an extremely short chip kick over or past the defenders whilst running towards them . Upon kicking , a player is deemed to have relinquished possession of the ball and thus may not be tackled or interfered with by the defence . The kicker 's already - existing momentum as he runs towards the opposition 's in goal area gives him an advantage over defenders who must turn and chase . However this chip and regather is risky as it is difficult to perform successfully and good defending fullbacks will usually be lurking behind the defensive line , waiting for just this type of kick . The grubber is more commonly used in a similar play . The grubber kick is commonly performed when close to the in - goal area ; the grubber kick causes the ball to roll along the ground which at times , makes the ball jump up into a perfect catching position , easier than catching a punt or other kick . The rolling on the ground gives chasers more opportunities to regather the ball , rather than waiting for the ball to fall back to earth . The rolling also slows down the ball , allowing the kicker to place the kick so that it comes to rest inside the in - goal area . The bomb is a kick that goes high into the air . Both teams watch and wait for the ball to come down , and both teams usually having an equal chance at regathering it .", "A chip kick can be used to put the ball behind the defensive line so that either the kicker himself or a teammate can chase or regather it . Sometimes the kicker himself will attempt to regather after an extremely short chip kick over or past the defenders whilst running towards them . Upon kicking , a player is deemed to have relinquished possession of the ball and thus may not be tackled or interfered with by the defence . The kicker 's already - existing momentum as he runs towards the opposition 's in goal area gives him an advantage over defenders who must turn and chase . However this chip and regather is risky as it is difficult to perform successfully and good defending fullbacks will usually be lurking behind the defensive line , waiting for just this type of kick .", "The grubber is more commonly used in a similar play . The grubber kick is commonly performed when close to the in - goal area ; the grubber kick causes the ball to roll along the ground which at times , makes the ball jump up into a perfect catching position , easier than catching a punt or other kick . The rolling on the ground gives chasers more opportunities to regather the ball , rather than waiting for the ball to fall back to earth . The rolling also slows down the ball , allowing the kicker to place the kick so that it comes to rest inside the in - goal area .", "The bomb is a kick that goes high into the air . Both teams watch and wait for the ball to come down , and both teams usually having an equal chance at regathering it .", "When a side is defending they must prevent metres lost . They must defend against ball runners and kickers .", "The easiest way to do this is to select the largest players from the team to do most of the tackling ; A larger tackler will force back an attacking player much easier than a smaller tackler . In preventing metres lost it is also important to ' wrap up the ball ' to prevent the attacking player who is currently hitting the ball up from offloading . Offloading causes second phase play .", "The easiest way to do this is to select the largest players from the team to do most of the tackling ; A larger tackler will force back an attacking player much easier than a smaller tackler .", "In preventing metres lost it is also important to ' wrap up the ball ' to prevent the attacking player who is currently hitting the ball up from offloading . Offloading causes second phase play .", "Defending players aim to spread across the field in a single line and stop the attacking players from breaking this line . The ' Slide Defence ' and the ' Umbrella Defence ' tactics aim to curb the amount of breaks in the line .", "The ' sliding defence ' requires that gaps are left at either edge of the field at the end of the defensive line , which aims to squeeze more players around the area of play . This allows the line to be at its strongest around the position of play , thus leaving the attacking side less opportunity to run through the line . Should the attacking side move the ball towards one edge of the field in an attempt to go around the defensive line , then the entire defensive line will move in that direction ; this is known as sliding . Because defenders remain on the inside shoulder of attacking players , slide defence effectively uses the touch line as an extra defender . One of the main disadvantages of sliding defence is that it gives the attacking team more time and space with the ball . The ' umbrella defence ' ( or ' up and in ' defence ) requires that players do not spread across the entire field . The defensive line is particularly vulnerable on the edges around the wings , therefore the best defensive measure in this case is a preventative measure . That is , the aim becomes to prevent the attacking team from going to the wings or to disrupt any passes towards the edge of the field . This requires that defensive players ( wingers or centres ) on the edge of the defensive line move up faster than those in the middle of the line . Umbrella defence is a key tactic for defending against attacking plays close to the goal line , when it can be necessary to quickly shut down attacking players ' time and space with the ball .", "The ' sliding defence ' requires that gaps are left at either edge of the field at the end of the defensive line , which aims to squeeze more players around the area of play . This allows the line to be at its strongest around the position of play , thus leaving the attacking side less opportunity to run through the line . Should the attacking side move the ball towards one edge of the field in an attempt to go around the defensive line , then the entire defensive line will move in that direction ; this is known as sliding . Because defenders remain on the inside shoulder of attacking players , slide defence effectively uses the touch line as an extra defender . One of the main disadvantages of sliding defence is that it gives the attacking team more time and space with the ball .", "The ' umbrella defence ' ( or ' up and in ' defence ) requires that players do not spread across the entire field . The defensive line is particularly vulnerable on the edges around the wings , therefore the best defensive measure in this case is a preventative measure . That is , the aim becomes to prevent the attacking team from going to the wings or to disrupt any passes towards the edge of the field . This requires that defensive players ( wingers or centres ) on the edge of the defensive line move up faster than those in the middle of the line . Umbrella defence is a key tactic for defending against attacking plays close to the goal line , when it can be necessary to quickly shut down attacking players ' time and space with the ball .", "An attacking side may kick the ball through or over the defensive line of players . The defence must defend against kicks in the normal field of play and in the in - goal area .", "Late in the tackle count , when the attacking side is more likely to kick , the fullback and wingers drop back towards the defending team 's in - goal area . As the name suggests , the fullback covers the end of the field and in - goal area whilst the wingers cover the edges of the field and the area between the defensive line and the fullback . A kick to the corner can be more efficiently fielded by a winger than by pulling the fullback out of position , while a long kick to the end of the field is best taken by the fullback . The use of the fullback and wingers to defend against potential kicks allows the other rear defenders to become available to receive a pass as their side receives the ball and begins its set . While the backs prepare to receive a kick , the other defenders will attempt to apply pressure to the kicker . It is usually rather predictable when a side is about to kick : normally one member of the attacking team is in charge of kicking , and as the team prepares to kick , he will drop back and make himself available deep behind the dummy half , to give himself space and time to set up for the kick . To limit the kicker 's effectiveness , the defenders will often rush up out of the defensive line towards him . As well as giving him less time to set up , this action can cloud the kicker 's mind , distracting him with thoughts of the upcoming tackle or encouraging him to consider switching to another attacking option due to the sudden change in the defensive line . This combination of physical and mental pressure may lead to a poor kick , giving an advantage to the non-kicking team . This manoeuvre could also result in a ' charge - down ' , if a defending player manages to get in the way of the ball very shortly after it is kicked ( If the ball travels forward this is an exception to the knock - on rule ) . This often results in a line break or try to the previously defending team , however it runs the risk of having the attacking team regather the ball for a new set of tackles .", "Late in the tackle count , when the attacking side is more likely to kick , the fullback and wingers drop back towards the defending team 's in - goal area . As the name suggests , the fullback covers the end of the field and in - goal area whilst the wingers cover the edges of the field and the area between the defensive line and the fullback . A kick to the corner can be more efficiently fielded by a winger than by pulling the fullback out of position , while a long kick to the end of the field is best taken by the fullback . The use of the fullback and wingers to defend against potential kicks allows the other rear defenders to become available to receive a pass as their side receives the ball and begins its set .", "While the backs prepare to receive a kick , the other defenders will attempt to apply pressure to the kicker . It is usually rather predictable when a side is about to kick : normally one member of the attacking team is in charge of kicking , and as the team prepares to kick , he will drop back and make himself available deep behind the dummy half , to give himself space and time to set up for the kick . To limit the kicker 's effectiveness , the defenders will often rush up out of the defensive line towards him . As well as giving him less time to set up , this action can cloud the kicker 's mind , distracting him with thoughts of the upcoming tackle or encouraging him to consider switching to another attacking option due to the sudden change in the defensive line . This combination of physical and mental pressure may lead to a poor kick , giving an advantage to the non-kicking team . This manoeuvre could also result in a ' charge - down ' , if a defending player manages to get in the way of the ball very shortly after it is kicked ( If the ball travels forward this is an exception to the knock - on rule ) . This often results in a line break or try to the previously defending team , however it runs the risk of having the attacking team regather the ball for a new set of tackles .", "If the ball is caught on the full by a defender standing in the in - goal area , play halts and possession is awarded to the catcher 's team , with play to restart twenty metres from the in - goal area . This is aimed to penalise the attacking team for a poor kick that was easily fielded by the opposition full back whilst awarding the defending team who were skilled enough to field the kick . A defender will shadow the ball over the touch line to prevent an attacking team member from getting into a position to ground the ball . It is most likely a ball may be heading to touch off a kick from the attacking side . On this occasion , the roles of each team are reversed , where the attacking team becomes the defending and vice versa . Grounding the ball in - goal or putting the ball into touch are considered last - ditch defensive techniques that prevent the attacking side from scoring . These two moves effectively force a stoppage of play , which means the opposition can not score . Both of these measures result in a goal - line drop - out , meaning the attacking team retains possession of the ball . Thus , even if an attacking team is unable to score they can regain another set of chances to score by forcing the defending team to perform either of the above two moves ; accomplish by placing a kick into the in - goal area .", "If the ball is caught on the full by a defender standing in the in - goal area , play halts and possession is awarded to the catcher 's team , with play to restart twenty metres from the in - goal area . This is aimed to penalise the attacking team for a poor kick that was easily fielded by the opposition full back whilst awarding the defending team who were skilled enough to field the kick .", "A defender will shadow the ball over the touch line to prevent an attacking team member from getting into a position to ground the ball . It is most likely a ball may be heading to touch off a kick from the attacking side . On this occasion , the roles of each team are reversed , where the attacking team becomes the defending and vice versa .", "Grounding the ball in - goal or putting the ball into touch are considered last - ditch defensive techniques that prevent the attacking side from scoring . These two moves effectively force a stoppage of play , which means the opposition can not score . Both of these measures result in a goal - line drop - out , meaning the attacking team retains possession of the ball . Thus , even if an attacking team is unable to score they can regain another set of chances to score by forcing the defending team to perform either of the above two moves ; accomplish by placing a kick into the in - goal area .", "It is commonly said that the best form of defence is attack . A defensive team in rugby league can gain possession of the ball at any stage during an attacking teams set .", "The one - on - one strip is performed by a defender on an attacking player when that defender is the only person involved in the tackle . A player is ruled to be in the tackle if he / she is currently holding onto or has only just recently let go of the attacking player . The strip itself is the act of taking the ball from the arms of an attacking player , thus gaining possession for the defending team ( who becomes the attacking team ) . An intercept is performed by a defending player coming out of the defensive line in anticipation of a pass that can be prevented from reaching its targeted player . An intercept usually ends in a try because in achieving the interception , the player has passed through the opposition 's line of players . The interceptor may or may not have a full back to evade . Speed is a great asset in assuring the interceptor scores a try . During a tackle , the defensive team may force the attacking player ' into touch ' while he 's in possession of the ball . As it is illegal for any part of a player in possession of the ball 's body touching the ground outside the field of play , this results in a stoppage of play . Play restarts via a scrum with the head and feed going to the defensive team that forced the attacking player into touch . Lastly , strong tackles using the size and speed of a defending player can force the ball loose from the impact . The defensive side shall only win a scrum if the ball comes forward out of the tackle towards the in - goal area , ( consisting of a knock - on ) otherwise the first team to pick up the ball wins possession . Forwards are more effective at this play than the backs because of their size , but it is not unknown for backs to force a ball loose in this manner .", "The one - on - one strip is performed by a defender on an attacking player when that defender is the only person involved in the tackle . A player is ruled to be in the tackle if he / she is currently holding onto or has only just recently let go of the attacking player . The strip itself is the act of taking the ball from the arms of an attacking player , thus gaining possession for the defending team ( who becomes the attacking team ) .", "An intercept is performed by a defending player coming out of the defensive line in anticipation of a pass that can be prevented from reaching its targeted player . An intercept usually ends in a try because in achieving the interception , the player has passed through the opposition 's line of players . The interceptor may or may not have a full back to evade . Speed is a great asset in assuring the interceptor scores a try .", "During a tackle , the defensive team may force the attacking player ' into touch ' while he 's in possession of the ball . As it is illegal for any part of a player in possession of the ball 's body touching the ground outside the field of play , this results in a stoppage of play . Play restarts via a scrum with the head and feed going to the defensive team that forced the attacking player into touch .", "Lastly , strong tackles using the size and speed of a defending player can force the ball loose from the impact . The defensive side shall only win a scrum if the ball comes forward out of the tackle towards the in - goal area , ( consisting of a knock - on ) otherwise the first team to pick up the ball wins possession . Forwards are more effective at this play than the backs because of their size , but it is not unknown for backs to force a ball loose in this manner .", "Late in the tackle count the attacking side will start to think defensively in anticipation of a handover , also known as a changeover or turnover . That is , whilst most kicks performed at this time will be primarily for attacking purposes , there is always a defensive element to consider . The attacking team uses these tactics to put themselves in the better defensive position when their set of six ends at the ' change over ' .", "The attacking team uses the bomb in attack , but this attack can quickly turn to defensive if the bomb is fielded by the opposition team . Therefore , there is a defensive element in deciding whether to kick a bomb . A bomb is useful defensively because even if it is fielded by the opposition , it is still useful in giving the kicking team ample time to get as close as possible to the player with the ball which allows the kicking team to prevent the opposing team from making too much ground towards their in goal area .", "At the end of an attacking team 's set of six , the attacking team may wish to kick ( grubber or chip kick ) the ball in to touch and give the opposition a scrum feed . This is aimed at slowing down play , which gives the players a rest and allows them to set up a good defensive position .", "Kicking into touch gives a scrum to the opposing team , which is better than the alternative ; that being the opposing team regathering the ball , forcing the newly defensive side to make the tackle . Thus , putting the ball into touch makes the newly attacking team play from a non-running position , as far away from their in - goal area as possible . The grubber is used in this manner to prevent the opposing team from trying to regather the ball or to force a mistake if they do try . A grubber also ensures that the ball will fall in the field of play before going in to touch , which would result in a penalty otherwise . A punt in this situation is placed as close to the out of field line as possible , which gives the opposition little chances to regather .", "Kicking into touch gives a scrum to the opposing team , which is better than the alternative ; that being the opposing team regathering the ball , forcing the newly defensive side to make the tackle . Thus , putting the ball into touch makes the newly attacking team play from a non-running position , as far away from their in - goal area as possible .", "The grubber is used in this manner to prevent the opposing team from trying to regather the ball or to force a mistake if they do try . A grubber also ensures that the ball will fall in the field of play before going in to touch , which would result in a penalty otherwise . A punt in this situation is placed as close to the out of field line as possible , which gives the opposition little chances to regather .", "The standard disciplinary sanction in rugby league is the penalty . The referee may also award a penalty try , which is described in the section on scoring .", "If a team that has been penalised commits another offence ( often dissent against the referee 's decision ) , the referee may advance the position of the penalty 10 metres towards the offending team 's goal line , and may also sin bin ( temporary expulsion ) or send off ( permanent expulsion ) the offending player ( s ) .", "In Britain , the referee uses penalty cards to signal a sin - binning ( yellow card ) and a sending - off ( red card ) . In games played in the southern hemisphere , the referee raises both arms straight out with fingers spread ( to indicate 10 minutes ) for a temporary expulsion and simply points sent - off players from the field of play ." ]

[ [ "Bill Russell" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This is a list of NBA players with most championships won as a player . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a major professional basketball league in North America . It was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949 -- 50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the sport 's postseason . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Players from the winning team usually receive championship rings from the team honoring their contribution . However , in some rare occasion , the teams opted to give other commemorative items , such as wrist watches , instead of rings . The number of championships won by NBA superstars is often used as a measurement of their greatness .", "Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13 - year playing career . He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year . Afterwards , he went on to win 10 championships in the next 12 years , including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966 . He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player - coach . Russell 's teammate , Sam Jones , won 10 championships from 1959 to 1969 , the second most in NBA history . Four Celtics players , Tom Heinsohn , K.C. Jones , Satch Sanders and John Havlicek , won eight championships each . Two other Celtics , Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey , won seven championships each . Four players , Bob Cousy , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen , won six championships each . Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s . George Mikan won 2 championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA , and won 5 championships in the NBA .", "Robert Horry and John Salley are the only players to have won the championships with three different teams . Horry won seven championships with the Houston Rockets , the Los Angeles Lakers and the San Antonio Spurs , while Salley won four championships with the Detroit Pistons , the Bulls and the Lakers . Horry is also the only non-Celtic to win more than 6 times . Frank Saul and Steve Kerr are the only players to win two championships with two different teams in consecutive seasons . Saul won consecutive championships with the Rochester Royals and the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1950s , and Kerr won consecutive championships with the Bulls and the Spurs in the 1990s . Both Saul and Kerr were NBA champions four years in a row , each having participated in three - peats , Saul with the Lakers and Kerr with the Bulls .", "Pos Guard Forward Center * Denotes players who have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes players who are currently active in the NBA", "Pos Guard Forward Center", "* Denotes players who have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame", "Denotes players who are currently active in the NBA", "Rank Player Pos Seasons played Total won Championship teams Ref . Russell , Bill Bill Russell * 13 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Jones , Sam Sam Jones * 12 10 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Heinsohn , Tom Tom Heinsohn * F / C 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 ) Jones , K.C. K.C. Jones * 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) Sanders , Tom `` Satch '' Tom `` Satch '' Sanders * 13 8 Boston Celtics ( 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Havlicek , John John Havlicek * F / G 16 8 Boston Celtics ( 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) 7 Loscutoff , Jim Jim Loscutoff 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Ramsey , Frank Frank Ramsey * F / G 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Horry , Robert Robert Horry 16 7 Houston Rockets ( 1994 , 1995 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 , 2007 ) 10 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 14 6 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 ) Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( formerly Lew Alcindor ) 20 6 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1971 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 15 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * 17 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) 14 Mikan , George George Mikan * 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Pollard , Jim Jim Pollard * F / C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Martin , Slater Slater Martin * 11 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) St. Louis Hawks ( 1958 ) Siegfried , Larry Larry Siegfried 9 5 Boston Celtics ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Nelson , Don Don Nelson * 14 5 Boston Celtics ( 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) Cooper , Michael Michael Cooper G / F 12 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Johnson , Earvin `` Magic '' Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson * 13 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Rodman , Dennis Dennis Rodman * 14 5 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Harper , Ron Ron Harper 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 ) Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 20 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher 18 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan F / C 19 5 San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) 27 Mikkelsen , Vern Vern Mikkelsen * F / C 10 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Saul , Frank Frank Saul G / F 6 Rochester Royals ( 1951 ) Minneapolis Lakers ( 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 ) Wilkes , Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes * G / F 12 Golden State Warriors ( 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 ) Rambis , Kurt Kurt Rambis 14 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Parish , Robert Robert Parish * 21 Boston Celtics ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1997 ) Perdue , Will Will Perdue 13 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 ) Salley , John John Salley F / C 11 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 ) Grant , Horace Horace Grant F / C 17 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 ) O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 19 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) Miami Heat ( 2006 ) Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ 14 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ 15 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 )", "Rank Player Pos Seasons played Total won Championship teams Ref .", "Russell , Bill Bill Russell * 13 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 )", "Jones , Sam Sam Jones * 12 10 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 )", "Heinsohn , Tom Tom Heinsohn * F / C 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 )", "Jones , K.C. K.C. Jones * 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 )", "Sanders , Tom `` Satch '' Tom `` Satch '' Sanders * 13 8 Boston Celtics ( 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 )", "Havlicek , John John Havlicek * F / G 16 8 Boston Celtics ( 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 )", "7 Loscutoff , Jim Jim Loscutoff 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 )", "Ramsey , Frank Frank Ramsey * F / G 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 )", "Horry , Robert Robert Horry 16 7 Houston Rockets ( 1994 , 1995 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 , 2007 )", "10 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 14 6 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 )", "Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( formerly Lew Alcindor ) 20 6 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1971 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 )", "Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 15 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 )", "Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * 17 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 )", "14 Mikan , George George Mikan * 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 )", "Pollard , Jim Jim Pollard * F / C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 )", "Martin , Slater Slater Martin * 11 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) St. Louis Hawks ( 1958 )", "Siegfried , Larry Larry Siegfried 9 5 Boston Celtics ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 )", "Nelson , Don Don Nelson * 14 5 Boston Celtics ( 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 )", "Cooper , Michael Michael Cooper G / F 12 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 )", "Johnson , Earvin `` Magic '' Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson * 13 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 )", "Rodman , Dennis Dennis Rodman * 14 5 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 )", "Harper , Ron Ron Harper 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 )", "Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 )", "Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 20 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 )", "Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher 18 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 )", "Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan F / C 19 5 San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 )", "27 Mikkelsen , Vern Vern Mikkelsen * F / C 10 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 )", "Saul , Frank Frank Saul G / F 6 Rochester Royals ( 1951 ) Minneapolis Lakers ( 1952 , 1953 , 1954 )", "Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 )", "Wilkes , Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes * G / F 12 Golden State Warriors ( 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 )", "Rambis , Kurt Kurt Rambis 14 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 )", "Parish , Robert Robert Parish * 21 Boston Celtics ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1997 )", "Perdue , Will Will Perdue 13 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 )", "Salley , John John Salley F / C 11 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 )", "Grant , Horace Horace Grant F / C 17 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 )", "O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 19 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) Miami Heat ( 2006 )", "Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ 14 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 )", "Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ 15 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 )" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Wonder Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Patty Jenkins Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle Screenplay by Allan Heinberg Story by Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Starring Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Matthew Jensen Edited by Martin Walsh Production company DC Films RatPac - Dune Entertainment Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $149 million Box office $821.9 million", "Wonder Woman", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Patty Jenkins", "Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle", "Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle", "Screenplay by Allan Heinberg", "Story by Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs", "Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs", "Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston", "Starring Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya", "Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya", "Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams", "Cinematography Matthew Jensen", "Edited by Martin Walsh", "Production company DC Films RatPac - Dune Entertainment Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films", "DC Films RatPac - Dune Entertainment Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films", "RatPac - Dune Entertainment", "Cruel and Unusual Films", "Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures", "Release date May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States )", "May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States )", "May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai )", "June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States )", "Running time 141 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $149 million", "Box office $821.9 million", "Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Patty Jenkins , with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg , from a story by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs , and stars Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman , alongside Chris Pine , Robin Wright , Danny Huston , David Thewlis , Connie Nielsen , and Elena Anaya . Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character , following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Jenkins 's role as director makes her the first female director of a live - action , theatrically released comic book superhero film . In Wonder Woman , the story of Diana is told , who is the daughter of Hippolyta and grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira . After American pilot and spy Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by her , he tells the Amazons about the ongoing World War . Diana then leaves her home in order to end the conflict .", "While development for the film began in 1996 , Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015 . Principal photography began on November 21 , 2015 , with filming taking place in the United Kingdom , France , and Italy before wrapping up on May 9 , 2016 , the 123rd anniversary of the birth of the creator , William Moulton Marston . Additional filming took place in November 2016 .", "Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It received largely positive reviews from critics , with praise for its performances ( particularly those of Gadot and Pine ) , direction , action sequences , and musical score . The film set numerous box office records ; it is the fifth - highest - grossing superhero film domestically and 20th - highest - grossing film in the United States . It grossed over $821 million worldwide , making it the tenth highest - grossing film of 2017 . It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office , making it the fourteenth - highest - grossing film franchise of all time . As of February 2018 , Rotten Tomatoes has listed the movie as No. 2 on its list of the `` Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' , and the American Film Institute selected it as one of the top 10 Movies of the Year . The film received three nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards , winning Best Action Movie . A sequel is set to be released on November 1 , 2019 with Jenkins and Gadot reprising their roles as director and lead role respectively .", "In present - day Paris , Diana receives a photographic plate from Wayne Enterprises of herself and four men taken during World War I , prompting her to recall her past . Daughter of Queen Hippolyta , Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira , home to the Amazonian warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind . Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana , including how Ares , Zeus 's son , became jealous of humanity and orchestrated its destruction . When the other gods attempted to stop him , Ares killed all but Zeus , who used the last of his power to wound Ares and force his retreat ( thus dying in the process ) . Zeus left the Amazons the island and a weapon , the `` Godkiller '' , to prepare them for Ares ' return .", "Although she initially forbids Diana to be trained as a warrior , Hippolyta reluctantly agrees to let her sister , Antiope , train Diana , only more rigorously than any other warrior . In 1918 , Diana , now a young woman , rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themysciran coast . The island is soon invaded by a German ship pursuing Trevor . The Amazons kill the crew , but Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana ( by taking the bullet fired from a German marine that was meant to target Diana ) . Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia , and reveals that a war is consuming the outside world and that he is an Allied spy . He has stolen a notebook of the chief chemist Isabel Maru , who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas , under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff from a weapon facility in the Ottoman Empire . Believing Ares to be responsible for the war , Diana arms herself with the `` Godkiller '' sword , the lasso , and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to locate and stop Ares for good .", "In London , they deliver Maru 's notebook to the Supreme War Council , where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany . Diana translates Maru 's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the Western Front . Although forbidden by his commander to act , Steve , with secret funding from Sir Patrick , recruits spy Sameer , marksman Charlie , and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released . The team reaches the front in Belgium . Diana goes alone through No Man 's Land and captures the enemy trench , allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld . The team briefly celebrates , while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically .", "The team learns a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command . Steve and Diana separately infiltrate the party , with Steve intending to locate the gas and destroy it , while Diana intends to kill Ludendorff , believing that he is Ares and thus killing him will end the war . Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing his mission , but this allows Ludendorff to unleash the gas on Veld , killing its inhabitants . Blaming Steve for intervening , Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London . Diana fights and kills Ludendorff , but is confused and disillusioned when his death does not stop the war .", "Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares . He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations , using Ludendorff and Maru as pawns in the process , it is ultimately their decision to resort to violence as they are inherently corrupt . When Diana attempts to kill Ares with the `` Godkiller '' sword , he destroys it , then reveals Diana to be the `` Godkiller '' , as the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta . He fails to persuade Diana to help him destroy mankind to restore paradise on Earth . While the two battle , Steve 's team destroys Maru 's laboratory . Steve hijacks and pilots the bomber carrying the gas to a safe altitude and detonates it , sacrificing himself in the process . Ares attempts to direct Diana 's rage and grief at Steve 's death by convincing her to kill Maru , but the memories of her experiences with Steve cause her to realize that humans have good within them . She spares Maru and redirects Ares ' lightning into him , killing him for good . Later , the team celebrates the end of the war . In the present day , Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve and reaffirms her new mission to fight and give on the world 's behalf .", "Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman :", "Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman :", "An immortal Amazon warrior goddess , and the daughter of Queen Hippolyta and Zeus given to the Amazons to raise , and half - sister of Ares . Describing Wonder Woman and her appeal , Gadot said , `` She 's relatable . She has the heart of a human and is very compassionate , but her experiences -- or lack of them , her naivete , really -- make her interested in everything around her and able to view the world in a way that we 'd all like to : with a genuine curiosity . '' On Diana 's relationship with her mother , Gadot said , `` Diana is a very opinionated girl . Her mother is very opinionated . Her mother is very protective as well , and they have , you know , the very natural clash that a mother has with her daughter , with their daughters , the first time they want to leave home . '' On taking on the role as Wonder Woman , Gadot stated , `` I feel very privileged that I got the opportunity to portray such an iconic , strong female character . I adore this character and everything that she stands for and everything that she symbolizes . '' On Diana going to the world , Gadot stated , `` When Diana comes to the real world she 's completely oblivious about gender and society rules , that women are not equal to men . '' Describing Diana 's relationship with her mother and aunts , Jenkins said , `` She is the only child they raised together . And their love for her manifests in a different way for each of them . '' On working with Gadot , Jenkins said , `` Gal quickly became the person I wanted to talk to about everything . We 'd shoot together all day . And then on weekends , we 'd be like , ' What do you want to do ? ' That 's maybe not totally normal . '' Lilly Aspell was cast as the 8 - year - old Diana and Emily Carey was cast as the 12 - year - old Diana .", "An immortal Amazon warrior goddess , and the daughter of Queen Hippolyta and Zeus given to the Amazons to raise , and half - sister of Ares . Describing Wonder Woman and her appeal , Gadot said , `` She 's relatable . She has the heart of a human and is very compassionate , but her experiences -- or lack of them , her naivete , really -- make her interested in everything around her and able to view the world in a way that we 'd all like to : with a genuine curiosity . '' On Diana 's relationship with her mother , Gadot said , `` Diana is a very opinionated girl . Her mother is very opinionated . Her mother is very protective as well , and they have , you know , the very natural clash that a mother has with her daughter , with their daughters , the first time they want to leave home . '' On taking on the role as Wonder Woman , Gadot stated , `` I feel very privileged that I got the opportunity to portray such an iconic , strong female character . I adore this character and everything that she stands for and everything that she symbolizes . '' On Diana going to the world , Gadot stated , `` When Diana comes to the real world she 's completely oblivious about gender and society rules , that women are not equal to men . '' Describing Diana 's relationship with her mother and aunts , Jenkins said , `` She is the only child they raised together . And their love for her manifests in a different way for each of them . '' On working with Gadot , Jenkins said , `` Gal quickly became the person I wanted to talk to about everything . We 'd shoot together all day . And then on weekends , we 'd be like , ' What do you want to do ? ' That 's maybe not totally normal . '' Lilly Aspell was cast as the 8 - year - old Diana and Emily Carey was cast as the 12 - year - old Diana .", "Chris Pine as Steve Trevor :", "Chris Pine as Steve Trevor :", "An American pilot and the love interest of Diana . On his role for the film , Pine said , `` I am an American pilot who 's a spy . It 's like a boy 's dream : You 're either a spy or a fighter pilot . The first thing I wanted to be was a fighter pilot a long time ago . I wanted to be Goose ( from Top Gun ) '' . As to how his mortal character would interact with an Amazon , Pine stated , `` When I first read the script , it had elements of Romancing the Stone , kind of a very classic fish out of water . Two people that do n't really bond well at first and they 're butting heads and just fun , witty banter '' . When speaking about meeting the director and being cast , Pine said , `` Patty is a pretty incredible human being . When we first met about the part of Steve , she sat across from me and essentially acted out the entire film over the course of a two - hour lunch . She was so specific , so articulate , and so ardent . I would 've said yes just for Patty alone . '' Pine went through a workout regime for the film , commenting , `` I got in incredible shape for this film '' but also joking `` I was also wearing about 75 pounds of clothing . What I realized is that I made a major mistake , I got in great shape and they just put clothes over all my hard work . ''", "An American pilot and the love interest of Diana . On his role for the film , Pine said , `` I am an American pilot who 's a spy . It 's like a boy 's dream : You 're either a spy or a fighter pilot . The first thing I wanted to be was a fighter pilot a long time ago . I wanted to be Goose ( from Top Gun ) '' . As to how his mortal character would interact with an Amazon , Pine stated , `` When I first read the script , it had elements of Romancing the Stone , kind of a very classic fish out of water . Two people that do n't really bond well at first and they 're butting heads and just fun , witty banter '' . When speaking about meeting the director and being cast , Pine said , `` Patty is a pretty incredible human being . When we first met about the part of Steve , she sat across from me and essentially acted out the entire film over the course of a two - hour lunch . She was so specific , so articulate , and so ardent . I would 've said yes just for Patty alone . '' Pine went through a workout regime for the film , commenting , `` I got in incredible shape for this film '' but also joking `` I was also wearing about 75 pounds of clothing . What I realized is that I made a major mistake , I got in great shape and they just put clothes over all my hard work . ''", "Robin Wright as Antiope :", "Robin Wright as Antiope :", "The sister of Hippolyta , general of the Amazonian army , Diana 's aunt and mentor . On being cast for the film , Wright said , `` It 's two-fold because when Patty Jenkins called me , the director , it was a three - minute long conversation . She said , ' I 'm doing a movie about Wonder Woman . Do you want to be her trainer ? ' And I was like , ' Yes . Of course . ' And the general of the Amazonian army . That was pretty cool . '' Describing her character mentoring and training Diana to be a warrior , Wright said , `` It 's a sixth sense that it is coming and I think that 's also in the mythological story behind Antiope and Queen Hippolyta . They know it 's coming and it 's her duty as the aunt to her young niece to make sure she is the fiercest warrior of all time . '' On the Amazons fighting style , Wright said , `` It 's hand combat . Yes , swords and knives and arrows , but the precision that they have , right , as these warrior women ; it 's so nice to see that disparity between what we had in the day of just raw fighting materials and the guns and how easy that is in comparison . '' The message of the film , Wright stated , `` is not just female empowerment . It 's about love and justice . That 's what the film 's about . And what a great message to spread to our little ones . '' Commenting about training for the film , Wright said , `` The most empowering was to get into that physical shape . So we were doing horseback riding training , weight training , martial arts , and 2,000 to 3,000 calories a day '' .", "The sister of Hippolyta , general of the Amazonian army , Diana 's aunt and mentor . On being cast for the film , Wright said , `` It 's two-fold because when Patty Jenkins called me , the director , it was a three - minute long conversation . She said , ' I 'm doing a movie about Wonder Woman . Do you want to be her trainer ? ' And I was like , ' Yes . Of course . ' And the general of the Amazonian army . That was pretty cool . '' Describing her character mentoring and training Diana to be a warrior , Wright said , `` It 's a sixth sense that it is coming and I think that 's also in the mythological story behind Antiope and Queen Hippolyta . They know it 's coming and it 's her duty as the aunt to her young niece to make sure she is the fiercest warrior of all time . '' On the Amazons fighting style , Wright said , `` It 's hand combat . Yes , swords and knives and arrows , but the precision that they have , right , as these warrior women ; it 's so nice to see that disparity between what we had in the day of just raw fighting materials and the guns and how easy that is in comparison . '' The message of the film , Wright stated , `` is not just female empowerment . It 's about love and justice . That 's what the film 's about . And what a great message to spread to our little ones . '' Commenting about training for the film , Wright said , `` The most empowering was to get into that physical shape . So we were doing horseback riding training , weight training , martial arts , and 2,000 to 3,000 calories a day '' .", "Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff :", "Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff :", "An iron - fisted general of the German Army during World War I. Huston described Ludendorff as a `` pragmatist , realist , patriotic , fighting for his country '' , further explaining , `` he lost his son on the German front lines and was just quite tortured , diabolical , stubborn and believes that what he 's doing is for the betterment of mankind . '' On his character , Huston said , `` Ludendorff is a believer that war is a natural habitat for humans . '' Huston stated the film as an anti-war film and `` somebody like Ludendorff would probably think that the idea that love conquers all is quite a naive concept . But finally it 's true and sometimes the best way to examine mankind is from another perspective . '' On the genre of the film , Huston said , `` It 's Greek mythology . It 's the origin of story and sometimes we need demigods to look at us to understand what our weaknesses are . It serves the mythological world . ''", "An iron - fisted general of the German Army during World War I. Huston described Ludendorff as a `` pragmatist , realist , patriotic , fighting for his country '' , further explaining , `` he lost his son on the German front lines and was just quite tortured , diabolical , stubborn and believes that what he 's doing is for the betterment of mankind . '' On his character , Huston said , `` Ludendorff is a believer that war is a natural habitat for humans . '' Huston stated the film as an anti-war film and `` somebody like Ludendorff would probably think that the idea that love conquers all is quite a naive concept . But finally it 's true and sometimes the best way to examine mankind is from another perspective . '' On the genre of the film , Huston said , `` It 's Greek mythology . It 's the origin of story and sometimes we need demigods to look at us to understand what our weaknesses are . It serves the mythological world . ''", "David Thewlis as Sir Patrick Morgan / Ares :", "David Thewlis as Sir Patrick Morgan / Ares :", "The Greek god of war , Zeus 's treacherous son and half - brother of Diana , based on the Greek mythological god of war , who masquerades as Sir Patrick Morgan , a speaker for peace on the Imperial War Cabinet as part of his deceptive master plan of conquest and destruction . Describing the Sir Patrick persona of his character , Thewlis said , `` Sir Patrick 's entire drive through the other half of the story is to bring about the armistice . That 's his whole intention no matter what 's going on . He meets Diana and see in her somebody who is sympathetic to his cause , quite vehemently so . ''", "The Greek god of war , Zeus 's treacherous son and half - brother of Diana , based on the Greek mythological god of war , who masquerades as Sir Patrick Morgan , a speaker for peace on the Imperial War Cabinet as part of his deceptive master plan of conquest and destruction . Describing the Sir Patrick persona of his character , Thewlis said , `` Sir Patrick 's entire drive through the other half of the story is to bring about the armistice . That 's his whole intention no matter what 's going on . He meets Diana and see in her somebody who is sympathetic to his cause , quite vehemently so . ''", "Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta :", "Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta :", "The Amazon Queen of Themyscira and Diana 's mother . On meeting the director for the role , Nielsen said , `` Patty and I met in London , and we just hit it off from the get - go . We could n't stop talking . What was supposed to be a one - hour meeting turned into a two - and - a-half - hour lunch and we just really got each other . '' She described Jenkins 's directing style for the film as `` She 's also the kind of director that I really flourish under . She has very strong and particular and specific ideas about what it is she wants to say . She comes from a place of strength always . And so , when you are dealing with someone like that , you feel absolutely free to be vulnerable , to be creative , and I am a big researcher . '' On playing the character , Nielsen said , `` It was a complete and utter pleasure and I absolutely loved every second of playing her . '' On her character being Diana 's mother and Amazonian queen , Nielsen stated , `` I 'm queen and I 'm preparing my child for a world that entails a lot of responsibility . So it was important to me to bring that into the character . '' She read The Amazons by Adrienne Mayor to familiarize herself with women warriors and said `` I used what I learned in Mayor 's book as a rallying cry for how I approached Hippolyta . And then , of course , what is a leader who is elected by her peers every year and has been doing this for a thousand years ? That too was interesting to think about '' . Nielsen went through a workout regime for the film , saying `` I did six hours a day . You know , two hours of weight training , two hours of swords training , and then two hours of horseback riding '' .", "The Amazon Queen of Themyscira and Diana 's mother . On meeting the director for the role , Nielsen said , `` Patty and I met in London , and we just hit it off from the get - go . We could n't stop talking . What was supposed to be a one - hour meeting turned into a two - and - a-half - hour lunch and we just really got each other . '' She described Jenkins 's directing style for the film as `` She 's also the kind of director that I really flourish under . She has very strong and particular and specific ideas about what it is she wants to say . She comes from a place of strength always . And so , when you are dealing with someone like that , you feel absolutely free to be vulnerable , to be creative , and I am a big researcher . '' On playing the character , Nielsen said , `` It was a complete and utter pleasure and I absolutely loved every second of playing her . '' On her character being Diana 's mother and Amazonian queen , Nielsen stated , `` I 'm queen and I 'm preparing my child for a world that entails a lot of responsibility . So it was important to me to bring that into the character . '' She read The Amazons by Adrienne Mayor to familiarize herself with women warriors and said `` I used what I learned in Mayor 's book as a rallying cry for how I approached Hippolyta . And then , of course , what is a leader who is elected by her peers every year and has been doing this for a thousand years ? That too was interesting to think about '' . Nielsen went through a workout regime for the film , saying `` I did six hours a day . You know , two hours of weight training , two hours of swords training , and then two hours of horseback riding '' .", "Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison :", "Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison :", "The chief chemist associated with General Ludendorff who specializes in chemistry and poisons . On her role , Anaya said , `` Well , it was a small role in this big ensemble , but it is an important character in the story . I 'm going to be a big nightmare '' for Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor . Describing her character , Anaya said , `` Dr. Maru loves rage and enjoys people 's pain . She 's creating terrible weapons , and her purpose in life is to kill as many people as possible , and provoke as much pain as possible '' . She researched World War I and Fritz Haber , the scientist who created mustard gas , to prepare for the role . On the character 's facial scars , Anaya stated , `` I went to Patty Jenkins and asked , ' What happened to her ? ' And she said , ' She did it on purpose . ' I was like , ' What ? Patty , you 're going further than I ever imagined . ' She said , ' She wants to provoke painful suffering , so she tested her own gas on her own face . She wanted to know how deep this form of her gas would go , so she put it on her own face . ' You can see half of her face is completely gone . This is the sadistic side of Dr. Maru '' . She also stated her character `` is quite the opposite to the lead role of this movie , one of the strongest characters ever of DC comics , Wonder Woman . I can tell you that Doctor Poison is someone with a capacity to provoke so much pain . '' On Dr. Maru 's relationship with General Ludendorff , Anaya said , `` I think that they have a relationship based on loyalty . Ludendorff is a very tormented General that lacks self - confidence . That 's why , in part , he takes these drugs that Dr. Poison gives him . They are from different worlds , but they complement each other '' .", "The chief chemist associated with General Ludendorff who specializes in chemistry and poisons . On her role , Anaya said , `` Well , it was a small role in this big ensemble , but it is an important character in the story . I 'm going to be a big nightmare '' for Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor . Describing her character , Anaya said , `` Dr. Maru loves rage and enjoys people 's pain . She 's creating terrible weapons , and her purpose in life is to kill as many people as possible , and provoke as much pain as possible '' . She researched World War I and Fritz Haber , the scientist who created mustard gas , to prepare for the role . On the character 's facial scars , Anaya stated , `` I went to Patty Jenkins and asked , ' What happened to her ? ' And she said , ' She did it on purpose . ' I was like , ' What ? Patty , you 're going further than I ever imagined . ' She said , ' She wants to provoke painful suffering , so she tested her own gas on her own face . She wanted to know how deep this form of her gas would go , so she put it on her own face . ' You can see half of her face is completely gone . This is the sadistic side of Dr. Maru '' . She also stated her character `` is quite the opposite to the lead role of this movie , one of the strongest characters ever of DC comics , Wonder Woman . I can tell you that Doctor Poison is someone with a capacity to provoke so much pain . '' On Dr. Maru 's relationship with General Ludendorff , Anaya said , `` I think that they have a relationship based on loyalty . Ludendorff is a very tormented General that lacks self - confidence . That 's why , in part , he takes these drugs that Dr. Poison gives him . They are from different worlds , but they complement each other '' .", "Lucy Davis as Etta Candy :", "Lucy Davis as Etta Candy :", "Steve Trevor 's secretary who befriends Diana . Describing her character , Davis said , `` She 's a woman in a man 's world and so being heard and seen are n't the easiest things , but it kind of does n't deter her '' , adding , `` Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that 's the thing that has drawn me to her the most '' . When asked if she was previously familiar with the character , Davis responded , `` No . I was n't . It took me a while to know that I was auditioning for Etta because even when I found out it was Wonder Woman , I still had no idea what the role was . It took a little while then I Googled the character '' . On Etta Candy 's relationship with Steve Trevor , Davis said , `` One of the great things that Etta gets to work with Steve Trevor is because Steve is not your typical man , in that he does entrust her with things that in 1918 probably would n't have been entrusted to a secretary of somebody who is quite important '' , further explaining , `` So I think that ( Trevor ) needs her just as much as she needs that because now she 's been given responsibility that she would n't have normally be given before , and equally he has somebody who could probably fly under the radar a bit . So he can trust the person who no one 's really looking at '' .", "Steve Trevor 's secretary who befriends Diana . Describing her character , Davis said , `` She 's a woman in a man 's world and so being heard and seen are n't the easiest things , but it kind of does n't deter her '' , adding , `` Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that 's the thing that has drawn me to her the most '' . When asked if she was previously familiar with the character , Davis responded , `` No . I was n't . It took me a while to know that I was auditioning for Etta because even when I found out it was Wonder Woman , I still had no idea what the role was . It took a little while then I Googled the character '' . On Etta Candy 's relationship with Steve Trevor , Davis said , `` One of the great things that Etta gets to work with Steve Trevor is because Steve is not your typical man , in that he does entrust her with things that in 1918 probably would n't have been entrusted to a secretary of somebody who is quite important '' , further explaining , `` So I think that ( Trevor ) needs her just as much as she needs that because now she 's been given responsibility that she would n't have normally be given before , and equally he has somebody who could probably fly under the radar a bit . So he can trust the person who no one 's really looking at '' .", "Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer :", "Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer :", "A secret agent and ally of Steve Trevor . On his casting , Taghmaoui stated , `` I was among hundreds of potential candidates , and I slowly became the favorite '' , adding , `` It was n't easy . It took me three months . ( I 'll have to go through ) extensive physical training . ''", "A secret agent and ally of Steve Trevor . On his casting , Taghmaoui stated , `` I was among hundreds of potential candidates , and I slowly became the favorite '' , adding , `` It was n't easy . It took me three months . ( I 'll have to go through ) extensive physical training . ''", "Ewen Bremner as Charlie :", "Ewen Bremner as Charlie :", "A sharpshooter and ally of Steve Trevor . On his role , Bremner said , `` I play a character who 's enlisted by Wonder Woman to help save the world as part of a small , unlikely band '' . Describing his character , Bremner stated `` He 's a shellshocked soldier who 's been discharged from the war and is brought back to help on a secret mission '' . On working with Jenkins , Bremner commented , `` Patty Jenkins is a force of nature . She has fantastic vision , strength and enthusiasm , which is completely infectious and motivates a cast and crew of thousands to really go beyond themselves . ''", "A sharpshooter and ally of Steve Trevor . On his role , Bremner said , `` I play a character who 's enlisted by Wonder Woman to help save the world as part of a small , unlikely band '' . Describing his character , Bremner stated `` He 's a shellshocked soldier who 's been discharged from the war and is brought back to help on a secret mission '' . On working with Jenkins , Bremner commented , `` Patty Jenkins is a force of nature . She has fantastic vision , strength and enthusiasm , which is completely infectious and motivates a cast and crew of thousands to really go beyond themselves . ''", "Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi :", "Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi :", "A Blackfoot demi - god , and a smuggler who trades with both sides of the war and knows how to get people across the front lines . On his casting , Brave Rock said , `` I had no idea it was for Wonder Woman . I lost it when I showed up and I could n't remember my lines . I did n't take it literally until a month later , I got a call saying I got the role and they wanted me to fly to London for a fitting . '' Brave Rock raised several concerns with Jenkins over the representation of the character in the film , particularly that he was not comfortable playing into stereotypes and that he was not keen on his character being simply known as `` Chief '' . Jenkins responded by giving him some extra creative control over his character which Brave Rock says was `` unprecedented '' .", "A Blackfoot demi - god , and a smuggler who trades with both sides of the war and knows how to get people across the front lines . On his casting , Brave Rock said , `` I had no idea it was for Wonder Woman . I lost it when I showed up and I could n't remember my lines . I did n't take it literally until a month later , I got a call saying I got the role and they wanted me to fly to London for a fitting . '' Brave Rock raised several concerns with Jenkins over the representation of the character in the film , particularly that he was not comfortable playing into stereotypes and that he was not keen on his character being simply known as `` Chief '' . Jenkins responded by giving him some extra creative control over his character which Brave Rock says was `` unprecedented '' .", "Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe :", "Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe :", "Antiope 's lieutenant and Diana 's aunt . Describing her character , Kongsli said `` Menalippe is a fearless warrior with a strong justice needs . She lives with the other Amazons on the island Themiscyra and exercising continuous battle to assist man in the fight for the good . '' On filming , Kongsli stated , `` It 's a blast . I 've worked damn hard to make this happen , so it 's absolutely absurd and fun all at once . ''", "Antiope 's lieutenant and Diana 's aunt . Describing her character , Kongsli said `` Menalippe is a fearless warrior with a strong justice needs . She lives with the other Amazons on the island Themiscyra and exercising continuous battle to assist man in the fight for the good . '' On filming , Kongsli stated , `` It 's a blast . I 've worked damn hard to make this happen , so it 's absolutely absurd and fun all at once . ''", "Additionally , Mayling Ng , Florence Kasumba , Madeleine Vall Beijner , Hayley Jane Warnes and Ann Wolfe portray Orana , Acantha , Egeria , Aella and Artemis , respectively , all of whom are Amazons . James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig , Steffan Rhodri appears as Colonel Darnell , and Dutch model Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia . Samantha Jo was cast as the Amazonian Euboea , and previously played the Kryptonian , Car - Vex , in Man of Steel . Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier .", "Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996 , with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director . In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen , who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver , with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star . By 2001 , Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay , with Silver Pictures backing the project . At that time , performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta - Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman . Leonard Goldberg , however , focused on Bullock who said that she was approached for the role . In addition , wrestler Chyna also expressed interest . Lucy Lawless , the star of Xena : Warrior Princess , was also under consideration , though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a `` flawed hero '' . The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott , Cohen , Becky Johnston , and Philip Levens , and by August 2003 , Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis .", "In March 2005 , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film , with a reported salary of $2 to $3 million . Since Whedon was directing Serenity at the time , and required time to research Wonder Woman 's background , he did not begin the screenplay until late 2005 . Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator , a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor 's welfare , and after leaving Themyscira , his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world . Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however , and left the project in 2007 .", "Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script , Kate Beckinsale was linked to the part . In 2010 however , Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part , stating that `` Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie . '' A few years later in May 2017 , Indie Ground Films leaked a version of Whedon 's script in - progress online . Some reacted negatively to it on social media in June 2017 , shortly after the release of Patty Jenkins 's version of the film . When asked about this response to his script , Jenkins said in a June 2017 interview that she has not read it and that Whedon is `` in the DC universe now , and I do n't think there 's any reason to go there ( ... ) It was what it was . I 'm lucky that I 'm the person who got to do it . But I do n't see what would be beneficial about comparing what he would 've done versus what I would have done . ''", "A day before Whedon 's departure from Wonder Woman , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland . Set during World War II , the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures . However , Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting ; while stating the script had good ideas , Silver did not want the film to be a period piece . By April 2008 , Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman 's origin , but explore Paradise Island 's history . In November 2008 , Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros. , to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman .", "In 2010 , Warner Bros. stated that a film was in development , along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman . Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013 . DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman `` has been , since I started , one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros . We are still trying right now , but she 's tricky . '' On October 5 , 2013 , WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV . Shortly afterward , Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action - comedy film . The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film . While Michelle MacLaren was the studio 's initial choice to direct ( and while she initially indicated interest ) , she eventually left the project due to creative differences .", "In 2015 , Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman , based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs . Of this version , Gadot stated that ,", "for a long time , people did n't know how to approach the story . When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character , we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman , one with very high values , but still a woman . She can be sensitive . She is smart and independent and emotional . She can be confused . She can lose her confidence . She can have confidence . She is everything . She has a human heart .", "This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live - action , theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman , in the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I ( a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II ) . As for story development , Jenkins credits the stories by the character 's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez 's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character . In addition , it follows some aspects of DC Comics ' origin changes in The New 52 reboot , where Diana is the daughter of Zeus . Jenkins cited Richard Donner 's Superman as an inspiration .", "In late 2013 , Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko . Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot 's appearance . Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot , stating that he tested a `` bunch of actresses , as you can imagine . But the thing with Gal is that she 's strong , she 's beautiful , and she 's a kind person , which is interesting , but fierce at the same time . It 's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for . Gadot described Diana as having `` the heart of a human so she can be emotional , she 's curious , she 's compassionate , she loves people . And then she has the powers of a goddess . She 's all for good , she fights for good . '' She also said that Diana has `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Gadot said `` We go back 100 years to when she 's more naive '' , further explaining , `` She 's this young idealist . She 's pure . Very different to the experienced , super-confident , grown - up woman you 've seen '' . Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered a different role ( as a villain ) in Man of Steel , which she declined because she was pregnant at the time ; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's follow - up . Gadot signed a three - picture deal . She was only paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself .", "Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor , a character he described as a `` rogue - ish , cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added that he is a `` worldly guy , a charming guy '' . He signed a multi-picture deal . Lucy Davis ' performance as Etta Candy is the first live - action cinematic portrayal of the character . As well , Elena Anaya 's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta , but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies .", "Production began on November 21 , 2015 , under the working title Nightingale . Among the film sets were Lower Halstow , Kent , Australia House , and the Sassi di Matera , Castel del Monte and Camerota in Southern Italy . Matthew Jensen was the director of photography , filming in the United Kingdom , France and Italy . Production in London ended on March 13 , 2016 . On March 20 , 2016 , filming was underway in Italy . In late April , filming took place at a museum in France , where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot . Production ended on May 9 , 2016 . Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen revealed that the film 's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent . Reshoots took place in November 2016 , while Gadot was five months pregnant . A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production .", "To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira , the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself , the film 's producers searched all over the world , finally settling on the Amalfi Coast : a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea , located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy . It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day . Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for . Bonetto explained that , `` Italy had beautiful weather , a beautiful blue - green sea , not too much tide , not too much wave . Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production , and it was the perfect way to go '' .", "The estuary at Lower Halstow in Kent , featured in the scenes in which Princess Diana arrives in the Belgian creek to make her way to the warfront .", "Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film and Martin Walsh served as editor .", "On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He was joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski , who provided additional music . The soundtrack was released on CD , digital , and vinyl the same day as the film . Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track is also featured on the soundtrack .", "Additional music featured in the film are : `` Another Little Drink Would n't Do Us Any Harm '' by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper ; `` Molly O'Morgan '' written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford ; `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams ; `` Sous les ponts de Paris '' written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle ; `` I 'll Walk Beside You '' written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner ; `` Green Grow the Rushes , O '' written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner ; and `` Schatzwalzer Op. 4 '' written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet . Also features samples from the movie 's soundtrack `` Is She with You '' from Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL .", "Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 15 , 2017 in Shanghai . It premiered on May 25 , 2017 in Los Angeles . The film 's London premiere , which was scheduled to take place on May 31 at the Odeon Leicester Square , was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27 . It was released in most of the world , including in IMAX , on June 2 , 2017 , after originally being scheduled for June 23 . Belgium , Singapore and South Korea received the film first , with May 31 openings . On April 17 , it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2 , the same day as its North American release .", "The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman . According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara , they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner , similar to how they did with Supergirl . O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series , which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week . They were then able to model over time , and grow that audience leading up to the 15 - months - later release of Wonder Woman . Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women , the latter 's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans . In May 2017 , a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl , featuring a remix of the song `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' and Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) wearing Wonder Woman 's boots . The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter , star of the 1970s Wonder Woman , who plays the American president on Supergirl .", "The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad . Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman , whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad . Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017 , according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters , the biggest survey in company history . Separately , Fandango also found that 92 % of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero , and 87 % wished Hollywood would make more women - led superhero films . In May 2017 , NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte .", "Wonder Woman was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , 4K Ultra-HD Blu - ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . The film debuted at the top spot of both the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart and the Blu - ray Disc sales chart .", "On May 31 , Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government 's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star , Gal Gadot , is Israeli . The Lebanese government did not , however , ban Gadot 's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon . On June 7 , Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al - Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot 's Israeli citizenship , military service , and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza . Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision , but on June 11 , Al Bawaba reported that the government decided not to do so , as there was no legal precedent for it .", "Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin , with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men .", "A gay Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin 's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater . The chain responded with an online statement saying the event `` may have created confusion -- we want everybody to see this film '' and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location . Tickets sold out in less than an hour , prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings . On July 18 , Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants , stating `` Respondent did not realize that advertising a ' women 's only ' screening was a violation of discrimination laws ''", "Wonder Woman grossed $412.6 million in the United States and Canada and $409.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $821.9 million , against a production budget of $149 million . Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million to $460 million .", "In May 2017 , early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65 -- 75 million , and possibly as high as $105 million . The film opened Friday , June 2 , 2017 , across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day , including $3.7 million in IMAX . It was the biggest single - day gross for a woman - directed film , ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke 's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman - led comic book superhero film , ahead of Ghost in the Shell ( $7 million ) . This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews , also the best start for a film directed by a woman , surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey 's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , and the third - biggest of the year , behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Of that , $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings .", "Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend , the film recorded a number of records : the biggest domestic opening of all time for a female director ( surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson ) , the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman ( ahead of Constantine ) , the sixth - biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever , as well as the sixth - biggest June debut weekend . Its three - day opening alone made it the highest - grossing woman - led comic book superhero film ever ( surpassing Ghost in the Shell ) . It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch . About 9 % ( $9 million ) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters . In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million , again topping the box office . It marked a 43.3 % drop for its second weekend at the box office , better than the average 50 -- 60 % decline superhero films tend to see , and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $51.3 million ) and Suicide Squad ( $43.5 million ) . In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million , finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ( $53.5 million ) . It was the second - best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ( $23.3 million ) , Suicide Squad ( $20.9 million ) and Man of Steel ( $20.7 million ) made in their third weekends . It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends , respectively , dropping just 39 % and 36 % despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers : The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3 . It eventually became the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson 's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia ! . By August 8 , the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales , becoming the second female - fueled film ( after Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi ) , Warner Bros . ' third - biggest movie ( after Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises ) , holding the record of the highest - earning superhero origin film -- supplanting the previous record held by Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , and also becoming the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings -- surpassing Frozen ( 2013 ) .", "Beyond the US and Canada , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 55 markets ( 72 % of its total release ) , and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92 -- 118 million . It ended up opening to $125 million , including $38 million in China , $8.5 million in Korea , $8.4 million in Mexico , $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK . In its second week of release , the film brought in another $60 million , including holding the top spot on France , the UK , Australia and Brazil . As of June 25 , 2017 , the biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China ( US $90 million ) followed by Brazil ( US $34 million ) , UK ( US $28 million ) and Australia ( US $24 million ) . In the Philippines , it broke 2017 box office record for highest - earning non-holiday opening day -- earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th-most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The film opened in its last market , Japan , on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million , helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark .", "Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews from film critics , with some calling it the best film in the DC Extended Universe , and praising Jenkins 's direction , performances , chemistry of Gadot and Pine and musical score . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 367 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Thrilling , earnest , and buoyed by Gal Gadot 's charismatic performance , Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion . '' It is the second highest - rated superhero film on the site . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale .", "Critics commented favorably on Gadot 's performance of the titular character and Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor . Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films : `` Never prone to stewing in solitude , and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan , Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC 's house style of grim darkness -- boisterous , earnest , sometimes sloppy , yet consistently entertaining -- with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth , justice , and the Amazonian way . '' Vox stated `` Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot , Pine , Huston , and Thewlis while commending the film 's `` different perspective '' and humor . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times described Gadot 's performance as inspirational , heroic , heartfelt and endearing and the most `` real '' Wonder Woman portrayal .", "A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it `` briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos . It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what 's the word I 'm looking for ? A movie . A pretty good one , too . '' Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America : The First Avenger , noting that as with `` the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe , DC 's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience . Jenkins and her design team make 1918 - era London ; war - torn Belgium ; the Ottoman Empire ; and other locales look freshly realized , with a strong point of view . There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees , witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana , that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation . '' Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth , explaining that `` Wonder Woman is a war movie . Patty Jenkins ' first -- and we hope not last -- entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I , but while the feature does n't balk at war - time violence , it 's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that , `` Diana 's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they 're meant to stop war , not to foment it ; the idea of a demi - god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract , but Jenkins makes the concept work . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine 's performances as well the film 's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow - motion action sequences to The Matrix . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a `` cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers '' while praising Gadot 's performance as `` charming '' and `` marvelous '' and commending Jenkins 's direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big - budget blockbuster films in Hollywood .", "Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that `` Gadot 's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story , similar to Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark . Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman , and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot . '' Jost praised Gadot 's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot `` absolutely nails the character 's unwaveringly positive outlook on life . She 's a force of nature who believes in the greater good ; her conviction that she 's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet - deflecting shield . She 's genuine , she 's fun , she 's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie . '' The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is `` a story of Jesus '' . `` The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology , true , but there 's no mistaking the Christology here . '' `` Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick - ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now '' , stated M. Hudson , a Christian feminist . On HuffPost cultural critic , G. Roger Denson , who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary `` Mainstream Mythopoetics '' ( `` the making of new yet vitally meaningful , if not symbolic , stories filled with imagery reflecting , yet also shaping and advancing , the political , legal , moral and social practices of today '' ) , wrote that the `` No Man 's Land '' scene `` that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders . '' Specifically `` used by director Patty Jenkins '' , the scene raises `` the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world '' .", "Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material 's potential for `` patriarchy - upending subversion '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film 's over-reliance on exposition : `` Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts . Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins ... are ready to kick ass , we get backstory . ''", "`` Gas was intended to win the war . On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right . '' said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics . Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a `` hydrogen - based '' chemical weapon as a plot device , the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history . `` First off , mustard gas is such a horrible , terrifying weapon , it does n't need to be made more potent . But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces , you would n't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom . You 'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule . ''", "Wonder Woman has been the subject of a discussion regarding the appearance and representation of female power in general , and of female action heroes in particular since her initial 1941 appearance in Sensation Comics , as she was created to document `` the growth in the power of women '' , while wearing `` a golden tiara , a red bustier , blue underpants and knee - high , red leather boots . '' She was blacklisted a year later in 1942 in the `` Publications Disapproved for Youth '' because , the group behind the list argued , she was `` not sufficiently dressed '' .", "A few decades later , second - wave feminist Gloria Steinem 's Ms. Magazine debuted in 1972 with an image of Wonder Woman on the cover . Historian Tim Hanley suggests that this move shifted `` the focus away from female superiority to sisterhood and equality , essentially making her a mascot of the women 's movement '' . This perception shifted over the years , however , as demonstrated in December 2016 when the United Nations decided to drop the title of `` honorary ambassador for the empowerment of women and girls '' which it had given to the comic book character Wonder Woman a few months prior , in a ceremony attended by the actors who had portrayed her ( Lynda Carter and Gal Gadot ) . The title was eliminated in response to a petition signed by 44,000 people which argued that Wonder Woman undermines female empowerment due to her costume , described as a `` shimmery , thigh - baring bodysuit with an American flag motif and knee - high boots '' . The petition stated that `` it is alarming that the United Nations would consider using a character with an overtly sexualised image at a time when the headline news in United States and the world is the objectification of women and girls '' . Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins responded to both the petition and to the U.N. 's decision by stating that she thinks `` that that 's sexist . I think it 's sexist to say you ca n't have both . I have to ask myself what I would apply to any other superhero '' .", "The debate continued with the release of Jenkins 's 2017 film , Wonder Woman , which according to the BBC had `` some thinking it 's too feminist and others thinking it 's not feminist enough '' . Kyle Killian found an inherent contradiction in the construction of Wonder Woman as `` a warrior '' whom , she states , is also highly sexualized . Killian thus suggests that these elements `` should not be the focus of a kickass heroine -- her beauty , bone structure , and sexiness -- if she is to be a feminist icon '' . Theresa Harold concurred , comparing Wonder Woman to Katniss Everdeen ( of The Hunger Games ) , who `` did n't have to wear a teenager 's wet dream of a costume to fight in '' . Christina Cauterucci also felt that Wonder Woman 's ability to be considered a `` feminist antidote '' was undermined by her `` sex appeal '' . Other critics refer to the construction of Wonder Woman in the film as `` an implausible post-feminist hero '' .", "Jenkins disagrees with this line of critique , however . She has stated that she was raised by a second - wave `` feminist mother '' , who taught her to be `` both super aware that there had been sexism but also : ' Congratulations -- thank you , now I get to do whatever I want , Mom ! ' '' Jenkins thus notes that it is this upbringing which has led her to question a feminist critique of Wonder Woman 's costume . When she was working on her own version of Wonder Woman 's `` Gladiator '' re-design of the outfit ( in the 2016 film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) Jenkins decided that Wonder Woman ( as well as the other Amazons ) `` should n't be dressed in armor like men ( ... ) It should be different ( ... ) I , as a woman , want Wonder Woman to be hot as hell , fight badass , and look great at the same time -- the same way men want Superman to have huge pecs and an impractically big body . '' Jenkins also notes that she is `` frustrated '' by the critique of Wonder Woman 's appearance , stating `` when people get super critical about her outfit , who 's the one getting crazy about what a woman wears ? That 's who she is ; that 's Wonder Woman . '' Gal Gadot concurred with Jenkins , arguing that the character `` is a feminist '' as `` feminism is about equality and choice and freedom . And the writers , Patty and myself all figured that the best way to show that is to show Diana as having no awareness of social roles . She has no gender boundaries . To her , everyone is equal . ''", "Critics such as Valerie Estelle Frankel support Jenkins 's vision . Frankel argues that the film subverts the male gaze , stating that the construction of Wonder Woman tends to shift every few decades as it reflects the state of feminism during different time periods , including third - wave feminism ( which reflects Jenkins 's approach ) . Zoe Williams offers a similar argument , stating that while Wonder Woman `` is sort of naked a lot of the time , '' that is not , at the same time , `` objectification so much as a cultural reset : having thighs , actual thighs you can kick things with , not thighs that look like arms , is a feminist act '' . Williams then juxtaposes Wonder Woman to past female action heroes such as Sarah Connor , Ellen Ripley , and Lara Croft , whom she suggests were all constructed for the male gaze , in which a `` female warrior becomes a sex object '' , ( a point which she argues that Jenkins directly references in the film ) .", "Gloria Steinem also liked the film , stating that she felt it made the `` Amazon origin story clear ; ( Wonder Woman ) was stopping war , not perpetuating it . '' Steinem also noted that she knew `` some women were disappointed by all the makeup , but I may be desperate -- I was just happy that the Amazons had wild hair ! '' Her only complaint lay in the choice to eliminate the World War II setting as the Wonder Woman comic book developed in response to existing comics that were `` so sadistic and racist that there was a congressional hearing on the subject '' . Steinem also gave Hillary Clinton the first Wonder Woman Award in October 2017 during the Women 's Media Center 's `` Speaking Truth to Power Awards '' ( an organization created by Steinem , Jane Fonda , and Robin Morgan ) . Upon receiving the award , Clinton noted that she had seen Jenkins 's Wonder Woman film and that she `` loved the outfit '' . She also said that as her granddaughter was `` really keen '' on Wonder Woman , Clinton `` thought maybe I could borrow something from her for the night . It did n't quite work for me , but I will say that this award means a lot to me because as a little girl , and then as a young woman , and then as a slightly older woman , I always wondered when Wonder Woman would have her time , and now that has happened . '' Clinton had previously praised Jenkins 's film , in a public August 2017 message , stating that `` it was just as inspirational as I 'd suspected a movie about a strong , powerful woman in a fight to save the world from international disaster would be . ''", "Director James Cameron continued this debate , through his critique of the representation of female power in Jenkins 's film . In an August 2017 interview with The Guardian , Cameron qualifies Jenkins 's vision of Wonder Woman as `` an objectified icon '' and called the film `` a step backwards '' . In contrast , he states , his character Sarah Connor ( from his Terminator films ) `` was not a beauty icon . She was strong , she was troubled , she was a terrible mother , and she earned the respect of the audience through pure grit . '' Jenkins stated in response that Cameron 's `` inability to understand what ' Wonder Woman ' is , or stands for , to women all over the world is unsurprising as , though he is a great filmmaker , he is not a woman '' . She further argued `` there is no right and wrong kind of powerful woman '' because `` if women have to always be hard , tough and troubled to be strong , and we are n't free to be multidimensional or celebrate an icon of women everywhere because she is attractive and loving , then we have n't come very far have we . '' Reaction to this debate was mixed . Julie Miller sided with Cameron , whom she states refers to himself as `` a pretty hardcore feminist '' and who told Vulture that `` I have no problem writing a script in which the males become subservient to the females , which is what happens in Aliens ( ... ) It 's up to Ripley to win the day . '' In contrast , Miller argues that Jenkins and Gadot envisioned Wonder Woman as `` a woman who exuded both femininity and strength , along with genuine confusion as to why men would treat women differently than they do other men '' . Susannah Breslin also agreed with Cameron , describing Jenkins 's Wonder Woman as `` a Playmate with a lasso '' and `` female power with no balls '' . Others were more critical of Cameron 's critique . An article in Newsweek suggests that in contrast to his criticism of Jenkins , Cameron 's own films include `` lot of objectification '' and quotes a few Hollywood celebrities who echoed this view . One of the quotes came from Jesse McLaren who states that `` James Cameron 's just confused there 's a female hero whose motivations are n't centered around motherhood . '' Noah Berlatsky found areas of agreement between both Cameron and Jenkins , stating that while Cameron 's objection is `` an old point that 's been made over and over for decades '' , Jenkins 's film is not `` solely focused on objectifying Gal Gadot for a male audience '' .", "A few weeks later in September , Cameron reiterated his criticism in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter . He compared Gal Gadot 's representation of the character to Raquel Welch films of the 1960s , and reinforced a comparison with Linda Hamilton 's portrayal of Sarah Connor . He argued that Connor was `` if not ahead of its time , at least a breakthrough in its time '' because though she `` looked great '' , she `` was n't treated as a sex object '' . He also stated that he while he `` applaud ( s ) Patty directing the film and Hollywood , uh , ' letting ' a woman direct a major action franchise , I did n't think there was anything groundbreaking in Wonder Woman . I thought it was a good film . Period . '' Former Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter responded to Cameron 's The Hollywood Reporter interview by asking him to `` Stop dissing WW . '' Like Jenkins , she suggests that while Cameron does `` not understand the character '' , she does . She also refers to Cameron 's critiques as `` thuggish jabs at a brilliant director '' that are as `` ill advised '' as the `` movie was spot on . '' Carter also states that she has the authority to make these observations because she has `` embodied this character for more than 40 years '' . A month later , Jenkins responded to Cameron 's comments once again in an interview with Variety , stating that she `` was not upset at all '' , as `` everybody is entitled to their own opinion . But if you 're going to debate something in a public way , I have to reply that I think it 's incorrect . '' Tricia Ennis was also critical of Cameron 's statements , arguing that `` while he may consider himself a feminist and an ally to women , ( he ) is not very good at it '' as being an ally means using his position of privilege `` without silencing the voices of those you 're trying to help '' . She also states that it `` is not enough to simply call yourself a feminist . It 's not even enough to create a strong female character ( ... ) You have to bring women to the table . You have to let them speak . You can not speak for them . But speaking for women is exactly what Cameron is doing through his comments ( ... ) Cameron is using his position of power as a respected producer and director to silence women . ''", "Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Readers ' Choice Poll Wonder Woman Won American Film Institute January 5 , 2018 Top Ten Films of the Year Wonder Woman Won Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Aline Bonetto Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget Drama Lora Kennedy , Kristy Carlson , Lucinda Syson , Jeanette Benzie ( Associate ) Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards February 24 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Live Action Chris Munro , Chris Burdon , Gilbert Lake , Alan Meyerson , Nick Kray and Glen Gathard Nominated Cinema for Peace Awards February 19 , 2018 Most Valuable Film of the Year Wonder Woman Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Fantasy Film Lindy Hemming Won Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Action Movie Wonder Woman Won Best Costume Design Lindy Hemming Nominated Best Visual Effects Wonder Woman Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society December 7 , 2017 Breakthrough Gal Gadot Nominated Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Wonder Woman Won Dublin Film Critics ' Circle December 13 , 2017 Best Director Patty Jenkins Runner - up EDA Awards January 9 , 2018 Best Woman Director Patty Jenkins Nominated Outstanding Achievement by A Woman in The Film Industry Patty Jenkins Nominated Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture -- Music Score Wonder Woman Nominated Golden Tomato Awards January 3 , 2018 Best Wide Release 2017 Wonder Woman 4th place Best Comic Book / Graphic Novel Movie 2017 Wonder Woman Won Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best of Show Wonder Woman Won Best Fantasy / Adventure Wonder Woman Won Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Trailer Wonder Woman Nominated Best Fantasy / Adventure Poster Wonder Woman Nominated Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster Wonder Woman Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Score -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Film Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated IndieWire Critics Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Wonder Woman 9th place Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie Wonder Woman Pending Favorite Movie Actress Gal Gadot Pending National Board of Review January 9 , 2018 Spotlight Award Wonder Woman , Patty Jenkins and Gal Gadot Won Palm Springs International Film Festival January 2 , 2018 Rising Star Award -- Actress Gal Gadot Won Producers Guild of America Awards January 20 , 2018 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Charles Roven , Richard Suckle , Zack Snyder , and Deborah Snyder Nominated Publicists Guild Awards March 2 , 2018 Motion Picture Wonder Woman Pending Santa Barbara Film Festival February 3 , 2018 Virtuosos Award Gal Gadot Won Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Allan Heinberg Nominated Best Original Score Rupert Gregson - Williams Won Best Visual Effects Wonder Woman Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Wonder Woman Won Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Action Wonder Woman Won Choice Movie Actor : Action Chris Pine Won Choice Movie Actress : Action Gal Gadot Won Choice Movie : Ship Gal Gadot and Chris Pine Nominated Choice Liplock Gal Gadot and Chris Pine Nominated Choice Movie : Summer Wonder Woman Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Summer Chris Pine Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Summer Gal Gadot Nominated USC Scripter Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Allan Heinberg and William Moulton Marston Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Production Design Aline Bonetto and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Women 's Work : Best Ensemble Wonder Woman Nominated Best Female Action Hero Wonder Woman Won Best Equality of the Sexes Wonder Woman Nominated", "Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s )", "AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Readers ' Choice Poll Wonder Woman Won", "American Film Institute January 5 , 2018 Top Ten Films of the Year Wonder Woman Won", "Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Aline Bonetto Nominated", "Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget Drama Lora Kennedy , Kristy Carlson , Lucinda Syson , Jeanette Benzie ( Associate ) Nominated", "Cinema Audio Society Awards February 24 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Live Action Chris Munro , Chris Burdon , Gilbert Lake , Alan Meyerson , Nick Kray and Glen Gathard Nominated", "Cinema for Peace Awards February 19 , 2018 Most Valuable Film of the Year Wonder Woman Nominated", "Costume Designers Guild Awards February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Fantasy Film Lindy Hemming Won", "Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Action Movie Wonder Woman Won", "Best Costume Design Lindy Hemming Nominated", "Best Visual Effects Wonder Woman Nominated", "Detroit Film Critics Society December 7 , 2017 Breakthrough Gal Gadot Nominated", "Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Wonder Woman Won", "Dublin Film Critics ' Circle December 13 , 2017 Best Director Patty Jenkins Runner - up", "EDA Awards January 9 , 2018 Best Woman Director Patty Jenkins Nominated", "Outstanding Achievement by A Woman in The Film Industry Patty Jenkins Nominated", "Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture -- Music Score Wonder Woman Nominated", "Golden Tomato Awards January 3 , 2018 Best Wide Release 2017 Wonder Woman 4th place", "Best Comic Book / Graphic Novel Movie 2017 Wonder Woman Won", "Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best of Show Wonder Woman Won", "Best Fantasy / Adventure Wonder Woman Won", "Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Trailer Wonder Woman Nominated", "Best Fantasy / Adventure Poster Wonder Woman Nominated", "Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster Wonder Woman Won", "Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Score -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Film Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated", "IndieWire Critics Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Wonder Woman 9th place", "Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie Wonder Woman Pending", "Favorite Movie Actress Gal Gadot Pending", "National Board of Review January 9 , 2018 Spotlight Award Wonder Woman , Patty Jenkins and Gal Gadot Won", "Palm Springs International Film Festival January 2 , 2018 Rising Star Award -- Actress Gal Gadot Won", "Producers Guild of America Awards January 20 , 2018 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Charles Roven , Richard Suckle , Zack Snyder , and Deborah Snyder Nominated", "Publicists Guild Awards March 2 , 2018 Motion Picture Wonder Woman Pending", "Santa Barbara Film Festival February 3 , 2018 Virtuosos Award Gal Gadot Won", "Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Allan Heinberg Nominated", "Best Original Score Rupert Gregson - Williams Won", "Best Visual Effects Wonder Woman Nominated", "Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Wonder Woman Won", "Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Action Wonder Woman Won", "Choice Movie Actor : Action Chris Pine Won", "Choice Movie Actress : Action Gal Gadot Won", "Choice Movie : Ship Gal Gadot and Chris Pine Nominated", "Choice Liplock Gal Gadot and Chris Pine Nominated", "Choice Movie : Summer Wonder Woman Nominated", "Choice Movie Actor : Summer Chris Pine Nominated", "Choice Movie Actress : Summer Gal Gadot Nominated", "USC Scripter Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Allan Heinberg and William Moulton Marston Nominated", "Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Production Design Aline Bonetto and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated", "Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Women 's Work : Best Ensemble Wonder Woman Nominated", "Best Female Action Hero Wonder Woman Won", "Best Equality of the Sexes Wonder Woman Nominated", "Originally signed for three feature films , with Wonder Woman and Justice League being her second and third films , Gadot signed an extension to her contract for additional films . Jenkins initially signed for only one film , but in an interview with Variety , Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins are writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a `` cool idea for the second one '' . At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con , Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13 , 2019 , and would be titled Wonder Woman 2 ; the date was later moved up to November 1 , 2019 , to avoid competition with Star Wars : Episode IX . Later , Jenkins was officially signed to return as director , with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role . Days later , the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film 's script with Jenkins and Johns . Kristin Wiig is in talks to play Cheetah , the villain of the film ." ]

[ [ "Sammi Smith" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' Song by Kris Kristofferson from the album Kristofferson A-side `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' Released 1970 Recorded 1969 Genre Country Length 2 : 24 Label Monument Songwriter ( s ) Kris Kristofferson Producer ( s ) Fred Foster", "`` Help Me Make It Through the Night ''", "Song by Kris Kristofferson", "from the album Kristofferson", "A-side `` Help Me Make It Through the Night ''", "Released 1970", "Recorded 1969", "Genre Country", "Length 2 : 24", "Label Monument", "Songwriter ( s ) Kris Kristofferson", "Producer ( s ) Fred Foster", "`` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' Single by Sammi Smith B - side `` When Michael Calls '' Released January 1970 Genre Country Label Mega Records Songwriter ( s ) Kris Kristofferson Producer ( s ) Jim Malloy Sammi Smith singles chronology `` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' ( 1970 ) `` I 've Got to Have You '' ( 1972 ) `` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' ( 1971 ) `` I 've Got to Have You '' ( 1972 )", "`` Help Me Make It Through The Night ''", "Single by Sammi Smith", "B - side `` When Michael Calls ''", "Released January 1970", "Genre Country", "Label Mega Records", "Songwriter ( s ) Kris Kristofferson", "Producer ( s ) Jim Malloy", "Sammi Smith singles chronology", "`` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' ( 1970 ) `` I 've Got to Have You '' ( 1972 )", "`` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' ( 1970 ) `` I 've Got to Have You '' ( 1972 )", "`` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' ( 1970 ) `` I 've Got to Have You '' ( 1972 )", "`` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' ( 1971 ) `` I 've Got to Have You '' ( 1972 )", "`` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' ( 1971 ) `` I 've Got to Have You '' ( 1972 )", "`` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' ( 1971 ) `` I 've Got to Have You '' ( 1972 )", "`` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' is a country music ballad written and composed by Kris Kristofferson and released on his 1970 album Kristofferson . It was covered later in 1970 by Sammi Smith , on the album Help Me Make It Through the Night . Smith 's recording of the song remains the most commercially successful and most well - known version in the United States . Her recording ranks among the most successful country singles of all time in terms of sales , popularity , and radio airplay . It topped the country singles chart , and was also a crossover hit , reaching number eight on the U.S. pop singles chart . `` Help Me Make It Through The Night '' also became Smith 's signature song .", "Inspired by Smith 's success with the song , numerous other artists covered it soon thereafter , including Loretta Lynn , Glen Campbell , Joan Baez , Jerry Lee Lewis , Elvis Presley , and Willie Nelson .", "Other artists who have recorded charting versions of the song include Gladys Knight & the Pips , John Holt , and ( in French ) Claude Varade .", "Kristofferson said that he got the inspiration for the song from an Esquire magazine interview with Frank Sinatra . When asked what he believed in , Frank replied , `` Booze , broads , or a bible ... whatever helps me make it through the night . ''", "During his time as a struggling songwriter , Kristofferson wrote the song while staying with Dottie West and her husband , Bill , at their home on Shy 's Hill Road in Nashville 's Green Hills neighborhood . When he offered Dottie the song , she originally claimed it was `` too suggestive '' for her . Eventually , she would record it before the year was out , and it is included on her album Careless Hands . However , by then , several others had recorded and released versions of it , some garnering great success . Later on , West said that not recording it when it was originally offered to her was one of the greatest regrets of her career .", "Kristofferson 's original lyrics speak of a man 's yearning for sexual intimacy . They were controversial in 1971 when the song was covered by a woman : I do n't care what 's right or wrong , I do n't try to understand / Let the devil take tomorrow , Lord tonight I need a friend .", "Sammi Smith 's recording reached number - one on the U.S. country charts and won the Grammy Award for Best Country Music Female performance . On February 20 , 1971 , it reached number 8 on Billboard 's U.S. pop singles chart , and also enjoyed success in Canada . Adult - Contemporary stations took to the song , and it peaked at number 3 on Billboard 's Easy Listening chart . Additionally , it spent three weeks at number 1 on the Country chart . The song became a gold record .", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia KMR 7 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Country Tracks US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot Country Singles US Cash Box Top 100 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 32 Canada 64 US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Cash Box 78", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia KMR 7 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Country Tracks US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot Country Singles US Cash Box Top 100 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 32 Canada 64 US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Cash Box 78", "Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia KMR 7 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Country Tracks US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot Country Singles US Cash Box Top 100 9", "Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position", "Australia KMR 7", "Canada RPM Top Singles", "Canada RPM Country Tracks", "US Billboard Hot 100 8", "US Billboard Easy Listening", "US Billboard Hot Country Singles", "US Cash Box Top 100 9", "Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 32 Canada 64 US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Cash Box 78", "Chart ( 1971 ) Rank", "Australia 32", "Canada 64", "US Billboard Hot 100 36", "US Cash Box 78", "In 1971 , Joe Simon hit # 69 on the Hot 100 and # 13 on the Hot Soul Singles chart .", "In 1972 , a version by Gladys Knight & the Pips reached number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 13 on the Hot Soul Singles chart , and was a Top 10 pop hit in the United Kingdom . This version was later sampled extensively on Huff and Puff 's 1996 dance track `` Help Me Make It '' .", "In 1974 , John Holt included the song on his album 1000 Volts of Holt . That year , his recording of the song made it into the UK Top Ten .", "In 1975 , the French Canadian singer Claude Valade recorded a French version of the song , `` Aide - moi à passer la nuit '' , produced and distributed by London Deram Records . The French - language lyrics were written by Canadian singer - songwriter Christine Charbonneau . The song made its way to fame and was on the charts ( 3rd place ) for more than six months .", "In 1980 , Willie Nelson covered the song . His rendition became a hit on the Country music charts of both the U.S. and Canada .", "Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks", "Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position", "US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard )", "Canadian RPM Country Tracks", "In 2007 , it was recorded for a second time in French with Annie Blanchard ( Musicor Records ) and the song made the Top 20 for 26 weeks , reaching a high of # 6 .", "Other artists who have recorded the song include :", "Ray Price , on the 1970 album For The Good Times , released slightly before Sammi Smith 's version Jerry Lee Lewis , on the 1971 album Touching Home Lynn Anderson , on the 1971 album You 're My Man Glen Campbell , on the 1971 album The Last Time I Saw Her Loretta Lynn , on the 1971 album I Wanna Be Free Johnny Mathis , on the 1971 album You 've Got a Friend Andy Williams , on the 1971 album You 've Got a Friend Jim Nabors , on the 1971 album Help Me Make It Through The Night Skeeter Davis , on the 1971 album Skeeter Dottie West , on the 1971 album Careless Hands Jeannie C. Riley , on the 1971 album Jeannie Joan Baez , on the 1971 album Blessed Are ... ( In her 1987 memoir , Baez disclosed that she had had an affair with Kristofferson himself at the same approximate time . ) Peggy Lee , on the 1971 album Where Did They Go Olivia Newton - John , on the 1971 album If Not for You Engelbert Humperdinck , on the 1971 album Another Time , Another Place and again in 2009 for A Taste of Country . Elvis Presley , on the 1972 album Elvis Now Saxophonist Hank Crawford , on the 1972 album Help Me Make It Through the Night Tammy Wynette , on the 1974 album Another Lonely Song Lena Zavaroni , on the 1974 album Ma ! ( He 's Making Eyes At Me ) ; she later performed it live on numerous occasions , including at her own wedding in 1989 Charley Pride , on the 1976 album The Happiness of Having You Sergio Franchi , a tenor / crossover version on the 1976 DynaHouse album 20 Magnificent Songs . Harry James , on the 1979 album Still Harry After All These Years Monika Brodka , on the 2005 album `` Album '' ( 1 ) Bryan Adams , on the 2014 album Tracks of My Years", "Ray Price , on the 1970 album For The Good Times , released slightly before Sammi Smith 's version", "Jerry Lee Lewis , on the 1971 album Touching Home", "Lynn Anderson , on the 1971 album You 're My Man", "Glen Campbell , on the 1971 album The Last Time I Saw Her", "Loretta Lynn , on the 1971 album I Wanna Be Free", "Johnny Mathis , on the 1971 album You 've Got a Friend", "Andy Williams , on the 1971 album You 've Got a Friend", "Jim Nabors , on the 1971 album Help Me Make It Through The Night", "Skeeter Davis , on the 1971 album Skeeter", "Dottie West , on the 1971 album Careless Hands", "Jeannie C. Riley , on the 1971 album Jeannie", "Joan Baez , on the 1971 album Blessed Are ... ( In her 1987 memoir , Baez disclosed that she had had an affair with Kristofferson himself at the same approximate time . )", "Peggy Lee , on the 1971 album Where Did They Go", "Olivia Newton - John , on the 1971 album If Not for You", "Engelbert Humperdinck , on the 1971 album Another Time , Another Place and again in 2009 for A Taste of Country .", "Elvis Presley , on the 1972 album Elvis Now", "Saxophonist Hank Crawford , on the 1972 album Help Me Make It Through the Night", "Tammy Wynette , on the 1974 album Another Lonely Song", "Lena Zavaroni , on the 1974 album Ma ! ( He 's Making Eyes At Me ) ; she later performed it live on numerous occasions , including at her own wedding in 1989", "Charley Pride , on the 1976 album The Happiness of Having You", "Sergio Franchi , a tenor / crossover version on the 1976 DynaHouse album 20 Magnificent Songs .", "Harry James , on the 1979 album Still Harry After All These Years", "Monika Brodka , on the 2005 album `` Album '' ( 1 )", "Bryan Adams , on the 2014 album Tracks of My Years", "Johnny Cash and his wife , June Carter Cash , recorded it as a duet . The recording is found on the 2006 compilation June Carter and Johnny Cash : Duets , released by Sony BMG . In this version , Johnny Cash inserts `` June '' before the line tonight I need a friend .", "In 2008 , Mariah Carey recorded a version of the song intended for inclusion on the soundtrack album of the film Tennessee , but the album was never released . Her recording was eventually released on YouTube in 2010 .", "Barry Humphries , in the lecherous persona of his character Sir Les Patterson , released a version of the song on the 1985 LP 12 Inches of Les .", "In 1990 , country novelty musician Ray Stevens produced a comedic version of the song . After a conventional balladic first verse with piano and strings , a Foghorn Leghorn character breaks in demanding `` a little fire in it ! '' Stevens launches into an upbeat `` hillbilly '' bluegrass tempo , interspersing each line with mocking jokes of those lines : the first line `` Take the ribbon from your hair , '' is followed by a ripping sound followed by a woman yelling , Spike Jones - style , and so on . Another comedic version was recorded by novelty group Big Daddy , which was performed in the style , and with musical references to The Coasters . A parody was called `` Help Me Make It Through the Yard '' by Pinkard & Bowden , in which the lyrics are altered to tell about the plight of a man coming home drunk : Take the rosebush from my hair , / Lord , it has a lot of thorns , / What 's the sprinkler doing on / At this hour of the morn ? ...", "In Austria , a German language version of the song was recorded by S.T.S. . Its title in German was `` Gö , Du Bleibst Heut Nacht Bei Mir '' . The song was also covered by UK singer Charlie Landsborough on his 2009 album ' Nothing Lasts Forever ' . Another German Version ( `` Hilf Mir Durch Die Nacht '' ) exists by Volker Lechtenbrink .", "A Spanish version was recorded in Colombia in 2001 by Marco T .", "An Estonian version was released in 1983 by Ivo Linna & Rock Hotel .", "In 1972 , John Huston used Kristofferson 's version as the theme for his feature Fat City . It plays under the title credits , with instrumental arrangements later in the movie .", "In 1978 , Kristofferson made a guest appearance on the television series The Muppet Show ; on that episode he performed `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' as a duet with a besotted Miss Piggy .", "In the 1997 film The Ice Storm , the Sammi Smith recording plays in the background in one of the key party scenes .", "In 2013 , American Idol contestant Kree Harrison sang this song during season 12 on `` Songs They Wish They Had Written '' week .", "In 2015 , DeAnna Johnson covered this song on The Voice ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Man of the Woods Tour Tour by Justin Timberlake Associated album Man of the Woods Start date March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) End date January 31 , 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 31 ) Legs No. of shows 85 in North America 27 in Europe 112 in total Justin Timberlake concert chronology The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 -- 15 ) Man of the Woods Tour ( 2018 -- 19 )", "Tour by Justin Timberlake", "Associated album Man of the Woods", "Start date March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 )", "End date January 31 , 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 31 )", "Legs", "No. of shows 85 in North America 27 in Europe 112 in total", "85 in North America 27 in Europe 112 in total", "85 in North America", "27 in Europe", "112 in total", "Justin Timberlake concert chronology", "The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 -- 15 ) Man of the Woods Tour ( 2018 -- 19 )", "The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 -- 15 ) Man of the Woods Tour ( 2018 -- 19 )", "The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Man of the Woods Tour ( 2018 -- 19 )", "The Man of the Woods Tour is the sixth and current headlining concert tour by American singer Justin Timberlake . It is in support of his fifth studio album Man of the Woods ( 2018 ) . The tour began on March 13 , 2018 , in Toronto , Canada and is scheduled to end January 31 , 2019 , in New York City .", "The tour was first announced in January 2018 , and due to demand additional dates were released soon after . On February 5 , 2018 , the day following Timberlake 's Super Bowl LII halftime show , Timberlake announced European tour dates , as well as second and third North American tour dates . Timberlake will tour Europe after the first North American leg , then will tour North America again starting in the fall . The third North American leg will begin in January 2019 .", "During a portion of the concert , Timberlake and his band the `` Tennessee Kids '' sing around a campfire . The `` Stage Bar '' VIP Experience on the tour includes a bar near the center stage , and a drink ticket . A disco dance floor is near the stage , where Timberlake performs `` Rock Your Body ''", "In May 2018 , Billboard reported grosses totalling $36.6 million from the first five weeks , with 255,780 attendees at 16 shows , thus reaching number one on the magazine 's weekly ranking Hot Tours . The magazine expects the tour to reach a total of $275 million and 2 million attendees by the time it concludes . Timberlake 's sold - out Orlando concert on May 14 was the highest - grossing , single - day concert in Amway Center history with $2,387,112 and 17,839 attendees . As of August 2018 , The Man of the Woods Tour has grossed over $125 million .", "Timberlake 's September 20 night concert at Rupp Arena grossed $2 million , making it the highest - grossing one - night concert in the arena 's history , besting the previous record set by the Eagles , which grossed $1.8 million in June 2015 .", "Toronto Star journalist Nick Krewen , who attended the opening date , gave it a score of four - out - of - four , writing `` ( the ) stellar tour kickoff delivers the hits and the spectacle ... Even with some of the most elaborate , sophisticated visual technology available at his disposal , pop superstar Justin Timberlake managed to have his campfire moment at the Air Canada Centre Tuesday night . With a literal campfire . '' Chicago Tribune 's Bob Gendron , who attended the show at the United Center , praised the spectacle and said `` Parade leader . Spurned lover . Assertive dancer . Down - on - his - knees relationship savior . Bartender who handed shots out to his large ensemble . Outdoors lover who gathered around a campfire to play familiar songs . Timberlake embraced an array of roles , blurring the lines between entertainer , singer and actor . '' Adam Graham of the Detroit News wrote it `` was an engrossing spectacle that turned the arena into his personal wooded playland ; no concert artist has come close to using Little Caesars Arena 's space this creatively , save for perhaps Lady Gaga . ( ... ) Timberlake was cool and commanding , taking the stage in a jean jacket and track pants and still looking like he owned the place . '' Graham also praised Timberlake 's band the Tennessee Kids , `` ( they ) became his own E Street Band -- there were times , especially when the band turned around and played to the fans at the back of the arena , that the show recalled a Bruce Springsteen concert . '' For GQ , Alim Kheraj , after attending the concert at London 's O2 Arena , deemed Timberlake `` one of the greatest live performers of all time . '' He considered `` Timberlake and the Man of the Woods Tour has as its secret weapon : captivation . With more than two decades of experience in the entertainment industry , he knows how to maintain an audience 's attention , how to mould them so they 're pumped at his signals and ( mostly ) when to take his foot off the accelerator . ( ... ) Similarly , unlike a legacy artist , his show is still exciting , carefully crafted to bring fans the best in audio - visual technology while ensuring that , musically , things line up too . ''", "Franklin Soults of The Boston Globe described the first half of the show as `` ritzy glamour , '' with the `` undercut with casual outfits and attitudes that made the extravaganza feel almost relaxed , like a professional athlete 's seemingly effortless performance during a career - topping late season . '' Despite describing the sing - along around the campfire as `` clumsy , '' he did believe that Timberlake won the crowd back towards the end of the show . The Oakland Press ' Gary Graff said `` You 'd be hard - pressed to find a production that makes full use of an arena in as complete a way as Timberlake is doing '' and opined `` the whole affair was tightly choreographed to appear precision at times , loose and improvisational at others . Timberlake and company were best when they were at their funkiest . '' Peter Larsen in Daily Breeze said in his review that Timberlake delivered `` with swagger and style in a terrific night at the Forum , '' and noted the opening act The Shadowboxers `` surely won over many with their energetic performance . ''", "Jimmie Tramel of Tulsa World said Timberlake brought `` cool factor '' to BOK Center , and noted his `` appeal is such that among those spotted walking into the arena was state senator and former University of Tulsa football coach David Rader . '' Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic said `` there were plenty of breathtaking nature scenes projected on the scrims that dotted the arena , '' while `` it felt more like a night at the club in downtown Phoenix than a trip to Payson , '' about Timberlake he commented , `` he 's only gotten better , as he proved repeatedly in the course of a heavily choreographed performance . His sense of showmanship has also gotten stronger through the years . ''", "The following set list is from the show on March 13 , 2018 , in Toronto . It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour .", "`` Filthy '' `` Midnight Summer Jam '' `` LoveStoned '' `` SexyBack '' `` Man of the Woods '' `` Higher Higher '' `` Señorita '' `` Suit & Tie '' ( contains elements of `` Sho Nuff '' ) `` SoulMate '' ( European leg only ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Mirrors '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Flannel '' ( cut from the set after August 2 , 2018 ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` Dreams '' / `` Ex-Factor '' / `` Come Together '' / `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' ( each sung by a backup singer ) `` Morning Light '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Say Something '' `` Montana '' `` Summer Love '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Supplies '' `` Like I Love You '' ( added to the set on March 28 , 2018 ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! ''", "`` Filthy ''", "`` Midnight Summer Jam ''", "`` LoveStoned ''", "`` SexyBack ''", "`` Man of the Woods ''", "`` Higher Higher ''", "`` Señorita ''", "`` Suit & Tie '' ( contains elements of `` Sho Nuff '' )", "`` SoulMate '' ( European leg only )", "`` My Love ''", "`` Cry Me a River ''", "`` Mirrors ''", "`` Drink You Away ''", "`` Flannel '' ( cut from the set after August 2 , 2018 )", "`` Until the End of Time ''", "`` Dreams '' / `` Ex-Factor '' / `` Come Together '' / `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' ( each sung by a backup singer )", "`` Morning Light ''", "`` What Goes Around ... Comes Around ''", "`` Say Something ''", "`` Montana ''", "`` Summer Love ''", "`` Rock Your Body ''", "`` Supplies ''", "`` Like I Love You '' ( added to the set on March 28 , 2018 )", "`` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! ''", "Notes", "On May 9 , 2018 , during the concert in Nashville , Chris Stapleton joined Timberlake on stage to perform `` Tennessee Whiskey ''", "On May 9 , 2018 , during the concert in Nashville , Chris Stapleton joined Timberlake on stage to perform `` Tennessee Whiskey ''", "List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening act , tickets sold , amount of available tickets , and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue Leg 1 -- North America March 13 , 2018 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre Francesco Yates 32,142 / 32,142 $3,463,128 March 15 , 2018 March 18 , 2018 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena The Shadowboxers 16,274 / 16,274 $2,809,918 March 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden 17,288 / 17,288 $2,867,064 March 25 , 2018 Newark Prudential Center 15,645 / 15,645 $2,390,462 March 27 , 2018 Chicago United Center 33,006 / 33,006 $5,304,255 March 28 , 2018 March 31 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena 18,237 / 18,237 $2,504,220 April 2 , 2018 Detroit Little Caesars Arena 17,131 / 17,131 $2,246,777 April 4 , 2018 Boston TD Garden 30,976 / 30,976 $4,604,928 April 5 , 2018 April 8 , 2018 Montreal Canada Bell Centre Francesco Yates 29,726 / 29,726 $3,200,799 April 9 , 2018 April 12 , 2018 Salt Lake City United States Vivint Smart Home Arena The Shadowboxers 14,862 / 14,862 $2,098,916 April 14 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena 30,493 / 30,493 $5,113,319 April 15 , 2018 April 24 , 2018 San Jose SAP Center 31,221 / 31,221 $4,385,706 April 25 , 2018 April 28 , 2018 Inglewood The Forum 33,242 / 33,242 $4,901,470 April 29 , 2018 May 2 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena 16,288 / 16,288 $2,319,640 May 5 , 2018 Tulsa BOK Center 17,162 / 17,162 $2,464,710 May 7 , 2018 Columbus Nationwide Arena 17,687 / 17,687 $2,579,208 May 9 , 2018 Nashville Bridgestone Arena 16,055 / 16,055 $2,551,016 May 11 , 2018 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 12,149 / 12,149 $2,194,486 May 14 , 2018 Orlando Amway Center 16,208 / 16,208 $2,387,113 May 15 , 2018 Tampa Amalie Arena N / A N / A May 18 , 2018 Miami American Airlines Arena 15,126 / 15,126 $2,113,415 May 19 , 2018 Sunrise BB&T Center 16,369 / 16,369 $2,361,871 May 23 , 2018 Houston Toyota Center 29,926 / 29,926 $4,452,950 May 25 , 2018 May 27 , 2018 Dallas American Airlines Center 33,482 / 33,482 $4,898,488 May 28 , 2018 May 30 , 2018 Memphis FedExForum 14,594 / 14,594 $2,148,372 June 1 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena 17,074 / 17,074 $2,340,659 June 2 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 17,303 / 17,303 $2,668,122 Leg 2 -- Europe July 3 , 2018 Paris France AccorHotels Arena The Shadowboxers 26,047 / 26,047 $2,110,303 July 4 , 2018 July 7 , 2018 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 7,686 / 10,232 $853,601 July 9 , 2018 London England The O Arena 32,312 / 35,322 $3,991,280 July 11 , 2018 July 13 , 2018 Mannheim Germany SAP Arena 10,476 / 10,476 $1,030,776 July 15 , 2018 Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome 15,064 / 15,064 $1,724,273 July 17 , 2018 Antwerp Belgium Sportpaleis 34,819 / 34,819 $3,191,467 July 18 , 2018 July 21 , 2018 Cologne Germany Lanxess Arena 30,638 / 30,638 $3,333,404 July 22 , 2018 July 31 , 2018 Stockholm Sweden Friends Arena 23,303 / 23,303 $1,818,015 August 2 , 2018 Oslo Norway Telenor Arena 15,409 / 15,409 $1,235,128 August 4 , 2018 Copenhagen Denmark Royal Arena 26,234 / 26,234 $3,307,944 August 5 , 2018 August 8 , 2018 Hamburg Germany Barclaycard Arena 23,654 / 23,654 $2,424,597 August 9 , 2018 August 12 , 2018 Berlin Mercedes - Benz Arena Bazzi 27,022 / 27,022 $2,761,779 August 13 , 2018 August 16 , 2018 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 12,380 / 12,380 $1,622,406 August 18 , 2018 Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle 13,363 / 13,363 $1,486,731 August 20 , 2018 Frankfurt Germany Festhalle 22,226 / 22,226 $2,407,113 August 21 , 2018 August 24 , 2018 Arnhem Netherlands GelreDome 34,497 / 34,497 $3,395,152 August 25 , 2018 Amsterdam Ziggo Dome 15,658 / 15,658 $1,711,716 August 27 , 2018 Birmingham England Arena Birmingham 11,383 / 11,383 $965,879 August 29 , 2018 Manchester Manchester Arena 13,859 / 13,859 $1,281,565 Leg 3 -- North America September 19 , 2018 Lexington United States Rupp Arena TBA 17,342 / 17,342 $2,017,287 September 21 , 2018 Milwaukee Fiserv Forum -- -- September 25 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena -- -- September 28 , 2018 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center -- -- September 29 , 2018 October 2 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena -- -- October 5 , 2018 Chicago United Center -- -- October 9 , 2018 Toronto Canada Scotiabank Arena -- -- October 11 , 2018 Ottawa Canadian Tire Centre -- -- October 13 , 2018 Quebec City Videotron Centre -- -- October 15 , 2018 University Park United States Bryce Jordan Center -- -- October 18 , 2018 Boston TD Garden -- -- October 20 , 2018 Albany Times Union Center -- -- October 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden -- -- November 4 , 2018 Edmonton Canada Rogers Place -- -- November 5 , 2018 November 8 , 2018 Vancouver Rogers Arena -- -- November 9 , 2018 November 12 , 2018 Tacoma United States Tacoma Dome -- -- November 13 , 2018 November 16 , 2018 Portland Moda Center -- -- November 18 , 2018 Sacramento Golden 1 Center -- -- November 20 , 2018 Anaheim Honda Center -- -- November 27 , 2018 Los Angeles Staples Center -- -- November 29 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena -- -- December 1 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena -- -- December 3 , 2018 Fresno Save Mart Center -- -- December 5 , 2018 Oakland Oracle Arena -- -- December 8 , 2018 Omaha CHI Health Center Omaha -- -- December 10 , 2018 Kansas City Sprint Center -- -- December 13 , 2018 St. Louis Enterprise Center -- -- December 14 , 2018 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse -- -- December 17 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center -- -- December 19 , 2018 Buffalo KeyBank Center -- -- December 21 , 2018 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena -- -- December 22 , 2018 Leg 4 -- North America January 4 , 2019 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena TBA -- -- January 6 , 2019 Raleigh PNC Arena -- -- January 8 , 2019 Charlotte Spectrum Center -- -- January 10 , 2019 Atlanta State Farm Arena -- -- January 12 , 2019 Memphis FedExForum -- -- January 15 , 2019 New Orleans Smoothie King Center -- -- January 17 , 2019 North Little Rock Verizon Arena -- -- January 19 , 2019 San Antonio AT&T Center -- -- January 22 , 2019 Houston Toyota Center -- -- January 24 , 2019 Dallas American Airlines Center -- -- January 26 , 2019 Oklahoma City Chesapeake Energy Arena -- -- January 28 , 2019 Denver Pepsi Center -- -- January 31 , 2019 New York City Madison Square Garden -- -- Total -- --", "Date City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue", "Leg 1 -- North America", "March 13 , 2018 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre Francesco Yates 32,142 / 32,142 $3,463,128", "March 15 , 2018", "March 18 , 2018 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena The Shadowboxers 16,274 / 16,274 $2,809,918", "March 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden 17,288 / 17,288 $2,867,064", "March 25 , 2018 Newark Prudential Center 15,645 / 15,645 $2,390,462", "March 27 , 2018 Chicago United Center 33,006 / 33,006 $5,304,255", "March 28 , 2018", "March 31 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena 18,237 / 18,237 $2,504,220", "April 2 , 2018 Detroit Little Caesars Arena 17,131 / 17,131 $2,246,777", "April 4 , 2018 Boston TD Garden 30,976 / 30,976 $4,604,928", "April 5 , 2018", "April 8 , 2018 Montreal Canada Bell Centre Francesco Yates 29,726 / 29,726 $3,200,799", "April 9 , 2018", "April 12 , 2018 Salt Lake City United States Vivint Smart Home Arena The Shadowboxers 14,862 / 14,862 $2,098,916", "April 14 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena 30,493 / 30,493 $5,113,319", "April 15 , 2018", "April 24 , 2018 San Jose SAP Center 31,221 / 31,221 $4,385,706", "April 25 , 2018", "April 28 , 2018 Inglewood The Forum 33,242 / 33,242 $4,901,470", "April 29 , 2018", "May 2 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena 16,288 / 16,288 $2,319,640", "May 5 , 2018 Tulsa BOK Center 17,162 / 17,162 $2,464,710", "May 7 , 2018 Columbus Nationwide Arena 17,687 / 17,687 $2,579,208", "May 9 , 2018 Nashville Bridgestone Arena 16,055 / 16,055 $2,551,016", "May 11 , 2018 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 12,149 / 12,149 $2,194,486", "May 14 , 2018 Orlando Amway Center 16,208 / 16,208 $2,387,113", "May 15 , 2018 Tampa Amalie Arena N / A N / A", "May 18 , 2018 Miami American Airlines Arena 15,126 / 15,126 $2,113,415", "May 19 , 2018 Sunrise BB&T Center 16,369 / 16,369 $2,361,871", "May 23 , 2018 Houston Toyota Center 29,926 / 29,926 $4,452,950", "May 25 , 2018", "May 27 , 2018 Dallas American Airlines Center 33,482 / 33,482 $4,898,488", "May 28 , 2018", "May 30 , 2018 Memphis FedExForum 14,594 / 14,594 $2,148,372", "June 1 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena 17,074 / 17,074 $2,340,659", "June 2 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 17,303 / 17,303 $2,668,122", "Leg 2 -- Europe", "July 3 , 2018 Paris France AccorHotels Arena The Shadowboxers 26,047 / 26,047 $2,110,303", "July 4 , 2018", "July 7 , 2018 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 7,686 / 10,232 $853,601", "July 9 , 2018 London England The O Arena 32,312 / 35,322 $3,991,280", "July 11 , 2018", "July 13 , 2018 Mannheim Germany SAP Arena 10,476 / 10,476 $1,030,776", "July 15 , 2018 Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome 15,064 / 15,064 $1,724,273", "July 17 , 2018 Antwerp Belgium Sportpaleis 34,819 / 34,819 $3,191,467", "July 18 , 2018", "July 21 , 2018 Cologne Germany Lanxess Arena 30,638 / 30,638 $3,333,404", "July 22 , 2018", "July 31 , 2018 Stockholm Sweden Friends Arena 23,303 / 23,303 $1,818,015", "August 2 , 2018 Oslo Norway Telenor Arena 15,409 / 15,409 $1,235,128", "August 4 , 2018 Copenhagen Denmark Royal Arena 26,234 / 26,234 $3,307,944", "August 5 , 2018", "August 8 , 2018 Hamburg Germany Barclaycard Arena 23,654 / 23,654 $2,424,597", "August 9 , 2018", "August 12 , 2018 Berlin Mercedes - Benz Arena Bazzi 27,022 / 27,022 $2,761,779", "August 13 , 2018", "August 16 , 2018 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 12,380 / 12,380 $1,622,406", "August 18 , 2018 Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle 13,363 / 13,363 $1,486,731", "August 20 , 2018 Frankfurt Germany Festhalle 22,226 / 22,226 $2,407,113", "August 21 , 2018", "August 24 , 2018 Arnhem Netherlands GelreDome 34,497 / 34,497 $3,395,152", "August 25 , 2018 Amsterdam Ziggo Dome 15,658 / 15,658 $1,711,716", "August 27 , 2018 Birmingham England Arena Birmingham 11,383 / 11,383 $965,879", "August 29 , 2018 Manchester Manchester Arena 13,859 / 13,859 $1,281,565", "Leg 3 -- North America", "September 19 , 2018 Lexington United States Rupp Arena TBA 17,342 / 17,342 $2,017,287", "September 21 , 2018 Milwaukee Fiserv Forum -- --", "September 25 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena -- --", "September 28 , 2018 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center -- --", "September 29 , 2018", "October 2 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena -- --", "October 5 , 2018 Chicago United Center -- --", "October 9 , 2018 Toronto Canada Scotiabank Arena -- --", "October 11 , 2018 Ottawa Canadian Tire Centre -- --", "October 13 , 2018 Quebec City Videotron Centre -- --", "October 15 , 2018 University Park United States Bryce Jordan Center -- --", "October 18 , 2018 Boston TD Garden -- --", "October 20 , 2018 Albany Times Union Center -- --", "October 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden -- --", "November 4 , 2018 Edmonton Canada Rogers Place -- --", "November 5 , 2018", "November 8 , 2018 Vancouver Rogers Arena -- --", "November 9 , 2018", "November 12 , 2018 Tacoma United States Tacoma Dome -- --", "November 13 , 2018", "November 16 , 2018 Portland Moda Center -- --", "November 18 , 2018 Sacramento Golden 1 Center -- --", "November 20 , 2018 Anaheim Honda Center -- --", "November 27 , 2018 Los Angeles Staples Center -- --", "November 29 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena -- --", "December 1 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena -- --", "December 3 , 2018 Fresno Save Mart Center -- --", "December 5 , 2018 Oakland Oracle Arena -- --", "December 8 , 2018 Omaha CHI Health Center Omaha -- --", "December 10 , 2018 Kansas City Sprint Center -- --", "December 13 , 2018 St. Louis Enterprise Center -- --", "December 14 , 2018 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse -- --", "December 17 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center -- --", "December 19 , 2018 Buffalo KeyBank Center -- --", "December 21 , 2018 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena -- --", "December 22 , 2018", "Leg 4 -- North America", "January 4 , 2019 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena TBA -- --", "January 6 , 2019 Raleigh PNC Arena -- --", "January 8 , 2019 Charlotte Spectrum Center -- --", "January 10 , 2019 Atlanta State Farm Arena -- --", "January 12 , 2019 Memphis FedExForum -- --", "January 15 , 2019 New Orleans Smoothie King Center -- --", "January 17 , 2019 North Little Rock Verizon Arena -- --", "January 19 , 2019 San Antonio AT&T Center -- --", "January 22 , 2019 Houston Toyota Center -- --", "January 24 , 2019 Dallas American Airlines Center -- --", "January 26 , 2019 Oklahoma City Chesapeake Energy Arena -- --", "January 28 , 2019 Denver Pepsi Center -- --", "January 31 , 2019 New York City Madison Square Garden -- --", "Total -- --" ]

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[ -1 ]

[ "History of U.S. expansion and influence Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars United States military deployments List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Foreign interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change", "History of U.S. expansion and influence", "Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars United States military deployments List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Foreign interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change", "Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars United States military deployments List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Foreign interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change", "Timeline of military operations", "List of wars", "United States military deployments", "List of bases", "America 's Backyard", "United States involvement in regime change", "", "", "American imperialism is a policy aimed at extending the political , economic , and cultural control of the United States government over areas beyond its boundaries . It can be accomplished in any number of ways : by military conquest , by treaty , by subsidization , by economic penetration through private companies followed by intervention when those interests are threatened , or by regime change .", "The concept of expanding territorial control was popularized in the 19th century as the doctrine of Manifest Destiny and was realized through conquests such as the Mexican -- American War of 1846 , which resulted in the annexation of 525,000 square miles of Mexican territory . While the US government does not refer to itself as an empire , the continuing phenomenon has been acknowledged by mainstream Western writers including Max Boot , Arthur Schlesinger , and Niall Ferguson .", "Thomas Jefferson , in the 1790s , awaited the fall of the Spanish Empire `` until our population can be sufficiently advanced to gain it from them piece by piece '' . In turn , historian Sidney Lens notes that `` the urge for expansion -- at the expense of other peoples -- goes back to the beginnings of the United States itself '' . Yale historian Paul Kennedy put it , `` From the time the first settlers arrived in Virginia from England and started moving westward , this was an imperial nation , a conquering nation . '' Detailing George Washington 's description of the early United States as an `` infant empire '' , Benjamin Franklin 's writing that `` the Prince that acquires new Territory ... removes the Natives to give his own People Room ... may be properly called ( Father ) of ( his ) Nation '' , and Thomas Jefferson 's statement that the United States `` must be viewed as the nest from which all America , North & South is to be peopled '' , Noam Chomsky said that `` the United States is the one country that exists , as far as I know , and ever has , that was founded as an empire explicitly '' .", "A national drive for territorial acquisition across the continent was popularized in the 19th century as the ideology of Manifest Destiny . It came to be realized with the Mexican -- American War of 1846 , which resulted in the annexation of 525,000 square miles of Mexican territory , stretching up to the Pacific coast .", "President James Monroe presented his famous doctrine for the western hemisphere in 1823 . Historians have observed that while the Monroe Doctrine contained a commitment to resist colonialism from Europe , it had some aggressive implications for American policy , since there were no limitations on the US 's own actions mentioned within it . Scholar Jay Sexton notes that the tactics used to implement the doctrine were `` modeled after those employed by British imperialists '' in their territorial competition with Spain and France . Eminent historian William Appleman Williams dryly described it as `` imperial anti-colonialism . ''", "The Indian Wars against the indigenous population began in the British era . Their escalation under the federal republic allowed the US to dominate North America and carve out the 48 continental states . This is now understood to be an explicitly colonial process , as the Native American nations were usually recognized as sovereign entities prior to annexation . Their sovereignty was systematically undermined by US state policy ( usually involving unequal or broken treaties ) and white settler - colonialism . The climax of this process was the California genocide .", "A variety of factors converged during the `` New Imperialism '' of the late 19th century , when the United States and the other great powers rapidly expanded their overseas territorial possessions . Some of these are explained , or used as examples for the various forms of New Imperialism .", "The prevalence of overt racism , notably John Fiske 's conception of Anglo - Saxon racial superiority , and Josiah Strong 's call to `` civilize and Christianize '' -- all manifestations of a growing Social Darwinism and racism in some schools of American political thought . Early in his career , as Assistant Secretary of the Navy , Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in preparing the Navy for the Spanish -- American War and was an enthusiastic proponent of testing the U.S. military in battle , at one point stating `` I should welcome almost any war , for I think this country needs one '' .", "The prevalence of overt racism , notably John Fiske 's conception of Anglo - Saxon racial superiority , and Josiah Strong 's call to `` civilize and Christianize '' -- all manifestations of a growing Social Darwinism and racism in some schools of American political thought .", "Early in his career , as Assistant Secretary of the Navy , Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in preparing the Navy for the Spanish -- American War and was an enthusiastic proponent of testing the U.S. military in battle , at one point stating `` I should welcome almost any war , for I think this country needs one '' .", "Roosevelt claimed that he rejected imperialism , but he embraced the near - identical doctrine of expansionism . When Rudyard Kipling wrote the imperialist poem `` The White Man 's Burden '' for Roosevelt , the politician told colleagues that it was `` rather poor poetry , but good sense from the expansion point of view . '' Roosevelt was so committed to dominating Spain 's former colonies that he proclaimed his own corollary to the Monroe Doctrine as justification , although his ambitions extended even further , into the Far East . Scholars have documented the resemblance and collaboration between US and British military activities in the Pacific at this time .", "Industry and trade are two of the most prevalent motivations of imperialism . American intervention in both Latin America and Hawaii resulted in multiple industrial investments , including the popular industry of Dole bananas . If the United States was able to annex a territory , in turn they were granted access to the trade and capital of those territories . In 1898 , Senator Albert Beveridge proclaimed that an expansion of markets was absolutely necessary , `` American factories are making more than the American people can use ; American soil is producing more than they can consume . Fate has written our policy for us ; the trade of the world must and shall be ours . ''", "American rule of ceded Spanish territory was not uncontested . The Philippine Revolution had begun in August 1896 against Spain , and after the defeat of Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay , began again in earnest , culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic . The Philippine -- American War ensued , with extensive damage and death , ultimately resulting in the defeat of the Philippine Republic . According to scholars such as Gavan McCormack and E. San Juan , the American counterinsurgency resulted in genocide .", "The maximum geographical extension of American direct political and military control happened in the aftermath of World War II , in the period after the surrender and occupations of Germany and Austria in May and later Japan and Korea in September 1945 and before the independence of the Philippines in July 1946 .", "Stuart Creighton Miller says that the public 's sense of innocence about Realpolitik impairs popular recognition of U.S. imperial conduct . The resistance to actively occupying foreign territory has led to policies of exerting influence via other means , including governing other countries via surrogates or puppet regimes , where domestically unpopular governments survive only through U.S. support .", "The Philippines is sometimes cited as an example . After Philippine independence , the US continued to direct the country through Central Intelligence Agency operatives like Edward Lansdale . As Raymond Bonner and other historians note , Lansdale controlled the career of President Ramon Magsaysay , going so far as to physically beat him when the Philippine leader attempted to reject a speech the CIA had written for him . American agents also drugged sitting President Elpidio Quirino and prepared to assassinate Senator Claro Recto . Prominent Filipino historian Roland G. Simbulan has called the CIA `` US imperialism 's clandestine apparatus in the Philippines . ''", "The U.S. retained dozens of military bases , including a few major ones . In addition , Philippine independence was qualified by legislation passed by the U.S. Congress . For example , the Bell Trade Act provided a mechanism whereby U.S. import quotas might be established on Philippine articles which `` are coming , or are likely to come , into substantial competition with like articles the product of the United States '' . It further required U.S. citizens and corporations be granted equal access to Philippine minerals , forests , and other natural resources . In hearings before the Senate Committee on Finance , Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs William L. Clayton described the law as `` clearly inconsistent with the basic foreign economic policy of this country '' and `` clearly inconsistent with our promise to grant the Philippines genuine independence . ''", "American exceptionalism is the notion that the United States occupies a special niche among the nations of the world in terms of its national credo , historical evolution , and political and religious institutions and origins .", "Philosopher Douglas Kellner traces the identification of American exceptionalism as a distinct phenomenon back to 19th century French observer Alexis de Tocqueville , who concluded by agreeing that the U.S. , uniquely , was `` proceeding along a path to which no limit can be perceived '' .", "President Donald Trump has once said that he does not `` like the term '' American exceptionalism because he thinks it is `` insulting the world '' . He told tea party activists in Texas that `` If you 're German , or you 're from Japan , or you 're from China , you do n't want to have people saying that . ''", "As a Monthly Review editorial opines on the phenomenon , `` in Britain , empire was justified as a benevolent ' white man 's burden ' . And in the United States , empire does not even exist ; ' we ' are merely protecting the causes of freedom , democracy and justice worldwide . ''", "When World War I broke out in Europe , President Woodrow Wilson promised American neutrality throughout the war . This promise was broken when the United States entered the war after the Zimmermann Telegram . This was `` a war for empire '' to control vast raw materials in Africa and other colonized areas according to the contemporary historian and civil rights leader W.E.B. Du Bois . More recently historian Howard Zinn argues that Wilson entered the war in order to open international markets to surplus US production . He quotes Wilson 's own declaration that", "Concessions obtained by financiers must be safeguarded by ministers of state , even if the sovereignty of unwilling nations be outraged in the process ... the doors of the nations which are closed must be battered down .", "In a memo to Secretary of State Bryan , the president described his aim as `` an open door to the world . '' Lloyd Gardner notes that Wilson 's original avoidance of world war was not motivated by anti-imperialism ; his fear was that `` white civilization and its domination in the world '' were threatened by `` the great white nations '' destroying each other in endless battle .", "Despite President Wilson 's official doctrine of moral diplomacy seeking to `` make the world safe for democracy , '' some of his activities at the time can be viewed as imperialism to stop the advance of democracy in countries such as Haiti . The United States invaded Haiti in July 1915 after having made landfall eight times previously . American rule in Haiti continued through 1942 , but was initiated during World War I . The historian Mary Renda in her book , Taking Haiti , talks about the American invasion of Haiti to bring about political stability through U.S. control . The American government did not believe Haiti was ready for self - government or democracy , according to Renda . In order to bring about political stability in Haiti , the United States secured control and integrated the country into the international capitalist economy , while preventing Haiti from practicing self - governance or democracy . While Haiti had been running their own government for many years before American intervention , the U.S. government regarded Haiti as unfit for self - rule . In order to convince the American public of the justice in intervening , the United States government used paternalist propaganda , depicting the Haitian political process as uncivilized . The Haitian government would come to agree to U.S. terms , including American overseeing of the Haitian economy . This direct supervision of the Haitian economy would reinforce U.S. propaganda and further entrench the perception of Haitians being incompetent of self - governance .", "In World War I , the US , Britain , and Russia had been allies for seven months , from April 1917 until the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in November . Active distrust surfaced immediately , as even before the October Revolution , British officers had been involved in the Kornilov Affair which sought to crush the Russian anti-war movement and the independent soviets . Nonetheless , once the Bolsheviks took Moscow , the British began talks to try and keep them in the war effort . British diplomat Bruce Lockhart cultivated a relationship with several Soviet officials , including Leon Trotsky , and the latter approved the initial Allied military mission to secure the Eastern Front , which was collapsing in the revolutionary upheaval . Ultimately , Soviet head of state V.I. Lenin decided the Bolsheviks would settle peacefully with the Central Powers at the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . This separate peace led to Allied disdain for the Soviets , since it left the Western Allies to fight Germany without a strong Eastern partner . The British SIS , supported by US diplomat Dewitt C. Poole , sponsored an attempted coup in Moscow involving Bruce Lockhart and Sidney Reilly , which involved an attempted assassination of Lenin . The Bolsheviks proceeded to shut down the British and US embassies .", "Tensions between Russia ( including its allies ) and the West turned intensely ideological . The Allied military expedition now explicitly assisted the anti-Bolshevik Whites in the Russian Civil War , with the British and French giving armed support to the brutal General Alexander Kolchak . Over 30,000 Western troops were deployed in Russia overall . This was the first event which made Russian -- American relations a matter of major , long - term concern to the leaders in each country . Some historians , including William Appleman Williams and Ronald Powaski , trace the origins of the Cold War to this conflict .", "Wilson launched seven armed interventions , more than any other president . Looking back on the Wilson era , General Smedley Darlington Butler , a leader of the Haiti expedition and the highest - decorated Marine of that time , considered virtually all of the operations to have been economically motivated . In a 1933 speech he said :", "I was a racketeer , a gangster for capitalism . I suspected I was just part of a racket at the time . Now I am sure of it ... I helped make Mexico , especially Tampico , safe for American oil interests in 1914 . I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in . I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefits of Wall Street ... Looking back on it , I feel that I could have given Al Capone a few hints . The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts . I operated on three continents .", "Journalist Ashley Smith divides theories of the U.S. imperialism into 5 broad categories : ( 1 ) `` liberal '' theories , ( 2 ) `` social - democratic '' theories , ( 3 ) `` Leninist '' theories , ( 4 ) theories of `` super-imperialism '' , and ( 5 ) `` Hardt - and - Negri '' theories .", "There is also a conservative , anti-interventionist view as expressed by American journalist John T. Flynn :", "The enemy aggressor is always pursuing a course of larceny , murder , rapine and barbarism . We are always moving forward with high mission , a destiny imposed by the Deity to regenerate our victims , while incidentally capturing their markets ; to civilise savage and senile and paranoid peoples , while blundering accidentally into their oil wells .", "A `` social - democratic '' theory says that imperialistic U.S. policies are the products of the excessive influence of certain sectors of U.S. business and government -- the arms industry in alliance with military and political bureaucracies and sometimes other industries such as oil and finance , a combination often referred to as the `` military -- industrial complex '' . The complex is said to benefit from war profiteering and the looting of natural resources , often at the expense of the public interest . The proposed solution is typically unceasing popular vigilance in order to apply counter-pressure . Chalmers Johnson holds a version of this view .", "Alfred Thayer Mahan , who served as an officer in the U.S. Navy during the late 19th century , supported the notion of American imperialism in his 1890 book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History . Mahan argued that modern industrial nations must secure foreign markets for the purpose of exchanging goods and , consequently , they must maintain a maritime force that is capable of protecting these trade routes .", "A theory of `` super-imperialism '' argues that imperialistic U.S. policies are not driven solely by the interests of American businesses , but also by the interests of a larger apparatus of a global alliance among the economic elite in developed countries . The argument asserts that capitalism in the Global North ( Europe , the U.S. , Japan , among others ) has become too entangled to permit military or geopolitical conflict between these countries , and the central conflict in modern imperialism is between the Global North ( also referred to as the global core ) and the Global South ( also referred to as the global periphery ) rather than between the imperialist powers .", "Following the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 , the idea of American imperialism was reexamined . In November 2001 , jubilant marines hoisted an American flag over Kandahar and in a stage display referred to the moment as the third after those on San Juan Hill and Iwo Jima . All moments , writes Neil Smith , express US global ambition . `` Labelled a war on terrorism , the new war represents an unprecedented quickening of the American Empire , a third chance at global power . ''", "On October 15 , the cover of William Kristol 's Weekly Standard carried the headline , `` The Case for American Empire . '' Rich Lowry , editor in chief of the National Review , called for `` a kind of low - grade colonialism '' to topple dangerous regimes beyond Afghanistan . The columnist Charles Krauthammer declared that , given complete U.S. domination `` culturally , economically , technologically and militarily , '' people were `` now coming out of the closet on the word ' empire . ' '' The New York Times Sunday magazine cover for January 5 , 2003 , read `` American Empire : Get Used To It . '' The phrase `` American empire '' appeared more than 1000 times in news stories during November 2002 -- April 2003 . Two Harvard Historians and their French colleague observed :", "Since September 11 , 2001 ... if not earlier , the idea of American empire is back ... Now ... for the first time since the early Twentieth century , it has become acceptable to ask whether the United States has become or is becoming an empire in some classic sense . ''", "It used to be that only the critics of American foreign policy referred to the American empire ... In the past three or four years ( 2001 - 2004 ) , however , a growing number of commentators have begun to use the term American empire less pejoratively , if still ambivalently , and in some cases with genuine enthusiasm .", "US historians have generally considered the late 19th century imperialist urge as an aberration in an otherwise smooth democratic trajectory ... Yet a century later , as the US empire engages in a new period of global expansion , Rome is once more a distant but essential mirror for American elites ... Now , with military mobilisation on an exceptional scale after September 2001 , the United States is openly affirming and parading its imperial power . For the first time since the 1890s , the naked display of force is backed by explicitly imperialist discourse .", "In the book `` Empire '' , Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri argue that `` the decline of Empire has begun '' . Hardt says the Iraq War is a classically imperialist war , and is the last gasp of a doomed strategy . They expand on this , claiming that in the new era of imperialism , the classical imperialists retain a colonizing power of sorts , but the strategy shifts from military occupation of economies based on physical goods to a networked biopower based on an informational and affective economies . They go on to say that the U.S. is central to the development of this new regime of international power and sovereignty , termed `` Empire '' , but that it is decentralized and global , and not ruled by one sovereign state : `` the United States does indeed occupy a privileged position in Empire , but this privilege derives not from its similarities to the old European imperialist powers , but from its differences . '' Hardt and Negri draw on the theories of Spinoza , Foucault , Deleuze and Italian autonomist Marxists .", "Geographer David Harvey says there has emerged a new type of imperialism due to geographical distinctions as well as unequal rates of development . He says there has emerged three new global economic and political blocs : the United States , the European Union and Asia centered on China and Russia . He says there are tensions between the three major blocs over resources and economic power , citing the 2003 invasion of Iraq , the motive of which , he argues , was to prevent rival blocs from controlling oil . Furthermore , Harvey argues that there can arise conflict within the major blocs between business interests and the politicians due to their sometimes incongruent economic interests . Politicians live in geographically fixed locations and are , in the U.S. and Europe , accountable to an electorate . The ' new ' imperialism , then , has led to an alignment of the interests of capitalists and politicians in order to prevent the rise and expansion of possible economic and political rivals from challenging America 's dominance .", "Classics professor and war historian Victor Davis Hanson dismisses the notion of an American Empire altogether , with a mocking comparison to historical empires : `` We do not send out proconsuls to reside over client states , which in turn impose taxes on coerced subjects to pay for the legions . Instead , American bases are predicated on contractual obligations -- costly to us and profitable to their hosts . We do not see any profits in Korea , but instead accept the risk of losing almost 40,000 of our youth to ensure that Kias can flood our shores and that shaggy students can protest outside our embassy in Seoul . ''", "The existence of `` proconsuls , '' however , has been recognized by many since the early Cold War . In 1957 , French Historian , Amaury de Riencourt , associated the American `` proconsul '' with `` the Roman of our time . '' Expert on recent American history , Arthur M. Schlesinger detected several contemporary imperial features , including `` proconsuls '' : Washington does not directly run many parts of the world . Rather , its `` informal empire '' was one `` richly equipped with imperial paraphernalia : troops , ships , planes , bases , proconsuls , local collaborators , all spread wide around the luckless planet . '' `` The Supreme Allied Commander , always an American , was an appropriate title for the American proconsul whose reputation and influence outweighed those of European premiers , presidents , and chancellors . '' US `` combatant commanders ... have served as its proconsuls . Their standing in their regions has usually dwarfed that of ambassadors and assistant secretaries of state . '' Harvard Historian Niall Ferguson calls the regional combatant commanders , among whom the whole globe is divided , the ' pro-consuls ' of this ' imperium . ' Günter Bischof calls them `` the all powerful proconsuls of the new American empire . Like the proconsuls of Rome they were supposed to bring order and law to the unruly and anarchical world ... `` In September 2000 , Washington Post reporter Dana Priest published a series of articles whose central premise was Combatant Commanders ' inordinate amount of political influence within the countries in their areas of responsibility . They `` had evolved into the modern - day equivalent of the Roman Empire 's proconsuls -- well - funded , semi-autonomous , unconventional centers of US foreign policy . '' The Romans often preferred to exercise power through friendly client regimes , rather than direct rule : `` until Jay Garner and L. Paul Bremer became US proconsuls in Baghdad , that was the American method too . ''", "Another distinction of Victor Davis Hanson -- that US bases , contrary to the legions , are costly to America and profitable for their hosts -- expresses the American view . The hosts express a diametrically opposite view . Japan pays for 25,000 Japanese working on US bases . 20 % of those workers provide entertainment : a list drawn up by the Japanese Ministry of Defense included 76 bartenders , 48 vending machine personnel , 47 golf course maintenance personnel , 25 club managers , 20 commercial artists , 9 leisure - boat operators , 6 theater directors , 5 cake decorators , 4 bowling alley clerks , 3 tour guides and 1 animal caretaker . Shu Watanabe of the Democratic Party of Japan asks : `` Why does Japan need to pay the costs for US service members ' entertainment on their holidays ? '' One research on host nations support concludes :", "At an alliance - level analysis , case studies of South Korea and Japan present that the necessity of the alliance relationship with the US and their relative capabilities to achieve security purposes lead them to increase the size of direct economic investment to support the US forces stationed in their territories , as well as to facilitate the US global defense posture . In addition , these two countries have increased their political and economic contribution to the US - led military operations beyond the geographic scope of the alliance in the post-Cold War period ... Behavioral changes among the US allies in response to demands for sharing alliance burdens directly indicate the changed nature of unipolar alliances . In order to maintain its power preponderance and primacy , the unipole has imposed greater pressure on its allies to devote much of their resources and energy to contributing to its global defense posture ... ( It ) is expected that the systemic properties of unipolarity -- non-structural threat and a power preponderance of the unipole -- gradually increase the political and economic burdens of the allies in need of maintaining alliance relationships with the unipole .", "In fact , increasing the `` economic burdens of the allies '' is one of the major priorities of President Donald Trump . Classicist Eric Adler notes that Hanson earlier had written about the decline of the classical studies in the United States and insufficient attention devoted to the classical experience . `` When writing about American foreign policy for a lay audience , however , Hanson himself chose to castigate Roman imperialism in order to portray the modern United States as different from -- and superior to -- the Roman state . '' As a supporter of a hawkish unilateral American foreign policy , Hanson 's `` distinctly negative view of Roman imperialism is particularly noteworthy , since it demonstrates the importance a contemporary supporter of a hawkish American foreign policy places on criticizing Rome . ''", "This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2014 )", "This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2014 )", "Annexation is a crucial instrument in the expansion of a nation , due to the fact that once a territory is annexed it must act within the confines of its superior counterpart . The United States Congress ' ability to annex a foreign territory is explained in a report from the Congressional Committee on Foreign Relations , `` If , in the judgment of Congress , such a measure is supported by a safe and wise policy , or is based upon a natural duty that we owe to the people of Hawaii , or is necessary for our national development and security , that is enough to justify annexation , with the consent of the recognized government of the country to be annexed . ''", "Prior to annexing a territory , the American government still held immense power through the various legislations passed in the late 1800s . The Platt Amendment was utilized to prevent Cuba from entering into any agreements with foreign nations , and also granted the Americans the right to build naval stations on their soil . Executive officials in the American government began to determine themselves the supreme authority in matters regarding the recognition or restriction of independence .", "When asked on April 28 , 2003 , on al - Jazeera whether the United States was `` empire building , '' Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld replied `` We do n't seek empires , we 're not imperialistic . We never have been . ''", "However , historian Donald W. Meinig says the imperial behavior by the United States dates at least to the Louisiana Purchase , which he describes as an `` imperial acquisition -- imperial in the sense of the aggressive encroachment of one people upon the territory of another , resulting in the subjugation of that people to alien rule . '' The U.S. policies towards the Native Americans he said were `` designed to remold them into a people more appropriately conformed to imperial desires . ''", "Writers and academics of the early 20th century , like Charles A. Beard , in support of non-interventionism ( sometimes referred to as `` isolationism '' ) , discussed American policy as being driven by self - interested expansionism going back as far as the writing of the Constitution . Some politicians today do not agree . Pat Buchanan claims that the modern United States ' drive to empire is `` far removed from what the Founding Fathers had intended the young Republic to become . ''", "Andrew Bacevich argues that the U.S. did not fundamentally change its foreign policy after the Cold War , and remains focused on an effort to expand its control across the world . As the surviving superpower at the end of the Cold War , the U.S. could focus its assets in new directions , the future being `` up for grabs '' according to former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Paul Wolfowitz in 1991 . Head of the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University , Stephen Peter Rosen , maintains :", "A political unit that has overwhelming superiority in military power , and uses that power to influence the internal behavior of other states , is called an empire . Because the United States does not seek to control territory or govern the overseas citizens of the empire , we are an indirect empire , to be sure , but an empire nonetheless . If this is correct , our goal is not combating a rival , but maintaining our imperial position , and maintaining imperial order .", "In Manufacturing Consent : The Political Economy of the Mass Media , the political activist Noam Chomsky argues that exceptionalism and the denials of imperialism are the result of a systematic strategy of propaganda , to `` manufacture opinion '' as the process has long been described in other countries .", "Thorton wrote that `` ( ... ) imperialism is more often the name of the emotion that reacts to a series of events than a definition of the events themselves . Where colonization finds analysts and analogies , imperialism must contend with crusaders for and against . '' Political theorist Michael Walzer argues that the term hegemony is better than empire to describe the US 's role in the world ; political scientist Robert Keohane agrees saying , a `` balanced and nuanced analysis is not aided ... by the use of the phrase ' empire ' to describe United States hegemony , since ' empire ' obscures rather than illuminates the differences in form of rule between the United States and other Great Powers , such as Great Britain in the 19th century or the Soviet Union in the twentieth . '' .", "Since 2001 , Emmanuel Todd assumes that USA can not hold for long the status of mondial hegemonic power due to limited resources . Instead , the USA is going to become just one of the major regional powers along with European Union , China , Russia , etc . Reviewing Todd 's After the Empire , G. John Ikenberry found that it had been written in `` a fit of French wishful thinking . '' The thinking proved to be `` wishful '' indeed , as the book became a bestseller in France for most of the year 2003 .", "Other political scientists , such as Daniel Nexon and Thomas Wright , argue that neither term exclusively describes foreign relations of the United States . The U.S. can be , and has been , simultaneously an empire and a hegemonic power . They claim that the general trend in U.S. foreign relations has been away from imperial modes of control .", "Some critics of imperialism argue that military and cultural imperialism are interdependent . American Edward Said , one of the founders of post-colonial theory , said that ,", "( ... ) , so influential has been the discourse insisting on American specialness , altruism and opportunity , that imperialism in the United States as a word or ideology has turned up only rarely and recently in accounts of the United States culture , politics and history . But the connection between imperial politics and culture in North America , and in particular in the United States , is astonishingly direct .", "International relations scholar David Rothkopf disagrees and argues that cultural imperialism is the innocent result of globalization , which allows access to numerous U.S. and Western ideas and products that many non-U.S. and non-Western consumers across the world voluntarily choose to consume . Matthew Fraser has a similar analysis , but argues further that the global cultural influence of the U.S. is a good thing .", "Nationalism is the main process through which the government is able to shape public opinion . Propaganda in the media is strategically placed in order to promote a common attitude among the people . Louis A. Perez Jr. provides an example of propaganda used during the war of 1898 , `` We are coming , Cuba , coming ; we are bound to set you free ! We are coming from the mountains , from the plains and inland sea ! We are coming with the wrath of God to make the Spaniards flee ! We are coming , Cuba , coming ; coming now ! ''", "American progressives have been accused of engaging in cultural imperialism . In contrast , many other countries with American brands have incorporated themselves into their own local culture . An example of this would be the self - styled ' Maccas ' , an Australian derivation of ' McDonald 's ' with a tinge of Australian culture .", "Chalmers Johnson argued in 2004 that America 's version of the colony is the military base . Chip Pitts argued similarly in 2006 that enduring U.S. bases in Iraq suggested a vision of `` Iraq as a colony '' .", "While territories such as Guam , the United States Virgin Islands , the Northern Mariana Islands , American Samoa and Puerto Rico remain under U.S. control , the U.S. allowed many of its overseas territories or occupations to gain independence after World War II . Examples include the Philippines ( 1946 ) , the Panama canal zone ( 1979 ) , Palau ( 1981 ) , the Federated States of Micronesia ( 1986 ) and the Marshall Islands ( 1986 ) . Most of them still have U.S. bases within their territories . In the case of Okinawa , which came under U.S. administration after the Battle of Okinawa during the Second World War , this happened despite local popular opinion . In 2003 , a Department of Defense distribution found the United States had bases in over 36 countries worldwide .", "By 1970 , the United States had more than 1,000,000 soldiers in 30 countries , was a member of four regional defense alliances and an active participant in a fifth , had mutual defense treaties with 42 nations , was a member of 53 international organizations , and was furnishing military or economic aid to nearly 100 nations across the face of the globe . In 2015 the Department of Defense reported the number of bases that had any military or civilians stationed or employed was 587 . This includes land only ( where no facilities are present ) , facility or facilities only ( where there the underlying land is neither owned nor controlled by the government ) , and land with facilities ( where both are present ) . Also in 2015 , David Vine 's book Base Nation , found 800 US military bases located outside of the US , including 174 bases in Germany , 113 in Japan , and 83 in South Korea , the total costs , an estimated $100 billion a year .", "One of the earliest historians of American Empire , William Appleman Williams , wrote , `` The routine lust for land , markets or security became justifications for noble rhetoric about prosperity , liberty and security . ''", "Max Boot defends U.S. imperialism by claiming : `` U.S. imperialism has been the greatest force for good in the world during the past century . It has defeated communism and Nazism and has intervened against the Taliban and Serbian ethnic cleansing . '' Boot used `` imperialism '' to describe United States policy , not only in the early 20th century but `` since at least 1803 '' . This embrace of empire is made by other neoconservatives , including British historian Paul Johnson , and writers Dinesh D'Souza and Mark Steyn . It is also made by some liberal hawks , such as political scientist Zbigniew Brzezinski and Michael Ignatieff .", "British historian Niall Ferguson argues that the United States is an empire and believes that this is a good thing : `` What is not allowed is to say that the United States is an empire and that this might not be wholly bad . '' Ferguson has drawn parallels between the British Empire and the imperial role of the United States in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , though he describes the United States ' political and social structures as more like those of the Roman Empire than of the British . Ferguson argues that all of these empires have had both positive and negative aspects , but that the positive aspects of the U.S. empire will , if it learns from history and its mistakes , greatly outweigh its negative aspects .", "Another point of view implies that United States expansion overseas has indeed been imperialistic , but that this imperialism is only a temporary phenomenon ; a corruption of American ideals or the relic of a past historical era . Historian Samuel Flagg Bemis argues that Spanish -- American War expansionism was a short - lived imperialistic impulse and `` a great aberration in American history '' , a very different form of territorial growth than that of earlier American history . Historian Walter LaFeber sees the Spanish -- American War expansionism not as an aberration , but as a culmination of United States expansion westward .", "Historian Victor Davis Hanson argues that the U.S. does not pursue world domination , but maintains worldwide influence by a system of mutually beneficial exchanges . On the other hand , a Filipino revolutionary General Emilio Aguinaldo felt as though the American involvement in the Philippines was destructive , `` ... the Filipinos fighting for Liberty , the American people fighting them to give them liberty . The two peoples are fighting on parallel lines for the same object . '' American influence worldwide and the effects it has on other nations have multiple interpretations according to whose perspective is being taken into account .", "Liberal internationalists argue that even though the present world order is dominated by the United States , the form taken by that dominance is not imperial . International relations scholar John Ikenberry argues that international institutions have taken the place of empire .", "International relations scholar Joseph Nye argues that U.S. power is more and more based on `` soft power '' , which comes from cultural hegemony rather than raw military or economic force . This includes such factors as the widespread desire to emigrate to the United States , the prestige and corresponding high proportion of foreign students at U.S. universities , and the spread of U.S. styles of popular music and cinema . Mass immigration into America may justify this theory , but it is hard to know for sure whether the United States would still maintain its prestige without its military and economic superiority ." ]

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[ "It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World Theatrical release poster by Jack Davis Directed by Stanley Kramer Produced by Stanley Kramer Screenplay by William Rose Tania Rose Story by Tania Rose Starring Spencer Tracy Milton Berle Sid Caesar Buddy Hackett Ethel Merman Mickey Rooney Dick Shawn Phil Silvers Terry - Thomas Jonathan Winters Edie Adams Dorothy Provine Music by Ernest Gold Cinematography Ernest Laszlo Edited by Frederic Knudtson Robert C. Jones Gene Fowler Jr . Production company Casey Productions Distributed by United Artists Release date November 7 , 1963 ( 1963 - 11 - 07 ) Running time 210 minutes ( original cut ) 192 minutes ( premiere cut ) 161 minutes ( theatrical cut ) 197 minutes ( restored cut ) Country United States Language English Budget $9.4 million Box office $60 million", "It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World", "Theatrical release poster by Jack Davis", "Directed by Stanley Kramer", "Produced by Stanley Kramer", "Screenplay by William Rose Tania Rose", "Story by Tania Rose", "Starring Spencer Tracy Milton Berle Sid Caesar Buddy Hackett Ethel Merman Mickey Rooney Dick Shawn Phil Silvers Terry - Thomas Jonathan Winters Edie Adams Dorothy Provine", "Spencer Tracy Milton Berle Sid Caesar Buddy Hackett Ethel Merman Mickey Rooney Dick Shawn Phil Silvers Terry - Thomas Jonathan Winters Edie Adams Dorothy Provine", "Terry - Thomas", "Music by Ernest Gold", "Cinematography Ernest Laszlo", "Edited by Frederic Knudtson Robert C. Jones Gene Fowler Jr .", "Production company Casey Productions", "Distributed by United Artists", "Release date November 7 , 1963 ( 1963 - 11 - 07 )", "November 7 , 1963 ( 1963 - 11 - 07 )", "November 7 , 1963 ( 1963 - 11 - 07 )", "Running time 210 minutes ( original cut ) 192 minutes ( premiere cut ) 161 minutes ( theatrical cut ) 197 minutes ( restored cut )", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $9.4 million", "Box office $60 million", "It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World is a 1963 American epic comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer and starring Spencer Tracy with an all - star cast , about the madcap pursuit of $350,000 in stolen cash by a diverse and colorful group of strangers . The ensemble comedy premiered on November 7 , 1963 . The cast features Edie Adams , Milton Berle , Sid Caesar , Buddy Hackett , Ethel Merman , Mickey Rooney , Phil Silvers , Terry - Thomas , and Jonathan Winters .", "The film marked the first time that Kramer had directed a comedy , though he had produced the comedy So This Is New York in 1948 . He is best known for producing and directing drama films about social problems , such as The Defiant Ones , Inherit the Wind , Judgment at Nuremberg , and Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner . His first attempt at a comedy film paid off immensely , as It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and went on to be nominated for six Academy Awards , winning for Best Sound Editing , and two Golden Globe Awards .", "Despite this , the film suffered severe cuts by its distributor United Artists in order to give the film a shorter running time for its general release . The footage was excised against Kramer 's wishes . The lost footage seriously deteriorated through the decades and was once thought impossible to restore . On October 15 , 2013 , however , it was announced that the Criterion Collection had collaborated with Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , United Artists , and film restoration expert Robert A. Harris to reconstruct and restore It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World to be as close as possible to the original 197 - minute version envisioned by Kramer . It was released in a five - disc `` Dual Format '' Blu - ray / DVD Combo Pack on January 21 , 2014 .", "It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute 's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs .", "`` Smiler '' Grogan ( Jimmy Durante ) , an ex-convict wanted by police in a tuna factory robbery fifteen years ago and currently on the run , careens his car off twisting , mountainous State Highway 74 near Palm Desert , California and crashes . Five motorists stop to help him : Melville Crump ( Sid Caesar ) , a dentist ; Lennie Pike ( Jonathan Winters ) , a furniture mover ; Dingy Bell ( Mickey Rooney ) and Benjy Benjamin ( Buddy Hackett ) , two friends on their way to Las Vegas ; and J. Russell Finch ( Milton Berle ) , an entrepreneur who owns Pacific Edible Seaweed Company in Fresno . Just before he dies ( literally kicking a bucket ) , Grogan tells the five men about $350,000 buried in Santa Rosita State Park near the Mexican border under `` ... a big W '' .", "Initially , the motorists try to reason with one another to share the money , but it soon becomes an all - out race to get the money first . Unbeknownst to them all , Captain T.G. Culpeper ( Spencer Tracy ) , Chief of Detectives of the Santa Rosita Police Department , has been patiently working on the Smiler Grogan case for years , hoping to someday solve it and retire . When he learns of the fatal crash , he suspects that Grogan may have tipped off the passersby , so he has them tracked by various police units . His suspicions are confirmed by their behavior .", "Everyone experiences multiple setbacks on their way to the money . Crump and his wife Monica ( Edie Adams ) charter an old WWI - era biplane and eventually make it to Santa Rosita , but are soon unknowingly locked in the basement of a hardware store by its owner ( Edward Everett Horton ) . They eventually free themselves with dynamite .", "Bell and Benjamin charter a modern plane at an aviation club , but when their wealthy alcoholic pilot ( Jim Backus ) knocks himself out drunk , the two are forced to fly and land the plane themselves .", "Finch , his wife Emmeline ( Dorothy Provine ) , and his loud and obnoxious mother - in - law , Mrs. Marcus ( Ethel Merman ) , are involved in a car accident with Pike 's furniture van . The three flag down British Army Officer Lt. Col. J. Algernon Hawthorne ( Terry - Thomas ) in his car and convince him to drive them to Santa Rosita . After many arguments , most caused by Mrs. Marcus , she and Emmeline refuse to go any farther , and Finch and Hawthorne leave them by the side of the road in Yucca Valley .", "Pike tries to get motorist Otto Meyer ( Phil Silvers ) to take him to Santa Rosita , but the greedy Meyer betrays him and races for the money on his own , leaving Pike stranded with only a little girl 's bike from his furniture van . An enraged Pike catches up with Meyer at a gas station and assaults him as the gas station owners ( Arnold Stang and Marvin Kaplan ) try to stop him . Meyer escapes in his car while Pike literally destroys the gas station . He then steals the station 's tow truck and takes off after Meyer . Pike meets up with Mrs. Marcus and Emmeline and picks them up . While in a town called Plaster City , Mrs. Marcus calls her devoted and powerfully built , but impulsive and dim - witted , son Sylvester ( Dick Shawn ) , who lives on Silver Strand Beach near Santa Rosita , to get the money for them , but misunderstanding and believing his mother is in trouble , he instead races to her in his car .", "Meyer experiences his own setbacks , including sinking his car while trying to cross the Kern River and nearly drowning . He manages to steal a car belonging to a passing motorist ( Don Knotts ) by telling him he 's with the CIA and re-joins the hunt . All the while , Culpeper and the police department observe their activities from afar . Around this time , two taxi drivers ( Peter Falk and Eddie `` Rochester '' Anderson ) get in on the chase in their Yellow Cabs .", "Eventually all of the characters arrive at Santa Rosita State Park at about the same time and search for the big W. Culpeper orders all policemen to leave the area and goes in solo to retrieve the money . Emmeline , who wants no part of the money and does n't take part in the search , is the first one to spot the big W , composed of four palm trees growing in the shape of the letter `` W '' . Pike finds it next and informs everyone else . After everyone digs up the money , Culpeper identifies himself and talks them into turning themselves in , promising a jury will be more lenient if they do .", "However , presumably disillusioned by the greed and reckless behavior of so many supposedly law - abiding people during the course of the day , Culpeper now plans to take the money for himself and leave for Mexico to escape his own dysfunctional family and an apparently unappreciated career as an honest cop with a very small pension . The group sees Culpeper fleeing with the money , realize what 's happening and give chase in the two cabs . When the chase becomes a foot pursuit , Chief Aloysius ( William Demarest ) , who had ( unbeknownst to Culpeper ) blackmailed the mayor ( Lloyd Corrigan ) to triple Culpeper 's pension , reluctantly tears up the pension papers and orders Culpeper 's arrest .", "After a long chase sequence , all eleven men end up stranded on the fire escape of a condemned office building . The suitcase of money opens , and the money falls into the streets below , where passersby near the building scoop it up . The men all try to climb down a fire truck 's extension ladder , even though the fireman ( Sterling Holloway ) tells them `` one at a time '' . Their combined weight causes the firemen to lose control of the ladder , whereupon it swings around wildly and flings them into various locations , causing many injuries and landing all of the men in the prison hospital wing .", "The group , in various stages of traction , criticizes Culpeper for taking the money , and he replies that his life has become even worse than before due to his attempted theft and it 's likely the other men will get off easy . He then muses wistfully that it will be a long time before he is able to laugh at anything again . Mrs. Marcus , flanked by Emmeline and Monica , enters , begins to berate everyone , and promptly slips on a banana peel . All men , except Sylvester , start laughing hysterically .", "Spencer Tracy as Captain T.G. Culpeper Edie Adams as Monica Crump Milton Berle as J. Russell Finch Sid Caesar as Melville Crump Buddy Hackett as `` Benjy '' Benjamin Ethel Merman as Mrs. Marcus Dorothy Provine as Emmeline Marcus - Finch Mickey Rooney as Ding Bell Dick Shawn as Sylvester Marcus Phil Silvers as Otto Meyer Terry - Thomas as Lt. Col. J. Algernon Hawthorne Jonathan Winters as Lennie Pike", "Spencer Tracy as Captain T.G. Culpeper Edie Adams as Monica Crump Milton Berle as J. Russell Finch Sid Caesar as Melville Crump Buddy Hackett as `` Benjy '' Benjamin Ethel Merman as Mrs. Marcus Dorothy Provine as Emmeline Marcus - Finch Mickey Rooney as Ding Bell Dick Shawn as Sylvester Marcus Phil Silvers as Otto Meyer Terry - Thomas as Lt. Col. J. Algernon Hawthorne Jonathan Winters as Lennie Pike", "Spencer Tracy as Captain T.G. Culpeper Edie Adams as Monica Crump Milton Berle as J. Russell Finch Sid Caesar as Melville Crump Buddy Hackett as `` Benjy '' Benjamin Ethel Merman as Mrs. Marcus", "Spencer Tracy as Captain T.G. Culpeper", "Edie Adams as Monica Crump", "Milton Berle as J. Russell Finch", "Sid Caesar as Melville Crump", "Buddy Hackett as `` Benjy '' Benjamin", "Ethel Merman as Mrs. Marcus", "Dorothy Provine as Emmeline Marcus - Finch Mickey Rooney as Ding Bell Dick Shawn as Sylvester Marcus Phil Silvers as Otto Meyer Terry - Thomas as Lt. Col. J. Algernon Hawthorne Jonathan Winters as Lennie Pike", "Dorothy Provine as Emmeline Marcus - Finch", "Mickey Rooney as Ding Bell", "Dick Shawn as Sylvester Marcus", "Phil Silvers as Otto Meyer", "Terry - Thomas as Lt. Col. J. Algernon Hawthorne", "Jonathan Winters as Lennie Pike", "Eddie `` Rochester '' Anderson as a cab driver Jim Backus as airplane owner Tyler Fitzgerald William Demarest as Aloysius , Chief of the Santa Rosita Police Department Jimmy Durante as `` Smiler '' Grogan , the robber who buried the money . Peter Falk as a cab driver Paul Ford as Col. Wilberforce", "Eddie `` Rochester '' Anderson as a cab driver Jim Backus as airplane owner Tyler Fitzgerald William Demarest as Aloysius , Chief of the Santa Rosita Police Department Jimmy Durante as `` Smiler '' Grogan , the robber who buried the money . Peter Falk as a cab driver Paul Ford as Col. Wilberforce", "Eddie `` Rochester '' Anderson as a cab driver Jim Backus as airplane owner Tyler Fitzgerald William Demarest as Aloysius , Chief of the Santa Rosita Police Department", "Eddie `` Rochester '' Anderson as a cab driver", "Jim Backus as airplane owner Tyler Fitzgerald", "William Demarest as Aloysius , Chief of the Santa Rosita Police Department", "Jimmy Durante as `` Smiler '' Grogan , the robber who buried the money . Peter Falk as a cab driver Paul Ford as Col. Wilberforce", "Jimmy Durante as `` Smiler '' Grogan , the robber who buried the money .", "Peter Falk as a cab driver", "Paul Ford as Col. Wilberforce", "Jack Benny as man driving a 1931 Cadillac Fleetwood ( uncredited ) Paul Birch as a Santa Rosita police officer at the intersection ( with binoculars ) ( uncredited ) Ben Blue as the vintage biplane pilot Joe E. Brown as the union official giving a speech at a construction site Alan Carney as a sergeant with the Santa Rosita Police Department Chick Chandler as the policeman at Ray and Irwin 's service station Barrie Chase as the dancing , bikini - clad paramour ( restored footage revealed her character was in reality married ) of Sylvester Marcus John Clarke as a helicopter pilot Stanley Clements as a local reporter at police station ( uncredited ) Lloyd Corrigan as the mayor of Santa Rosita Howard Da Silva as police officer at airport ( uncredited ) Andy Devine as the sheriff of Crockett County , California Selma Diamond as Ginger Culpeper , Captain Culpeper 's wife ( voice only ) Minta Durfee as a crowd extra watching the fire escape rescue ( uncredited ) Roy Engel as a Santa Rosita Police Department officer at the intersection ( uncredited ) Norman Fell as primary detective at the `` Smiler '' Grogan accident site James Flavin as a crossroads patrolman ( scene deleted from general release version , uncredited ) Stan Freberg as a deputy sheriff of Crockett County Nicholas Georgiade as supporting detective at the `` Smiler '' Grogan accident site ( uncredited ) Louise Glenn as Billie Sue Culpeper , the daughter of Captain Culpeper ( voice only ) Leo Gorcey as the cab driver bringing Melville and Monica to the hardware store Stacy Harris as police radio voice unit F - 7 ( voice only ) , and as a detective outside of Mr. Dinkler 's hardware store ( uncredited ) Don C. Harvey as a Santa Rosita Police Department officer ( uncredited ) Sterling Holloway as the Santa Rosita Fire Department fireman Edward Everett Horton as Mr. Dinkler , owner of the hardware store Allen Jenkins as a policeman ( uncredited ) Marvin Kaplan as service station co-owner Irwin Robert Karnes as Sammy , a Crockett County deputy following the ambulance ( uncredited ) Buster Keaton as Jimmy , Culpeper 's boatman friend Tom Kennedy as a Santa Rosita traffic cop ( uncredited ) Don Knotts as the nervous motorist Charles Lane as the airport manager Harry Lauter as a Santa Rosita Police Department police dispatcher ( uncredited ) Ben Lessy as George the steward ( uncredited ) Bobo Lewis as vintage biplane pilot 's wife ( uncredited ) Jerry Lewis as the motorist who runs over Culpeper 's hat ( uncredited ) Mike Mazurki as the miner bringing medicine to his wife Charles McGraw as Lt. Mathews of the Santa Rosita Police Department Tyler McVey as a police radio voice ( voice only , uncredited ) Cliff Norton as reporter ZaSu Pitts as Gertie , the Santa Rosita Police Department Central Division 's switchboard operator Carl Reiner as the Rancho Conejo airport tower controller Madlyn Rhue as secretary Schwartz of the Santa Rosita Police Department Roy Roberts as policeman outside Irwin & Ray 's Garage Eddie Ryder as Rancho Conejo air traffic control tower staff member ( uncredited ) Arnold Stang as service station co-owner Ray Nick Stewart as the migrant truck driver forced off the road The Three Stooges ( Moe Howard , Larry Fine , and Curly Joe DeRita ) as Rancho Conejo Airport firemen Sammee Tong as a laundryman Doodles Weaver as a Dinkler Hardware Store employee ( uncredited ) Lennie Weinrib as a police radio voice , and as a fireman ( voice only ; uncredited ) Jesse White as a Rancho Conejo air traffic controller", "Jack Benny as man driving a 1931 Cadillac Fleetwood ( uncredited )", "Paul Birch as a Santa Rosita police officer at the intersection ( with binoculars ) ( uncredited )", "Ben Blue as the vintage biplane pilot", "Joe E. Brown as the union official giving a speech at a construction site", "Alan Carney as a sergeant with the Santa Rosita Police Department", "Chick Chandler as the policeman at Ray and Irwin 's service station", "Barrie Chase as the dancing , bikini - clad paramour ( restored footage revealed her character was in reality married ) of Sylvester Marcus", "John Clarke as a helicopter pilot", "Stanley Clements as a local reporter at police station ( uncredited )", "Lloyd Corrigan as the mayor of Santa Rosita", "Howard Da Silva as police officer at airport ( uncredited )", "Andy Devine as the sheriff of Crockett County , California", "Selma Diamond as Ginger Culpeper , Captain Culpeper 's wife ( voice only )", "Minta Durfee as a crowd extra watching the fire escape rescue ( uncredited )", "Roy Engel as a Santa Rosita Police Department officer at the intersection ( uncredited )", "Norman Fell as primary detective at the `` Smiler '' Grogan accident site", "James Flavin as a crossroads patrolman ( scene deleted from general release version , uncredited )", "Stan Freberg as a deputy sheriff of Crockett County", "Nicholas Georgiade as supporting detective at the `` Smiler '' Grogan accident site ( uncredited )", "Louise Glenn as Billie Sue Culpeper , the daughter of Captain Culpeper ( voice only )", "Leo Gorcey as the cab driver bringing Melville and Monica to the hardware store", "Stacy Harris as police radio voice unit F - 7 ( voice only ) , and as a detective outside of Mr. Dinkler 's hardware store ( uncredited )", "Don C. Harvey as a Santa Rosita Police Department officer ( uncredited )", "Sterling Holloway as the Santa Rosita Fire Department fireman", "Edward Everett Horton as Mr. Dinkler , owner of the hardware store", "Allen Jenkins as a policeman ( uncredited )", "Marvin Kaplan as service station co-owner Irwin", "Robert Karnes as Sammy , a Crockett County deputy following the ambulance ( uncredited )", "Buster Keaton as Jimmy , Culpeper 's boatman friend", "Tom Kennedy as a Santa Rosita traffic cop ( uncredited )", "Don Knotts as the nervous motorist", "Charles Lane as the airport manager", "Harry Lauter as a Santa Rosita Police Department police dispatcher ( uncredited )", "Ben Lessy as George the steward ( uncredited )", "Bobo Lewis as vintage biplane pilot 's wife ( uncredited )", "Jerry Lewis as the motorist who runs over Culpeper 's hat ( uncredited )", "Mike Mazurki as the miner bringing medicine to his wife", "Charles McGraw as Lt. Mathews of the Santa Rosita Police Department", "Tyler McVey as a police radio voice ( voice only , uncredited )", "Cliff Norton as reporter", "ZaSu Pitts as Gertie , the Santa Rosita Police Department Central Division 's switchboard operator", "Carl Reiner as the Rancho Conejo airport tower controller", "Madlyn Rhue as secretary Schwartz of the Santa Rosita Police Department", "Roy Roberts as policeman outside Irwin & Ray 's Garage", "Eddie Ryder as Rancho Conejo air traffic control tower staff member ( uncredited )", "Arnold Stang as service station co-owner Ray", "Nick Stewart as the migrant truck driver forced off the road", "The Three Stooges ( Moe Howard , Larry Fine , and Curly Joe DeRita ) as Rancho Conejo Airport firemen", "Sammee Tong as a laundryman", "Doodles Weaver as a Dinkler Hardware Store employee ( uncredited )", "Lennie Weinrib as a police radio voice , and as a fireman ( voice only ; uncredited )", "Jesse White as a Rancho Conejo air traffic controller", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "According to Mark Evanier , William Rose 's original story outline indicated that the five principals who visit Smiler Grogan 's crash site were intended for Milton Berle , Sid Caesar , Phil Silvers , Jackie Gleason , and Red Skelton . Skelton was unable to take much time off from his television series , and thus agreed to only make a cameo appearance in the film . However , his demands for a high salary led to Stanley Kramer turning him down . Lucille Ball , Martha Raye , Joan Davis , and Imogene Coca were suggested as the men 's female companions . Sophie Tucker and Mae West were both suggested for the role of Milton Berle 's mother - in - law , that went to Merman . Rose wanted Jack Benny to play the role of the detective monitoring the group throughout the film . The role of Smiler Grogan was originally intended for Buster Keaton .", "According to Paul Scrabo , Paul Picerni was originally cast as the second detective at Smiler Grogan 's crash site . Picerni was unable to appear in the film , but he recommended fellow Untouchables character Nicholas Georgiade for the role . According to Georgiade , he was to have another scene in which his character had a police radio conversation with Spencer Tracy 's Culpeper character . The scene was ultimately not filmed . An early cast list indicated that Jerry Lewis ' role was originally intended for Jack Paar . According to Michael Schlesinger , the role of Algernon Hawthorne was meant for Peter Sellers , who demanded too much money and was thus replaced by Terry - Thomas .", "According to Robert Davidson , the role of Irwin was originally offered to Joe Besser , who was unable to participate when Sheldon Leonard and Danny Thomas could not give him time off from his co-starring role in The Joey Bishop Show . According to the Monthly Film Bulletin , Jackie Mason was then cast in the role of Irwin , but had to bow out because of his night club commitments . The role ultimately went to Marvin Kaplan . According to Mark Evanier , Bob Hope was to have a cameo in the film . During the production of Mad World , Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract , and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear . Further telephone conversations in Captain Culpeper 's office were scripted and filmed but ultimately removed before the film 's premiere . Culpeper was to be disturbed by a `` Dr. Chadwick '' and by an `` Uncle Mike '' , in addition to his wife and daughter . The roles were respectively played by Elliott Reid and Morey Amsterdam .", "Actress Eve Bruce filmed a scene as a showgirl who asks Benjy Benjamin and Ding Bell to help her put on suntan lotion . The scene was eventually cut and she is uncredited . Cliff Norton is listed in the opening credits , but is nowhere to be found in the film . Norton had a role as a detective who appears at the Rancho Conejo airport . King Donovan , playing an airport official , also appeared at Rancho Conejo . Both actors ' scenes were cut but were credited . According to Mark Evanier , Howard Morris was booked to appear in Mad World and never appeared in the film , although he was paid for two days work . Don Knotts originally shot a second scene in which he tries to use a telephone in a diner . Also featured in the scene was Barbara Pepper . The sequence was not used in the finished film .", "In the early 1960s , screenwriter William Rose , then living in the UK , conceived the idea for a film ( provisionally titled So Many Thieves , and later Something a Little Less Serious ) about a comedic chase through Scotland . He sent an outline to Kramer , who agreed to produce and direct the film . The setting was subsequently shifted to America and the working title changed to Where , But In America ? then One Damn Thing After Another and then It 's a Mad World , with Rose and Kramer adding additional Mads to the title as time progressed . Kramer considered adding a fifth `` mad '' to the title before deciding that it would be redundant but noted in interviews that he later regretted it .", "Although well known for serious films such as Inherit the Wind and Judgment at Nuremberg ( both starring Tracy ) , Kramer set out to make the ultimate comedy film . Filmed in Ultra Panavision 70 and presented in Cinerama ( becoming one of the first single - camera Cinerama features produced ) , Mad World also had an all - star cast , with dozens of major comedy stars from all eras of cinema appearing in the film . The film followed a Hollywood trend in the 1960s of producing `` epic '' films as a way of wooing audiences away from television and back to movie theaters . The film 's theme music was written by Ernest Gold with lyrics by Mack David . Kramer hosted a roundtable ( including extensive clips ) on the film with stars Caesar , Hackett and Winters as part of a special The Comedians , Stanley Kramer 's Reunion with the Great Comedy Artists of Our Time broadcast in 1974 as part of ABC 's Wide World of Entertainment . The last reported showing of the film on major network television was on ABC on July 16 , 1979 , and before that , on CBS on May 16 , 1978 .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The airport terminal scenes were filmed at the now - defunct Rancho Conejo Airport in Newbury Park , California , though the control tower shown was constructed only for filming . Other airplane sequences were filmed at the Sonoma County Airport north of Santa Rosa , California ; at the Palm Springs International Airport ; and in the skies above Thousand Oaks , Camarillo , and Orange County . In the Orange County scene , stuntman Frank Tallman flew a Beech model C - 18S through a highway billboard advertising Coca - Cola . A communications mix - up resulted in the use of linen graphic sheets on the sign rather than paper , as planned . Linen , much tougher than paper , damaged the plane on impact . Tallman managed to fly it back to the airstrip , discovering that the leading edges of the wings had been smashed all the way back to the wing spars . Tallman considered that incident the closest he ever came to dying on film . ( Both Tallman and his business partner and fellow flier on Mad World , Paul Mantz , would eventually die in separate air crashes over a decade apart . )", "In another scene , Tallman flew the plane through an airplane hangar at the Charles M. Schulz Sonoma County Airport , next to the Pacific Coast Air Museum , in Santa Rosa .", "The fire escape and ladder miniature used in the final chase sequence is on display at the Hollywood Museum in Hollywood . Also , the Santa Rosita Fire Department 's ladder truck was a 1960s Seagrave Fire Apparatus open - cab Mid-Mount Aerial Ladder .", "Production began on April 26 , 1962 and expected to end by December 7 , 1962 but in fact continued for a while longer , apparently conflicting with the notion that Tracy 's trip down the zip line into the pet store on December 6 , 1962 was the last scene filmed . Veteran stuntman Carey Loftin was also featured in the documentary , explaining some of the complexity as well as simplicity of stunts , such as the day he `` kicked the bucket '' as a stand - in for Durante .", "The film was promoted as the first film made in `` one - projector '' Cinerama . ( The original Cinerama process filmed scenes with three separate cameras . The three processed reels were projected by three electronically synchronized projectors onto a huge curved screen . ) It was originally planned for three camera Cinerama and some reports say that initial filming was done using three cameras but was abandoned . One camera Cinerama could be Super Panavision 70 or Ultra Panavision 70 , which was essentially the Super Panavision 70 process with anamorphic compression at the edges of the image to give a much wider aspect ratio . When projected by one projector , the expanded 70mm image filled the wide Cinerama screen . Ultra Panavision 70 was used to film It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World . Other films shot in Ultra Panavision 70 and released in Cinerama include The Greatest Story Ever Told , The Hallelujah Trail , Battle of the Bulge , and Khartoum . Super Panavision 70 films released in Cinerama include Grand Prix , 2001 : A Space Odyssey , and Ice Station Zebra .", "Kramer 's comedy was accentuated by many things , including the opening animated credits , designed by Saul Bass . The film begins with mention of Spencer Tracy , then the `` in alphabetical order '' mention of nine of the main cast ( Berle , Caesar , Hackett , Merman , Rooney , Shawn , Silvers , Terry - Thomas , Winters ) , followed by hands switching these nine names two to three times over . Animation continues with paper dolls and a windup toy world spinning with several men hanging on to it and finishing with a man opening a door to the globe and getting trampled by a mad crowd . One of the animators who helped with the sequence was future Peanuts animator Bill Melendez .", "The film opened at the newly built Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles on November 7 , 1963 . The UK premiere was on December 2 , 1963 at the Coliseum Cinerama Theatre in London 's West End . Distinguished by the largest number of stars to appear in a film comedy , Mad World opened to acclaim from many critics and tremendous box office receipts , becoming the 3rd highest - grossing film of 1963 , quickly establishing itself as one of the top 100 highest - grossing films of all time when adjusted for inflation , earning an estimated theatrical rental figure of $26 million . It grossed $46,332,858 domestically and $60,000,000 worldwide , on a budget of $9.4 million . However , because costs were so high it only earned a profit of $1.25 million .", "The film 's great success inspired Kramer to direct and produce Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( also starring Tracy and also written by William Rose ) and The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( also scored by Gold and also co-written by William Rose ) . The movie was re-released in 1970 and earned an additional $2 million in rentals .", "The film holds a 73 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 33 reviews , with an average score of 6.8 / 10 . The consensus states , `` It 's long , frantic , and stuffed to the gills with comic actors and set pieces -- and that 's exactly its charm . '' According to Paul Scrabo , Kramer began thinking about his success with Mad World during the 1970s , and considered bringing back many former cast members for a proposed film titled The Sheiks of Araby . William Rose was set to write the screenplay . Years later , Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel , which was to be titled It 's a Funny , Funny World .", "The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing and received Oscar nominations for its color cinematography , film editing , sound recording , music score , and original song for the title song . It also received two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy and for Jonathan Winters ' performance as Best Actor - Musical or Comedy , respectively losing to Tom Jones and Alberto Sordi for The Devil .", "The film is recognized by American Film Institute in the following lists :", "2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 40", "2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 40", "Existing footage is in the form of original 70 mm elements of the general release version ( recent restored versions shown in revival screenings are derived from these elements ) . A 1991 VHS and LaserDisc from MGM / UA was an extended 183 - minute version of the film , with most of the reinserted footage derived from elements stored in a Los Angeles warehouse about to be demolished . According to a 2002 interview with master preservationist Robert A. Harris , this extended version is not a true representation of the original roadshow cut and included footage that was not meant to be shown in any existing version .", "A restoration effort was made by Harris in an attempt to bring the film back as close as possible to the original roadshow release . The project to go ahead with the massive restoration project would gain approval from Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( parent company of UA ) , although it did require a necessary budget for it to proceed .", "Released on January 21 , 2014 as a two Blu - ray and three DVD set , the Criterion Collection release contains two versions of the film , a restored 4K digital film transfer of the 159 - minute general release version and a new 197 - minute high - definition digital transfer , reconstructed and restored by Robert A. Harris using visual and audio material from the longer original `` road - show '' version not seen in over 50 years . Some scenes have been returned to the film for the first time , and the Blu - ray features a 5.1 surround DTS - HD Master Audio soundtrack . It also features a new audio commentary from It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier , Michael Schlesinger , and Paul Scrabo , a new documentary on the film 's visual and sound effects , an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar , Buddy Hackett , and Jonathan Winters , a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members , excerpts about the film 's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs , a two - part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film 's press junket and premiere , a segment from the 2012 special The Last 70mm Film Festival featuring surviving Mad World cast and crew members hosted by Billy Crystal , a selection of Stan Freberg 's original TV and radio ads for the film with a new introduction by Freberg , trailers and radio spots from the 1960s / 70s , and a booklet featuring an essay by film critic Lou Lumenick with new illustrations by legendary cartoonist Jack Davis , along with a map of the shooting locations by artist Dave Woodman .", "Various subsequent films that employed the concept of a comedic search for money featuring an ensemble cast have either been speculated by critics , or confirmed by their creators , to have been modeled after It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World , including Scavenger Hunt ( 1979 ) , Million Dollar Mystery ( 1987 ) , Rat Race ( 2001 ) and Three Kings ( 2011 ) . The title music and some of the incidental ques were included in the documentary ToryBoy The Movie .", "Claims of attempts to produce a sequel to It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World have circulated , but no film producer has officially confirmed a sequel contract despite multiple attempts ." ]

[ [ "the Pacific Ocean", "the Gulf of California" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Cabo San Lucas Yenecami View of the harbor Cabo San Lucas ( 2005 ) Coat of arms Nickname ( s ) : Cabo Cabo San Lucas Location in Baja California Sur Coordinates : 22 ° 53 ′ 23 '' N 109 ° 54 ′ 56 '' W  /  22.88972 ° N 109.91556 ° W  / 22.88972 ; - 109.91556 Coordinates : 22 ° 53 ′ 23 '' N 109 ° 54 ′ 56 '' W  /  22.88972 ° N 109.91556 ° W  / 22.88972 ; - 109.91556 Country Mexico State Baja California Sur Elevation 20 m ( 70 ft ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 68,463 Time zone Pacific ( US Mountain ) ( UTC − 7 ) Summer ( DST ) Pacific ( UTC − 6 )", "Cabo San Lucas Yenecami", "View of the harbor Cabo San Lucas ( 2005 )", "Coat of arms", "Coat of arms", "Coat of arms", "Nickname ( s ) : Cabo", "Cabo San Lucas Location in Baja California Sur", "Coordinates : 22 ° 53 ′ 23 '' N 109 ° 54 ′ 56 '' W  /  22.88972 ° N 109.91556 ° W  / 22.88972 ; - 109.91556 Coordinates : 22 ° 53 ′ 23 '' N 109 ° 54 ′ 56 '' W  /  22.88972 ° N 109.91556 ° W  / 22.88972 ; - 109.91556", "Country Mexico", "State Baja California Sur", "Elevation 20 m ( 70 ft )", "Population ( 2010 )", "Total 68,463", "Time zone Pacific ( US Mountain ) ( UTC − 7 )", "Summer ( DST ) Pacific ( UTC − 6 )", "Cabo San Lucas ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈkaβo san ˈlukas ) , Cape Saint Luke ) , commonly called Cabo in American English , is a city at the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula , in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur . Cabo San Lucas together with San José del Cabo is known as Los Cabos .", "Cabo has been rated as one of Mexico 's top 5 tourist destinations ; it is known for its beaches , scuba diving locations , balnearios , the sea arch El Arco de Cabo San Lucas , and marine life . The Los Cabos Corridor has become a heavily trafficked holiday destination for tourists , with numerous resorts and timeshares along the coast between Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo .", "Cabo houses a range of wildlife , including rays , sharks , birds , and a range of fish , such as mahi - mahi ( dorado ) , and striped marlin .", "Archaeological excavations have shown evidence of continual human habitation in the area for at least 10,000 years . When the first Europeans arrived , they encountered the Pericú people , who survived on a subsistence diet based on hunting and gathering seeds , roots , shellfish , and other marine resources . They called the location Yenecamú .", "According to the narrative of Hatsutaro , a Japanese castaway , in the book Kaigai Ibun ( written by Maekawa , Junzo and Bunzo Sakai and narrated by Hatsutaro ) , when he arrived at Cabo San Lucas in May 1842 , there were only two houses and about 20 inhabitants . However , American authors such as Henry Edwards and John Ross Browne claim that Cabo San Lucas 's founder was an Englishman named Thomas `` Old Tom '' Ritchie . John Ross Browne says Ritchie arrived there about 1828 , while Edwards says that he died in October 1874 .", "A fishing village began growing in the area . In 1917 , an American company built a floating platform to catch tuna , and ten years later founded Compañía de Productos Marinos S.A. The plant operated for several years .", "Cabo San Lucas has become a prominent vacation and spa destination , with a variety of sites of interest and timeshares that have been built on the coast between San Lucas and San José del Cabo . The distinctive Arco de Cabo San Lucas is a local landmark .", "Cabo San Lucas has the highest paying marlin tournament in the world called the `` Bisbee 's Los Cabos Offshore '' . This tournament takes place every year in the month of October .", "In the winter , pods of whales can be observed in the area . They bear their calves in the warm waters of the Gulf of California after completing their 6000 - mile migration from Alaska and Siberia .", "The beaches , surfing , and sport fishing opportunities in Cabo San Lucas have attracted a great number of Mexican natives and foreigners to spend their vacations in large - scale tourist developments there . The development of Cabo 's tourism industry was prompted by the Mexican government 's development of infrastructure to turn Cabo San Lucas into a major center for tourism in Mexico , beginning in 1974 . Upon completion of the Transpeninsular Highway , also known as the Mexican Federal Highway 1 , tourist developments in Los Cabos proceeded relatively unchecked .", "Until fairly recently , the unique and fragile environment of this part of Mexico was largely unprotected by law , and therefore was subjected to developers acting in concert with government agencies interested only in low - end tourist bonanzas . There is , however , a growing collection of activists and attorneys now involved in preserving many of Baja 's desert habitats , marine mammals , and stretches of coastline . A number of agencies including the Gulf of California Conservation Fund and the Center for Environmental Law in La Paz are challenging the destruction of wetlands and other ecosystems from Los Cabos to Ensenada . In the face of a growing international public demand for corporate - driven ecological stewardship , higher - end resorts in the Los Cabos area are increasingly sensitive to their environmental impact , and are taking initial steps to institute sustainable practices such as reducing water usage and non-recyclable trash output . In 2017 Los Cabos is projected to be one of the leaders in travel in Latin America , many of the developments owed to its increased accessibility with added plane routes from the US and Canada . It is expected that by 2018 4,000 new sleeping rooms will come online in Cabo , and the increase in tourism will contribute to its growth as a leader in leisure .", "Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo are served by Los Cabos International Airport .", "The town is also a popular port of call for many cruise ships . Cabo San Lucas has a small international airfield , which handles air traffic for general aviation flights and air taxi service .", "Many tourists get around the area through the numerous local taxis that service the primary parts of Cabo , as well as the Corridor and the airport . Alternatively , there is a system of small buses that are used by locals but also available to tourists , and costing a few pesos tend to be much less expensive than the taxis .", "Clubs in Cabo include the Cabo Wabo Cantina , the Baja Brewing Company ( also the first microbrewery in Baja California ) , Pink Kitty Nightclub , Mandala , El Squid Roe , Giggling Marlin , Nowhere Bar , Tiki Bar , the Usual Suspects and the Jungle Bar . Restaurants in downtown Cabo include Edith 's , Hacienda Cocina y Cantina , and Sunset da Mona Lisa . Tourists can also ride horses through the desert , charter a boat for fishing , snorkel , and parasail on the beach . The English - language newspaper for Cabo San Lucas , the biweekly `` Gringo Gazette '' , has news on tourist activities in Cabo San Lucas , San Jose , Todos Santos , La Paz , and the East Cape Baja .", "The corridor is home to a variety of hotels and tourist attractions . High - end resorts in the corridor include the One&Only Palmilla , Esperanza , The Resort at Pedregal , and Las Ventanas al Paraiso .", "Medano Beach , located in the Chileno Bay , is one of the most frequented beaches in the Corridor . It is home to tropical fish , sea turtles , invertebrates , and sponges . Snorkelers often visit Chileno Bay to observe the underwater sea life .", "Cabo San Lucas has a BWh desert climate .", "During summer , Cabo San Lucas is cooler than San José del Cabo by about by about 1.5 to 3 ° C ( 3 to 5 ° F ) . Sometimes during the summer , when winds blow from the Pacific Ocean instead of the Gulf of California , the differences in temperatures between San José del Cabo and Cabo San Lucas are higher .", "Cabo San Lucas is less rainy than San José del Cabo , although hurricanes can bring heavy rain for long periods . Hurricane Odile made landfall at Cabo San Lucas on 14 September 2014 , and caused widespread damage . Due to the position of the city and orography , local summer thunderstorms do not get near enough to bring rain to the town .", "The sea temperature experiences lows of 21 -- 22 ° C ( 70 -- 72 ° F ) in winter , and highs of 28 -- 29 ° C ( 82 -- 84 ° F ) during the summer months .", "( hide ) Climate data for Cabo San Lucas , Baja California Sur ( 1951 -- 2010 , extremes 1937 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 41.5 ( 106.7 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 44.0 ( 111.2 ) 44.0 ( 111.2 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 44.0 ( 111.2 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 11.7 ( 0.461 ) 3.4 ( 0.134 ) 1.8 ( 0.071 ) 1.3 ( 0.051 ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 13.3 ( 0.524 ) 48.5 ( 1.909 ) 82.3 ( 3.24 ) 32.2 ( 1.268 ) 11.5 ( 0.453 ) 14.5 ( 0.571 ) 220.6 ( 8.685 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.9 3.3 1.6 0.7 1.0 12.7 Source : Servicio Meteorologico Nacional", "( hide ) Climate data for Cabo San Lucas , Baja California Sur ( 1951 -- 2010 , extremes 1937 -- 2010 )", "Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year", "Record high ° C ( ° F ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 41.5 ( 106.7 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 44.0 ( 111.2 ) 44.0 ( 111.2 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 44.0 ( 111.2 )", "Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 )", "Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 23.9 ( 75 )", "Average low ° C ( ° F ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 )", "Record low ° C ( ° F ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 )", "Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 11.7 ( 0.461 ) 3.4 ( 0.134 ) 1.8 ( 0.071 ) 1.3 ( 0.051 ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 13.3 ( 0.524 ) 48.5 ( 1.909 ) 82.3 ( 3.24 ) 32.2 ( 1.268 ) 11.5 ( 0.453 ) 14.5 ( 0.571 ) 220.6 ( 8.685 )", "Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.9 3.3 1.6 0.7 1.0 12.7", "Source : Servicio Meteorologico Nacional", "Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 22.4 ° C 72.4 ° F 21.5 ° C 70.7 ° F 21.5 ° C 70.6 ° F 21.5 ° C 70.7 ° F 23.5 ° C 74.3 ° F 23.1 ° C 73.5 ° F 25.7 ° C 78.2 ° F 28.5 ° C 83.2 ° F 29.5 ° C 85 ° F 29 ° C 84.1 ° F 26.8 ° C 80.2 ° F 24 ° C 75.3 ° F", "Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec", "22.4 ° C 72.4 ° F 21.5 ° C 70.7 ° F 21.5 ° C 70.6 ° F 21.5 ° C 70.7 ° F 23.5 ° C 74.3 ° F 23.1 ° C 73.5 ° F 25.7 ° C 78.2 ° F 28.5 ° C 83.2 ° F 29.5 ° C 85 ° F 29 ° C 84.1 ° F 26.8 ° C 80.2 ° F 24 ° C 75.3 ° F", "72.4 ° F", "70.7 ° F", "70.6 ° F", "70.7 ° F", "74.3 ° F", "73.5 ° F", "78.2 ° F", "83.2 ° F", "85 ° F", "84.1 ° F", "80.2 ° F", "75.3 ° F", "Historical population Year Pop . ± % 16,059 -- 1995 28,483 + 77.4 % 2000 -- 2005 -- 68,464 --", "Historical population", "Year Pop . ± %", "16,059 --", "1995 28,483 + 77.4 %", "2000 --", "2005 --", "68,464 --", "As of the 2010 Censo General de Población y Vivienda , the population was 68,463 and has experienced very rapid growth and development . It is the third - largest city in Baja California Sur after La Paz and San José del Cabo ( although it is only slightly less populous than San José del Cabo ) .", "The majority of non-Mexican inhabitants in the community originate from the United States , and along with residents from San José del Cabo they account for the 80 % of the U.S. population in the state .", "Secondary", "Colegio Amaranto , a private school , is in Cabo San Lucas Colegio El Camino , IB accredited K - 12 private school , in Pedregal , Cabo San Lucas", "Colegio Amaranto , a private school , is in Cabo San Lucas", "Colegio El Camino , IB accredited K - 12 private school , in Pedregal , Cabo San Lucas", "Postsecondary", "Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Los Cabos , a campus of the National Institute of Technology of Mexico UABCS Los Cabos , a branch campus of the public Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Universidad del Golfo de California , a private masters level university Universidad del Desarrollo Profesional S.C. , a local campus of UNIDEP , a private university", "Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Los Cabos , a campus of the National Institute of Technology of Mexico", "UABCS Los Cabos , a branch campus of the public Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur", "Universidad del Golfo de California , a private masters level university", "Universidad del Desarrollo Profesional S.C. , a local campus of UNIDEP , a private university" ]

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[ "Latin America Area 19,197,000 km ( 7,412,000 sq mi ) Population 639,048,639 ( 2016 est . ) Population density 31 / km ( 80 / sq mi ) Demonym Latin American , Latino Countries 20 Dependencies 13 Largest cities ( Metro areas ) 1 . Mexico City 2 . São Paulo 3 . Buenos Aires 4 . Lima 5 . Rio de Janeiro 6 . Bogotá 7 . Santiago 8 . Belo Horizonte 9 . Guadalajara 10 . Monterrey", "Area 19,197,000 km ( 7,412,000 sq mi )", "Population 639,048,639 ( 2016 est . )", "Population density 31 / km ( 80 / sq mi )", "Demonym Latin American , Latino", "Countries 20", "Dependencies 13", "Largest cities ( Metro areas ) 1 . Mexico City 2 . São Paulo 3 . Buenos Aires 4 . Lima 5 . Rio de Janeiro 6 . Bogotá 7 . Santiago 8 . Belo Horizonte 9 . Guadalajara 10 . Monterrey", "Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Spanish , French and Portuguese are spoken ; it is broader than the terms Ibero - America or Hispanic America . The term originated in the Napoleon III French government in the mid-19th century as Amérique latine to consider French - speaking territories in the Americas , ( French Canadians , French Louisiana , French Guiana , Haiti , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Saint Martin , Saint Barthélemy ) along with the larger group of countries where Spanish and Portuguese languages prevailed , including the Spanish - speaking portions of the United States ( the Southwest and Florida . ) Today , areas of Canada and the United States ( with the exception of Puerto Rico and Miami ) where Spanish , Portuguese and French are predominant are typically not included in definitions of Latin America .", "Latin America consists of nineteen sovereign states and several territories and dependencies which cover an area that stretches from the northern border of Mexico to the southern tip of South America , including the Caribbean . It has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km ( 7,412,000 sq mi ) , almost 13 % of the Earth 's land surface area . As of 2016 , its population was estimated at more than 639 million and in 2014 , Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD .", "The term `` Latin America '' was first used in an 1856 conference with the title `` Initiative of the America . Idea for a Federal Congress of Republics '' ( Iniciativa de la América . Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas ) , by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao . In such conference , he called for the creation of a confederation of Latin American republics to better search for their common defense and prosperity , without political or economic barriers between them . In the same work , he also detailed the principles under which such a confederation should work .", "The idea that a part of the Americas has a linguistic affinity with the Romance cultures as a whole can be traced back to the 1830s , in the writing of the French Saint - Simonian Michel Chevalier , who postulated that this part of the Americas was inhabited by people of a `` Latin race '' , and that it could , therefore , ally itself with `` Latin Europe '' , ultimately overlapping the Latin Church , in a struggle with `` Teutonic Europe '' , `` Anglo - Saxon America '' and `` Slavic Europe '' . Further investigations of the concept of Latin America are by Michel Gobat in the American Historical Review , the studies of Leslie Bethell , and the monograph by Mauricio Tenorio - Trillo , Latin America : The Allure and Power of an Idea ( 2017 ) .", "Historian John Leddy Phelan locates the origins of `` Latin America '' in the French occupation of Mexico . His argument is that French imperialists used the concept of `` Latin '' America as a way to counter British imperialism , as well as to challenge the German threat to France . The idea of a `` Latin race '' was then taken up by Latin American intellectuals and political leaders of the mid - and late - nineteenth century , who no longer looked to Spain or Portugal as cultural models , but rather to France . French ruler Napoleon III had a strong interest in extending French commercial and political power in the region he and his business promoter Felix Belly called `` Latin America '' to emphasize the shared Latin background of France with the former colonies of Spain and Portugal . This led to Napoleon 's failed attempt to take military control of Mexico in the 1860s .", "The term `` Latin America '' was first used in 1856 in a conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao in Paris . The conference had the title `` Initiative of the America . Idea for a Federal Congress of Republics . '' The same year the Colombian writer José María Torres Caicedo also used the term in his poem `` The Two Americas . '' Two events related with the U.S. played a central role in both works . The first event happened less than a decade before the publication of Bilbao 's and Torres Caicedo 's works : the Mexican -- American War , after which Mexico lost a third of its territory . The second event happened the same year both works were written , in opposition to the decision by U.S. president Franklin Pierce to recognize regime recently established in Nicaragua by American William Walker and his band of filibusters who ruled Nicaragua for nearly a year , 1856 - 57 .", "In both Bilbao 's and Torres Caicedo 's works , the U.S. - Mexico war and Walker 's expedition to Nicaragua are explicitly mentioned as examples of dangers for the region . For Bilbao , `` Latin America '' was not a geographical concept , since he excluded Brazil , Paraguay and Mexico . Both authors also ask for the union of all Latin American countries as the only way to defend their territories against further foreign U.S. interventions . Both rejected also European imperialism , claiming that the return of European countries to non-democratic forms of government was another danger for Latin American countries , and used the same word to describe the state of European politics at the time : `` despotism . '' Several years later , during the French invasion of Mexico , Bilbao wrote another work , `` Emancipation of the Spirit in America , '' where he asked all Latin American countries to support the Mexican cause against France , and rejected French imperialism in Asia , Africa , Europe and the Americas . He asked Latin American intellectuals to search for their `` intellectual emancipation '' by abandoning all French ideas , claiming that France was : `` Hypocrite , because she ( France ) calls herself protector of the Latin race just to subject it to her exploitation regime ; treacherous , because she speaks of freedom and nationality , when , unable to conquer freedom for herself , she enslaves others instead ! '' Therefore , as Michel Gobat puts it , the term Latin America itself had an `` anti-imperial genesis , '' and their creators were far from supporting any form of imperialism in the region , or in any other place of the globe .", "However , in France the term Latin America was used with the opposite intention . It was supported by the French Empire of Napoleon III during the French invasion of Mexico as a way to include France among countries with influence in the Americas and to exclude Anglophone countries . It played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship of the region with France , transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area , and install Maximilian of Habsburg as emperor of the Second Mexican Empire . This term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines , a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement .", "Latin America generally refers to territories in the Americas where the Spanish or Portuguese languages prevail : Mexico , most of Central and South America , and in the Caribbean , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , and Puerto Rico . Latin America is , therefore , defined as all those parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires . By this definition , Latin America is coterminous with Ibero - America ( `` Iberian America '' ) . The term is sometimes used more broadly to refer to all of the Americas south of the United States , thus including the Guianas , the Anglophone Caribbean ( and Belize ) ; the Francophone Caribbean ; and the Dutch Caribbean . This definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region , which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism , rather than cultural aspects ( see , for example , dependency theory ) . As such , some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase `` Latin America and the Caribbean '' instead , as in the United Nations geoscheme for the Americas . In a more literal definition , which is close to the semantic origin , Latin America designates countries in the Americas where a Romance language ( a language derived from Latin ) predominates : Spanish , Portuguese , French , and the creole languages based upon these . In this definition , Quebec would be classified as part of Latin America .", "Latin America generally refers to territories in the Americas where the Spanish or Portuguese languages prevail : Mexico , most of Central and South America , and in the Caribbean , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , and Puerto Rico . Latin America is , therefore , defined as all those parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires . By this definition , Latin America is coterminous with Ibero - America ( `` Iberian America '' ) .", "The term is sometimes used more broadly to refer to all of the Americas south of the United States , thus including the Guianas , the Anglophone Caribbean ( and Belize ) ; the Francophone Caribbean ; and the Dutch Caribbean . This definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region , which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism , rather than cultural aspects ( see , for example , dependency theory ) . As such , some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase `` Latin America and the Caribbean '' instead , as in the United Nations geoscheme for the Americas .", "In a more literal definition , which is close to the semantic origin , Latin America designates countries in the Americas where a Romance language ( a language derived from Latin ) predominates : Spanish , Portuguese , French , and the creole languages based upon these . In this definition , Quebec would be classified as part of Latin America .", "The distinction between Latin America and Anglo - America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance - language and English - speaking cultures are distinguished . Neither area is culturally or linguistically homogeneous ; in substantial portions of Latin America ( e.g. , highland Peru , Bolivia , Mexico , Guatemala ) , Native American cultures and , to a lesser extent , Amerindian languages , are predominant , and in other areas , the influence of African cultures is strong ( e.g. , the Caribbean basin -- including parts of Colombia and Venezuela ) .", "The term is not without controversy . Historian Mauricio Tenorio - Trillo explores at length the `` allure and power '' of the idea of Latin America . He remarks at the outset , `` The idea of ' Latin America ' ought to have vanished with the obsolescence of racial theory ... But it is not easy to declare something dead when it can hardly be said to have existed , '' going on to say , `` The term is here to stay , and it is important . '' Following in the tradition of Chilean writer Francisco Bilbao , who excluded Brazil , Argentina and Paraguay from his early conceptualization of Latin America , Chilean historian Jaime Eyzaguirre has criticized the term Latin America for `` disguising '' and `` diluting '' the Spanish character of a region ( i.e. Hispanic America ) with the inclusion of nations that according to him do not share the same pattern of conquest and colonization .", "Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography , politics , demographics and culture . If defined as all of the Americas south of the United States , the basic geographical subregions are North America , Central America , the Caribbean and South America ; the latter contains further politico - geographical subdivisions such as the Southern Cone , the Guianas and the Andean states . It may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America , Portuguese America and French America .", "Flag Arms Name Area ( km2 ) Population ( 2016 ) Population density ( per km2 ) Capital Name ( s ) in official language ( s ) Time ( s ) zone ( s ) Argentina 2,780,400 43,847,430 14.4 Buenos Aires Argentina UTC / GMT - 3 hours Bolivia 1,098,581 10,887,882 9 Sucre and La Paz Bolivia ; Buliwya ; Wuliwya ; Volívia UTC / GMT - 4 hours Brazil 8,515,767 207,652,865 23.6 Brasília Brasil UTC / GMT - 2 hours ( Fernando de Noronha ) UTC / GMT - 3 hours ( Brasília ) UTC / GMT - 4 hours ( Amazonas ) UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Acre ) Chile 756,096 17,909,754 23 Santiago Chile UTC / GMT - 3 hours ( Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica ) UTC / GMT - 4 hours ( Continental Chile ) UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Easter Island ) Colombia 1,141,748 48,653,419 41.5 Bogotá Colombia UTC / GMT - 5 hours Costa Rica 51,100 4,857,274 91.3 San José Costa Rica UTC / GMT - 6 hours Cuba 109,884 11,475,982 100.6 Havana Cuba UTC / GMT - 4 hours Dominican Republic 48,442 10,648,791 210.9 Santo Domingo República Dominicana UTC / GMT - 4 hours Ecuador 283,560 16,385,068 54.4 Quito Ecuador UTC / GMT - 5 hours El Salvador 21,040 6,344,722 290.3 San Salvador El Salvador UTC / GMT - 6 hours French Guiana * 83,534 275,713 Cayenne Guyane UTC / GMT - 3 hours Guadeloupe * 1,628 449,975 250 Basse - Terre Guadeloupe UTC / GMT - 4 hours Guatemala 108,889 16,582,469 129 Guatemala City Guatemala UTC / GMT - 6 hours Haiti 27,750 10,847,334 350 Port - au - Prince Haïti ; Ayiti UTC / GMT - 4 hours Honduras 112,492 9,112,867 76 Tegucigalpa Honduras UTC / GMT - 6 hours Martinique * 1,128 385,103 340 Fort - de-France Martinique UTC / GMT - 4 hours Mexico 1,964 375 127,540,423 57 Mexico City México UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Zona Sureste ) UTC / GMT - 6 hours ( Zona Centro ) UTC / GMT - 7 hours ( Zona Pacífico ) UTC / GMT - 8 hours ( Zona Noroeste ) Nicaragua 130,375 6,149,928 44.3 Managua Nicaragua UTC / GMT - 6 hours Panama 75,517 4,034,119 54.2 Panama City Panamá UTC / GMT - 5 hours Paraguay 406,752 6,725,308 14.2 Asunción Paraguay ; Tetã Paraguái UTC / GMT - 4 hours Peru 1,285,216 31,773,839 23 Lima Perú ; Piruw UTC / GMT - 4 hours Puerto Rico * 9,104 3,667,903 397 San Juan Puerto Rico UTC / GMT - 4 hours Saint Barthélemy * 53.2 9,000 682 Gustavia Saint - Barthélemy UTC / GMT - 4 hours Saint Martin * 25 39,000 361 Marigot Saint - Martin UTC / GMT - 4 hours Uruguay 176,215 3,444,006 18.87 Montevideo Uruguay UTC / GMT - 3 hours Venezuela 916,445 31,568,179 31.59 Caracas Venezuela UTC / GMT -- 4 : 00 hours Total 20,111,457 626,741,000", "Flag Arms Name Area ( km2 ) Population ( 2016 ) Population density ( per km2 ) Capital Name ( s ) in official language ( s ) Time ( s ) zone ( s )", "Argentina 2,780,400 43,847,430 14.4 Buenos Aires Argentina UTC / GMT - 3 hours", "Bolivia 1,098,581 10,887,882 9 Sucre and La Paz Bolivia ; Buliwya ; Wuliwya ; Volívia UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Brazil 8,515,767 207,652,865 23.6 Brasília Brasil UTC / GMT - 2 hours ( Fernando de Noronha ) UTC / GMT - 3 hours ( Brasília ) UTC / GMT - 4 hours ( Amazonas ) UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Acre )", "Chile 756,096 17,909,754 23 Santiago Chile UTC / GMT - 3 hours ( Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica ) UTC / GMT - 4 hours ( Continental Chile ) UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Easter Island )", "UTC / GMT - 4 hours ( Continental Chile )", "UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Easter Island )", "Colombia 1,141,748 48,653,419 41.5 Bogotá Colombia UTC / GMT - 5 hours", "Costa Rica 51,100 4,857,274 91.3 San José Costa Rica UTC / GMT - 6 hours", "Cuba 109,884 11,475,982 100.6 Havana Cuba UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Dominican Republic 48,442 10,648,791 210.9 Santo Domingo República Dominicana UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Ecuador 283,560 16,385,068 54.4 Quito Ecuador UTC / GMT - 5 hours", "El Salvador 21,040 6,344,722 290.3 San Salvador El Salvador UTC / GMT - 6 hours", "French Guiana * 83,534 275,713 Cayenne Guyane UTC / GMT - 3 hours", "Guadeloupe * 1,628 449,975 250 Basse - Terre Guadeloupe UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Guatemala 108,889 16,582,469 129 Guatemala City Guatemala UTC / GMT - 6 hours", "Haiti 27,750 10,847,334 350 Port - au - Prince Haïti ; Ayiti UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Honduras 112,492 9,112,867 76 Tegucigalpa Honduras UTC / GMT - 6 hours", "Martinique * 1,128 385,103 340 Fort - de-France Martinique UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Mexico 1,964 375 127,540,423 57 Mexico City México UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Zona Sureste ) UTC / GMT - 6 hours ( Zona Centro ) UTC / GMT - 7 hours ( Zona Pacífico ) UTC / GMT - 8 hours ( Zona Noroeste )", "Nicaragua 130,375 6,149,928 44.3 Managua Nicaragua UTC / GMT - 6 hours", "Panama 75,517 4,034,119 54.2 Panama City Panamá UTC / GMT - 5 hours", "Paraguay 406,752 6,725,308 14.2 Asunción Paraguay ; Tetã Paraguái UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Peru 1,285,216 31,773,839 23 Lima Perú ; Piruw UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Puerto Rico * 9,104 3,667,903 397 San Juan Puerto Rico UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Saint Barthélemy * 53.2 9,000 682 Gustavia Saint - Barthélemy UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Saint Martin * 25 39,000 361 Marigot Saint - Martin UTC / GMT - 4 hours", "Uruguay 176,215 3,444,006 18.87 Montevideo Uruguay UTC / GMT - 3 hours", "Venezuela 916,445 31,568,179 31.59 Caracas Venezuela UTC / GMT -- 4 : 00 hours", "Total 20,111,457 626,741,000", "* : Not a sovereign state", "The earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde , near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile . Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is some disputed evidence of even earlier occupation . Over the course of millennia , people spread to all parts of the continents . By the first millennium CE , South America 's vast rainforests , mountains , plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people . The earliest settlements in the Americas are of the Las Vegas Culture from about 8000 BCE and 4600 BCE , a sedentary group from the coast of Ecuador , the forefathers of the more known Valdivia culture , of the same era . Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the Chibcha ( or `` Muisca '' or `` Muysca '' ) and the Tairona groups . These groups are in the circum Caribbean region . The Chibchas of Colombia , the Quechuas and Aymaras of Bolivia and Perú were the three indigenous groups that settled most permanently .", "The region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations , including the Aztecs , Toltecs , Maya , and Inca . The golden age of the Maya began about 250 , with the last two great civilizations , the Aztecs and Incas , emerging into prominence later on in the early fourteenth century and mid-fifteenth centuries , respectively . The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas , until its downfall in part by the Spanish invasion .", "With the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus ' voyages , the indigenous elites , such as the Incas and Aztecs , lost power to the heavy European invasion . Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztec elite 's power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite , and Francisco Pizarro eliminated the Incan rule in Western South America . The European powers of Spain and Portugal colonized the region , which along with the rest of the uncolonized world , was divided into areas of Spanish and Portuguese control by the line of demarcation in 1494 , which gave Spain all areas to the west , and Portugal all areas to the east ( the Portuguese lands in South America subsequently becoming Brazil ) . By the end of the sixteenth century Spain and Portugal had been joined by others , including France , in occupying large areas of North , Central and South America , ultimately extending from Alaska to the southern tips of the Patagonia . European culture , customs and government were introduced , with the Roman Catholic Church becoming the major economic and political power to overrule the traditional ways of the region , eventually becoming the only official religion of the Americas during this period .", "Epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans , such as smallpox and measles , wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population . Historians can not determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases , but some put the figures as high as 85 % and as low as 25 % . Due to the lack of written records , specific numbers are hard to verify . Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations and mines . Intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common , and , by the end of the colonial period , people of mixed ancestry ( mestizos ) formed majorities in several colonies .", "Indigenous peoples of the Americas in various European colonies were forced to work in European plantations and mines ; along with African slaves who were also introduced in the proceeding centuries .", "The Mita of Colonial Latin America was a system of forced labor imposed on the natives . First established by Viceroy Francisco de Toledo ( 1569 -- 1581 ) , the Mita was upheld by laws that designated how large draft levies were and how much money the workers would receive that was based on how many shifts each individual worker performed . Toledo established Mitas at Potosi and Huancavelica , where the Mitayos -- the workers -- would be reduced in number to a fraction of how many were originally assigned before the 1700s . While several villages managed to resist the Mita , others offered payment to colonial administrators as a way out . In exchange , free labor became available through volunteers , though the Mita was kept in place as workers like miners , for example , were paid low wages . The Spanish Crown had not made any ruling on the Mita or approved of it when Toledo first established it in spite of the uncertainty of the practice since the Crown could have gained benefits from it . However , the cortes of Spain later abolished it in 1812 once complaints of the Mita violating humanitarian rights were made . Yet complaints also came from : governors ; landowners ; native leaders known as Kurakas ; and even priests , each of whom preferred other methods of economic exploitation . Despite its fall , the Mita made it to the 1800s .", "In 1804 , Haiti became the first Latin American nation to gain independence , following a violent slave revolt led by Toussaint L'ouverture on the French colony of Saint - Domingue . The victors abolished slavery . Haitian independence inspired independence movements in Spanish America .", "By the end of the eighteenth century , Spanish and Portuguese power waned on the global scene as other European powers took their place , notably Britain and France . Resentment grew among the majority of the population in Latin America over the restrictions imposed by the Spanish government , as well as the dominance of native Spaniards ( Iberian - born Peninsulares ) in the major social and political institutions . Napoleon 's invasion of Spain in 1808 marked a turning point , compelling Criollo elites to form juntas that advocated independence . Also , the newly independent Haiti , the second oldest nation in the New World after the United States , further fueled the independence movement by inspiring the leaders of the movement , such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla of Mexico , Simón Bolívar of Venezuela and José de San Martín of Argentina , and by providing them with considerable munitions and troops .", "Fighting soon broke out between juntas and the Spanish colonial authorities , with initial victories for the advocates of independence . Eventually , these early movements were crushed by the royalist troops by 1810 , including those of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in Mexico in the year 1810 . Later on Francisco de Miranda in Venezuela by 1812 . Under the leadership of a new generation of leaders , such as Simón Bolívar `` The Liberator '' , José de San Martín of Argentina , and other Libertadores in South America , the independence movement regained strength , and by 1825 , all Spanish America , except for Puerto Rico and Cuba , had gained independence from Spain . In the same year in Mexico , a military officer , Agustín de Iturbide , led a coalition of conservatives and liberals who created a constitutional monarchy , with Iturbide as emperor . This First Mexican Empire was short - lived , and was followed by the creation of a republic in 1823 .", "The Brazilian War of Independence , which had already began along other independent movements around the region , spread through northern , northeastern regions and in Cisplatina province . With the last Portuguese soldiers surrendering on 8 March 1824 , Portugal officially recognized Brazil on 29 August 1825 .", "On 7 April 1831 , worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissensions with both liberal and conservative sides of politics , including an attempt of republican secession , as well as unreconciled with the way that absolutists in Portugal had given to the succession of King John VI , Pedro I went to Portugal to reclaim his daughter 's crown , abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five - year - old son and heir ( who thus became the Empire 's second monarch , with the regnal title of Dom Pedro II ) .", "As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he became of age , a regency was set up by the National Assembly . In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power , during this period a series of localized rebellions took place , as the Cabanagem , the Malê Revolt , the Balaiada , the Sabinada , and the Ragamuffin War , which emerged from the dissatisfaction of the provinces with the central power , coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar of a vast , slaveholding and newly independent nation state . This period of internal political and social upheaval , which included the Praieira revolt , was overcome only at the end of the 1840s , years after the end of the regency , which occurred with the premature coronation of Pedro II in 1841 .", "During the last phase of the monarchy , an internal political debate was centered on the issue of slavery . The Atlantic slave trade was abandoned in 1850 , as a result of the British ' Aberdeen Act , but only in May 1888 after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of slavery in the country , was the institution formally abolished .", "On 15 November 1889 , worn out by years of economic stagnation , in attrition with the majority of Army officers , as well as with rural and financial elites ( for different reasons ) , the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup .", "After the independence of many Latin American countries , there was a conflict between the people and the government , much of which can be reduced to the contrasting ideologies between liberalism and conservatism . Conservatism was the dominant system of government prior to the revolutions and it was founded on having social classes , including governing by kings . Liberalists wanted to see a change in the ruling systems , and to move away from monarchs and social classes in order to promote equality .", "When liberal Guadalupe Victoria became the first president of Mexico in 1824 , conservatists relied on their belief that the state had been better off before the new government came into power , so , by comparison , the old government was better in the eyes of the Conservatives . Following this sentiment , the conservatives pushed to take control of the government , and they succeeded . General Santa Anna was elected president in 1833 . The following decade , the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) caused Mexico to lose a significant amount of territory to the United States . This loss led to a rebellion by the enraged liberal forces against the conservative government .", "In 1837 , conservative Rafael Carrera conquered Guatemala and separated from the Central American Union . The instability that followed the disintegration of the union led to the independence of the other Central American countries .", "In Brazil , rural aristocrats were in conflict with the urban conservatives . Portuguese control over Brazilian ports continued after Brazil 's independence . Following the conservative idea that the old government was better , urbanites tended to support conservatism because more opportunities were available to them as a result of the Portuguese presence .", "Simón Bolívar became president of Gran Colombia in 1819 after the region gained independence from Spain . He led a military - controlled state . Citizens did not like the government 's position under Bolívar : The people in the military were unhappy with their roles , and the civilians were of the opinion that the military had too much power . After the dissolution of Gran Colombia , New Grenada continued to have conflicts between conservatives and liberals . These conflicts were each concentrated in particular regions , with conservatives particularly in the southern mountains and the Valley of Cauca . In the mid-1840s some leaders in Caracas organized a liberal opposition . Antonio Leocadio Guzman was an active participant and journalist in this movement and gained much popularity among the people of Caracas .", "In Argentina , the conflict manifested itself as a prolonged civil war between unitarianas ( i.e. centralists ) and federalists , which were in some aspects respectively analogous to liberals and conservatives in other countries . Between 1832 and 1852 , the country existed as a confederation , without a head of state , although the federalist governor of Buenos Aires province , Juan Manuel de Rosas , was given the powers of debt payment and international relations and exerted a growing hegemony over the country . A national constitution was only enacted in 1853 , reformed in 1860 , and the country reorganized as a federal republic led by a liberal - conservative elite . After Uruguay achieved its independence , in 1828 , a similar polarization crystallized between blancos and colorados , where the agrarian conservative interests were pitted against the liberal commercial interests based in Montevideo , and which eventually resulted in the Guerra Grande civil war ( 1839 -- 1851 ) .", "Losing the North American colonies at the end of the 18th century left Great Britain in need of new markets to supply resources in the early 19th century . In order to solve this problem , Great Britain turned to the Spanish colonies in South America for resources and markets . In 1806 a small British force surprise attacked the capitol of the viceroyalty in Río de la Plata . As a result , the local garrison protecting the capitol was destroyed in an attempt to defend against the British conquest . The British were able to capture large amounts of precious metals , before a French naval force intervened on behalf of the Spanish King and took down the invading force . However , this caused much turmoil in the area as militia took control of the area from the viceroy . The next year the British attacked once again with a much larger force attempting to reach and conquer Montevideo . They failed to reach Montevideo but succeeded in establishing an alliance with the locals . As a result , the British were able to take control of the Indian markets .", "This newly gained British dominance hindered the development of Latin American industries and strengthened the dependence on the world trade network . Britain now replaced Spain as the region 's largest trading partner . Great Britain invested significant capital in Latin America in order to develop the area as a market for processed goods . From the early 1820s to 1850 , the post-independence economies of Latin American countries were lagging and stagnant . Eventually , enhanced trade among Britain and Latin America led to state development such as infrastructure improvements . These improvements included roads and railroads which grew the trades between countries and outside nations such as Great Britain . By 1870 , exports dramatically increased , attracting capital from abroad ( including Europe and USA ) .", "Between 1821 and 1910 , Mexico battled through various civil wars between the established Conservative government and the Liberal reformists ( `` Mexico Timeline - Page 2 ) '' . On May 8 , 1827 Baron Damas , the French Minister of Foreign Affairs , and Sebastián Camacho , a Mexican diplomat , signed an agreement called `` The Declarations '' which contained provisions regarding commerce and navigation between France and Mexico . At this time the French government did not recognize Mexico as an independent entity . It was not until 1861 that the liberalist rebels , led by Benito Juárez , took control of Mexico City , consolidating liberal rule . However , the constant state of warfare left Mexico with a tremendous amount of debt owed to Spain , England , and France , all of whom funded the Mexican war effort ( Neeno ) . As newly appointed president , Benito Juárez suspended payment of debts for next two years , to focus on a rebuilding and stabilization initiative in Mexico under the new government . On December 8 , 1861 , Spain , England and France landed in Veracruz in order to seize unpaid debts from Mexico . However , Napoleon III , with intentions of establishing a French client state to further push his economic interests , pressured the other two powers to withdraw in 1862 ( Greenspan ; `` French Intervention in Mexico ... '' ) .", "France under Napoleon III remained and established Maximilian of Habsburg , Archduke of Austria , as Emperor of Mexico . The march by the French to Mexico City enticed heavy resistance by the Mexican government , it resulted in open warfare . The Battle of Puebla in 1862 in particular presented an important turning point in which Ignacio Zaragoza led the Mexican army to victory as they pushed back the French offensive ( `` Timeline of the Mexican Revolution '' ) . The victory came to symbolize Mexico 's power and national resolve against foreign occupancy and as a result delayed France 's later attack on Mexico City for an entire year ( Cinco de Mayo ( Mexican History ) ) . With heavy resistance by Mexican rebels and the fear of United States intervention against France , forced Napoleon III to withdraw from Mexico , leaving Maximilian to surrender , where he would be later executed by Mexican troops under the rule of Porfirio Díaz . Napoleon III 's desire to expand France 's economic empire influenced the decision to seize territorial domain over the Central American region . The port city of Veracruz , Mexico and France 's desire to construct a new canal were of particular interest . Bridging both New World and East Asian trade routes to the Atlantic were key to Napoleon III 's economic goals to the mining of precious rocks and the expansion of France 's textile industry . Napoleon 's fear of the United States ' economic influence over the Pacific trade region , and in turn all New World economic activity , pushed France to intervene in Mexico under the pretense of collecting on Mexico 's debt . Eventually France began plans to build the Panama Canal in 1881 until 1904 when the United States took over and proceeded with its construction and implementation ( `` Read Our Story '' ) .", "The Monroe Doctrine was included in President James Monroe 's 1823 annual message to Congress . The doctrine warns European nations that the United States will no longer tolerate any new colonization of Latin American countries . It was originally drafted to meet the present major concerns , but eventually became the precept of U.S. foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere . The doctrine was put into effect in 1865 when the U.S. government supported Mexican president , Benito Juárez , diplomatically and militarily . Some Latin American countries viewed the U.S. interventions , allowed by the Monroe Doctrine when the U.S. deems necessary , with suspicion .", "Another important aspect of United States involvement in Latin America is the case of the filibuster William Walker . In 1855 , he traveled to Nicaragua hoping to overthrow the government and take the land for the United States . With only the aid of 56 followers , he was able to take over the city of Granada , declaring himself commander of the army and installing Patricio Rivas as a puppet president . However , Rivas 's presidency ended when he fled Nicaragua ; Walker rigged the following election to ensure that he became the next president . His presidency did not last long , however , as he was met with much opposition from political groups in Nicaragua and neighbouring countries . On May 1 , 1857 , Walker was forced by a coalition of Central American armies to surrender himself to a United States Navy officer who repatriated him and his followers . When Walker subsequently returned to Central America in 1860 , he was apprehended by the Honduran authorities and executed .", "The Mexican -- American War , another instance of U.S. involvement in Latin America , was a war between the United States and Mexico that started in April 1846 and lasted until February 1848 . The main cause of the war was the United States ' annexation of Texas in 1845 and a dispute afterwards about whether the border between Mexico and the United States ended where Mexico claimed , at the Nueces River , or ended where the United States claimed , at the Rio Grande . Peace was negotiated between the United States and Mexico with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which stated that Mexico was to cede land which would later become part of California and New Mexico as well as give up all claims to Texas , for which the United States would pay $15,000,000 . However , tensions between the two countries were still high and over the next six years things only got worse with raids along the border and attacks by Native Americans against Mexican citizens . To defuse the situation , the United States agreed to purchase 29,670 squares miles of land from Mexico for $10,000,000 so a southern railroad could be built to connect the Pacific and Atlantic coasts . This would become known as the Gadsden Purchase . A critical component of U.S. intervention in Latin American affairs took form in the Spanish -- American War , which drastically affected the futures of Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Americas , as well as Guam and the Philippines , by dismantling some of the last remaining Spanish colonial possessions throughout the world .", "United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution Mexican Revolution Tampico Affair Ypiranga incident Veracruz Border War 1st Agua Prieta 1st Ciudad Juarez Bandit War Norias Ranch Ojo de Agua 2nd Nogales Santa Isabel Columbus Mexican Expedition Guerrero Agua Caliente Parral Tomochic Ojos Azules Glenn Springs Rubio Ranch Castillon Las Varas Pass San Ygnacio Carrizal Zimmermann Affair Brite Ranch 1st Pilares Neville Ranch 2nd Pilares Porvenir 3rd Nogales 3rd Ciudad Juárez Ruby", "United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution", "", "Mexican Revolution Tampico Affair Ypiranga incident Veracruz Border War 1st Agua Prieta 1st Ciudad Juarez Bandit War Norias Ranch Ojo de Agua 2nd Nogales Santa Isabel Columbus Mexican Expedition Guerrero Agua Caliente Parral Tomochic Ojos Azules Glenn Springs Rubio Ranch Castillon Las Varas Pass San Ygnacio Carrizal Zimmermann Affair Brite Ranch 1st Pilares Neville Ranch 2nd Pilares Porvenir 3rd Nogales 3rd Ciudad Juárez Ruby", "Mexican Revolution", "Tampico Affair Ypiranga incident Veracruz", "Border War", "1st Agua Prieta 1st Ciudad Juarez Bandit War Norias Ranch Ojo de Agua 2nd Nogales Santa Isabel Columbus Mexican Expedition Guerrero Agua Caliente Parral Tomochic Ojos Azules Glenn Springs Rubio Ranch Castillon Las Varas Pass San Ygnacio Carrizal Zimmermann Affair Brite Ranch 1st Pilares Neville Ranch 2nd Pilares Porvenir 3rd Nogales 3rd Ciudad Juárez Ruby", "1st Agua Prieta", "1st Ciudad Juarez", "Ojo de Agua", "Las Varas Pass", "3rd Ciudad Juárez", "The Zimmermann Telegram was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join an alliance with Germany in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany . The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence . The revelation of the contents outraged the American public and swayed public opinion . President Woodrow Wilson moved to arm American merchant ships in order to defend themselves against German submarines , which had started to attack them . The news helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April of that year .", "The message came as a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire , Arthur Zimmermann , on January 16 , 1917 . The message was sent to the German ambassador of Mexico , Heinrich von Eckardt . Zimmermann sent the telegram in anticipation of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany on 1 February , an act which Germany presumed would lead to war . The telegram instructed Ambassador Eckardt that if the U.S. appeared certain to enter the war , he was to approach the Mexican Government with a proposal for a military alliance , with funding from Germany . As part of the alliance , Germany would assist Mexico in reconquering Texas and the Southwest . Eckardt was instructed to urge Mexico to help broker an alliance between Germany and Japan . Mexico , in the middle of the Mexican Revolution , far weaker militarily , economically and politically than the U.S. , ignored the proposal ; after the U.S. entered the war , it officially rejected it .", "After World War I , in which Brazil was an ally of the United States , Great Britain , and France , the country realized it needed a more capable army but did n't have the technology to create it . In 1919 , the French Military Mission was established by the French Commission in Brazil . Their main goal was to contain the inner rebellions in Brazil . They tried to assist the army by bringing them up to the European military standard but constant civil missions did not prepare them for World War II .", "Brazil 's President , Getúlio Vargas , wanted to industrialize Brazil , allowing it to be more competitive with other countries . He reached out to Germany , Italy , France , and the United States to act as trade allies . Many Italian and German people immigrated to Brazil many years before World War II began thus creating a Nazi influence . The immigrants held high positions in government and the armed forces . It was recently found that 9,000 war criminals escaped to South America , including Croats , Ukrainians , Russians and other western Europeans who aided the Nazi war machine . Most , perhaps as many as 5,000 , went to Argentina ; between 1,500 and 2,000 are thought to have made it to Brazil ; around 500 to 1,000 to Chile ; and the rest to Paraguay and Uruguay . It was not a secret that Vargas had an admiration for Hitler 's Nazi Germany and its Führer . He even let German Luftwaffe build secret air forces around Brazil . This alliance with Germany became Brazil 's second best trade alliance behind the United States .", "Brazil continued to try to remain neutral to the United States and Germany because it was trying to make sure it could continue to be a place of interest for both opposing countries . Brazil attended continental meetings in Buenos Aires , Argentina ( 1936 ) ; Lima , Peru ( 1938 ) ; and Havana , Cuba ( 1940 ) that obligated them to agree to defend any part of the Americas if they were to be attacked . Eventually , Brazil decided to stop trading with Germany once Germany started attacking offshore trading ships resulting in Germany declaring a blockade against the Americas in the Atlantic Ocean . Furthermore , Germany also ensured that they would be attacking the Americas soon .", "Once the German submarines attacked unarmed Brazilian trading ships , President Vargas met with the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss how they could retaliate . On January 22 , 1942 , Brazil officially ended all relations with Germany , Japan , and Italy , becoming a part of the Allies .", "The Brazilian Expeditionary Force was sent to Naples , Italy to fight for democracy . Brazil was the only Latin American country to send troops to Europe . Initially , Brazil wanted to only provide resources and shelter for the war to have a chance of gaining a high postwar status but ended up sending 25,000 men to fight .", "After World War II , the United States and Latin America continued to have a close relationship . For example , USAID created family planning programs in Latin America combining the NGOs already in place , providing the women in largely Catholic areas access to contraception .", "There was a Nazi influence in certain parts of the region , but Jewish migration from Europe during the war continued . Only a few people recognized or knew about the Holocaust . Furthermore , numerous military bases were built during the war by the United States , but some also by the Germans . Even now , unexploded bombs from the second world war that need to be made safe still remain .", "The Great Depression caused Latin America to grow at a slow rate , separating it from leading industrial democracies . The two world wars and U.S. Depression also made Latin American countries favor internal economic development , leading Latin America to adopt the policy of import substitution industrialization . Countries also renewed emphasis on exports . Brazil began selling automobiles to other countries , and some Latin American countries set up plants to assemble imported parts , letting other countries take advantage of Latin America 's low labor costs . Colombia began to export flowers , emeralds and coffee grains and gold , becoming the world 's second - leading flower exporter .", "Economic integration was called for , to attain economies that could compete with the economies of the United States or Europe . Starting in the 1960s with the Latin American Free Trade Association and Central American Common Market , Latin American countries worked toward economic integration .", "In efforts to help regain global economic strength , the U.S. began to heavily assist countries involved in World War II at the expense of Latin America . Markets that were previously unopposed as a result of the war in Latin America grew stagnant as the rest of the world no longer needed their goods .", "Large countries like Argentina called for reforms to lessen the disparity of wealth between the rich and the poor , which has been a long problem in Latin America that stunted economic growth .", "Advances in public health caused an explosion of population growth , making it difficult to provide social services . Education expanded , and social security systems introduced , but benefits usually went to the middle class , not the poor . As a result , the disparity of wealth increased . Increasing inflation and other factors caused countries to be unwilling to fund social development programs to help the poor .", "Bureaucratic authoritarianism was practiced in Brazil after 1964 , in Argentina , and in Chile under Augusto Pinochet , in a response to harsh economic conditions . It rested on the conviction that no democracy could take the harsh measures to curb inflation , reassure investors , and quicken economic growth quickly and effectively . Though inflation fell sharply , industrial production dropped with the decline of official protection .", "After World War II and the beginning of a Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union , US diplomats became interested in Asia , Africa , and Latin America , and frequently waged proxy wars against the Soviet Union in these countries . The US sought to stop the spread of communism . Latin American countries generally sided with the US in the Cold War period , even though they were neglected since the US 's concern with communism were focused in Europe and Asia , not Latin America . Between 1946 and 1959 Latin America received only 2 % of the United States foreign aid despite having poor conditions similar to the main recipients of The Marshall Plan . Some Latin American governments also complained of the US support in the overthrow of some nationalist governments , and intervention through the CIA . In 1947 , the US Congress passed the National Security Act , which created the National Security Council in response to the United States 's growing obsession with anti-communism .", "In 1954 , when Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala accepted the support of communists and attacked holdings of the United Fruit Company , the US decided to assist Guatemalan counter-revolutionaries in overthrowing Arbenz . These interventionist tactics featured the use of the CIA rather than the military , which was used in Latin America for the majority of the Cold War in events including the overthrow of Salvador Allende . Latin America was more concerned with issues of economic development , while the United States focused on fighting communism , even though the presence of communism was small in Latin America .", "By 1959 , Cuba was afflicted with a corrupt dictatorship under Batista , and Fidel Castro ousted Batista that year and set up the first communist state in the hemisphere . The United States imposed a trade embargo on Cuba , and combined with Castro 's expropriation of private enterprises , this was detrimental to the Cuban economy . Around Latin America , rural guerrilla conflict and urban terrorism increased , inspired by the Cuban example . The United States put down these rebellions by supporting Latin American countries in their counter-guerrilla operations through the Alliance for Progress launched by President John F. Kennedy . This thrust appeared to be successful . A Marxist , Salvador Allende , became president of Chile in 1970 , but was overthrown three years later in a military coup backed by the United States . Despite civil war , high crime and political instability , most Latin American countries eventually adopted bourgeois liberal democracies while Cuba maintained its socialist system .", "Encouraged by the success of Guatemala in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , in 1960 , the U.S. decided to support an attack on Cuba by anti-Castro rebels . The Bay of Pigs invasion was an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961 , financed by the U.S. through the CIA , to overthrow Fidel Castro . The incident proved to be very embarrassing for the new Kennedy administration .", "President John F. Kennedy initiated the Alliance for Progress in 1961 , to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America . The Alliance would provide $20 billion for reform in Latin America , and counterinsurgency measures . Instead , the reform failed because of the simplistic theory that guided it and the lack of experienced American experts who could understand Latin American customs .", "Following the American occupation of Nicaragua in 1912 , as part of the Banana Wars , the Somoza family political dynasty came to power , and would rule Nicaragua until their ouster in 1979 during the Nicaraguan Revolution . The era of Somoza family rule was characterized by strong U.S. support for the government and its military ( 15 ) as well as a heavy reliance on U.S. - based multi-national corporations . The Nicaraguan Revolution ( Spanish : Revolución Nicaragüense or Revolución Popular Sandinista ) encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s , the campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front ( FSLN ) to violently oust the dictatorship in 1978 -- 79 , the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 until 1990 and the Contra War which was waged between the FSLN and the Contras from 1981 -- 1990 .", "The Revolution marked a significant period in Nicaraguan history and revealed the country as one of the major proxy war battlegrounds of the Cold War with the events in the country rising to international attention . Although the initial overthrow of the Somoza regime in 1978 -- 79 was a bloody affair , the Contra War of the 1980s took the lives of tens of thousands of Nicaraguans and was the subject of fierce international debate . During the 1980s both the FSLN ( a Leftist collection of political parties ) and the Contras ( a rightist collection of counter-revolutionary groups ) received large amounts of aid from the Cold War super-powers ( respectively , the Soviet Union and the United States ) .", "The set of specific economic policy prescriptions that were considered the `` standard '' reform package were promoted for crisis - wracked developing countries by Washington , D.C. - based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , World Bank , and the US Department of the Treasury during the 1980s and 1990s .", "In recent years , several Latin American countries led by socialist or other left wing governments -- including Argentina and Venezuela -- have campaigned for ( and to some degree adopted ) policies contrary to the Washington Consensus set of policies . ( Other Latin countries with governments of the left , including Brazil , Chile and Peru , have in practice adopted the bulk of the policies . ) Also critical of the policies as actually promoted by the International Monetary Fund have been some US economists , such as Joseph Stiglitz and Dani Rodrik , who have challenged what are sometimes described as the `` fundamentalist '' policies of the International Monetary Fund and the US Treasury for what Stiglitz calls a `` one size fits all '' treatment of individual economies .", "The term has become associated with neoliberal policies in general and drawn into the broader debate over the expanding role of the free market , constraints upon the state , and US influence on other countries ' national sovereignty .", "This politico - economical initiative was institutionalized in North America by 1994 NAFTA , and elsewhere in the Americas through a series of like agreements . The comprehensive Free Trade Area of the Americas project , however , was rejected by most South American countries at the 2005 4th Summit of the Americas .", "In most countries , since the 2000s left - wing political parties have risen to power . The presidencies of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela , Ricardo Lagos and Michelle Bachelet in Chile , Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil , Néstor Kirchner and his wife Cristina Fernández in Argentina , Tabaré Vázquez and José Mujica in Uruguay , Evo Morales in Bolivia , Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua , Rafael Correa in Ecuador , Fernando Lugo in Paraguay , Manuel Zelaya in Honduras ( removed from power by a coup d'état ) , Mauricio Funes and Salvador Sánchez Cerén in El Salvador are all part of this wave of left - wing politicians who often declare themselves socialists , Latin Americanists , or anti-imperialists ( often implying opposition to US policies towards the region ) . A development of this has been the creation of the eight - member ALBA alliance , or `` The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America '' ( Spanish : Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América ) by some of the countries already mentioned . By June 2014 , Honduras ( Juan Orlando Hernández ) , Guatemala ( Otto Pérez Molina ) , and Panama ( Ricardo Martinelli ) had right - wing governments .", "In 1982 , Mexico announced that it could not meet its foreign debt payment obligations , inaugurating a debt crisis that would `` discredit '' Latin American economies throughout the decade . This debt crisis would lead to neoliberal reforms that would instigate many social movements in the region . A `` reversal of development '' reigned over Latin America , seen through negative economic growth , declines in industrial production , and thus , falling living standards for the middle and lower classes . Governments made financial security their primary policy goal over social security , enacting new neoliberal economic policies that implemented privatization of previously national industries and informalization of labor . In an effort to bring more investors to these industries , these governments also embraced globalization through more open interactions with the international economy .", "Significantly , as democracy spread across much of Latin America , the realm of government became more inclusive ( a trend that proved conducive to social movements ) , the economic ventures remained exclusive to a few elite groups within society . Neoliberal restructuring consistently redistributed income upward while denying political responsibility to provide social welfare rights , and though development projects took place throughout the region , both inequality and poverty increased . Feeling excluded from these new projects , the lower classes took ownership of their own democracy through a revitalization of social movements in Latin America .", "Both urban and rural populations had serious grievances as a result of the above economic and global trends and have voiced them in mass demonstrations . Some of the largest and most violent of these have been protests against cuts in urban services , such as the Caracazo in Venezuela and the Argentinazo in Argentina .", "Rural movements have made diverse demands related to unequal land distribution , displacement at the hands of development projects and dams , environmental and indigenous concerns , neoliberal agricultural restructuring , and insufficient means of livelihood . These movements have benefited considerably from transnational support from conservationists and INGOs . The Movement of Rural Landless Workers ( MST ) is perhaps the largest contemporary Latin American social movement . As indigenous populations are primarily rural , indigenous movements account for a large portion of rural social movements , including the Zapatista rebellion in Mexico , the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador ( CONAIE ) , indigenous organizations in the Amazon region of Ecuador and Bolivia , pan-Mayan communities in Guatemala , and mobilization by the indigenous groups of Yanomami peoples in the Amazon , Kuna peoples in Panama , and Altiplano Aymara and Quechua peoples in Bolivia . Other significant types of social movements include labor struggles and strikes , such as recovered factories in Argentina , as well as gender - based movements such as the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina and protests against maquila production , which is largely a women 's issue because of how it draws on women for cheap labor .", "The 2000s commodities boom caused positive effects for many Latin American economies . Another trend is the rapidly increasing importance of the relations with China .", "With the end of the commodity boom in the 2010s , economic stagnation or recession resulted in some countries . As a result , the left - wing governments of the Pink Tide lost support . The worst hit was Venezuela , which is facing severe social and economic upheaval .", "The corruption scandal of Odebrecht , a Brazilian conglomerate , has raised allegations of corruption across the region 's governments ( see Operation Car Wash ) . The bribery ring has become the largest corruption scandal in Latin American history . As of July 2017 , the highest ranking politicians charged were former Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( arrested ) and former Peruvian Presidents Ollanta Humala ( arrested ) and Alejandro Toledo ( fugitive , fled to the US ) .", "Historical populations Year Pop . ± % 1750 16,000,000 -- 1800 24,000,000 + 50.0 % 1850 38,000,000 + 58.3 % 1900 74,000,000 + 94.7 % 1950 167,000,000 + 125.7 % 1999 511,000,000 + 206.0 % 2013 603,191,486 + 18.0 % Source : `` UN report 2004 data '' ( PDF )", "Historical populations", "Year Pop . ± %", "1750 16,000,000 --", "1800 24,000,000 + 50.0 %", "1850 38,000,000 + 58.3 %", "1900 74,000,000 + 94.7 %", "1950 167,000,000 + 125.7 %", "1999 511,000,000 + 206.0 %", "2013 603,191,486 + 18.0 %", "Source : `` UN report 2004 data '' ( PDF )", "The following is a list of the ten largest metropolitan areas in Latin America .", "City Country Metropolitan population ( 2017 ) Gross domestic product ( PPP , $ million ) ( USD , 2014 ) GDP per capita ( USD , 2014 ) 1 . Mexico City Mexico 23,655,355 $403,561 $19,239 2 . São Paulo Brazil 23,467,354 $430,510 $20,650 3 . Buenos Aires Argentina 15,564,354 $315,885 $23,606 4 . Rio de Janeiro Brazil 14,440,345 $176,630 $14,176 5 . Bogotá Colombia 9,900,800 $159,150 $17,497 6 . Lima Peru 9,752,000 $176,447 $16,530 7 . Santiago Chile 7,164,400 $171,436 $23,290 8 . Belo Horizonte Brazil 6,145,800 $95,686 $17,635 9 . Guadalajara Mexico 4,687,700 $80,656 $17,206 10 . Monterrey Mexico 4,344,200 $122,896 $28,290", "City Country Metropolitan population ( 2017 ) Gross domestic product ( PPP , $ million ) ( USD , 2014 ) GDP per capita ( USD , 2014 )", "1 . Mexico City Mexico 23,655,355 $403,561 $19,239", "2 . São Paulo Brazil 23,467,354 $430,510 $20,650", "3 . Buenos Aires Argentina 15,564,354 $315,885 $23,606", "4 . Rio de Janeiro Brazil 14,440,345 $176,630 $14,176", "5 . Bogotá Colombia 9,900,800 $159,150 $17,497", "6 . Lima Peru 9,752,000 $176,447 $16,530", "7 . Santiago Chile 7,164,400 $171,436 $23,290", "8 . Belo Horizonte Brazil 6,145,800 $95,686 $17,635", "9 . Guadalajara Mexico 4,687,700 $80,656 $17,206", "10 . Monterrey Mexico 4,344,200 $122,896 $28,290", "The inhabitants of Latin America are of a variety of ancestries , ethnic groups , and races , making the region one of the most diverse in the world . The specific composition varies from country to country : some have a predominance of European - Amerindian or more commonly referred to as Mestizo or Castizo depending on the admixture , population ; in others , Amerindians are a majority ; some are dominated by inhabitants of European ancestry ; and some countries ' populations are primarily Mulatto . Asian and Afro - Amerindian ( historically sometimes called Zambo ) minorities are also identified regularly . People with European ancestry are the largest single group , and along with people of part - European ancestry , they combine to make up approximately 80 % of the population , or even more .", "Spanish and Portuguese are the predominant languages of Latin America . Spanish is spoken as first language by about 60 % of the population , Portuguese is spoken by about 34 % of the population and about 6 % of the population speak other languages such as Quechua , Mayan languages , Guaraní , Aymara , Nahuatl , English , French , Dutch and Italian . Portuguese is spoken only in Brazil ( Brazilian Portuguese ) , the biggest and most populous country in the region . Spanish is the official language of most of the rest of the countries and territories on the Latin American mainland ( Spanish language in the Americas ) , as well as in Cuba , Puerto Rico ( where it is co-official with English ) , and the Dominican Republic . French is spoken in Haiti and in the French overseas departments of Guadeloupe , Martinique and Guiana , and the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon ; it is also spoken by some Panamanians of Afro - Antillean descent . Dutch is the official language in Suriname , Aruba , and the Netherlands Antilles . ( As Dutch is a Germanic language , these territories are not necessarily considered part of Latin America . )", "Native American languages are widely spoken in Peru , Guatemala , Bolivia , Paraguay and Mexico , and to a lesser degree , in Panama , Ecuador , Brazil , Colombia , Venezuela , Argentina , and Chile amongst other countries . In Latin American countries not named above , the population of speakers of indigenous languages tend to be very small or even non-existent ( e.g. Uruguay ) . Mexico is possibly the only country that contains a wider variety of indigenous languages than any Latin American country , but the most spoken language is Nahuatl .", "In Peru , Quechua is an official language , alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas where they predominate . In Ecuador , while holding no official status , the closely related Quichua is a recognized language of the indigenous people under the country 's constitution ; however , it is only spoken by a few groups in the country 's highlands . In Bolivia , Aymara , Quechua and Guaraní hold official status alongside Spanish . Guaraní , along with Spanish , is an official language of Paraguay , and is spoken by a majority of the population ( who are , for the most part , bilingual ) , and it is co-official with Spanish in the Argentine province of Corrientes . In Nicaragua , Spanish is the official language , but on the country 's Caribbean coast English and indigenous languages such as Miskito , Sumo , and Rama also hold official status . Colombia recognizes all indigenous languages spoken within its territory as official , though fewer than 1 % of its population are native speakers of these languages . Nahuatl is one of the 62 native languages spoken by indigenous people in Mexico , which are officially recognized by the government as `` national languages '' along with Spanish .", "Other European languages spoken in Latin America include : English , by some groups in Puerto Rico , as well as in nearby countries that may or may not be considered Latin American , like Belize and Guyana ; German , in southern Brazil , southern Chile , portions of Argentina , Venezuela and Paraguay ; Italian , in Brazil , Argentina , Venezuela , and Uruguay ; Ukrainian , Polish and Russian in southern Brazil , and Welsh , in southern Argentina . Yiddish and Hebrew are possible to be heard around Buenos Aires and São Paulo especially . Non-European or Asian languages include Japanese in Brazil and Peru , Korean in Brazil , Arabic in Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , Venezuela and Chile and Chinese throughout South America .", "In several nations , especially in the Caribbean region , creole languages are spoken . The most widely spoken creole language in Latin America and the Caribbean is Haitian Creole , the predominant language of Haiti ; it is derived primarily from French and certain West African tongues with Amerindian , English , Portuguese and Spanish influences as well . Creole languages of mainland Latin America , similarly , are derived from European languages and various African tongues .", "The Garifuna language is spoken along the Caribbean coast in Honduras , Guatemala , Nicaragua and Belize mostly by the Garifuna people a mixed race Zambo people who were the result of mixing between Indigenous Caribbeans and escaped Black slaves . Primarily an Arawakan language , it has influences from Caribbean and European languages .", "Archaeologists have deciphered over 15 pre-Columbian distinct writing systems from mesoamerican societies . the ancient Maya had the most sophisticated textually written language , but since texts were largely confined to the religious and administrative elite , traditions were passed down orally . oral traditions also prevailed in other major indigenous groups including , but not limited to the Aztecs and other Nahuatl speakers , Quechua and Aymara of the Andean regions , the Quiché of Central America , the Tupi - Guaraní in today 's Brazil , the Guaraní in Paraguay and the Mapuche in Chile .", "The vast majority of Latin Americans are Christians ( 90 % ) , mostly Roman Catholics belonging to the Latin Church . About 70 % of the Latin American population consider themselves Catholic .", "According to the detailed Pew multi-country survey in 2014 , 69 % of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19 % is Protestant . Protestants are 26 % in Brazil and over 40 % in much of Central America . More than half of these are converts from Roman Catholicism .", "Due to economic , social and security developments that are affecting the region in recent decades , the focus is now the change from net immigration to net emigration . About 10 million Mexicans live in the United States . 31.7 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2010 , or roughly 10 % of the population . According to the 2005 Colombian census or DANE , about 3,331,107 Colombians currently live abroad . The number of Brazilians living overseas is estimated at about 2 million people . An estimated 1.5 to two million Salvadorans reside in the United States . At least 1.5 million Ecuadorians have gone abroad , mainly to the United States and Spain . Approximately 1.5 million Dominicans live abroad , mostly in the United States . More than 1.3 million Cubans live abroad , most of them in the United States . It is estimated that over 800,000 Chileans live abroad , mainly in Argentina , the United States , Canada , Australia and Sweden . An estimated 700,000 Bolivians were living in Argentina as of 2006 and another 33,000 in the United States . Central Americans living abroad in 2005 were 3,314,300 , of which 1,128,701 were Salvadorans , 685,713 were Guatemalans , 683,520 were Nicaraguans , 414,955 were Hondurans , 215,240 were Panamanians and 127,061 were Costa Ricans .", "For the period 2000 -- 2005 , Chile , Costa Rica , Panama , and Venezuela were the only countries with global positive migration rates , in terms of their yearly averages .", "As a result of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake and its social and economic impact , there was a significant migration of Haitians to other Latin American countries . During the presidency of Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro , over 1.5 million people fled Venezuela in what was called the `` Bolivarian diaspora '' as socioeconomic conditions and the quality of life worsened .", "Despite significant progress , education access and school completion remains unequal in Latin America . The region has made great progress in educational coverage ; almost all children attend primary school and access to secondary education has increased considerably . Quality issues such as poor teaching methods , lack of appropriate equipment and overcrowding exist throughout the region . These issues lead to adolescents dropping out of the educational system early . Most educational systems in the region have implemented various types of administrative and institutional reforms that have enabled reach for places and communities that had no access to education services in the early 1990s . Compared to prior generations , Latin American youth have seen an increase in their levels of education . On average , they have completed two years schooling more than their parents .", "However , there are still 23 million children in the region between the ages of 4 and 17 outside of the formal education system . Estimates indicate that 30 % of preschool age children ( ages 4 -- 5 ) do not attend school , and for the most vulnerable populations , the poor and rural , this calculation exceeds 40 percent . Among primary school age children ( ages 6 to 12 ) , coverage is almost universal ; however there is still a need to incorporate 5 million children in the primary education system . These children live mostly in remote areas , are indigenous or Afro - descendants and live in extreme poverty .", "Among people between the ages of 13 and 17 years , only 80 % are full - time students in the education system ; among them only 66 % advance to secondary school . These percentages are lower among vulnerable population groups : only 75 % of the poorest youth between the ages of 13 and 17 years attend school . Tertiary education has the lowest coverage , with only 70 % of people between the ages of 18 and 25 years outside of the education system . Currently , more than half of low income children or living in rural areas fail to complete nine years of education .", "Latin America and the Caribbean have been cited by numerous sources to be the most dangerous regions in the world . Studies have shown that Latin America contains the majority of the world 's most dangerous cities . Many analysts attribute the reason to why the region has such an alarming crime rate and criminal culture is largely due to social and income inequality within the region , they say that growing social inequality is fueling crime in the region . Many agree that the prison crisis will not be resolved until the gap between the rich and the poor is addressed .", "Crime and violence prevention and public security are now important issues for governments and citizens in Latin America and the Caribbean region . Homicide rates in Latin America are the highest in the world . From the early 1980s through the mid-1990s , homicide rates increased by 50 percent . The major victims of such homicides are young men , 69 percent of whom are between the ages of 15 and 19 years old . Countries with the highest homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2015 were : El Salvador 109 , Honduras 64 , Venezuela 57 , Jamaica 43 , Belize 34.4 , St. Kitts and Nevis 34 , Guatemala 34 , Trinidad & Tobago 31 , the Bahamas 30 , Brazil 26.7 , Colombia 26.5 , the Dominican Republic 22 , St Lucia 22 , Guyana 19 , Mexico 16 , Puerto Rico 16 , Ecuador 13 , Grenada 13 , Costa Rica 12 , Bolivia 12 , Nicaragua 12 , Panama 11 , Antigua and Barbuda 11 , and Haiti 10 . Most of the top countries with the highest homicide rates are in Africa and Latin America . Countries in Central America like El Salvador and Honduras top the list of homicides in the world .", "Brazil has more overall homicides than any country in the world , at 50,108 , accounting for one in 10 globally . Crime - related violence in Latin America represents the most threat to public health , striking more victims than HIV / AIDS or other infectious diseases . Countries with lowest homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2015 were : Chile 3 , Peru 7 , Argentina 7 , Uruguay 8 and Paraguay 9 .", "According to Goldman Sachs ' BRICS review of emerging economies , by 2050 the largest economies in the world will be as follows : China , United States , India , Japan , Germany , United Kingdom , Brazil and Mexico .", "Population and economy size for Latin American countries Country Population ( 2016 , millions ) 2015 GDP ( nominal ) in billions US $ 2015 GDP ( PPP ) in billions US $ Argentina 43.8 601.7 972.3 Bolivia 10.9 33.5 73.9 Brazil 207.7 1,799.6 3,207.9 Chile 17.9 240.0 424.3 Colombia 48.7 300.98 724.16 Costa Rica 4.9 51.6 74.1 Cuba 11.5 N / A N / A Dominican Republic 10.6 66.6 147.6 Ecuador 16.4 98.9 181.8 El Salvador 6.3 25.7 52.9 Guatemala 16.6 63.2 125.6 Haiti 10.8 8.8 19.0 Honduras 9.1 19.9 41.0 Mexico 127.5 1,161.0 2,220.1 Nicaragua 6.1 12.3 31.2 Panama 47.5 82.2 Paraguay 6.7 29.1 60.8 Peru 31.8 179.9 385.4 Uruguay 3.4 55.0 74.2 Venezuela 31.6 131.9 491.6 Total 577.8 N / A N / A", "Country Population ( 2016 , millions ) 2015 GDP ( nominal ) in billions US $ 2015 GDP ( PPP ) in billions US $", "Argentina 43.8 601.7 972.3", "Bolivia 10.9 33.5 73.9", "Brazil 207.7 1,799.6 3,207.9", "Chile 17.9 240.0 424.3", "Colombia 48.7 300.98 724.16", "Costa Rica 4.9 51.6 74.1", "Cuba 11.5 N / A N / A", "Dominican Republic 10.6 66.6 147.6", "Ecuador 16.4 98.9 181.8", "El Salvador 6.3 25.7 52.9", "Guatemala 16.6 63.2 125.6", "Haiti 10.8 8.8 19.0", "Honduras 9.1 19.9 41.0", "Mexico 127.5 1,161.0 2,220.1", "Nicaragua 6.1 12.3 31.2", "Panama 47.5 82.2", "Paraguay 6.7 29.1 60.8", "Peru 31.8 179.9 385.4", "Uruguay 3.4 55.0 74.2", "Venezuela 31.6 131.9 491.6", "Total 577.8 N / A N / A", "Over the past two centuries , Latin America 's GDP per capita has fluctuated around world average . However , there is a substantial gap between Latin America and the western economies . Between 1820 and 2008 , this gap widened from 0.8 to 2.7 times . Since 1980 , Latin America also lost growth versus the world average . Many nations such as Asia joined others on a rapid economic growth path , but Latin America has grown at slower pace and its share of world output declined from 9.5 % in 1980 to 7.8 % in 2008 .", "Latin America is the region with the highest levels of income inequality in the world . The following table lists all the countries in Latin America indicating a valuation of the country 's Human Development Index , GDP at purchasing power parity per capita , measurement of inequality through the Gini index , measurement of poverty through the Human Poverty Index , measurement of extreme poverty based on people living under 1.25 dollars a day , life expectancy , murder rates and a measurement of safety through the Global Peace Index . Green cells indicate the best performance in each category while red indicates the lowest .", "Social and economic indicators for Latin American countries Country HDI 2015 estimates GDP ( PPP ) 2015 per capita in US $ Real GDP 2015 growth % Income inequality ( 2015 ) Gini Extreme poverty ( 2011 ) < 1.25 US $ % Youth literacy 2015 % 2016 life expectancy Murder ( 2014 ) rate per 100,000 Peace ( 2016 ) GPI Argentina 0.827 20,170 2.6 43.6 0.9 99.2 78 6 1.957 Bolivia 0.662 6,421 4.1 46.6 14.0 99.4 69 12 2.038 Brazil 0.755 15,690 − 3.0 52.7 0.3 97.5 74 25 2.176 Chile 0.847 25,564 2.3 50.8 0.8 98.9 79 1.635 Colombia 0.720 13,794 2.5 52.2 8.2 98.2 76 28 2.764 Costa Rica 0.766 15,318 3.0 48.6 0.7 98.3 79 10 1.699 Cuba 0.769 N / A N / A N / A N / A 100.0 79 2.057 Dominican Republic 0.702 15,777 5.5 45.7 4.3 97.0 78 17 2.143 Ecuador 0.732 11,168 − 0.6 46.6 5.1 98.7 77 8 2.020 El Salvador 0.666 8,293 2.3 41.8 15.1 96.0 75 64 2.237 Guatemala 0.627 7,721 3.8 52.4 16.9 87.4 72 31 2.270 Haiti 0.483 1,794 2.5 59.2 54.9 72.3 64 10 2.066 Honduras 0.606 4,861 3.5 57.4 23.3 95.9 71 75 2.237 Mexico 0.756 18,335 2.3 48.1 8.4 98.5 77 16 2.557 Nicaragua 0.631 4,972 4.0 45.7 15.8 87.0 73 12 1.975 Panama 0.780 20,512 6.0 51.9 9.5 97.6 79 18 1.837 Paraguay 0.679 8,671 3.0 48.0 5.1 98.6 77 9 2.037 Peru 0.734 12,077 2.4 45.3 5.9 97.4 74 7 2.057 Uruguay 0.793 21,719 2.5 41.3 0.0 98.8 77 8 1.726 Venezuela 0.762 15,892 − 10.0 44.8 3.5 98.5 75 62 2.651", "Country HDI 2015 estimates GDP ( PPP ) 2015 per capita in US $ Real GDP 2015 growth % Income inequality ( 2015 ) Gini Extreme poverty ( 2011 ) < 1.25 US $ % Youth literacy 2015 % 2016 life expectancy Murder ( 2014 ) rate per 100,000 Peace ( 2016 ) GPI", "Argentina 0.827 20,170 2.6 43.6 0.9 99.2 78 6 1.957", "Bolivia 0.662 6,421 4.1 46.6 14.0 99.4 69 12 2.038", "Brazil 0.755 15,690 − 3.0 52.7 0.3 97.5 74 25 2.176", "Chile 0.847 25,564 2.3 50.8 0.8 98.9 79 1.635", "Colombia 0.720 13,794 2.5 52.2 8.2 98.2 76 28 2.764", "Costa Rica 0.766 15,318 3.0 48.6 0.7 98.3 79 10 1.699", "Cuba 0.769 N / A N / A N / A N / A 100.0 79 2.057", "Dominican Republic 0.702 15,777 5.5 45.7 4.3 97.0 78 17 2.143", "Ecuador 0.732 11,168 − 0.6 46.6 5.1 98.7 77 8 2.020", "El Salvador 0.666 8,293 2.3 41.8 15.1 96.0 75 64 2.237", "Guatemala 0.627 7,721 3.8 52.4 16.9 87.4 72 31 2.270", "Haiti 0.483 1,794 2.5 59.2 54.9 72.3 64 10 2.066", "Honduras 0.606 4,861 3.5 57.4 23.3 95.9 71 75 2.237", "Mexico 0.756 18,335 2.3 48.1 8.4 98.5 77 16 2.557", "Nicaragua 0.631 4,972 4.0 45.7 15.8 87.0 73 12 1.975", "Panama 0.780 20,512 6.0 51.9 9.5 97.6 79 18 1.837", "Paraguay 0.679 8,671 3.0 48.0 5.1 98.6 77 9 2.037", "Peru 0.734 12,077 2.4 45.3 5.9 97.4 74 7 2.057", "Uruguay 0.793 21,719 2.5 41.3 0.0 98.8 77 8 1.726", "Venezuela 0.762 15,892 − 10.0 44.8 3.5 98.5 75 62 2.651", "", "", "Environmental indicators for Latin American countries Country Environmental performance ( 2012 ) EPI CO2 emissions ( 2009 ) ( tons of CO2 per capita ) Argentina 56.48 4.14 Bolivia 54.57 1.31 Brazil 60.90 1.74 Chile 55.34 3.84 Colombia 62.33 1.33 Costa Rica 69.03 1.37 Cuba 56.48 2.40 Dominican Republic 52.44 1.79 Ecuador 60.55 2.09 El Salvador 52.08 1.10 Guatemala 51.88 1.03 Haiti 41.15 0.24 Honduras 52.54 0.96 Mexico 49.11 3.72 Nicaragua 59.23 0.73 Panama 57.94 2.10 Paraguay 52.40 0.64 Peru 50.29 1.32 Uruguay 57.06 2.31 Venezuela 55.62 5.45", "Country Environmental performance ( 2012 ) EPI CO2 emissions ( 2009 ) ( tons of CO2 per capita )", "Argentina 56.48 4.14", "Bolivia 54.57 1.31", "Brazil 60.90 1.74", "Chile 55.34 3.84", "Colombia 62.33 1.33", "Costa Rica 69.03 1.37", "Cuba 56.48 2.40", "Dominican Republic 52.44 1.79", "Ecuador 60.55 2.09", "El Salvador 52.08 1.10", "Guatemala 51.88 1.03", "Haiti 41.15 0.24", "Honduras 52.54 0.96", "Mexico 49.11 3.72", "Nicaragua 59.23 0.73", "Panama 57.94 2.10", "Paraguay 52.40 0.64", "Peru 50.29 1.32", "Uruguay 57.06 2.31", "Venezuela 55.62 5.45", "Wealth inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean remains a serious issue despite strong economic growth and improved social indicators over the past decade . A report released in 2013 by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs entitled Inequality Matters . Report of the World Social Situation , observed that : ' Declines in the wage share have been attributed to the impact of labour - saving technological change and to a general weakening of labour market regulations and institutions . Such declines are likely to affect individuals in the middle and bottom of the income distribution disproportionately , since they rely mostly on labour income . ' In addition , the report noted that ' highly - unequal land distribution has created social and political tensions and is a source of economic inefficiency , as small landholders frequently lack access to credit and other resources to increase productivity , while big owners may not have had enough incentive to do so .", "The major trade blocs ( or agreements ) in the region are the Pacific Alliance and Mercosur . Minor blocs or trade agreements are the G3 Free Trade Agreement , the Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( DR - CAFTA ) , the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) . However , major reconfigurations are taking place along opposing approaches to integration and trade ; Venezuela has officially withdrawn from both the CAN and G3 and it has been formally admitted into the Mercosur ( pending ratification from the Paraguayan legislature ) . The president - elect of Ecuador has manifested his intentions of following the same path . This bloc nominally opposes any Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) with the United States , although Uruguay has manifested its intention otherwise . Chile , Peru , Colombia and Mexico are the only four Latin American nations that have an FTA with the United States and Canada , both members of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) .", "Income from tourism is key to the economy of several Latin American countries . Mexico is the only Latin American country to be ranked in the top 10 worldwide in the number of tourist visits . It received by far the largest number of international tourists , with 35.1 million visitors in 2016 , followed by Brazil , with 6.6 million ; the Dominican Republic , with 6 million ; Chile , with 5.6 million ; Argentina , with 5.5 million ; Cuba with 4 million ; Puerto Rico with 3.7 million ; Peru with 3.7 million ; and Colombia , with 3.3 million . The World Tourism Organization reports the following destinations as the top six tourism earners for the year 2016 : Mexico , with US $19,571 million ; the Dominican Republic , with US $6,723 million ; Brazil , with US $6,024 million ; Colombia , with US $4,773 million ; Argentina , with US $4,687 million ; and Panama , with US $4,258 million .", "Places such as Cancún , Riviera Maya , Galápagos Islands , Punta Cana , Chichen Itza , Cartagena de Indias , Cabo San Lucas , Mexico City , Machu Picchu , Margarita Island , Acapulco , San Ignacio Miní , Santo Domingo , Buenos Aires , Salar de Uyuni , Rio de Janeiro , Punta del Este , Labadee , San Juan , São Paulo , La Habana , Panama City , Iguazú Falls , Puerto Vallarta , Poás Volcano National Park , Viña del Mar , Guanajuato City , Bogotá , Santa Marta , San Andrés , San Miguel de Allende , Lima , Guadalajara , Cuzco , Ponce and Perito Moreno Glacier are popular among international visitors in the region .", "Performance indicators for international tourism in Latin America Country International tourist arrivals ( 2016 ) ( 1000s ) International tourism receipts ( 2016 ) ( Millions of US $ ) Tourism receipts ( 2011 ) ( US $ per arrival ) Tourism receipts ( 2011 ) ( US $ per capita ) Tourism receipts ( 2003 ) ( as % of exports ) Tourism receipts ( 2003 ) ( as % of GDP ) Direct and indirect employment in tourism ( 2005 ) ( % ) Tourism competitiveness ( 2011 ) ( TTCI ) Argentina 5,559 4,687 945 133 7.4 1.8 9.1 4.20 Bolivia 882 * 687 31 9.4 2.2 7.6 3.35 Brazil 6,578 6,024 1,207 34 3.2 0.5 7.0 4.36 Chile 5,641 2,737 596 107 5.3 1.9 6.8 4.27 Colombia 3,317 4,773 873 45 6.6 1.4 5.9 3.94 Costa Rica 2,925 3,879 982 459 17.5 8.1 13.3 4.43 Cuba 3,968 2,907 872 194 N / A N / A N / A N / A Dominican Republic 5,959 6,723 1,011 440 36.2 18.8 19.8 3.99 Ecuador 1,418 1,444 734 58 6.3 1.5 7.4 3.79 El Salvador 1,434 829 351 67 12.9 3.4 6.8 3.68 Guatemala 1,585 1,550 1,102 94 16.0 2.6 6.0 3.82 Haiti 516 * 504 655 17 19.4 3.2 4.7 N / A Honduras 908 686 753 92 13.5 5.0 8.5 3.79 Mexico 35,113 19,571 507 105 5.7 1.6 14.2 4.43 Nicaragua 1,504 642 356 65 15.5 3.7 5.6 3.56 Panama 2,007 4,258 1,308 550 10.6 6.3 12.9 4.30 Paraguay 1,206 481 460 37 4.2 1.3 6.4 3.26 Peru 3,744 3,501 908 81 9.0 1.6 7.6 4.04 Uruguay 3,037 1,835 765 643 14.2 3.6 10.7 4.24 Venezuela 789 * 575 * 1,449 25 1.3 0.4 8.1 3.46", "Country International tourist arrivals ( 2016 ) ( 1000s ) International tourism receipts ( 2016 ) ( Millions of US $ ) Tourism receipts ( 2011 ) ( US $ per arrival ) Tourism receipts ( 2011 ) ( US $ per capita ) Tourism receipts ( 2003 ) ( as % of exports ) Tourism receipts ( 2003 ) ( as % of GDP ) Direct and indirect employment in tourism ( 2005 ) ( % ) Tourism competitiveness ( 2011 ) ( TTCI )", "Argentina 5,559 4,687 945 133 7.4 1.8 9.1 4.20", "Bolivia 882 * 687 31 9.4 2.2 7.6 3.35", "Brazil 6,578 6,024 1,207 34 3.2 0.5 7.0 4.36", "Chile 5,641 2,737 596 107 5.3 1.9 6.8 4.27", "Colombia 3,317 4,773 873 45 6.6 1.4 5.9 3.94", "Costa Rica 2,925 3,879 982 459 17.5 8.1 13.3 4.43", "Cuba 3,968 2,907 872 194 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "Dominican Republic 5,959 6,723 1,011 440 36.2 18.8 19.8 3.99", "Ecuador 1,418 1,444 734 58 6.3 1.5 7.4 3.79", "El Salvador 1,434 829 351 67 12.9 3.4 6.8 3.68", "Guatemala 1,585 1,550 1,102 94 16.0 2.6 6.0 3.82", "Haiti 516 * 504 655 17 19.4 3.2 4.7 N / A", "Honduras 908 686 753 92 13.5 5.0 8.5 3.79", "Mexico 35,113 19,571 507 105 5.7 1.6 14.2 4.43", "Nicaragua 1,504 642 356 65 15.5 3.7 5.6 3.56", "Panama 2,007 4,258 1,308 550 10.6 6.3 12.9 4.30", "Paraguay 1,206 481 460 37 4.2 1.3 6.4 3.26", "Peru 3,744 3,501 908 81 9.0 1.6 7.6 4.04", "Uruguay 3,037 1,835 765 643 14.2 3.6 10.7 4.24", "Venezuela 789 * 575 * 1,449 25 1.3 0.4 8.1 3.46", "( * ) Data for 2015 rather than 2016 , as the newest data is currently unavailable .", "( * ) Data for 2015 rather than 2016 , as the newest data is currently unavailable .", "Latin American culture is a mixture of many cultural expressions worldwide . It is the product of many diverse influences :", "Indigenous cultures of the people who inhabited the continent prior to European Colonization . Ancient and very advanced civilizations developed their own political , social and religious systems . The Mayas , the Aztecs and the Incas are examples of these . Indigenous legacies in music , dance , foods , arts and crafts , clothing , folk culture and traditions are very strong in Latin America . Linguistic effects on Spanish and Portuguese are also marked , such as in terms like pampa , taco , tamale , cacique . Western civilization , in particular the culture of Europe , was brought mainly by the colonial powers -- the Spanish , Portuguese and French -- between the 16th and 19th centuries . The most enduring European colonial influence is language and Roman Catholicism . More recently , additional cultural influences came from the United States and Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , due to the growing influence of the former on the world stage and immigration from the latter . The influence of the United States is particularly strong in northern Latin America , especially Puerto Rico , which is an American territory . Prior to 1959 , Cuba , who fought for its independence along American soldiers in the Spanish -- American War , was also known to have a close socioeconomic relation with the United States . In addition , the United States also helped Panama become an independent state from Colombia and built the twenty - mile - long Panama Canal Zone in Panama which held from 1903 ( the Panama Canal opened to transoceanic freight traffic in 1914 ) to 1999 , when the Torrijos - Carter Treaties restored Panamanian control of the Canal Zone . South America experienced waves of immigration of Europeans , especially Italians , Spaniards , Portuguese , Germans , Austrians , Poles , Ukrainians , French , Dutch , Russians , Croatians , Lithuanians and Ashkenazi Jews . With the end of colonialism , French culture was also able to exert a direct influence in Latin America , especially in the realms of high culture , science and medicine . This can be seen in any expression of the region 's artistic traditions , including painting , literature and music , and in the realms of science and politics .", "Indigenous cultures of the people who inhabited the continent prior to European Colonization . Ancient and very advanced civilizations developed their own political , social and religious systems . The Mayas , the Aztecs and the Incas are examples of these . Indigenous legacies in music , dance , foods , arts and crafts , clothing , folk culture and traditions are very strong in Latin America . Linguistic effects on Spanish and Portuguese are also marked , such as in terms like pampa , taco , tamale , cacique .", "Western civilization , in particular the culture of Europe , was brought mainly by the colonial powers -- the Spanish , Portuguese and French -- between the 16th and 19th centuries . The most enduring European colonial influence is language and Roman Catholicism . More recently , additional cultural influences came from the United States and Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , due to the growing influence of the former on the world stage and immigration from the latter . The influence of the United States is particularly strong in northern Latin America , especially Puerto Rico , which is an American territory . Prior to 1959 , Cuba , who fought for its independence along American soldiers in the Spanish -- American War , was also known to have a close socioeconomic relation with the United States . In addition , the United States also helped Panama become an independent state from Colombia and built the twenty - mile - long Panama Canal Zone in Panama which held from 1903 ( the Panama Canal opened to transoceanic freight traffic in 1914 ) to 1999 , when the Torrijos - Carter Treaties restored Panamanian control of the Canal Zone . South America experienced waves of immigration of Europeans , especially Italians , Spaniards , Portuguese , Germans , Austrians , Poles , Ukrainians , French , Dutch , Russians , Croatians , Lithuanians and Ashkenazi Jews . With the end of colonialism , French culture was also able to exert a direct influence in Latin America , especially in the realms of high culture , science and medicine . This can be seen in any expression of the region 's artistic traditions , including painting , literature and music , and in the realms of science and politics .", "Due to the impact of Enlightenment ideals after the French revolution , a certain number of Iberian - American countries decriminalized homosexuality after France and French territories in the Americas in 1791 . Some of the countries that abolished sodomy laws or banned any reference to state interference in consensual adult sexuality in the 19th century were Dominican Republic ( 1822 ) , Brazil ( 1824 ) , Peru ( 1836 ) , Mexico ( 1871 ) , Paraguay ( 1880 ) , Argentina ( 1887 ) , Honduras ( 1899 ) , Guatemala and El Salvador . Today gay marriage is legal in Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , Uruguay , and French overseas departments , as well as in some states of Mexico . Civil unions can be held in Ecuador , Chile and one administrative region of Venezuela .", "African cultures , whose presence derives from a long history of New World slavery . Peoples of African descent have influenced the ethno - scapes of Latin America and the Caribbean . This is manifested for instance in music , dance and religion , especially in countries like Brazil , Uruguay , Honduras , Puerto Rico , Venezuela , Colombia , Panama , Haiti , Costa Rica , Dominican Republic , and Cuba . Asian cultures , whose part of the presence derives from the long history of the Coolie trade mostly arriving during the 19th and 20th centuries , and most commonly Chinese workers in Peru and Venezuela . But also from Japanese and Korean immigration especially headed to Brazil . This has largely effected the cuisine , traditions including literature , art and lifestyles and politics . The effects of Asian influences have especially and mostly effected the nations of The Dominican Republic , Brazil , Cuba , Panama and Peru .", "African cultures , whose presence derives from a long history of New World slavery . Peoples of African descent have influenced the ethno - scapes of Latin America and the Caribbean . This is manifested for instance in music , dance and religion , especially in countries like Brazil , Uruguay , Honduras , Puerto Rico , Venezuela , Colombia , Panama , Haiti , Costa Rica , Dominican Republic , and Cuba .", "Asian cultures , whose part of the presence derives from the long history of the Coolie trade mostly arriving during the 19th and 20th centuries , and most commonly Chinese workers in Peru and Venezuela . But also from Japanese and Korean immigration especially headed to Brazil . This has largely effected the cuisine , traditions including literature , art and lifestyles and politics . The effects of Asian influences have especially and mostly effected the nations of The Dominican Republic , Brazil , Cuba , Panama and Peru .", "Beyond the rich tradition of indigenous art , the development of Latin American visual art owed much to the influence of Spanish , Portuguese and French Baroque painting , which in turn often followed the trends of the Italian Masters . In general , this artistic Eurocentrism began to fade in the early twentieth century , as Latin Americans began to acknowledge the uniqueness of their condition and started to follow their own path .", "From the early twentieth century , the art of Latin America was greatly inspired by the Constructivist Movement . The Movement quickly spread from Russia to Europe and then into Latin America . Joaquín Torres García and Manuel Rendón have been credited with bringing the Constructivist Movement into Latin America from Europe .", "An important artistic movement generated in Latin America is muralism represented by Diego Rivera , David Alfaro Siqueiros , José Clemente Orozco and Rufino Tamayo in Mexico , Santiago Martinez Delgado and Pedro Nel Gómez in Colombia and Antonio Berni in Argentina . Some of the most impressive Muralista works can be found in Mexico , Colombia , New York City , San Francisco , Los Angeles and Philadelphia .", "Painter Frida Kahlo , one of the most famous Mexican artists , painted about her own life and the Mexican culture in a style combining Realism , Symbolism and Surrealism . Kahlo 's work commands the highest selling price of all Latin American paintings .", "The Venezuelan Armando Reverón , whose work begins to be recognized internationally , is one of the most important artists of the 20th century in South America ; he is a precursor of Arte Povera and Happening . From the 60s the kinetic art emerges in Venezuela , its main representatives are Jesús Soto , Carlos Cruz - Diez , Alejandro Otero and Gego .", "Colombian sculptor and painter Fernando Botero is also widely known by his works which , on first examination , are noted for their exaggerated proportions and the corpulence of the human and animal figures .", "Latin American film is both rich and diverse . Historically , the main centers of production have been Mexico , Argentina , Brazil , and Cuba . Latin American film flourished after sound was introduced in cinema , which added a linguistic barrier to the export of Hollywood film south of the border .", "Mexican cinema started out in the silent era from 1896 to 1929 and flourished in the Golden Era of the 1940s . It boasted a huge industry comparable to Hollywood at the time with stars such as María Félix , Dolores del Río , and Pedro Infante . In the 1970s , Mexico was the location for many cult horror and action movies . More recently , films such as Amores Perros ( 2000 ) and Y tu mamá también ( 2001 ) enjoyed box office and critical acclaim and propelled Alfonso Cuarón and Alejandro González Iñárritu to the front rank of Hollywood directors . Alejandro González Iñárritu directed in 2010 Biutiful and Birdman ( 2014 ) , Alfonso Cuarón directed Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in 2004 and Gravity ( 2013 ) . Close friend of both , Guillermo del Toro , a top rank Hollywood director in Hollywood and Spain , directed Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) and produced El Orfanato ( 2007 ) . Carlos Carrera ( The Crime of Father Amaro ) , and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga are also some of the most known present - day Mexican film makers . Rudo y Cursi released in December ( 2008 ) in Mexico was directed by Carlos Cuarón .", "Argentine cinema has also been prominenent since the first half of the 20th century and today averages over 60 full - length titles yearly . The industry suffered during the 1976 -- 1983 military dictatorship ; but re-emerged to produce the Academy Award winner The Official Story in 1985 . A wave of imported U.S. films again damaged the industry in the early 1990s , though it soon recovered , thriving even during the Argentine economic crisis around 2001 . Many Argentine movies produced during recent years have been internationally acclaimed , including Nueve reinas ( 2000 ) , Son of the Bride ( 2001 ) , El abrazo partido ( 2004 ) , El otro ( 2007 ) , the 2010 Foreign Language Academy Award winner El secreto de sus ojos and Wild Tales ( 2014 ) .", "In Brazil , the Cinema Novo movement created a particular way of making movies with critical and intellectual screenplays , a clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape , and a political message . The modern Brazilian film industry has become more profitable inside the country , and some of its productions have received prizes and recognition in Europe and the United States , with movies such as Central do Brasil ( 1999 ) , Cidade de Deus ( 2002 ) and Tropa de Elite ( 2007 ) .", "Puerto Rican cinema has produced some notable films , such as Una Aventura Llamada Menudo , Los Diaz de Doris and Casi Casi . An influx of Hollywood films affected the local film industry in Puerto Rico during the 1980s and 1990s , but several Puerto Rican films have been produced since and it has been recovering .", "Cuban cinema has enjoyed much official support since the Cuban revolution and important film - makers include Tomás Gutiérrez Alea .", "Pre-Columbian cultures were primarily oral , though the Aztecs and Mayans , for instance , produced elaborate codices . Oral accounts of mythological and religious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after the arrival of European colonizers , as was the case with the Popol Vuh . Moreover , a tradition of oral narrative survives to this day , for instance among the Quechua - speaking population of Peru and the Quiché ( K'iche ' ) of Guatemala .", "From the very moment of Europe 's discovery of the continents , early explorers and conquistadores produced written accounts and crónicas of their experience -- such as Columbus 's letters or Bernal Díaz del Castillo 's description of the conquest of Mexico . During the colonial period , written culture was often in the hands of the church , within which context Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz wrote memorable poetry and philosophical essays . Towards the end of the 18th Century and the beginning of the 19th , a distinctive criollo literary tradition emerged , including the first novels such as Lizardi 's El Periquillo Sarniento ( 1816 ) .", "The 19th century was a period of `` foundational fictions '' ( in critic Doris Sommer 's words ) , novels in the Romantic or Naturalist traditions that attempted to establish a sense of national identity , and which often focussed on the indigenous question or the dichotomy of `` civilization or barbarism '' ( for which see , say , Domingo Sarmiento 's Facundo ( 1845 ) , Juan León Mera 's Cumandá ( 1879 ) , or Euclides da Cunha 's Os Sertões ( 1902 ) ) . The 19th century also witnessed the realist work of Machado de Assis , who made use of surreal devices of metaphor and playful narrative construction , much admired by critic Harold Bloom .", "At the turn of the 20th century , modernismo emerged , a poetic movement whose founding text was Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío 's Azul ( 1888 ) . This was the first Latin American literary movement to influence literary culture outside of the region , and was also the first truly Latin American literature , in that national differences were no longer so much at issue . José Martí , for instance , though a Cuban patriot , also lived in Mexico and the United States and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere .", "However , what really put Latin American literature on the global map was no doubt the literary boom of the 1960s and 1970s , distinguished by daring and experimental novels ( such as Julio Cortázar 's Rayuela ( 1963 ) ) that were frequently published in Spain and quickly translated into English . The Boom 's defining novel was Gabriel García Márquez 's Cien años de soledad ( 1967 ) , which led to the association of Latin American literature with magic realism , though other important writers of the period such as the Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa and Carlos Fuentes do not fit so easily within this framework . Arguably , the Boom 's culmination was Augusto Roa Bastos 's monumental Yo , el supremo ( 1974 ) . In the wake of the Boom , influential precursors such as Juan Rulfo , Alejo Carpentier , and above all Jorge Luis Borges were also rediscovered .", "Contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied , ranging from the best - selling Paulo Coelho and Isabel Allende to the more avant - garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as Diamela Eltit , Giannina Braschi , Ricardo Piglia , or Roberto Bolaño . There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of testimonio , texts produced in collaboration with subaltern subjects such as Rigoberta Menchú . Finally , a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic Carlos Monsiváis and Pedro Lemebel .", "The region boasts six Nobel Prize winners : in addition to the two Chilean poets Gabriela Mistral ( 1945 ) and Pablo Neruda ( 1971 ) , there is also the Guatemalan novelist Miguel Angel Asturias ( 1967 ) , the Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez ( 1982 ) , the Mexican poet and essayist Octavio Paz ( 1990 ) , and the Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa ( 2010 ) .", "Latin America has produced many successful worldwide artists in terms of recorded global music sales . Among the most successful have been Gloria Estefan ( Cuba ) , Mercedes Sosa ( Argentina ) , Carlos Santana ( Mexico ) of whom have sold over 90 million records , Luis Miguel ( Mexico ) , Shakira ( Colombia ) and Vicente Fernández ( Mexico ) with over 50 million records sold worldwide . Enrique Iglesias , although not a Latin American , has also contributed for the success of Latin music .", "Other notable successful mainstream acts through the years , include Soda Stereo , Celia Cruz , Thalía , Ricky Martin , Marc Anthony , Ricardo Arjona , Selena , Lynda Thomas and Menudo .", "Caribbean Hispanic music , such as merengue , bachata , salsa , and more recently reggaeton , from such countries as the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Trinidad and Tobago , Cuba , and Panama , has been strongly influenced by African rhythms and melodies . Haiti 's compas is a genre of music that is influenced by its Caribbean Hispanic counterparts , along with elements of jazz and modern sounds .", "Another well - known Latin American musical genre includes the Argentine and Uruguayan tango ( with Carlos Gardel as the greatest exponent ) , as well as the distinct nuevo tango , a fusion of tango , acoustic and electronic music popularized by bandoneón virtuoso Ástor Piazzolla . Samba , North American jazz , European classical music and choro combined to form bossa nova in Brazil , popularized by guitarist João Gilberto with singer Astrud Gilberto and pianist Antonio Carlos Jobim .", "Other influential Latin American sounds include the Antillean soca and calypso , the Honduras ( Garifuna ) punta , the Colombian cumbia and vallenato , the Chilean cueca , the Ecuadorian boleros , and rockoleras , the Mexican ranchera and the mariachi which is the epitome of Mexican soul , the Nicaraguan palo de Mayo , the Peruvian marinera and tondero , the Uruguayan candombe , the French Antillean zouk ( derived from Haitian compas ) and the various styles of music from pre-Columbian traditions that are widespread in the Andean region .", "The classical composer Heitor Villa - Lobos ( 1887 -- 1959 ) worked on the recording of native musical traditions within his homeland of Brazil . The traditions of his homeland heavily influenced his classical works . Also notable is the recent work of the Cuban Leo Brouwer and guitar work of the Venezuelan Antonio Lauro and the Paraguayan Agustín Barrios . Latin America has also produced world - class classical performers such as the Chilean pianist Claudio Arrau , Brazilian pianist Nelson Freire and the Argentine pianist and conductor Daniel Barenboim . Brazilian opera soprano Bidu Sayão , one of Brazil 's most famous musicians , was a leading artist of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1937 to 1952 .", "Arguably , the main contribution to music entered through folklore , where the true soul of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is expressed . Musicians such as Yma Súmac , Chabuca Granda , Atahualpa Yupanqui , Violeta Parra , Víctor Jara , Jorge Cafrune , Facundo Cabral , Mercedes Sosa , Jorge Negrete , Luiz Gonzaga , Caetano Veloso , Susana Baca , Chavela Vargas , Simon Diaz , Julio Jaramillo , Toto la Momposina , Gilberto Gil , Maria Bethânia , Nana Caymmi , Nara Leão , Gal Costa , Ney Matogrosso as well as musical ensembles such as Inti Illimani and Los Kjarkas are magnificent examples of the heights that this soul can reach .", "Latin pop , including many forms of rock , is popular in Latin America today ( see Spanish language rock and roll ) . A few examples are Café Tacuba , Soda Stereo , Maná , Rita Lee , Mutantes , Secos e Molhados Legião Urbana , Titãs , Paralamas do Sucesso , Cazuza , Barão Vermelho , Skank , Miranda ! , Cansei de Ser Sexy or CSS , and Bajo Fondo .", "More recently , reggaeton , which blends Jamaican reggae and dancehall with Latin America genres such as bomba and plena , as well as hip hop , is becoming more popular , in spite of the controversy surrounding its lyrics , dance steps ( Perreo ) and music videos . It has become very popular among populations with a `` migrant culture '' influence -- both Latino populations in the United States , such as southern Florida and New York City , and parts of Latin America where migration to the United States is common , such as Trinidad and Tobago , Dominican Republic , Colombia , Ecuador , El Salvador , and Mexico .", "The following is a list of the ten countries with the most World Heritage Sites in Latin America .", "Country Natural sites Cultural sites Mixed sites Total sites 1 . Mexico 6 27 34 2 . Brazil 7 14 0 21 3 . Peru 8 12 4 . Argentina 5 6 0 11 5 . Cuba 7 0 9 6 . Colombia 6 0 8 7 . Bolivia 6 0 7 8 . Chile 0 6 0 6 9 . Panama 0 5 10 . Ecuador 0 5", "Country Natural sites Cultural sites Mixed sites Total sites", "1 . Mexico 6 27 34", "2 . Brazil 7 14 0 21", "3 . Peru 8 12", "4 . Argentina 5 6 0 11", "5 . Cuba 7 0 9", "6 . Colombia 6 0 8", "7 . Bolivia 6 0 7", "8 . Chile 0 6 0 6", "9 . Panama 0 5", "10 . Ecuador 0 5" ]

[ [ "March 14, 2018" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Riverdale Genre Teen drama Mystery Based on Characters by Archie Comics Developed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Starring KJ Apa Lili Reinhart Camila Mendes Cole Sprouse Marisol Nichols Madelaine Petsch Ashleigh Murray Mädchen Amick Luke Perry Mark Consuelos Casey Cott Skeet Ulrich Narrated by Cole Sprouse Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Sherri Chung Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 35 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jon Goldwater Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Producer ( s ) J.B. Moranville Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Stephen Jackson David Lanzenberg Editor ( s ) Paul Karasick Harry Jierjian Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 -- 46 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Archie Comics Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website", "Riverdale", "Genre Teen drama Mystery", "Teen drama Mystery", "Based on Characters by Archie Comics", "Developed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa", "Starring KJ Apa Lili Reinhart Camila Mendes Cole Sprouse Marisol Nichols Madelaine Petsch Ashleigh Murray Mädchen Amick Luke Perry Mark Consuelos Casey Cott Skeet Ulrich", "KJ Apa Lili Reinhart Camila Mendes Cole Sprouse Marisol Nichols Madelaine Petsch Ashleigh Murray Mädchen Amick Luke Perry Mark Consuelos Casey Cott Skeet Ulrich", "Narrated by Cole Sprouse", "Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Sherri Chung", "Blake Neely Sherri Chung", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 35 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Jon Goldwater Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa", "Jon Goldwater Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa", "Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa", "Producer ( s ) J.B. Moranville", "Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia", "Cinematography Stephen Jackson David Lanzenberg", "Stephen Jackson David Lanzenberg", "Editor ( s ) Paul Karasick Harry Jierjian", "Paul Karasick Harry Jierjian", "Camera setup Single - camera", "Running time 42 -- 46 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Archie Comics Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios", "Berlanti Productions Archie Comics Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios", "Warner Bros. Television", "CBS Television Studios", "Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution", "Release", "Original network The CW", "Original release January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) -- present ( present )", "External links", "Website", "Riverdale is an American teen drama television series based on the characters of Archie Comics . The series was adapted for The CW by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and CBS Television Studios , in association with Berlanti Productions and Archie Comics . Originally conceived as a feature film adaptation for Warner Bros. Pictures , the idea was re-imagined as a television series for Fox . In 2015 , development on the project moved to The CW , where the series was ordered for a pilot . Filming takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia .", "The series features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews ; Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , the series ' narrator . The cast also features Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom , Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy and Casey Cott as Kevin Keller . Other characters in the series include the parents of the main characters : Luke Perry as Fred Andrews , Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper , Marisol Nichols and Mark Consuelos as Hermione and Hiram Lodge , and Skeet Ulrich as FP Jones .", "The series debuted on January 26 , 2017 to positive reviews . A 22 - episode second season premiered on October 11 , 2017 , and concluded on May 16 , 2018 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a third season .", "The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image .", "KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : A high school football player who has a passion for music . He is best friends with Jughead Jones and Betty Cooper . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A smart girl with a longtime crush on Archie , she becomes friends with Veronica Lodge to help upend her perfect life . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A former socialite from New York who moves to Riverdale and becomes friends with Archie and Betty . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who is Archie 's best friend . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter following the incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who is a classmate of Archie and his friends . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : The lead singer of Josie and the Pussycats and a classmate of Archie and his friends . Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Betty and Polly 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction company . Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge : Veronica 's father , who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities . Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one . Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie , Betty and Veronica and is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : Jughead 's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season .", "KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : A high school football player who has a passion for music . He is best friends with Jughead Jones and Betty Cooper .", "Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A smart girl with a longtime crush on Archie , she becomes friends with Veronica Lodge to help upend her perfect life .", "Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A former socialite from New York who moves to Riverdale and becomes friends with Archie and Betty .", "Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who is Archie 's best friend .", "Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter following the incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge .", "Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who is a classmate of Archie and his friends .", "Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : The lead singer of Josie and the Pussycats and a classmate of Archie and his friends .", "Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Betty and Polly 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper .", "Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction company .", "Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge : Veronica 's father , who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities . Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one .", "Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie , Betty and Veronica and is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season .", "Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : Jughead 's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season .", "Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) TBA TBA", "Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings", "First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR )", "13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69", "22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) TBA TBA", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body , which has a gunshot wound to the head , by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents , Clifford and Penelope , that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , The Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton , whom she had one date with , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away , Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason 's memorial , but Cheryl does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary . 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , making Jason and Polly 's relationship technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but finds him dead of an apparent overdose . The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , which they tell Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business . F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder , but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that , in high school , she found out she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's secrets and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , saves her . Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's , where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions )", "`` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38", "During an eventful summer , including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body , which has a gunshot wound to the head , by the lake .", "`` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15", "Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July .", "`` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20", "Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents , Clifford and Penelope , that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , The Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton , whom she had one date with , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk .", "`` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14", "This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father .", "This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98", "Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away , Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason 's memorial , but Cheryl does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence .", "6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09", "With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home .", "7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03", "Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer .", "8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99", "Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms .", "9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91", "As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him .", "10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87", "Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary .", "11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89", "While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death .", "12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98", "Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , making Jason and Polly 's relationship technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but finds him dead of an apparent overdose . The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , which they tell Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery .", "13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96", "It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business . F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder , but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that , in high school , she found out she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's secrets and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , saves her . Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's , where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) T13. 20801 2.34 After being shot , Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie , who is soon joined by his friends . Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup , but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter . When Veronica searches Fred 's belongings , Archie sees that his wallet is missing . Betty and Jughead visit Pop 's to look for the wallet but find nothing ; instead , they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register , meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred . Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting , but to no avail . Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred , but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth . Meanwhile , Cheryl intimidates Penelope -- who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized -- into lying that it was an accident . Fred survives his shooting . Hiram returns to Riverdale , further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family . In the nearby town of Greendale , Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred 's shooter . 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' Allison Anders Michael Grassi October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) T13. 20802 1.76 After learning of Ms. Grundy 's murder , an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred 's shooting , which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley . Following the shooting , business at Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined , leading Pop to consider selling the diner , but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business . Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody , a Serpent lawyer , who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P. 's behalf . Cheryl initially refuses , but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason 's murder . With Cheryl 's testimony , the judge decides to revisit F.P 's sentence . Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop , but tells Veronica he made a `` charitable donation '' . In the woods , Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle ( a new drug to Riverdale ) , and as they do so , they are shot by Fred 's shooter . 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' Kevin Sullivan Ross Maxwell October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) T13. 20803 1.62 Kevin , who was in the forest , hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying . Moose , who shielded Midge from the gunfire , is hospitalized and survives . Following the incident , Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle , to protect Riverdale High students . The Coopers receive a letter from `` the Black Hood '' , taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy , and detailing his intentions to target sinners . Polly leaves town , fearing for her babies . Meanwhile , Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High , befriends Toni Topaz , a Serpent , and refounds the school newspaper , the Red and Black , under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips . Kevin keeps going out late at night , which concerns Betty . Betty follows him on one of his runs , which leads to him lashing out at her . Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood 's main weapons for the Red Circle . Inspired by this , the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood . 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' Jason Stone Amanda Lasher November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) T13. 20804 1.51 Archie 's viral video results in negative repercussions , as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle . Though Archie refuses , the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble , in which Dilton is injured . Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun . Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood , revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve . Mayor Sierra McCoy ( Josie 's mother ) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood , in which Alice blames the Serpents , but Fred argues against letting fear rule them . Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated , before showing the letter to her parents , Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy . Later , Betty receives a call from the Black Hood . 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' Ellen Pressman Aaron Allen November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) T13. 20805 1.47 The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice , which she does . Hiram invites the St. Clair 's , friends of the Lodges from New York . On the Southside , Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening . The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood . At the Lodge 's open house event , Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her , but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats . Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer , where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over ; they kiss . Back at Betty 's house , the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a `` sinner '' to kill , to which Betty names Nick St. Clair . 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' Maggie Kiley Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) T13. 20806 1.43 The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman , who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale . Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick , whom the Black Hood did not attack , but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair 's . Archie goes to Southside High , where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller . Tall Boy , F.P. 's right hand man , reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies , the dealers of jingle jangle . Jughead and Archie visit F.P. , who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race . During the race , Archie pulls the brake on Jughead 's car , and reveals he called Sheriff Keller , who arrests the Ghoulies leader . Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair 's , while Cheryl does the same with Penelope . Later , the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair 's have been run off the road , but will recover in months . Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips ; Cheryl later tells Betty , who exposes him in the Blue and Gold . Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail . 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' Dawn Wilkinson James DeWille November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) T13. 20807 1.45 After killing Phillips , the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop 's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning , or he will kill again . Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help , which he does with Archie . She says this is a one - time thing , but Jughead later finds she was lying . Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer , implied to be Cheryl , including a box with a pig 's heart . Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late , revealing she has received death threats . Betty , realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff 's office , believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood . She investigates , but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood . However , Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy . Archie , Jughead , Betty , Veronica , Josie , and Cheryl all gather at Pop 's . After Jughead leaves to visit F.P. , the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge , and Pop grimly announces that `` The reckoning is upon us '' . 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' Kevin Sullivan Yolonda Lawrence December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) T13. 20808 1.48 F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop 's , intending to quit the Serpents . Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a `` retirement '' party at the Whyte Worm , so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work . While Jughead reconnects with his dad , Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party . There , she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead . Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper , who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob . Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family , which they discover to be the school 's janitor , Joseph Svenson . Archie and Veronica confront Svenson , but decide he is n't the Black Hood . At the party , F.P. , who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody , decides to stay with the Serpents . Outside , Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love . Jughead , not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents ' business , also ends their relationship . 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' Rob Seidenglanz Shepard Boucher December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) T13. 20809 1.43 Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000 . Failing to convince her parents to help Fred , Veronica sneaks into Hiram 's study and finds out that he bought Pop 's . She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred . Jughead rallies the younger Serpents , who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo . Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood , containing Svenson 's finger . They then receive a call from the Black Hood , who challenges them to find Svenson . They are able to find Svenson 's location , but instead find an empty coffin . The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive , but flees when the police arrive . After a chase , Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape . The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself . Later , with the Black Hood dead , Veronica and Archie get back together , while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson , but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier . 23 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' Tim Hunter Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) T13. 20810 1.44 The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High , causing Jughead , Toni , Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High , putting them at odds with other students . Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams , who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram 's criminal dealings . Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred . Archie investigates Nick , who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash , which broke both of his legs . Despite Hal 's objections , Betty and Alice track down Alice 's son she gave up for adoption , Chic . Chic initially refuses to come with them , but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault , bringing him to the Cooper household . Jughead , following advice from F.P. , gets his fellow Serpents to lay low . Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood . That night , Chic lurks in Betty 's room while she sleeps . 24 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' Gregg Araki Greg Murray & Devon Turner January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) T13. 20811 1.39 Pickens ' Day , a day in remembrance of Riverdale 's founder , nears . Archie tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram , a former wrestler . Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model , and attempts to reach out to him . Jughead interviews Toni 's grandfather for a school project , learning that he is a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens . Jughead publishes the story , escalting tensions with the two sides . At the Pickens ' Day fest , the Serpents protest the event , but Hiram spins their words positively . That night , Archie meets with Hiram , who offers him his business tutelage , which Archie accepts . The next morning , Mayor McCoy , Sheriff Keller , and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens , which has been decapitated . 25 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' Rachel Talalay Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) T13. 20812 1.34 Veronica 's confirmation nears , bringing many Lodge family members and business associates to Riverdale . While serving at a poker game with Hiram and his associates , Archie learns that Hiram is a mobster and his associates are planning his ' removal ' after Veronica 's confirmation . Archie alerts Hiram to this , and Hiram later arranges that mobster 's death . Meanwhile , Mayor McCoy orchestrates the eviction of all Serpents from their trailer park . Jughead and Betty are alerted to the location of the Pickens head by a scrapyard owner , who gives them evidence that Tall Boy decapitated the statue . Jughead and F.P. put Tall Boy on trial , who reveals that Hiram assisted him launching a mutiny so that Tall Boy could remove F.P. and Jughead from the Serpents . Betty and Jughead get back together . A strange man comes to the Cooper house asking for Chic . Later , Betty returns home to find Alice cleaning up the man 's blood . 26 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' Julie Plec Michael Grassi February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) T13. 20813 1.28 Betty and Alice clean up the man 's body and dispose of it with help from Jughead and F.P. Jughead sends the Pickens ' statue head to the Lodges , which Hiram believes may be a declaration of war . Mayor McCoy attempts to take control of her deal with the Lodges , and the Lodges prepare to expose her affair with Sheriff Keller . Veronica , however , warns her of this , and McCoy resigns from office . Agent Adams attempts to strong - arm Archie into giving him the information , including blackmailing Archie in order for him to plant a bug in Hiram 's office . Archie instead reveals this to Hiram . Hiram 's driver takes Archie to a private location to meet with `` the boss '' , revealed to be Hermione . Hermione tells Archie that Adams is actually one of the Lodges ' capos and it was a test , which Archie has passed . Hermione welcomes him to the family . 27 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' David Katzenberg Ross Maxwell March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) T13. 20814 1.26 Hiram suggests Archie , Veronica , Betty , and Jughead go to the Lodge 's lake house for a romantic getaway . Cheryl , upset over not being invited , calls Jughead and informs him of Betty 's kiss with Archie , which causes tension within the group . Veronica and Jughead kiss to `` level the playing field '' . Later , the girls go into town while the guys have a discussion over the close mutual bonds between the four . Back in Riverdale , Josie informs Kevin of their parents affair . Cheryl reveals to Toni that she had a `` friendship - turned - lesbian - relationship '' broken up by Penelope . At the lake house , tensions arise again when Jughead and Betty learn that Hiram bought the trailer park and the Riverdale Register . A group of men that Veronica interacted with in town break into the house , but Veronica activates a silent alarm . One of Hiram 's men arrive and kills one of the intruders , and the four return to Riverdale . 28 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' Mark Piznarski Aaron Allen March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) T13. 20815 1.19 Jughead keeps investigating the Lodges ' plans , but he can not use what he finds . Hiram and Hermione want Fred to run for mayor , including financing his run . Hal asks Alice for a divorce , and Polly comes back to Riverdale . Clifford 's secret will is read , which entitles money to anyone of Blossom 's blood . Clifford 's twin brother Claudius returns . When Chic refuses the DNA test , Betty steals his dental floss to do her own test and discovers that Chic is not who he says to be . After Smithers points Jughead to Shankshaw Prison , F.P. 's inside contact allows them to learn the truth about the Lodge 's plans : they want to turn Southside High into a private prison and the housing Fred is building will be for the employees of the prison . After the Lodges are forced to tell Fred , he refuses to run for Mayor , so Hermione announces her run instead . Archie undergoes a blood ritual with Hiram , pledging loyalty . Meanwhile , Claudius and Penelope plot to get their house `` in order '' , including Nana and Cheryl , who overhears the plan . 29 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' Sherwin Shilati James DeWille March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) T13. 20816 1.16 Jughead learns Southside High will be turned into a prison , and goes on a hunger strike to protest . Hiram accelerates the timeline for demolition , but the high school Serpents chain themselves to the school . Fred attempts to end his contract with the Lodges , leading to a legal dispute . Hiram asks Archie to cut the Serpents ' chains , which Archie does in exchange for Fred being released from his contract . Betty learns Chic 's father is not Hal . Penelope and Claudius attempt to kill Nana Rose , but she survives . Veronica runs for student president , but everyone seems to be against her . Jughead also considers running with Betty . Betty moves in with Jughead to avoid Chic . Cheryl tells Penelope she knows what she did , leading Penelope to get Cheryl committed . Free of his contract with the Lodges , Fred announces he is running for mayor against Hermione . 30 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' Alexis Ostrander Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) T13. 20817 0.96 Hermione 's run for mayor is considered risky by fellow mobsters Kowalski and Martin , believing it may lead to unwanted investigation . They demand a 25 % cut of the prison 's profits , which Hiram refuses . Kowalski and Martin , however , turn Hiram 's capo Adams into hospitalizing Andre , leaving the Lodges shorthanded on security . Archie scares the two into abandoning the deal with the help of Reggie and other Riverdale athletes . Meanwhile , the car belonging to the man Chic killed is found . The owner of the car demands $10,000 from the Coopers to prevent her from going to the police , but Jughead and the Serpents scare her away . Alice sends Chic away and apologizes the Serpents for her years of badmouthing them . Toni and Veronica discover that Cheryl has been admitted into conversion therapy , and with help from Nana Rose , find out she 's at Sisters of the Quiet Mercy . Toni , Veronica , and Kevin rescue Cheryl , and Toni and Cheryl kiss . Cheryl soon returns to Riverdale High , which she declares ' will burn ' . 31 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' Jason Stone Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) T13. 20818 1.10 During a rehearsal of Riverdale High 's musical production of Carrie , Cheryl calls out those who question her ability to play the lead role of Carrie White by demonstrating her singing ability . After rehearsal , Kevin confides in Jughead that he received several threats demanding that the role of Carrie be recast , supposedly from the Black Hood . Kevin gives in , and Midge replaces Cheryl as Carrie . Tensions arise between Archie and Fred after he finds out that Hiram bought Archie his first car , to which Archie warns Hiram not to get between him and his father . Cheryl , doused in blood , confronts her mother for her actions against the family and demands that she be emancipated . During the performance , a set wall is moved up to reveal Midge hung up to the wall with knives , murdered by the Black Hood who leaves a warning of his return . 32 19 `` Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' Jennifer Phang Cristine Chambers April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) T13. 20819 1.17 Following Midge 's funeral , her mother , Cheryl and the River Vixens blame Sheriff Keller for her death , causing him to consider resigning . Archie is abducted by Nick St. Clair , who demands a ransom from the Lodges . With her parents unwilling to pay and lacking the money herself , Veronica pretends to surrender herself to Nick but drugs him . Archie manages to escape and they hold Nick for ransom instead . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead investigate Chic and learn from the Sisters of the Quiet Mercy that he is an impostor , resulting in his imprisonment . Betty is secretly contacted by the Black Hood , who offers to get rid of Chic . Betty gets Chic to confess that he murdered her real brother , Charles , by accident and then hands him over to the Black Hood , leaving him to die . Betty lies to Alice that Chic left town before learning that Hal was absent at the time of the exchange , leading her to suspect him as the Black Hood . 33 20 `` Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' Gregory Smith Yolanda E. Lawrence May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) T13. 20820 1.11 Betty tells Cheryl that she believes Hal is the Black Hood . Hiram restarts The Red Circle in hopes of causing unrest , and help Hermione 's campaign . Moose reveals that Midge was having an affair with Fangs . A body , first thought to be Chic 's , is found and Betty reveals she feels guilty for his presumed death . Fangs is arrested at school . Members of The Red Circle damage The Whyte Worm , and Reggie later reveals that Hiram is paying them . Betty and Cheryl visit a room being paid for by Hal and find the same book used as a cipher previously . After the Black Hood attacks the Mayoral debate , Veronica wants her mother to stop running but she insists on continuing . Betty confronts her father , and arranges a meeting with him later . The Black Hood then appears at Cheryl 's door . Fangs is released from prison , but is accidentally shot amidst the protesters outside . 34 21 `` Chapter Thirty - Four : Judgment Night '' Cherie Nowlan Shepard Boucher May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) T13. 20821 1.00 The Black Hood attacks Cheryl , but she wounds him with a bow - and - arrow . Reggie is accused to be Fangs ' shooter , but it is later revealed to be Midge 's mother . Veronica searches Hiram 's study , where she finds that Hiram planned to reveal Hermione 's affair with Fred , but Hermione reveals her involvement , as it would destroy Fred 's campaign . The son of the mobster whose death Hiram arranged attacks the Lodges , killing Andre , but Hermione shoots him dead . The Ghoulies are released from prison and attack Pop 's . Meanwhile , Hal reveals himself as the Black Hood to Betty and Alice . After admitting he did not attack the debate , he is subdued by Betty and arrested . Fred , who is wearing a bullet proof vest , is shot by a man in a black hood , and Betty and Archie realize the man was not Hal . Penny Peabody resurfaces and holds Toni captive but Jughead and Cheryl help her escape . F.P. alerts the Serpents of Fangs ' death , and the Serpents decide to fight the Ghoulies . Jughead turns himself over to avoid bloodshed , but Penny breaks her promise , and the Ghoulies attack Jughead . Learning of this , F.P. goes to save him . Later , Archie , Cheryl , Betty , and the Serpents find F.P. carrying Jughead 's bloodied , unconscious body . 35 22 `` Chapter Thirty - Five : Brave New World '' Steven A. Adelson Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) T13. 20822 1.28 Jughead survives his assault and FP reveals Fangs is alive . Sheriff Minetta reveals the second Black Hood to be Tall Boy , who was killed by one of his officers . Cheryl discovers Penelope and Claudius meeting with Hiram ; Cheryl reveals this to Veronica , who reveals this to Hermione . Hermione , believing it to be conceivable that Hiram would have planned the attack at the debate , reveals to Veronica that Hiram attempts to consolidate the entire Southside , and is attempting to buy the Whyte Worm to set his plan fully into motion . Jughead , Archie , and Cheryl lead the Serpents to the Northside , where they are offered asylum . Veronica buys the Worm , and trades it with Hiram for Pop 's . F.P. retires from the Serpents , naming Jughead the new King , who later asks Betty to be his queen . Cheryl joins the Serpents . Hermione wins the mayoral election . Hiram meets with several people from around Riverdale ( Penny , Penelope , Claudius , Minetta , and Malachi , the leader of the Ghoulies ) and they discuss plans for the new Southside . Archie is elected student body president , but during his inauguration , he is wrongfully arrested by Minetta ( on Hiram 's orders ) for the murder of one of the intruders from the lake house .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions )", "14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) T13. 20801 2.34", "After being shot , Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie , who is soon joined by his friends . Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup , but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter . When Veronica searches Fred 's belongings , Archie sees that his wallet is missing . Betty and Jughead visit Pop 's to look for the wallet but find nothing ; instead , they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register , meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred . Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting , but to no avail . Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred , but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth . Meanwhile , Cheryl intimidates Penelope -- who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized -- into lying that it was an accident . Fred survives his shooting . Hiram returns to Riverdale , further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family . In the nearby town of Greendale , Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred 's shooter .", "15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' Allison Anders Michael Grassi October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) T13. 20802 1.76", "After learning of Ms. Grundy 's murder , an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred 's shooting , which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley . Following the shooting , business at Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined , leading Pop to consider selling the diner , but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business . Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody , a Serpent lawyer , who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P. 's behalf . Cheryl initially refuses , but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason 's murder . With Cheryl 's testimony , the judge decides to revisit F.P 's sentence . Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop , but tells Veronica he made a `` charitable donation '' . In the woods , Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle ( a new drug to Riverdale ) , and as they do so , they are shot by Fred 's shooter .", "16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' Kevin Sullivan Ross Maxwell October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) T13. 20803 1.62", "Kevin , who was in the forest , hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying . Moose , who shielded Midge from the gunfire , is hospitalized and survives . Following the incident , Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle , to protect Riverdale High students . The Coopers receive a letter from `` the Black Hood '' , taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy , and detailing his intentions to target sinners . Polly leaves town , fearing for her babies . Meanwhile , Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High , befriends Toni Topaz , a Serpent , and refounds the school newspaper , the Red and Black , under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips . Kevin keeps going out late at night , which concerns Betty . Betty follows him on one of his runs , which leads to him lashing out at her . Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood 's main weapons for the Red Circle . Inspired by this , the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood .", "17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' Jason Stone Amanda Lasher November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) T13. 20804 1.51", "Archie 's viral video results in negative repercussions , as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle . Though Archie refuses , the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble , in which Dilton is injured . Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun . Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood , revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve . Mayor Sierra McCoy ( Josie 's mother ) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood , in which Alice blames the Serpents , but Fred argues against letting fear rule them . Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated , before showing the letter to her parents , Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy . Later , Betty receives a call from the Black Hood .", "18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' Ellen Pressman Aaron Allen November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) T13. 20805 1.47", "The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice , which she does . Hiram invites the St. Clair 's , friends of the Lodges from New York . On the Southside , Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening . The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood . At the Lodge 's open house event , Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her , but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats . Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer , where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over ; they kiss . Back at Betty 's house , the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a `` sinner '' to kill , to which Betty names Nick St. Clair .", "19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' Maggie Kiley Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) T13. 20806 1.43", "The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman , who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale . Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick , whom the Black Hood did not attack , but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair 's . Archie goes to Southside High , where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller . Tall Boy , F.P. 's right hand man , reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies , the dealers of jingle jangle . Jughead and Archie visit F.P. , who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race . During the race , Archie pulls the brake on Jughead 's car , and reveals he called Sheriff Keller , who arrests the Ghoulies leader . Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair 's , while Cheryl does the same with Penelope . Later , the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair 's have been run off the road , but will recover in months . Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips ; Cheryl later tells Betty , who exposes him in the Blue and Gold . Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail .", "20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' Dawn Wilkinson James DeWille November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) T13. 20807 1.45", "After killing Phillips , the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop 's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning , or he will kill again . Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help , which he does with Archie . She says this is a one - time thing , but Jughead later finds she was lying . Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer , implied to be Cheryl , including a box with a pig 's heart . Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late , revealing she has received death threats . Betty , realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff 's office , believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood . She investigates , but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood . However , Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy . Archie , Jughead , Betty , Veronica , Josie , and Cheryl all gather at Pop 's . After Jughead leaves to visit F.P. , the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge , and Pop grimly announces that `` The reckoning is upon us '' .", "21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' Kevin Sullivan Yolonda Lawrence December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) T13. 20808 1.48", "F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop 's , intending to quit the Serpents . Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a `` retirement '' party at the Whyte Worm , so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work . While Jughead reconnects with his dad , Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party . There , she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead . Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper , who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob . Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family , which they discover to be the school 's janitor , Joseph Svenson . Archie and Veronica confront Svenson , but decide he is n't the Black Hood . At the party , F.P. , who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody , decides to stay with the Serpents . Outside , Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love . Jughead , not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents ' business , also ends their relationship .", "22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' Rob Seidenglanz Shepard Boucher December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) T13. 20809 1.43", "Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000 . Failing to convince her parents to help Fred , Veronica sneaks into Hiram 's study and finds out that he bought Pop 's . She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred . Jughead rallies the younger Serpents , who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo . Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood , containing Svenson 's finger . They then receive a call from the Black Hood , who challenges them to find Svenson . They are able to find Svenson 's location , but instead find an empty coffin . The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive , but flees when the police arrive . After a chase , Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape . The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself . Later , with the Black Hood dead , Veronica and Archie get back together , while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson , but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier .", "23 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' Tim Hunter Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) T13. 20810 1.44", "The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High , causing Jughead , Toni , Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High , putting them at odds with other students . Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams , who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram 's criminal dealings . Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred . Archie investigates Nick , who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash , which broke both of his legs . Despite Hal 's objections , Betty and Alice track down Alice 's son she gave up for adoption , Chic . Chic initially refuses to come with them , but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault , bringing him to the Cooper household . Jughead , following advice from F.P. , gets his fellow Serpents to lay low . Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood . That night , Chic lurks in Betty 's room while she sleeps .", "24 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' Gregg Araki Greg Murray & Devon Turner January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) T13. 20811 1.39", "Pickens ' Day , a day in remembrance of Riverdale 's founder , nears . Archie tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram , a former wrestler . Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model , and attempts to reach out to him . Jughead interviews Toni 's grandfather for a school project , learning that he is a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens . Jughead publishes the story , escalting tensions with the two sides . At the Pickens ' Day fest , the Serpents protest the event , but Hiram spins their words positively . That night , Archie meets with Hiram , who offers him his business tutelage , which Archie accepts . The next morning , Mayor McCoy , Sheriff Keller , and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens , which has been decapitated .", "25 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' Rachel Talalay Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) T13. 20812 1.34", "Veronica 's confirmation nears , bringing many Lodge family members and business associates to Riverdale . While serving at a poker game with Hiram and his associates , Archie learns that Hiram is a mobster and his associates are planning his ' removal ' after Veronica 's confirmation . Archie alerts Hiram to this , and Hiram later arranges that mobster 's death . Meanwhile , Mayor McCoy orchestrates the eviction of all Serpents from their trailer park . Jughead and Betty are alerted to the location of the Pickens head by a scrapyard owner , who gives them evidence that Tall Boy decapitated the statue . Jughead and F.P. put Tall Boy on trial , who reveals that Hiram assisted him launching a mutiny so that Tall Boy could remove F.P. and Jughead from the Serpents . Betty and Jughead get back together . A strange man comes to the Cooper house asking for Chic . Later , Betty returns home to find Alice cleaning up the man 's blood .", "26 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' Julie Plec Michael Grassi February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) T13. 20813 1.28", "Betty and Alice clean up the man 's body and dispose of it with help from Jughead and F.P. Jughead sends the Pickens ' statue head to the Lodges , which Hiram believes may be a declaration of war . Mayor McCoy attempts to take control of her deal with the Lodges , and the Lodges prepare to expose her affair with Sheriff Keller . Veronica , however , warns her of this , and McCoy resigns from office . Agent Adams attempts to strong - arm Archie into giving him the information , including blackmailing Archie in order for him to plant a bug in Hiram 's office . Archie instead reveals this to Hiram . Hiram 's driver takes Archie to a private location to meet with `` the boss '' , revealed to be Hermione . Hermione tells Archie that Adams is actually one of the Lodges ' capos and it was a test , which Archie has passed . Hermione welcomes him to the family .", "27 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' David Katzenberg Ross Maxwell March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) T13. 20814 1.26", "Hiram suggests Archie , Veronica , Betty , and Jughead go to the Lodge 's lake house for a romantic getaway . Cheryl , upset over not being invited , calls Jughead and informs him of Betty 's kiss with Archie , which causes tension within the group . Veronica and Jughead kiss to `` level the playing field '' . Later , the girls go into town while the guys have a discussion over the close mutual bonds between the four . Back in Riverdale , Josie informs Kevin of their parents affair . Cheryl reveals to Toni that she had a `` friendship - turned - lesbian - relationship '' broken up by Penelope . At the lake house , tensions arise again when Jughead and Betty learn that Hiram bought the trailer park and the Riverdale Register . A group of men that Veronica interacted with in town break into the house , but Veronica activates a silent alarm . One of Hiram 's men arrive and kills one of the intruders , and the four return to Riverdale .", "28 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' Mark Piznarski Aaron Allen March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) T13. 20815 1.19", "Jughead keeps investigating the Lodges ' plans , but he can not use what he finds . Hiram and Hermione want Fred to run for mayor , including financing his run . Hal asks Alice for a divorce , and Polly comes back to Riverdale . Clifford 's secret will is read , which entitles money to anyone of Blossom 's blood . Clifford 's twin brother Claudius returns . When Chic refuses the DNA test , Betty steals his dental floss to do her own test and discovers that Chic is not who he says to be . After Smithers points Jughead to Shankshaw Prison , F.P. 's inside contact allows them to learn the truth about the Lodge 's plans : they want to turn Southside High into a private prison and the housing Fred is building will be for the employees of the prison . After the Lodges are forced to tell Fred , he refuses to run for Mayor , so Hermione announces her run instead . Archie undergoes a blood ritual with Hiram , pledging loyalty . Meanwhile , Claudius and Penelope plot to get their house `` in order '' , including Nana and Cheryl , who overhears the plan .", "29 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' Sherwin Shilati James DeWille March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) T13. 20816 1.16", "Jughead learns Southside High will be turned into a prison , and goes on a hunger strike to protest . Hiram accelerates the timeline for demolition , but the high school Serpents chain themselves to the school . Fred attempts to end his contract with the Lodges , leading to a legal dispute . Hiram asks Archie to cut the Serpents ' chains , which Archie does in exchange for Fred being released from his contract . Betty learns Chic 's father is not Hal . Penelope and Claudius attempt to kill Nana Rose , but she survives . Veronica runs for student president , but everyone seems to be against her . Jughead also considers running with Betty . Betty moves in with Jughead to avoid Chic . Cheryl tells Penelope she knows what she did , leading Penelope to get Cheryl committed . Free of his contract with the Lodges , Fred announces he is running for mayor against Hermione .", "30 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' Alexis Ostrander Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) T13. 20817 0.96", "Hermione 's run for mayor is considered risky by fellow mobsters Kowalski and Martin , believing it may lead to unwanted investigation . They demand a 25 % cut of the prison 's profits , which Hiram refuses . Kowalski and Martin , however , turn Hiram 's capo Adams into hospitalizing Andre , leaving the Lodges shorthanded on security . Archie scares the two into abandoning the deal with the help of Reggie and other Riverdale athletes . Meanwhile , the car belonging to the man Chic killed is found . The owner of the car demands $10,000 from the Coopers to prevent her from going to the police , but Jughead and the Serpents scare her away . Alice sends Chic away and apologizes the Serpents for her years of badmouthing them . Toni and Veronica discover that Cheryl has been admitted into conversion therapy , and with help from Nana Rose , find out she 's at Sisters of the Quiet Mercy . Toni , Veronica , and Kevin rescue Cheryl , and Toni and Cheryl kiss . Cheryl soon returns to Riverdale High , which she declares ' will burn ' .", "31 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' Jason Stone Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) T13. 20818 1.10", "During a rehearsal of Riverdale High 's musical production of Carrie , Cheryl calls out those who question her ability to play the lead role of Carrie White by demonstrating her singing ability . After rehearsal , Kevin confides in Jughead that he received several threats demanding that the role of Carrie be recast , supposedly from the Black Hood . Kevin gives in , and Midge replaces Cheryl as Carrie . Tensions arise between Archie and Fred after he finds out that Hiram bought Archie his first car , to which Archie warns Hiram not to get between him and his father . Cheryl , doused in blood , confronts her mother for her actions against the family and demands that she be emancipated . During the performance , a set wall is moved up to reveal Midge hung up to the wall with knives , murdered by the Black Hood who leaves a warning of his return .", "32 19 `` Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' Jennifer Phang Cristine Chambers April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) T13. 20819 1.17", "Following Midge 's funeral , her mother , Cheryl and the River Vixens blame Sheriff Keller for her death , causing him to consider resigning . Archie is abducted by Nick St. Clair , who demands a ransom from the Lodges . With her parents unwilling to pay and lacking the money herself , Veronica pretends to surrender herself to Nick but drugs him . Archie manages to escape and they hold Nick for ransom instead . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead investigate Chic and learn from the Sisters of the Quiet Mercy that he is an impostor , resulting in his imprisonment . Betty is secretly contacted by the Black Hood , who offers to get rid of Chic . Betty gets Chic to confess that he murdered her real brother , Charles , by accident and then hands him over to the Black Hood , leaving him to die . Betty lies to Alice that Chic left town before learning that Hal was absent at the time of the exchange , leading her to suspect him as the Black Hood .", "33 20 `` Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' Gregory Smith Yolanda E. Lawrence May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) T13. 20820 1.11", "Betty tells Cheryl that she believes Hal is the Black Hood . Hiram restarts The Red Circle in hopes of causing unrest , and help Hermione 's campaign . Moose reveals that Midge was having an affair with Fangs . A body , first thought to be Chic 's , is found and Betty reveals she feels guilty for his presumed death . Fangs is arrested at school . Members of The Red Circle damage The Whyte Worm , and Reggie later reveals that Hiram is paying them . Betty and Cheryl visit a room being paid for by Hal and find the same book used as a cipher previously . After the Black Hood attacks the Mayoral debate , Veronica wants her mother to stop running but she insists on continuing . Betty confronts her father , and arranges a meeting with him later . The Black Hood then appears at Cheryl 's door . Fangs is released from prison , but is accidentally shot amidst the protesters outside .", "34 21 `` Chapter Thirty - Four : Judgment Night '' Cherie Nowlan Shepard Boucher May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) T13. 20821 1.00", "The Black Hood attacks Cheryl , but she wounds him with a bow - and - arrow . Reggie is accused to be Fangs ' shooter , but it is later revealed to be Midge 's mother . Veronica searches Hiram 's study , where she finds that Hiram planned to reveal Hermione 's affair with Fred , but Hermione reveals her involvement , as it would destroy Fred 's campaign . The son of the mobster whose death Hiram arranged attacks the Lodges , killing Andre , but Hermione shoots him dead . The Ghoulies are released from prison and attack Pop 's . Meanwhile , Hal reveals himself as the Black Hood to Betty and Alice . After admitting he did not attack the debate , he is subdued by Betty and arrested . Fred , who is wearing a bullet proof vest , is shot by a man in a black hood , and Betty and Archie realize the man was not Hal . Penny Peabody resurfaces and holds Toni captive but Jughead and Cheryl help her escape . F.P. alerts the Serpents of Fangs ' death , and the Serpents decide to fight the Ghoulies . Jughead turns himself over to avoid bloodshed , but Penny breaks her promise , and the Ghoulies attack Jughead . Learning of this , F.P. goes to save him . Later , Archie , Cheryl , Betty , and the Serpents find F.P. carrying Jughead 's bloodied , unconscious body .", "35 22 `` Chapter Thirty - Five : Brave New World '' Steven A. Adelson Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) T13. 20822 1.28", "Jughead survives his assault and FP reveals Fangs is alive . Sheriff Minetta reveals the second Black Hood to be Tall Boy , who was killed by one of his officers . Cheryl discovers Penelope and Claudius meeting with Hiram ; Cheryl reveals this to Veronica , who reveals this to Hermione . Hermione , believing it to be conceivable that Hiram would have planned the attack at the debate , reveals to Veronica that Hiram attempts to consolidate the entire Southside , and is attempting to buy the Whyte Worm to set his plan fully into motion . Jughead , Archie , and Cheryl lead the Serpents to the Northside , where they are offered asylum . Veronica buys the Worm , and trades it with Hiram for Pop 's . F.P. retires from the Serpents , naming Jughead the new King , who later asks Betty to be his queen . Cheryl joins the Serpents . Hermione wins the mayoral election . Hiram meets with several people from around Riverdale ( Penny , Penelope , Claudius , Minetta , and Malachi , the leader of the Ghoulies ) and they discuss plans for the new Southside . Archie is elected student body president , but during his inauguration , he is wrongfully arrested by Minetta ( on Hiram 's orders ) for the murder of one of the intruders from the lake house .", "Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . The duo brought the project to Warner Bros. , where a VP recommended a more high - concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals , suggesting Louis C.K. to portray an older Archie . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty . However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a third season .", "Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation .", "In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott , who played Kevin Keller , was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York .", "In March 2018 , Andy Cohen appeared in the sixteenth episode of the second season as himself . In the series , he and Hermione are friends . He previously offered her a role as a cast member on The Real Housewives of New York City ; however , Hermione turned down the offer to keep things private for the Lodge family .", "In May 2018 , it was announced that Charles Melton and Vanessa Morgan , who play Reggie Mantle and Toni Topaz , respectively , would both be promoted to series regulars in the third season .", "Filming of the pilot began on March 14 , 2016 , and ended on April 1 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Season two was also filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley . The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars , Gilmore Girls , and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie . Filming for the second season started on June 22 , 2017 , and concluded on March 27 , 2018 .", "Several reviewers had noted that the series ' episode titles , are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films . For example , De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale 's pilot episode was named `` River 's Edge '' after the 1986 film of the same name , and the season finale also takes its name from 1997 's The Sweet Hereafter . Executive producer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice , in order to hint at what will happen in that episode .", "Additionally , Katie - Kouise Smith , of Popbuzz , notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series , and are intended as an homage to that series ' creator , David Lynch .", "Musical performances are featured throughout the series , a blend of cover versions and originals . Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast ; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12 , 2017 .", "An album of Blake Neely 's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La - La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18 , 2017 .", "WaterTower Music released the songs performed in the musical episode in a separate digital album on April 19 , 2018 . A vinyl edition will be released at Urban Outfitters stores on July 13 , 2018 .", "( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Song That Everyone Sings '' KJ Apa 3 : 46 2 . `` Fear Nothing '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 3 . `` All Through The Night '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 4 . `` Dance Dance Dance '' KJ Apa 1 : 00 5 . `` Candy Girl ( Sugar Sugar ) '' ( Cover of the Inner Circle version feat . Flo Rida ; full - length version , Petsch is not heard on the aired version . ) Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 19 6 . `` I Feel Love '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 11 7 . `` I 'll Try '' KJ Apa 3 : 15 8 . `` I Got You '' KJ Apa and Hayley Law 3 : 32 9 . `` Kids in America '' KJ Apa and Camila Mendes 2 : 55 10 . `` Our Fair Riverdale '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law 1 : 19 11 . `` Astronaut '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 28 12 . `` These Are the Moments I Remember '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law , Camila Mendes and KJ Apa 2 : 58", "( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Soundtrack )", "No . Title Artist ( s ) Length", "1 . `` The Song That Everyone Sings '' KJ Apa 3 : 46", "2 . `` Fear Nothing '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37", "3 . `` All Through The Night '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37", "4 . `` Dance Dance Dance '' KJ Apa 1 : 00", "5 . `` Candy Girl ( Sugar Sugar ) '' ( Cover of the Inner Circle version feat . Flo Rida ; full - length version , Petsch is not heard on the aired version . ) Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 19", "6 . `` I Feel Love '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 11", "7 . `` I 'll Try '' KJ Apa 3 : 15", "8 . `` I Got You '' KJ Apa and Hayley Law 3 : 32", "9 . `` Kids in America '' KJ Apa and Camila Mendes 2 : 55", "10 . `` Our Fair Riverdale '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law 1 : 19", "11 . `` Astronaut '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 28", "12 . `` These Are the Moments I Remember '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law , Camila Mendes and KJ Apa 2 : 58", "( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Score ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Riverdale '' Blake Neely 2 : 58 2 . `` If You Love Me '' Blake Neely 2 : 06 3 . `` Viral Gossip in Town '' Blake Neely 3 : 08 4 . `` Everyone a Suspect '' Blake Neely 2 : 33 5 . `` Receiving the Jersey '' Blake Neely 1 : 56 6 . `` Doubts and Accusations '' Blake Neely 2 : 24 7 . `` All is OK With Milkshakes '' Blake Neely 2 : 48 8 . `` Long Reach '' Blake Neely 3 : 47 9 . `` Ended Up Drowning '' Blake Neely 4 : 11 10 . `` Irreconcilable '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 11 . `` So Many Questions '' Blake Neely 2 : 42 12 . `` A Gift / Forced to Leave '' Blake Neely 3 : 23 13 . `` Not Making the Play '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 14 . `` Overwhelming Evidence '' Blake Neely 3 : 53 15 . `` Realizations '' Blake Neely 2 : 02 16 . `` Do You Feel Guilty ? '' Blake Neely 2 : 38 17 . `` Into the Woods '' Blake Neely 3 : 21 18 . `` Name of the Game '' Blake Neely 3 : 38 19 . `` Angry and Vulnerable Girls '' Blake Neely 2 : 52 20 . `` Results of the Father '' Blake Neely 4 : 39 21 . `` Your Father Was Arrested '' Blake Neely 2 : 44 22 . `` The Recording '' Blake Neely 4 : 12 23 . `` Oh , Mommy ! '' Blake Neely 3 : 51 24 . `` What Floats Beneath '' Blake Neely 3 : 29 25 . `` Never Safe '' Blake Neely 1 : 59", "( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Score )", "No . Title Artist ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Riverdale '' Blake Neely 2 : 58", "2 . `` If You Love Me '' Blake Neely 2 : 06", "3 . `` Viral Gossip in Town '' Blake Neely 3 : 08", "4 . `` Everyone a Suspect '' Blake Neely 2 : 33", "5 . `` Receiving the Jersey '' Blake Neely 1 : 56", "6 . `` Doubts and Accusations '' Blake Neely 2 : 24", "7 . `` All is OK With Milkshakes '' Blake Neely 2 : 48", "8 . `` Long Reach '' Blake Neely 3 : 47", "9 . `` Ended Up Drowning '' Blake Neely 4 : 11", "10 . `` Irreconcilable '' Blake Neely 3 : 25", "11 . `` So Many Questions '' Blake Neely 2 : 42", "12 . `` A Gift / Forced to Leave '' Blake Neely 3 : 23", "13 . `` Not Making the Play '' Blake Neely 3 : 25", "14 . `` Overwhelming Evidence '' Blake Neely 3 : 53", "15 . `` Realizations '' Blake Neely 2 : 02", "16 . `` Do You Feel Guilty ? '' Blake Neely 2 : 38", "17 . `` Into the Woods '' Blake Neely 3 : 21", "18 . `` Name of the Game '' Blake Neely 3 : 38", "19 . `` Angry and Vulnerable Girls '' Blake Neely 2 : 52", "20 . `` Results of the Father '' Blake Neely 4 : 39", "21 . `` Your Father Was Arrested '' Blake Neely 2 : 44", "22 . `` The Recording '' Blake Neely 4 : 12", "23 . `` Oh , Mommy ! '' Blake Neely 3 : 51", "24 . `` What Floats Beneath '' Blake Neely 3 : 29", "25 . `` Never Safe '' Blake Neely 1 : 59", "( show ) Riverdale : Season 2 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Milkshake '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 56 2 . `` Out Tonight '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 47 3 . `` Spooky '' Ashleigh Murray 2 : 40 4 . `` Mad World '' KJ Apa , Camila Mendes and Lili Reinhart 3 : 08 5 . `` God Rest You Merry , Gentlemen '' Ashleigh Murray and Casey Cott 2 : 10 6 . `` Union of the Snake '' Camila Mendes , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 43 7 . `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' Ashleigh Murray and Camila Mendes 4 : 05 8 . `` Sufferin ' Till Suffrage '' Ashleigh Murray and Camila Mendes 1 : 42 9 . `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Madelaine Petsch 1 : 50", "( show ) Riverdale : Season 2 ( Original Television Soundtrack )", "No . Title Artist ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Milkshake '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 56", "2 . `` Out Tonight '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 47", "3 . `` Spooky '' Ashleigh Murray 2 : 40", "4 . `` Mad World '' KJ Apa , Camila Mendes and Lili Reinhart 3 : 08", "5 . `` God Rest You Merry , Gentlemen '' Ashleigh Murray and Casey Cott 2 : 10", "6 . `` Union of the Snake '' Camila Mendes , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 43", "7 . `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' Ashleigh Murray and Camila Mendes 4 : 05", "8 . `` Sufferin ' Till Suffrage '' Ashleigh Murray and Camila Mendes 1 : 42", "9 . `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Madelaine Petsch 1 : 50", "Season DVD and Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2017 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2017 000000002018 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2018 TBA TBA", "Season DVD and Blu - ray release dates", "Region 1 Region 2 Region 4", "000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2017 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2017", "000000002018 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2018 TBA TBA", "Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast .", "In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe .", "Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017 .", "In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 .", "Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 88 % ( 54 reviews ) 68 ( 36 reviews ) 87 % ( 13 reviews ) TBD", "Season Critical response", "Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic", "88 % ( 54 reviews ) 68 ( 36 reviews )", "87 % ( 13 reviews ) TBD", "The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 88 % based on 54 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.27 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . ''", "Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . '' In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' .", "Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.34 May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 1.28 2017 -- 18 173 2.12 0.8", "Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average )", "Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions )", "Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2", "Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.34 May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 1.28 2017 -- 18 173 2.12 0.8", "No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52", "No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions )", "`` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38", "`` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91", "`` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90", "`` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87", "5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69", "6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80", "8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54", "9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54", "10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48", "11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56", "13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52", "No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' October 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.34 0.6 1.40 1.4 3.74 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' October 18 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.76 0.6 1.34 1.2 3.10 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' October 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.6 1.32 1.2 2.94 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' November 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.30 1.1 2.80 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' November 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.47 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.70 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' November 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.66 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' November 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.45 0.5 1.19 1.0 2.64 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' December 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.6 1.20 1.1 2.68 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' December 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' January 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.5 1.14 1.0 2.59 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' January 24 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.39 0.5 1.15 1.0 2.54 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' January 31 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.5 1.06 1.0 2.40 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' February 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.28 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.24 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' March 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.26 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.22 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' March 14 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.19 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.10 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' March 21 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.16 0.4 0.94 0.8 2.10 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' March 28 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.96 0.4 0.91 0.7 1.87 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' April 18 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.10 0.3 0.83 0.7 1.93 19 `` Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' April 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.17 0.4 0.81 0.8 1.97 20 `` Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' May 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 `` Chapter Thirty - Four : Judgment Night '' May 9 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.00 0.3 0.90 0.7 1.91 22 `` Chapter Thirty - Five : Brave New World '' May 16 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD", "No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions )", "`` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' October 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.34 0.6 1.40 1.4 3.74", "`` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' October 18 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.76 0.6 1.34 1.2 3.10", "`` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' October 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.6 1.32 1.2 2.94", "`` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' November 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.30 1.1 2.80", "5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' November 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.47 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.70", "6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' November 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.66", "7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' November 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.45 0.5 1.19 1.0 2.64", "8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' December 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.6 1.20 1.1 2.68", "9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' December 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' January 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.5 1.14 1.0 2.59", "11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' January 24 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.39 0.5 1.15 1.0 2.54", "12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' January 31 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.5 1.06 1.0 2.40", "13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' February 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.28 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.24", "14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' March 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.26 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.22", "15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' March 14 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.19 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.10", "16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' March 21 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.16 0.4 0.94 0.8 2.10", "17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' March 28 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.96 0.4 0.91 0.7 1.87", "18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' April 18 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.10 0.3 0.83 0.7 1.93", "19 `` Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' April 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.17 0.4 0.81 0.8 1.97", "20 `` Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' May 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "21 `` Chapter Thirty - Four : Judgment Night '' May 9 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.00 0.3 0.90 0.7 1.91", "22 `` Chapter Thirty - Five : Brave New World '' May 16 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD", "Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Tyler Harron for `` Pilot - Chapter 1 '' Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star KJ Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Choice TV Ship Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse Won 2018 Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Riverdale Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Pending Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Pending Lili Reinhart Pending Cole Sprouse Pending MTV Movie & TV Awards Show of the Year Riverdale Pending Best Kiss KJ Apa and Camila Mendes Pending Scene Stealer Madelaine Petsch Pending", "Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref .", "2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won", "Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated", "Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won", "Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Tyler Harron for `` Pilot - Chapter 1 '' Nominated", "Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won", "Choice Breakout TV Star KJ Apa Nominated", "Lili Reinhart Won", "Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won", "Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won", "Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won", "Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won", "Choice TV Ship Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse Won", "2018 Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Riverdale Nominated", "Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Pending", "Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Pending", "Lili Reinhart Pending", "Cole Sprouse Pending", "MTV Movie & TV Awards Show of the Year Riverdale Pending", "Best Kiss KJ Apa and Camila Mendes Pending", "Scene Stealer Madelaine Petsch Pending", "In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . In December 2017 , it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet - to - be-announced new title . Two seasons , comprising ten episodes each , have been ordered by the streaming service . In January 2018 , it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka , and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that , `` at the moment , there is no discussion about crossing over '' with Riverdale . Filming for first season began on March 19 , 2018 , just as filming of the second season of Riverdale concludes , which will allow the same crew members to work on both series . It is expected to film back - to - back with the second season ." ]

[ [ "September 1995" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Established Location 1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard ( East Ninth Street at Lake Erie ) Cleveland , Ohio 44114 United States 41 ° 30 ′ 30.2 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 43.8 '' W  /  41.508389 ° N 81.695500 ° W  / 41.508389 ; - 81.695500 Visitors 441,290 ( 2013 ) President Greg Harris Public transit access North Coast station ( RTA Rapid Transit ) Website rockhall.com", "Established", "Location 1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard ( East Ninth Street at Lake Erie ) Cleveland , Ohio 44114 United States", "41 ° 30 ′ 30.2 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 43.8 '' W  /  41.508389 ° N 81.695500 ° W  / 41.508389 ; - 81.695500", "Visitors 441,290 ( 2013 )", "President Greg Harris", "Public transit access North Coast station ( RTA Rapid Transit )", "Website rockhall.com", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , recognizes and archives the history of the best - known and most influential artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun . In 1986 , Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Since opening in September 1995 , the `` Rock Hall '' -- part of the city 's redeveloped North Coast Harbor -- has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion .", "Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans , Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner , attorney Allen Grubman , and record executives Seymour Stein , Bob Krasnow , and Noreen Woods . The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986 , but the Hall of Fame still had no home . The search committee considered several cities , including Philadelphia ( home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand ) , Memphis ( home of Sun Studios and Stax Records ) , Detroit ( home of Motown Records ) , Cincinnati ( home of King Records ) , New York City , and Cleveland .", "Cleveland lobbied for the museum , citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term `` rock and roll '' and heavily promoted the new genre -- and that Cleveland was the location of Freed 's Moondog Coronation Ball , the first major rock and roll concert . In addition , Cleveland cited radio station WMMS , which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s , including artist David Bowie , who began his first U.S. tour in the city , Bruce Springsteen , Roxy Music , and Rush among many others . Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands .", "Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction . A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis , and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located . On May 5 , 1986 , the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland . `` The hall of fame should 've been in Memphis , certainly , '' wrote Peter Guralnick , author of an acclaimed two - volume Elvis Presley biography .", "Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization 's site because the city offered the best financial package . As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted , `` It was $65 million ... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money . '' Co-founder Jann Wenner later said , `` One of the small sad things is we did n't do it in New York in the first place , '' but then added , `` I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland . ''", "During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum , the Foundation 's board considered the Cuyahoga River . Ultimately , the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie , east of Cleveland Stadium .", "At one point in the planning phase when a financing gap existed , planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then - vacant May Company Building , but finally decided to commission architect I.M. Pei to design a new building . Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I.M. Pei in designs for the site . Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it . The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft ( 61 m ) high , but had to be cut down to 162 ft ( 49 m ) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport . The building 's base is approximately 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m2 ) . The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7 , 1993 . Pete Townshend , Chuck Berry , Billy Joel , Sam Phillips , Ruth Brown , Sam Moore of Sam and Dave , Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking .", "The museum was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 , with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard , among others , before a crowd of more than 10,000 people . The following night an all - star concert was held at the stadium . It featured Chuck Berry , Bob Dylan , Al Green , Jerry Lee Lewis , Aretha Franklin , Bruce Springsteen , Iggy Pop , John Fogerty , John Mellencamp , and many others .", "In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees , the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll , regardless of induction status . Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie .", "Since 1986 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees . The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times ( 1986 -- 92 , 1994 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 ) ; twice in Los Angeles ( 1993 and 2013 ) ; and four times in the Hall of Fame 's home in Cleveland ( 1997 , 2009 , 2012 , and 2015 ) . Beginning in 2018 , the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York .", "The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public -- private partnership between the City of Cleveland , the State of Ohio , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and local foundations , corporations , civic organizations and individuals . Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events , including free concerts , a gospel celebration , exhibition openings , free admission to the museum , and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall .", "Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions ; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction - related events . The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million , and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region . The 2012 induction week yielded similar results .", "There are seven levels in the building . On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall , the museum 's main gallery . It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll ( gospel , blues , rhythm & blues and folk , country and bluegrass ) . It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll : Memphis , Detroit , London and Liverpool , San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York and Seattle . There are exhibits about soul music , the Fifties , Sun Records , Atlantic Records , hip hop music , Cleveland 's rock and roll legacy , the music of the Midwest , rock and roll radio and dee - jays , and the many protests against rock and roll . This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists , including the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , Jimi Hendrix and others . Finally , the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters , one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects .", "The first floor of the museum is the entrance level . It includes a cafe , a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year , and a section called `` Backstage Stories . '' The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one - hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . This level also includes a gallery with artifact - filled exhibits about Les Paul , Alan Freed , Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology .", "Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor . This section includes `` The Power of Rock Experience , '' which includes one of Jonathan Demme 's final works , a film shown in the Connor Theater . The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall 's induction ceremonies . Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor . That level features the Foster Theater , a state - of - the - art 3 - D theater that is used for special events and programs .", "Finally , the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large , temporary exhibits . Over the years , numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels , including exhibits about Elvis Presley , hip - hop , the Supremes , the Who , U2 , John Lennon , the Clash , Bruce Springsteen , Women Who Rock , and the Rolling Stones .", "Designed by I.M. Pei , and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates , the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie . It is a combination of bold geometric forms and dynamic cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162 - foot tower . The tower supports a dual - triangular - shaped glass `` tent '' that extends ( at its base ) onto a 65,000 - square - foot plaza that provides a main entry facade .", "The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space , as well as administrative offices , a store , and a café .", "`` In designing this building , '' Pei said , `` it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll . I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new , and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world . ''", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Since 1997 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level .", "The museum 's first major exhibit opened on May 10 , 1997 . It was called I Want to Take You Higher : The Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1969 . It included artifacts from numerous artists , including John Lennon , Eric Clapton , John Sebastian , the Jefferson Airplane , and Janis Joplin , as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock .", "That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building , an exhibit about the `` King of Rock and Roll '' , which ran from August 8 , 1998 , to September 5 , 1999 . This year - long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist , Elvis Presley , the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986 . Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis ' life and legendary career . ( see Larry G. Keeter , `` Elvis Is In the Building , '' `` Elvis International Forum , '' Summer 2000 , pp. 28 -- 29 ) Next , the museum curated Roots , Rhymes and Rage : The Hip - Hop Story . That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip - hop . It ran from November 11 , 1999 , to August 6 , 2000 . It was followed by Rock Style , an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion . It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper , from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone . After it closed in Cleveland , Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S.", "Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon : His Life and Work , which ran from October 20 , 2000 , to January 1 , 2003 . It was followed by In the Name of Love : Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections : The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection . A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words : Rock , Power , Politics .", "Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash ( Revolution Rock : The Story of the Clash ) , the Doors ( Break on Through : The Lasting Legacy of the Doors ) , the Who 's Tommy ( Tommy : The Amazing Journey ) , and Bruce Springsteen ( From Asbury Park to the Promised Land : The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen ) . Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll ( Women Who Rock : Vision , Passion , Power ) . Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland . The museum 's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone .", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits . Over the years , these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour , the Concert for Bangladesh , Woodstock 's 40th anniversary , Austin City Limits , the Monterey International Pop Festival , Roy Orbison , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , Marty Stuart , Paul Simon , Graham Nash , and John Mellencamp .", "The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll . Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky , Alfred Wertheimer , Tommy Edwards , Kevin Mazur , Janet Macoska , Lynn Goldsmith , Mike McCartney , Robert Alford , and George Shuba . The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits , and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts .", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs , including concerts , interviews , lectures , film screenings , and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll . Every February , the museum celebrates Black History Month by hosting concerts , film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African - Americans have played in the history of rock and roll . Since the program began in 1996 , such artists as Robert Lockwood , Jr. , the Temptations , Charles Brown , Ruth Brown , the Ohio Players , Lloyd Price , Little Anthony and the Imperials , and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month .", "Another program is the Hall of Fame Series . This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings , most often in the Museum 's Foster Theater . The interviews are usually followed by a question - and - answer session with the audience and , often , a performance by the inductee . Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl `` DMC '' McDaniels of Run - D.M.C. , Lloyd Price , Marky Ramone , Seymour Stein , Ray Manzarek of the Doors , Ronnie Spector , Bootsy Collins , Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart , and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane .", "A similar program is the Legends Series . The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Peter Hook of Joy Division , Spinderella of Salt n Pepa , Tommy James , and the Chi - Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series .", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series . Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall 's inductees with a week - long series of programs that include interviews , film screenings , and , often , a special exhibit . The celebration ends with an all - star concert held at a Cleveland theater . The concerts include a diverse mix of artists , from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians .", "The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin ' : The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger . Since then , the programs have honored the following inductees : Jimmie Rodgers ( 1997 ) , Robert Johnson ( 1998 ) , Louis Jordan ( 1999 ) , Muddy Waters ( 2000 ) , Bessie Smith ( 2001 ) , Hank Williams ( 2002 ) , Buddy Holly ( 2003 ) , Lead Belly ( 2004 ) , Sam Cooke ( 2005 ) , Roy Orbison ( 2006 ) , Jerry Lee Lewis ( 2007 ) , Les Paul ( 2008 ) , Janis Joplin ( 2009 ) , Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew ( 2010 ) , Aretha Franklin ( 2011 ) , and Chuck Berry ( 2012 ) .", "Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke , along with `` the museum 's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts '' , created an unordered list of `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum , and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995 . It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s . The Beatles with seven songs was the most represented on the 500 -- song list . The oldest song on the list is `` Wabash Cannonball '' , written circa 1882 and credited to J.A. Roff . Since then , however , an additional 155 songs have been added , and the list is now simply referred to as `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . '' The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' and My Chemical Romance 's `` Welcome to the Black Parade , '' both released in 2006 . The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 655 -- song list , with eight songs each .", "8 The Beatles 8 The Rolling Stones 7 Elvis Presley 5 The Beach Boys 5 Chuck Berry 5 Bob Dylan 5 Led Zeppelin 5 Bruce Springsteen 5 Stevie Wonder 4 David Bowie 4 James Brown 4 Ray Charles 4 The Drifters 4 Aretha Franklin 4 Jimi Hendrix 4 Robert Johnson 4 The Kinks 4 Bob Marley 4 The Miracles 4 Prince 4 U2 4 Muddy Waters 4 The Who", "8 The Beatles", "8 The Rolling Stones", "7 Elvis Presley", "5 The Beach Boys", "5 Chuck Berry", "5 Bob Dylan", "5 Led Zeppelin", "5 Bruce Springsteen", "5 Stevie Wonder", "4 David Bowie", "4 James Brown", "4 Ray Charles", "4 The Drifters", "4 Aretha Franklin", "4 Jimi Hendrix", "4 Robert Johnson", "4 The Kinks", "4 Bob Marley", "4 The Miracles", "4 Muddy Waters", "4 The Who", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30 , 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York . The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis , U2 , Patti Smith , Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band , Simon & Garfunkel , Dion DiMucci , Metallica , James Taylor , Bonnie Raitt , Fergie , Mick Jagger , Lou Reed , Ray Davies , Ozzy Osbourne , Paul Simon , Jeff Beck , Buddy Guy , Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder , Sting , Little Anthony & the Imperials , and Crosby , Stills and Nash . The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty , Darlene Love , Tom Morello , Sam Moore , Jackson Browne , Peter Wolf , and Billy Joel .", "Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony . Over the years , the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City . However , on January 12 , 1993 , the ceremony was held in Los Angeles , and was held there again in 2013 . On May 6 , 1997 , about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , the ceremony was held in Cleveland . It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012 . Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years . Generally , the number of inductees ranges from about a half - dozen to a dozen . Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies , and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee 's music . Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies , which also include numerous musical performances , by both the inductees and the presenters . The first group of inductees , inducted on January 23 , 1986 , included Elvis Presley , James Brown , Little Richard , Fats Domino , Ray Charles , Chuck Berry , Sam Cooke , the Everly Brothers , Buddy Holly , and Jerry Lee Lewis . Robert Johnson , Jimmie Rodgers , and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences , John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers .", "A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the `` Performers '' category ( singers , vocal groups , bands , and instrumentalists of all kinds ) , which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world . Those selected to vote include academics , journalists , producers , and others with music industry experience . Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record . Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists ' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . To be selected for induction , performers must receive the highest number of votes , and also greater than 50 % of the votes . Around five to seven performers are inducted each year .", "In 2012 , six additional groups , the Miracles , the Famous Flames , the Comets , the Blue Caps , the Midnighters , and the Crickets , were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . ''", "Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras , primarily country , folk , and blues , whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists . Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots , country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams , blues musicians Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters , and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong . After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000 , no one was inducted in this category until 2009 , when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected . Unlike earlier inductees in this category , Jackson 's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the `` rock era '' .", "Formerly the `` Non-Performers '' award , this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry , including record label executives , songwriters , record producers , disc jockeys , concert promoters and music journalists . This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009 . Following the death of the Hall of Fame 's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun , this award was renamed in his honor in 2008 .", "Formerly the `` Sidemen '' award , this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers . The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008 . This honor was renamed the `` Award for Musical Excellence '' in 2010 . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . ''", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives is the world 's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll . The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland 's Campus District .", "The Library and Archives ' mission is to collect , preserve and provide access to these materials . The Library and Archives operates on two levels : people may come into the library and read the books and magazines , listen to music and other recordings , and watch videos and films . More serious scholars , historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists .", "The library is composed of books , academic dissertations , and other references . It also includes popular magazines , scholarly journals and trade publications ; commercial audio and video recordings , and research databases .", "The archival collections include music - business records from record executives , artist managers , labels , historic venues , recording studios , specialists in stage design and lighting , and long - running concert tours . The collections also contain important individual items , such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna , handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J , papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark , and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s .", "The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians , such as founder Jann Wenner ( co-founder and editor - in - chief of Rolling Stone magazine ) , former foundation director Suzan Evans , and writer Dave Marsh , reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole . A former member of the nominations board once commented that `` At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there were n't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner . That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo - wop groups being considered in favor of a ' name ' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the ' 50s and early ' 60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list , resulting in ' 70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them . Some of those pioneers still are n't in today . '' Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered `` The Godmother / Grandmother of Rock & Roll '' , but has yet to be inducted . Also , the influential soul / funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored . Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the `` Hall of Lame '' .", "There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process . Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote :", "`` With fame and money at stake , it 's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on . Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders -- and committee members say they want to keep it that way . ''", "Jon Landau , the chairman of the nominating committee , says they prefer it that way . `` We 've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent . It all dies in the room . ''", "According to Fox News , petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored , and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all . The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres . According to author Brett Milano , `` entire genres get passed over , particularly progressive rock , ' 60s Top 40 , New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music . '' In contrast , since the mid-2000s ( decade ) , numerous hip hop artists have been inducted , including Tupac Shakur ( class of 2017 ) , N.W.A ( class of 2016 ) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five ( class of 2007 ) .", "Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted . In fifteen years , 97 different artists were inducted . A minimum of 50 % of the vote is needed to be inducted ; although , the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees ( five in 2011 ) is set before the ballots are shipped . The committee usually nominates a small number of artists ( 12 in 2010 ) from an increasing number of different genres . Several voters , including Joel Selvin , himself a former member of the nominating committee , did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy .", "Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols , inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum `` a piss stain '' and `` urine in wine '' .", "In BBC Radio 6 Music 's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013 , the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias , stating , `` Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame , 259 are entirely male , meaning that Tina Weymouth 's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts . '' In fact , the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5 % . Combining all the categories , there have been 719 inductees , out of which only 61 have been women , none of which has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement .", "On March 14 , 2007 , two days after that year 's induction ceremony , Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee , as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five . The article went on to say `` Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in . In reality , The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash . But he felt we could n't go another year without a rap act . ''", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote , although they did not deny that late votes were received , saying , `` No . There is a format and rules and procedure . There is a specific time when the votes have to be in , and then they are counted . The bands with the top five votes got in . '' The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year .", "In June 2007 , Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees , commenting :", "( Wenner ) does n't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit . It is an abuse of power . I do n't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame , but it 's pretty clear that we 're not in there because of a personal whim . Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else , and now , 40 years later , everybody says , ' What 's the big deal ? Everybody else does it . ' ( Uses studio artists or backing bands . ) Nobody cares now except him . He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007 .", "In a Facebook post , fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside , and further stated : `` I can see the HOF ( Hall of Fame ) is a private enterprise . It seems to operate as a business , and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise . The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner 's pleasure . This seems proper to me . It is their business in any case . It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate , nor should it be compelled to conform to one . ''", "Various magazines and news outlets , such as Time , NPR radio , The Christian Science Monitor , Goldmine magazine , Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ." ]

[ [ "Pasadena, California" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Big Bang Theory Genre Sitcom Created by Chuck Lorre Bill Prady Directed by Mark Cendrowski Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Sara Gilbert Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer Theme music composer Barenaked Ladies Opening theme `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 239 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chuck Lorre Steven Molaro Bill Prady Producer ( s ) Faye Oshima Belyeu Editor ( s ) Peter Chakos Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 18 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Chuck Lorre Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Young Sheldon External links Website www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/", "The Big Bang Theory", "Genre Sitcom", "Created by Chuck Lorre Bill Prady", "Directed by Mark Cendrowski", "Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Sara Gilbert Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer", "Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Sara Gilbert Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer", "Theme music composer Barenaked Ladies", "Opening theme `` Big Bang Theory Theme ''", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons 11", "No. of episodes 239 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Chuck Lorre Steven Molaro Bill Prady", "Producer ( s ) Faye Oshima Belyeu", "Editor ( s ) Peter Chakos", "Camera setup Multi-camera", "Running time 18 -- 22 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Chuck Lorre Productions Warner Bros. Television", "Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution", "Release", "Original network CBS", "Picture format HDTV 1080i", "Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1", "Original release September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present )", "Chronology", "Related shows Young Sheldon", "External links", "Website www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/", "The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom serve as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also serve as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 . The series ' tenth season premiered on September 19 , 2016 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . The eleventh season premiered on September 25 , 2017 .", "The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative and who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Penny 's social skills and common sense .", "Over time , supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles : Leslie Winkle , a physicist who dated Leonard and Howard ; neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , who joins the group after being matched to Sheldon on a dating website ( and later becomes Sheldon 's girlfriend ) ; Bernadette Rostenkowski , Howard 's wife ( previously his girlfriend ) , a microbiologist and former part - time waitress alongside Penny ; Stuart Bloom , the cash - strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit ; and Emily Sweeney , a dermatologist who dated Raj .", "The structure of the original , unaired pilot , developed for the 2006 -- 07 television season , was substantially different from the series ' current form . The only characters retained in both pilots were Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) and Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) , who are named after Sheldon Leonard , a longtime figure in episodic television as producer , director and actor . Althea ( Vernee Watson ) was a character featured in both pilots and the first series episode . Two female leads were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie , `` a street - hardened , tough - as - nails woman with a vulnerable interior , '' and Iris Bahr as Gilda , a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters . Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend and they invite her to share their apartment . Gilda is threatened by Katie 's presence . Test audiences reacted negatively to Katie , but they liked Sheldon and Leonard . The original pilot used Thomas Dolby 's hit `` She Blinded Me with Science '' as its theme song .", "Although the show was not picked up , its creators were given an opportunity to retool it and produce a second pilot . They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format . Katie was replaced by Penny ( Kaley Cuoco ) . The original unaired pilot never has officially been released , but it has circulated on the Internet . On the evolution of the show , Chuck Lorre said , `` We did the ' Big Bang Pilot ' about two and a half years ago , and it sucked ... but there were two remarkable things that worked perfectly , and that was Johnny and Jim . We rewrote the thing entirely and then we were blessed with Kaley and Simon and Kunal . '' As to whether the world will ever see the original pilot on a future DVD release , Lorre said , `` Wow , that would be something . We will see . Show your failures ... ''", "The first and second pilots of The Big Bang Theory were directed by James Burrows , who did not continue with the show . The reworked second pilot led to a 13 - episode order by CBS on May 14 , 2007 . Prior to its airing on CBS , the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge . The show premiered on September 24 , 2007 , and was picked up for a full 22 - episode season on October 19 , 2007 . The show is filmed in front of a live audience , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . Production was halted on November 6 , 2007 , due to the Writers Guild of America strike . Nearly three months later , on February 4 , 2008 , the series was temporarily replaced by a short - lived sitcom , Welcome to the Captain . The series returned on March 17 , 2008 , in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season .", "After the strike ended , the show was picked up for a second season , airing in the 2008 -- 2009 season , premiering in the same time slot on September 22 , 2008 . With increasing ratings , the show received a two - year renewal through the 2010 -- 11 season in 2009 . In 2011 , the show was picked up for three more seasons . In March 2014 , the show was renewed again for three more years through the 2016 -- 17 season . This marks the second time the series has gained a three - year renewal . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to 12 , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season .", "David Saltzberg , a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California , Los Angeles , checks scripts and provides dialogue , mathematics equations , and diagrams used as props . According to executive producer / co-creator Bill Prady , `` We 're working on giving Sheldon an actual problem that he 's going to be working on throughout the ( first ) season so there 's actual progress to the boards ... We worked hard to get all the science right . ''", "Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on the sitcom Roseanne , including Johnny Galecki , Sara Gilbert , Laurie Metcalf ( who plays Sheldon 's mother , Mary Cooper ) , and Meagen Fay ( who plays Bernadette 's mother ) . Additionally , Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons .", "The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show 's theme song , which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth . Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one of the band 's concerts in Los Angeles . By coincidence , Robertson had recently read Simon Singh 's book Big Bang , and at the concert improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe . Lorre and Prady phoned him shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song . Having been asked to write songs for other films and shows , but ending up being rejected because of producer 's favor of other artist 's song , Robertson agreed to write the theme only after learning that Lorre and Prady had not asked anyone else .", "On October 9 , 2007 , a full - length ( 1 minute and 45 seconds ) version of the song was released commercially . Although some sources identify the song title as `` History of Everything , '' the cover art for the single identifies the title as `` Big Bang Theory Theme . '' A music video also was released via special features on The Complete Fourth Season DVD and Blu - ray set . The theme was included on the band 's greatest hits album , Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before , released on September 27 , 2011 . In September 2015 , TMZ uncovered court documents showing that Steven Page sued former bandmate Robertson over the song , alleging that he was promised 20 % of the proceeds , but that Robertson has kept that money entirely for himself .", "For the first three seasons , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco , the three main stars of the show , received at most $60,000 per episode . The salary for the three went up to $200,000 per episode for the fourth season . Their per - episode pay went up an additional $50,000 in each of the following three seasons , culminating in $350,000 per episode in the seventh season . In September 2013 , Bialik and Rauch renegotiated the contracts they held since they were introduced to the series in 2010 . On their old contracts , each was making $20,000 -- $30,000 per episode , while the new contracts doubled that , beginning at $60,000 per episode , increasing steadily to $100,000 per episode by the end of the contract , as well as adding another year for both .", "By season seven , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco were also receiving 0.25 % of the series ' back - end money . Before production began on the eighth season , the three plus Helberg and Nayyar , looked to renegotiate new contracts , with Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco seeking around $1 million per episode , as well as more back - end money . Contracts were signed in the beginning of August 2014 , giving the three principal actors an estimated $1 million per episode for three years , with the possibility to extend for a fourth year . The deals also include larger pieces of the show , signing bonuses , production deals , and advances towards the back - end . Helberg and Nayyar were also able to renegotiate their contracts , giving them a per - episode pay in the `` mid-six - figure range '' , up from around $100,000 per episode they each received in years prior . The duo , who were looking to have salary parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , signed their contracts after the studio and producers threatened to write the characters out of the series if a deal could not be reached before the start of production on season eight . By season 10 , Helberg and Nayyar reached the $1 million per episode parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , due to a clause in their deals signed in 2014 .", "In March 2017 , the main cast members ( Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg , and Nayyar ) took a 10 % pay cut to allow Bialik and Rauch an increase in their earnings . This put Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg and Nayyar at $900,000 per episode , with Parsons , Galecki , and Helberg also receiving overall deals with Warner Bros. Television . By the end of April , Bialik and Rauch had signed deals to earn $500,000 per episode , each , with the deals also including a separate development component for both actors . The deal was an increase from the $175,000 -- $200,000 the duo had been making per episode .", "This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "These actors are credited in all episodes of the series :", "Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter : An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 , who received his PhD when he was 24 years old . Leonard is a nerd who loves video games , comic books , and Dungeons & Dragons . Leonard is the straight man of the series , in which he shares an apartment in Pasadena , CA , with Sheldon . Leonard is smitten with his new neighbor Penny when they first meet , and they eventually marry . Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper : Originally from Galveston , Texas , Sheldon was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of eleven , and earned a PhD at age sixteen . He is a theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory , and despite his IQ of 187 , he finds many routine aspects of social situations difficult to grasp . He is determined to have his own way , continually boasts of his intelligence , and he has an extremely ritualized way of living . Despite these quirks , he begins a relationship with Amy Farrah Fowler . Kaley Cuoco as Penny : An aspiring actress from Omaha , Nebraska . Penny moves in across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard . She waits and occasionally tends the bar at the Cheesecake Factory . After giving up hope of becoming a successful actress , Penny becomes a pharmaceutical sales representative . Penny becomes friends with Bernadette and Amy , and they often hang out in each other 's apartments . Penny and Leonard form a relationship and eventually marry . Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz : An aerospace engineer . Howard is Jewish and lives with his mother , Debbie ( Carol Ann Susi ) . Unlike Sheldon , Leonard , Raj , Bernadette and Amy , Howard does not hold a doctorate . He goes into space , training as an astronaut and serving as a payload specialist . Howard initially fancies himself a womanizer , but he later starts dating Bernadette , and they get engaged and married . Howard also has a tendency to waste money on toys and argues with Bernadette because of his oddly low income as an engineer and her high income as a pharmaceutical biochemist . Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali : A particle astrophysicist originally from New Delhi , India . Raj is initially unable to talk to women unless he drinks alcohol . Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role . Raj later dates Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) , who also suffers from social anxiety , but it eventually ends ; he later speaks to Penny without alcohol and thus overcomes his selective mutism . He begins dating Emily and their relationship later becomes exclusive . Raj also has a Yorkshire Terrier named Cinnamon .", "Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter : An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 , who received his PhD when he was 24 years old . Leonard is a nerd who loves video games , comic books , and Dungeons & Dragons . Leonard is the straight man of the series , in which he shares an apartment in Pasadena , CA , with Sheldon . Leonard is smitten with his new neighbor Penny when they first meet , and they eventually marry .", "Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper : Originally from Galveston , Texas , Sheldon was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of eleven , and earned a PhD at age sixteen . He is a theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory , and despite his IQ of 187 , he finds many routine aspects of social situations difficult to grasp . He is determined to have his own way , continually boasts of his intelligence , and he has an extremely ritualized way of living . Despite these quirks , he begins a relationship with Amy Farrah Fowler .", "Kaley Cuoco as Penny : An aspiring actress from Omaha , Nebraska . Penny moves in across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard . She waits and occasionally tends the bar at the Cheesecake Factory . After giving up hope of becoming a successful actress , Penny becomes a pharmaceutical sales representative . Penny becomes friends with Bernadette and Amy , and they often hang out in each other 's apartments . Penny and Leonard form a relationship and eventually marry .", "Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz : An aerospace engineer . Howard is Jewish and lives with his mother , Debbie ( Carol Ann Susi ) . Unlike Sheldon , Leonard , Raj , Bernadette and Amy , Howard does not hold a doctorate . He goes into space , training as an astronaut and serving as a payload specialist . Howard initially fancies himself a womanizer , but he later starts dating Bernadette , and they get engaged and married . Howard also has a tendency to waste money on toys and argues with Bernadette because of his oddly low income as an engineer and her high income as a pharmaceutical biochemist .", "Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali : A particle astrophysicist originally from New Delhi , India . Raj is initially unable to talk to women unless he drinks alcohol . Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role . Raj later dates Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) , who also suffers from social anxiety , but it eventually ends ; he later speaks to Penny without alcohol and thus overcomes his selective mutism . He begins dating Emily and their relationship later becomes exclusive . Raj also has a Yorkshire Terrier named Cinnamon .", "These actors were first credited as guest stars and later promoted to main cast :", "Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 , guest seasons 3 , 9 ) : A physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard . In appearance , she is essentially Leonard 's female counterpart , and has conflicting scientific theories with Sheldon . Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard . Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season , but resumed guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character . Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode . Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz ( recurring season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school , where she is studying microbiology . Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny ; at first , they do not get along , apparently having nothing in common . They date and later get engaged and married . Although generally a sweet and good - natured person , Bernadette has a short fuse and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked . Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler ( guest star season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon 's perfect mate . Amy is from Glendale , CA . While she and Sheldon initially share social cluelessness , after befriending Penny and Bernadette she eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction . Her relationship with Sheldon slowly progresses to the point at which Sheldon considers her his girlfriend . Amy believes she and Penny are best friends , a sentiment that Penny does not initially share . Amy has a PhD in neurobiology . Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom ( recurring seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 , starring seasons 6 , 8 -- ) : A mild - mannered , under - confident owner of a comic book store . A competent artist , Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design , and though he is socially awkward he possesses slightly better social skills . Stuart implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store now also is his home . He is later invited to join the guys ' group while Howard is in space . Stuart gets a new job caring for Howard 's mother later . After Mrs. Wolowitz 's death , Stuart continues to live in her home , along with Howard and Bernadette , until he finds a place of his own . Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney ( recurring seasons 7 -- 8 , starring season 9 ) : A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital . Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre and states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives . Prior to meeting Raj , Emily was set up on a blind date with Howard . After finding Emily 's online dating profile , Raj has Amy contact her as his wingman instead . Their relationship becomes exclusive , but Raj later breaks up with Emily when he becomes infatuated with the bartender Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) .", "Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 , guest seasons 3 , 9 ) : A physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard . In appearance , she is essentially Leonard 's female counterpart , and has conflicting scientific theories with Sheldon . Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard . Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season , but resumed guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character . Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode .", "Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz ( recurring season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school , where she is studying microbiology . Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny ; at first , they do not get along , apparently having nothing in common . They date and later get engaged and married . Although generally a sweet and good - natured person , Bernadette has a short fuse and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked .", "Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler ( guest star season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon 's perfect mate . Amy is from Glendale , CA . While she and Sheldon initially share social cluelessness , after befriending Penny and Bernadette she eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction . Her relationship with Sheldon slowly progresses to the point at which Sheldon considers her his girlfriend . Amy believes she and Penny are best friends , a sentiment that Penny does not initially share . Amy has a PhD in neurobiology .", "Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom ( recurring seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 , starring seasons 6 , 8 -- ) : A mild - mannered , under - confident owner of a comic book store . A competent artist , Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design , and though he is socially awkward he possesses slightly better social skills . Stuart implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store now also is his home . He is later invited to join the guys ' group while Howard is in space . Stuart gets a new job caring for Howard 's mother later . After Mrs. Wolowitz 's death , Stuart continues to live in her home , along with Howard and Bernadette , until he finds a place of his own .", "Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney ( recurring seasons 7 -- 8 , starring season 9 ) : A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital . Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre and states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives . Prior to meeting Raj , Emily was set up on a blind date with Howard . After finding Emily 's online dating profile , Raj has Amy contact her as his wingman instead . Their relationship becomes exclusive , but Raj later breaks up with Emily when he becomes infatuated with the bartender Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) .", "As the theme of the show revolves around science , many distinguished and high - profile scientists have appeared as guest stars on the show . Famous astrophysicist and Nobel laureate George Smoot had a cameo appearance in the second season . Theoretical physicist Brian Greene also appeared on the show in the fourth season . Astrophysicist , science populizer , and physics outreach specialist Neil deGrasse Tyson also appeared in the fourth season .", "Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in the fifth - season episode ; in the eighth season , Hawking video conferences with Sheldon and Leonard , and makes another appearance in the 200th episode . In the fifth and sixth seasons , NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino played himself multiple times in the role of Howard 's fellow astronaut . Bill Nye appeared in the seventh season , and Elon Musk made an appearance in the ninth season .", "Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 -- 49 rank 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 8.31 68 3.3 / 8 46 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10.03 40 N / A N / A 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.22 12 5.3 / 13 5 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 13.21 13 4.4 / 13 7 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 15.82 8 5.5 / 17 6 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18.68 6.2 / 19 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 19.96 6.2 / 20 8 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 19.05 5.6 / 17 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 20.36 5.8 / 19 10 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 18.99 4.9 / 19 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA", "Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings", "First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 -- 49 rank", "17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 8.31 68 3.3 / 8 46", "23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10.03 40 N / A N / A", "23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.22 12 5.3 / 13 5", "24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 13.21 13 4.4 / 13 7", "5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 15.82 8 5.5 / 17 6", "6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18.68 6.2 / 19", "7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 19.96 6.2 / 20", "8 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 19.05 5.6 / 17", "9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 20.36 5.8 / 19", "10 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 18.99 4.9 / 19", "11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA", "Much of the series focuses on science , particularly physics . The four main male characters are employed at Caltech and have science - related occupations , as do Bernadette and Amy . The characters frequently banter about scientific theories or news ( notably around the start of the show ) , and make science - related jokes .", "Science has also interfered with the characters ' romantic lives . Leslie breaks up with Leonard when he sides with Sheldon in his support for string theory rather than loop quantum gravity . When Leonard joins Sheldon , Raj , and Howard on a three - month Arctic research trip , it separates Leonard and Penny at a time their relationship is budding . When Bernadette takes an interest in Leonard 's work , it makes both Penny and Howard envious and results in Howard confronting Leonard , and Penny asking Sheldon to teach her physics . Sheldon and Amy also briefly end their relationship after an argument over which of their fields is superior .", "David Saltzberg , who has a PhD in physics , has served as the science consultant for the show for six seasons and attends every taping . While Saltzberg knows physics , he sometimes needs assistance from Mayim Bialik , who has a PhD in neuroscience . Saltzberg sees early versions of scripts which need scientific information added to them , and he also points out where the writers , despite their knowledge of science , have made a mistake . He is usually not needed during a taping unless a lot of science , and especially the whiteboard , is involved .", "The four main male characters are all avid science fiction , fantasy , and comic book fans and memorabilia collectors .", "Star Trek in particular is frequently referenced and Sheldon identifies strongly with the character of Spock , so much so that when he is given a used napkin signed by Leonard Nimoy as a Christmas gift from Penny he is overwhelmed with excitement and gratitude ( `` I possess the DNA of Leonard Nimoy ? ! '' ) . Star Trek : The Original Series cast member George Takei has made a cameo , and Leonard Nimoy made a cameo as the voice of Sheldon 's vintage Mr. Spock action figure ( both cameos were in dream sequences ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Brent Spiner and LeVar Burton have had cameos as themselves , while Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictionalized version of himself .", "They are also fans of Star Wars , Battlestar Galactica , and Doctor Who . In the episode `` The Ornithophobia Diffusion '' , when there is a delay in watching Star Wars on Blu - ray , Howard complains , `` If we do n't start soon , George Lucas is going to change it again '' ( referring to Lucas ' controversial alterations to the films ) and in `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' , Katee Sackhoff of Battlestar Galactica appeared as Howard 's fantasy dream girl . The characters have different tastes in franchises with Sheldon praising Firefly but disapproving of Leonard 's enjoyment of Babylon 5 . With regard to fantasy , the four make frequent references to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter novels and movies . Additionally , Howard can speak Sindarin , one of the two Elvish languages from The Lord of the Rings .", "Wednesday night is the group 's designated `` comic book night '' because that is the day of the week when new comic books are released . The comic book store is run by fellow geek and recurring character Stuart . On a number of occasions , the group members have dressed up as pop culture characters , including The Flash , Aquaman , Frodo Baggins , Superman , Batman , Spock , The Doctor , Green Lantern , and Thor . As a consequence of losing a bet to Stuart and Wil Wheaton , the group members are forced to visit the comic book store dressed as Catwoman , Wonder Woman , Batgirl , and Supergirl . DC Comics announced that , to promote its comics , the company will sponsor Sheldon wearing Green Lantern T - shirts .", "Various games have been featured , as well as referenced , on the series ( e.g. World of Warcraft , Halo , Mario , etc . ) , including fictional games like Mystic Warlords of Ka'a ( which became a reality in 2011 ) and Rock - paper - scissors - lizard - Spock .", "One of the recurring plot lines is the relationship between Leonard and Penny . Leonard becomes attracted to Penny in the pilot episode and his need to do favors for her is a frequent point of humor in the first season . Meanwhile , Penny dates a series of muscular , attractive , unintelligent , and insensitive jocks . Their first long term relationship begins when Leonard returns from a three - month expedition to the North Pole in the season 3 premiere . However , when Leonard tells Penny that he loves her , she realizes she can not say it back . Both Leonard and Penny go on to date other people ; most notably with Leonard dating Raj 's sister Priya for much of season 4 . This relationship is jeopardized when Leonard comes to falsely believe that Raj has slept with Penny , and ultimately ends when Priya sleeps with a former boyfriend in `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' .", "Penny , who admits to missing Leonard in `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' , accepts his request to renew their relationship in `` The Beta Test Initiation '' . After Penny suggests having sex in `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Leonard breaks the mood by proposing to her . Penny says `` no '' but does not break up with him . She stops a proposal a second time in `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' . In the sixth - season episode , `` The 43 Peculiarity '' , Penny finally tells Leonard that she loves him . Although they both feel jealousy when the other receives significant attention from the opposite sex , Penny is secure enough in their relationship to send him off on an exciting four - month expedition without worrying in `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' . After Leonard returns , their relationship blossoms over the seventh season . In the penultimate episode `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' , Penny admits that they should marry and when Leonard realizes that she is serious , he proposes with a ring that he had been saving for years . Leonard and Penny decide to elope to Las Vegas in the season 8 finale , but beforehand , wanting no secrets , Leonard admits to kissing another woman , Mandy Chow ( Melissa Tang ) while on an expedition on the North Sea . Despite this , Leonard and Penny finally elope in the season 9 premiere .", "In the third - season finale , Raj and Howard search for a woman compatible with Sheldon and discover neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler . Like him , she has a history of social ineptitude and participates in online dating only to fulfill an agreement with her mother . This spawns a storyline in which Sheldon and Amy communicate daily while insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved . In `` The Agreement Dissection '' , Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing and she kisses him on the lips . Instead of getting annoyed , Sheldon says `` fascinating '' and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . The same night he draws up `` The Relationship Agreement '' to verify the ground rules of him as her boyfriend and vice versa ( similar to his `` Roommate Agreement '' with Leonard ) . Amy agrees but later regrets not having had a lawyer read through it .", "In the episode `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Amy tries to use her `` neurobiology bag of tricks '' to increase the attraction between herself and Sheldon . In the final fifth - season episode `` The Countdown Reflection '' , Sheldon takes Amy 's hand as Howard is launched into space . In the sixth season first episode `` The Date Night Variable '' , after a dinner in which Sheldon fails to live up to this expectation , Amy gives Sheldon an ultimatum that their relationship is over unless he tells her something from his heart . Amy accepts Sheldon 's romantic speech even after learning that it is a line from the first Spider - Man movie . In `` The Cooper / Kripke Inversion '' Sheldon states that he has been working on his discomfort about physical contact and admits that `` it 's a possibility '' that he could one day have sex with Amy . Amy is revealed to have similar feelings in `` The Love Spell Potential '' . Sheldon explains that he never thought about intimacy with anyone before Amy .", "`` The Locomotive Manipulation '' is the first episode in which Sheldon initiates a kiss with Amy . Although initially done in a fit of sarcasm , he discovers that he enjoys the feeling . Consequently , Sheldon slowly starts to open up over the rest of the season , and starts a more intimate relationship with Amy . However , in the season finale , Sheldon leaves temporarily to cope with several changes and Amy becomes distraught . However , in `` The Prom Equivalency '' , he hides in his room to avoid going to a mock prom reenactment with her . In the resulting stand - off , Amy is about to confess that she loves Sheldon , but he surprises her by saying that he loves her too . This prompts Amy to have a panic attack .", "In the season eight finale , Sheldon and Amy get into a fight about commitment on their 5 - year anniversary . Amy tells Sheldon that she needs to think about the future of their relationship , unaware that Sheldon was about to propose to her . Season nine sees Sheldon harassing Amy about making up her mind until she breaks up with him . Both struggle with singlehood and trying to be friends for the next few weeks until they reunite in episode ten and have sex for the first time on Amy 's birthday .", "In scenes set at Howard 's home , he interacts with his rarely - seen mother ( voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death ) by shouting from room to room in the house . She similarly interacts with other characters in this manner . She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways , such as being overly controlling of Howard 's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble . She is dependent on Howard , as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning . Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him , takes him to the dentist , does his laundry and `` grounds '' him when he returns home after briefly moving out . Until Howard 's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth - season finale , Howard 's former living situation led Leonard 's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology , and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal . In season 8 , Howard 's mother dies in her sleep while in Florida , which devastates Howard and Stuart , who briefly lived with Mrs. Wolowitz .", "Like most shows created by Chuck Lorre , The Big Bang Theory ends by showing a vanity card written by Lorre after the credits , followed by the Warner Bros. Television closing logo . These cards are archived on Lorre 's website .", "Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes , Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus . Officially titled Теоретики ( The Theorists ) , the show features `` clones '' of the main characters , a similar opening sequence , and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts . Lorre expressed annoyance and described his inquiry with the Warner Bros. legal department about options . The television production company and station 's close relationship with the Belarus government was cited as the reason that any attempt to claim copyright infringement would be in vain because the company copying the episodes is operated by the government .", "However , no legal action was required to end production of the other show : as soon as it became known that the show was unlicensed , the actors quit and the producers cancelled it . Dmitriy Tankovich ( who plays Leonard 's counterpart , `` Seva '' ) said in an interview , `` I 'm upset . At first , the actors were told all legal issues were resolved . We did n't know it was n't the case , so when the creators of The Big Bang Theory started talking about the show , I was embarrassed . I ca n't understand why our people first do , and then think . I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career . And I do n't want to take part in a stolen show '' .", "Initial reception for the series was mixed . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 55 % approval rating for the first season based on reviews from 22 critics , with an average rating of 5.18 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Big Bang Theory brings a new class of character to mainstream television , but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff . '' On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Later seasons received more acclaim and in 2013 , TV Guide ranked the series # 52 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time .", "The Big Bang Theory started off slowly in the ratings , failing to make the top 50 in its first season ( ranking 68th ) , and ranking 40th in its second season . When the third season premiered on September 21 , 2009 , however , The Big Bang Theory ranked as CBS 's highest - rated show of that evening in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic ( 4.6 / 10 ) along with a then - series - high 12.83 million viewers . After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights , CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8 : 00 ET for the 2010 -- 2011 schedule , to be in direct competition with NBC 's Comedy Block and Fox 's American Idol ( then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011 ) . During its fourth season , it became television 's highest rated comedy , just barely beating out eight - year champ Two and a Half Men . However , in the age 18 -- 49 demographic ( the show 's target age range ) , it was the second highest rated comedy , behind ABC 's Modern Family . The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million .", "The sixth season boasts some of the highest - rated episodes for the show so far , with a then - new series high set with `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' , with 20 million viewers , a first for the series , which along with NCIS , made CBS the first network to have two scripted series reach that large an audience in the same week since 2007 . In the sixth season , the show became the highest rated and viewed scripted show in the 18 -- 49 demographic , trailing only the live regular NBC Sunday Night Football coverage , and was third in total viewers , trailing NCIS and Sunday Night Football . Season seven of the series opened strong , continuing the success gained in season six , with the second episode of the premiere , `` The Deception Verification '' , setting the new series high in viewers with 20.44 million .", "Showrunner Steve Molaro , who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season , credits some of the show 's success to the sitcom 's exposure in off - network syndication , particularly on TBS , while Michael Schneider of TV Guide attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier . Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro , in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships , such as the on - again , off - again relationship between Leonard and Penny . Throughout much of the 2012 -- 13 season , The Big Bang Theory placed first in all of syndication ratings , receiving formidable competition from only Judge Judy and Wheel of Fortune ( first - run syndication programs ) . By the end of the 2012 -- 13 television season , The Big Bang Theory had dethroned Judge Judy as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1 , Judy descending to second place for that season with a 7.0 . The Big Bang Theory did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013 -- 14 television season , beaten out by Judge Judy .", "Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 9 -- 17 ) 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 9.52 May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 7.34 2007 -- 08 68 8.31 3.3 / 8 ( 46 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 14 , 16 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 30pm ( 15 ) 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 9.36 May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 9.81 2008 -- 09 40 10.03 N / A Monday 9 : 30pm ( 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 00pm ( 20 ) 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 12.96 May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.78 2009 -- 10 12 14.22 5.3 / 13 ( 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 14.04 May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 11.30 2010 -- 11 13 13.21 4.4 / 13 ( 7 ) 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 14.30 May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 13.72 2011 -- 12 8 15.82 5.5 / 17 ( 6 ) 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 15.66 May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 15.48 2012 -- 13 18.68 6.2 / 19 ( 2 ) 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 18.99 May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 16.73 2013 -- 14 19.96 6.2 / 20 ( 2 ) 8 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 6 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 7 -- 24 ) 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 18.08 May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 14.64 2014 -- 15 19.05 5.6 / 17 ( 4 ) 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 18.20 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 14.73 2015 -- 16 20.36 5.8 / 19 ( 3 ) 10 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 6 -- 24 ) 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 15.82 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 12.99 2016 -- 17 18.99 4.9 / 19 ( 3 ) 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 17.65 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD", "Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average )", "Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions )", "Monday 8 : 30pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 9 -- 17 ) 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 9.52 May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 7.34 2007 -- 08 68 8.31 3.3 / 8 ( 46 )", "Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 14 , 16 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 30pm ( 15 ) 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 9.36 May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 9.81 2008 -- 09 40 10.03 N / A", "Monday 9 : 30pm ( 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 00pm ( 20 ) 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 12.96 May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.78 2009 -- 10 12 14.22 5.3 / 13 ( 5 )", "Thursday 8 : 00pm 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 14.04 May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 11.30 2010 -- 11 13 13.21 4.4 / 13 ( 7 )", "5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 14.30 May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 13.72 2011 -- 12 8 15.82 5.5 / 17 ( 6 )", "6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 15.66 May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 15.48 2012 -- 13 18.68 6.2 / 19 ( 2 )", "7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 18.99 May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 16.73 2013 -- 14 19.96 6.2 / 20 ( 2 )", "8 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 6 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 7 -- 24 ) 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 18.08 May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 14.64 2014 -- 15 19.05 5.6 / 17 ( 4 )", "9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 18.20 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 14.73 2015 -- 16 20.36 5.8 / 19 ( 3 )", "10 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 6 -- 24 ) 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 15.82 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 12.99 2016 -- 17 18.99 4.9 / 19 ( 3 )", "11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 17.65 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD", "The show made its United Kingdom debut on Channel 4 on February 14 , 2008 . The show was also shown as a ' first - look ' on Channel 4 's digital offshoot E4 prior to the main channel 's airing . While the show 's ratings were not deemed strong enough for the main channel , they were considered the opposite for E4 . For each following season , all episodes were shown first - run on E4 , with episodes only aired on the main channel in a repeat capacity , usually on a weekend morning . From the third season , the show aired in two parts , being split so that it could air new episodes for longer throughout the year . This was due to rising ratings . The first part began airing on December 17 , 2009 at 9 : 00 p.m. while the second part , containing the remaining eleven episodes , began airing in the same time period from May 6 , 2010 . The first half of the fourth season began airing on November 4 , 2010 , at 9 : 00 p.m. , drawing 877,000 viewers , with a further 256,000 watching on the E4 + 1 hour service . This gave the show an overall total of 1.13 million viewers , making it E4 's most watched programme for that week . The increased ratings continued over subsequent weeks .", "The fourth season 's second half began on June 30 , 2011 . Season 5 began airing on November 3 , 2011 at 8 : 00 p.m. as part of E4 's Comedy Thursdays , acting as a lead - in to the channel 's newest comedy , Perfect Couples . Episode 19 , the highest - viewed episode of the season , attracted 1.4 million viewers . Season 6 premiered on November 15 , 2012 , with 1.89 million viewers and a further 469,000 on the time shift channel , bringing the total to 2.31 million , E4 's highest viewing ratings of 2012 , and the highest the channel had received since June 2011 . The sixth season returned in mid 2013 to finish airing the remaining episodes . Season 7 premiered on E4 on October 31 , 2013 at 8 : 30pm and hit multiple ratings records this season . The second half of season seven aired in mid 2014 . The eighth season premiered on E4 on October 23 , 2014 at 8 : 30 p.m. During its eighth season , The Big Bang Theory shared its 8 : 30 p.m. time period with fellow CBS comedy , 2 Broke Girls . Following the airing of the first eight episodes of that show 's fourth season , The Big Bang Theory returned to finish airing its eighth season on March 19 , 2015 .", "Netflix UK & Ireland announced on February 13 , 2016 that seasons 1 -- 8 would be available to stream from February 15 , 2016 .", "The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada , but managed to garner major success in later seasons . The Big Bang Theory is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates . Now immensely popular in Canada , The Big Bang Theory is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network .", "The season 4 premiere garnered an estimated 3.1 million viewers across Canada . This is the largest audience for a sitcom since the series finale of Friends ( 12.4 million viewers ) . The Big Bang Theory has pulled ahead and has now become the most - watched entertainment television show in Canada .", "The Big Bang Theory premiered in the United States on September 24 , 2007 on CBS . The series debuted in Canada on CTV in September 2007 . On February 14 , 2008 , the series debuted in the United Kingdom on channels E4 and Channel 4 . In Australia the first seven seasons of the series began airing on the Seven Network and 7mate from October 2015 and also gained the rights to season 8 in 2016 , though the Nine Network has rights to air seasons nine & ten .", "In May 2010 , it was reported that the show had been picked up for syndication , mainly among Fox 's owned and operated stations and other local stations , with Warner Bros. Television 's sister cable network TBS holding the show 's cable syndication rights . Broadcast of old shows began airing in September 2011 . TBS now airs the series in primetime on Tuesdays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays , with evening broadcasts on Saturdays ( TBS 's local sister station in Atlanta also holds local weeknight rights to the series ) . Although details of the syndication deal have not been revealed , it was reported the deal `` set a record price for a cable off - network sitcom purchase '' . CTV holds national broadcast syndication rights in Canada , while sister cable network The Comedy Network holds cable rights .", "Warner Bros. Television controls the online rights for the show . Full episodes are available at tv.com , while short clips and recently aired full episodes are available on cbs.com . In Canada , recent episode ( s ) and pictures are available on CTV.ca . After the show has aired in New Zealand the shows are available in full online at TVNZ 's on demand web service .", "Name Release dates No. of episodes Additional Information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season September 2 , 2008 January 12 , 2009 April 3 , 2009 17 3 - disc box set `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' . Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive ) The Complete Second Season September 15 , 2009 October 19 , 2009 March 3 , 2010 23 4 - disc box set Gag reel `` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show '' `` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics '' The Complete Third Season September 14 , 2010 September 27 , 2010 October 13 , 2010 23 3 - disc box set Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar Inside look on the third season Gag reel The Complete Fourth Season September 13 , 2011 September 26 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 3 - disc box set Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies Music video for the theme song Cast interviews Gag reel The Complete Fifth Season September 11 , 2012 September 3 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory at 100 '' `` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection '' `` Professors of Production '' Gag reel The Complete Sixth Season September 10 , 2013 September 2 , 2013 October 11 , 2013 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier '' `` Houston , We Have a Sitcom '' `` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments '' `` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 '' Gag reel The Complete Seventh Season September 16 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 24 String Theory Serenade James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star BBTea Time The Big Bang Theory 's May the 4th The Convention Conundrum The Big Cendrowski 2013 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The Complete Eighth Season September 15 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 24 Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT 2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel Constellation Prize Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans ! Gag Reel The Complete Ninth Season September 13 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 24 The Big Bang Theory Gives Back BBT : The Big 200 ! Love IS Rocket Science Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ... Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ? 2015 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel", "Name Release dates No. of episodes Additional Information", "Region 1 Region 2 Region 4", "The Complete First Season September 2 , 2008 January 12 , 2009 April 3 , 2009 17 3 - disc box set `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' . Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive )", "3 - disc box set `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' . Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive )", "3 - disc box set", "`` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' .", "Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive )", "The Complete Second Season September 15 , 2009 October 19 , 2009 March 3 , 2010 23 4 - disc box set Gag reel `` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show '' `` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics ''", "4 - disc box set Gag reel `` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show '' `` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics ''", "4 - disc box set", "`` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show ''", "`` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics ''", "The Complete Third Season September 14 , 2010 September 27 , 2010 October 13 , 2010 23 3 - disc box set Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar Inside look on the third season Gag reel", "3 - disc box set Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar Inside look on the third season Gag reel", "3 - disc box set", "Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar", "Inside look on the third season", "The Complete Fourth Season September 13 , 2011 September 26 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 3 - disc box set Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies Music video for the theme song Cast interviews Gag reel", "3 - disc box set Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies Music video for the theme song Cast interviews Gag reel", "3 - disc box set", "Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies", "Music video for the theme song", "The Complete Fifth Season September 11 , 2012 September 3 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory at 100 '' `` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection '' `` Professors of Production '' Gag reel", "3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory at 100 '' `` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection '' `` Professors of Production '' Gag reel", "3 - disc box set", "`` The Big Bang Theory at 100 ''", "`` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection ''", "`` Professors of Production ''", "The Complete Sixth Season September 10 , 2013 September 2 , 2013 October 11 , 2013 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier '' `` Houston , We Have a Sitcom '' `` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments '' `` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 '' Gag reel", "3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier '' `` Houston , We Have a Sitcom '' `` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments '' `` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 '' Gag reel", "3 - disc box set", "`` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier ''", "`` Houston , We Have a Sitcom ''", "`` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments ''", "`` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 ''", "The Complete Seventh Season September 16 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 24 String Theory Serenade James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star BBTea Time The Big Bang Theory 's May the 4th The Convention Conundrum The Big Cendrowski 2013 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel", "String Theory Serenade James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star BBTea Time The Big Bang Theory 's May the 4th The Convention Conundrum The Big Cendrowski 2013 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel", "String Theory Serenade", "James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star", "The Big Bang Theory 's May the 4th", "The Convention Conundrum", "The Big Cendrowski", "2013 Comic - Con Panel", "The Complete Eighth Season September 15 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 24 Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT 2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel Constellation Prize Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans ! Gag Reel", "Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT 2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel Constellation Prize Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans ! Gag Reel", "Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT", "2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel", "Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi", "It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans !", "The Complete Ninth Season September 13 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 24 The Big Bang Theory Gives Back BBT : The Big 200 ! Love IS Rocket Science Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ... Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ? 2015 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel", "The Big Bang Theory Gives Back BBT : The Big 200 ! Love IS Rocket Science Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ... Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ? 2015 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel", "The Big Bang Theory Gives Back", "BBT : The Big 200 !", "Love IS Rocket Science", "Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ...", "Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ?", "2015 Comic - Con Panel", "The first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release in 2008 and 2009 . Starting with the release of the third season in 2010 and continuing every year with every new season , a Blu - ray disc set has also been released in conjunction with the DVD . In 2012 , Warner Bros. released the first two seasons on Blu - ray , marking the first time that all episodes were available on the Blu - ray disc format .", "In August 2009 , the sitcom won the best comedy series TCA award and Jim Parsons ( Sheldon ) won the award for individual achievement in comedy . In 2010 , the show won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy , while Parsons won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 16 , 2011 , Parsons was awarded a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy or Musical , an award that was presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco . On September 18 , 2011 , Parsons was again awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 9 , 2013 , the show won People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy for a second time . August 25 , 2014 , Jim Parsons was awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . The Big Bang Theory also won the 2016 People 's Choice Awards for under Favorite TV Show and Favorite Network TV Comedy with Jim Parsons winning Favorite Comedic TV Actor . On January 20 , 2016 , The Big Bang Theory also won the International category at the UK 's National Television Awards .", "On March 16 , 2014 , a Lego Ideas project portraying the living room scene in Lego style with the main cast as minifigures reached 10,000 supporters on the platform , which qualified it to be considered as an official set by the Lego Ideas review board . On November 7 , 2014 , Lego Ideas approved the design and began refining it . The set was released in August 2015 , with an exclusive pre-sale taking place at the San Diego Comic - Con International .", "In November 2016 , it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin - off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon as a young boy . The prequel series , described as `` a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single - camera family comedy '' would be executive produced by Lorre and Molaro , with Prady expected to be involved in some capacity , and intended to air in the 2017 -- 18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory . The initial idea for the series came from Parsons , who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers . In early March 2017 , Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon , as well as Zoe Perry as his mother , Mary Cooper . Perry is the real - life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory .", "On March 13 , 2017 , CBS ordered the spin - off Young Sheldon series . Jon Favreau will direct and executive produce the pilot . Created by Lorre and Molaro , the series follows 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper as he attends high school in East Texas . Alongside Armitage as 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper and Perry as Mary Cooper , Lance Barber stars as George Cooper , Sheldon 's father ; Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper , Sheldon 's twin sister ; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper , Sheldon 's older brother . Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper , as narrator for the series . Parsons , Lorre , Molaro and Todd Spiewak will also serve as executive producers on the series , for Chuck Lorre Productions , Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television . It is scheduled to begin airing on November 2 , 2017 , after The Big Bang Theory . It had a special preview on September 25 , 2017 ." ]

[ [ "1983" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Call Me by Your Name Theatrical release poster Directed by Luca Guadagnino Produced by Peter Spears Luca Guadagnino Emilie Georges Rodrigo Teixeira Marco Morabito James Ivory Howard Rosenman Screenplay by James Ivory Based on Call Me by Your Name by André Aciman Starring Armie Hammer Timothée Chalamet Michael Stuhlbarg Amira Casar Esther Garrel Victoire Du Bois Cinematography Sayombhu Mukdeeprom Edited by Walter Fasano Production company Frenesy Film Company La Cinéfacture RT Features M.Y.R.A. Entertainment Water 's End Productions Distributed by Sony Pictures Classics Warner Bros. Pictures ( Italy ) Release date January 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) ( Sundance ) November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) ( United States ) January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) ( Brazil ) January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) ( Italy ) February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) ( France ) Running time 132 minutes Country Italy United States Brazil France Language English Italian French Budget $3.5 million Box office $41.7 million", "Call Me by Your Name", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Luca Guadagnino", "Produced by Peter Spears Luca Guadagnino Emilie Georges Rodrigo Teixeira Marco Morabito James Ivory Howard Rosenman", "Peter Spears Luca Guadagnino Emilie Georges Rodrigo Teixeira Marco Morabito James Ivory Howard Rosenman", "Screenplay by James Ivory", "Based on Call Me by Your Name by André Aciman", "Starring Armie Hammer Timothée Chalamet Michael Stuhlbarg Amira Casar Esther Garrel Victoire Du Bois", "Armie Hammer Timothée Chalamet Michael Stuhlbarg Amira Casar Esther Garrel Victoire Du Bois", "Victoire Du Bois", "Cinematography Sayombhu Mukdeeprom", "Edited by Walter Fasano", "Production company Frenesy Film Company La Cinéfacture RT Features M.Y.R.A. Entertainment Water 's End Productions", "Frenesy Film Company La Cinéfacture RT Features M.Y.R.A. Entertainment Water 's End Productions", "Frenesy Film Company", "Water 's End Productions", "Distributed by Sony Pictures Classics Warner Bros. Pictures ( Italy )", "Sony Pictures Classics Warner Bros. Pictures ( Italy )", "Sony Pictures Classics", "Warner Bros. Pictures ( Italy )", "Release date January 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) ( Sundance ) November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) ( United States ) January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) ( Brazil ) January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) ( Italy ) February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) ( France )", "January 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) ( Sundance ) November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) ( United States ) January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) ( Brazil ) January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) ( Italy ) February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) ( France )", "January 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) ( Sundance )", "November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) ( United States )", "January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) ( Brazil )", "January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) ( Italy )", "February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) ( France )", "Running time 132 minutes", "Country Italy United States Brazil France", "Italy United States Brazil France", "Language English Italian French", "English Italian French", "Budget $3.5 million", "Box office $41.7 million", "Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 coming - of - age romantic drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by James Ivory . It is based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman , and is the final installment in Guadagnino 's thematic `` Desire '' trilogy , after I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Set in northern Italy in 1983 , Call Me by Your Name chronicles a romantic relationship between 17 - year - old Elio Perlman ( Timothée Chalamet ) and his professor father 's 24 - year - old graduate - student assistant Oliver ( Armie Hammer ) . The film also stars Michael Stuhlbarg , Amira Casar , Esther Garrel , and Victoire Du Bois .", "The film began development in 2007 when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the screen rights to Aciman 's novel . Ivory served as the screenwriter and co-producer ; he was initially set to co-direct the film but stepped down in 2016 . Guadagnino joined the project as a location consultant and eventually became director and co-producer . The film was financed by several international companies , and principal photography mainly took place in Crema , Italy , in May and June 2016 . The filmmakers spent weeks before production decorating the Villa Albergoni , one of the main filming locations . Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom shot the film on 35 - mm film .", "Call Me by Your Name was chosen for distribution by Sony Pictures Classics before its world premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival on January 22 , 2017 . It began a limited release in the United States on November 24 , 2017 , and went to general release on January 19 , 2018 . The film received numerous accolades and praise for its acting , screenplay , direction , and music . At the 90th Academy Awards , it received four nominations , including Best Picture , and won for Best Adapted Screenplay . Ivory also won awards for his screenplay at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards , the 70th Writers Guild of America Awards , and the 71st British Academy Film Awards . A sequel to the film was announced in January 2018 .", "17 - year - old Elio lives with his parents in rural Northern Italy . His father , a professor of archaeology , invites a 24 - year - old graduate student , Oliver , to live with him and his family over the summer and help with his academic paperwork . Elio , an introspective bibliophile and musical prodigy , initially finds little in common with Oliver , who has a contrastingly carefree and exuberant personality . Elio resents having to give up his bedroom for Oliver for the duration of his stay . He spends much of the summer reading , playing piano , and hanging out with his girlfriend , Marzia . Oliver is meanwhile attracted to one of the local girls , much to Elio 's annoyance .", "Elio and Oliver begin a seductive courtship : they swim together , go for long walks into town , and accompany Elio 's father on an archaeological trip . Elio begins a sexual relationship with Marzia and brags about it in front of Oliver to gauge his reaction , but nonetheless finds himself increasingly attracted to Oliver . He sneaks into Oliver 's room to smell his bathing suit , and thinks about him while masturbating . During a trip to the post office , Elio confesses his feelings to Oliver , who tells him he should not act on them . Later that day , Elio and Oliver kiss , but Oliver is reluctant to go any further . The two grow distant .", "In response to a note from Elio , Oliver leaves a message on Elio 's desk telling Elio to meet him at midnight . Elio spends the day with Marzia but longs to see Oliver . At midnight , he approaches Oliver and they have sex . They become more physically and emotionally intimate over the next few days , having sex frequently while keeping their relationship secret . Smitten with Oliver by this point , Elio starts avoiding Marzia .", "As the end of Oliver 's stay approaches , the couple find themselves overcome by uncertainty and longing . Elio 's parents , who are aware of the bond between the two , recommend they visit Bergamo together before Oliver returns to the United States . After spending three romantic days together , Elio , heartbroken , calls his mother and asks her to pick him up and take him home . Marzia , who still wants to be friends with Elio , is sympathetic ; his father , seeing Elio 's sadness , tells him he was aware of their relationship , confesses to almost having had a similar relationship in his own youth , and urges Elio to learn and grow from his grief , instead of quickly moving on .", "During Hanukkah , Oliver telephones Elio and his family to tell them he is engaged to be married . Oliver tells Elio he `` remembers everything '' very clearly . After the call , Elio sits by the fireplace , distraught , as his parents and the house staff prepare a holiday dinner .", "Credits are adapted from Fandango .", "Armie Hammer as Oliver Timothée Chalamet as Elio Perlman Michael Stuhlbarg as Mr. Perlman Amira Casar as Annella Perlman Esther Garrel as Marzia Victoire Du Bois as Chiara Vanda Capriolo as Mafalda Antonio Rimoldi as Anchise Elena Bucci as Bambi , Art Historian 1 Marco Sgrosso as Nico , Art Historian 2 André Aciman as Mounir Peter Spears as Isaac", "Armie Hammer as Oliver", "Timothée Chalamet as Elio Perlman", "Michael Stuhlbarg as Mr. Perlman", "Amira Casar as Annella Perlman", "Esther Garrel as Marzia", "Victoire Du Bois as Chiara", "Vanda Capriolo as Mafalda", "Antonio Rimoldi as Anchise", "Elena Bucci as Bambi , Art Historian 1", "Marco Sgrosso as Nico , Art Historian 2", "André Aciman as Mounir", "Peter Spears as Isaac", "Call Me by Your Name is the final installment in Luca Guadagnino 's thematic Desire trilogy , following I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Guadagnino described his approach in the film as `` lighthearted and simple '' ; it is a departure from his `` highly stylised ( and ) dazzling '' previous work , according to Jordan Hoffman of The Guardian . He considers Call Me by Your Name a `` homage to the fathers of my life : my own father , and my cinematic ones '' , referring to filmmakers Jean Renoir , Jacques Rivette , Éric Rohmer , and Bernardo Bertolucci , who inspired him .", "He has described Call Me by Your Name as a family - oriented film for the purpose of `` transmission of knowledge and hope that people of different generations come to see the film together '' . He never saw it as a `` gay '' movie but rather calls it a film about the `` beauty of the newborn idea of desire , unbiased and uncynical '' , and reflecting his motto of living `` with a sense of joie de vivre '' in which `` we should always be very earnest with one 's feelings , instead of hiding them or shielding ourselves '' . He further declared it as an `` uplifting film '' about `` being who you want to be and finding yourself into the gaze of the other in his or her otherness . ''", "The director tried to avoid the flaws he had seen in most coming - of - age films , in which growth is often portrayed as being a result of resolving preconceived dilemmas such as an enforced choice between two lovers . He also wanted the story to follow two people in the moment , rather than focus on an antagonist or a tragedy , an approach inspired by À nos amours ( 1983 ) , directed by Maurice Pialat . As someone who considers sex in film a representation of the characters ' behavior and identity , Guadagnino was not interested in including explicit sex scenes in the film , to keep the tone as planned . He explained his intention : `` I wanted the audience to completely rely on the emotional travel of these people and feel first love ... It was important to me to create this powerful universality , because the whole idea of the movie is that the other person makes you beautiful -- enlightens you , elevates you '' .", "After seeing an early proof of André Aciman 's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007 , American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published . Rosenman first heard about the book through a friend after acting in Milk ( 2008 ) and described it as `` divine '' ; Spears was also moved by it and felt the need to make it into a film , which later became the first feature film he credited as producer . They invited their friend James Ivory to work as an executive producer on the film adaptation . Spears and Rosenman read the book independently and began to produce the film in 2008 . The project was soon in `` development hell '' : the producers met with three sets of directors and writers -- among them Gabriele Muccino , Ferzan Özpetek , and Sam Taylor - Johnson -- but could not find anyone who would commit to the project . Scheduling around the need to film in Italy during the summer also proved difficult .", "The producers contacted Guadagnino , their first choice to direct , but he declined , citing a busy schedule . Living in northern Italy , he was first hired as a location consultant instead , to help `` put the movie together from the Italian side '' . Guadagnino later suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory but no contractual agreement was yet in place . Ivory accepted the offer , and spent between six and nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay . He put together more than 100 pages of notes during the process . Guadagnino , who has described the novel as `` a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things '' , wrote the adaptation with Ivory while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to refine it . Screenwriting was done at Ivory 's house , Guadagnino 's kitchen table in Crema , and sometimes in New York City . Ivory hardly met Guadagnino during the process ; Guadagnino was making A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) .", "The screenplay was completed in late 2015 . Aciman approved it and commended the adaptation as `` direct ... real and persuasive '' . He added , `` as the writer I found myself saying , ' Wow , they 've done better than the book ' '' . The completed screenplay was vital in securing funding for the film 's production . Among the financiers were the production companies La Cinéfacture ( France ) ; Frenesy Film Company ( Italy , owned by Guadagnino ) ; M.Y.R.A. Entertainment ( United States ) ; RT Features ( Brazil ) , and Water 's End Productions ( United States ) . The project was also supported by the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism . The financiers , however , considered the film `` too expensive '' ; during negotiations , the production 's budget was reduced from $12 million to $3.5 million , while the filming schedule was cut down from 12 to 5 weeks .", "In 2016 , Ivory stepped down from directing , leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone . According to Ivory , financiers from Memento Films International did not want two directors to be involved with the project because they `` thought it would be awkward ... It might take longer , it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set , and so on '' . Guadagnino said Ivory 's version would have likely been `` a much more costly ( and ) different film '' that could not have been made because of `` market realities '' . Ivory became the sole - credited screenwriter ; he later sold the rights to the screenplay to Guadagnino 's company . Call Me by Your Name was Ivory 's first produced screenplay since Le Divorce ( 2003 ) and the only narrative feature he has written and not directed . Ivory was `` very much involved '' with other aspects of the production . Guadagnino dedicated the film to his friend Bill Paxton , who came to visit the set in Crema before his death in February 2017 .", "The film differs from its source material in a number of ways . While the novel serves as a memory - piece from Elio 's perspective , the filmmakers set the movie entirely in the present timeline , a `` much more efficient '' solution , to help the audience understand the characters and `` reflect the essence of the book '' . The setting was changed from Bordighera to the countryside of Crema , Lombardy , where Guadagnino lives . Aciman felt the place was not familiar with the town square he pictured in the novel , one he described was `` far smaller and stood high on a hill overlooking a windswept Mediterranean '' ; the arid climate and `` spookily deserted '' nature in Crema concerned him that the film would n't correspond to the novel . The director also changed the year of the events from 1987 to 1983 -- a year in which he said , `` in Italy at least , when everything that was great about the ' 70s is definitely shut down '' , and one in which the characters `` are in a way untouched by the corruption of the ' 80s -- in the U.S. , ( Ronald ) Reagan , and in the UK , ( Margaret ) Thatcher '' . Ivory altered Mr. Perlman 's profession from a classics scholar to `` an art historian / archeologist type '' , a decision that Aciman described as `` perfect '' and `` more visual , ( ... ) more exciting , as opposed to what a scholar does at his desk . ''", "Guadagnino was tempted to remove the scene from the novel in which Elio masturbates into a pitted peach , which he thought it was too explicit . Timothée Chalamet was also nervous about the scene , describing it as `` a metamorphosis of some of the strongest ideas in the movie '' and the key to illuminating the character 's `` overabundant sexual energy '' . Despite their reservations , Guadagnino and Chalamet each tested the method by themselves and both agreed it worked so it was included in the film . A scene featuring Elio and Oliver dancing enthusiastically to The Psychedelic Furs ' song `` Love My Way '' in a small bar is not drawn from the book but was inspired by Jonathan Demme 's Something Wild ( 1986 ) and Guadagnino 's experience of dancing by himself when he was young .", "When he was revising Ivory 's draft of the script , Guadagnino removed the voice - over narration and a considerable amount of nudity . According to Ivory , Guadagnino was `` talking about how he would do '' the scenes with nudity involved , but later dropped it . The director did not like the idea of having the main character tell the story retrospectively , stating that `` it kills the surprise '' . Towards the end of the novel , the two protagonists visit Rome together ; the trip lasts an entire chapter and introduces new characters in multiple locations . Because of the film 's limited budget , Ivory and the producers wrote several variations , introducing the idea of having the lead characters left alone in the house ; this was changed into another trip in which they spend time alone together . Changes in Ivory 's screenplay were made during the filming , and the screenwriter was n't present at the shooting set .", "In his original script , Ivory depicted Elio 's parents discussing about AIDS in two scenes , and Elio decorating a Christmas tree in his family 's home in the final scene . Ivory had to reduce the length of Mr. Perlman 's speech but was committed to keeping it in the script . He described the scene in which Elio conveys his feelings to Oliver as one of the story 's most important moments that captures the `` euphoric passion and nervousness '' of their first love . Aciman was surprised by Guadagnino 's final scene where Elio is seen crying by the fireplace . He wrote about the film adaptation : `` Cinema can be an entirely magical medium . What I do as a writer , and what Guadagnino does as a film director , is more than speak two different languages . What I do is chisel a statue down to its finest , most elusive details . What a film director does is make the statue move . ''", "In 2015 , Shia LaBeouf and Greta Scacchi were reportedly set to be cast in the film . In September 2016 , Ivory confirmed they were no longer involved in the project . LaBeouf had read for the film in New York City , but the production company later felt he was unsuitable because of his `` various troubles '' ; although Ivory thought Scacchi and LeBeouf `` had good scenes together '' and could have made it into the film , the company disagreed .", "After seeing Armie Hammer 's performance in The Social Network ( 2010 ) , Guadagnino `` fell in love '' with him and cultivated his passion for Hammer and the movies he made afterwards . The director found him to be a `` sophisticated actor , with a great range '' and considered him for the role of Oliver . Hammer met with Guadagnino seven years before the film went into production , when the director was promoting I Am Love . Hammer almost turned down the role after reading the draft script because it contained nudity . He said , `` I did want to pass ; it scared me '' and `` There 's a lot of stuff here that I 've never done on film before . But there 's no way I ca n't do this ( film ) , mostly because it scares me so much . '' According to Guadagnino , Hammer was going to pass on the role through his agent , but then changed his mind at the end of their conversation . This is the third film in which Hammer has played a queer character , following J. Edgar ( 2011 ) and Final Portrait ( 2017 ) .", "In 2013 , Swardstrom -- Spears 's husband and agent -- introduced the 17 - year - old Chalamet to Guadagnino , who immediately felt the actor had `` the ambition , the intelligence , the sensitivity , the naivety , and the artistry '' to play Elio . Chalamet read Aciman 's novel by the time he was 17 and described it as `` a window into a young person '' . Chalamet , who had played piano and guitar for years , arrived in Italy five weeks early to prepare for his part by working with composer Roberto Solci . His character , 17 - year - old Elio , is fluent in three languages ; while being able to speak French fluently , Chalamet also took Italian lessons and gym workouts during his time in Italy .", "Michael Stuhlbarg plays Mr. Perlman , Elio 's father . Stuhlbarg did not start reading the book until he had already joined the production . He was moved by the `` many beautiful sentiments expressed '' in the script , including Mr. Perlman 's `` sense of generosity and love and understanding '' . Esther Garrel was contacted by Guadagnino when he was in Paris for the promotion of A Bigger Splash . Garrel was casted as Marzia without any test , and chose not to read the book before shooting . Towards the end of the film , Marzia asks Elio , `` Friend for life ? '' -- a line taken from J'entends plus la guitare ( 1991 ) , directed by the actress 's father , Philippe Garrel . `` I like the idea of talking virtually with Philippe Garrel through her , '' Guadagnino said . Garrel spoke French with Chalamet on set ; to improve her English , she watched Friends with English subtitles while shooting .", "The director chose Amira Casar , who he had known for twenty years , for the role of Annella . He admired her `` sense of the transgression '' and said that she represents `` the most audacious test of European art cinema '' . Casting director Stella Savino met Vanda Capriolo when she was bicycling in the countryside . Capriolo , who is not an actor , was later cast for the role of the maid , Mafalda . Aciman and Spears also appear briefly in cameo roles as Mounir and Isaac , a gay couple who attend a dinner party . Aciman was asked to be in the movie after actors became unavailable . `` It was a last - minute decision '' , Spears recalled , `` Andrė turns out to be a phenomenal actor ! So comfortable , not nervous at all . His wife was sitting there and said , ' I had no idea ! ' ''", "Hammer and Chalamet both signed contracts that prohibited full - frontal nudity . Ivory , whose original screenplay had contained nudity , was dismayed by the decision , criticizing what he saw as an `` American '' attitude and saying , `` Nobody seems to care that much or be shocked about a totally naked woman . It 's the men '' . He later commented that the lack of nudity , due to the director 's `` aesthetic decision '' , feels `` phoney '' . Guadagnino , who remained involved in the casting , chose actors based on their performances and chemistry rather than choosing to `` investigate or label '' their sexuality . He said , `` The idea that you have to cast only someone who has a certain set of skills , and worse , a certain gender identity in any role : that 's oppressive to me '' .", "The main location set for the Perlmans ' residence was Villa Albergoni , an uninhabited 17th - century mansion in Moscazzano . Guadagnino wanted to buy the house but could not afford it , so he made a film there instead . A landscape designer was hired to construct an orchard in the mansion 's garden . A pergola was built on the patio , and apricot and peach trees were placed in the garden .", "Six weeks before production , the crew -- including production designer Samuel Dehors and first - time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone -- gradually decorated the house with furniture , objects , and decoration inspired by the characters . Much of the furniture , including the dishes and glassware from the 1950s , belonged to Guadagnino and di Modrone 's parents . Di Modrone said , `` That made it cozy and personal ... I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by '' . Most of the Asia - inspired paintings , maps , and mirrors came from an antiques store in Milan . Books seen in background were published before 1982 . The swimming pool used in the film was recreated from a watering trough common in the area .", "The filmmakers set up faded political billboards in public places to reflect the Italian general election in 1983 , and re-created a newsstand full of magazines of that time . Guadagnino did not want the film to `` look like a reflection on the 80s ... when it becomes ( a period piece ) . '' His team researched extensively with help from the residents of Crema ; they entered people 's houses and collected their pictures of the 1980s . Chen Li served as graphic designer ; she wrote the titles of the opening credits , in which the director used photocopied images of statues and placed them with Mr. Perlman 's personal items .", "Costume designer Giulia Piersanti avoided using period costumes ; he wanted to provide `` a sense of insouciant adolescent sensuality , summer heat and sexual awakening '' to the characters . Several costume pieces were made for the film from scratch . The costumes were influenced by the French films Pauline at the Beach ( 1983 ) , A Tale of Springtime ( 1990 ) , and A Summer 's Tale ( 1996 ) . Piersanti took inspiration for the Perlmans ' wardrobe from her parents ' photograph albums . For Oliver 's `` sexy , healthy American '' image , Piersanti referred to `` some of Bruce Weber 's earliest photographs '' . His clothes change throughout the film as `` he 's more able to free himself '' . Aiming to emphasize Elio 's confident style , she chose several Lacoste costumes and a distinctive , New Romantic - looking shirt in the final scene . Piersanti chose several costume for Elio , including the polo shirt and Fido Dido T - shirt , from her husband 's closet .", "Principal photography on Call Me by Your Name lasted around 33 days . It began on May 9 , 2016 , and was completed in June 2016 . The process occurred quietly , with reports only appearing after filming had been underway for two weeks . The film was shot primarily in Crema and the province of Cremona . It was filmed during an unexpected , heavy rainstorm in Italy that was described by Spears as `` the coldest , wettest , stormiest time in 200 years in Europe . '' A search for extras in Crema began in March and April . Scenes set in the nearby villages Pandino and Moscazzano were filmed from May 17 , before moving to Crema on June 1 . Additional outdoor scenes were shot on December 4 , 2016 . Production in Crema cost € 18,000 , and a promotion campaign cost € 7,500 .", "Several historical locations in the streets of Crema and Pandino , including the arch of Torrazzo at Crema Cathedral , were chosen during production . Businesses received compensation for financial losses caused by the closure , which was scheduled for May 30 and 31 . Two days ' filming at the cathedral were postponed due to poor weather . Filming also took place in the Lodigiano area near Crespiatica and two small towns Montodine and Ripalta near Crema . The archaeological discovery scene was filmed at the Grottoes of Catullus in Sirmione on the Brescian shores of Lake Garda . The trip to Bergamo was filmed at the exterior of multiple historical buildings , including Bergamo Cathedral , the Santa Maria Maggiore , the courtyard of Liceo Classico Paolo Sarpi in Piazza Rosate and the University of Sciences , Letters and Arts . The train station scenes were filmed at the Station of Pizzighettone . Because of security concerns , the production team was only granted permission to film at the Cascate del Serio in Valbondione for half an hour .", "Before and during filming , the actors lived in Crema and were able to experience small - town life . Guadagnino engaged with the cast and filmmakers , and often cooked and showed films in his house for them . Hammer and Chalamet , who did not have to do a screen test together , met for the first time during production in Crema . Before filming began , they spent a month together , watching Mike Tyson documentaries and going to local restaurants to build character development . `` We 'd hang out with each other all the time , because we were pretty much the only Americans there , and we were able to defend one another and really get to know one another '' , Chalamet said . In the first two days of production , Guadagnino read the script with the cast . Hammer and Chalamet went to the kissing scene during the first rehearsal . The actors rehearsed their scenes every night before filming and spent several days filming nude . `` I 've never been so intimately involved with a director before . Luca was able to look at me and completely undress me '' , Hammer said .", "Pictures from some of the filming locations The Villa Albergoni The arch of Torrazzo at the Crema Cathedral The Grottoes of Catullus , on the Brescian shore of Lake Garda The Bergamo Cathedral The Piazza Vittorio Emanuele in Pandino Cascate del Serio The South portal of Santa Maria Maggiore , Bergamo The Station of Pizzighettone", "Pictures from some of the filming locations", "The Villa Albergoni", "The Villa Albergoni", "The arch of Torrazzo at the Crema Cathedral", "The arch of Torrazzo at the Crema Cathedral", "The Grottoes of Catullus , on the Brescian shore of Lake Garda", "The Grottoes of Catullus , on the Brescian shore of Lake Garda", "The Bergamo Cathedral", "The Bergamo Cathedral", "The Piazza Vittorio Emanuele in Pandino", "The Piazza Vittorio Emanuele in Pandino", "Cascate del Serio", "Cascate del Serio", "The South portal of Santa Maria Maggiore , Bergamo", "The South portal of Santa Maria Maggiore , Bergamo", "The Station of Pizzighettone", "The Station of Pizzighettone", "Guadagnino shot the film in chronological order , which allowed the filmmakers to `` witness the onscreen maturity of both protagonist and actor '' . The scene in which Mr. Perlman delivers an educational speech to Elio was filmed on the penultimate day of filming . Stuhlbarg spent months preparing for the scene , which Guadagnino wanted to make `` as simple as possible '' by taking fewer setups and `` let the actors be '' . According to Fasano , the scene took three takes to film and Stuhlbarg was `` on three different levels of getting emotional '' . Garrel enjoyed filming the sex scene between her and Chalamet ; she described the scene was filled with `` joy and simplicity . '' Chalamet was listening to `` Visions of Gideon '' , one of the original songs written for the film , in an earpiece while filming the final sequence , in which the director asked him to perform for three variations -- one per take . The camera was set in the fireplace with nobody behind it . `` It was bit of an acting experiment , '' Chalamet said .", "At the Piazza Vittorio Emanuele , a memorial to the victims of battle of the Piave located in Pandino , the filmmakers laid a long camera dolly track and filmed the scene in which Elio tells Oliver of his feelings for him in one take to provide the flexibility and the `` flow of emotion '' a cut scene could not . The scene was observed by Aciman in his first day on set . During the dancing sequence , Hammer had to perform to the click track in front of 50 off - camera extras ; the music was turned down so the dialogue could be recorded . In preparation for the scene , a dance coach was arranged by Guadagnino . Hammer said that it was `` the worst scene '' he had ever filmed . Choreographer Paolo Rocchi , who was contacted by the Frenesy Film Company in June 2016 , described the routine as `` awkward and realistic '' . Rosenman described the scene as one of the most emotional moments , he said `` It embodied and encapsulated , for me , what teenage love is all about , what desire is all about . ''", "Sayombhu Mukdeeprom , who had previously collaborated with Guadagnino on Ferdinando Cito Filomarino 's Antonia ( 2015 ) , served as the director of photography . He read Aciman 's novel before receiving the script and walked around filming locations to `` get a feeling for everything ... to see the color , to see how the light changed during the day , and input it into my data '' . He had to use artificial lighting to capture the Northern Italian summer atmosphere for Call Me by Your Name because of heavy rains that lasted the entirety of the shoot . He also empathized with the actors during the scene ; Mukdeeprom cried in a corner of the room when they finished the first take of the confrontation between Oliver and Elio . The entire film was made using 35 mm celluloid film and a single lens -- a decision influenced by the work of David Cronenberg to `` solidif ( y ) the point of view '' and make `` the tension of the performance come off the screen '' -- even if it meant increasing a production 's budget . Guadagnino also praised Jean - Pierre Laforce , the sound designer and mixer of the film , for his `` wonderful '' and `` pivotal '' contribution to the film . He described the work as `` visionary , even though it starts from reality . ''", "Fasano collaborated with Guadagnino during the post-production . They had worked together for 25 years since Guadagnino 's debut feature The Protagonists ( 1999 ) ; Fasano described working with him as `` atypical ... very demanding , but it 's a great experience . '' For Call Me by Your Name , post-production took only a month , between June and July -- the fastest they had edited . Their first cut of the film was three hours and 20 minutes long ; Fasano said that was his favorite cut of the film , and made him `` lose ( him ) self in the story and the images . '' The final result lasts two hours and 10 minutes ; its shooting ratio was 1 : 25 . The process came naturally ; Fasano cited the `` fast and unexplained '' storytelling in Pialat 's À nos amours as his inspiration . The monologue sequence from Elio 's father once had piano playing underneath , while the scene where the two protagonists bike to a courtyard almost did n't made the cut because one of the producers said that it was inconsequential . Hammer revealed that some scenes were digitally altered to fix his wardrobe malfunction due to his short shorts .", "Guadagnino has confirmed a number of scenes that did not make the final cut . There was a `` well - acted '' scene where Elio and Oliver were `` teasing one another '' under a lime tree , which the director felt was `` too precious '' . A scene where Elio 's parents make love in the bedroom while Elio and Oliver are kissing under the moonlight in the garden was also cut . The latter scene was shown in a screening in Castiglioncello in June 2018 , where another cut scene was also revealed , in which Elio invites Oliver to tour the village .", "Guadagnino usually selects the music for his films himself . For Call Me by Your Name , he wanted to find an `` emotional narrator to the film '' through music , in a `` less heavy , less present , and more enveloping '' way than voice and text . He was inspired by the films Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) , The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) , and The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) . Guadagnino wanted the film 's music to be connected to Elio , a young pianist who likes to transcribe and adapt piano pieces to deepen his relationship with Oliver . Music is used in the film to reflect the period setting , the characters ' family life and their level of education , and `` the kind of canon they would be a part of '' . Guadagnino also researched which pop songs had been frequently played on local radio stations that summer .", "Guadagnino found that Sufjan Stevens 's lyrics resonated with him , and had initially asked Stevens to narrate the film from the perspective of Elio at an older age , as well as to record an original song for Call Me by Your Name . Stevens declined the voiceover role , but contributed three songs to the soundtrack : `` Mystery of Love '' , `` Visions of Gideon '' , and a re-recording of his 2010 song `` Futile Devices '' . Stevens was inspired by the film 's script , its base novel , and conversations with Guadagnino about the characters . He submitted the songs a few days before filming began . Surprised by the result , Guadagnino listened to them on - set with the actors and editor Walter Fasano . The project marks the first time Stevens had written songs explicitly for a feature - film soundtrack .", "A soundtrack album was released in digital formats by Madison Gate Records and Sony Classical on November 3 , 2017 , and in physical formats on November 17 , 2017 . It features songs by Stevens , The Psychedelic Furs , Franco Battiato , Loredana Bertè , Bandolero , Giorgio Moroder , Joe Esposito , and F.R. David . It also includes music composed by John Adams , Erik Satie , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Johann Sebastian Bach , and Maurice Ravel . As of February 1 , 2018 , the soundtrack has sold 9,000 copies and earned 29 million on - demand audio streams for its tracks in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan .", "Call Me by Your Name had its world premiere on January 22 , 2017 , at the Sundance Film Festival . Prior to its premiere , Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film for $6 million . The deal was negotiated by WME Global and UTA Independent Film Group . International distribution rights were purchased by Memento Films International , a French company that showed the film promo reel at the American Film Market in November 2016 . It was also screened at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 13 , 2017 ; Toronto International Film Festival on September 7 , 2017 ; and New York Film Festival on October 3 , 2017 . It was originally scheduled to be shown on Beijing International Film Festival in April 2018 , but it was removed from the official program with no explanation ; the decision was reportedly made due to the government 's `` consistent stance of intolerance toward gay content '' . That year , the film was tributed at the Crema Film Festival : Aciman met with the public on June 23 , and Garrel later joined the screening at the Crema Cathedral on June 30 .", "Call Me by Your Name began a limited release in the United Kingdom on October 27 , 2017 , and United States on November 24 , 2017 . It expanded from four to thirty locations in the United States on December 15 , 2017 , and then to 114 theaters on December 22 . It opened in 174 theaters in January 2018 , before going into wide release in 815 theaters a few days before the Oscar nomination announcement ceremony on January 19 , 2018 . On the Oscars weekend , the film opened in 914 theaters , its widest release in the US .", "In Italy , Warner Bros. Entertainment released the film on January 25 in less than 150 theaters , before expanding to nearly 200 theaters on February 2 . Special screenings and a public meet - and - greet with Guadagnino , Hammer and Chalamet took place in Crema between January 27 and 30 . The film opened in Brazil on January 18 , and in France on February 28 , 2018 . In March 2018 , a distributor in Tunisia reported that the Ministry of Culture has banned the film as an `` attack on liberties '' because of its subject . In Ireland , it became the longest - running film shown at the Light House Cinema in early June 2018 , after a 30 - week run . In the Philippines , the film will be screened accompanied by a live performance of its soundtrack as performed by the Manila Symphony Orchestra on October 28 .", "Sony Pictures Classics released an official poster for Call Me by Your Name on July 27 , 2017 . The first theatrical trailer was released on August 1 , 2017 . On October 11 , 2017 , Sony Pictures Classics released a teaser titled `` Dance Party '' to celebrate National Coming Out Day . The 42 - second clip , which consists of a single take of Hammer and Chalamet dancing to `` Love My Way '' in a bar , became a meme on Twitter . Because of its use in the clip , `` Love My Way '' gained popularity on music - streaming websites and rose 13 % on on - demand streams during the two months before the film 's release . In the week ending November 30 , 2017 , the song collected 177,000 on - demand streams , its biggest streaming week in the U.S.", "Reaction to the advertisement on social media was somewhat negative , largely because of Sony Pictures ' `` misleading '' use of an image of Chalamet and Garrel instead of a focus on the protagonist 's relationship . Daniel Megarry of Gay Times described it as `` an attempt to ' straight - wash ' the movie 's predominant same - sex romance '' , while Benjamin Lee of The Guardian called it a `` disastrous attempt to push Oscar - buzzed Call Me by Your Name as a straight love story '' , and said the advert `` belies an industry awkwardly denying queerness '' . Sony Pictures Classics later aired several commercial spots to promote the film during its U.S. - wide expansion on January 19 , 2018 . In Korea , Sony Pictures released several never - before - seen photos taken on set , along with pastel promotional pictures , illustrated by Son Eunkyoung in March 2018 .", "A pirated copy of an awards - screener DVD of Call Me by Your Name , along with copies of Last Flag Flying and fellow Oscar nominees I , Tonya and Lady Bird , was leaked onto piracy file - sharing websites by the hacker group Hive - CM8 on December 24 , 2017 . The film was officially released for digital download on February 27 , 2018 . It was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 13 , 2018 ; bonus includes two featurettes ( `` In Conversation with Armie Hammer , Timothée Chalamet , Michael Stuhlbarg & Luca Guadagnino '' and `` Snapshots of Italy : The Making of Call Me by Your Name '' ) , an audio commentary track by Chalamet and Stuhlbarg , and the music video for `` Mystery of Love '' . The film made $1,336,207 in DVD sales and $1,713,563 in Blu - ray sales in the United States , for a total of $3,049,770 in home media sales . In the United Kingdom , the DVD charted at number 7 and the Blu - ray at number 4 on Top 100 sales for both formats .", "Call Me by Your Name grossed $18.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $23.3 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $41.4 million against a production budget of $3.5 million . The film was Sony Pictures Classics ' third - highest - grossing release of 2017 .", "In the United States , Call Me by Your Name began its limited run on November 24 , 2017 , at The Paris Theater and Union Square Theatre in New York City , and the ArcLight Hollywood and Landmark Theater in Los Angeles . The film made $404,874 in its opening weekend -- a per - theater average of $101,219 . It was the highest average of 2017 -- the biggest since that of La La Land the previous December -- and had the best per - screen opening for a gay romance film since Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) . In its second weekend , the film grossed $281,288 , with an `` excellent '' per - screen average of $70,320 . The film expanded to nine theaters in its third weekend , grossing $291,101 for a `` solid '' $32,345 per - theater average . It earned $491,933 from 30 theaters in its fourth weekend , averaging $16,398 . The film expanded to 114 theaters in its fifth week and grossed $850,736 , averaging $7,463 per screen . It crossed $6 million in its seventh weekend , earning $758,726 from 115 locations . It grossed $715,559 from 174 theaters in its eighth weekend , averaging $4,185 per screen .", "In its nationwide release week -- ninth weekend overall -- the film grossed $1.4 million from 815 theaters , an under - performance compared to `` some of its competition with similar theater counts '' . The following weekend , after the announcement of its four Oscar nominations , the film 's revenues dropped 6 % to $1.3 million . With the total gross revenue of $9,370,359 by the week of January 23 , 2018 , Call Me by Your Name was the second - lowest - grossing film among Best Picture nominees . Fandango reported that the film had experienced a 56 % increase in ticket sales since its Best Picture nomination was announced . Regarding the film 's `` lagging '' box - office performance , Tom Brueggemann of IndieWire commented that Sony Picture Classic `` has done an able job so far , '' and said `` at some point the film and the reaction to it is something no distributor can overcome . '' It grossed $919,926 , averaging $1,006 , from 914 theaters during the Oscar weekend , and went on to earn $304,228 from 309 theaters in its sixteenth weekend .", "Call Me by Your Name opened at number 7 in Italy with £ 781,000 from fewer than 150 theaters , and obtained the best per - theater average of the week ( almost £ 5,500 ) . It had made £ 1.5 million in its first ten days of release , before exceeding £ 2 million on February 7 , 2018 . The film reached £ 2.8 million on March 12 , 2018 . As of July 6 , 2018 , the film has grossed $3,925,137 in Italy . In Brazil , the film debuted at number 9 at the box office with revenues of $696,000 , and earned another $554,000 the following weekend . It attracted 17,152 viewers in France on its first day of screening , with an `` excellent '' per - theater average of 184 entries . It went on to attract 108,500 viewers in the opening weekend , earning 1,167 viewings -- the second - best average of the week ; and 238,124 viewers in its third weekend . As of April 17 , 2018 , the film has grossed $2,652,781 in France . In the United Kingdom , the film earned £ 231,995 ( $306,000 ) from 112 screens in its opening weekend , including £ 4,000 from previews . After ten days , it had made £ 568,000 ( $745,000 ) , before reaching the $1 million mark ( £ 767,000 ) in its third weekend . As of May 21 , 2018 , the film has grossed $2,372,382 in the United Kingdom .", "At its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival , Call Me by Your Name received a standing ovation . When it was screened at Alice Tully Hall as part of the New York Film Festival , it received a ten - minute ovation , the longest recorded ovation in the festival 's history . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % based on 295 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads ; `` Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy , powerfully affecting portrait of first love , empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer '' . It was the best - reviewed limited release and the second - best - reviewed romance film of 2017 on the site . On Metacritic , the film has an average weighted score of 93 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . It was the year 's fifth - best rated film on Metacritic .", "Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , Boyd van Hoeij described Call Me by Your Name as an `` extremely sensual ... intimate and piercingly honest '' adaptation of Aciman 's novel , and called Chalamet 's performance `` the true breakout of the film '' . Peter Debruge of Variety said the film `` advances the canon of gay cinema '' by portraying `` a story of first love ... that transcends the same - sex dynamic of its central couple '' . He compared Guadagnino 's `` sensual '' direction with the films of Pedro Almodóvar and François Ozon , and put Call Me by Your Name `` on par with the best of their work '' . David Ehrlich of IndieWire also praised Guadagnino 's directing , which he said helps the film `` match the artistry and empathy '' of Carol ( 2015 ) and Moonlight ( 2016 ) . Sam Adams of BBC stated that Stuhlbarg 's performance `` puts a frame around the movie 's painting and opens up avenues we may not have thought to explore '' , and called it `` one of his finest '' to date . He extolled the film as one of `` many movies that have so successfully appealed to both the intellectual and the erotic since the heydays of Patrice Chéreau and André Téchiné '' .", "Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three and a half stars , commended the director for `` broadens his embrace of humanity while hitting new heights of cinematic bliss '' , and wrote that the film `` may be a fantasy but it 's one that 's lovely and wise '' . David Morgan of CBS praised the cinematography , production design , and costuming for `` making a summer in the 1980s palpably alive again '' . He also applauded Stuhlbarg 's character as `` the most forward - thinking parent in movie history '' . Richard Lawson said Guadagnino 's adaptation `` was made with real love , with good intentions , with a clarity of heart and purposeful , unpretentious intellect '' and hailed it as a `` modern gay classic '' in his Vanity Fair review . Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips was pleased by the `` wonderfully paradoxical '' visual interests from the director and said Stevens 's songs `` work like magic on your sympathies regarding Elio 's emotional awakening '' . He praised Hammer 's performance as one of `` the most easy - breathing and relaxed best work of his career '' .", "The Economist noted the tension `` between pain and pleasure '' in the film and praised Chalamet , stating that he `` evokes so many shades of humanity , portraying a path of youthful self - discovery that is more raw , unhinged , and ultimately honest than many actors could manage '' . Kate Taylor of Globe and Mail , who gave the film two and a half stars , also enjoyed Chalamet 's effort in capturing `` first love and its inevitable heartbreak '' and said the `` multilingual , almost - pre-AIDS idyll does not stretch credulity ... but it can try the patience '' . Ken Eisner of The Georgia Straight questioned the film 's central message and said `` Guadagnino 's lyrical excesses ... can alternate wildly between the poetically incisive and the indulgently preposterous '' . In a negative review , Kyle Turner of Paste wrote , `` The details of the film are too small for anyone , perhaps particularly a queer person , to see '' ; a visual distance that `` suggests that the film , in the beginning , is as terrified as Elio initially is . It never gets over that hesitation . '' Armond White of Out called the movie `` craven commercialism '' and a `` super-bourgeois fantasy '' that `` exploit ( s ) the queer audience 's romantic needs by packaging them and falsifying them '' . Luke Y. Thompson of Forbes criticized its length and called it an `` excruciatingly boring travelogue '' .", "Call Me by Your Name was selected by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year . At the 90th Academy Awards , it was nominated for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Chalamet ) , Best Original Song ( `` Mystery of Love '' ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay , winning the latter . Chalamet became the youngest Best Actor nominee since 1939 , while Ivory became the oldest - ever winner in any competitive category . The film received four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film and Best Direction , and won Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it was nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet , and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer .", "The film received eight nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards ; Ivory won Best Adapted Screenplay . The film led the 33rd Independent Spirit Awards with six nominations , winning Best Male Lead for Chalamet and Best Cinematography for Mukdeeprom . At the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Chalamet received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role . The film went on to win the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film -- Wide Release at its 29th ceremony . In Italy , Fasano won Best Editing at the 73rd Nastro d'Argento Awards and 33rd Golden Ciak Awards . The National Board of Review , the Gotham Independent Film Awards , and the Hollywood Film Awards awarded Chalamet with their Breakout Actor Awards .", "Guadagnino has deliberated over the idea of a sequel since the film 's premiere at Sundance , when he realized the characters `` could go beyond the boundaries of the film '' . In October 2017 , he said he hoped to make a sequel to the film in 2020 that might be in the style of François Truffaut 's The Adventures of Antoine Doinel series , telling the story of Oliver and Elio as they age . `` If I paired the age of Elio in the film with the age of Timothée , in three years ' time , Timothée will be 25 , as would Elio by the time the second story was set '' , he said . In the novel , Elio and Oliver reunite 15 years later when Oliver is married . Guadagnino said that in the sequel , `` I do n't think Elio is necessarily going to become a gay man . He has n't found his place yet ... I believe that he would start an intense relationship with Marzia again '' . Guadagnino is interested in the politics of the 1990s , saying , `` it would be the beginning of the ( Silvio ) Berlusconi era in Italy and it would mean dealing with the ( first Gulf War ) of Iraq '' . In November 2017 , Guadagnino shared his intention to make a series of five films , in which the audience could `` see those actors grow older , embodying those characters '' . A month later , he was reported to have begun writing a script for a sequel that would reveal more about Oliver and resemble Michael Apted 's Up series . Hammer and Chalamet have expressed interest in appearing in a sequel , while Ivory has no interest in the material , saying `` that 's fine , good . But I do n't know how they 're going to get a 40 - year - old ( Chalamet ) ! ''", "In January 2018 , Guadagnino revealed the sequel will be set `` right after the fall of Berlin Wall and that great shift that was the end of ... the USSR '' , and that the first scene in the film could depict Elio watching Paul Vecchiali 's Once More ( 1988 ) -- the first French film to deal with AIDS -- in a movie theater . In March 2018 , Guadagnino confirmed he will work with Aciman on the sequel , which will take place `` five or six years afterwards '' with `` a different tone '' than the first film . He also said that Hammer and Chalamet will reprise their roles with a different backdrop , where they `` go around the world '' . Hammer said he was pitched the script by Guadagnino , saying : `` it 's not a finished script , but he 's got all the ideas for it . '' In April 2018 , Aciman said in an interview for The Sydney Morning Herald that he and Guadagnino were `` not sure '' about the sequel , saying `` ( Guadagnino ) has quite a few projects in line and so do I . So we are flirting with each other about the sequel but I do n't know if we are very serious . '' In July 2018 , Stuhlbarg said that Guadagnino and Aciman were excited the project , and that the director was `` serious '' about it . He further expressed enthusiasm for reprising his role in the sequel , `` I think it would have to be some kind of unique thing from what it was , but I would absolutely be game for trying . ''" ]

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[ "Ladies vs Ricky Bahl Theatrical release poster Directed by Maneesh Sharma Produced by Aditya Chopra Written by Habib Faisal ( Dialogue ) Screenplay by Devika Bhagat Additional Screenplay : Habib Faisal Story by Aditya Chopra Starring Ranveer Singh Anushka Sharma Parineeti Chopra Dipannita Sharma Aditi Sharma Music by Salim - Sulaiman Cinematography Aseem Mishra Ravi K. Chandran Edited by Namrata Rao Distributed by Yash Raj Films Release date 9 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 09 ) Running time 140 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 200 million ( US $3.1 million ) Box office ₹ 840 million ( US $13 million ) ( as per 2012 )", "Ladies vs Ricky Bahl", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Maneesh Sharma", "Produced by Aditya Chopra", "Written by Habib Faisal ( Dialogue )", "Screenplay by Devika Bhagat Additional Screenplay : Habib Faisal", "Story by Aditya Chopra", "Starring Ranveer Singh Anushka Sharma Parineeti Chopra Dipannita Sharma Aditi Sharma", "Music by Salim - Sulaiman", "Cinematography Aseem Mishra Ravi K. Chandran", "Edited by Namrata Rao", "Distributed by Yash Raj Films", "Release date 9 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 09 )", "9 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 09 )", "9 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 09 )", "Running time 140 minutes", "Country India", "Language Hindi", "Budget ₹ 200 million ( US $3.1 million )", "Box office ₹ 840 million ( US $13 million ) ( as per 2012 )", "Ladies vs Ricky Bahl is a 2011 Indian romantic comedy film directed by Maneesh Sharma and produced by Aditya Chopra of Yash Raj Films . It stars Ranveer Singh opposite Anushka Sharma in lead roles along with Dipannita Sharma , Aditi Sharma and debutant Parineeti Chopra . Ranveer plays a conman named Ricky Bahl who cons women until three of these women unite to con him back . The story was inspired by Jeffrey Archer 's novel Not a Penny More , Not a Penny Less and the Hollywood comedy John Tucker Must Die . It was released on 9 December 2011 to a mixed response from critics but eventually ended up being a commercial success , earning ₹ 84 crores gross from the box office on a budget of ₹ 20 crores .", "Story 1 : Delhi", "Dimple Chaddha ( Parineeti Chopra ) is a spoilt brat since her father Suresh Chaddha ( ' Shireesh Sharma ' ) is the creator of `` Chaddha Industries '' , a huge finance company in Delhi . Dimple is used to meeting her boyfriend , Sunny Singh ( Ranveer Singh ) secretly . The two party all night , and one day , eventually Dimple passes out of alcohol . Sunny then drops her home , and wanders off . He breaks into a bungalow nearby and starts to throw stones on windows and consequently chased by the residents . Later he explains to Dimple that the bungalow actually belongs to his father , who died shortly before , and was encroached by tenants , but he gets taxed . Dimple convinces Suresh to help him but Suresh tries to make profit out of it by buying the property at less valuation . Her father claims later as if he had fooled Sunny big time , though he is later arrested when the police claims that the family living there had a stay order , and that he entered there with no permission . Dimple realizes she has been conned , and starts to cry out loud . Then , Sunny is spotted in an airport leaving for Mumbai , with the Rs. 20 lakhs which he receives as an advance from Dimple 's father .", "Story 2 : Mumbai", "Raina Parulekar ( ' Dipannita Sharma ' ) is a businesswoman in Mumbai who is paranoid for everything . She has been ordered by her boss to deliver an M.F. Hussain painting , which is sold out everywhere . She meets Deven ' Idiot ' Shah ( Ranveer Singh ) , who presumably leads an art gallery that comprises the painting . Raina fails to identify the fake painting and she contacts Deven for the M.F. Hussain over the phone , and he acts to be the owner of the painting and sells it to Raina . She gives Rs. 70 lakhs to Deven but later her boss realizes its a fake , and fires her . She then reveals to the media about a guy named Deven ' Idiot ' Shah , who conned her for a fake Hussain painting . Dimple sees the news on TV , and suspects that maybe Deven Shah could be Sunny .", "Story 3 : Lucknow", "A widow named Saira Rashid ( ' Aditi Sharma ' ) explains her story of being conned by a person named Iqbal Khan ( Ranveer Singh ) into giving away lakhs through her father and duping his business .", "Story 4 : Goa and Beyond", "Raina calls over Dimple and Saira to her town , where they make a plan to find and con the number one conman who they name `` Bloody Kameena '' or `` BK '' .", "To trace BK they uses his ringtone clue to find his name as Diego Vaz from Goa . They hire a sales woman , Ishika Desai ( ' Anushka Sharma ' ) to act as a millionaire , Ishika Patel , who wants to open a restaurant in India with the help of the Bloody Kameena , so that if he invested money in the restaurant , they could sneakly steal the money and escape , thus ruining the BK . The four divas set out to Goa , and start their trap . The BK slowly starts falling into it , but he never realizes it . Ishika says she ca n't con him anymore because they love each other , and the BK has no clue of it . Dimple begins to argue loudly with her , and is overheared by Diego Vaz ( Ranveer Singh ) who was waiting outside the door for Ishika .", "He is heartbroken , and realizes the pain he gave to everyone when he conned them . But still out of ego - driven vengeance , he now makes a plan to con the four girls . He himself originally purchases a swamp worth Rs. 3 lakh and as a con blows its cost to 90 lakhs . All girls blame Ishika for cheating and take their anger out on her . The three now return home , only to find Diego Vaz ( Ranveer Singh ) sitting in their garden , with the Rs. 1 crore . He explains why he came back , and that he did n't feel good about conning the girl he truly loved , and that the four girls have changed him into now becoming an honest and decent man . He returns the money he stole from them , and leaves .", "The girls realize the love Ishika has for Diego and reunite them . He proposes to her but Ishika asks his real name , to which he reveals himself as `` Ricky Bahl '' , and the story ends with a kiss , as the three girls leave .", "Ranveer Singh as Ricky Bahl and also Sunny Singh in Delhi , Deven ' Idiot ' Shah in Mumbai , Iqbal Khan in Lucknow , Vikram Thapar , and Diego Vaz in Goa Anushka Sharma as Ishika Desai , impersonated as Ishika Patel Parineeti Chopra as Dimple Chaddha Dipannita Sharma as Raina Parulekar Aditi Sharma as Saira Rashid Shireesh Sharma as Mr. Suresh Chaddha , Dimple 's father Avijit Dutt as Raina 's boss Akshay Anand as Raina 's colleague Sheena Bajaj in a cameo appearance as the nurse in the title track", "Ranveer Singh as Ricky Bahl and also Sunny Singh in Delhi , Deven ' Idiot ' Shah in Mumbai , Iqbal Khan in Lucknow , Vikram Thapar , and Diego Vaz in Goa", "Anushka Sharma as Ishika Desai , impersonated as Ishika Patel", "Parineeti Chopra as Dimple Chaddha", "Dipannita Sharma as Raina Parulekar", "Aditi Sharma as Saira Rashid", "Shireesh Sharma as Mr. Suresh Chaddha , Dimple 's father", "Avijit Dutt as Raina 's boss", "Akshay Anand as Raina 's colleague", "Sheena Bajaj in a cameo appearance as the nurse in the title track", "Aseem Mishra and Ravi K Chandran have used as zoom lens an Angenieux Optimo .", "The film was released in India on 9 December 2011 . Upon release , it received mixed response from critics . Bollywood actress Priyanka Chopra 's cousin , Parineeti Chopra , made her acting debut in the film and most critics have praised her highly for her acting skills . Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave 3 out of 5 stars and said : `` Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl is , at best , a decent fare , which appeals in parts . The film starts well , even ends well . It 's the in between that 's plain ordinary . Ideally , the film merits a two - and - a-half star rating , but that extra half star is for Ranveer and Anushka , who steal your heart with truly striking performances . Nikhat Kazmi from The Times of India gave 2.5 of 5 stars adding : `` There is no humour , no earthy flavour , no tingling chemistry between the lead pair . What does work in favour of the film are its performances and its non-hysterical tenor . '' Komal Nahta from Koimoi gave it a 3 - star as well stating : Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl is a fair entertainer . What is good about it is : The basic plotline ; some con - game sequences ; performances ; music NDTV gave the film 3.5 stars from 5 , calling it predictable and adding that the loses out on the great chemistry between the two leads . But it is still great to watch . However , he praised the performance of Ranveer Singh . So did Rajeev Masand who , in his review for IBN Live , described it as watchable but thought that it could 've been so much more fun . Zee News gave it 3 / 5 stars , stating that `` A good option to get entertained this weekend and reconnect with the BBB jodi for some laughter and foot stomping again ! go watch Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl . ''", "Unlike their last success , Ranveer Singh and Anushka Sharma , despite receiving good reviews from critics . Parineeti Chopra , the only one to get appreciation of the whole cast , received accolades for her bubbly performance .", "Ladies vs Ricky Bahl had a biggest first day with many places recording high first day collections , but some multiplexes recording 90 -- 100 % for the first day . The collection improved well in Delhi and Punjab area throughout the day . The multiplex - dominated areas saw good to decent occupancy while single - screened areas remain on lower side . The film had a decent first day collections of ₹ 198.5 million . During the second day of release , it showed good improvement and collected ₹ 445 million . Collections rose once again on Sunday and it collected a whopping sum of ₹ 767.5 million which brings the 3 - day total to ₹ 805 million approx . The film remained steady on Monday , with collections around ₹ 815 million nett , taking the four - day total to million nett approx . The film also put up a decent first week collection , grossing ₹ 730 million nett . Overall , it did decent business at the box office and earned ₹ 840 million in full theatrical run and declared Blockbuster at the box office .", "Award Recipient ( s ) Result Filmfare Awards Best Female Debut Parineeti Chopra Won Best Supporting Actress Parineeti Chopra Nominated Star Screen Awards Most Promising Newcomer - Female Parineeti Chopra Won Best Supporting Actress Parineeti Chopra Nominated Zee Cine Awards Best Female Debut Parineeti Chopra Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Female Parineeti Chopra Nominated Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards Best Female Debut Parineeti Chopra Won Best Actress in a Supporting Role Parineeti Chopra Won Stardust Awards Superstar of Tomorrow -- Female Parineeti Chopra Won BIG Star Entertainment Awards Best Choreography Vaibhavi Merchant Won Cosmopolitan Awards Fun Fearless Female Debutante Parineeti Chopra Won Global Indian Film and Television Honours Most Promising Fresh Face -- Female Parineeti Chopra Won FICCI Frames 2012 Awards Best Female Debut Parineeti Chopra Won Stardust Awards Best Comedy -- Romance Actress Anushka Sharma Won", "Award Recipient ( s ) Result", "Filmfare Awards Best Female Debut Parineeti Chopra Won", "Best Supporting Actress Parineeti Chopra Nominated", "Star Screen Awards Most Promising Newcomer - Female Parineeti Chopra Won", "Best Supporting Actress Parineeti Chopra Nominated", "Zee Cine Awards Best Female Debut Parineeti Chopra Won", "Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Female Parineeti Chopra Nominated", "Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards Best Female Debut Parineeti Chopra Won", "Best Actress in a Supporting Role Parineeti Chopra Won", "Stardust Awards Superstar of Tomorrow -- Female Parineeti Chopra Won", "BIG Star Entertainment Awards Best Choreography Vaibhavi Merchant Won", "Cosmopolitan Awards Fun Fearless Female Debutante Parineeti Chopra Won", "Global Indian Film and Television Honours Most Promising Fresh Face -- Female Parineeti Chopra Won", "FICCI Frames 2012 Awards Best Female Debut Parineeti Chopra Won", "Stardust Awards Best Comedy -- Romance Actress Anushka Sharma Won", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2012 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2012 )", "Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl Soundtrack album by Salim - Sulaiman Genre Film soundtrack Label Sony Music India Producer Salim Sulaiman", "Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl", "Soundtrack album by Salim - Sulaiman", "Genre Film soundtrack", "Label Sony Music India", "Producer Salim Sulaiman", "The song `` Jigar Da Tukda '' won the most atrocious lyrics award at the Golden Kela Awards in 2012 .", "Track listing No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Aadat Se Majboor '' Benny Dayal , Ranveer Singh 04 : 38 2 . `` Thug Le '' Vishal Dadlani , Shweta Pandit 03 : 39 3 . `` Jigar Da Tukda '' Salim Merchant , Shrraddha Pandit 04 : 14 4 . `` Jazba '' Shilpa Rao 04 : 39 5 . `` Aadat Se Majboor ( Remix ) '' Benny Dayal , Ranveer Singh 04 : 34 6 . `` Jazba ( Remix ) '' Anushka Manchanda 04 : 02 7 . `` Fatal Attracti on '' Instrumental 03 : 34 Total length : 28 : 00", "Track listing", "No . Title Singer ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Aadat Se Majboor '' Benny Dayal , Ranveer Singh 04 : 38", "2 . `` Thug Le '' Vishal Dadlani , Shweta Pandit 03 : 39", "3 . `` Jigar Da Tukda '' Salim Merchant , Shrraddha Pandit 04 : 14", "4 . `` Jazba '' Shilpa Rao 04 : 39", "5 . `` Aadat Se Majboor ( Remix ) '' Benny Dayal , Ranveer Singh 04 : 34", "6 . `` Jazba ( Remix ) '' Anushka Manchanda 04 : 02", "7 . `` Fatal Attracti on '' Instrumental 03 : 34", "Total length : 28 : 00" ]

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[ "Coordinates : 40 ° 14 ′ 46 '' N 26 ° 16 ′ 40 '' E  /  40.24611 ° N 26.27778 ° E  / 40.24611 ; 26.27778", "Landing at Anzac Cove Part of the Gallipoli Campaign North Beach ( north of Anzac Cove ) looking south , Gallipoli , in 2014 Date 25 April 1915 Location Anzac Cove Belligerents British Empire Ottoman Empire Commanders and leaders William Birdwood Mustafa Kemal Units involved ANZAC Australian Division New Zealand and Australian Division Elements of the 9th Division 19th Division Strength 16,000 men 10,000 -- 12,000 men Casualties and losses ~ 900 dead ~ 2,000 wounded 4 taken prisoner ~ 2,000 dead and wounded", "Landing at Anzac Cove", "Part of the Gallipoli Campaign", "North Beach ( north of Anzac Cove ) looking south , Gallipoli , in 2014", "Date 25 April 1915 Location Anzac Cove", "Date 25 April 1915 Location Anzac Cove", "Date 25 April 1915", "Location Anzac Cove", "Belligerents", "British Empire Ottoman Empire", "Commanders and leaders", "William Birdwood Mustafa Kemal", "Units involved", "ANZAC Australian Division New Zealand and Australian Division Elements of the 9th Division 19th Division", "Australian Division New Zealand and Australian Division", "New Zealand and Australian Division", "Strength", "16,000 men 10,000 -- 12,000 men", "Casualties and losses", "~ 900 dead ~ 2,000 wounded 4 taken prisoner ~ 2,000 dead and wounded", "Gallipoli Campaign Naval operations Landing at Cape Helles 1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale * 1st Anzac Cove 2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60", "Gallipoli Campaign", "", "Naval operations Landing at Cape Helles 1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale * 1st Anzac Cove 2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60", "Naval operations", "Landing at Cape Helles", "Landing at Cape Helles", "1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard", "Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale", "Landing at Anzac Cove", "* 1st Anzac Cove", "2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay", "2nd Anzac Cove", "3rd Anzac Cove", "No. 3 Post", "Landing at Suvla Bay", "Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60", "The landing at Anzac Cove on Sunday , 25 April 1915 , also known as the landing at Gaba Tepe , and to the Turks as the Arıburnu Battle , was part of the amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula by the forces of the British Empire , which began the land phase of the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War .", "The assault troops , mostly from the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) , landed at night on the western ( Aegean Sea ) side of the peninsula . They were put ashore one mile ( 1.6 km ) north of their intended landing beach . In the darkness , the assault formations became mixed up , but the troops gradually made their way inland , under increasing opposition from the Ottoman Turkish defenders . Not long after coming ashore the ANZAC plans were discarded , and the companies and battalions were thrown into battle piece - meal , and received mixed orders . Some advanced to their designated objectives while others were diverted to other areas , then ordered to dig in along defensive ridge lines .", "Although they failed to achieve their objectives , by nightfall the ANZACs had formed a beachhead , albeit much smaller than intended . In places they were clinging onto cliff faces with no organised defence system . Their precarious position convinced both divisional commanders to ask for an evacuation , but after taking advice from the Royal Navy about how practicable that would be , the army commander decided they would stay . The exact number of the day 's casualties is not known . The ANZACs had landed two divisions but over two thousand of their men had been killed or wounded , together with at least a similar number of Turkish casualties .", "Since 1916 the anniversary of the landings on 25 April has been commemorated as Anzac Day , becoming one of the most important national celebrations in Australia and New Zealand . The anniversary is also commemorated in Turkey and the United Kingdom .", "The Ottoman Turkish Empire entered the First World War on the side of the Central Powers on 31 October 1914 . The stalemate of trench warfare on the Western Front convinced the British Imperial War Cabinet that an attack on the Central Powers elsewhere , particularly Turkey , could be the best way of winning the war . From February 1915 this took the form of naval operations aimed at forcing a passage through the Dardanelles , but after several setbacks it was decided that a land campaign was also necessary . To that end , the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was formed under the command of General Ian Hamilton . Three amphibious landings were planned to secure the Gallipoli Peninsula , which would allow the navy to attack the Turkish capital Constantinople , in the hope that would convince the Turks to ask for an armistice .", "Lieutenant - General William Birdwood , commanding the inexperienced Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) , comprising the Australian Division and two brigades of the New Zealand and Australian Division , was ordered to conduct an amphibious assault on the western side of the Gallipoli Peninsula . The New Zealand and Australian Division normally also had two mounted brigades assigned to it , but these had been left in Egypt , as it was believed there would be no requirement or opportunities to use mounted troops on the peninsula . To bring the division up to strength , Hamilton had tried unsuccessfully to get a brigade of Gurkhas attached to them . In total ANZAC strength was 30,638 men .", "The location chosen for the operation was between the headland of Gaba Tepe and the Fisherman 's Hut , three miles ( 4.8 km ) to the north . Landing at dawn after a naval gunfire bombardment , the first troops were to seize the lower crests and southern spurs of Hill 971 . The second wave would pass them to capture the spur of Hill 971 , especially Mal Tepe . There they would be positioned to cut the enemy 's lines of communications to the Kilid Bahr Plateau , thus preventing the Turks from bringing reinforcements from the north to the Kilid Bahr Plateau during the attack by the British 29th Division which would advance from a separate beachhead further south - west . The capture of Mal Tepe was `` more vital and valuable than the capture of the Kilid Bahr Plateau itself . ''", "Birdwood planned to arrive off the peninsula after the moon had set , with the first troops landing at 03 : 30 , an hour before dawn . He declined the offer of an old merchant ship , loaded with troops , being deliberately grounded at Gaba Tepe . Instead , the troops were to travel in naval and merchant ships , transferring to rowing boats towed by small steamboats to make the assault .", "First ashore would be the Australian Division , commanded by Major - General William Bridges . The 3rd Australian Brigade , known as the covering force , were to capture the third ridge from Battleship Hill south along the Sari Bair mountain range to Gaba Tepe . The 2nd Australian Brigade , landing next , were to capture all the Sari Bar range up to Hill 971 on the left . The 26th Jacob 's Mountain Battery from the British Indian Army would land next and then the 1st Australian Brigade , the division 's reserve ; all were to be ashore by 08 : 30 . The New Zealand and Australian Division , commanded by Major - General Alexander Godley , followed them ; the 1st New Zealand Brigade then the 4th Australian Brigade . Only after the second division had landed would the advance to Mal Tepe begin . The planners had come to the conclusion that the area was sparsely , if at all , defended , and that they should be able to achieve their objectives with no problems ; Turkish opposition had not been considered .", "The First World War Ottoman Turkish Army was modelled after the German Imperial Army , with most of its members being conscripted for two years ( infantry ) or three years ( artillery ) ; they then served in the reserve for the next twenty - three years . The pre-war army had 208,000 men in thirty - six divisions , formed into army corps and field armies . On mobilisation each division had three infantry and one artillery regiment for a total of around ten thousand men , or about half the size of the equivalent British formation . Unlike the largely inexperienced ANZACs , all the Turkish Army commanders , down to company commander level , were very experienced , being veterans of the Italo - Turkish and Balkan Wars .", "The British preparations could not be made in secret , and by March 1915 , the Turks were aware that a force of fifty thousand British and thirty thousand French troops was gathering at Lemnos . They considered there were only four likely places for them to land : Cape Helles , Gaba Tepe , Bulair , or on the Asiatic ( eastern ) coast of the Dardanelles .", "On 24 March , the Turks formed the Fifth Army , a force of over 100,000 men , in two corps of six divisions and a cavalry brigade , commanded by the German general Otto Liman von Sanders . The Fifth Army deployed the III Corps at Gallipoli and the XV Corps on the Asiatic coast . The 5th Division and a cavalry brigade were on the European mainland , positioned to support the III Corps if required . The III Corps had the 9th Division ( 25th , 26th and 27th Infantry Regiments ) , the 19th Division ( 57th , 72nd and 77th Infantry Regiments ) and the 7th Division ( 19th , 20th and 21st Infantry Regiments ) . The 9th Division provided coastal defence from Cape Helles north to Bulair , where the 7th Division took over , while the 19th Division at Maidos was the corps reserve . The area around Gaba Tepe , where the ANZAC landings would take place , was defended by a battalion of the 27th Infantry Regiment .", "On 19 April orders were issued for the ANZACs to stop training , and for all ships and small boats to take on coal and stores , in preparation for a landing originally scheduled to occur on 23 April . Weather conditions delayed their departure from Lemnos until dawn on 24 April . The Royal Navy battleships Queen , Triumph , Prince of Wales , London , and Majestic , the cruiser Bacchante , seven destroyers and four transport ships led the way carrying the 3rd Brigade . They were followed by the rest of the force who were embarked in their own transport ships .", "At 01 : 00 on 25 April the British ships stopped at sea , and thirty - six rowing boats towed by twelve steamers embarked the first six companies , two each from the 9th , 10th and 11th Battalions . At 02 : 00 a Turkish sentry reported seeing ships moving at sea , and at 02 : 30 the report was sent to 9th Division 's headquarters . At 02 : 53 the ships headed towards the peninsula , continuing until 03 : 30 when the larger ships stopped . With 50 yards ( 46 m ) to go , the rowing boats continued using only their oars .", "Around 04 : 30 Turkish sentries opened fire on the boats , but the first ANZAC troops were already ashore at Beach Z , called Ari Burnu at the time , but later known as Anzac Cove . ( It was formally renamed Anzac Cove by the Turkish government in 1985 . ) They were one mile ( 1.6 km ) further north than intended , and instead of an open beach they were faced with steep cliffs and ridges up to around three hundred feet ( 91 m ) in height . However , the mistake had put them ashore at a relatively undefended area ; at Gaba Tepe further south where they had planned to land , there was a strong - point , with an artillery battery close by equipped with two 15 cm and two 12 cm guns , and the 5th Company , 27th Infantry Regiment was positioned to counter-attack any landing at that more southern point . The hills surrounding the cove where the ANZACs landed made the beach safe from direct fire Turkish artillery . Fifteen minutes after the landing , the Royal Navy began firing at targets in the hills .", "On their way in , the rowing boats had become mixed up . The 11th Battalion grounded to the north of Ari Burnu point , while the 9th Battalion hit the point or just south of it , together with most of the 10th Battalion . The plan was for them to cross the open ground and assault the first ridge line , but they were faced with a hill that came down almost to the water line , and there was confusion while the officers tried to work out their location , under small arms fire from the 4th Company , 2nd Battalion , 27th Infantry Regiment , who had a platoon of between eighty and ninety men at Anzac Cove and a second platoon in the north around the Fisherman 's Hut . The third platoon was in a reserve position on the second ridge . They also manned the Gaba Tepe strong - point , equipped with two obsolescent multi-barrelled Nordenfelt machine - guns , and several smaller posts in the south .", "Men from the 9th and 10th Battalions started up the Ari Burnu slope , grabbing the gorse branches or digging their bayonets into the soil to provide leverage . At the peak they found an abandoned trench , the Turks having withdrawn inland . Soon the Australians reached Plugge 's Plateau , the edge of which was defended by a trench , but the Turks had withdrawn to the next summit two hundred yards ( 180 m ) inland , from where they fired at the Australians coming onto the plateau . As they arrived , Major Edmund Brockman of the 11th Battalion started sorting out the mess , sending the 9th Battalion 's men to the right flank , the 11th Battalion 's to the left , and keeping the 10th Battalion in the centre .", "The second six companies landed while it was still dark , the destroyers coming to within five hundred yards ( 460 m ) to disembark the troops , under fire . They also landed at Anzac Cove , but now as planned the 11th were in the north , 10th in the centre and the 9th in the south . The 12th Battalion landed all along the beach . This extended the beachhead 500 yards ( 460 m ) to the north of Ari Burnu , and 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) to the south . Landing under fire , some of the assaulting troops were killed in their boats , and others as they reached the beach . Once ashore they headed inland . In the south , the first men from the 9th and 12th Battalions reached the bottom of 400 Plateau .", "In the north , the first men from the 11th and 12th Battalions started up Walker 's Ridge , under fire from a nearby Turkish trench . Around the same time Turkish artillery started bombarding the beachhead , destroying at least six boats . The Australians fought their way forward and reached Russell 's Top ; the Turks withdrew through The Nek to Baby 700 , 350 yards ( 320 m ) away . Coming under fire again the Australians went to ground , having advanced only around one thousand yards ( 910 m ) inland . Some also dug in at The Nek , a twenty yards ( 18 m ) piece of high ground between Malone 's Gully to the north and Monash Valley to the south . Around this time Colonel Ewen Sinclair - Maclagan , commanding the 3rd Brigade , decided to change the corps plan . Concerned about a possible counter-attack from the south , he decided to hold the Second Ridge instead of pushing forward to the Third or Gun Ridge . This hesitation suited the Turkish defence plans , which required the forward troops to gain time for the reserves to coordinate a counter-attack .", "At 05 : 45 , Lieutenant - Colonel Mehmet Sefik of the Turkish 27th Infantry Regiment received orders to move his 1st and 3rd Battalions to the west and support the 2nd Battalion around Gaba Tepe . The two battalions were already assembled , having spent that night carrying out military exercises . They could not be sent to Ari Burnu as it was not marked on the Turkish maps . Colonel Halil Sami , commanding the 9th Division , also ordered the division 's machine - gun company and an artillery battery to move in support of the 27th Infantry Regiment , followed soon after by an 77 mm artillery battery . At 08 : 00 Lieutenant - Colonel Mustafa Kemal , commanding the 19th Division , was ordered to send a battalion to support them . Kemal instead decided to go himself with the 57th Infantry Regiment and an artillery battery towards Chunuk Bair , which he realised was the key point in the defence ; whoever held those heights would dominate the battlefield . By chance , the 57th Infantry were supposed to have been on an exercise that morning around Hill 971 and had been prepared since 05 : 30 , waiting for orders .", "At 09 : 00 Sefik and his two battalions were approaching Kavak Tepe , and made contact with his 2nd Battalion that had conducted a fighting withdrawal , and an hour and a half later the regiment was deployed to stop the ANZACs advancing any further . Around 10 : 00 Kemal arrived at Scrubby Knoll and steadied some retreating troops , pushing them back into a defensive position . As they arrived , the 57th Infantry Regiment were given their orders and prepared to counter-attack . Scrubby Knoll , known to the Turks as Kemalyeri ( Kemal 's Place ) , now became the site of the Turkish headquarters for the remainder of the campaign .", "Baby 700 is a hill in the Sari Bair range , next to Battleship Hill or Big 700 . It was named after its supposed height above sea level , though its actual height is only 590 feet ( 180 m ) .", "Maclagen sent the 11th Battalion , Captain Joseph Lalor 's company of the 12th Battalion and Major James Robertson 's of the 9th , towards Baby 700 . Brockman divided his own company , sending half up the right fork of Rest Gully , and half up the left , while Brockman and a reserve platoon headed up Monash Valley . As they moved forward , Turkish artillery targeted them with air burst shrapnel shells , which dispersed the companies . This , coupled with senior officers diverting men to other areas instead of towards Baby 700 , meant only fragments of the units eventually reached Baby 700 .", "Arriving at Baby 700 , Captain Eric Tulloch , 11th Battalion , decided to take his remaining sixty men towards Battleship Hill , leaving Lalor 's company to dig in and defend The Nek . Tulloch moved around to the right before advancing towards the summit . The 11th Battalion crossed the first rise unopposed , but at the second , Turkish defenders around four hundred yards ( 370 m ) away opened fire on them . Going to ground , the Australians returned fire . When the Turkish fire slackened the remaining fifty men resumed their advance , reaching the now evacuated Turkish position , behind which was a large depression , with Battleship Hill beyond that . Still under fire they moved forward again , then around seven hundred yards ( 640 m ) from the summit The Turks opened fire on them from a trench . The Australians held out for thirty minutes , but increasing Turkish fire and mounting casualties convinced Tulloch to withdraw . No other ANZAC unit would advance as far inland that day .", "At 08 : 30 Robertson and Lalor decided to take their companies up Baby 700 . Instead of going round to the right like Tulloch , they went straight up the centre , crossed over the summit onto the northern slope and went to ground . A spur on their left , leading to Suvla Bay , was defended by a Turkish trench system . At 09 : 15 Turkish troops started moving down Battleship Hill , and for the next hour they exchanged fire . Where the spur joined Baby 700 , a group of Australians from the 9th , 11th , and 12th Battalions crossed Malone 's Gully and charged the Turkish trench . A Turkish machine - gun on Baby 700 opened fire on them , forcing them back , followed by a general withdrawal of Australian troops . The Turks had secured Battleship Hill and were now driving the Australians off Baby 700 . From his headquarters at the head of Monash Valley , Maclagen could see the Turks attacking , and started sending all available men towards Baby 700 .", "The 2nd Brigade landed between 05 : 30 and 07 : 00 , and the reserve 1st Brigade landed between 09 : 00 and 12 : 00 , already putting the timetable behind schedule . The 2nd Brigade , which was supposed to be heading for Baby 700 on the left , were instead sent to the right to counter a Turkish attack building up there . At 07 : 20 Bridges and his staff landed ; finding no senior officers on the beach to brief them , they set out to locate the 3rd Brigade headquarters .", "The 1st Brigade was on the opposite flank to the 3rd Brigade and already getting involved in battles of its own , when its commander , Colonel Percy Owen , received a request from Maclagen for reinforcements . Owen sent two companies from the 3rd Battalion and one from the 1st Battalion ( Swannell 's ) to support the 3rd Brigade .", "Soon after , Lalor 's company had been forced back to The Nek and the Turks were threatening to recapture Russell 's Top , and at 10 : 15 Maclagen reported to Bridges his doubts over being able to hold out . In response Bridges sent part of his reserve , two companies from the 2nd Battalion ( Gordon 's and Richardson 's ) , to reinforce the 3rd Brigade .", "At 11 : 00 Swannell 's company arrived at the foot of Baby 700 , joining the seventy survivors of Robertson 's and Lalor 's companies . They immediately charged and chased the Turks back over the summit of Baby 700 , then stopped and dug in . The two 2nd Battalion companies arrived alongside them , but all the companies had taken casualties , among the dead being Swannell and Robertson .", "By this time most of the 3rd Brigade men had been killed or wounded , and the line was held by the five depleted companies from the 1st Brigade . On the left , Gordon 's company 2nd Battalion , with the 11th and 12th Battalion 's survivors , charged five times and captured the summit of Baby 700 , but were driven back by Turkish counter-attacks ; Gordon was among the casualties . For the second time Maclagen requested reinforcements for Baby 700 , but the only reserves Bridges had available were two 2nd Battalion companies and the 4th Battalion . It was now 10 : 45 and the advance companies of the 1st New Zealand Brigade were disembarking , so it was decided they would go to Baby 700 .", "The New Zealand Brigade commander had been taken ill , so Birdwood appointed Brigadier - General Harold Walker , a staff officer already ashore , as commander . The Auckland Battalion had landed by 12 : 00 , and were being sent north along the beach to Walker 's Ridge on their way to Russell 's Top . Seeing that the only way along the ridge was in single file along a goat track , Walker ordered them to take the route over Plugge 's Plateau . As each New Zealand unit landed they were directed the same way to Baby 700 . However , in trying to avoid Turkish fire , they became split up in Monash Valley and Rest Gully , and it was after midday that two of the Auckland companies reached Baby 700 .", "At 12 : 30 two companies of the Canterbury Battalion landed and were sent to support the Aucklands , who had now been ordered back to Plugge 's Plateau , and were forming on the left of the 3rd Brigade . The Canterbury companies moved into the line on the Aucklands ' left , waiting for the rest of their brigade to land . However , between 12 : 30 and 16 : 00 not one infantry or artillery formation came ashore . The ships carrying the New Zealanders were in the bay , but the steamers and rowing boats were being used to take the large numbers of wounded to the hospital ship . The transports with the 4th Australian Brigade on board were still well out at sea and not due to land until that evening . The landings recommenced around 16 : 30 when the Wellington Battalion came ashore , followed by the Otago Battalion around 17 : 00 , who were put into the line beside the Aucklanders . Next to land were the two other Canterbury companies , who were sent north to Walker 's Ridge to extend the corps left flank . Events ashore now forced a change in the disembarkation schedule , and at 17 : 50 orders were issued for the 4th Australian Brigade to start landing to boost the defence . It would take until the next day for the complete brigade to come ashore . The transports carrying both divisions ' artillery batteries had been forced further out to sea by Turkish artillery fire , and were unable to land .", "MacLaurin 's Hill is a 1,000 yard ( 910m ) long section of the Second Ridge that connects Baby 700 to 400 Plateau , with a steep slope on the ANZAC side down to Monash Valley . In the coming days Quinn 's , Steel 's and Courtney 's Posts would be built on the slope . The first ANZAC troops to reach the hill , from the 11th Battalion , found that the Turkish defenders had already withdrawn . As the Australians crested the hill they came under fire from Baby 700 , but to their front was a short , shallow slope into Mule Valley . When Major James Denton 's company of the 11th Battalion arrived at the hill they started digging in , and soon after received orders from MacLagen to hold the position at all costs . At 10 : 00 Turkish troops , advancing from Scrubby Knoll , got to within three hundred yards ( 270 m ) of the Australians on the hill , opening fire at them . Altogether there were two and a half companies from the 11th Battalion between Courtney 's Post , Steele 's Post , and Wire Gully . They had not been there long before the 3rd Battalion arrived to reinforce them .", "The 400 Plateau , named for its height above sea level , was a wide and level plateau on the second ridge line , about six hundred by six hundred yards ( 550 by 550 m ) wide and around one thousand yards ( 910 m ) from Gun Ridge . The northern half of the plateau became known as Johnston 's Jolly , and the southern half as Lone Pine , with Owen 's Gully between them .", "If the landings had gone to plan , the 11th Battalion was supposed to be crossing the plateau heading north . The 10th Battalion , south of the plateau , was to capture a Turkish trench and artillery battery behind Gun Ridge . The 9th Battalion , furthest south , was to attack the artillery battery at Gaba Tepe , and the 12th Battalion was the reserve , with 26th Jacob 's Mountain Battery to establish their gun line on the plateau . Unknown to the ANZACs , the Turks had an artillery battery sited on 400 Plateau .", "After landing , some of the 9th and 10th Battalion 's men headed for 400 Plateau . The first 10th Battalion platoon to arrive was commanded by Lieutenant Noel Loutit , and accompanied by the Brigade - Major , Charles Brand . They discovered the Turkish battery in the Lone Pine sector , which was preparing to move . As the Australians opened fire the battery withdrew down Owen 's Gully . Brand remained on the plateau and ordered Loutit to continue after the Turkish battery . However , the guns had been hidden at the head of the gully and Loutit 's platoon moved beyond them . Around the same time , Lieutenant Eric Smith and his 10th Battalion scouts and Lieutenant G. Thomas with his platoon from the 9th Battalion arrived on the plateau , looking for the guns . As they crossed the plateau Turkish machine - guns opened fire on them from the Lone Pine area . One of Thomas 's sections located the battery , which had started firing from the gully . They opened fire , charged the gun crews , and captured the guns . The Turks did manage to remove the breech blocks , making the guns inoperable , so the Australians damaged the sights and internal screw mechanisms to put them out of action . By now the majority of the 9th and 10th Battalions , along with brigade commander Maclagen , had arrived on the plateau , and he ordered them to dig in on the plateau instead of advancing to Gun Ridge . Unfortunately the units that had already passed beyond there were obeying their orders to `` go as fast as you can , at all costs keep going '' .", "Loutit , Lieutenant J. Haig of the 10th , and thirty - two men from the 9th , 10th , and 11th Battalions crossed Legge Valley and climbed a spur of Gun Ridge , just to the south of Scrubby Knoll . As they reached the top , about four hundred yards ( 370 m ) further inland was Gun Ridge , defended by a large number of Turkish troops . Loutit and two men carried out a reconnaissance of Scrubby Knoll , from the top of which they could see the Dardanelles , around three miles ( 4.8 km ) to the east . When one of the men was wounded they returned to the rest of their group , which was being engaged by Turkish machine - gun and rifle fire . Around 08 : 00 , Loutit sent a man back for reinforcements ; he located Captain J. Ryder of the 9th Battalion , with half a company of men at Lone Pine . Ryder had not received the order to dig in , so he advanced and formed a line on Loutit 's right . Soon after , they came under fire from Scrubby Knoll and were in danger of being cut off ; Ryder sent a message back for more reinforcements . The messenger located Captain John Peck , the 11th Battalion 's adjutant , who collected all the men around him and went forward to reinforce Ryder . It was now 09 : 30 and the men on the spur , outflanked by the Turks , had started to withdraw . At 10 : 00 the Turks set up a machine - gun on the spur and opened fire on the withdrawing Australians . Pursued by the Turks , only eleven survivors , including Loutit and Haig , reached Johnston 's Jolly and took cover . Further back , two companies of the 9th and the 10th Battalions had started digging a trench line .", "As part of the second wave , the 2nd Brigade had been landing since 05 : 30 ; the 5th , 6th and 8th Battalions were supposed to cross 400 Plateau and head to Hill 971 , while the 7th Battalion on the left were to climb Plugge 's Plateau then make for Hill 971 . One 7th Battalion company , Jackson 's , landed beside the Fisherman 's Hut in the north and was almost wiped out ; only forty men survived the landing . At 06 : 00 Major Ivie Blezard 's 7th Battalion company , and part of another , were sent onto 400 Plateau by Maclagen to strengthen the defence . When the 7th Battalion commander Lieutenant - Colonel Harold Elliott landed he realised events were not going to plan , and he headed to the 3rd Brigade headquarters to find out what was happening . Maclagen ordered him to gather his battalion at the south of the beachhead , as the 2nd Brigade would now form the division 's right flank , not left . When the 2nd Brigade commander Colonel James McCay arrived Maclagen convinced him to move his brigade to the south , swapping responsibility with the 3rd Brigade . Eventually agreeing , he established his headquarters on the seaward slope of 400 Plateau ( McCay 's Hill ) . Heading onto the plateau , McCay realised the ridge to his right , Bolton 's Ridge , would be a key point in their defence . He located the Brigade - Major , Walter Cass , and ordered him to gather what men he could to defend the ridge . Looking around , he saw the 8th Battalion , commanded by Colonel William Bolton , moving forward , so Cass directed them to Bolton 's Ridge . As such , it was the only ANZAC battalion that remained together during the day . Eventually , around 07 : 00 , the rest of the brigade started arriving . As each company and battalion appeared they were pushed forward into the front line , but with no defined orders other than to support the 3rd Brigade . At 10 : 30 the six guns of the 26th Jacobs Mountain Battery arrived , positioning three guns each side of White 's Valley . At noon they opened fire on the Turks on Gun Ridge .", "Within two hours half the Australian Division was involved in the battle of 400 Plateau . However , most of the officers had misunderstood their orders . Believing the intention was to occupy Gun Ridge and not hold their present position , they still tried to advance . The 9th and 10th Battalions had started forming a defence line , but there was a gap between them that the 7th Battalion was sent to fill . Seeing the 2nd Brigade coming forward , units of the 3rd Brigade started to advance to Gun Ridge . The advancing Australians did not then know that the counter-attacking Turkish forces had reached the Scrubby Knoll area around 08 : 00 and were prepared for them . As the Australians reached the Lone Pine section of the plateau , Turkish machine - guns and rifles opened fire , decimating the Australians . To the north other troops , advancing beyond Johnstone 's Jolly and Owen 's Gully , were caught by the same small arms fire . Soon afterwards a Turkish artillery battery also started firing at them . This was followed by a Turkish counter-attack from Gun Ridge . Such was the situation they now found themselves in that at 15 : 30 McCay , now giving up all pretence of advancing to Gun Ridge , ordered his brigade to dig in from Owen 's Gully to Bolton 's Ridge .", "Pine Ridge is part of the 400 Plateau , and stretches , in a curve towards the sea , for around one mile ( 1.6 km ) . Beyond Pine Ridge is Legge Valley and Gun Ridge and , like the rest of the terrain , it was covered in a thick gorse scrub , but also had stunted pine trees around eleven feet ( 3.4 m ) tall growing on it .", "Several groups of men eventually made their way to Pine Ridge . Among the first was Lieutenant Eric Plant 's platoon from the 9th Battalion . Captain John Whitham 's company of the 12th Battalion moved forward from Bolton 's Ridge when they saw the 6th Battalion moving up behind them . As the 6th Battalion reached the ridge , the companies carried on towards Gun Ridge , while Lieutenant - Colonel Walter McNicoll established the battalion headquarters below Bolton 's Ridge . As the 6th Battalion moved forward they were engaged by Turkish small arms and artillery fire , causing heavy casualties . At 10 : 00 brigade headquarters received a message from the 6th Battalion asking for reinforcement , and McCay sent half the 5th Battalion to assist . At the same time the 8th Battalion were digging in on Bolton 's , except for two companies which moved forward to attack a group of Turks that had come up from the south behind the 6th Battalion . By noon the 8th Battalion was dug in on the ridge ; in front of them were scattered remnants of the 5th , 6th , 7th , and 9th Battalions , mostly out of view of each other in the scrub . Shortly after , McCay was informed that if he wanted the 6th Battalion to hold its position , it must be reinforced . So McCay sent his last reserves , a company of the 1st Battalion , and ordered the 8th to leave one company on the ridge and advance on the right of the 6th Battalion . The scattered formations managed to hold their positions for the remainder of the afternoon , then at 17 : 00 saw large numbers of Turkish troops coming over the southern section of Gun Ridge .", "Around 10 : 00 Kemal and the 1st Battalion , 57th Infantry were the first to arrive in the area between Scrubby Knoll and Chunuk Bair . From the knoll Kemal was able to observe the landings . He ordered the artillery battery to set up on the knoll , and the 1st Battalion to attack Baby 700 and Mortar Ridge from the North - East , while the 2nd Battalion would simultaneously circle around and attack Baby 700 from the West . The 3rd Battalion would for the moment be held in reserve . At 10 : 30 Kemal informed II Corps he was attacking .", "At 11 : 30 Sefik told Kemal that the ANZACs had a beachhead of around 2,200 yards ( 2,000 m ) , and that he would attack towards Ari Burnu , in conjunction with the 19th Division . Around midday Kemal was appraised that the 9th Division was fully involved with the British landings at Cape Helles , and could not support his attack , so at 12 : 30 he ordered two battalions of the 77th Infantry Regiment ( the third battalion was guarding Suvla Bay ) to move forward between the 57th and 27th Infantry Regiments . At the same time he ordered his reserve 72nd Infantry Regiment to move further west . Within the next half - hour the 27th and 57th Infantry Regiments started the counter-attack , supported by three batteries of artillery . At 13 : 00 Kemal met with his corps commander Esat Pasha and convinced him of the need to react in strength to the ANZAC landings . Esat agreed and released the 72nd and 27th Infantry Regiments to Kemal 's command . Kemal deployed the four regiments from north to south ; 72nd , 57th , 27th and 77th . In total , Turkish strength opposing the landing numbered between ten thousand and twelve thousand men .", "At 15 : 15 Lalor left the defence of The Nek to a platoon that had arrived as reinforcements , and moved his company to Baby 700 . There he joined a group from the 2nd Battalion , commanded by Lieutenant Leslie Morshead . Lalor was killed soon afterwards . The left flank of Baby 700 was now held by sixty men , the remnants of several units , commanded by a corporal . They had survived five charges by the Turks between 07 : 30 and 15 : 00 ; after the last charge the Australians were ordered to withdraw through The Nek . There , a company from the Canterbury Battalion had just arrived , with their commanding officer Lieutenant - Colonel Douglas Stewart . By 16 : 00 the New Zealand companies had formed a defence line on Russell 's Top . On Baby 700 , there was on the left Morsehead 's and Lalor 's men , and at the top of Malone 's Gulley were the survivors of the 2nd Battalion and some men from the 3rd Brigade . On the right were the men left from the Auckland companies , and a mixed group from the 1st , 2nd , 11th and 12th Battalions . Once Stewart 's men were secure , he ordered Morsehead to withdraw . During a Turkish artillery bombardment of The Nek , Stewart was killed . The artillery heralded the start of a Turkish counter-attack ; columns of troops appeared over the top of Battleship Hill and on the flanks and attacked the ANZAC lines .", "At 16 : 30 the three battalions from the 72nd Infantry Regiment arrived and attacked from the north . At the same time the Australians and New Zealanders holding on at Baby 700 broke and ran back to an improvised line , from Walker 's Ridge in the north to Pope 's Hill in the south . The defence line at The Nek was now defended by nine New Zealanders , under the command of a sergeant ; they had three machine - guns but the crews had all been killed or wounded . As the survivors arrived from Baby 700 their numbers rose to around sixty . Bridges in his divisional headquarters starting receiving messages from the front ; just after 17 : 00 Lieutenant - Colonel George Braund on Walker 's Ridge advised he was holding his position and `` if reinforced could advance '' . At 17 : 37 Maclagen reported they were being `` heavily attacked '' , at 18 : 15 the 3rd Battalion signalled , `` 3rd Brigade being driven back '' . At 19 : 15 from Maclagen again `` 4th Brigade urgently required '' . Bridges sent two hundred stragglers , from several different battalions , to reinforce Braund and promised two extra battalions from the New Zealand and Australian Division which was now coming ashore .", "Dusk was at 19 : 00 and the Turkish attack had now reached Malone 's Gulley and The Nek . The New Zealanders waited until the Turks came close , then opened fire in the darkness , stopping their advance . Seriously outnumbered , they asked for reinforcements . Instead , the supporting troops to their rear were withdrawn and the Turks managed to get behind them . So , taking the machine - guns with them , they withdrew off Russell 's Top into Rest Gully . This left the defenders at Walker 's Ridge isolated from the rest of the force .", "The Australians on 400 Plateau had for some time been subjected to sniping and artillery fire and could see Turkish troops digging in on Gun Ridge . Around 13 : 00 a column of Turkish reinforcements from the 27th Infantry Regiment , in at least battalion strength , were observed moving along the ridge - line from the south . The Turks then turned towards 400 Plateau and advanced in extended order . The Turkish counter-attack soon forced the advanced Australian troops to withdraw , and their machine - gun fire caused them heavy casualties . It was not long before the attack had forced a wedge between the Australians on Baby 700 and those on 400 Plateau . The heavy Turkish fire onto Lone Pine forced the survivors to withdraw back to the western slope of 400 Plateau . At 14 : 25 Turkish artillery and small arms fire was so heavy that the Indian artillerymen were forced to push their guns back off the plateau by hand , and they reformed on the beach .", "Although in places there was a mixture of different companies and platoons dug in together , the Australians were deployed with the 8th Battalion in the south still centred on Bolton 's Ridge . North of them , covering the southern sector of 400 Plateau , were the mixed together 6th and 7th Battalions , both now commanded by Colonel Walter McNicoll of the 6th . North of them was the 5th Battalion , and the 10th Battalion covered the northern sector of 400 Plateau at Johnston 's Jolly . But by now they were battalions in name only , having all taken heavy casualties ; the commanders had little accurate knowledge of where their men were located .", "At 15 : 30 the two battalions of the Turkish 77th Infantry Regiment were in position , and with the 27th Infantry they counter-attacked again . At 15 : 30 and at 16 : 45 McCay , now under severe pressure , requested reinforcements . The second time he was informed there was only one uninvolved battalion left , the 4th , and Bridges was keeping them in reserve until more troops from the New Zealand and Australian Division had been landed . McCay then spoke to Bridges direct and informed him the situation was desperate and if not reinforced the Turks would get behind him . At 17 : 00 Bridges released the 4th Battalion to McCay who sent them to the south forming on the left of the 8th Battalion along Bolton 's Ridge . They arrived just in time to help counter Turkish probing attacks , by the 27th Infantry Regiment , from the south .", "At 17 : 20 McCay signalled Bridges that large numbers of unwounded men were leaving the battlefield and heading for the beaches . This was followed by Maclagan asking for urgent artillery fire support , onto Gun Ridge , as his left was under a heavy attack and at 18 : 16 Owen reported the left flank was `` rapidly '' being forced to retire . At dusk Maclagan made his way to Bridges headquarters and when asked for his opinion replied `` It 's touch and go . If the Turks come on in mass formation ... I do n't think anything can stop them . '' As it got dark the Turkish artillery ceased firing , and although small arms fire continued on both sides , the effects were limited when firing blind . Darkness also provided the opportunity to start digging more substantial trenches and to resupply the troops with water and ammunition .", "The last significant action of the day was at 22 : 00 south of Lone Pine , when the Turks charged towards Bolton 's Ridge . By now the 8th Battalion had positioned two machine - guns to cover their front , which caused devastation amongst the attackers , and to their left the 4th Battalion also became involved . When the Turks got to within fifty yards ( 46 m ) the 8th Battalion counter-attacked in a bayonet charge and the Turks withdrew . The ANZAC defence was aided by Royal Navy searchlights providing illumination . Both sides now waited for the next attack , but the day 's events had shattered both formations and they were no longer in any condition to conduct offensive operations .", "By nightfall , around sixteen thousand men had been landed , and the ANZACs had formed a beachhead , although with several undefended sections . It stretched along Bolton 's Ridge in the south , across 400 Plateau , to Monash Valley . After a short gap it resumed at Pope 's Hill , then at the top of Walker 's Ridge . It was not a large beachhead ; it was under two miles ( 3.2 km ) in length , with a depth around 790 yards ( 720 m ) , and in places only a few yards separated the two sides . That evening Birdwood had been ashore to check on the situation , and , satisfied , returned to HMS Queen . Around 21 : 15 he was asked to return to the beachhead . There he met with his senior officers , who asked him to arrange an evacuation . Unwilling to make that decision on his own he signalled Hamilton ;", "Both my divisional generals and brigadiers have represented to me that they fear their men are thoroughly demoralised by shrapnel fire to which they have been subjected all day after exhaustion and gallant work in morning . Numbers have dribbled back from the firing line and can not be collected in this difficult country . Even New Zealand Brigade which has only recently been engaged lost heavily and is to some extent demoralised . If troops are subjected to shellfire again tomorrow morning there is likely to be a fiasco , as I have no fresh troops with which to replace those in firing line . I know my representation is most serious , but if we are to re-embark it must be at once .", "Hamilton conferred with his naval commanders , who convinced him an evacuation would be almost impossible , and responded ; `` dig yourselves right in and stick it out ... dig , dig , dig until you are safe '' . The survivors had to fight on alone until 28 April when four battalions of the Royal Naval Division were attached to the corps .", "On the Turkish side , by that night the 2nd Battalion 57th Infantry were on Baby 700 , the 3rd Battalion , reduced to only ninety men , were at The Nek , and the 1st Battalion on Mortar Ridge . Just south of them was the 77th Infantry , next was the 27th Infantry opposite 400 Plateau . The last regiment , the 72nd Infantry , were on Battleship Hill . As for manpower , the Turks were in a similar situation to the ANZACs . Of the two regiments most heavily involved , the 57th had been destroyed , and the 27th were exhausted with heavy casualties . Large numbers of the 77th had deserted , and the regiment was in no condition to fight . The 72nd was largely intact , but they were a poorly trained force of Arab conscripts . The III Corps , having to deal with both landings , could not assist as they had no reserves available . It was not until 27 April that the 33rd and 64th Infantry Regiments arrived to reinforce the Turkish forces . The ANZACs , however , had been unable to achieve their obectives , and therefore dug in . Gallipoli , like the Western Front , turned into a war of attrition . The German commander , Liman von Saunders , was clear about the reasons for the outcome . He wrote that , `` on the Turkish side the situation was saved by the immediate and independent action of the 19th Division . '' The division commander , Kemal , became noted as `` the most imaginative , most successful officer to fight on either side '' during the campaign . As a commander he was able to get the most out of his troops , typified by his order to the 57th Infantry Regiment ; `` Men , I am not ordering you to attack . I am ordering you to die . In the time that it takes us to die , other forces and commanders can come and take our place . ''", "In the following days there were several failed attacks and counter-attacks by both sides . The Turks were the first to try during the Second attack on Anzac Cove on 27 April , followed by the ANZACs who tried to advance overnight 1 / 2 May . The Turkish Third attack on Anzac Cove on 19 May was the worst defeat of them all , with around ten thousand casualties , including three thousand dead . The next four months consisted of only local or diversionary attacks , until 6 August when the ANZACs , in connection with the Landing at Suvla Bay , attacked Chunuk Bair with only limited success . The Turks never succeeded in driving the Australians and New Zealanders back into the sea . Similarly , the ANZACs never broke out of their beachhead . Instead , in December 1915 , after eight months of fighting , they evacuated the peninsula .", "The full extent of casualties on that first day are not known . Birdwood , who did not come ashore until late in the day , estimated between three and four hundred dead on the beaches . The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage claims one in five of the three thousand New Zealanders involved became a casualty . The Australian War Memorial has 860 Australian dead between 25 -- 30 April , and the Australian Government estimates 2,000 wounded left Anzac Cove on 25 April , but more wounded were still waiting on the battlefields to be evacuated . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission documents that 754 Australian and 147 New Zealand soldiers died on 25 April 1915 . A higher than normal proportion of the ANZAC casualties were from the officer ranks . One theory was that they kept exposing themselves to fire , trying to find out where they were or to locate their troops . Four men were taken prisoner by the Turks .", "It is estimated that the Turkish 27th and 57th Infantry Regiments lost around 2,000 men , or fifty per cent of their combined strength . The full number of Turkish casualties for the day has not been recorded . During the campaign , 8,708 Australians and 2,721 New Zealanders were killed . The exact number of Turkish dead is not known but has been estimated around 87,000 .", "The anniversary of the landings , 25 April , has since 1916 been recognised in Australia and New Zealand as Anzac Day , now one of their most important national occasions . It does not celebrate a military victory , but instead commemorates all the Australians and New Zealanders `` who served and died in all wars , conflicts , and peacekeeping operations '' and `` the contribution and suffering of all those who have served . '' Around the country , dawn services are held at war memorials to commemorate those involved . In Australia , at 10 : 15 , another service is held at the Australian War Memorial , which the prime minister and governor general normally attend . The first official dawn services were held in Australia in 1927 and in New Zealand in 1939 . Lower - key services are also held in the United Kingdom . In Turkey , large groups of Australians and New Zealanders have begun to gather at Anzac Cove , where in 2005 an estimated 20,000 people attended the service to commemorate the landings . Attendance figures rose to 38,000 in 2012 and 50,000 in 2013 ." ]

[ [ "Orange County, California" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Real Housewives of Orange County Genre Reality television Starring Kimberly Bryant Jo De La Rosa Vicki Gunvalson Jeana Keough Lauri Peterson Tammy Knickerbocker Tamra Judge Quinn Fry Gretchen Rossi Lynne Curtin Alexis Bellino Peggy Tanous Heather Dubrow Lydia McLaughlin Shannon Beador Lizzie Rovsek Meghan King Edmonds Kelly Dodd Peggy Sulahian Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 207 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Douglas Ross Greg Stewart Alex Baskin Bill Langworthy Bill Fritz Scott Dunlop Andy Cohen Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Evolution Media Release Original network Bravo Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i Original release March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Followed by The Real Housewives of New York City Related shows Date My Ex : Jo & Slade Tamra 's OC Wedding External links Website www.bravotv.com/the-real-housewives-of-orange-county", "The Real Housewives of Orange County", "Genre Reality television", "Starring Kimberly Bryant Jo De La Rosa Vicki Gunvalson Jeana Keough Lauri Peterson Tammy Knickerbocker Tamra Judge Quinn Fry Gretchen Rossi Lynne Curtin Alexis Bellino Peggy Tanous Heather Dubrow Lydia McLaughlin Shannon Beador Lizzie Rovsek Meghan King Edmonds Kelly Dodd Peggy Sulahian", "Kimberly Bryant Jo De La Rosa Vicki Gunvalson Jeana Keough Lauri Peterson Tammy Knickerbocker Tamra Judge Quinn Fry Gretchen Rossi Lynne Curtin Alexis Bellino Peggy Tanous Heather Dubrow Lydia McLaughlin Shannon Beador Lizzie Rovsek Meghan King Edmonds Kelly Dodd Peggy Sulahian", "Jo De La Rosa", "Meghan King Edmonds", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons 12", "No. of episodes 207 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Douglas Ross Greg Stewart Alex Baskin Bill Langworthy Bill Fritz Scott Dunlop Andy Cohen", "Douglas Ross Greg Stewart Alex Baskin Bill Langworthy Bill Fritz Scott Dunlop Andy Cohen", "Running time 42 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Evolution Media", "Release", "Original network Bravo", "Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i", "NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i", "NTSC ( 480i )", "Original release March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) -- present ( present )", "Chronology", "Followed by The Real Housewives of New York City", "Related shows Date My Ex : Jo & Slade Tamra 's OC Wedding", "Date My Ex : Jo & Slade Tamra 's OC Wedding", "Date My Ex : Jo & Slade", "Tamra 's OC Wedding", "External links", "Website www.bravotv.com/the-real-housewives-of-orange-county", "The Real Housewives of Orange County ( abbreviated RHOC ) is an American reality television series that premiered on March 21 , 2006 , on Bravo . It is currently in its twelfth season and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women residing in Orange County , California .", "The series originally focused on Kimberly Bryant , Jo De La Rosa , Vicki Gunvalson , Jeana Keough , and Lauri Waring ( now Peterson ) . The current line - up consists of Gunvalson , Tamra Judge , Lydia McLaughlin , Shannon Beador , Meghan King Edmonds , Kelly Dodd and Peggy Sulahian . Of the original housewives , Bryant and De La Rosa left after the first and second seasons , respectively , while Peterson stopped filming during production of the fourth season and Keough left after the sixth season commenced . The remaining housewives joined in later seasons : Barney ( now Judge ) in the third , McLaughlin in the eighth before returning in the twelfth , Beador in the ninth , Edmonds in the tenth , Dodd in the eleventh , and Sulahian in the twelfth . Other housewives include Tammy Knickerbocker ( season 2 -- 3 ) , Quinn Fry ( season 3 ) , Gretchen Rossi ( season 4 -- 8 ) , Lynne Curtin ( season 4 -- 5 ) , Alexis Bellino ( season 5 -- 8 ) , Peggy Tanous ( season 6 ) , Heather Dubrow ( season 7 -- 11 ) , and Lizzie Rovsek ( season 9 ) .", "The show 's success has allowed for the development of The Real Housewives franchise and similar spin - off series based in New York City , Atlanta , New Jersey , Washington , D.C. , Beverly Hills , Miami , Potomac , and Dallas . The Real Housewives of Orange County has additionally resulted in the conceptions of the spin - offs Date My Ex : Jo & Slade and Tamra 's OC Wedding .", "In April 2005 , The Real Housewives was announced as one of six reality television series ordered by the American television channel Bravo ; before its premiere , it was renamed The Real Housewives of Orange County in January 2006 . One of its producers , Scott Dunlop , commented that it was originally planned to be set in a single gated community in Coto de Caza , California . A press release issued by the network noted that the series was inspired by the scripted soap operas Desperate Housewives and Peyton Place , and would document the lives of upper - class women who `` lead glamorous lives in a picturesque Southern California gated community where the average home has a $1.6 million price tag and residents include CEOs and retired professional athletes . ''", "Its original main housewives were Kimberly Bryant , Jo De La Rosa , Vicki Gunvalson , Jeana Keough and Lauri Waring ( now Peterson ) . Bryant left after the first season , and was replaced by Tammy Knickerbocker beginning with the second season . De La Rosa exited the series after the second season ; Tamra Judge ( then Barney ) joined the series in the third - season premiere , while Quinn Fry was introduced in the sixth episode . Knickerbocker and Fry left after the third season , while Gretchen Rossi was introduced in the fourth - season premiere . Peterson made her final appearance on the third episode of the fourth season , and was replaced by Lynne Curtin beginning with the fourth episode . Keough left the show after the sixth season ; however , Keough was featured as a friend of the housewives in the seventh season and has made several guest appearances in later seasons . Curtin left after the fifth season ; beginning with the sixth season Peggy Tanous and friend of the housewives Fernanda Rocha were introduced and only featured in the sixth season . Heather Dubrow and Lydia McLaughlin were respectively introduced in the seventh and eighth seasons , while Peterson appeared as a friend of the housewives in the eighth season . Bellino , McLaughlin , Rossi and Peterson departed after the eighth season , and were replaced by starring housewives Shannon Beador and Lizzie Rovsek and friend of the housewives Danielle Gregorio in the ninth . The tenth season saw Rovsek become a friend of the housewives , the departure of Gregorio , and the introduction of Meghan King Edmonds , alongside former housewives Keough , Knickerbocker and Curtin making guest appearances .", "In April 2016 , Bravo announced that the series is renewed for an eleventh season . On May 23 , 2016 , the network announced that all housewives from the previous season would return , with Kelly Dodd joining the cast , with former housewife Keough making a guest appearance . The eleventh season premiered on June 20 , 2016 .", "In April 2017 , the series was officially renewed for its twelfth season . Prior to , Dubrow announced her departure from the franchise , after five seasons . In May 2017 , it was announced that Dodd and McLaughlin , the latter of whom only appeared during the eighth season , would appear in the series ' twelfth season . In June 2017 , it was announced Gunvalson , Beador , King Edmonds , Judge , would all return , alongside new housewife Peggy Sulahian ; former housewives Keough , Rossi and Rovsek were announced to make guest appearances . It premiered on July 10 , 2017 .", "Housewives Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kimberly Bryant Main Guest Jo De La Rosa Main Guest Vicki Gunvalson Main Jeana Keough Main Friend Guest Guest Lauri Peterson Main Guest Friend Tammy Knickerbocker Main Guest Guest Tamra Judge Main Quinn Fry Main Guest Gretchen Rossi Main Guest Lynne Curtin Main Guest Guest Alexis Bellino Main Peggy Tanous Main Guest Heather Dubrow Main Lydia McLaughlin Main Main Shannon Beador Main Lizzie Rovsek Main Friend Guest Meghan King Edmonds Guest Main Kelly Dodd Main Peggy Sulahian Main Friends of the housewives Fernanda Rocha Guest Friend Sarah Winchester Guest Friend Danielle Gregorio Friend", "Housewives Seasons", "5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12", "Kimberly Bryant Main Guest", "Jo De La Rosa Main Guest", "Vicki Gunvalson Main", "Jeana Keough Main Friend Guest Guest", "Lauri Peterson Main Guest Friend", "Tammy Knickerbocker Main Guest Guest", "Tamra Judge Main", "Quinn Fry Main Guest", "Gretchen Rossi Main Guest", "Lynne Curtin Main Guest Guest", "Alexis Bellino Main", "Peggy Tanous Main Guest", "Heather Dubrow Main", "Lydia McLaughlin Main Main", "Shannon Beador Main", "Lizzie Rovsek Main Friend Guest", "Meghan King Edmonds Guest Main", "Kelly Dodd Main", "Peggy Sulahian Main", "Friends of the housewives", "Fernanda Rocha Guest Friend", "Sarah Winchester Guest Friend", "Danielle Gregorio Friend", "Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) May 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) 10 January 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 16 ) March 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 20 ) 12 November 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 06 ) January 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) 15 November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) June 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) 5 17 November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) 6 16 March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) June 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) 7 23 February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) 8 22 April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) 9 21 April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) September 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) 10 24 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) 11 21 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 12 TBA July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) TBA ( TBA )", "Season Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "8 March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) May 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 09 )", "10 January 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 16 ) March 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 20 )", "12 November 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 06 ) January 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 29 )", "15 November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) June 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 11 )", "5 17 November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 )", "6 16 March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) June 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 )", "7 23 February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 )", "8 22 April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 )", "9 21 April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) September 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 08 )", "10 24 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 )", "11 21 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 )", "12 TBA July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) TBA ( TBA )", "Date My Ex : Jo & Slade became the first spin - off from The Real Housewives of Orange County ; the dating game show documented De La Rosa as she began dating after moving to Los Angeles , where potential suitors were regularly surveyed by Smiley . It premiered on June 30 , 2008 and ended on September 8 , 2008 after broadcasting nine episodes during its first and only season .", "After becoming engaged to Judge in February 2013 , Barney was commissioned to star in the three - part spin - off special Tamra 's OC Wedding . It highlighted the preparations for their nuptials and was broadcast from September 2 , 2013 until September 16 , 2013 ." ]

[ [ "California", "Nevada" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Lake Tahoe The south shore in California as seen from Chimney Bay on the Nevada side Location The Sierra Nevada of the U.S , along the state line of California and Nevada Coordinates 39 ° 05.5 ′ N 120 ° 02.5 ′ W  /  39.0917 ° N 120.0417 ° W  / 39.0917 ; - 120.0417 Coordinates : 39 ° 05.5 ′ N 120 ° 02.5 ′ W  /  39.0917 ° N 120.0417 ° W  / 39.0917 ; - 120.0417 Lake type Geologic block faulting Primary outflows Truckee River Basin countries United States Max. length 22 mi ( 35 km ) Max . width 12 mi ( 19 km ) Surface area 191 sq mi ( 490 km ) : Placer County ( 41.0 % ) El Dorado County ( 28.6 % ) Douglas County ( 13.2 % ) Washoe County ( 11.0 % ) Carson City ( 6.2 % ) Average depth 1,000 ft ( 300 m ) Max . depth 1,645 ft ( 501 m ) Water volume 36 cu mi ( 150 km ) Residence time 650 years Shore length 71 mi ( 114 km ) Surface elevation 6,225 ft ( 1,897 m ) Frozen Never Islands Fannette Island Settlements Incline Village , NV South Lake Tahoe , CA Stateline , NV Tahoe City , CA Shore length is not a well - defined measure .", "Lake Tahoe", "The south shore in California as seen from Chimney Bay on the Nevada side", "Location The Sierra Nevada of the U.S , along the state line of California and Nevada", "Coordinates 39 ° 05.5 ′ N 120 ° 02.5 ′ W  /  39.0917 ° N 120.0417 ° W  / 39.0917 ; - 120.0417 Coordinates : 39 ° 05.5 ′ N 120 ° 02.5 ′ W  /  39.0917 ° N 120.0417 ° W  / 39.0917 ; - 120.0417", "Lake type Geologic block faulting", "Primary outflows Truckee River", "Basin countries United States", "Max. length 22 mi ( 35 km )", "Max . width 12 mi ( 19 km )", "Surface area 191 sq mi ( 490 km ) : Placer County ( 41.0 % ) El Dorado County ( 28.6 % ) Douglas County ( 13.2 % ) Washoe County ( 11.0 % ) Carson City ( 6.2 % )", "191 sq mi ( 490 km ) : Placer County ( 41.0 % ) El Dorado County ( 28.6 % ) Douglas County ( 13.2 % ) Washoe County ( 11.0 % )", "Average depth 1,000 ft ( 300 m )", "Max . depth 1,645 ft ( 501 m )", "Water volume 36 cu mi ( 150 km )", "Residence time 650 years", "Shore length 71 mi ( 114 km )", "Surface elevation 6,225 ft ( 1,897 m )", "Frozen Never", "Islands Fannette Island", "Settlements Incline Village , NV South Lake Tahoe , CA Stateline , NV Tahoe City , CA", "Shore length is not a well - defined measure .", "Lake Tahoe ( / ˈtɑːhoʊ / ; Washo : dáʔaw ) is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the United States . Lying at 6,225 ft ( 1,897 m ) , it straddles the state line between California and Nevada , west of Carson City . Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America , and at 122,160,280 acre ⋅ ft ( 150,682,490 dam ) trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States . Its depth is 1,645 ft ( 501 m ) , making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon ( 1,945 ft ( 593 m ) ) .", "The lake was formed about 2 million years ago as part of the Lake Tahoe Basin , with the modern extent being shaped during the ice ages . It is known for the clarity of its water and the panorama of surrounding mountains on all sides . The area surrounding the lake is also referred to as Lake Tahoe , or simply Tahoe . More than 75 % of the lake 's watershed is national forest land , comprising the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit of the United States Forest Service .", "Lake Tahoe is a major tourist attraction in both Nevada and California . It is home to winter sports , summer outdoor recreation , and scenery enjoyed throughout the year . Snow and ski resorts are a significant part of the area 's economy and reputation . The Nevada side also offers large casinos , with highways providing year - round access to the entire area .", "Lake Tahoe is the second deepest lake in the U.S. , with a maximum depth of 1,645 feet ( 501 m ) , trailing Oregon 's Crater Lake at 1,949 ft ( 594 m ) . Tahoe is the 16th deepest lake in the world , and the fifth deepest in average depth . It is about 22 mi ( 35 km ) long and 12 mi ( 19 km ) wide and has 72 mi ( 116 km ) of shoreline and a surface area of 191 square miles ( 490 km ) . Approximately two - thirds of the shoreline is in California . The south shore is dominated by the lake 's largest city , South Lake Tahoe , California , which adjoins the town of Stateline , Nevada , while Tahoe City , California , is located on the lake 's northwest shore . Although highways run within sight of the lake shore for much of Tahoe 's perimeter , many important parts of the shoreline lie within state parks or are protected by the United States Forest Service . The Lake Tahoe Watershed ( USGS Huc 18100200 ) of 505 sq mi ( 1,310 km ) includes the land area that drains to the lake and the Lake Tahoe drainage divide traverses the same general area as the Tahoe Rim Trail .", "Lake Tahoe is fed by 63 tributaries . These drain an area about the same size as the lake and produce half its water , with the balance entering as rain or snow falling directly on it .", "The Truckee River is the lake 's only outlet , flowing northeast through Reno , Nevada , into Pyramid Lake which has no outlet . It accounts for one third of the water that leaves the lake , the rest evaporating from the lake 's vast surface . The flow of the Truckee River and the height of the lake are controlled by the Lake Tahoe Dam at the outlet . The natural rim is at 6,223 ft ( 1,897 m ) above sea level , with a spillway at the dam controlling overflow . The maximum legal limit , to which the lake can be allowed to rise in order to store water , is at 6,229.1 ft ( 1,898.6 m ) . Around New Year 1996 / 1997 a Pineapple Express atmospheric river melted snow and caused the lake and river to overflow , inundating Reno and surrounding areas .", "The Lake Tahoe Basin was formed by vertical motion ( normal ) faulting . Uplifted blocks created the Carson Range on the east and the main Sierra Nevada crest on the west . Down - dropping and block tilting ( half - grabens ) created the Lake Tahoe Basin in between . This kind of faulting is characteristic of the geology of the adjoining Great Basin to the east .", "Lake Tahoe is the youngest of several extensional basins of the Walker Lane deformation zone that accommodates nearly 12 mm / yr of dextral shear between the Sierra Nevada - Great Valley Block and North America .", "Three principal faults form the Lake Tahoe basin : the West Tahoe Fault , aligned between Meyers and Tahoe City , and which is the local segment of the Sierra Nevada Fault , extending on shore north and south of these localities ; the Stateline / North Tahoe Fault , starting in the middle of the lake and creating the relief that forms Stateline , NV ; and the Incline Village Fault , which runs parallel to the Stateline / North Tahoe Fault offshore and into Incline Village . The West Tahoe Fault appears to be the most active and potentially hazardous fault in the basin . A study in Fallen Leaf Lake , just south of Lake Tahoe , used seafloor mapping techniques to image evidence for paleoearthquakes on the West Tahoe and revealed the last earthquake occurred between 4,100 and 4,500 years ago . Subsequent studies revealed submarine landslides in Fallen Leaf Lake and Lake Tahoe that are thought to have been triggered by earthquakes on the West Tahoe fault and the timing of these events suggests a recurrence interval of 3,000 -- 4,000 years .", "Some of the highest peaks of the Lake Tahoe Basin that formed during the process of Lake Tahoe creation are Freel Peak at 10,891 feet ( 3,320 m ) , Monument Peak at 10,067 feet ( 3,068 m ) , Pyramid Peak at 9,984 feet ( 3,043 m ) ( in the Desolation Wilderness ) , and Mount Tallac at 9,735 feet ( 2,967 m ) . The north shore boasts three peaks at 10,000 + feet : Mount Rose , Houghton and Relay peaks . Mt . Rose is a very popular hiking and backcountry skiing destination .", "Eruptions from the extinct volcano Mount Pluto formed a dam on the north side . Melting snow filled the southern and lowest part of the basin to form the ancestral Lake Tahoe . Rain and runoff added additional water .", "The Sierra Nevada adjacent to Lake Tahoe were carved by scouring glaciers during the Ice Ages , which began a million or more years ago , and retreated ~ 15,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene . The glaciers carved canyons that are today iconic landmarks such as Emerald Bay , Cascade Lake , and Fallen Leaf Lake , among others . Lake Tahoe itself never held glaciers , but instead water is retained by damming Miocene volcanic deposits .", "Soils of the basin come primarily from andesitic volcanic rocks and granodiorite , with minor areas of metamorphic rock . Some of the valley bottoms and lower hill slopes are mantled with glacial moraines , or glacial outwash material derived from the parent rock . Sandy soils , rock outcrops and rubble and stony colluvium account for over 70 % of the land area in the basin . The basin soils ( in the < 2 mm fraction ) are generally 65 -- 85 % sand ( 0.05 -- 2.0 mm ) .", "Given the great depth of Lake Tahoe , and the locations of the normal faults within the deepest portions of the lake , modeling suggests that earthquakes on these faults can trigger tsunamis . Wave heights of these tsunamis are predicted to be on the order of 10 to 33 ft ( 3 to 10 m ) in height , capable of traversing the lake in just a few minutes . A massive collapse of the western edge of the basin that formed McKinney Bay around 50,000 years ago is thought to have generated a tsunami / seiche wave with a height approaching 330 ft ( 100 m ) .", "Lake Tahoe has a dry - summer continental climate ( Dsb in the Köppen climate classification ) . Mean annual precipitation ranges from over 55 inches ( 1440 mm ) for watersheds on the west side of the basin to about 26 inches ( 660 mm ) near the lake on the east side of the basin . Most of the precipitation falls as snow between November and April , although rainstorms combined with rapid snowmelt account for the largest floods . There is a pronounced annual runoff of snowmelt in late spring and early summer , the timing of which varies from year to year . In some years , summertime monsoon storms from the Great Basin bring intense rainfall , especially to high elevations on the northeast side of the basin .", "August is normally the warmest month at the Lake Tahoe Airport ( elevation 6,254 ft , 1,906 m ) with an average maximum of 78.7 ° F ( 25.9 ° C ) and an average minimum of 39.8 ° F ( 4.3 ° C ) . January is the coolest month with an average maximum of 41.0 ° F ( 5.0 ° C ) and an average minimum of 15.1 ° F ( − 9.4 ° C ) . The all - time maximum of 99 ° F ( 37.2 ° C ) was recorded on July 22 , 1988 . The all - time minimum of − 16 ° F ( − 26.7 ° C ) was recorded on December 9 , 1972 . Temperatures exceed 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) on an average of 2.0 days annually . Minimum temperatures of 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) or lower occur on an average of 231.8 days annually , and minimum temperatures of 0 ° F ( − 17.8 ° C ) or lower occur on an average of 7.6 days annually . Freezing temperatures have occurred in every month of the year .", "( hide ) Climate data for Tahoe City , California ( Elevation 6,230 ft , 1,899 m ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 59 ( 15 ) 60 ( 16 ) 67 ( 19 ) 74 ( 23 ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 99 ( 37 ) 94 ( 34 ) 87 ( 31 ) 80 ( 27 ) 70 ( 21 ) 60 ( 16 ) 99 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 44.0 ( 6.7 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 77.9 ( 25.5 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 46.9 ( 8.3 ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 19.1 ( − 7.2 ) 19.9 ( − 6.7 ) 22.8 ( − 5.1 ) 26.9 ( − 2.8 ) 32.8 ( 0.4 ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 44.4 ( 6.9 ) 43.7 ( 6.5 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 32.3 ( 0.2 ) 25.8 ( − 3.4 ) 20.8 ( − 6.2 ) 30.5 ( − 0.8 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) − 6 ( − 21 ) 5 ( − 15 ) 9 ( − 13 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 9 ( − 13 ) ( − 17 ) − 16 ( − 27 ) − 16 ( − 27 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 5.97 ( 151.6 ) 5.29 ( 134.4 ) 4.12 ( 104.6 ) 2.14 ( 54.4 ) 1.20 ( 30.5 ) 0.65 ( 16.5 ) 0.26 ( 6.6 ) 0.30 ( 7.6 ) 0.59 ( 15 ) 1.82 ( 46.2 ) 3.57 ( 90.7 ) 5.55 ( 141 ) 31.47 ( 799.3 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 45.9 ( 116.6 ) 36.5 ( 92.7 ) 35.2 ( 89.4 ) 15.9 ( 40.4 ) 3.7 ( 9.4 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 2.4 ( 6.1 ) 15.5 ( 39.4 ) 35.2 ( 89.4 ) 190.7 ( 484.4 ) Source : The Western Regional Climate Center", "( hide ) Climate data for Tahoe City , California ( Elevation 6,230 ft , 1,899 m )", "Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year", "Record high ° F ( ° C ) 59 ( 15 ) 60 ( 16 ) 67 ( 19 ) 74 ( 23 ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 99 ( 37 ) 94 ( 34 ) 87 ( 31 ) 80 ( 27 ) 70 ( 21 ) 60 ( 16 ) 99 ( 37 )", "Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 44.0 ( 6.7 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 77.9 ( 25.5 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 46.9 ( 8.3 ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 )", "Average low ° F ( ° C ) 19.1 ( − 7.2 ) 19.9 ( − 6.7 ) 22.8 ( − 5.1 ) 26.9 ( − 2.8 ) 32.8 ( 0.4 ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 44.4 ( 6.9 ) 43.7 ( 6.5 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 32.3 ( 0.2 ) 25.8 ( − 3.4 ) 20.8 ( − 6.2 ) 30.5 ( − 0.8 )", "Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) − 6 ( − 21 ) 5 ( − 15 ) 9 ( − 13 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 9 ( − 13 ) ( − 17 ) − 16 ( − 27 ) − 16 ( − 27 )", "Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 5.97 ( 151.6 ) 5.29 ( 134.4 ) 4.12 ( 104.6 ) 2.14 ( 54.4 ) 1.20 ( 30.5 ) 0.65 ( 16.5 ) 0.26 ( 6.6 ) 0.30 ( 7.6 ) 0.59 ( 15 ) 1.82 ( 46.2 ) 3.57 ( 90.7 ) 5.55 ( 141 ) 31.47 ( 799.3 )", "Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 45.9 ( 116.6 ) 36.5 ( 92.7 ) 35.2 ( 89.4 ) 15.9 ( 40.4 ) 3.7 ( 9.4 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 2.4 ( 6.1 ) 15.5 ( 39.4 ) 35.2 ( 89.4 ) 190.7 ( 484.4 )", "Source : The Western Regional Climate Center", "Vegetation in the basin is dominated by a mixed conifer forest of Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ) , lodgepole pine ( P. contorta ) , white fir ( Abies concolor ) , and red fir ( A. magnifica ) . The basin also contains significant areas of wet meadows and riparian areas , dry meadows , brush fields ( with Arctostaphylos and Ceanothus ) and rock outcrop areas , especially at higher elevations . Ceanothus is capable of fixing nitrogen , but mountain alder ( Alnus tenuifolia ) , which grows along many of the basin 's streams , springs and seeps , fixes far greater quantities , and contributes measurably to nitrate - N concentrations in some small streams . The beaches of Lake Tahoe are the only known habitat for the rare Lake Tahoe yellowcress ( Rorippa subumbellata ) , a plant which grows in the wet sand between low - and high - water marks .", "Each autumn , from late September through mid-October , mature kokanee salmon ( Oncorhyncus nerka ) transform from silver - blue color to a fiery vermilion , and run up Taylor Creek , near South Lake Tahoe . As spawning season approaches the fish acquire a humpback and protuberant jaw . After spawning they die and their carcasses provide a feast for gatherings of mink ( Neovison vison ) , bears ( Ursus americanus ) , and bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) . The non-native salmon were transplanted from the North Pacific to Lake Tahoe in 1944 .", "North American beaver ( Castor canadensis ) were re-introduced to the Tahoe Basin by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and the U.S. Forest Service between 1934 and 1949 . Descended from no more than nine individuals , 1987 beaver populations on the upper and lower Truckee River had reached a density of 0.72 colonies ( 3.5 beavers ) per kilometer . At the present time beaver have been seen in Tahoe Keys , Taylor Creek , Meeks Creek at Meeks Bay on the western shore , and Kings Beach on the north shore , so the descendants of the original nine beavers have apparently migrated around most of Lake Tahoe . Recently novel physical evidence has demonstrated that beaver were native to the Sierra until at least the mid-nineteenth century , via radiocarbon dating of buried beaver dam wood uncovered by deep channel incision in the Feather River watershed . That report was supported by a summary of indirect evidence of beaver including reliable observer accounts of beaver in multiple watersheds from the northern to the southern Sierra Nevada , including its eastern slope . A specific documented record of beaver living historically in Lake Tahoe 's North Canyon Creek watershed above Glenbrook includes a description of Spooner Meadow rancher Charles Fulstone hiring a caretaker to control the beaver population in the early 20th century . A recent study of Taylor Creek showed that beaver dam removal decreased wetland habitat , increased stream flow , and increased total phosphorus pollutants entering Lake Tahoe -- all factors which negatively impact the clarity of the lake 's water . In addition , beaver dams located in Ward Creek , located on the west shore of Lake Tahoe , were also shown to decrease nutrients and sediments traveling downstream .", "The lake 's cold temperatures and extreme depth can slow the decomposition rate of organic matter . For example , a diver was found at a depth of 300 feet ( 90 m ) 17 years after being lost , with his body preserved nearly perfectly .", "The area around Lake Tahoe was previously inhabited by the Washoe tribe of Native Americans . Lake Tahoe was the center and heart of Washoe Indian territory , including the upper valleys of the Walker , Carson and Truckee Rivers . The English name for Lake Tahoe derives from the Washo word `` dá'aw , '' meaning `` The Lake '' or possibly `` The Lake of the Sky . ''", "Lt. John C. Frémont was the first person of European descent to see Lake Tahoe , during Fremont 's second exploratory expedition on February 14 , 1844 . John Calhoun Johnson , Sierra explorer and founder of `` Johnson 's Cutoff '' ( now U.S. Route 50 ) named Fallen Leaf Lake after his Indian guide . Johnson 's first job in the west was in the government service , carrying the mail on snowshoes from Placerville to Nevada City , during which time he named the lake `` Lake Bigler '' in honor of California 's third governor John Bigler .", "In 1853 William Eddy , the surveyor general of California , identified the lake as Lake Bigler . During the Civil War , Union advocates objected to the name , because Bigler was an ardent secessionist . Due to this , the U.S. Department of the Interior introduced the name Tahoe in 1862 . Both names were in use : the legislature passed legislation declaring the official name to be Lake Bigler in 1870 , while to most surveys and the general public it was known as Lake Tahoe . The lake did n't receive its official and final designation as Lake Tahoe until 1945 .", "Upon discovery of gold in the South Fork of the American River in 1848 , thousands of gold seekers going west passed near the basin on their way to the gold fields . European civilization first made its mark in the Lake Tahoe basin with the 1858 discovery of the Comstock Lode , a silver deposit just 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the east in Virginia City , Nevada . From 1858 until about 1890 , logging in the basin supplied large timbers to shore up the underground workings of the Comstock mines . The logging was so extensive that loggers cut down almost all of the native forest .", "Lake Tahoe became a transportation hub for the surrounding area as mining and logging commenced prior to development of railroads . The first mail delivery was via a sailboat which took a week to visit each of the lakeside communities . The first steamboat on Lake Tahoe was the 42 - foot ( 13 m ) paddle wheel tugboat Governor Blasdel towing log rafts to a sawmill on the south side of Glenbrook Bay from 1863 until her boiler exploded in 1877 . The 40 - foot ( 12 m ) Truckee and 55 - foot ( 17 m ) propeller - driven Emerald were also towing log rafts in 1870 . J.A. Todman brought steam - powered passenger service to Lake Tahoe in 1872 with the 100 - foot ( 30 m ) 125 - passenger side - wheel steamer Governor Stanford which reduced the mail delivery trip around Lake Tahoe to eight hours . Todman expanded service with steamboats Mamie , Niagara , and Tod Goodwin . Lawrence & Comstock provided competition with their steel - hulled steamboat Tallac in 1890 and later purchased Todman 's steamboats Mamie and Tod Goodwin . The Carson and Tahoe Lumber and Fluming Company purchased the 83 - foot ( 25 m ) Niagara and built the iron - hulled steamboats Meteor in 1876 and Emerald ( II ) in 1887 . The 75 - foot ( 23 m ) Meteor was the fastest boat on Lake Tahoe with a speed of 22 miles ( 35 km ) per hour . Lake Tahoe Railway and Transportation Company dominated the passenger and mail route after launch of their 200 - passenger steamboat Tahoe on 24 June 1896 . The 154 - ton Tahoe was 170 feet ( 52 m ) long with a slender 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) beam so her 1,200 horsepower ( 890 kW ) engines could push her over the lake at 18.5 knots . Lake Tahoe Railway and Transportation Company purchased Tallac and rebuilt her as Nevada with length increased by 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) to serve as a backup steamboat when Tahoe required maintenance .", "Tod Goodwin burned at Tallac , and most of the other steamboats were retired as the sawmills ran out of trees and people began traveling by automobile . Niagara was scrapped at Tahoe City in 1900 . Governor Stanford was beached at Glenbrook where its boiler was used until 1942 heating cottages at Glenbrook Inn and Ranch . Steamboats continued to carry a mail clerk around Lake Tahoe until 1934 , when the mail contract was given to the 42 - foot ( 13 m ) motorboat Marian B powered by two Chevrolet engines . Mail delivery moved ashore after Marian B was lost on 17 May 1941 with her owner and the mail clerk attempting mail delivery during a storm . The 60 - foot ( 18 m ) Emerald ( II ) left Lake Tahoe in 1935 to become a fishing boat in San Diego . Historic Tahoe , Nevada , and Meteor were purchased with hope they might be preserved ; but were scuttled in deep water after deterioration made preservation impractical . The latter two lie in Glenbrook Bay , but Tahoe sank in deeper water .", "Even in the mining era , the potential of the basin as a tourist destination was recognized . Tahoe City was founded in 1864 as a resort community for Virginia City .", "Public appreciation of the Tahoe basin grew , and during the 1912 , 1913 and 1918 congressional sessions , congressmen tried unsuccessfully to designate the basin as a national park .", "While Lake Tahoe is a natural lake , it is also used for water storage by the Truckee - Carson Irrigation District ( TCID ) . The lake level is controlled by Lake Tahoe Dam built in 1913 at the lake 's only outlet , the Truckee River , at Tahoe City . The 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) high dam can increase the lake 's capacity by 744,600 acre ⋅ ft ( 918,500,000 m ) .", "During the first half of the 20th century , development around the lake consisted of a few vacation homes . The post-World War II population and building boom , followed by construction of gambling casinos in the Nevada part of the basin during the mid-1950s , and completion of the interstate highway links for the 1960 Winter Olympics held at Squaw Valley , resulted in a dramatic increase in development within the basin . From 1960 to 1980 , the permanent residential population increased from about 10,000 to greater than 50,000 , and the summer population grew from about 10,000 to about 90,000 . Since the 1980s , development has slowed due to controls on land use .", "After a dispute that included gunshots exchanged between militia , in 1864 , California and Nevada defined a partition that followed geographical coordinates : the state line runs east of the approximate center line of the lake ; at 39 degrees north latitude , the state line runs southeasterly towards the Colorado River .", "Unbeknownst to the negotiators , this compromise split Lake Tahoe : two - thirds for California , one - third for Nevada . In California , Lake Tahoe is divided between Placer County and El Dorado County . In Nevada , Lake Tahoe is divided among Washoe County , Douglas County and Carson City ( an independent city ) .", "As the population grew and development expanded in the 1960s , the question of protecting the lake became more imperative . In 1969 , the U.S. Congress and the California and Nevada State Legislatures created a unique compact to share resources and responsibilities . The Compact established the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency ( TRPA ) , a bi-state agency charged with environmental protection of the Basin through land - use regulation and planning . In 1980 , the U.S. Congress amended the Compact with public law 96 - 551 . The law designated a new agency , the Tahoe Transportation District ( TTD ) , to facilitate and implement Basin and regional transportation improvements / additions for the protection , restoration and use of the lake . Schisms between both agencies and local residents have led to the formation of grass - roots organizations that hold to even stricter environmentalism .", "Lake Tahoe is also the location of several 19th and 20th century palatial homes of historical significance . The Thunderbird Lodge built by George Whittel Jr once included nearly 27 miles ( 43 km ) of the Nevada shoreline . Vikingsholm was the original settlement on Emerald Bay and included an island teahouse and a 38 - room home . The Ehrman Mansion is a summer home built by a former Wells Fargo president in Sugar Pine Point and is now a state park .", "Despite land - use planning and export of treated sewage effluent from the basin , the lake is becoming increasingly eutrophic ( having an excessive richness of nutrients ) , with primary productivity increasing by more than 5 % annually , and clarity decreasing at an average rate of 0.25 meters per year . Until the early 1980s , nutrient - limitation studies showed that primary productivity in the lake was nitrogen - limited . Now , after a half - century of accelerated nitrogen input ( much of it from direct atmospheric deposition ) , the lake is phosphorus - limited . Theodore Swift et al. , concluded that `` suspended inorganic sediments and phytoplanktonic algae both contribute significantly to the reduction in clarity , and that suspended particulate matter , rather than dissolved organic matter , are the dominant causes of clarity loss . '' The largest source of fine sediment particles to Lake Tahoe is urban stormwater runoff , comprising 72 percent of the total fine sediment particle load . Recent research has shown that the urban uplands also provide the largest opportunity to reduce fine sediment particle and phosphorus contributions to the lake . Historic clarity of approximately 30 meters can be achieved with total reduction of approximately 75 percent from urban sources .", "Historically , the clarity of Lake Tahoe continued to decrease through 2010 , when the average Secchi depth , 64.4 feet , was the second lowest ever recorded ( the lowest was 64.1 feet in 1997 ) . This represented a decrease of 3.7 feet from the previous year . However , the lake 's clarity increased from 2011 to 2014 , improving by nearly 20 percent .", "A water quality study by the Lahontan Water Quality Control Board and the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection determined the largest source of fine sediment particles : 71 percent is developed area ( urban ) erosion and run - off , much of it associated with transportation infrastructure and services .", "Lake Tahoe is a tributary watershed drainage element within the Truckee River Basin , and its sole outlet is the Truckee River , which continues on to discharge to Pyramid Lake . Because of the sensitivity of Truckee River water quality ( involving two protected species , the cui - ui sucker fish and the Lahontan cutthroat trout ) , this drainage basin has been studied extensively . The primary investigations were stimulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , who funded the development of the DSSAM model to analyze water quality below Lake Tahoe .", "Lake Tahoe never freezes . Since 1970 , it has mixed to a depth of at least 1,300 ft ( 400 m ) a total of 6 or 7 times . Dissolved oxygen is relatively high from top to bottom . Analysis of the temperature records in Lake Tahoe has shown that the lake warmed ( between 1969 and 2002 ) at an average rate of 0.015 ° C per year . The warming is caused primarily by increasing air temperatures , and secondarily by increasing downward long - wave radiation . The warming trend is reducing the frequency of deep mixing in the lake , and may have important effects on water clarity and nutrient cycling .", "Since the 1960s , the Lake 's food web and zooplankton populations have undergone major changes . In 1963 -- 65 , opossum shrimp ( Mysis diluviana ) were introduced to enhance the food supply for the introduced Kokanee salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) . The shrimp began feeding on the lake 's cladocerans ( Daphnia and Bosmina ) , and their populations virtually disappeared by 1971 . The shrimp provide a food resource for salmon and trout , but also compete with juvenile fish for zooplankton . Since the 1970s , the cladoceran populations have somewhat recovered , but not to former levels . Since 2006 , goldfish have been observed in the lake , where they have grown to `` giant size '' , behaving like an invasive species . They may have descended from former pets which owners dumped or escaped , when used as fishing bait .", "In June 2007 , the Angora Fire burned approximately 3,100 acres ( 1,300 ha ) throughout the South Lake Tahoe area . While the impact of ash on the lake 's ecosystem is predicted to be minimal , the impact of potential future erosion is not yet known .", "Until recently , construction on the banks of the Lake had been largely under the control of real estate developers . Construction activities have resulted in a clouding of the lake 's blue waters . Currently , the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency is regulating construction along the shoreline ( and has won two Federal Supreme Court battles over recent decisions ) . These regulations are unpopular with many residents , especially those in the Tahoe Lakefront Homeowners Association .", "The League to Save Lake Tahoe ( Keep Tahoe Blue ) has been an environmental watchdog in the Lake Tahoe Basin for 50 years . Founded when a proposal to build a four - lane highway around the lake -- with a bridge over the entrance to Emerald Bay -- was proposed in 1957 , the League has opposed many development projects in the area , which it alleges were environmentally harmful . The League embraces responsible and diversified use of the Lake 's resources while protecting and restoring its natural attributes .", "Since 1980 , the Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program ( LTIMP ) has been measuring stream discharge and concentrations of nutrients and sediment in up to 10 tributary streams in the Lake Tahoe Basin , California - Nevada . The objectives of the LTIMP are to acquire and disseminate the water quality information necessary to support science - based environmental planning and decision making in the basin . The LTIMP is a cooperative program with support from 12 federal and state agencies with interests in the Tahoe Basin . This data set , together with more recently acquired data on urban runoff water quality , is being used by the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board to develop a program ( mandated by the Clean Water Act ) to limit the flux of nutrients and fine sediment to the Lake .", "UC Davis remains a primary steward of the lake . The UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center is dedicated to research , education and public outreach , and to providing objective scientific information for restoration and sustainable use of the Lake Tahoe Basin . Each year , it produces a well - publicized `` State of the Lake '' assessment report .", "Much of the area surrounding Lake Tahoe is devoted to the tourism industry and there are many restaurants , ski slopes , golf courses and casinos catering to visitors .", "During ski season , thousands of people from all over Nevada and California , including Reno , Las Vegas , Los Angeles , San Diego , San Francisco , and Sacramento , flock to the slopes for downhill skiing . Lake Tahoe , in addition to its panoramic beauty , is well known for its blizzards .", "Some of the major ski areas in Tahoe include :", "Heavenly Mountain Resort : the largest ski area in California and Nevada , located near Stateline Squaw Valley : the second largest ski area , known for its hosting of the 1960 Winter Olympics , located near Tahoe City Alpine Meadows : a medium - sized ski area on the north shore only a few miles from Squaw Valley Diamond Peak : a small ski area located in Incline Village , Nevada Northstar California : a popular north shore ski area Kirkwood Mountain Resort : a ski area which gets more snow than any other ski area in the Tahoe region Sierra - at - Tahoe : a medium - sized south shore ski area Boreal Mountain Resort : a small ski area on Donner Pass Sugar Bowl Ski Resort : a medium - sized ski area in Donner Pass Donner Ski Ranch : a very small ski area on Donner Pass Homewood Mountain Resort : a medium - sized ski area on the west shore Mount Rose Ski Resort : a medium - sized ski area north - east of the Lake , on Slide Mountain", "Heavenly Mountain Resort : the largest ski area in California and Nevada , located near Stateline", "Squaw Valley : the second largest ski area , known for its hosting of the 1960 Winter Olympics , located near Tahoe City", "Alpine Meadows : a medium - sized ski area on the north shore only a few miles from Squaw Valley", "Diamond Peak : a small ski area located in Incline Village , Nevada", "Northstar California : a popular north shore ski area", "Kirkwood Mountain Resort : a ski area which gets more snow than any other ski area in the Tahoe region", "Sierra - at - Tahoe : a medium - sized south shore ski area", "Boreal Mountain Resort : a small ski area on Donner Pass", "Sugar Bowl Ski Resort : a medium - sized ski area in Donner Pass", "Donner Ski Ranch : a very small ski area on Donner Pass", "Homewood Mountain Resort : a medium - sized ski area on the west shore", "Mount Rose Ski Resort : a medium - sized ski area north - east of the Lake , on Slide Mountain", "The majority of the ski resorts in the Lake Tahoe region are on the northern end of the lake , near Truckee , California and Reno , Nevada . Kirkwood , Sierra - at - Tahoe and Heavenly are located on the southern side of the lake , 55 -- 75 miles ( 90 -- 120 km ) from Reno . Scattered throughout Tahoe are public and private sled parks . Some , such as Granlibakken are equipped with rope tows to help sledders get up the hill .", "Many ski areas around Tahoe also have snow tubing , such as Squaw Valley . Throughout Tahoe , cross-country skiing , snowmobile riding and snowshoeing are also popular .", "During late Spring to early Fall , the lake is popular for water sports and beach activities . The two cities most identified with the Lake Tahoe tourist area are South Lake Tahoe , California and the smaller Stateline ; smaller centers on the northern shoreline include Tahoe City and Kings Beach .", "Other popular activities include parasailing , jet ski rentals and eco-friendly paddle sport rentals . There are rental locations located around Lake Tahoe . Kayaking and stand up paddle boards have also become very popular .", "Boating is a primary activity in Tahoe in the summer . The lake is home to one of the most prestigious wooden boat shows in the country , the Lake Tahoe Concours d'Elegance , held every August . There are lake front restaurants all over the lake , most equipped with docks and buoys ( See the restaurants section ) . There are all sorts of boating events , such as sailboat racing , firework shows over the lake , guided cruises , and more . As an interstate waterway , Lake Tahoe is subject to the United States Coast Guard . Lake Tahoe is home to Coast Guard Station Lake Tahoe .", "SCUBA diving is popular at Lake Tahoe , with some dive sites offering dramatic drop - offs or wall dives . Diving at Lake Tahoe is considered advanced due to the increased risk of decompression sickness ( DCS ) while diving at such a high altitude .", "Fred Rogers became the first person to swim the length of Lake Tahoe in 1955 , and Erline Christopherson became the first woman to do so in 1962 .", "There are numerous hiking and mountain biking trails around the lake . They range widely in length , difficulty and popularity . One of the most famous of Tahoe 's trails is the Tahoe Rim Trail , a 165 - mile ( 270 - km ) trail that circumnavigates the lake . Directly to the west of the lake is the Granite Chief Wilderness , which provides great hiking and wilderness camping . Also , to the southwest is the very popular Desolation Wilderness . One of the most popular trailheads used to access these popular destinations is Eagle Lake Trailhead , located near Emerald Bay on Tahoe 's west shore . The Flume Trail of the east shore is one of Mountain Biking Magazine 's Top 10 Trails in the U.S. There are also many paved off - road bicycle paths that meander through communities on all sides of the lake .", "Gambling is legal on the Nevada side of Lake Tahoe . Casinos , each with a variety of slot machines and table games , are located on the South Shore in Stateline , and on the North Shore in Crystal Bay and Incline Village .", "When Nevada legalized gambling in 1931 , the first casino at the lake had already been open for years . First built on the North Shore in Crystal Bay by Robert Sherman in 1926 , the Calneva cabin became the property of Norman Henry Biltz and was sold to Bill Graham and Jim McKay in 1929 .", "The Calneva was rebuilt after a fire in 1937 and expanded several times , most noticeably in 1969 when the high - rise hotel was built . Along the way , Frank Sinatra owned the property in the early 1960s , shared his cabins with the likes of Sam Giancana and Marilyn Monroe , and sold out at the height of the area 's popularity .", "Other casinos at the North Shore include the Crystal Bay Club , first built in 1937 as the Ta - Neva - Ho ; the Tahoe Biltmore , and the Nugget . The Hyatt Regency is found at Incline Village .", "At South Shore , Bill Harrah purchased the Stateline Country Club , which had stood since 1931 and built Harrah 's Tahoe . Other casinos include Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Lake Tahoe , Harveys Lake Tahoe , Montbleu , and the Lakeside Inn .", "Lake Tahoe can be reached directly by car , and indirectly by train or air . The nearest passenger train service is the Amtrak station in Truckee , and is served by Amtrak 's train , the California Zephyr , which runs daily between Chicago and the San Francisco Bay Area . The closest scheduled passenger airline service is available via the Reno - Tahoe International Airport ( RNO ) .", "Visitors can reach Lake Tahoe under ideal conditions within two hours from the Sacramento area , one hour from Reno or thirty minutes from Carson City . In winter months , chains or snow tires are often necessary to reach Tahoe from any direction . Traffic can be heavy on weekends due to tourists if not also from weather .", "The primary routes to Lake Tahoe are on Interstate 80 via Truckee , U.S. Route 50 , and Nevada State Route 431 via Reno . Most of the highways accessing and encircling Lake Tahoe are paved two - lane mountain roads . US 50 is a four - lane highway ( from the canyon of the South Fork American River at Riverton , over the Sierra Nevada at Echo Summit , and into the Lake Tahoe Basin , is a mainly two - lane road ) passing south of the lake and along part of the eastern shore .", "California State Route 89 follows the western shore of the lake through the picturesque wilderness and connects camping , fishing and hiking locations such as those at Emerald Bay State Park , DL Bliss State Park and Camp Richardson . Farther along are communities such as Meeks Bay and Tahoe City . Finally , the highway turns away from the lake and heads northwest toward Truckee .", "California State Route 28 completes the circuit from Tahoe City around the northern shore to communities such as Kings Beach , Crystal Bay , and into Incline Village , Nevada where the road becomes Nevada State Route 28 . Route 28 returns along the eastern shore to US 50 near Spooner Lake .", "Reno - Tahoe International Airport / KRNO ( Reno , Nevada ) Sacramento International Airport / KSMF ( Sacramento , California ) Lake Tahoe Airport / KTVL ( South Lake Tahoe , California ) Truckee - Tahoe Airport / KTRK ( Truckee , California ) Minden - Tahoe Airport / KMEV ( Minden , Nevada )", "Reno - Tahoe International Airport / KRNO ( Reno , Nevada )", "Sacramento International Airport / KSMF ( Sacramento , California )", "Lake Tahoe Airport / KTVL ( South Lake Tahoe , California )", "Truckee - Tahoe Airport / KTRK ( Truckee , California )", "Minden - Tahoe Airport / KMEV ( Minden , Nevada )", "Carnelian Bay # 3 Dollar Point # 4 Kings Beach # 1 Sunnyside - Tahoe City # 5 Tahoe Vista # 2 Tahoma ( partially in El Dorado County ) # 6", "Carnelian Bay # 3", "Dollar Point # 4", "Kings Beach # 1", "Sunnyside - Tahoe City # 5", "Tahoe Vista # 2", "Tahoma ( partially in El Dorado County ) # 6", "El Dorado County", "South Lake Tahoe # 7 Tahoma ( partially in Placer County ) # 6", "South Lake Tahoe # 7", "Tahoma ( partially in Placer County ) # 6", "Carson City # 14", "Carson City # 14", "Glenbrook # 13 Lakeridge # 11 Logan Creek # 12 Round Hill Village # 8 Skyland # 10 Stateline # 17 Zephyr Cove # 9", "Glenbrook # 13", "Lakeridge # 11", "Logan Creek # 12", "Round Hill Village # 8", "Skyland # 10", "Stateline # 17", "Zephyr Cove # 9", "Crystal Bay # 16 Incline Village # 15", "Crystal Bay # 16", "Incline Village # 15", "The Ponderosa Ranch of the TV series Bonanza was formerly located on the Nevada side of Lake Tahoe . The opening sequence of the TV series was filmed at the McFaul Creek Meadow , with Mount Tallac in the background . In September 2004 the Ponderosa Ranch closed its doors , after being sold to developer David Duffield for an undisclosed price .", "The 1974 film The Godfather Part II used the lakeside estate Fleur de Lac as the location of several scenes , including the elaborate First Communion celebration , the Senator 's shakedown attempt of Michael , the assassination attempt on Michael , Michael disowning Fredo , Carmela Corleone 's funeral , Fredo 's death while fishing , and the closing scene of Michael sitting alone outside . Fleur de Lac , on the western California shore of Lake Tahoe , was formerly the Henry Kaiser estate . The surrounding lakeside area has been developed into a private gated condominium community and some of the buildings of the `` Corleone compound '' still exist , including the boathouse .", "The 2014 film Last Weekend , starring Patricia Clarkson and directed by Tom Dolby and Tom Williams , used the west shore lakefront home of Ray and Dagmar Dolby as the primary location for its interiors and exteriors . The house , built in 1929 , was also the site for the exteriors for A Place in the Sun , starring Elizabeth Taylor and Montgomery Clift . The 1988 film Things Change was also filmed here ." ]

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[ "Indian reservations Also known as : Domestic Dependent Nation Autonomous administrative divisions Location United States of America Created 1658 ( Powhatan Tribes ) Number 326 ( map includes the 310 as of May 1996 ) Populations 123 ( several ) - 173,667 ( Navajo Nation ) Areas ranging from the 1.32 - acre ( 0.534 hectares ) Pit River Tribe 's cemetery in California to the 16 million - acre ( 64 750 square kilometers ) Navajo Nation Reservation located in Arizona , New Mexico , and Utah", "Indian reservations", "Also known as : Domestic Dependent Nation", "Autonomous administrative divisions", "Location United States of America", "Created 1658 ( Powhatan Tribes )", "Number 326 ( map includes the 310 as of May 1996 )", "Populations 123 ( several ) - 173,667 ( Navajo Nation )", "Areas ranging from the 1.32 - acre ( 0.534 hectares ) Pit River Tribe 's cemetery in California to the 16 million - acre ( 64 750 square kilometers ) Navajo Nation Reservation located in Arizona , New Mexico , and Utah", "Administrative divisions of the United States First level State ( Commonwealth ) Federal district Territory ( Commonwealth ) Indian reservation ( list ) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native tribal entity / Pueblo / Off - reservation trust land Second level County / Parish / Borough Unorganized Borough / Census area / Villages / District ( USVI ) / District ( AS ) Consolidated city - county Independent city Municipality Unorganized atoll State - recognized tribes Third level Cities , towns , and villages Civil township Coterminous municipality Survey township Barrio Chapter Fourth level Ward Other areas Protected areas ( Conservation district , National Monument , National Park ) Congressional district Homeowner association Associated state Military base Federal enclave Unincorporated area Ghost town", "Administrative divisions of the United States", "First level", "State ( Commonwealth ) Federal district Territory ( Commonwealth ) Indian reservation ( list ) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native tribal entity / Pueblo / Off - reservation trust land", "State ( Commonwealth )", "State ( Commonwealth )", "Federal district Territory ( Commonwealth )", "Territory ( Commonwealth )", "Indian reservation ( list ) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native tribal entity / Pueblo / Off - reservation trust land", "Indian reservation ( list ) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native tribal entity / Pueblo / Off - reservation trust land", "Second level", "County / Parish / Borough Unorganized Borough / Census area / Villages / District ( USVI ) / District ( AS ) Consolidated city - county Independent city Municipality Unorganized atoll State - recognized tribes", "County / Parish / Borough Unorganized Borough / Census area / Villages / District ( USVI ) / District ( AS )", "County / Parish / Borough", "Unorganized Borough / Census area / Villages / District ( USVI ) / District ( AS )", "Consolidated city - county Independent city Municipality", "Consolidated city - county", "Unorganized atoll", "State - recognized tribes", "State - recognized tribes", "Third level", "Cities , towns , and villages Civil township Coterminous municipality Survey township Barrio Chapter", "Cities , towns , and villages", "Cities , towns , and villages", "Civil township Coterminous municipality Survey township", "Barrio Chapter", "Fourth level", "Ward", "Ward", "Other areas", "Protected areas ( Conservation district , National Monument , National Park ) Congressional district Homeowner association Associated state Military base Federal enclave Unincorporated area Ghost town", "Protected areas ( Conservation district , National Monument , National Park )", "Protected areas ( Conservation district , National Monument , National Park )", "Congressional district", "Homeowner association", "Associated state", "Military base Federal enclave", "Unincorporated area Ghost town", "", "", "An Indian reservation is a legal designation for an area of land managed by a federally recognized Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs rather than the state governments of the United States in which they are physically located . Each of the 326 Indian reservations in the United States are associated with a particular Native American nation . Not all of the country 's 567 recognized tribes have a reservation -- some tribes have more than one reservation , some share reservations , while others have none . In addition , because of past land allotments , leading to some sales to non-Native Americans , some reservations are severely fragmented , with each piece of tribal , individual , and privately held land being a separate enclave . This jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative , political , and legal difficulties .", "The collective geographical area of all reservations is 56,200,000 acres ( 22,700,000 ha ; 87,800 sq mi ; 227,000 km ) , approximately the size of Idaho . While most reservations are small compared to U.S. states , there are 12 Indian reservations larger than the state of Rhode Island . The largest reservation , the Navajo Nation Reservation , is similar in size to West Virginia . Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country ; the majority are west of the Mississippi River and occupy lands that were first reserved by treaty or ' granted ' from the public domain .", "Because tribes possess the concept of tribal sovereignty , even though it is limited , laws on tribal lands vary from the surrounding area . These laws can permit legal casinos on reservations , for example , which attract tourists . The tribal council , not the local government or the United States federal government , often has jurisdiction over reservations . Different reservations have different systems of government , which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation . Most Native American reservations were established by the federal government ; a limited number , mainly in the East , owe their origin to state recognition .", "The name `` reservation '' comes from the conception of the Native American tribes as independent sovereigns at the time the U.S. Constitution was ratified . Thus , the early peace treaties ( often signed under duress ) in which Native American tribes surrendered large portions of land to the U.S. also designated parcels which the tribes , as sovereigns , `` reserved '' to themselves , and those parcels came to be called `` reservations . '' The term remained in use even after the federal government began to forcibly relocate tribes to parcels of land to which they had no historical connection .", "Today a majority of Native Americans and Alaska Natives live somewhere other than the reservations , often in larger western cities such as Phoenix and Los Angeles . In 2012 , there were over 2.5 million Native Americans with about 1 million living on reservations .", "From the beginning of the European colonization of the Americas , Europeans often removed native peoples from lands they wished to occupy . The means varied , including treaties made under considerable duress , forceful ejection , and violence , and in a few cases voluntary moves based on mutual agreement . The removal caused many problems such as tribes losing means of livelihood by being subjected to a defined area , farmers having inadmissible land for agriculture , and hostility between tribes .", "In 1764 the `` Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs '' was proposed by the Board of Trade . Although never adopted formally , the plan established the imperial government 's expectation that land would only be bought by colonial governments , not individuals , and that land would only be purchased at public meetings . Additionally , this plan dictated that the Indians would be properly consulted when ascertaining and defining the boundaries of colonial settlement .", "For much of North America , the American Revolution was more of a battle against the Indians than a war against the British . So when the war was brought to an end with the 1783 Treaty of Paris , the treaty was generally understood by American officials to strip the Indians of all property rights east of the Mississippi River . The treaty was seen by Americans as a confirmation of their conquest of Indian land .", "The private contracts that once characterized the sale of Indian land to various individuals and groups -- from farmers to towns -- were replaced by treaties between sovereigns . This protocol was adopted by the United States Government after the American Revolution .", "On March 11 , 1824 , John C. Calhoun founded the Office of Indian Affairs ( now the Bureau of Indian Affairs ) as a division of the United States Department of War ( now the United States Department of Defense ) , to solve the land problem with 38 treaties with American Indian tribes .", "The passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 marked the systematization of a US federal government policy of forcibly moving Native populations away from European - populated areas .", "One example was the Five Civilized Tribes , who were removed from their native lands in the southern United States and moved to modern - day Oklahoma , in a mass migration that came to be known as the Trail of Tears . Some of the lands these tribes were given to inhabit following the removals eventually became Indian Reservations .", "In 1851 , the United States Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act which authorized the creation of Indian reservations in modern - day Oklahoma . Relations between settlers and natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West .", "In 1868 , President Ulysses S. Grant pursued a `` Peace Policy '' as an attempt to avoid violence . The policy included a reorganization of the Indian Service , with the goal of relocating various tribes from their ancestral homes to parcels of lands established specifically for their inhabitation . The policy called for the replacement of government officials by religious men , nominated by churches , to oversee the Indian agencies on reservations in order to teach Christianity to the native tribes . The Quakers were especially active in this policy on reservations .", "The policy was controversial from the start . Reservations were generally established by executive order . In many cases , white settlers objected to the size of land parcels , which were subsequently reduced . A report submitted to Congress in 1868 found widespread corruption among the federal Native American agencies and generally poor conditions among the relocated tribes .", "Many tribes ignored the relocation orders at first and were forced onto their limited land parcels . Enforcement of the policy required the United States Army to restrict the movements of various tribes . The pursuit of tribes in order to force them back onto reservations led to a number of Native American massacres and some wars . The most well - known conflict was the Sioux War on the northern Great Plains , between 1876 and 1881 , which included the Battle of Little Bighorn . Other famous wars in this regard included the Nez Perce War .", "By the late 1870s , the policy established by President Grant was regarded as a failure , primarily because it had resulted in some of the bloodiest wars between Native Americans and the United States . By 1877 , President Rutherford B. Hayes began phasing out the policy , and by 1882 all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Indian agency .", "In 1887 , Congress undertook a significant change in reservation policy by the passage of the Dawes Act , or General Allotment ( Severalty ) Act . The act ended the general policy of granting land parcels to tribes as - a-whole by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members . In some cases , for example , the Umatilla Indian Reservation , after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land , the reservation area was reduced by giving the `` excess land '' to white settlers . The individual allotment policy continued until 1934 when it was terminated by the Indian Reorganization Act .", "The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 , also known as the Howard - Wheeler Act , was sometimes called the Indian New Deal . It laid out new rights for Native Americans , reversed some of the earlier privatization of their common holdings , and encouraged tribal sovereignty and land management by tribes . The act slowed the assignment of tribal lands to individual members and reduced the assignment of ' extra ' holdings to nonmembers .", "For the following 20 years , the U.S. government invested in infrastructure , health care , and education on the reservations . Likewise , over two million acres ( 8,000 km2 ) of land were returned to various tribes . Within a decade of John Collier 's retirement ( the initiator of the Indian New Deal ) the government 's position began to swing in the opposite direction . The new Indian Commissioners Myers and Emmons introduced the idea of the `` withdrawal program '' or `` termination '' , which sought to end the government 's responsibility and involvement with Indians and to force their assimilation .", "The Indians would lose their lands but were to be compensated , although many were not . Even though discontent and social rejection killed the idea before it was fully implemented , five tribes were terminated : the Coushatta , Ute , Paiute , Menominee and Klamath , and 114 groups in California lost their federal recognition as tribes . Many individuals were also relocated to cities , but one - third returned to their tribal reservations in the decades that followed .", "With the establishment of reservations , tribal territories diminished to a fraction of original areas and indigenous customary practices of land tenure sustained only for a time , and not in every instance . Instead , the federal government established regulations that subordinated tribes to the authority , first , of the military , and then of the Bureau ( Office ) of Indian Affairs . Under federal law , the government patented reservations to tribes , which became legal entities that at later times have operated in a corporate manner . Tribal tenure identifies jurisdiction over land - use planning and zoning , negotiating ( with the close participation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs ) leases for timber harvesting and mining .", "Tribes generally have authority over other forms of economic development such as ranching , agriculture , tourism , and casinos . Tribes hire both members , other Indians and non-Indians in varying capacities ; they may run tribal stores , gas stations , and develop museums ( e.g. , there is a gas station and general store at Fort Hall Indian Reservation , Idaho , and a museum at Foxwoods , on the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Reservation in Connecticut ) .", "Tribal members may utilize a number of resources held in tribal tenures such as grazing range and some cultivable lands . They may also construct homes on tribally held lands . As such , members are tenants - in - common , which may be likened to communal tenure . Even if some of this pattern emanates from pre-reservation tribal custom , generally the tribe has the authority to modify tenant in - common practices .", "With the General Allotment Act ( Dawes ) , 1887 , the government sought to individualize tribal lands by authorizing allotments held in individual tenure . Generally , the allocation process led to grouping family holdings and , in some cases , this sustained pre-reservation clan or other patterns . There had been a few allotment programs ahead of the Dawes Act . However , the vast fragmentation of reservations occurred from the enactment of this act up to 1934 , when the Indian Reorganization Act was passed . However , Congress authorized some allotment programs in the ensuing years , such as on the Palm Springs / Agua Caliente Indian Reservation in California .", "Allotment set in motion a number of circumstances :", "individuals could sell ( alienate ) the allotment -- under the Dawes Act , it was not to happen until after twenty - five years . individual allottees who would die intestate would encumber the land under prevailing state devisement laws , leading to complex patterns of heirship . Congress has attempted to mollify the impact of heirship by granting tribes the capacity to acquire fragmented allotments owing to heirship by financial grants . Tribes may also include such parcels in long - range land use planning . With alienation to non-Indians , their increased presence on numerous reservations has changed the demography of Indian Country . One of many implications of this fact is that tribes can not always effectively embrace the total management of a reservation , for non-Indian owners and users of allotted lands contend that tribes have no authority over lands that fall within the tax and law - and - order jurisdiction of local government .", "individuals could sell ( alienate ) the allotment -- under the Dawes Act , it was not to happen until after twenty - five years .", "individual allottees who would die intestate would encumber the land under prevailing state devisement laws , leading to complex patterns of heirship . Congress has attempted to mollify the impact of heirship by granting tribes the capacity to acquire fragmented allotments owing to heirship by financial grants . Tribes may also include such parcels in long - range land use planning .", "With alienation to non-Indians , their increased presence on numerous reservations has changed the demography of Indian Country . One of many implications of this fact is that tribes can not always effectively embrace the total management of a reservation , for non-Indian owners and users of allotted lands contend that tribes have no authority over lands that fall within the tax and law - and - order jurisdiction of local government .", "The demographic factor , coupled with landownership data , led , for example , to litigation between the Devils Lake Sioux and the State of North Dakota , where non-Indians owned more acreage than tribal members even though more Native Americans resided on the reservation than non-Indians . The court decision turned , in part , on the perception of Indian character , contending that the tribe did not have jurisdiction over the alienated allotments . In a number of instances -- e.g. , the Yakama Indian Reservation -- tribes have identified open and closed areas within reservations . One finds the majority of non-Indian landownership and residence in the open areas and , contrariwise , closed areas represent exclusive tribal residence and related conditions .", "Indian Country today consists of tripartite government -- i.e. , federal , state and / or local , and tribal . Where state and local governments may exert some , but limited , law - and - order authority , tribal sovereignty is diminished . This situation prevails in connection with Indian gaming because federal legislation makes the state a party to any contractual or statutory agreement .", "Finally , other - occupancy on reservations may be by virtue of tribal or individual tenure . There are many churches on reservations ; most would occupy tribal land by consent of the federal government or the tribe . BIA agency offices , hospitals , schools , and other facilities usually occupy residual federal parcels within reservations . Many reservations include one or more sections ( about 640 acres ) of school lands , but those lands typically remain part of the reservation ( e.g. , Enabling Act of 1910 at Section 20 ) . As a general practice , such lands may sit idle or be grazed by tribal ranchers .", "When the Europeans discovered the `` New World '' in the fifteenth century , the land that was new to them had been home to Native Peoples for thousands of years . The American colonial government determined a precedent of establishing the land sovereignty of North America through treaties between sovereigns . This precedent was upheld by the United States government . As a result , most Native American land was purchased by the United States government , a portion of which was designated to remain under Native sovereignty . The United States government and Native Peoples do not always agree on how land should be governed , which has resulted in a series of disputes over sovereignty .", "The Federal Government and The Lakota Sioux tribe members have been involved in sorting out a legal claim for the Black Hills since signing the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty , which created what is known today as the Great Sioux Nation covering the Black Hills and nearly half of western South Dakota . This treaty was acknowledged and respected until 1874 , when General George Custer discovered gold , sending a wave of settlers into the area and leading to the realization of the value of the land from United States President Grant . President Grant used tactical military force to remove the Sioux from the land and assisted in the development of the Congressional appropriations bill for Indian Services in 1876 , a `` starve or sell '' treaty signed by only 10 % of the 75 % tribal men required based on specifications from the Fort Laramie Treaty that relinquished the Sioux 's rights to the Black Hills . Following this treaty , the Agreement of 1877 was passed by Congress to remove the Sioux from the Black Hills , stating that the land was purchased from the Sioux despite the insufficient number of signatures , the lack of transaction records , and the tribe 's claim that the land was never for sale .", "The Black Hills are sacred to the Sioux as a place central to their spirituality and identity , and contest of ownership of the land has been pressured in the courts by the Sioux Nation since they were allowed legal avenue in 1920 . Beginning in 1923 , the Sioux made legal claim that their relinquishment from the Black Hills was illegal under the Fifth Amendment , and no amount of money can make up for the loss of their sacred land . This claim went all the way up to the Supreme Court United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians case in 1979 after being revived by Congress , and the Sioux were awarded over $100 million as they ruled that the seizure of the Black Hills was in fact illegal . The Sioux have continually rejected the money , and since then the award has been accruing interest in trust accounts , and amounts to about $1 billion in 2015 .", "During President Barack Obama 's campaign he made indications that the case of the Black Hills was going to be solved with innovate solutions and consultation , but this was questioned when White House Counsel Leonard Garment sent a note to The Ogala people saying , `` The days of treaty making with he American Indians ended in 1871 ; ... only Congress can rescind or change in any way statutes enacted since 1871 . '' The He Sapa Reparations Alliance was established after Obama 's inauguration to educate the Sioux people and propose a bill to Congress that would allocate 1.3 million acres of federal land within the Black Hills to the tribe . To this day , the dispute of the Black Hills is ongoing with the trust estimated to be worth nearly $1.3 billion and sources believe principles of restorative justice may be the best solution to addressing this century old dispute .", "While 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolution addressed land sovereignty disputes between the British Crown and the colonies , it neglected to settle hostilities between indigenous people -- specifically those who fought on the side of the British , as four of the members of the Haudenosaunee did -- and colonists . In October 1784 the newly formed United States government facilitated negotiations with representatives from the Six Nations in Fort Stanwix , New York . The treaty produced in 1784 resulted in Indians giving up their territory within the Ohio River Valley and the U.S. guaranteeing the Haudenosaunee six million acres -- about half of what is present day New York -- as permanent homelands .", "Unenthusiastic about the treaty 's conditions , the state of New York secured a series of twenty - six `` leases , '' many of them lasting 999 years on all native territories within its boundaries . Led to believe that they had already lost their land to the New York Genesee Company , the Haudenosaunee agreed to land leasing which was presented by New York Governor George Clinton as a means by which the indigenous could maintain sovereignty over their land . On August 28 , 1788 , the Oneidas leased five million acres to the state in exchange for $2,000 in cash , $2,000 in clothing , $1,000 in provisions and $600 annual rent . The other two tribes followed with similar arrangements .", "The Holland Land Company gained control over all but ten acres of the native land leased to the state on September 15 , 1797 . These 397 square miles were subsequently parceled out and subleased to whites , allegedly ending the native title to land . Despite Iroquois protests , federal authorities did virtually nothing to correct the injustice . Certain of losing all of their land , in 1831 most of the Oneidas asked that what was left of their holdings be exchanged for 500,000 acres purchased from the Menominees in Wisconsin . President Andrew Jackson , committed to Indian Removal west of the Mississippi , agreed .", "The Treaty of Buffalo Creek , signed on January 15 , 1838 , directly ceded 102,069 acres of Seneca land to the Ogden company for $202,000 , a sum that was divided evenly between the government -- to hold in trust for Indians -- and non-Indian individuals who wanted to buy and improve the plots . All that was left of the Cayuga , Oneida , Onondaga and Tuscarora holding was extinguished at a total cost of $400,000 to Ogden .", "After Indian complaints , a second Treaty of Buffalo was written in 1842 in attempts to mediate tension . Under this treaty the Haudenosaunee were given the right to reside in New York and small areas of reservations were restored by the U.S. government .", "These agreements were largely ineffective in protecting Native American land . By 1889 eighty percent of all Iroquois reservation land in New York was leased by non-Natives .", "The modern - day Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations are located in Northern Arizona , near the Four Corners area . The Hopi reservation is 2,531.773 square miles within Arizona and lies surrounded by the greater Navajo reservation which spans 27,413 square miles and extends slightly into the states of New Mexico and Utah . The Hopi , also known as the Pueblo people , made many spiritually motivated migrations throughout the Southwest before settling in present - day Northern Arizona . The Navajo people also migrated throughout western North America following spiritual commands before settling near the Grand Canyon area . The two tribes peacefully coexisted and even traded and exchanged ideas with each other ; However , their way of lives were threatened when the `` New people '' , what the Navajo called white settlers , began executing Natives across the continent and claiming their land , as a result of Andrew Jackson 's Indian Removal Act . War ensued between the Navajo people , who call themselves the Diné , and new Americans . The end result was the Long Walk in the early 1860s in which the entire tribe was forced to walk roughly 400 miles from Fort Canby ( present day Window Rock , Arizona ) to Bosque Redondo in New Mexico . This march is similar to the well known Cherokee `` Trail of Tears '' and like it , many tribe did not survive the trek . The roughly 11,000 tribe members were imprisoned here in what the United States government deemed an experimental Indian reservation that failed because it became too expensive , there were too many people to feed , and they were continuously raided by other native tribes . Consequently , in 1868 , the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland after signing the Treaty of Bosque Redondo . The treaty officially established the `` Navajo Indian Reservation '' in Northern Arizona . The term reservation is one which creates territorialities or claims on places . This treaty gave them the right to the land and semi-autonomous governance of it . The Hopi reservation , on the other hand , was created through an executive order by President Arthur in 1882 .", "A few years after the two reservations were established , the Dawes Allotment Act was passed under which communal tribal land was divvied up and allocated to each household in attempt to enforce European - American farming styles where each family owns and works their own plot of land . This was a further act of enclosure by the US government . Each family received 640 acres or less and the remaining land was deemed `` surplus '' because it was more than the tribes needed . This `` surplus '' land was then made available for purchase by American citizens .", "The land designated to the Navajo and Hopi reservation was originally considered barren and unproductive by white settlers until 1921 when prospectors scoured the land for oil . The mining companies pressured the US government to set up Native American councils on the reservations so that they could agree to contracts , specifically leases , in the name of the tribe .", "During World War II , uranium was mined from their land as well though the companies and government neglected to inform the people of the dangers of radiation exposure . Some people had even built their houses out of mine waste . The companies also failed to properly dispose of the radioactive waste which did and will continue to pollute the environment , including the natives ' water sources . Many years later , these same men who worked the mines died from lung cancer and their families received no form of financial compensation .", "In 1979 , the Church Rock uranium mill spill was the largest release of radioactive waste in US history . The spill contaminated the Puerco River with 1,000 tons of solid radioactive waste and 93 million gallons of acidic , radioactive tailings solution which flowed downstream into the Navajo Nation . The Navajos used the water from this river for irrigation and their livestock but were not immediately informed about the contamination and its danger .", "After the war ended , the American population boomed and energy demands soared . The utility companies needed a new source of power so they began the construction of coal - fired power plants . They placed these power plants in the four corners region . In the 1960s , John Boyden , an attorney working for both Peabody Coal and the Hopi tribe , the nation 's largest coal producer , managed to gain rights to the Hopi land , including Black Mesa , a sacred location to both tribes which lay partially within the Joint Use Area of both tribes .", "This case is an example of environmental racism and injustice , per the principles established by the Participants of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit , because the Navajo and Hopi people , which are communities of color low income and political alienation , were disproportionately affected by the proximity and resulting pollution of these power plants which disregard their right to clean air , their land was degraded , and because the related public policies are not based on mutual respect of all people .", "The mining companies wanted more land but the joint ownership of the land made negotiations difficult . At the same time , Hopi and Navajo tribes were squabbling over land rights while Navajo livestock continuously grazed on Hopi land . Boyden took advantage of this situation , presenting it to the House Subcommittee on Indian Affairs claiming that if the government did not step in and do something , a bloody war would ensue between the tribes . Congressmen agreed to pass the Navajo - Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974 which forced any Hopi and Navajo people living on the other 's land to relocate . This affected 6,000 Navajo people and ultimately benefitted coal companies the most who could now more easily access the disputed land . Instead of using military violence to deal with those who refused to move , the government passed what became known as the Bennett Freeze to encourage the people to leave . Under the Bennett Freeze , 1.5 million acres of Navajo land were banned from any type of development , including paving roadways and even fixing roofs . This was meant to only be a temporary incentive to push tribe negotiations but wound up lasting over 40 years until 2009 when President Obama lifted the moratorium . Still , The legacy of the Bennett Freeze still looms over the region as seen by the nearly 3rd world conditions on the reservation - 75 % of people do not have access to electricity and housing situations are poor .", "The construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline , a 1,172 - mile pipeline that delivers crude oil from North Dakota to Iowa , has been in contest with the Standing Rock Sioux tribe , who claim that construction and usage of the pipeline threatens native lands , sacred burial grounds , water supplies provided by Lake Oahe , and environmental health . The pipeline was originally proposed to be built through the northern area of Bismarck , but was rerouted to an area near the Standing Rock Sioux reservation with push back from members of the Bismarck community afraid of the damages the pipeline may bring to their water supply . Bismarck has a 92.4 % white - alone demographic , and opponents of the pipeline have been cited in saying that the rerouting of the oil pipeline to the area that may impact indigenous land is racist .", "Beginning in April 2016 , native and non-native protesters gather on land near Dakota Access Pipeline construction sites to protest the pipeline . Conflict between the tribe members and the government have been occurring since the signing of the Fort Laramie Treaty in 1868 , which created the Great Sioux nation and followed with later contention regarding ownership of The Black Hills . In December 2016 , the pipeline was temporarily halted and denied easement under President Obama , but President Trump signed an executive order on January 24 , 2017 ; which allowed for continuation of construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline . Currently , after the forced evacuation of Oceti Sakowin , the Standing Rock Sioux are continuing to contest the construction and continued usage of the pipeline within the United States court system .", "Many Native Americans who live on reservations deal with the federal government through two agencies : the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service .", "The standard of living on some reservations is comparable to that in the developing world , with issues of infant mortality , life expectancy , poor nutrition , poverty , and alcohol and drug abuse . The two poorest counties in the United States are Buffalo County , South Dakota , home of the Lower Brule Indian Reservation , and Oglala Lakota County , South Dakota , home of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation , according to data compiled by the 2000 census .", "It is a common conception that environmentalism and a connectedness to nature is ingrained in the Native American culture . In recent years , cultural historians have set out to reconstruct this notion as what they claim to be a culturally inaccurate romanticism . Others recognize the differences between the attitudes and perspectives that emerge from a comparison of Western European philosophy and Traditional Ecological Knowledge ( TEK ) of Indigenous peoples , especially when considering natural resource conflicts and management strategies involving multiple parties .", "In 1979 , the Seminole tribe in Florida opened a high - stakes bingo operation on its reservation in Florida . The state attempted to close the operation down but was stopped in the courts . In the 1980s , the case of California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians established the right of reservations to operate other forms of gambling operations . In 1988 , Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , which recognized the right of Native American tribes to establish gambling and gaming facilities on their reservations as long as the states in which they are located have some form of legalized gambling .", "Today , many Native American casinos are used as tourist attractions , including as the basis for hotel and conference facilities , to draw visitors and revenue to reservations . Successful gaming operations on some reservations have greatly increased the economic wealth of some tribes , enabling their investment to improve infrastructure , education and health for their people .", "Serious crime on Indian reservations has historically been required ( by the 1885 Major Crimes Act , 18 U.S.C. § § 1153 , 3242 , and court decisions ) to be investigated by the federal government , usually the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and prosecuted by United States Attorneys of the United States federal judicial district in which the reservation lies .", "Tribal courts were limited to sentences of one year or less , until on July 29 , 2010 , the Tribal Law and Order Act was enacted which in some measure reforms the system permitting tribal courts to impose sentences of up to three years provided proceedings are recorded and additional rights are extended to defendants . The Justice Department on January 11 , 2010 , initiated the Indian Country Law Enforcement Initiative which recognizes problems with law enforcement on Indian reservations and assigns top priority to solving existing problems .", "The Department of Justice recognizes the unique legal relationship that the United States has with federally recognized tribes . As one aspect of this relationship , in much of Indian Country , the Justice Department alone has the authority to seek a conviction that carries an appropriate potential sentence when a serious crime has been committed . Our role as the primary prosecutor of serious crimes makes our responsibility to citizens in Indian Country unique and mandatory . Accordingly , public safety in tribal communities is a top priority for the Department of Justice .", "Emphasis was placed on improving prosecution of crimes involving domestic violence and sexual assault .", "Passed in 1953 , Public Law 280 ( PL 280 ) gave jurisdiction over criminal offenses involving Indians in Indian Country to certain States and allowed other States to assume jurisdiction . Subsequent legislation allowed States to retrocede jurisdiction , which has occurred in some areas . Some PL 280 reservations have experienced jurisdictional confusion , tribal discontent , and litigation , compounded by the lack of data on crime rates and law enforcement response .", "As of 2012 , a high incidence of rape continued to impact Native American women .", "A survey of death certificates over a four - year period showed that deaths among Indians due to alcohol are about four times as common as in the general US population and are often due to traffic collisions and liver disease with homicide , suicide , and falls also contributing . Deaths due to alcohol among American Indians are more common in men and among Northern Plains Indians . Alaska Natives showed the least incidence of death . Under federal law , alcohol sales are prohibited on Indian reservations unless the tribal councils choose to allow it .", "Gang violence is becoming a major social problem . A December 13 , 2009 , The New York Times article about growing gang violence on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation estimated that there were 39 gangs with 5,000 members on that reservation alone . As opposed to traditional `` Most Wanted '' lists , Native Americans are often placed on regional Crime Stoppers lists offering rewards for their whereabouts ." ]

[ [ "used as a tool of foreign policy and control. Colonies and political allies would be granted a \"minor\" form of Roman citizenship, there being several graduated levels of citizenship and legal rights (the Latin Right was one of them)" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Citizenship in ancient Rome ( Latin : civitas ) was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws , property , and governance .", "In the Roman Republic and later in the Roman Empire , people residing within the Roman state could roughly be divided into several classes :", "A male Roman citizen enjoyed a wide range of privileges and protections defined in detail by the Roman state . A citizen could , under certain exceptional circumstances , be deprived of his citizenship . Roman women had a limited form of citizenship . Though held in high regard they were not allowed to vote or stand for civil or public office . The rich might participate in public life by funding building projects or sponsoring religious ceremonies and other events . Women had the right to own property , to engage in business , and to obtain a divorce , but their legal rights varied over time . Marriages were an important form of political alliance during the Republic . Client state citizens and allies ( socii ) of Rome could receive a limited form of Roman citizenship such as the Latin Right . Such citizens could not vote or be elected in Roman elections . Slaves were considered property and lacked legal personhood . Over time , they acquired a few protections under Roman law . Some slaves were freed by manumission for services rendered , or through a testamentary provision when their master died . Once free , they faced few barriers , beyond normal social snobbery , to participating in Roman society . The principle that a person could become a citizen by law rather than birth was enshrined in Roman mythology ; when Romulus defeated the Sabines in battle , he promised the war captives that were in Rome they could become citizens . Freedmen were former slaves who had gained their freedom . They were not automatically given citizenship and lacked some privileges such as running for executive magistracies . The children of freedmen and women were born as free citizens ; for example , the father of the poet Horace was a freedman .", "A male Roman citizen enjoyed a wide range of privileges and protections defined in detail by the Roman state . A citizen could , under certain exceptional circumstances , be deprived of his citizenship .", "Roman women had a limited form of citizenship . Though held in high regard they were not allowed to vote or stand for civil or public office . The rich might participate in public life by funding building projects or sponsoring religious ceremonies and other events . Women had the right to own property , to engage in business , and to obtain a divorce , but their legal rights varied over time . Marriages were an important form of political alliance during the Republic .", "Client state citizens and allies ( socii ) of Rome could receive a limited form of Roman citizenship such as the Latin Right . Such citizens could not vote or be elected in Roman elections .", "Slaves were considered property and lacked legal personhood . Over time , they acquired a few protections under Roman law . Some slaves were freed by manumission for services rendered , or through a testamentary provision when their master died . Once free , they faced few barriers , beyond normal social snobbery , to participating in Roman society . The principle that a person could become a citizen by law rather than birth was enshrined in Roman mythology ; when Romulus defeated the Sabines in battle , he promised the war captives that were in Rome they could become citizens .", "Freedmen were former slaves who had gained their freedom . They were not automatically given citizenship and lacked some privileges such as running for executive magistracies . The children of freedmen and women were born as free citizens ; for example , the father of the poet Horace was a freedman .", "The rights available to individual citizens of Rome varied over time , according to their place of origin , and their service to the state . They also varied under Roman law according to the classification of the individual within the state . Various legal classes were defined by the various combinations of legal rights that each class enjoyed . However , the possible rights available to citizens with whom Roman law addressed were :", "Ius suffragiorum : The right to vote in the Roman assemblies . Ius honorum : The right to stand for civil or public office . Ius commercii : The right to make legal contracts and to hold property as a Roman citizen . Ius gentium : The legal recognition , developed in the 3rd century BC , of the growing international scope of Roman affairs , and the need for Roman law to deal with situations between Roman citizens and foreign persons . The ius gentium was therefore a Roman legal codification of the widely accepted international law of the time , and was based on the highly developed commercial law of the Greek city - states and of other maritime powers . The rights afforded by the ius gentium were considered to be held by all persons ; it is thus a concept of human rights rather than rights attached to citizenship . Ius conubii : The right to have a lawful marriage with a Roman citizen according to Roman principles , to have the legal rights of the paterfamilias over the family , and for the children of any such marriage to be counted as Roman citizens . Ius migrationis : The right to preserve one 's level of citizenship upon relocation to a polis of comparable status . For example , members of the cives Romani ( see below ) maintained their full civitas when they migrated to a Roman colony with full rights under the law : a colonia civium Romanorum . Latins also had this right , and maintained their ius Latii if they relocated to a different Latin state or Latin colony ( Latina colonia ) . This right did not preserve one 's level of citizenship should one relocate to a colony of lesser legal status ; full Roman citizens relocating to a Latina colonia were reduced to the level of the ius Latii , and such a migration and reduction in status had to be a voluntary act . The right of immunity from some taxes and other legal obligations , especially local rules and regulations . The right to sue in the courts and the right to be sued . The right to have a legal trial ( to appear before a proper court and to defend oneself ) . The right to appeal from the decisions of magistrates and to appeal the lower court decisions . Following the early 2nd - century BC Porcian Laws , a Roman citizen could not be tortured or whipped and could commute sentences of death to voluntary exile , unless he was found guilty of treason . If accused of treason , a Roman citizen had the right to be tried in Rome , and even if sentenced to death , no Roman citizen could be sentenced to die on the cross .", "Ius suffragiorum : The right to vote in the Roman assemblies .", "Ius honorum : The right to stand for civil or public office .", "Ius commercii : The right to make legal contracts and to hold property as a Roman citizen .", "Ius gentium : The legal recognition , developed in the 3rd century BC , of the growing international scope of Roman affairs , and the need for Roman law to deal with situations between Roman citizens and foreign persons . The ius gentium was therefore a Roman legal codification of the widely accepted international law of the time , and was based on the highly developed commercial law of the Greek city - states and of other maritime powers . The rights afforded by the ius gentium were considered to be held by all persons ; it is thus a concept of human rights rather than rights attached to citizenship .", "Ius conubii : The right to have a lawful marriage with a Roman citizen according to Roman principles , to have the legal rights of the paterfamilias over the family , and for the children of any such marriage to be counted as Roman citizens .", "Ius migrationis : The right to preserve one 's level of citizenship upon relocation to a polis of comparable status . For example , members of the cives Romani ( see below ) maintained their full civitas when they migrated to a Roman colony with full rights under the law : a colonia civium Romanorum . Latins also had this right , and maintained their ius Latii if they relocated to a different Latin state or Latin colony ( Latina colonia ) . This right did not preserve one 's level of citizenship should one relocate to a colony of lesser legal status ; full Roman citizens relocating to a Latina colonia were reduced to the level of the ius Latii , and such a migration and reduction in status had to be a voluntary act .", "The right of immunity from some taxes and other legal obligations , especially local rules and regulations .", "The right to sue in the courts and the right to be sued .", "The right to have a legal trial ( to appear before a proper court and to defend oneself ) .", "The right to appeal from the decisions of magistrates and to appeal the lower court decisions .", "Following the early 2nd - century BC Porcian Laws , a Roman citizen could not be tortured or whipped and could commute sentences of death to voluntary exile , unless he was found guilty of treason .", "If accused of treason , a Roman citizen had the right to be tried in Rome , and even if sentenced to death , no Roman citizen could be sentenced to die on the cross .", "Roman citizenship was required in order to enlist in the Roman legions , but this was sometimes ignored . Citizen soldiers could be beaten by the centurions and senior officers for reasons related to discipline . Non-citizens joined the Auxilia and gained citizenship through service .", "The legal classes varied over time , however the following classes of legal status existed at various times within the Roman state :", "The Cives Romani were full Roman citizens , who enjoyed full legal protection under Roman law . Cives Romani were sub-divided into two classes :", "The non optimo iure who held the ius commercii and ius conubii ( rights of property and marriage ) The optimo iure , who also held these rights as well as the ius suffragiorum and ius honorum ( the additional rights to vote and to hold office ) .", "The non optimo iure who held the ius commercii and ius conubii ( rights of property and marriage )", "The optimo iure , who also held these rights as well as the ius suffragiorum and ius honorum ( the additional rights to vote and to hold office ) .", "The Latini were a class of citizens who held the Latin Rights ( ius Latii ) , or the rights of ius commercii and ius migrationis , but not the ius connubii . The term Latini originally referred to the Latins , citizens of the Latin League who came under Roman control at the close of the Latin War , but eventually became a legal description rather than a national or ethnic one . Freedmen slaves , those of the Cives Romani convicted of crimes , or citizens settling Latin colonies could be given this status under the law .", "Socii or Foederati were citizens of states which had treaty obligations with Rome , under which typically certain legal rights of the state 's citizens under Roman law were exchanged for agreed levels of military service , i.e. the Roman magistrates had the right to levy soldiers for the Roman legions from those states . However , Foederati states that had at one time been conquered by Rome were exempt from payment of tribute to Rome due to their treaty status .", "Growing dissatisfaction with the rights afforded to the Socii , and with the growing manpower demands of the legions ( due to the protracted Jugurthine War and the Cimbrian War ) led eventually to the Social War of 91 -- 88 BC in which the Italian allies revolted against Rome .", "The Lex Julia ( in full the Lex Iulia de Civitate Latinis Danda ) , passed in 90 BC , granted the rights of the cives Romani to all Latini and socii states that had not participated in the Social War , or who were willing to cease hostilities immediately . This was extended to all the Italian socii states when the war ended ( except for Gallia Cisalpina ) , effectively eliminating socii and Latini as legal and citizenship definitions .", "Provinciales were those people who fell under Roman influence , or control , but who lacked even the rights of the Foederati , essentially having only the rights of the ius gentium .", "A Peregrinus ( plural Peregrini ) was originally any person who was not a full Roman citizen , that is someone who was not a member of the Cives Romani . With the expansion of Roman law to include more gradations of legal status , this term became less used , but the term peregrini included those of the latini , socii , and provinciales , as well as those subjects of foreign states .", "Roman citizenship was also used as a tool of foreign policy and control . Colonies and political allies would be granted a `` minor '' form of Roman citizenship , there being several graduated levels of citizenship and legal rights ( the Latin Right was one of them ) . The promise of improved status within the Roman `` sphere of influence '' , and the rivalry with one 's neighbours for status , kept the focus of many of Rome 's neighbours and allies centered on the status quo of Roman culture , rather than trying to subvert or overthrow Rome 's influence .", "The granting of citizenship to allies and the conquered was a vital step in the process of Romanization . This step was one of the most effective political tools and ( at that point in history ) original political ideas ( perhaps one of the most important reasons for the success of Rome ) .", "Previously Alexander the Great had tried to `` mingle '' his Greeks with the Persians , Egyptians , Syrians , etc. in order to assimilate the people of the conquered Persian Empire , but after his death this policy was largely ignored by his successors . The idea was not to assimilate , but to turn a defeated and potentially rebellious enemy ( or their sons ) into Roman citizens . Instead of having to wait for the unavoidable revolt of a conquered people ( a tribe or a city - state ) like Sparta and the conquered Helots , Rome tried to make those under its rule feel that they had a stake in the system .", "The Edict of Caracalla ( officially the Constitutio Antoniniana ( Latin : `` Constitution ( or Edict ) of Antoninus '' ) was an edict issued in AD 212 by the Roman Emperor Caracalla , which declared that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and all free women in the Empire were given the same rights as Roman women . Before 212 , for the most part only inhabitants of Italia held full Roman citizenship . Colonies of Romans established in other provinces , Romans ( or their descendants ) living in provinces , the inhabitants of various cities throughout the Empire , and a few local nobles ( such as kings of client countries ) also held full citizenship . Provincials , on the other hand , were usually non-citizens , although some held the Latin Right ." ]

[ [ "Charles Evans Hughes" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Washington Naval Treaty Limitation of Naval Armament Signing of the Washington Naval Treaty . Type Arms control Context World War I Signed February 6 , 1922 ( 1922 - 02 - 06 ) Location Memorial Continental Hall , Washington , D.C. Effective August 17 , 1923 ( 1923 - 08 - 17 ) Expiration December 31 , 1936 ( 1936 - 12 - 31 ) Negotiators Charles Evans Hughes Arthur Balfour Albert Sarraut Carlo Schanzer Katō Tomosaburō Signatories Warren G. Harding George V Alexandre Millerand Victor Emmanuel III Yoshihito Parties United States British Empire France Kingdom of Italy Empire of Japan Language English Washington Naval Treaty , 1922 at Wikisource", "Limitation of Naval Armament", "Signing of the Washington Naval Treaty .", "Type Arms control", "Context World War I", "Signed February 6 , 1922 ( 1922 - 02 - 06 )", "Location Memorial Continental Hall , Washington , D.C.", "Effective August 17 , 1923 ( 1923 - 08 - 17 )", "Expiration December 31 , 1936 ( 1936 - 12 - 31 )", "Negotiators Charles Evans Hughes Arthur Balfour Albert Sarraut Carlo Schanzer Katō Tomosaburō", "Signatories Warren G. Harding George V Alexandre Millerand Victor Emmanuel III Yoshihito", "Parties United States British Empire France Kingdom of Italy Empire of Japan", "Language English", "Washington Naval Treaty , 1922 at Wikisource", "The Washington Naval Treaty , also known as the Five - Power Treaty , the Four - Power Treaty , and the Nine - Power Treaty , was a treaty among the major nations that had won World War I , which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction . It was negotiated at the Washington Naval Conference , held in Washington , D.C. , from November 1921 to February 1922 , and it was signed by the governments of the United Kingdom , the United States , Japan , France , and Italy . It limited the construction of battleships , battlecruisers and aircraft carriers by the signatories . The numbers of other categories of warships , including cruisers , destroyers and submarines , were not limited by the treaty , but those ships were limited to 10,000 tons displacement .", "The naval treaty was concluded on February 6 , 1922 . Ratifications of that treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17 , 1923 , and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16 , 1924 .", "Later naval arms limitation conferences sought additional limitations of warship building . The terms of the Washington treaty were modified by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936 . By the mid-1930s , Japan and Italy renounced the treaties , making naval arms limitation an increasingly untenable position for the other signatories .", "Immediately after World War I , the United Kingdom had the world 's largest and most powerful navy , followed by the United States and more distantly by Japan . The three nations had been allied for World War I , but a naval arms race seemed likely for the next few years . President Woodrow Wilson 's administration had already announced successive plans for the expansion of the US Navy from 1916 to 1919 that would have resulted in a massive fleet of 50 modern battleships . At the time , it was engaged in building six battleships and six battlecruisers .", "In response , the Japanese parliament finally authorized construction of warships to enable the Japanese Navy to reach its target of an `` eight - eight '' fleet programme , with eight modern battleships and eight battlecruisers . The Japanese started work on four battleships and four battlecruisers , all much larger and more powerful than those of the classes preceding .", "The 1921 British Naval Estimates planned four battleships and four battlecruisers , with another four battleships to follow the subsequent year .", "The U.S. public was largely unwelcoming of the new `` arms race '' . The United States Congress disapproved of Wilson 's 1919 naval expansion plan , and during the 1920 presidential election campaign , politics returned to the non-interventionalism of the prewar era , with little appetite for continued naval expansion . Britain could also ill afford any resumption of battleship construction , given the exorbitant price of naval construction .", "In late 1921 , the US government became aware that Britain was planning a conference to discuss the strategic situation in the Pacific and Far East . To forestall the conference and satisfy domestic pressure for a global disarmament conference , the Harding administration called the Washington Naval Conference during November 1921 .", "At the first plenary session held November 21 , 1921 , US Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes presented his country 's proposals . Hughes provided a dramatic beginning for the conference by stating with resolve : `` The way to disarm is to disarm '' . The ambitious slogan received enthusiastic public endorsement and likely shortened the conference while helping ensure his proposals were largely adopted . He subsequently proposed the following :", "A ten - year pause or `` holiday '' in the construction of capital ships ( battleships and battlecruisers ) , including the immediate suspension of all capital ship building . The scrapping of existing or planned capital ships to give a 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.75 : 1.75 ratio of tonnage with Britain , the United States , Japan , France and Italy respectively . Ongoing limits of both capital ship tonnage and the tonnage of secondary vessels with the 5 : 5 : 3 ratio .", "A ten - year pause or `` holiday '' in the construction of capital ships ( battleships and battlecruisers ) , including the immediate suspension of all capital ship building .", "The scrapping of existing or planned capital ships to give a 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.75 : 1.75 ratio of tonnage with Britain , the United States , Japan , France and Italy respectively .", "Ongoing limits of both capital ship tonnage and the tonnage of secondary vessels with the 5 : 5 : 3 ratio .", "The proposals on capital ships were largely accepted by the British delegation , but they were controversial with the public . It would no longer be possible for Britain to have adequate fleets in the North Sea , the Mediterranean , and the Far Eas t simultaneously . That provoked outrage from parts of the Royal Navy .", "Nevertheless , there was huge pressure on Britain to agree . The risk of war with the United States was increasingly regarded as merely theoretical , as there were very few policy differences between the two countries . Naval spending was also unpopular in both Britain and its dominions . Furthermore , Britain was implementing major decreases of its budget because of the post -- World War I recession .", "The Japanese delegation was divided . Japanese naval doctrine required the maintenance of a fleet 70 % the size of that of the United States , which was felt to be the minimum necessary to defeat the United States in any subsequent war . The Japanese envisaged two separate engagements , first with the U.S. Pacific Fleet and then with the U.S. Atlantic Fleet . It calculated that a 7 : 5 ratio in the first battle would produce a big enough margin of victory to be able to win the subsequent engagement and so a 5 : 3 ratio , or 60 % , was unacceptable . Nevertheless , the director of the delegation , Katō Tomosaburō , preferred accepting the latter to the prospect of an arms race with the United States , as the relative industrial output of the two nations would cause Japan to lose such an arms race and possibly an economic crisis . Going into the negotiations , the Japanese had only 55 % of capital ships and 18 % of the GDP that the Americans did .", "His opinion was opposed strongly by Katō Kanji , the president of the Naval Staff College , who acted as his chief naval aide at the delegation and represented the influential `` big navy '' school of thought . It held that in the event of war , the United States would be able to build indefinitely more warships , because of its huge industrial power , and so Japan needed to prepare as thoroughly as possible for the inevitable conflict with America .", "Katō Tomosaburō was finally able to persuade the Japanese high command to accept the Hughes proposals , but the outcome of the treaty was for years a cause of controversy in the navy .", "The French delegation initially responded angrily to the idea of reducing its capital ships tonnage to 175,000 tons and demanded 350,000 , slightly above Japan . In the end , concessions regarding cruisers and submarines helped persuade the French to agree to the limit on capital ships . Another issue that was seen as critical by the French representatives was Italy 's request of substantial parity , which was seen as unsubstantiated ; however , pressure from the American and British delegations led them to give in . That was seen as a great success in Italy , but parity would never actually be reached .", "There was much discussion about the inclusion or exclusion of individual warships . In particular , the Japanese delegation was keen to retain their newest battleship Mutsu , which had been funded with great public enthusiasm , including donations from schoolchildren . That resulted in provisions to allow the United States and Britain to construct equivalent ships .", "Hughes proposed to limit secondary ships ( cruisers and destroyers ) in the same proportions as capital ships . However , that was unacceptable to both the British and the French . The British counterproposal , in which the British would be entitled to 450,000 tons of cruisers in consideration of its imperial commitments but the United States and Japan only 300,000 and 250,000 respectively , proved equally contentious . Thus , the idea of limiting total cruiser tonnage or numbers was rejected entirely .", "Instead , the British suggested a qualitative limit of future cruiser construction . The limit proposed , of a 10,000 ton maximum displacement and 8 - inch calibre guns , was intended to allow the British to retain the Hawkins class , then being constructed . That coincided with US requirements for cruisers for Pacific operations and also with Japanese plans for the Furutaka class . The suggestion was adopted with little debate .", "A major British demand during the negotiations was the complete abolition of the submarine , which had proved so effective against them in the war . However , that proved impossible , particularly as a result of French opposition ; they demanded an allowance of 90,000 tons of submarines and so the conference ended without an agreement on restricting submarines .", "Article XIX of the Treaty also prohibited Britain , Japan , and the United States from constructing any fortifications or naval bases in the Pacific Ocean . That was a significant victory for Japan , as fortified British or American bases would pose a serious problem for the Japanese in the event of any future war . The provision of the treaty essentially guaranteed that Japan would be the dominant power in the Western Pacific Ocean and was crucial in gaining Japanese acceptance of the limits on capital ship construction .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Tonnage limitations Country Capital ships Aircraft carriers British Empire 525,000 tons ( 533,000 tonnes ) 135,000 tons ( 137,000 tonnes ) United States 525,000 tons ( 533,000 tonnes ) 135,000 tons ( 137,000 tonnes ) Empire of Japan 315,000 tons ( 320,000 tonnes ) 81,000 tons ( 82,000 tonnes ) France 175,000 tons ( 178,000 tonnes ) 60,000 tons ( 61,000 tonnes ) Italy 175,000 tons ( 178,000 tonnes ) 60,000 tons ( 61,000 tonnes )", "Tonnage limitations", "Country Capital ships Aircraft carriers", "British Empire 525,000 tons ( 533,000 tonnes ) 135,000 tons ( 137,000 tonnes )", "United States 525,000 tons ( 533,000 tonnes ) 135,000 tons ( 137,000 tonnes )", "Empire of Japan 315,000 tons ( 320,000 tonnes ) 81,000 tons ( 82,000 tonnes )", "France 175,000 tons ( 178,000 tonnes ) 60,000 tons ( 61,000 tonnes )", "Italy 175,000 tons ( 178,000 tonnes ) 60,000 tons ( 61,000 tonnes )", "The treaty strictly limited both the tonnage and construction of capital ships and aircraft carriers and included limits of the size of individual ships .", "The tonnage limits defined by Articles IV and VII ( tabulated ) gave a strength ratio of approximately 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.75 : 1.75 for Britain , the United States , Japan , Italy , and France .", "The qualitative limits of each type of ship were as follows :", "Capital ships ( battleships and battlecruisers ) were limited to 35,000 tons standard displacement and guns of no larger than 16 - inch calibre . ( Articles V and VI ) Aircraft carriers were limited to 27,000 tons and could carry no more than 10 heavy guns , of a maximum calibre of 8 inches . However , each signatory was allowed to use two existing capital ship hulls for aircraft carriers , with a displacement limit of 33,000 tons each ( Articles IX and X ) . For the purposes of the treaty , an aircraft carrier was defined as a warship displacing more than 10,000 tonnes constructed exclusively for launching and landing aircraft . Carriers lighter than 10,000 tonnes , therefore , did not count towards the tonnage limits ( Article XX , part 4 ) . Moreover , all aircraft carriers then in service or building ( Argus , Furious , Langley and Hosho ) were declared `` experimental '' and not counted ( Article VIII ) . All other warships were limited to a maximum displacement of 10,000 tons and a maximum gun calibre of 8 inches ( Articles XI and XII ) .", "Capital ships ( battleships and battlecruisers ) were limited to 35,000 tons standard displacement and guns of no larger than 16 - inch calibre . ( Articles V and VI )", "Aircraft carriers were limited to 27,000 tons and could carry no more than 10 heavy guns , of a maximum calibre of 8 inches . However , each signatory was allowed to use two existing capital ship hulls for aircraft carriers , with a displacement limit of 33,000 tons each ( Articles IX and X ) . For the purposes of the treaty , an aircraft carrier was defined as a warship displacing more than 10,000 tonnes constructed exclusively for launching and landing aircraft . Carriers lighter than 10,000 tonnes , therefore , did not count towards the tonnage limits ( Article XX , part 4 ) . Moreover , all aircraft carriers then in service or building ( Argus , Furious , Langley and Hosho ) were declared `` experimental '' and not counted ( Article VIII ) .", "All other warships were limited to a maximum displacement of 10,000 tons and a maximum gun calibre of 8 inches ( Articles XI and XII ) .", "The treaty also detailed by Chapter II the individual ships to be retained by each navy , including the allowance for the United States to complete two further ships of the Colorado class and for Britain to complete two new ships in accordance with the treaty limits .", "Chapter II , part 2 , detailed what was to be done to render a ship ineffective for military use . In addition to sinking or scrapping , a limited number of ships could be converted as target ships or training vessels if their armament , armour and other combat - essential parts were removed completely . Some could also be converted into aircraft carriers .", "Part 3 , Section II specified the ships to be scrapped to comply with the treaty and when the remaining ships could be replaced . In all , the United States had to scrap 30 existing or planned capital ships , Britain 23 and Japan 17 .", "The treaty marked the end of a long period of increases of battleship construction . Many ships then being constructed were scrapped or converted into aircraft carriers . Treaty limits were respected and then extended by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 . It was not until the mid-1930s that navies began to build battleships once again , and power and size of new battleships began to increase once again . The Second London Naval Treaty in 1936 sought to extend the Washington Treaty limits until 1942 , but in the absence of Japan or Italy , it was largely ineffective .", "There were fewer effects on cruiser building . While the treaty specified 10,000 tons and 8 - inch guns as the maximum size of a cruiser , that was also the minimum size cruiser that any navy was willing to build . The treaty began a building competition of 8 - inch , 10,000 ton `` treaty cruisers '' , which gave further cause for concern . Subsequent naval treaties sought to address this , by limiting cruiser , destroyer and submarine tonnage .", "Unofficial terms of the treaty included the end of the Anglo - Japanese Alliance by Britain . It was not part of the Washington Treaty in any way , but the American delegates had made it clear they would not agree to the treaty unless Britain ended its alliance with the Japanese .", "The naval treaty had a profound effect on the Japanese . With superior American and British industrial power , a long war would very likely end in a Japanese defeat . Thus , gaining parity on the strategic level was not economically possible .", "Many Japanese considered the 5 : 5 : 3 ratio of ships as another way of being snubbed by the West , but it can be argued that the Japanese had a greater concentration of force than the U.S Navy or the Royal Navy . It also contributed to controversy in high ranks of the Imperial Japanese Navy between the Treaty Faction officers and their Fleet Faction opponents , who were also allied with the ultranationalists of the Japanese army and other parts of the Japanese government . For the Treaty Faction , the treaty was one of the factors that contributed to the deterioration of the relationship between the United States and Japanese governments . Some have also argued that the treaty was one major factor in prompting Japanese expansionism by the Fleet Faction during the early 1930s . The perception of unfairness resulted in Japan 's renunciation of the Naval Limitation Treaties in 1936 .", "Isoroku Yamamoto , who later masterminded the Attack on Pearl Harbor , argued that Japan should remain in the treaty . His opinion was more complex , however , in that he believed the United States could outproduce Japan by a greater factor than the 5 : 3 ratio because of the huge US production advantage of which he was an expert since he had served with the Japanese Embassy in Washington . `` Anyone who has seen the auto factories in Detroit and the oil - fields in Texas '' , he commented after the signing of the treaty , `` knows that Japan lacks the power for a naval race with America . '' He later added , `` The ratio works very well for Japan -- it is a treaty to restrict the other parties . '' He believed that other methods than a spree of construction would be needed to even the odds , which may have contributed to his advocacy of the plan to attack Pearl Harbor . However , he did not have sufficient influence at Navy headquarters or in the government .", "On December 29 , 1934 , the Japanese government gave formal notice that it intended to terminate the treaty . Its provisions remained in force until the end of 1936 and were not renewed . Japan effectively ignored the treaty in 1936 .", "What was unknown to the participants of the Conference was that the American `` Black Chamber '' ( the Cypher Bureau , a US intelligence service ) , commanded by Herbert Yardley , was spying on the delegations ' communications with their home capitals . In particular , Japanese communications were penetrated thoroughly , and American negotiators were able to get the absolute minimum possible deal that the Japanese had indicated they would ever accept .", "As it was unpopular with much of the Imperial Japanese Navy and with the increasingly active and important ultranationalist groups , the value that the Japanese government accepted was the cause of much suspicion and accusation among Japanese politicians and naval officers ." ]

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[ "Copp 's Hill Burying Ground U.S. National Register of Historic Places Copp 's Hill Burying Ground ( Massachusetts ) Copp 's Hill Burying Ground ( the US ) Show map of Boston Show map of Massachusetts Show map of the US Show all Location Boston , Massachusetts Coordinates 42 ° 22 ′ 2 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 23 '' W  /  42.36722 ° N 71.05639 ° W  / 42.36722 ; - 71.05639 Coordinates : 42 ° 22 ′ 2 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 23 '' W  /  42.36722 ° N 71.05639 ° W  / 42.36722 ; - 71.05639 Area 2 acres ( 0.81 ha ) Built 1659 NRHP reference # 74000385 Added to NRHP April 18 , 1974", "Copp 's Hill Burying Ground", "U.S. National Register of Historic Places", "Copp 's Hill Burying Ground ( Massachusetts ) Copp 's Hill Burying Ground ( the US ) Show map of Boston Show map of Massachusetts Show map of the US Show all", "Location Boston , Massachusetts", "Coordinates 42 ° 22 ′ 2 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 23 '' W  /  42.36722 ° N 71.05639 ° W  / 42.36722 ; - 71.05639 Coordinates : 42 ° 22 ′ 2 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 23 '' W  /  42.36722 ° N 71.05639 ° W  / 42.36722 ; - 71.05639", "Area 2 acres ( 0.81 ha )", "Built 1659", "NRHP reference # 74000385", "Added to NRHP April 18 , 1974", "Copp 's Hill Burying Ground is a historic cemetery in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts . Established in 1659 , it was originally named `` North Burying Ground '' , and was the city 's second cemetery .", "The cemetery was founded on February 20 , 1659 , when the town bought land on Copp 's Hill from John Baker and Daniel Turell to start the `` North Burying Ground '' . Now named `` Copp 's Hill Burying Ground '' ( although often referred to as `` Copp 's Hill Burial Ground '' ) , it is the second oldest cemetery in Boston ( second only to the King 's Chapel Burying Ground founded in 1630 ) . It contains more than 1200 marked graves , including the remains of various notable Bostonians from the colonial era into the 1850s .", "The first extension was made on January 7 , 1708 when the town bought additional land from Judge Samuel Sewall and his wife Hannah . The land was part of a pasture which Mrs. Sewall had inherited from her father , John Hull , master of the mint .", "Benjamin Weld and his wife Nabby sold the second extension to the town for $10,000 on December 18 , 1809 soon after they had bought it from Jonathan Merry , who had used it as pasture . Ten years later , Charles Wells , later mayor of Boston , bought a small parcel of land from John Bishop of Medford and used this as a cemetery that was later merged with the adjacent North Burying Ground . Because of this complicated history , it is no longer possible to discern the original boundaries of the cemetery .", "On the Snow Hill Street side are the many unmarked graves of the African Americans who lived in the `` New Guinea '' community at the foot of the hill . In addition to the graves there are 272 tombs , most of which bear inscriptions that are still legible .", "By 1840 the cemetery had fallen into near disuse but the town continued to maintain the site intermittently . By 1878 it was badly neglected . The cemetery was not an official stop on the Freedom Trail when it was created in 1951 but it has since been added and is much - frequented by tourists and photographers . The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 .", "William Copp 's children Shem Drowne , coppersmith , author of the grasshopper weathervane atop Faneuil Hall Benjamin Edes , journalist and agitator Prince Hall , abolitionist , the father of Black Freemasonry Edmund Hartt , master carpenter Samuel Mather , Independent minister Increase Mather , Puritan minister Cotton Mather , Puritan minister Robert Newman , the patriot who placed the signal lanterns in the steeple of Old North Church for Paul Revere 's midnight ride to Lexington and Concord John Norman , publisher Major Samuel Shaw , first American consul at Canton Nicholas Upsall , Puritan and later Quaker leader George Worthylake , first keeper of the Boston Light", "William Copp 's children", "Shem Drowne , coppersmith , author of the grasshopper weathervane atop Faneuil Hall", "Benjamin Edes , journalist and agitator", "Prince Hall , abolitionist , the father of Black Freemasonry", "Edmund Hartt , master carpenter", "Samuel Mather , Independent minister", "Increase Mather , Puritan minister", "Cotton Mather , Puritan minister", "Robert Newman , the patriot who placed the signal lanterns in the steeple of Old North Church for Paul Revere 's midnight ride to Lexington and Concord", "John Norman , publisher", "Major Samuel Shaw , first American consul at Canton", "Nicholas Upsall , Puritan and later Quaker leader", "George Worthylake , first keeper of the Boston Light" ]

[ [] ]

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[ "SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon . The series is set in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom , and centers on the adventures and endeavors of SpongeBob SquarePants , an over-optimistic sea sponge that annoys other characters . Many of the ideas for the show originated in an unpublished , educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone , which Hillenburg created in the mid-1980s . He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 after the cancellation of Rocko 's Modern Life , another Nickelodeon television series that Hillenburg previously directed .", "Since its debut on May 1 , 1999 , SpongeBob SquarePants has broadcast 225 episodes , and its eleventh season premiered on June 24 , 2017 . The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie , a feature - length film , was released in theaters on November 19 , 2004 and grossed over US $140 million worldwide . Atlantis SquarePantis , a television film guest starring David Bowie , debuted as part of the fifth season . In 2009 , Nickelodeon celebrated the show 's tenth anniversary with Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants and SpongeBob 's Truth or Square . The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water , a stand - alone sequel , was released in theaters on February 6 , 2015 and grossed over US $324 million worldwide .", "Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants have been nominated for a variety of different awards , including 17 Annie Awards ( with six wins ) , 17 Golden Reel Awards ( with eight wins ) , 15 Emmy Awards ( with one win ) , 13 Kids ' Choice Awards ( with 12 wins ) , and four BAFTA Children 's Awards ( with two wins ) . Several compilation DVDs have been released . In addition , the first nine seasons have been released on DVD , and are available for Regions 1 , 2 and 4 as of 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2017 .", "Season Segments Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 41 20 May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) 39 20 October 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 26 ) July 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 26 ) 37 20 October 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 05 ) October 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 11 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie November 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) 38 20 May 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 06 ) July 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 24 ) 5 41 20 February 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 19 ) July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) 6 47 26 March 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 03 ) July 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) 7 50 26 July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) June 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 11 ) 8 47 26 March 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 26 ) December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 9 49 26 July 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 21 ) February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) 10 22 11 October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 11 TBA 26 June 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) TBA", "Season Segments Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "41 20 May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 )", "39 20 October 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 26 ) July 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 26 )", "37 20 October 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 05 ) October 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 11 )", "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie November 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 19 )", "38 20 May 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 06 ) July 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 24 )", "5 41 20 February 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 19 ) July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 )", "6 47 26 March 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 03 ) July 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 05 )", "7 50 26 July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) June 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 11 )", "8 47 26 March 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 26 ) December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 )", "9 49 26 July 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 21 ) February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 )", "The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 )", "10 22 11 October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 )", "11 TBA 26 June 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) TBA", "The first season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes ( 41 segments ) . Note : This is the only season that used cel animation .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Help Wanted '' Alan Smart Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill Stephen Hillenburg ( director ) Derek Drymon May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 2515 - 127 6.90 1b 1b `` Reef Blower '' Fred Miller and Tom Yasumi Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Jay Lender May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 2515 - 126 6.90 1c 1c `` Tea at the Treedome '' Edgar Larrazabal ; Tom Yasumi Peter Burns , Mr. Lawrence , and Paul Tibbitt Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 2515 - 101 6.90 2a 2a `` Bubblestand '' Tom Yasumi Ennio Torresan , Erik Wiese , Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill Ennio Torresan ( director ) Erik Wiese July 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 17 ) 2515 - 105 1.90 2b 2b `` Ripped Pants '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt and Peter Burns Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare July 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 17 ) 2515 - 106 1.90 3a 3a `` Jellyfishing '' Alan Smart Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , Peter Burns , and Tim Hill Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell July 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 31 ) 2515 - 103 N / A 3b 3b `` Plankton ! '' Edgar Larrazabal Ennio Torresan , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan ( director ) Erik Wiese July 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 31 ) 2515 - 114 N / A 4a 4a `` Naughty Nautical Neighbors '' Fred Miller Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Mr. Lawrence Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer August 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 07 ) 2515 - 116 2.10 4b 4b `` Boating School '' Tom Yasumi Ennio Torresan Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan Jr. ( director ) Erik Wiese August 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 07 ) 2515 - 104 2.10 5a 5a `` Pizza Delivery '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer August 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 14 ) 2515 - 107 N / A 5b 5b `` Home Sweet Pineapple '' Tom Yasumi Ennio Torresan Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan Jr. ( director ) Erik Wiese August 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 14 ) 2515 - 124 N / A 6a 6a `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt , Mark O'Hare , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare August 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 21 ) 2515 - 119 2.20 6b 6b `` Pickles '' Tom Yasumi Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , and Peter Burns Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell and Jay Lender August 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 21 ) 2515 - 111 2.20 7a 7a `` Hall Monitor '' Edgar Larrazabal Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender August 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 28 ) 2515 - 108 2.10 7b 7b `` Jellyfish Jam '' Fred Miller Ennio Torresan , Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Peter Burns Ennio Torresan , Jr. ( director ) Erik Wiese August 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 28 ) 2515 - 118 2.10 8a 8a `` Sandy 's Rocket '' Tom Yasumi Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer September 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 04 ) 2515 - 110 1.90 8b 8b `` Squeaky Boots '' Fred Miller Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , and Mr. Lawrence Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell September 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 04 ) 2515 - 102 1.90 9a 9a `` Nature Pants '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt , Mark O'Hare , and Peter Burns Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare September 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 11 ) 2515 - 120 N / A 9b 9b `` Opposite Day '' Tom Yasumi Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender September 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 11 ) 2515 - 112 N / A 10a 10a `` Culture Shock '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt , Mark O'Hare , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare September 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 18 ) 2515 - 122 N / A 10b 10b `` F.U.N. '' Fred Miller Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer September 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 18 ) 2515 - 121 N / A 11a 11a `` MuscleBob BuffPants '' Edgar Larrazabal Ennio Torresan , Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan , Jr. ( director ) Erik Wiese September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) 2515 - 123 N / A 11b 11b `` Squidward the Unfriendly Ghost '' Fred Miller Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) 2515 - 115 N / A 12a 12a `` The Chaperone '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) 2515 - 113 N / A 12b 12b `` Employee of the Month '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare , Ennio Torresan Jr. , & Erik Wiese October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) 2515 - 125 N / A 13a 13a `` Scaredy Pants '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt and Peter Burns Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare October 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 28 ) 2515 - 109 N / A 13b 13b `` I Was a Teenage Gary '' Edgar Larrazabal Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , and Mr. Lawrence Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell October 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 28 ) 2515 - 117 N / A 14a 14a `` SB - 129 '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese December 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) 2515 - 129 N / A 14b 14b `` Karate Choppers '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese December 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) 2515 - 135 N / A 15a 15a `` Sleepy Time '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan Jr. , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt & Ennio Torresan Jr. ( directors and artists ) January 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 17 ) 2515 - 141 2.00 15b 15b `` Suds '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan Jr. , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt & Ennio Torresan Jr. ( directors and artists ) January 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 17 ) 2515 - 132 2.00 16a 16a `` Valentine 's Day '' Fred Miller Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Merriwether Williams Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender February 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 14 ) 2515 - 128 N / A 16b 16b `` The Paper '' Fred Miller Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender February 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 14 ) 2515 - 134 N / A 17a 17a `` Arrgh ! '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Vincent Waller , and Merriwether Williams Sherm Cohen ( director ) Vincent Waller March 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) 2515 - 130 2.10 17b 17b `` Rock Bottom '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan , and David Fain Paul Tibbitt & Ennio Torresan ( directors ) March 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) 2515 - 138 2.10 18a 18a `` Texas '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Vincent Waller , and David Fain Sherm Cohen ( director ) Vincent Waller March 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 22 ) 2515 - 139 N / A 18b 18b `` Walking Small '' Sean Dempsey Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese March 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 22 ) 2515 - 133 N / A 19a 19a `` Fools in April '' Fred Miller Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese April 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) 2515 - 140 N / A 19b 19b `` Neptune 's Spatula '' Fred Miller Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and David B. Fain Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender April 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) 2515 - 137 N / A 20a 20a `` Hooky '' Edgar Larrazabal Sherm Cohen , Vincent Waller , and Merriwether Williams Sherm Cohen ( director ) Vincent Waller April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) 2515 - 136 N / A 20b 20b `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy II '' Tom Yasumi Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) 2515 - 131 N / A", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions )", "1a 1a `` Help Wanted '' Alan Smart Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill Stephen Hillenburg ( director ) Derek Drymon May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 2515 - 127 6.90", "1b 1b `` Reef Blower '' Fred Miller and Tom Yasumi Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Jay Lender May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 2515 - 126 6.90", "1c 1c `` Tea at the Treedome '' Edgar Larrazabal ; Tom Yasumi Peter Burns , Mr. Lawrence , and Paul Tibbitt Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 2515 - 101 6.90", "2a 2a `` Bubblestand '' Tom Yasumi Ennio Torresan , Erik Wiese , Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill Ennio Torresan ( director ) Erik Wiese July 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 17 ) 2515 - 105 1.90", "2b 2b `` Ripped Pants '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt and Peter Burns Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare July 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 17 ) 2515 - 106 1.90", "3a 3a `` Jellyfishing '' Alan Smart Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , Peter Burns , and Tim Hill Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell July 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 31 ) 2515 - 103 N / A", "3b 3b `` Plankton ! '' Edgar Larrazabal Ennio Torresan , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan ( director ) Erik Wiese July 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 31 ) 2515 - 114 N / A", "4a 4a `` Naughty Nautical Neighbors '' Fred Miller Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Mr. Lawrence Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer August 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 07 ) 2515 - 116 2.10", "4b 4b `` Boating School '' Tom Yasumi Ennio Torresan Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan Jr. ( director ) Erik Wiese August 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 07 ) 2515 - 104 2.10", "5a 5a `` Pizza Delivery '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer August 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 14 ) 2515 - 107 N / A", "5b 5b `` Home Sweet Pineapple '' Tom Yasumi Ennio Torresan Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan Jr. ( director ) Erik Wiese August 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 14 ) 2515 - 124 N / A", "6a 6a `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt , Mark O'Hare , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare August 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 21 ) 2515 - 119 2.20", "6b 6b `` Pickles '' Tom Yasumi Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , and Peter Burns Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell and Jay Lender August 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 21 ) 2515 - 111 2.20", "7a 7a `` Hall Monitor '' Edgar Larrazabal Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender August 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 28 ) 2515 - 108 2.10", "7b 7b `` Jellyfish Jam '' Fred Miller Ennio Torresan , Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Peter Burns Ennio Torresan , Jr. ( director ) Erik Wiese August 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 28 ) 2515 - 118 2.10", "8a 8a `` Sandy 's Rocket '' Tom Yasumi Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer September 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 04 ) 2515 - 110 1.90", "8b 8b `` Squeaky Boots '' Fred Miller Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , and Mr. Lawrence Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell September 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 04 ) 2515 - 102 1.90", "9a 9a `` Nature Pants '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt , Mark O'Hare , and Peter Burns Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare September 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 11 ) 2515 - 120 N / A", "9b 9b `` Opposite Day '' Tom Yasumi Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender September 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 11 ) 2515 - 112 N / A", "10a 10a `` Culture Shock '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt , Mark O'Hare , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare September 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 18 ) 2515 - 122 N / A", "10b 10b `` F.U.N. '' Fred Miller Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer September 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 18 ) 2515 - 121 N / A", "11a 11a `` MuscleBob BuffPants '' Edgar Larrazabal Ennio Torresan , Jr. , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Ennio Torresan , Jr. ( director ) Erik Wiese September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) 2515 - 123 N / A", "11b 11b `` Squidward the Unfriendly Ghost '' Fred Miller Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) 2515 - 115 N / A", "12a 12a `` The Chaperone '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns Sherm Cohen ( director ) Aaron Springer October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) 2515 - 113 N / A", "12b 12b `` Employee of the Month '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare , Ennio Torresan Jr. , & Erik Wiese October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) 2515 - 125 N / A", "13a 13a `` Scaredy Pants '' Sean Dempsey Paul Tibbitt and Peter Burns Paul Tibbitt ( director ) Mark O'Hare October 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 28 ) 2515 - 109 N / A", "13b 13b `` I Was a Teenage Gary '' Edgar Larrazabal Steve Fonti , Chris Mitchell , and Mr. Lawrence Steve Fonti ( director ) Chris Mitchell October 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 28 ) 2515 - 117 N / A", "14a 14a `` SB - 129 '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese December 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) 2515 - 129 N / A", "14b 14b `` Karate Choppers '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese December 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) 2515 - 135 N / A", "15a 15a `` Sleepy Time '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan Jr. , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt & Ennio Torresan Jr. ( directors and artists ) January 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 17 ) 2515 - 141 2.00", "15b 15b `` Suds '' Edgar Larrazabal Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan Jr. , and Mr. Lawrence Paul Tibbitt & Ennio Torresan Jr. ( directors and artists ) January 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 17 ) 2515 - 132 2.00", "16a 16a `` Valentine 's Day '' Fred Miller Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Merriwether Williams Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender February 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 14 ) 2515 - 128 N / A", "16b 16b `` The Paper '' Fred Miller Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender February 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 14 ) 2515 - 134 N / A", "17a 17a `` Arrgh ! '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Vincent Waller , and Merriwether Williams Sherm Cohen ( director ) Vincent Waller March 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) 2515 - 130 2.10", "17b 17b `` Rock Bottom '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan , and David Fain Paul Tibbitt & Ennio Torresan ( directors ) March 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) 2515 - 138 2.10", "18a 18a `` Texas '' Sean Dempsey Sherm Cohen , Vincent Waller , and David Fain Sherm Cohen ( director ) Vincent Waller March 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 22 ) 2515 - 139 N / A", "18b 18b `` Walking Small '' Sean Dempsey Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Mr. Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese March 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 22 ) 2515 - 133 N / A", "19a 19a `` Fools in April '' Fred Miller Aaron Springer , Erik Wiese , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) Erik Wiese April 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) 2515 - 140 N / A", "19b 19b `` Neptune 's Spatula '' Fred Miller Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and David B. Fain Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender April 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) 2515 - 137 N / A", "20a 20a `` Hooky '' Edgar Larrazabal Sherm Cohen , Vincent Waller , and Merriwether Williams Sherm Cohen ( director ) Vincent Waller April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) 2515 - 136 N / A", "20b 20b `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy II '' Tom Yasumi Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , and Mr. Lawrence Chuck Klein ( director ) Jay Lender April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) 2515 - 131 N / A", "The second season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes ( 39 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code 21a 1a `` Your Shoe 's Untied '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Chris Headrick & Erik Wiese ( directors ) November 2 , 2000 ( November 2 , 2000 ) 5571 - 142 21b 1b `` Squid 's Day Off '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Jim Schumann ( director ) November 2 , 2000 ( November 2 , 2000 ) 5571 - 145 22a 2a `` Something Smells '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt October 26 , 2000 ( October 26 , 2000 ) 5571 - 143 22b 2b `` Bossy Boots '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr. Lawrence Chris Headrick ( director ) October 26 , 2000 ( October 26 , 2000 ) 5571 - 146 23a 3a `` Big Pink Loser '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss November 16 , 2000 ( November 16 , 2000 ) 5571 - 144 23b 3b `` Bubble Buddy '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr. Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss & Chuck Klein November 16 , 2000 ( November 16 , 2000 ) 5571 - 148 24a 4a `` Dying for Pie '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt & Erik Wiese December 28 , 2000 ( December 28 , 2000 ) 5571 - 147 24b 4b `` Imitation Krabs '' `` Robot Krabs '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , Mr. Lawrence Chris Headrick & Chuck Klein ( directors ) December 28 , 2000 ( December 28 , 2000 ) 5571 - 150 25a 5a `` Wormy '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Jim Schumann ( director ) February 17 , 2001 ( February 17 , 2001 ) 5571 - 149 25b 5b `` Patty Hype '' `` Color Patty 's '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr. Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss February 17 , 2001 ( February 17 , 2001 ) 5571 - 152 26a 6a `` Grandma 's Kisses '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Jim Schumann & Octavio Rodriguez ( directors ) March 6 , 2001 ( March 6 , 2001 ) 5571 - 154 26b 6b `` Squidville '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 6 , 2001 ( March 6 , 2001 ) 5571 - 156 27a 7a `` Prehibernation Week '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt May 5 , 2001 ( May 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 151 27b 7b `` Life of Crime '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr. Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss May 5 , 2001 ( May 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 157 28 8 `` Christmas Who ? '' `` Patchy The Pirate Presents The SpongeBob SquarePants Christmas Special '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr. Lawrence Chris Headrick & Erik Wiese ( directors ) December 6 , 2000 ( December 6 , 2000 ) 5571 - 155 29a 9a `` Survival of the Idiots '' Larry Leichliter Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 5 , 2001 ( March 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 160 29b 9b `` Dumped '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Merriwether Williams Carson Kugler ( director ) Caleb Meurer March 5 , 2001 ( March 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 161 30a 10a `` No Free Rides '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Mr. Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 7 , 2001 ( March 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 162 30b 10b `` I 'm Your Biggest Fanatic '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr. Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss March 7 , 2001 ( March 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 159 31a 11a `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy III '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Merriwether Williams Erik Wiese ( director ) November 27 , 2000 ( November 27 , 2000 ) 5571 - 158 31b 11b `` Squirrel Jokes '' Larry Leichliter and Lenord Robinson Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Merriwether Williams Chris Headrick ( director ) November 27 , 2000 ( November 27 , 2000 ) 5571 - 164 32a 12a `` Pressure '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and David Fain Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss March 8 , 2001 ( March 8 , 2001 ) 5571 - 166 32b 12b `` The Smoking Peanut '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Mr. Lawrence Carson Kugler ( director ) March 8 , 2001 ( March 8 , 2001 ) 5571 - 163 33a 13a `` Shanghaied '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 9 , 2001 ( March 9 , 2001 ) 5571 - 165 33b 13b `` Gary Takes a Bath '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt July 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 26 ) 5571 - 183 34a 14a `` Welcome to the Chum Bucket '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr. Lawrence Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Erik Wiese , & William Reiss January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5571 - 167 34b 14b `` Frankendoodle '' `` DoodleBob '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Chris Headrick ( director ) January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5571 - 167 35a 15a `` The Secret Box '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 7 , 2001 ( September 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 168 35b 15b `` Band Geeks '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt September 7 , 2001 ( September 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 173 36a 16a `` Graveyard Shift '' Sean Dempsey Mr. Lawrence , Jay Lender , and Dan Povenmire Jay Lender and Dan Povenmire ( directors ) September 6 , 2002 ( September 6 , 2002 ) 5571 - 196 36b 16b `` Krusty Love '' Sean Dempsey Mr. Lawrence , Jay Lender , and William Reiss Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss September 6 , 2002 ( September 6 , 2002 ) 5571 - 170 37a 17a `` Procrastination '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr. Lawrence Walt Dohrn and Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese November 30 , 2001 ( November 30 , 2001 ) 5571 - 175 37b 17b `` I 'm with Stupid '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Aaron Springer , and Mark O'Hare Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt and Ennio Torresan November 30 , 2001 ( November 30 , 2001 ) 5571 - 179 38a 18a `` Sailor Mouth '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 21 , 2001 ( September 21 , 2001 ) 5571 - 182 38b 18b `` Artist Unknown '' Sean Dempsey Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 21 , 2001 ( September 21 , 2001 ) 5571 - 174 39a 19a `` Jellyfish Hunter '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 28 , 2001 ( September 28 , 2001 ) 5571 - 181 39b 19b `` The Fry Cook Games '' Tom Yasumi Dan Povenmire , Jay Lender , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender and Dan Povenmire ( directors ) September 28 , 2001 ( September 28 , 2001 ) 5571 - 171 40a 20a `` Squid on Strike '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese October 12 , 2001 ( October 12 , 2001 ) 5571 - 185 40b 20b `` Sandy , SpongeBob , and the Worm '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Dan Povenmire , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender and Dan Povenmire ( directors ) October 12 , 2001 ( October 12 , 2001 ) 5571 - 180", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code", "21a 1a `` Your Shoe 's Untied '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Chris Headrick & Erik Wiese ( directors ) November 2 , 2000 ( November 2 , 2000 ) 5571 - 142", "21b 1b `` Squid 's Day Off '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Jim Schumann ( director ) November 2 , 2000 ( November 2 , 2000 ) 5571 - 145", "22a 2a `` Something Smells '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt October 26 , 2000 ( October 26 , 2000 ) 5571 - 143", "22b 2b `` Bossy Boots '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr. Lawrence Chris Headrick ( director ) October 26 , 2000 ( October 26 , 2000 ) 5571 - 146", "23a 3a `` Big Pink Loser '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss November 16 , 2000 ( November 16 , 2000 ) 5571 - 144", "23b 3b `` Bubble Buddy '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr. Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss & Chuck Klein November 16 , 2000 ( November 16 , 2000 ) 5571 - 148", "24a 4a `` Dying for Pie '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt & Erik Wiese December 28 , 2000 ( December 28 , 2000 ) 5571 - 147", "24b 4b `` Imitation Krabs '' `` Robot Krabs '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , Mr. Lawrence Chris Headrick & Chuck Klein ( directors ) December 28 , 2000 ( December 28 , 2000 ) 5571 - 150", "25a 5a `` Wormy '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Jim Schumann ( director ) February 17 , 2001 ( February 17 , 2001 ) 5571 - 149", "25b 5b `` Patty Hype '' `` Color Patty 's '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr. Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss February 17 , 2001 ( February 17 , 2001 ) 5571 - 152", "26a 6a `` Grandma 's Kisses '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Jim Schumann & Octavio Rodriguez ( directors ) March 6 , 2001 ( March 6 , 2001 ) 5571 - 154", "26b 6b `` Squidville '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 6 , 2001 ( March 6 , 2001 ) 5571 - 156", "27a 7a `` Prehibernation Week '' Edgar Larrazabal Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt May 5 , 2001 ( May 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 151", "27b 7b `` Life of Crime '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr. Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss May 5 , 2001 ( May 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 157", "28 8 `` Christmas Who ? '' `` Patchy The Pirate Presents The SpongeBob SquarePants Christmas Special '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr. Lawrence Chris Headrick & Erik Wiese ( directors ) December 6 , 2000 ( December 6 , 2000 ) 5571 - 155", "29a 9a `` Survival of the Idiots '' Larry Leichliter Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 5 , 2001 ( March 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 160", "29b 9b `` Dumped '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Merriwether Williams Carson Kugler ( director ) Caleb Meurer March 5 , 2001 ( March 5 , 2001 ) 5571 - 161", "30a 10a `` No Free Rides '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Mr. Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 7 , 2001 ( March 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 162", "30b 10b `` I 'm Your Biggest Fanatic '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and Mr. Lawrence Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss March 7 , 2001 ( March 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 159", "31a 11a `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy III '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Merriwether Williams Erik Wiese ( director ) November 27 , 2000 ( November 27 , 2000 ) 5571 - 158", "31b 11b `` Squirrel Jokes '' Larry Leichliter and Lenord Robinson Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Merriwether Williams Chris Headrick ( director ) November 27 , 2000 ( November 27 , 2000 ) 5571 - 164", "32a 12a `` Pressure '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , William Reiss , and David Fain Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss March 8 , 2001 ( March 8 , 2001 ) 5571 - 166", "32b 12b `` The Smoking Peanut '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , and Mr. Lawrence Carson Kugler ( director ) March 8 , 2001 ( March 8 , 2001 ) 5571 - 163", "33a 13a `` Shanghaied '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 9 , 2001 ( March 9 , 2001 ) 5571 - 165", "33b 13b `` Gary Takes a Bath '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt July 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 26 ) 5571 - 183", "34a 14a `` Welcome to the Chum Bucket '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr. Lawrence Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Erik Wiese , & William Reiss January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5571 - 167", "34b 14b `` Frankendoodle '' `` DoodleBob '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Chris Headrick ( director ) January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5571 - 167", "35a 15a `` The Secret Box '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 7 , 2001 ( September 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 168", "35b 15b `` Band Geeks '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt September 7 , 2001 ( September 7 , 2001 ) 5571 - 173", "36a 16a `` Graveyard Shift '' Sean Dempsey Mr. Lawrence , Jay Lender , and Dan Povenmire Jay Lender and Dan Povenmire ( directors ) September 6 , 2002 ( September 6 , 2002 ) 5571 - 196", "36b 16b `` Krusty Love '' Sean Dempsey Mr. Lawrence , Jay Lender , and William Reiss Jay Lender ( director ) William Reiss September 6 , 2002 ( September 6 , 2002 ) 5571 - 170", "37a 17a `` Procrastination '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mr. Lawrence Walt Dohrn and Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese November 30 , 2001 ( November 30 , 2001 ) 5571 - 175", "37b 17b `` I 'm with Stupid '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Aaron Springer , and Mark O'Hare Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt and Ennio Torresan November 30 , 2001 ( November 30 , 2001 ) 5571 - 179", "38a 18a `` Sailor Mouth '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 21 , 2001 ( September 21 , 2001 ) 5571 - 182", "38b 18b `` Artist Unknown '' Sean Dempsey Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 21 , 2001 ( September 21 , 2001 ) 5571 - 174", "39a 19a `` Jellyfish Hunter '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese September 28 , 2001 ( September 28 , 2001 ) 5571 - 181", "39b 19b `` The Fry Cook Games '' Tom Yasumi Dan Povenmire , Jay Lender , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender and Dan Povenmire ( directors ) September 28 , 2001 ( September 28 , 2001 ) 5571 - 171", "40a 20a `` Squid on Strike '' Tom Yasumi Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese October 12 , 2001 ( October 12 , 2001 ) 5571 - 185", "40b 20b `` Sandy , SpongeBob , and the Worm '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Dan Povenmire , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender and Dan Povenmire ( directors ) October 12 , 2001 ( October 12 , 2001 ) 5571 - 180", "The third season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes ( 37 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code 41a 1a `` The Algae 's Always Greener '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 22 , 2002 ( March 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 188 41b 1b `` SpongeGuard on Duty '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Mark O'Hare Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer March 22 , 2002 ( March 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 187 42a 2a `` Club SpongeBob '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Mark O'Hare ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese July 12 , 2002 ( July 12 , 2002 ) 5572 - 192 42b 2b `` My Pretty Seahorse '' Tom Yasumi Kent Osborne and Paul Tibbitt Kent Osborne and Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth July 12 , 2002 ( July 12 , 2002 ) 5572 - 193 43a 3a `` The Bully '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt October 5 , 2001 ( October 5 , 2001 ) 5572 - 191 43b 3b `` Just One Bite '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer October 5 , 2001 ( October 5 , 2001 ) 5572 - 194 44a 4a `` Nasty Patty '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kaz , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kaz ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth March 1 , 2002 ( March 1 , 2002 ) 5572 - 195 44b 4b `` Idiot Box '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth March 1 , 2002 ( March 1 , 2002 ) 5572 - 178 45a 5a `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy IV '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5572 - 177 45b 5b `` Doing Time '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5572 - 186 46a 6a `` Snowball Effect '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth February 22 , 2002 ( February 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 189 46b 6b `` One Krabs Trash '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kaz ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth February 22 , 2002 ( February 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 184 47a 7a `` As Seen on TV '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 8 , 2002 ( March 8 , 2002 ) 5572 - 172 47b 7b `` Can You Spare a Dime ? '' `` Squidward Quits a Job '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer March 8 , 2002 ( March 8 , 2002 ) 5572 - 190 48a 8a `` No Weenies Allowed '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss March 15 , 2002 ( March 15 , 2002 ) 5572 - 200 48b 8b `` Squilliam Returns '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Heather Martinez & Mike Roth March 15 , 2002 ( March 15 , 2002 ) 5572 - 199 49a 9a `` Krab Borg '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth March 29 , 2002 ( March 29 , 2002 ) 5572 - 197 49b 9b `` Rock - a-Bye Bivalve '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Mark O'Hare Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Mike Roth March 29 , 2002 ( March 29 , 2002 ) 5572 - 103 50a 10a `` Wet Painters '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Mark O'Hare C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Caleb Meurer & Carson Kugler May 10 , 2002 ( May 10 , 2002 ) 5572 - 202 50b 10b `` Krusty Krab Training Video '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , Kent Osborne Aaron Springer & C.H. Greenblatt ( directors ) Caleb Meurer May 10 , 2002 ( May 10 , 2002 ) 5572 - 198 51 11 `` Party Pooper Pants '' `` SpongeBob 's House Party '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Merriwether Williams , Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne ( Live Action ) Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Caleb Meurer , Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth May 17 , 2002 ( May 17 , 2002 ) 5572 - 204 52a 12a `` Chocolate with Nuts '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kaz , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kaz ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth June 1 , 2002 ( June 1 , 2002 ) 5572 - 196 52b 12b `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Merriwether Williams C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Mike Roth June 1 , 2002 ( June 1 , 2002 ) TBA 53a 13a `` New Student Starfish '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Heather Martinez , William Reiss , & Mike Roth September 20 , 2002 ( September 20 , 2002 ) 5572 - 201 53b 13b `` Clams '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Mark O'Hare Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer September 20 , 2002 ( September 20 , 2002 ) 5572 - 207 54 14 `` Ugh '' `` SpongeBob B.C. '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne Merriwether Williams ( Live Action ) Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss March 5 , 2004 ( March 5 , 2004 ) 5572 - 208 55a 15a `` The Great Snail Race '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Joe Liss ( TV ) , Merriwether Williams ( DVD ) Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss January 24 , 2003 ( January 24 , 2003 ) 5572 - 216 55b 15b `` Mid-Life Crustacean '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Mark O'Hare C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Chuck Klein January 24 , 2003 ( January 24 , 2003 ) 5572 - 210 56a 16a `` Born Again Krabs '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss October 4 , 2003 ( October 4 , 2003 ) 5572 - 213 56b 16b `` I Had an Accident '' `` Safety Freak '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Merriwether Williams C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Chuck Klein October 4 , 2003 ( October 4 , 2003 ) 5572 - 214 57a 17a `` Krabby Land '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbit & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss April 3 , 2004 ( April 3 , 2004 ) 5572 - 212 57b 17b `` The Camping Episode '' `` Squid Gets Mauled '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Dan Povenmire ( directors ) Caleb Meurer April 3 , 2004 ( April 3 , 2004 ) 5572 - 215 58a 18a `` Missing Identity '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Zeus Cervas , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss January 19 , 2004 ( January 19 , 2004 ) 5572 - 209 58b 18b `` Plankton 's Army '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer January 19 , 2004 ( January 19 , 2004 ) 5572 - 211 59 19 `` The Sponge Who Could Fly '' `` The Lost Episode '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender and Sam Henderson ( Live Action ) Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss March 21 , 2003 ( March 21 , 2003 ) 5572 - 217 60a 20a `` SpongeBob Meets the Strangler '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt , Kaz , & C.H. Greenblatt ( directors ) Zeus Cervas , Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , & Mike Roth October 11 , 2004 ( October 11 , 2004 ) 5572 - 221 60b 20b `` Pranks a Lot '' `` Naked Pants '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss October 11 , 2004 ( October 11 , 2004 ) 5572 - 218", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code", "41a 1a `` The Algae 's Always Greener '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 22 , 2002 ( March 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 188", "41b 1b `` SpongeGuard on Duty '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Mark O'Hare Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer March 22 , 2002 ( March 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 187", "42a 2a `` Club SpongeBob '' Andrew Overtoom Walt Dohrn and Mark O'Hare Walt Dohrn & Mark O'Hare ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Erik Wiese July 12 , 2002 ( July 12 , 2002 ) 5572 - 192", "42b 2b `` My Pretty Seahorse '' Tom Yasumi Kent Osborne and Paul Tibbitt Kent Osborne and Paul Tibbitt ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth July 12 , 2002 ( July 12 , 2002 ) 5572 - 193", "43a 3a `` The Bully '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt October 5 , 2001 ( October 5 , 2001 ) 5572 - 191", "43b 3b `` Just One Bite '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer October 5 , 2001 ( October 5 , 2001 ) 5572 - 194", "44a 4a `` Nasty Patty '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kaz , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kaz ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth March 1 , 2002 ( March 1 , 2002 ) 5572 - 195", "44b 4b `` Idiot Box '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth March 1 , 2002 ( March 1 , 2002 ) 5572 - 178", "45a 5a `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy IV '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5572 - 177", "45b 5b `` Doing Time '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt January 21 , 2002 ( January 21 , 2002 ) 5572 - 186", "46a 6a `` Snowball Effect '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth February 22 , 2002 ( February 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 189", "46b 6b `` One Krabs Trash '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kaz ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth February 22 , 2002 ( February 22 , 2002 ) 5572 - 184", "47a 7a `` As Seen on TV '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Aaron Springer ( director ) C.H. Greenblatt March 8 , 2002 ( March 8 , 2002 ) 5572 - 172", "47b 7b `` Can You Spare a Dime ? '' `` Squidward Quits a Job '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer March 8 , 2002 ( March 8 , 2002 ) 5572 - 190", "48a 8a `` No Weenies Allowed '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss March 15 , 2002 ( March 15 , 2002 ) 5572 - 200", "48b 8b `` Squilliam Returns '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Heather Martinez & Mike Roth March 15 , 2002 ( March 15 , 2002 ) 5572 - 199", "49a 9a `` Krab Borg '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth March 29 , 2002 ( March 29 , 2002 ) 5572 - 197", "49b 9b `` Rock - a-Bye Bivalve '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Mark O'Hare Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Mike Roth March 29 , 2002 ( March 29 , 2002 ) 5572 - 103", "50a 10a `` Wet Painters '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Mark O'Hare C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Caleb Meurer & Carson Kugler May 10 , 2002 ( May 10 , 2002 ) 5572 - 202", "50b 10b `` Krusty Krab Training Video '' Frank Weiss Aaron Springer , C.H. Greenblatt , Kent Osborne Aaron Springer & C.H. Greenblatt ( directors ) Caleb Meurer May 10 , 2002 ( May 10 , 2002 ) 5572 - 198", "51 11 `` Party Pooper Pants '' `` SpongeBob 's House Party '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Merriwether Williams , Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne ( Live Action ) Paul Tibbitt , Walt Dohrn , & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Caleb Meurer , Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth May 17 , 2002 ( May 17 , 2002 ) 5572 - 204", "52a 12a `` Chocolate with Nuts '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kaz , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt & Kaz ( directors ) Carson Kugler , William Reiss , & Mike Roth June 1 , 2002 ( June 1 , 2002 ) 5572 - 196", "52b 12b `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Merriwether Williams C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Mike Roth June 1 , 2002 ( June 1 , 2002 ) TBA", "53a 13a `` New Student Starfish '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbitt & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Heather Martinez , William Reiss , & Mike Roth September 20 , 2002 ( September 20 , 2002 ) 5572 - 201", "53b 13b `` Clams '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Mark O'Hare Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer September 20 , 2002 ( September 20 , 2002 ) 5572 - 207", "54 14 `` Ugh '' `` SpongeBob B.C. '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne Merriwether Williams ( Live Action ) Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss March 5 , 2004 ( March 5 , 2004 ) 5572 - 208", "55a 15a `` The Great Snail Race '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Joe Liss ( TV ) , Merriwether Williams ( DVD ) Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss January 24 , 2003 ( January 24 , 2003 ) 5572 - 216", "55b 15b `` Mid-Life Crustacean '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Mark O'Hare C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Chuck Klein January 24 , 2003 ( January 24 , 2003 ) 5572 - 210", "56a 16a `` Born Again Krabs '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss October 4 , 2003 ( October 4 , 2003 ) 5572 - 213", "56b 16b `` I Had an Accident '' `` Safety Freak '' Frank Weiss C.H. Greenblatt , Kaz , and Merriwether Williams C.H. Greenblatt & Kaz ( directors ) Chuck Klein October 4 , 2003 ( October 4 , 2003 ) 5572 - 214", "57a 17a `` Krabby Land '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Mark O'Hare Paul Tibbit & Kent Osborne ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss April 3 , 2004 ( April 3 , 2004 ) 5572 - 212", "57b 17b `` The Camping Episode '' `` Squid Gets Mauled '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Dan Povenmire ( directors ) Caleb Meurer April 3 , 2004 ( April 3 , 2004 ) 5572 - 215", "58a 18a `` Missing Identity '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Zeus Cervas , Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss January 19 , 2004 ( January 19 , 2004 ) 5572 - 209", "58b 18b `` Plankton 's Army '' Sean Dempsey Jay Lender , Sam Henderson , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender & Sam Henderson ( directors ) Caleb Meurer January 19 , 2004 ( January 19 , 2004 ) 5572 - 211", "59 19 `` The Sponge Who Could Fly '' `` The Lost Episode '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Jay Lender and Sam Henderson ( Live Action ) Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss March 21 , 2003 ( March 21 , 2003 ) 5572 - 217", "60a 20a `` SpongeBob Meets the Strangler '' Tom Yasumi Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , C.H. Greenblatt , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt , Kaz , & C.H. Greenblatt ( directors ) Zeus Cervas , Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , & Mike Roth October 11 , 2004 ( October 11 , 2004 ) 5572 - 221", "60b 20b `` Pranks a Lot '' `` Naked Pants '' Andrew Overtoom Paul Tibbitt , Kent Osborne , and Merriwether Williams Paul Tibbitt and Kent Osborne ( directors ) Carson Kugler , Caleb Meurer , & William Reiss October 11 , 2004 ( October 11 , 2004 ) 5572 - 218", "Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Release date ( U.S. ) Release date ( international ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Stephen Hillenburg Derek Drymon , Tim Hill , Stephen Hillenburg , Kent Osborne , Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , Tim Hill , Kent Osborne , Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt November 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) 14 November 2004", "Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Release date ( U.S. ) Release date ( international )", "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Stephen Hillenburg Derek Drymon , Tim Hill , Stephen Hillenburg , Kent Osborne , Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt Stephen Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , Tim Hill , Kent Osborne , Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt November 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) 14 November 2004", "The fourth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes ( 38 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61a 1a `` Fear of a Krabby Patty '' Alan Smart C.H. Greenblatt and Paul Tibbitt C.H. Greenblatt ( director ) Zeus Cervas May 6 , 2005 ( May 6 , 2005 ) 5574 - 401 2.60 61b 1b `` Shell of a Man '' Tom Yasumi Mike Bell and Paul Tibbitt Mike Bell & Vincent Waller ( directors ) Zeus Cervas & Brad Vandergrift May 6 , 2005 ( May 6 , 2005 ) 5574 - 402 2.60 62a 2a `` The Lost Mattress '' Alan Smart Mike Bell and Tim Hill Mike Bell ( director ) Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik C. Wiese , William Reiss , & Garrett Ho May 13 , 2005 ( May 13 , 2005 ) 5574 - 406 N / A 62b 2b `` Krabs vs. Plankton '' Tom Yasumi Tim Hill , Mike Mitchell , and Vincent Waller Vincent Waller ( director ) Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik C. Wiese , William Reiss , & Garrett Ho May 13 , 2005 ( May 13 , 2005 ) 5574 - 403 N / A 63 `` Have You Seen This Snail ? '' `` Where 's Gary ? '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Paul Tibbitt Aaron Springer ( director ) Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik C. Wiese , & Garrett Ho November 11 , 2005 ( November 11 , 2005 ) 5574 - 404 7.93 64a 4a `` Skill Crane '' Alan Smart Kyle McCulloch , Aaron Springer , and Vincent Waller Vincent Waller ( director ) Clint Bond Jr. , John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik Wiese , & Garrett Ho May 20 , 2005 ( May 20 , 2005 ) 5574 - 407 N / A 64b 4b `` Good Neighbors '' Tom Yasumi Mike Bell Mike Bell & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik Wiese , & Garrett Ho May 20 , 2005 ( May 20 , 2005 ) 5574 - 408 N / A 65a 5a `` Selling Out '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese and Tim Hill Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 23 , 2005 ( September 23 , 2005 ) 5574 - 409 N / A 65b 5b `` Funny Pants '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 30 , 2005 ( September 30 , 2005 ) 5574 - 410 N / A 66 6 `` Dunces and Dragons '' `` Lost in Time '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Tim Hill Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , John Magness , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 20 , 2006 ( February 20 , 2006 ) 5574 - 412 8.60 67a 7a `` Enemy In - Law '' Andrew Overtoom Tom King , Luke Brookshier , and Tim Hill Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Carson Kugler , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 14 , 2005 ( October 14 , 2005 ) 5574 - 414 N / A 67b 7b `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy VI : The Motion Picture '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Paul Tibbitt Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Carson Kugler , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 7 , 2005 ( October 7 , 2005 ) 5574 - 411 N / A 68a 8a `` Patrick SmartPants '' `` Abracamoron '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Tim Hill Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 21 , 2005 ( October 21 , 2005 ) 5574 - 415 N / A 68b 8b `` SquidBob TentaclePants '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 4 , 2005 ( November 4 , 2005 ) 5574 - 416 N / A 69a 9a `` Krusty Towers '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 1 , 2006 ( April 1 , 2006 ) 5574 - 417 N / A 69b 9b `` Mrs. Puff , You 're Fired '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Tim Hill Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 1 , 2006 ( April 1 , 2006 ) 5574 - 418 N / A 70a 10a `` Ghost Host '' Alan Smart Erik Wiese , Zeus Cervas , and Tim Hill Erik Wiese & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 5 , 2006 ( May 5 , 2006 ) 5574 - 419 N / A 70b 10b `` Chimps Ahoy '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 5 , 2006 ( May 5 , 2006 ) 5574 - 426 N / A 71a 11a `` Whale of a Birthday '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Paul Tibbitt Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 12 , 2006 ( May 12 , 2006 ) 5574 - 423 N / A 71b 11b `` Karate Island '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 12 , 2006 ( May 12 , 2006 ) 5574 - 421 N / A 72a 12a `` All That Glitters '' Andrew Overtoom Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2006 ( June 2 , 2006 ) 5574 - 422 N / A 72b 12b `` Wishing You Well '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2006 ( June 2 , 2006 ) 5574 - 420 N / A 73a 13a `` New Leaf '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 22 , 2006 ( September 22 , 2006 ) 5574 - 425 N / A 73b 13b `` Once Bitten '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 29 , 2006 ( September 29 , 2006 ) 5574 - 424 N / A 74a 14a `` Bummer Vacation '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift October 13 , 2006 ( October 13 , 2006 ) 5574 - 427 N / A 74b 14b `` Wigstruck '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift November 17 , 2006 ( November 17 , 2006 ) 5574 - 428 N / A 75a 15a `` Squidtastic Voyage '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift October 6 , 2006 ( October 6 , 2006 ) 5574 - 431 N / A 75b 15b `` That 's No Lady '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift November 25 , 2006 ( November 25 , 2006 ) 5574 - 430 N / A 76a 16a `` The Thing '' Andrew Overtoom Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift January 15 , 2007 ( January 15 , 2007 ) 5574 - 429 N / A 76b 16b `` Hocus Pocus '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift January 15 , 2007 ( January 15 , 2007 ) 5574 - 432 N / A 77a 17a `` Driven to Tears '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 434 N / A 77b 17b `` Rule of Dumb '' `` Starfish of Royalty '' Tom Yasumi Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 433 N / A 78a 18a `` Born to Be Wild '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift March 31 , 2007 ( March 31 , 2007 ) 5574 - 437 N / A 78b 18b `` Best Frenemies '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift March 31 , 2007 ( March 31 , 2007 ) 5574 - 436 N / A 79a 19a `` The Pink Purloiner '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 440 N / A 79b 19b `` Squid Wood '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift July 24 , 2007 ( July 24 , 2007 ) 5574 - 438 N / A 80a 20a `` Best Day Ever '' Larry Leichliter Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Steven Banks Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift November 10 , 2006 ( November 10 , 2006 ) 151 - 507 6.70 80b 20b `` The Gift of Gum '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 439 N / A", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions )", "61a 1a `` Fear of a Krabby Patty '' Alan Smart C.H. Greenblatt and Paul Tibbitt C.H. Greenblatt ( director ) Zeus Cervas May 6 , 2005 ( May 6 , 2005 ) 5574 - 401 2.60", "61b 1b `` Shell of a Man '' Tom Yasumi Mike Bell and Paul Tibbitt Mike Bell & Vincent Waller ( directors ) Zeus Cervas & Brad Vandergrift May 6 , 2005 ( May 6 , 2005 ) 5574 - 402 2.60", "62a 2a `` The Lost Mattress '' Alan Smart Mike Bell and Tim Hill Mike Bell ( director ) Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik C. Wiese , William Reiss , & Garrett Ho May 13 , 2005 ( May 13 , 2005 ) 5574 - 406 N / A", "62b 2b `` Krabs vs. Plankton '' Tom Yasumi Tim Hill , Mike Mitchell , and Vincent Waller Vincent Waller ( director ) Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik C. Wiese , William Reiss , & Garrett Ho May 13 , 2005 ( May 13 , 2005 ) 5574 - 403 N / A", "63 `` Have You Seen This Snail ? '' `` Where 's Gary ? '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Paul Tibbitt Aaron Springer ( director ) Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik C. Wiese , & Garrett Ho November 11 , 2005 ( November 11 , 2005 ) 5574 - 404 7.93", "64a 4a `` Skill Crane '' Alan Smart Kyle McCulloch , Aaron Springer , and Vincent Waller Vincent Waller ( director ) Clint Bond Jr. , John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik Wiese , & Garrett Ho May 20 , 2005 ( May 20 , 2005 ) 5574 - 407 N / A", "64b 4b `` Good Neighbors '' Tom Yasumi Mike Bell Mike Bell & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , Zeus Cervas , Brad Vandergrift , Erik Wiese , & Garrett Ho May 20 , 2005 ( May 20 , 2005 ) 5574 - 408 N / A", "65a 5a `` Selling Out '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese and Tim Hill Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 23 , 2005 ( September 23 , 2005 ) 5574 - 409 N / A", "65b 5b `` Funny Pants '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) John Magness , Tim Parsons , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 30 , 2005 ( September 30 , 2005 ) 5574 - 410 N / A", "66 6 `` Dunces and Dragons '' `` Lost in Time '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Tim Hill Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , John Magness , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 20 , 2006 ( February 20 , 2006 ) 5574 - 412 8.60", "67a 7a `` Enemy In - Law '' Andrew Overtoom Tom King , Luke Brookshier , and Tim Hill Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Carson Kugler , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 14 , 2005 ( October 14 , 2005 ) 5574 - 414 N / A", "67b 7b `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy VI : The Motion Picture '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Paul Tibbitt Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Carson Kugler , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 7 , 2005 ( October 7 , 2005 ) 5574 - 411 N / A", "68a 8a `` Patrick SmartPants '' `` Abracamoron '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Tim Hill Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 21 , 2005 ( October 21 , 2005 ) 5574 - 415 N / A", "68b 8b `` SquidBob TentaclePants '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 4 , 2005 ( November 4 , 2005 ) 5574 - 416 N / A", "69a 9a `` Krusty Towers '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 1 , 2006 ( April 1 , 2006 ) 5574 - 417 N / A", "69b 9b `` Mrs. Puff , You 're Fired '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Tim Hill Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 1 , 2006 ( April 1 , 2006 ) 5574 - 418 N / A", "70a 10a `` Ghost Host '' Alan Smart Erik Wiese , Zeus Cervas , and Tim Hill Erik Wiese & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 5 , 2006 ( May 5 , 2006 ) 5574 - 419 N / A", "70b 10b `` Chimps Ahoy '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 5 , 2006 ( May 5 , 2006 ) 5574 - 426 N / A", "71a 11a `` Whale of a Birthday '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Paul Tibbitt Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 12 , 2006 ( May 12 , 2006 ) 5574 - 423 N / A", "71b 11b `` Karate Island '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift May 12 , 2006 ( May 12 , 2006 ) 5574 - 421 N / A", "72a 12a `` All That Glitters '' Andrew Overtoom Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2006 ( June 2 , 2006 ) 5574 - 422 N / A", "72b 12b `` Wishing You Well '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2006 ( June 2 , 2006 ) 5574 - 420 N / A", "73a 13a `` New Leaf '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 22 , 2006 ( September 22 , 2006 ) 5574 - 425 N / A", "73b 13b `` Once Bitten '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Chuck Klein , John Magness , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift September 29 , 2006 ( September 29 , 2006 ) 5574 - 424 N / A", "74a 14a `` Bummer Vacation '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift October 13 , 2006 ( October 13 , 2006 ) 5574 - 427 N / A", "74b 14b `` Wigstruck '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Clint Bond Jr. , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift November 17 , 2006 ( November 17 , 2006 ) 5574 - 428 N / A", "75a 15a `` Squidtastic Voyage '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift October 6 , 2006 ( October 6 , 2006 ) 5574 - 431 N / A", "75b 15b `` That 's No Lady '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift November 25 , 2006 ( November 25 , 2006 ) 5574 - 430 N / A", "76a 16a `` The Thing '' Andrew Overtoom Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Steven Banks Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift January 15 , 2007 ( January 15 , 2007 ) 5574 - 429 N / A", "76b 16b `` Hocus Pocus '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift January 15 , 2007 ( January 15 , 2007 ) 5574 - 432 N / A", "77a 17a `` Driven to Tears '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 434 N / A", "77b 17b `` Rule of Dumb '' `` Starfish of Royalty '' Tom Yasumi Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 433 N / A", "78a 18a `` Born to Be Wild '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift March 31 , 2007 ( March 31 , 2007 ) 5574 - 437 N / A", "78b 18b `` Best Frenemies '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift March 31 , 2007 ( March 31 , 2007 ) 5574 - 436 N / A", "79a 19a `` The Pink Purloiner '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 440 N / A", "79b 19b `` Squid Wood '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift July 24 , 2007 ( July 24 , 2007 ) 5574 - 438 N / A", "80a 20a `` Best Day Ever '' Larry Leichliter Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Steven Banks Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift November 10 , 2006 ( November 10 , 2006 ) 151 - 507 6.70", "80b 20b `` The Gift of Gum '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese , and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas & Erik Wiese ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Chuck Klein , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Maureen Muscarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 5574 - 439 N / A", "The fifth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes ( 41 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 81 `` Friend or Foe '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Mike Mitchell , Steven Banks , and Tim Hill Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , & Mike Mitchell ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Ian Graham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 13 , 2007 ( April 13 , 2007 ) 151 - 501 / 151 - 502 N / A 82a 2a `` The Original Fry Cook '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , Steven Banks , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Chuck Klein , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 30 , 2007 ( July 30 , 2007 ) 151 - 503 N / A 82b 2b `` Night Light '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Chuck Klein , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 30 , 2007 ( July 30 , 2007 ) 5574 - 435 N / A 83a 3a `` Rise and Shine '' Andrew Overtoom Nate Cash and Steven Banks Nate Cash ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 151 - 504a N / A 83b 3b `` Waiting '' Alan Smart Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Steven Banks Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 151 - 504b N / A 83c 3c `` Fungus Among Us '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift September 29 , 2007 ( September 29 , 2007 ) 151 - 505 N / A 84a 4a `` Spy Buddies '' `` SpyBob '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 23 , 2007 ( July 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 506 N / A 84b 4b `` Boat Smarts '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 23 , 2007 ( July 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 508b N / A 84c 4c `` Good Ol ' Whatshisname '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli ( TV ) , Richard Pursel ( DVD ) Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 23 , 2007 ( July 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 508a N / A 85a 5a `` New Digs '' Andrew Overtoom Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 25 , 2007 ( July 25 , 2007 ) 151 - 510 N / A 85b 5b `` Krabs à la Mode '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 25 , 2007 ( July 25 , 2007 ) 151 - 509 N / A 86a 6a `` Roller Cowards '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 27 , 2007 ( July 27 , 2007 ) 151 - 512 N / A 86b 6b `` Bucket Sweet Bucket '' Larry Leichliter Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 27 , 2007 ( July 27 , 2007 ) 151 - 511 N / A 87a 7a `` To Love a Patty '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Eric Shaw Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 26 , 2007 ( July 26 , 2007 ) 151 - 514 N / A 87b 7b `` Breath of Fresh Squidward '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 26 , 2007 ( July 26 , 2007 ) 151 - 513 N / A 88a 8a `` Money Talks '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 31 , 2007 ( July 31 , 2007 ) 151 - 515a N / A 88b 8b `` SpongeBob vs. The Patty Gadget '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 31 , 2007 ( July 31 , 2007 ) 151 - 515b N / A 88c 8c `` Slimy Dancing '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 31 , 2007 ( July 31 , 2007 ) 151 - 516 N / A 89a 9a `` The Krusty Sponge '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Eric Shaw Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 24 , 2007 ( July 24 , 2007 ) 151 - 519 N / A 89b 9b `` Sing a Song of Patrick '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 151 - 520 N / A 90a 10a `` A Flea in Her Dome '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 1 , 2007 ( August 1 , 2007 ) 151 - 522 N / A 90b 10b `` The Donut of Shame '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash and Dani Michaeli Nate Cash ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 1 , 2007 ( August 1 , 2007 ) 151 - 521a N / A 90c 10c `` The Krusty Plate '' Tom Yasumi Tuck Tucker and Eric Shaw Tuck Tucker ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 1 , 2007 ( August 1 , 2007 ) 151 - 521b N / A 91a 11a `` Goo Goo Gas '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 151 - 523 4.95 91b 11b `` Le Big Switch '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift September 29 , 2007 ( September 29 , 2007 ) 151 - 524 N / A 92 12 `` Atlantis SquarePantis '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Steven Banks , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 12 , 2007 ( November 12 , 2007 ) 151 - 517 / 151 - 518 9.22 93a 13a `` Picture Day '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 2 , 2007 ( August 2 , 2007 ) 151 - 529a N / A 93b 13b `` Pat No Pay '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 2 , 2007 ( August 2 , 2007 ) 151 - 529b N / A 93c 13c `` BlackJack '' `` SpongeBob 's Cousin '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 2 , 2007 ( August 2 , 2007 ) 151 - 525 N / A 94a 14a `` Blackened Sponge '' `` The Black Sponge '' Tom Yasumi Greg Miller , Aaron Springer , and Eric Shaw Greg Miller & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 3 , 2007 ( August 3 , 2007 ) 151 - 530 N / A 94b 14b `` Mermaid Man vs. SpongeBob '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Eric Shaw Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 3 , 2007 ( August 3 , 2007 ) 151 - 528 N / A 95a 15a `` The Inmates of Summer '' Alan Smart Chris Reccardi , Aaron Springer , and Dani Michaeli Chris Reccardi & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 534 N / A 95b 15b `` To Save a Squirrel '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 531 N / A 96 16 `` Pest of the West '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , Steven Banks , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 11 , 2008 ( April 11 , 2008 ) 151 - 526 / 151 - 527 6.10 97a 17a `` 20,000 Patties Under the Sea '' Tom Yasumi Chris Reccardi , Aaron Springer , and Richard Pursel Chris Reccardi & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 537 N / A 97b 17b `` The Battle of Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 538 N / A 98 18 `` What Ever Happened to SpongeBob ? '' `` WhoBob WhatPants ? '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 13 , 2008 ( October 13 , 2008 ) 151 - 535 / 151 - 536 7.70 99a 19a `` The Two Faces of Squidward '' Tom Yasumi Charlie Bean , Aaron Springer , and Steven Banks Charlie Bean & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 540 N / A 99b 19b `` SpongeHenge '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 532 N / A 100a 20a `` Banned in Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Steven Banks Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 539 N / A 100b 20b `` Stanley S. SquarePants '' `` SpongeBob 's Klutzy Cousin '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 533 N / A", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions )", "81 `` Friend or Foe '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Mike Mitchell , Steven Banks , and Tim Hill Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , & Mike Mitchell ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Ian Graham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 13 , 2007 ( April 13 , 2007 ) 151 - 501 / 151 - 502 N / A", "82a 2a `` The Original Fry Cook '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , Steven Banks , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Chuck Klein , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 30 , 2007 ( July 30 , 2007 ) 151 - 503 N / A", "82b 2b `` Night Light '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Chris Mitchell , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Chris Mitchell ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Chuck Klein , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 30 , 2007 ( July 30 , 2007 ) 5574 - 435 N / A", "83a 3a `` Rise and Shine '' Andrew Overtoom Nate Cash and Steven Banks Nate Cash ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 151 - 504a N / A", "83b 3b `` Waiting '' Alan Smart Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Steven Banks Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 151 - 504b N / A", "83c 3c `` Fungus Among Us '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift September 29 , 2007 ( September 29 , 2007 ) 151 - 505 N / A", "84a 4a `` Spy Buddies '' `` SpyBob '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 23 , 2007 ( July 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 506 N / A", "84b 4b `` Boat Smarts '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 23 , 2007 ( July 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 508b N / A", "84c 4c `` Good Ol ' Whatshisname '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli ( TV ) , Richard Pursel ( DVD ) Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 23 , 2007 ( July 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 508a N / A", "85a 5a `` New Digs '' Andrew Overtoom Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 25 , 2007 ( July 25 , 2007 ) 151 - 510 N / A", "85b 5b `` Krabs à la Mode '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 25 , 2007 ( July 25 , 2007 ) 151 - 509 N / A", "86a 6a `` Roller Cowards '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 27 , 2007 ( July 27 , 2007 ) 151 - 512 N / A", "86b 6b `` Bucket Sweet Bucket '' Larry Leichliter Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 27 , 2007 ( July 27 , 2007 ) 151 - 511 N / A", "87a 7a `` To Love a Patty '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Eric Shaw Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 26 , 2007 ( July 26 , 2007 ) 151 - 514 N / A", "87b 7b `` Breath of Fresh Squidward '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 26 , 2007 ( July 26 , 2007 ) 151 - 513 N / A", "88a 8a `` Money Talks '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 31 , 2007 ( July 31 , 2007 ) 151 - 515a N / A", "88b 8b `` SpongeBob vs. The Patty Gadget '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 31 , 2007 ( July 31 , 2007 ) 151 - 515b N / A", "88c 8c `` Slimy Dancing '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , Brad Vandergrift , & Erik Wiese July 31 , 2007 ( July 31 , 2007 ) 151 - 516 N / A", "89a 9a `` The Krusty Sponge '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Eric Shaw Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 24 , 2007 ( July 24 , 2007 ) 151 - 519 N / A", "89b 9b `` Sing a Song of Patrick '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2007 ( February 19 , 2007 ) 151 - 520 N / A", "90a 10a `` A Flea in Her Dome '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 1 , 2007 ( August 1 , 2007 ) 151 - 522 N / A", "90b 10b `` The Donut of Shame '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash and Dani Michaeli Nate Cash ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 1 , 2007 ( August 1 , 2007 ) 151 - 521a N / A", "90c 10c `` The Krusty Plate '' Tom Yasumi Tuck Tucker and Eric Shaw Tuck Tucker ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 1 , 2007 ( August 1 , 2007 ) 151 - 521b N / A", "91a 11a `` Goo Goo Gas '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Tom King , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 151 - 523 4.95", "91b 11b `` Le Big Switch '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Richard Pursel Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift September 29 , 2007 ( September 29 , 2007 ) 151 - 524 N / A", "92 12 `` Atlantis SquarePantis '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Steven Banks , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 12 , 2007 ( November 12 , 2007 ) 151 - 517 / 151 - 518 9.22", "93a 13a `` Picture Day '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 2 , 2007 ( August 2 , 2007 ) 151 - 529a N / A", "93b 13b `` Pat No Pay '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas and Dani Michaeli Zeus Cervas ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 2 , 2007 ( August 2 , 2007 ) 151 - 529b N / A", "93c 13c `` BlackJack '' `` SpongeBob 's Cousin '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 2 , 2007 ( August 2 , 2007 ) 151 - 525 N / A", "94a 14a `` Blackened Sponge '' `` The Black Sponge '' Tom Yasumi Greg Miller , Aaron Springer , and Eric Shaw Greg Miller & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 3 , 2007 ( August 3 , 2007 ) 151 - 530 N / A", "94b 14b `` Mermaid Man vs. SpongeBob '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Eric Shaw Nate Cash & Tuck Tucker ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 3 , 2007 ( August 3 , 2007 ) 151 - 528 N / A", "95a 15a `` The Inmates of Summer '' Alan Smart Chris Reccardi , Aaron Springer , and Dani Michaeli Chris Reccardi & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 534 N / A", "95b 15b `` To Save a Squirrel '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 531 N / A", "96 16 `` Pest of the West '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Tom King , Steven Banks , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Tom King ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 11 , 2008 ( April 11 , 2008 ) 151 - 526 / 151 - 527 6.10", "97a 17a `` 20,000 Patties Under the Sea '' Tom Yasumi Chris Reccardi , Aaron Springer , and Richard Pursel Chris Reccardi & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 537 N / A", "97b 17b `` The Battle of Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 538 N / A", "98 18 `` What Ever Happened to SpongeBob ? '' `` WhoBob WhatPants ? '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift October 13 , 2008 ( October 13 , 2008 ) 151 - 535 / 151 - 536 7.70", "99a 19a `` The Two Faces of Squidward '' Tom Yasumi Charlie Bean , Aaron Springer , and Steven Banks Charlie Bean & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 540 N / A", "99b 19b `` SpongeHenge '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 532 N / A", "100a 20a `` Banned in Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Steven Banks Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 539 N / A", "100b 20b `` Stanley S. SquarePants '' `` SpongeBob 's Klutzy Cousin '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 23 , 2007 ( November 23 , 2007 ) 151 - 533 N / A", "The sixth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes ( 47 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 101a 1a `` House Fancy '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 6 , 2008 ( June 6 , 2008 ) 4.03 101b 1b `` Krabby Road '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 3 , 2008 ( March 3 , 2008 ) 4.77 102a 2a `` Penny Foolish '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 7 , 2008 ( March 7 , 2008 ) 4.77 102b 2b `` Nautical Novice '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 29 , 2008 ( March 29 , 2008 ) 4.67 103a 3a `` Spongicus '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 29 , 2008 ( March 29 , 2008 ) 4.67 103b 3b `` Suction Cup Symphony '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshire & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 6 , 2008 ( March 6 , 2008 ) 4.50 104a 4a `` Not Normal '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 4 , 2008 ( March 4 , 2008 ) 4.66 104b 4b `` Gone '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 5 , 2008 ( March 5 , 2008 ) 4.59 105a 5a `` The Splinter '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Steven Banks Nate Cash & Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2008 ( June 2 , 2008 ) 4.00 105b 5b `` Slide Whistle Stooges '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 16 , 2009 ( February 16 , 2009 ) 4.51 106a 6a `` A Life in a Day '' Andrew Overtoom Chris Reccardi and Dani Michaeli Chris Reccardi ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 4 , 2008 ( June 4 , 2008 ) 4.00 106b 6b `` Sun Bleached '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 5 , 2008 ( June 5 , 2008 ) 4.10 107a 7a `` Giant Squidward '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier& Nate Cash ( directors ) Casey Alexander , Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 3 , 2008 ( June 3 , 2008 ) 4.33 107b 7b `` No Nose Knows '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Casey Alexander , Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 4 , 2008 ( August 4 , 2008 ) 3.75 108a 8a `` Patty Caper '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Eric Shaw Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 5 , 2008 ( August 5 , 2008 ) 3.83 108b 8b `` Plankton 's Regular '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 6 , 2008 ( August 6 , 2008 ) 3.70 109a 9a `` Boating Buddies '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 7 , 2008 ( August 7 , 2008 ) 3.77 109b 9b `` The Krabby Kronicle '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 8 , 2008 ( August 8 , 2008 ) 3.62 110a 10a `` The Slumber Party '' Alan Smart Tom King and Dani Michaeli Tom King ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 110b 10b `` Grooming Gary '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 111 11 `` SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One '' Andrew Overtoom and Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt , and Steven Banks Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Mike Roth , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 17 , 2009 ( April 17 , 2009 ) 5.80 112a 12a `` Porous Pockets '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 112b 12b `` Choir Boys '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 20 , 2009 ( March 20 , 2009 ) N / A 113a 13a `` Krusty Krushers '' Alan Smart Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Nate Cash & Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 113b 13b `` The Card '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 114a 14a `` Dear Vikings '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 114b 14b `` Ditchin ' '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A 115a 15a `` Grandpappy the Pirate '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 18 , 2009 ( February 18 , 2009 ) 4.27 115b 15b `` Cephalopod Lodge '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 17 , 2009 ( February 17 , 2009 ) 4.67 116a 16a `` Squid 's Visit '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 4 , 2009 ( June 4 , 2009 ) N / A 116b 16b `` To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 17 , 2009 ( July 17 , 2009 ) N / A 117a 17a `` Shuffleboarding '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 16 , 2009 ( February 16 , 2009 ) 4.51 117b 17b `` Professor Squidward '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2009 ( February 19 , 2009 ) 4.47 118a 18a `` Pet or Pests '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 18 , 2009 ( March 18 , 2009 ) 4.21 118b 18b `` Komputer Overload '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 19 , 2009 ( March 19 , 2009 ) 4.00 119a 19a `` Gullible Pants '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 5 , 2009 ( June 5 , 2009 ) N / A 119b 19b `` Overbooked '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexender , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.17 120a 20a `` No Hat for Pat '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.09 120b 20b `` Toy Store of Doom '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 17 , 2009 ( March 17 , 2009 ) N / A 121a 21a `` Sand Castles in the Sand '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 16 , 2009 ( March 16 , 2009 ) N / A 121b 21b `` Shell Shocked '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 1 , 2009 ( June 1 , 2009 ) N / A 122a 22a `` Chum Bucket Supreme '' Tom Yasumi Sean Charmatz and Dani Michaeli Sean Charmatz ( director ) Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 4.68 122b 22b `` Single Cell Anniversary '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 3 , 2009 ( June 3 , 2009 ) N / A 123 124 23 24 `` Truth or Square '' `` Stuck in the Freezer '' Andrew Overtoom , Alan Smart , and Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Steven Banks , and Paul Tibbitt Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 6 , 2009 ( November 6 , 2009 ) 7.70 125a 25a `` Pineapple Fever '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Ian Graham , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2009 ( June 2 , 2009 ) N / A 125b 25b `` Chum Caverns '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Ian Graham , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Mascarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 18 , 2009 ( July 18 , 2009 ) 4.67 126 26 `` The Clash of Triton '' Andrew Overtoom and Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Aaron Springer , Steven Banks , and Paul Tibbitt Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 5 , 2010 ( July 5 , 2010 ) 5.18", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )", "101a 1a `` House Fancy '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 6 , 2008 ( June 6 , 2008 ) 4.03", "101b 1b `` Krabby Road '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Eric Shaw Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 3 , 2008 ( March 3 , 2008 ) 4.77", "102a 2a `` Penny Foolish '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 7 , 2008 ( March 7 , 2008 ) 4.77", "102b 2b `` Nautical Novice '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 29 , 2008 ( March 29 , 2008 ) 4.67", "103a 3a `` Spongicus '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 29 , 2008 ( March 29 , 2008 ) 4.67", "103b 3b `` Suction Cup Symphony '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshire & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 6 , 2008 ( March 6 , 2008 ) 4.50", "104a 4a `` Not Normal '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 4 , 2008 ( March 4 , 2008 ) 4.66", "104b 4b `` Gone '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 5 , 2008 ( March 5 , 2008 ) 4.59", "105a 5a `` The Splinter '' Tom Yasumi Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Steven Banks Nate Cash & Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2008 ( June 2 , 2008 ) 4.00", "105b 5b `` Slide Whistle Stooges '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 16 , 2009 ( February 16 , 2009 ) 4.51", "106a 6a `` A Life in a Day '' Andrew Overtoom Chris Reccardi and Dani Michaeli Chris Reccardi ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 4 , 2008 ( June 4 , 2008 ) 4.00", "106b 6b `` Sun Bleached '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 5 , 2008 ( June 5 , 2008 ) 4.10", "107a 7a `` Giant Squidward '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier& Nate Cash ( directors ) Casey Alexander , Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 3 , 2008 ( June 3 , 2008 ) 4.33", "107b 7b `` No Nose Knows '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Casey Alexander , Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 4 , 2008 ( August 4 , 2008 ) 3.75", "108a 8a `` Patty Caper '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Eric Shaw Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 5 , 2008 ( August 5 , 2008 ) 3.83", "108b 8b `` Plankton 's Regular '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 6 , 2008 ( August 6 , 2008 ) 3.70", "109a 9a `` Boating Buddies '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 7 , 2008 ( August 7 , 2008 ) 3.77", "109b 9b `` The Krabby Kronicle '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift August 8 , 2008 ( August 8 , 2008 ) 3.62", "110a 10a `` The Slumber Party '' Alan Smart Tom King and Dani Michaeli Tom King ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A", "110b 10b `` Grooming Gary '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A", "111 11 `` SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One '' Andrew Overtoom and Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt , and Steven Banks Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Mike Roth , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift April 17 , 2009 ( April 17 , 2009 ) 5.80", "112a 12a `` Porous Pockets '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A", "112b 12b `` Choir Boys '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 20 , 2009 ( March 20 , 2009 ) N / A", "113a 13a `` Krusty Krushers '' Alan Smart Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Nate Cash & Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A", "113b 13b `` The Card '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A", "114a 14a `` Dear Vikings '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A", "114b 14b `` Ditchin ' '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 28 , 2008 ( November 28 , 2008 ) N / A", "115a 15a `` Grandpappy the Pirate '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 18 , 2009 ( February 18 , 2009 ) 4.27", "115b 15b `` Cephalopod Lodge '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 17 , 2009 ( February 17 , 2009 ) 4.67", "116a 16a `` Squid 's Visit '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 4 , 2009 ( June 4 , 2009 ) N / A", "116b 16b `` To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 17 , 2009 ( July 17 , 2009 ) N / A", "117a 17a `` Shuffleboarding '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 16 , 2009 ( February 16 , 2009 ) 4.51", "117b 17b `` Professor Squidward '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift February 19 , 2009 ( February 19 , 2009 ) 4.47", "118a 18a `` Pet or Pests '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 18 , 2009 ( March 18 , 2009 ) 4.21", "118b 18b `` Komputer Overload '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 19 , 2009 ( March 19 , 2009 ) 4.00", "119a 19a `` Gullible Pants '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 5 , 2009 ( June 5 , 2009 ) N / A", "119b 19b `` Overbooked '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexender , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.17", "120a 20a `` No Hat for Pat '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.09", "120b 20b `` Toy Store of Doom '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 17 , 2009 ( March 17 , 2009 ) N / A", "121a 21a `` Sand Castles in the Sand '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift March 16 , 2009 ( March 16 , 2009 ) N / A", "121b 21b `` Shell Shocked '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Marcelo Souza , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 1 , 2009 ( June 1 , 2009 ) N / A", "122a 22a `` Chum Bucket Supreme '' Tom Yasumi Sean Charmatz and Dani Michaeli Sean Charmatz ( director ) Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 4.68", "122b 22b `` Single Cell Anniversary '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , Marcelo Souza , Dave Cunningham , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 3 , 2009 ( June 3 , 2009 ) N / A", "123 124 23 24 `` Truth or Square '' `` Stuck in the Freezer '' Andrew Overtoom , Alan Smart , and Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Steven Banks , and Paul Tibbitt Luke Brookshier & Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ian Graham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift November 6 , 2009 ( November 6 , 2009 ) 7.70", "125a 25a `` Pineapple Fever '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , Chuck Klein , Ian Graham , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift June 2 , 2009 ( June 2 , 2009 ) N / A", "125b 25b `` Chum Caverns '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Chuck Klein , Ian Graham , Dave Cunningham , Marcelo Souza , Maureen Mascarina , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 18 , 2009 ( July 18 , 2009 ) 4.67", "126 26 `` The Clash of Triton '' Andrew Overtoom and Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Aaron Springer , Steven Banks , and Paul Tibbitt Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , & Aaron Springer ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , & Brad Vandergrift July 5 , 2010 ( July 5 , 2010 ) 5.18", "The seventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes ( 50 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 127a 1a `` Tentacle - Vision '' `` Squid TV '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 4.95 127b 1b `` I Heart Dancing '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 4.95 128a 2a `` Growth Spout '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.17 128b 2b `` Stuck in the Wringer '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Zeus Cervas and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.17 129a 3a `` Someone 's in the Kitchen with Sandy '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.37 129b 3b `` The Inside Job '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.37 130a 4a `` Greasy Buffoons '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift November 27 , 2009 ( November 27 , 2009 ) 5.51 130b 4b `` Model Sponge '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift November 27 , 2009 ( November 27 , 2009 ) 5.51 131a 5a `` Keep Bikini Bottom Beautiful '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift January 2 , 2010 ( January 2 , 2010 ) N / A 131b 5b `` A Pal for Gary '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift January 2 , 2010 ( January 2 , 2010 ) N / A 132a 6a `` Yours , Mine and Mine '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift September 11 , 2010 ( September 11 , 2010 ) 4.53 132b 6b `` Kracked Krabs '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) SSean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift September 11 , 2010 ( September 11 , 2010 ) 4.53 133a 7a `` The Curse of Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift October 24 , 2009 ( October 24 , 2009 ) 4.95 133b 7b `` Squidward in Clarinetland '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift March 24 , 2010 ( March 24 , 2010 ) N / A 134 8 `` SpongeBob 's Last Stand '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Steven Banks , and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift April 22 , 2010 ( April 22 , 2010 ) 4.76 135a 9a `` Back to the Past '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz and Janice Tolentino February 15 , 2010 ( February 15 , 2010 ) 4.39 135b 9b `` The Bad Guy Club for Villains '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz & Janice Tolentino February 15 , 2010 ( February 15 , 2010 ) 4.39 136a 10a `` A Day Without Tears '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Steven Banks Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino , Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina March 22 , 2010 ( March 22 , 2010 ) 3.95 136b 10b `` Summer Job '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina March 23 , 2010 ( March 23 , 2010 ) N / A 137a 11a `` One Coarse Meal '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina March 25 , 2010 ( March 25 , 2010 ) 4.19 137b 11b `` Gary in Love '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina February 6 , 2010 ( February 6 , 2010 ) 5.52 138a 12a `` The Play 's the Thing '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Janice Tolentino March 26 , 2010 ( March 26 , 2010 ) N / A 138b 12b `` Rodeo Daze '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Janice Tolentino February 6 , 2010 ( February 6 , 2010 ) 5.52 139a 13a `` Gramma 's Secret Recipe '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino and Ted Seko July 6 , 2010 ( July 6 , 2010 ) N / A 139b 13b `` The Cent of Money '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino and Ted Seko July 7 , 2010 ( July 7 , 2010 ) N / A 140a 14a `` The Monster Who Came to Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.05 140b 14b `` Welcome to the Bikini Bottom Triangle '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.05 141a 15a `` The Curse of the Hex '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina June 11 , 2011 ( June 11 , 2011 ) 4.52 141b 15b `` The Main Drain '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.00 142a 16a `` Trenchbillies '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina January 29 , 2011 ( January 29 , 2011 ) 6.55 142b 16b `` Sponge - Cano ! '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.00 143 17 `` The Great Patty Caper '' `` Mystery with a Twistery '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Steven Banks , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift November 11 , 2010 ( November 11 , 2010 ) 6.10 144a 18a `` That Sinking Feeling '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham and Janice Tolentino July 8 , 2010 ( July 8 , 2010 ) N / A 144b 18b `` Karate Star '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham and Janice Tolentino July 9 , 2010 ( July 9 , 2010 ) N / A 145a 19a `` Buried in Time '' Andrew Overtoom Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Mr. Lawrence Nate Cash and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Janice Tolentino September 18 , 2010 ( September 18 , 2010 ) 4.74 145b 19b `` Enchanted Tiki Dreams '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Janice Tolentino June 19 , 2010 ( June 19 , 2010 ) 3.72 146a 20a `` The Abrasive Side '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Monica Tamova , Dave Cunningham , and Marcelo Souza November 27 , 2010 ( November 27 , 2010 ) 4.54 146b 20b `` Earworm '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Monica Tamova , Dave Cunningham , and Marcelo Souza November 27 , 2010 ( November 27 , 2010 ) 4.54 147a 21a `` Hide and Then What Happens ? '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza August 9 , 2010 ( August 9 , 2010 ) 4.38 147b 21b `` Shellback Shenanigans '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza September 18 , 2010 ( September 18 , 2010 ) 4.74 148a 22a `` The Masterpiece '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , and Brad Vandergrift October 2 , 2010 ( October 2 , 2010 ) 3.99 148b 22b `` Whelk Attack '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , and Brad Vandergrift October 2 , 2010 ( October 2 , 2010 ) 3.99 149a 23a `` You Do n't Know Sponge '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza August 9 , 2010 ( August 9 , 2010 ) 4.38 149b 23b `` Tunnel of Glove '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza February 12 , 2011 ( February 12 , 2011 ) 5.01 150a 24a `` Krusty Dogs '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Ted Seko October 9 , 2010 ( October 9 , 2010 ) 4.58 150b 24b `` The Wreck of the Mauna Loa '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Ted Seko October 9 , 2010 ( October 9 , 2010 ) 4.58 151a 25a `` New Fish in Town '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Maureen Mascarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza January 15 , 2011 ( January 15 , 2011 ) 4.71 151b 25b `` Love That Squid '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza February 12 , 2011 ( February 12 , 2011 ) 5.01 152a 26a `` Big Sister Sam '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino January 15 , 2011 ( January 15 , 2011 ) 4.71 152b 26b `` Perfect Chemistry '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino February 26 , 2011 ( February 26 , 2011 ) 4.80", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )", "127a 1a `` Tentacle - Vision '' `` Squid TV '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 4.95", "127b 1b `` I Heart Dancing '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 4.95", "128a 2a `` Growth Spout '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.17", "128b 2b `` Stuck in the Wringer '' Alan Smart Zeus Cervas , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Zeus Cervas and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.17", "129a 3a `` Someone 's in the Kitchen with Sandy '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.37", "129b 3b `` The Inside Job '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift July 19 , 2009 ( July 19 , 2009 ) 5.37", "130a 4a `` Greasy Buffoons '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift November 27 , 2009 ( November 27 , 2009 ) 5.51", "130b 4b `` Model Sponge '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift November 27 , 2009 ( November 27 , 2009 ) 5.51", "131a 5a `` Keep Bikini Bottom Beautiful '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift January 2 , 2010 ( January 2 , 2010 ) N / A", "131b 5b `` A Pal for Gary '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift January 2 , 2010 ( January 2 , 2010 ) N / A", "132a 6a `` Yours , Mine and Mine '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift September 11 , 2010 ( September 11 , 2010 ) 4.53", "132b 6b `` Kracked Krabs '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) SSean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift September 11 , 2010 ( September 11 , 2010 ) 4.53", "133a 7a `` The Curse of Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift October 24 , 2009 ( October 24 , 2009 ) 4.95", "133b 7b `` Squidward in Clarinetland '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift March 24 , 2010 ( March 24 , 2010 ) N / A", "134 8 `` SpongeBob 's Last Stand '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Steven Banks , and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Sean Charmatz , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift April 22 , 2010 ( April 22 , 2010 ) 4.76", "135a 9a `` Back to the Past '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz and Janice Tolentino February 15 , 2010 ( February 15 , 2010 ) 4.39", "135b 9b `` The Bad Guy Club for Villains '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Sean Charmatz & Janice Tolentino February 15 , 2010 ( February 15 , 2010 ) 4.39", "136a 10a `` A Day Without Tears '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Steven Banks Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino , Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina March 22 , 2010 ( March 22 , 2010 ) 3.95", "136b 10b `` Summer Job '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Sean Charmatz , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina March 23 , 2010 ( March 23 , 2010 ) N / A", "137a 11a `` One Coarse Meal '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina March 25 , 2010 ( March 25 , 2010 ) 4.19", "137b 11b `` Gary in Love '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina February 6 , 2010 ( February 6 , 2010 ) 5.52", "138a 12a `` The Play 's the Thing '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Janice Tolentino March 26 , 2010 ( March 26 , 2010 ) N / A", "138b 12b `` Rodeo Daze '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Janice Tolentino February 6 , 2010 ( February 6 , 2010 ) 5.52", "139a 13a `` Gramma 's Secret Recipe '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino and Ted Seko July 6 , 2010 ( July 6 , 2010 ) N / A", "139b 13b `` The Cent of Money '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino and Ted Seko July 7 , 2010 ( July 7 , 2010 ) N / A", "140a 14a `` The Monster Who Came to Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.05", "140b 14b `` Welcome to the Bikini Bottom Triangle '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.05", "141a 15a `` The Curse of the Hex '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina June 11 , 2011 ( June 11 , 2011 ) 4.52", "141b 15b `` The Main Drain '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.00", "142a 16a `` Trenchbillies '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina January 29 , 2011 ( January 29 , 2011 ) 6.55", "142b 16b `` Sponge - Cano ! '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , and Maureen Mascarina January 28 , 2011 ( January 28 , 2011 ) 6.00", "143 17 `` The Great Patty Caper '' `` Mystery with a Twistery '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Steven Banks , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tamova , and Brad Vandergrift November 11 , 2010 ( November 11 , 2010 ) 6.10", "144a 18a `` That Sinking Feeling '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham and Janice Tolentino July 8 , 2010 ( July 8 , 2010 ) N / A", "144b 18b `` Karate Star '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham and Janice Tolentino July 9 , 2010 ( July 9 , 2010 ) N / A", "145a 19a `` Buried in Time '' Andrew Overtoom Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Mr. Lawrence Nate Cash and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Janice Tolentino September 18 , 2010 ( September 18 , 2010 ) 4.74", "145b 19b `` Enchanted Tiki Dreams '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Janice Tolentino June 19 , 2010 ( June 19 , 2010 ) 3.72", "146a 20a `` The Abrasive Side '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Monica Tamova , Dave Cunningham , and Marcelo Souza November 27 , 2010 ( November 27 , 2010 ) 4.54", "146b 20b `` Earworm '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Monica Tamova , Dave Cunningham , and Marcelo Souza November 27 , 2010 ( November 27 , 2010 ) 4.54", "147a 21a `` Hide and Then What Happens ? '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza August 9 , 2010 ( August 9 , 2010 ) 4.38", "147b 21b `` Shellback Shenanigans '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer ( director ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza September 18 , 2010 ( September 18 , 2010 ) 4.74", "148a 22a `` The Masterpiece '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , and Brad Vandergrift October 2 , 2010 ( October 2 , 2010 ) 3.99", "148b 22b `` Whelk Attack '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Richard Pursel Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , and Brad Vandergrift October 2 , 2010 ( October 2 , 2010 ) 3.99", "149a 23a `` You Do n't Know Sponge '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza August 9 , 2010 ( August 9 , 2010 ) 4.38", "149b 23b `` Tunnel of Glove '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Dave Cunningham , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza February 12 , 2011 ( February 12 , 2011 ) 5.01", "150a 24a `` Krusty Dogs '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Ted Seko October 9 , 2010 ( October 9 , 2010 ) 4.58", "150b 24b `` The Wreck of the Mauna Loa '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Ted Seko October 9 , 2010 ( October 9 , 2010 ) 4.58", "151a 25a `` New Fish in Town '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Maureen Mascarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza January 15 , 2011 ( January 15 , 2011 ) 4.71", "151b 25b `` Love That Squid '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Maureen Mascarina , Monica Tamova , Ted Seko , and Marcelo Souza February 12 , 2011 ( February 12 , 2011 ) 5.01", "152a 26a `` Big Sister Sam '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino January 15 , 2011 ( January 15 , 2011 ) 4.71", "152b 26b `` Perfect Chemistry '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Ted Seko , Maureen Mascarina , and Janice Tolentino February 26 , 2011 ( February 26 , 2011 ) 4.80", "The eighth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes ( 47 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 153a 1a `` Accidents Will Happen '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 18 , 2011 ( July 18 , 2011 ) N / A 153b 1b `` The Other Patty '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham June 25 , 2011 ( June 25 , 2011 ) 3.82 154a 2a `` Drive Thru '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer & Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 19 , 2011 ( July 19 , 2011 ) N / A 154b 2b `` The Hot Shot '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham June 18 , 2011 ( June 18 , 2011 ) N / A 155a 3a `` A Friendly Game '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham March 26 , 2011 ( March 26 , 2011 ) 4.55 155b 3b `` Sentimental Sponge '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 2 , 2011 ( April 2 , 2011 ) N / A 156 `` Frozen Face - Off '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Derek Iversen , Dani Michaeli , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 15 , 2011 ( July 15 , 2011 ) 5.76 157a 5a `` Squidward 's School for Grown Ups '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , & Brad Vandergrift June 4 , 2011 ( June 4 , 2011 ) 5.02 157b 5b `` Oral Report '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , & Brad Vandergrift March 26 , 2011 ( March 26 , 2011 ) 4.55 158a 6a `` Sweet and Sour Squid '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Mr. Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) July 20 , 2011 ( July 20 , 2011 ) N / A 158b 6b `` The Googly Artiste '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) July 21 , 2011 ( July 21 , 2011 ) N / A 159 7 `` A SquarePants Family Vacation '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) November 11 , 2011 ( November 11 , 2011 ) 3.57 160a 8a `` Patrick 's Staycation '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) November 8 , 2011 ( November 8 , 2011 ) N / A 160b 8b `` Walking the Plankton '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) November 7 , 2011 ( November 7 , 2011 ) N / A 161a 9a `` Mooncation '' Alan Smart Sean Charmatz , Vincent Waller , Steven Banks Sean Charmatz and Vincent Waller ( directors ) November 10 , 2011 ( November 10 , 2011 ) N / A 161b 9b `` Mr. Krabs Takes a Vacation '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , Sean Charmatz , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) November 9 , 2011 ( November 9 , 2011 ) N / A 162 10 `` Ghoul Fools '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Carson Kugler October 21 , 2011 ( October 21 , 2011 ) 3.91 163a 11a `` Mermaid Man Begins '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 23 , 2011 ( September 23 , 2011 ) 2.65 163b 11b `` Plankton 's Good Eye '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Cecarrelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 23 , 2011 ( September 23 , 2011 ) 2.65 164a 12a `` Barnacle Face '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer , Andrew Goodman , Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 16 , 2011 ( September 16 , 2011 ) 4.39 164b 12b `` Pet Sitter Pat '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 16 , 2011 ( September 16 , 2011 ) 4.39 165a 13a `` House Sittin ' for Sandy '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 30 , 2011 ( September 30 , 2011 ) 3.33 165b 13b `` Smoothe Jazz at Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 30 , 2011 ( September 30 , 2011 ) 3.33 166a 14a `` Bubble Troubles '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27 166b 14b `` The Way of the Sponge '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Derek Iversen , and Andrew Goodman Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27 167a 15a `` The Krabby Patty That Ate Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27 167b 15b `` Bubble Buddy Returns '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27 168a 16a `` Restraining SpongeBob '' Tom Yasumi Sean Charmatz , Vincent Waller , and Paul Tibbitt Sean Charmatz and Vincent Waller ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 2 , 2012 ( April 2 , 2012 ) N / A 168b 16b `` Fiasco ! '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 5 , 2012 ( April 5 , 2012 ) N / A 169a 17a `` Are You Happy Now ? '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham March 31 , 2012 ( March 31 , 2012 ) 4.12 169b 17b `` Planet of the Jellyfish '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham March 31 , 2012 ( March 31 , 2012 ) 4.12 170a 18a `` Free Samples '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 6 , 2012 ( April 6 , 2012 ) N / A 170b 18b `` Home Sweet Rubble '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 4 , 2012 ( April 4 , 2012 ) N / A 171a 19a `` Karen 2.0 '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 13 , 2012 ( April 13 , 2012 ) 2.25 171b 19b `` InSPONGEiac '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 9 , 2012 ( April 9 , 2012 ) 2.01 172a 20a `` Face Freeze ! '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , & Dave Cunningham July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.65 172b 20b `` Glove World R.I.P. '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , & Dave Cunningham April 3 , 2012 ( April 3 , 2012 ) 2.70 173a 21a `` Squiditis '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 11 , 2012 ( April 11 , 2012 ) N / A 173b 21b `` Demolition Doofus '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.65 174a 22a `` Treats ! '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 10 , 2012 ( April 10 , 2012 ) N / A 174b 22b `` For Here or to Go '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 12 , 2012 ( April 12 , 2012 ) 2.51 175 23 `` It 's a SpongeBob Christmas ! '' Mark Caballero and Seamus Walsh Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , Derek Iversen , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Dave Cunningham November 23 , 2012 ( CBS ) December 6 , 2012 ( Nickelodeon ) ( November 23 , 2012 ( CBS ) December 6 , 2012 ( Nickelodeon ) ) 3.61 / 4.61 176a 24a `` Super Evil Aquatic Villain Team Up is Go ! '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Dave Cunningham October 14 , 2012 ( October 14 , 2012 ) 2.28 176b 24b `` Chum Fricassee '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham October 21 , 2012 ( October 21 , 2012 ) 2.30 177a 25a `` The Good Krabby Name '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham September 3 , 2012 ( September 3 , 2012 ) 3.36 177b 25b `` Move It or Lose It '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham October 21 , 2012 ( October 21 , 2012 ) 2.30 178 26 `` Hello Bikini Bottom ! '' Alan Smart , Andrew Overtoom , and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) October 8 , 2012 ( October 8 , 2012 ) 2.76", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )", "153a 1a `` Accidents Will Happen '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 18 , 2011 ( July 18 , 2011 ) N / A", "153b 1b `` The Other Patty '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham June 25 , 2011 ( June 25 , 2011 ) 3.82", "154a 2a `` Drive Thru '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer & Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 19 , 2011 ( July 19 , 2011 ) N / A", "154b 2b `` The Hot Shot '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham June 18 , 2011 ( June 18 , 2011 ) N / A", "155a 3a `` A Friendly Game '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Steven Banks Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham March 26 , 2011 ( March 26 , 2011 ) 4.55", "155b 3b `` Sentimental Sponge '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 2 , 2011 ( April 2 , 2011 ) N / A", "156 `` Frozen Face - Off '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Derek Iversen , Dani Michaeli , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 15 , 2011 ( July 15 , 2011 ) 5.76", "157a 5a `` Squidward 's School for Grown Ups '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , & Brad Vandergrift June 4 , 2011 ( June 4 , 2011 ) 5.02", "157b 5b `` Oral Report '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Janice Tolentino , Monica Tomova , & Brad Vandergrift March 26 , 2011 ( March 26 , 2011 ) 4.55", "158a 6a `` Sweet and Sour Squid '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Mr. Lawrence Aaron Springer ( director ) July 20 , 2011 ( July 20 , 2011 ) N / A", "158b 6b `` The Googly Artiste '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Nate Cash ( directors ) July 21 , 2011 ( July 21 , 2011 ) N / A", "159 7 `` A SquarePants Family Vacation '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) November 11 , 2011 ( November 11 , 2011 ) 3.57", "160a 8a `` Patrick 's Staycation '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Sean Charmatz , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) November 8 , 2011 ( November 8 , 2011 ) N / A", "160b 8b `` Walking the Plankton '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) November 7 , 2011 ( November 7 , 2011 ) N / A", "161a 9a `` Mooncation '' Alan Smart Sean Charmatz , Vincent Waller , Steven Banks Sean Charmatz and Vincent Waller ( directors ) November 10 , 2011 ( November 10 , 2011 ) N / A", "161b 9b `` Mr. Krabs Takes a Vacation '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , Sean Charmatz , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) November 9 , 2011 ( November 9 , 2011 ) N / A", "162 10 `` Ghoul Fools '' Andrew Overtoom and Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Carson Kugler October 21 , 2011 ( October 21 , 2011 ) 3.91", "163a 11a `` Mermaid Man Begins '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Sean Charmatz , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 23 , 2011 ( September 23 , 2011 ) 2.65", "163b 11b `` Plankton 's Good Eye '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Cecarrelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 23 , 2011 ( September 23 , 2011 ) 2.65", "164a 12a `` Barnacle Face '' Andrew Overtoom Aaron Springer , Andrew Goodman , Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 16 , 2011 ( September 16 , 2011 ) 4.39", "164b 12b `` Pet Sitter Pat '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 16 , 2011 ( September 16 , 2011 ) 4.39", "165a 13a `` House Sittin ' for Sandy '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 30 , 2011 ( September 30 , 2011 ) 3.33", "165b 13b `` Smoothe Jazz at Bikini Bottom '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Dave Cunningham , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Carson Kugler September 30 , 2011 ( September 30 , 2011 ) 3.33", "166a 14a `` Bubble Troubles '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27", "166b 14b `` The Way of the Sponge '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Derek Iversen , and Andrew Goodman Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27", "167a 15a `` The Krabby Patty That Ate Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27", "167b 15b `` Bubble Buddy Returns '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham November 25 , 2011 ( November 25 , 2011 ) 3.27", "168a 16a `` Restraining SpongeBob '' Tom Yasumi Sean Charmatz , Vincent Waller , and Paul Tibbitt Sean Charmatz and Vincent Waller ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 2 , 2012 ( April 2 , 2012 ) N / A", "168b 16b `` Fiasco ! '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 5 , 2012 ( April 5 , 2012 ) N / A", "169a 17a `` Are You Happy Now ? '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Dani Michaeli Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham March 31 , 2012 ( March 31 , 2012 ) 4.12", "169b 17b `` Planet of the Jellyfish '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham March 31 , 2012 ( March 31 , 2012 ) 4.12", "170a 18a `` Free Samples '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Dani Michaeli Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 6 , 2012 ( April 6 , 2012 ) N / A", "170b 18b `` Home Sweet Rubble '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 4 , 2012 ( April 4 , 2012 ) N / A", "171a 19a `` Karen 2.0 '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 13 , 2012 ( April 13 , 2012 ) 2.25", "171b 19b `` InSPONGEiac '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 9 , 2012 ( April 9 , 2012 ) 2.01", "172a 20a `` Face Freeze ! '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , & Dave Cunningham July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.65", "172b 20b `` Glove World R.I.P. '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , & Dave Cunningham April 3 , 2012 ( April 3 , 2012 ) 2.70", "173a 21a `` Squiditis '' Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer and Derek Iversen Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 11 , 2012 ( April 11 , 2012 ) N / A", "173b 21b `` Demolition Doofus '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.65", "174a 22a `` Treats ! '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 10 , 2012 ( April 10 , 2012 ) N / A", "174b 22b `` For Here or to Go '' Andrew Overtoom Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Steven Banks Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham April 12 , 2012 ( April 12 , 2012 ) 2.51", "175 23 `` It 's a SpongeBob Christmas ! '' Mark Caballero and Seamus Walsh Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , Derek Iversen , and Mr. Lawrence Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Dave Cunningham November 23 , 2012 ( CBS ) December 6 , 2012 ( Nickelodeon ) ( November 23 , 2012 ( CBS ) December 6 , 2012 ( Nickelodeon ) ) 3.61 / 4.61", "176a 24a `` Super Evil Aquatic Villain Team Up is Go ! '' Alan Smart Aaron Springer and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer ( director ) Dave Cunningham October 14 , 2012 ( October 14 , 2012 ) 2.28", "176b 24b `` Chum Fricassee '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Richard Pursel Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Dave Cunningham October 21 , 2012 ( October 21 , 2012 ) 2.30", "177a 25a `` The Good Krabby Name '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier and Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham September 3 , 2012 ( September 3 , 2012 ) 3.36", "177b 25b `` Move It or Lose It '' Andrew Overtoom Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander and Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Brad Vandergrift , Maureen Mascarina , Janice Tolentino , Ted Seko , Marcelo Souza , Monica Tamova , & Dave Cunningham October 21 , 2012 ( October 21 , 2012 ) 2.30", "178 26 `` Hello Bikini Bottom ! '' Alan Smart , Andrew Overtoom , and Tom Yasumi Aaron Springer , Sean Charmatz , and Dani Michaeli Aaron Springer and Sean Charmatz ( directors ) October 8 , 2012 ( October 8 , 2012 ) 2.76", "The ninth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes ( 49 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Storyboard supervisors Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 179a 1a `` Extreme Spots '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Clint Bond July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.70 179b 1b `` Squirrel Record '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Clint Bond July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.70 180a 2a `` Patrick - Man ! '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond October 27 , 2012 ( October 27 , 2012 ) 4.10 180b 2b `` Gary 's New Toy '' Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli and Derek Iversen Marc Ceccarelli ( director ) Clint Bond October 14 , 2012 ( October 14 , 2012 ) 2.36 181a 3a `` License to Milkshake '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond September 7 , 2012 ( September 7 , 2012 ) 3.13 181b 3b `` Squid Baby '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond September 3 , 2012 ( September 3 , 2012 ) 3.36 182a 4a `` Little Yellow Book '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Clint Bond March 2 , 2013 ( March 2 , 2013 ) 4.73 182b 4b `` Bumper to Bumper '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond November 17 , 2012 ( November 17 , 2012 ) 4.01 183a 5a `` Eek , an Urchin ! '' Alan Smart Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond October 27 , 2012 ( October 27 , 2012 ) 4.10 183b 5b `` Squid Defense '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond January 1 , 2013 ( January 1 , 2013 ) 3.70 184a 6a `` Jailbreak ! '' Alan Smart Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond March 16 , 2013 ( March 16 , 2013 ) 3.81 184b 6b `` Evil Spatula '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Andrew Goodman Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond March 9 , 2013 ( March 9 , 2013 ) 4.04 185 7 `` It Came from Goo Lagoon '' `` SpongeBob vs. the Goo '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , Derek Iversen , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond February 17 , 2014 ( February 17 , 2014 ) 4.04 186a 8a `` Safe Deposit Krabs '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond May 25 , 2013 ( May 25 , 2013 ) 4.18 186b 8b `` Plankton 's Pet '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond January 19 , 2013 ( January 19 , 2013 ) 4.37 187a 9a `` Do n't Look Now '' Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond October 14 , 2013 ( October 14 , 2013 ) 3.42 187b 9b `` Séance Shméance '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond October 14 , 2013 ( October 14 , 2013 ) 3.42 188a 10a `` Kenny the Cat '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 4.33 188b 10b `` Yeti Krabs '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 2.25 189 11 `` SpongeBob You 're Fired '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond November 11 , 2013 ( November 11 , 2013 ) 5.19 190a 12a `` Lost in Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Bob Camp Sherm Cohen July 16 , 2015 ( July 16 , 2015 ) 3.20 190b 12b `` Tutor Sauce '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen July 16 , 2015 ( July 16 , 2015 ) 3.20 191a 13a `` Squid Plus One '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham September 7 , 2015 ( September 7 , 2015 ) 1.98 191b 13b `` The Executive Treatment '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham September 7 , 2015 ( September 7 , 2015 ) 1.98 192a 14a `` Company Picnic '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis Lynne Naylor Sherm Cohen September 25 , 2015 ( September 25 , 2015 ) 1.61 192b 14b `` Pull Up a Barrel '' `` The Navy Days '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Bob Camp Sherm Cohen September 18 , 2015 ( September 18 , 2015 ) 2.09 193a 15a `` Sanctuary ! '' `` One Snail Sponge '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham October 16 , 2015 ( October 16 , 2015 ) 1.28 193b 15b `` What 's Eating Patrick ? '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis Joe Wierenga Sherm Cohen October 2 , 2015 ( October 2 , 2015 ) 1.77 194a 16a `` Patrick ! The Game '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 2.05 194b 16b `` The Sewers of Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz Derek Iversen and Mr. Lawrence ( story , uncredited ) Lynne Naylor Dave Cunningham November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 2.05 195a 17a `` SpongeBob LongPants '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz Lynne Naylor Dave Cunningham February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 2.93 195b 17b `` Larry 's Gym '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 2.93 196a 18a `` The Fish Bowl '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis John Trabbic Dave Cunningham May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 1.96 196b 18b `` Married to Money '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Josh Androsky and Daniel Dominguez Lynne Naylor Sherm Cohen May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 1.76 197a 19a `` Mall Girl Pearl '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Clare O'Kane John Trabbic Sherm Cohen March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) 3.11 197b 19b `` Two Thumbs Down '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) 3.11 198a 20a `` Sharks vs. Pods '' Tom Yasumi Solomon Georgio Shellie O'Brien Sherm Cohen May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 1.81 198b 20b `` CopyBob DittoPants '' Alan Smart Kaz Howie Perry Dave Cunningham May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 1.71 199a 21a `` Sold ! '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Kaz Shellie O'Brien Dave Cunningham May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 1.80 199b 21b `` Lame and Fortune '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence Chong Lee Sherm Cohen July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 1.96 200 22 `` Goodbye , Krabby Patty ? '' `` Factory Fresh '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 2.67 201a 23a `` Sandy 's Nutmare '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Sherm Cohen July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2.00 201b 23b `` Bulletin Board '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Ed Baker Dave Cunningham October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) 2.11 202a 24a `` Food Con Castaways '' Alan Smart Josh Androsky and Daniel Dominguez Chris Allison and Ryan Kramer Sherm Cohen July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 2.02 202b 24b `` Snail Mail '' Tom Yasumi Clare O'Kane Chong Lee Dave Cunningham October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 1.67 203a 25a `` Pineapple Invasion '' Alan Smart Kaz Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 2.24 203b 25b `` Salsa Imbecilicus '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Brian Morante Dave Cunningham July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) 1.83 204a 26a `` Mutiny on the Krusty '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 1.93 204b 26b `` The Whole Tooth '' `` The Tooth , the Whole Tooth , and Nothing But the Tooth '' Alan Smart Kyle McCulloch John Trabbic Dave Cunningham December 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 03 ) 2.12", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Storyboard supervisors Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )", "179a 1a `` Extreme Spots '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Clint Bond July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.70", "179b 1b `` Squirrel Record '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Clint Bond July 21 , 2012 ( July 21 , 2012 ) 3.70", "180a 2a `` Patrick - Man ! '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond October 27 , 2012 ( October 27 , 2012 ) 4.10", "180b 2b `` Gary 's New Toy '' Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli and Derek Iversen Marc Ceccarelli ( director ) Clint Bond October 14 , 2012 ( October 14 , 2012 ) 2.36", "181a 3a `` License to Milkshake '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond September 7 , 2012 ( September 7 , 2012 ) 3.13", "181b 3b `` Squid Baby '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond September 3 , 2012 ( September 3 , 2012 ) 3.36", "182a 4a `` Little Yellow Book '' Alan Smart Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen Luke Brookshier & Marc Ceccarelli ( directors ) Clint Bond March 2 , 2013 ( March 2 , 2013 ) 4.73", "182b 4b `` Bumper to Bumper '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond November 17 , 2012 ( November 17 , 2012 ) 4.01", "183a 5a `` Eek , an Urchin ! '' Alan Smart Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond October 27 , 2012 ( October 27 , 2012 ) 4.10", "183b 5b `` Squid Defense '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond January 1 , 2013 ( January 1 , 2013 ) 3.70", "184a 6a `` Jailbreak ! '' Alan Smart Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond March 16 , 2013 ( March 16 , 2013 ) 3.81", "184b 6b `` Evil Spatula '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Andrew Goodman Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond March 9 , 2013 ( March 9 , 2013 ) 4.04", "185 7 `` It Came from Goo Lagoon '' `` SpongeBob vs. the Goo '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , Derek Iversen , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond February 17 , 2014 ( February 17 , 2014 ) 4.04", "186a 8a `` Safe Deposit Krabs '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Derek Iversen Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond May 25 , 2013 ( May 25 , 2013 ) 4.18", "186b 8b `` Plankton 's Pet '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond January 19 , 2013 ( January 19 , 2013 ) 4.37", "187a 9a `` Do n't Look Now '' Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond October 14 , 2013 ( October 14 , 2013 ) 3.42", "187b 9b `` Séance Shméance '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond October 14 , 2013 ( October 14 , 2013 ) 3.42", "188a 10a `` Kenny the Cat '' Tom Yasumi Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , Blake Lemons , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas & Blake Lemons ( directors ) Clint Bond March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 4.33", "188b 10b `` Yeti Krabs '' Alan Smart Casey Alexander , Zeus Cervas , and Mr. Lawrence Casey Alexander & Zeus Cervas ( directors ) Clint Bond March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 2.25", "189 11 `` SpongeBob You 're Fired '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Marc Ceccarelli , Luke Brookshier , and Mr. Lawrence Marc Ceccarelli & Luke Brookshier ( directors ) Clint Bond November 11 , 2013 ( November 11 , 2013 ) 5.19", "190a 12a `` Lost in Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Bob Camp Sherm Cohen July 16 , 2015 ( July 16 , 2015 ) 3.20", "190b 12b `` Tutor Sauce '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen July 16 , 2015 ( July 16 , 2015 ) 3.20", "191a 13a `` Squid Plus One '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham September 7 , 2015 ( September 7 , 2015 ) 1.98", "191b 13b `` The Executive Treatment '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham September 7 , 2015 ( September 7 , 2015 ) 1.98", "192a 14a `` Company Picnic '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis Lynne Naylor Sherm Cohen September 25 , 2015 ( September 25 , 2015 ) 1.61", "192b 14b `` Pull Up a Barrel '' `` The Navy Days '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Bob Camp Sherm Cohen September 18 , 2015 ( September 18 , 2015 ) 2.09", "193a 15a `` Sanctuary ! '' `` One Snail Sponge '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham October 16 , 2015 ( October 16 , 2015 ) 1.28", "193b 15b `` What 's Eating Patrick ? '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis Joe Wierenga Sherm Cohen October 2 , 2015 ( October 2 , 2015 ) 1.77", "194a 16a `` Patrick ! The Game '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 2.05", "194b 16b `` The Sewers of Bikini Bottom '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz Derek Iversen and Mr. Lawrence ( story , uncredited ) Lynne Naylor Dave Cunningham November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 2.05", "195a 17a `` SpongeBob LongPants '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz Lynne Naylor Dave Cunningham February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 2.93", "195b 17b `` Larry 's Gym '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 2.93", "196a 18a `` The Fish Bowl '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Jack Pendarvis John Trabbic Dave Cunningham May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 1.96", "196b 18b `` Married to Money '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Josh Androsky and Daniel Dominguez Lynne Naylor Sherm Cohen May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 1.76", "197a 19a `` Mall Girl Pearl '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Clare O'Kane John Trabbic Sherm Cohen March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) 3.11", "197b 19b `` Two Thumbs Down '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) 3.11", "198a 20a `` Sharks vs. Pods '' Tom Yasumi Solomon Georgio Shellie O'Brien Sherm Cohen May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 1.81", "198b 20b `` CopyBob DittoPants '' Alan Smart Kaz Howie Perry Dave Cunningham May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 1.71", "199a 21a `` Sold ! '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch and Kaz Shellie O'Brien Dave Cunningham May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 1.80", "199b 21b `` Lame and Fortune '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence Chong Lee Sherm Cohen July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 1.96", "200 22 `` Goodbye , Krabby Patty ? '' `` Factory Fresh '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kyle McCulloch Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen and Dave Cunningham February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 2.67", "201a 23a `` Sandy 's Nutmare '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Sherm Cohen July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2.00", "201b 23b `` Bulletin Board '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Jack Pendarvis Ed Baker Dave Cunningham October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) 2.11", "202a 24a `` Food Con Castaways '' Alan Smart Josh Androsky and Daniel Dominguez Chris Allison and Ryan Kramer Sherm Cohen July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 2.02", "202b 24b `` Snail Mail '' Tom Yasumi Clare O'Kane Chong Lee Dave Cunningham October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 1.67", "203a 25a `` Pineapple Invasion '' Alan Smart Kaz Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 2.24", "203b 25b `` Salsa Imbecilicus '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Brian Morante Dave Cunningham July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) 1.83", "204a 26a `` Mutiny on the Krusty '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 1.93", "204b 26b `` The Whole Tooth '' `` The Tooth , the Whole Tooth , and Nothing But the Tooth '' Alan Smart Kyle McCulloch John Trabbic Dave Cunningham December 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 03 ) 2.12", "Title Directed by Written by Release date ( U.S. ) Release date ( international ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Paul Tibbitt Stephen Hillenburg , Paul Tibbitt ( Story ) Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger ( Screenplay ) February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) January 28 , 2015", "Title Directed by Written by Release date ( U.S. ) Release date ( international )", "The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Paul Tibbitt Stephen Hillenburg , Paul Tibbitt ( Story ) Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger ( Screenplay ) February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) January 28 , 2015", "The tenth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 11 episodes ( 22 segments ) , which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order . It is the shortest season , lacking the usual 26 episode length . Vincent Waller said this is due to accounting and contractual issues .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Supervising director Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 205a 1a `` Whirly Brains '' Bob Jaques Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) 1.77 205b 1b `` Mermaid Pants '' Alan Smart Kaz John Trabbic Dave Cunningham October 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 29 ) 2.17 206a 2a `` Unreal Estate '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber Brian Morante Adam Paloian June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) 1.69 206b 2b `` Code Yellow '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) 1.69 207a 3a `` Mimic Madness '' Bob Jaques Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian February 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 2.12 207b 3b `` House Worming '' Alan Smart Richard Pursel Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen February 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 2.12 208a 4a `` Snooze You Lose '' Alan Smart Kaz Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 2.12 208b 4b `` Krusty Katering '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber John Trabbic Dave Cunningham March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 2.12 209a 5a `` SpongeBob 's Place '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Kelly Armstrong Adam Paloian March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 2.27 209b 5b `` Plankton Gets the Boot '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 2.27 210a 6a `` Life Insurance '' Bob Jaques Kaz Brian Morante Adam Paloian March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 2.13 210b 6b `` Burst Your Bubble '' Alan Smart Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 2.13 211a 7a `` Plankton Retires '' Bob Jaques Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 2.07 211b 7b `` Trident Trouble '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber John Trabbic Dave Cunningham March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 2.07 212a 8a `` The Incredible Shrinking Sponge '' Alan Smart Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 1.83 212b 8b `` Sportz ? '' Bob Jaques Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 1.99 213a 9a `` The Getaway '' Alan Smart Kaz Brian Morante Adam Paloian June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 1.66 213b 9b `` Lost and Found '' Tom Yasumi Dani Michaeli Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 1.66 214a 10a `` Patrick 's Coupon '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Kelly Armstrong Dave Cunningham June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) 1.77 214b 10b `` Out of the Picture '' Alan Smart Ben Gruber Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) 1.77 215a 11a `` Feral Friends '' Alan Smart Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Dave Cunningham October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 1.81 215b 11b `` Do n't Wake Patrick '' Tom Yasumi Brian Morante and Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 1.81", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Supervising director Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )", "205a 1a `` Whirly Brains '' Bob Jaques Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) 1.77", "205b 1b `` Mermaid Pants '' Alan Smart Kaz John Trabbic Dave Cunningham October 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 29 ) 2.17", "206a 2a `` Unreal Estate '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber Brian Morante Adam Paloian June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) 1.69", "206b 2b `` Code Yellow '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) 1.69", "207a 3a `` Mimic Madness '' Bob Jaques Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian February 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 2.12", "207b 3b `` House Worming '' Alan Smart Richard Pursel Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen February 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 2.12", "208a 4a `` Snooze You Lose '' Alan Smart Kaz Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 2.12", "208b 4b `` Krusty Katering '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber John Trabbic Dave Cunningham March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 2.12", "209a 5a `` SpongeBob 's Place '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Kelly Armstrong Adam Paloian March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 2.27", "209b 5b `` Plankton Gets the Boot '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 2.27", "210a 6a `` Life Insurance '' Bob Jaques Kaz Brian Morante Adam Paloian March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 2.13", "210b 6b `` Burst Your Bubble '' Alan Smart Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 2.13", "211a 7a `` Plankton Retires '' Bob Jaques Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 2.07", "211b 7b `` Trident Trouble '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber John Trabbic Dave Cunningham March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 2.07", "212a 8a `` The Incredible Shrinking Sponge '' Alan Smart Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 1.83", "212b 8b `` Sportz ? '' Bob Jaques Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 1.99", "213a 9a `` The Getaway '' Alan Smart Kaz Brian Morante Adam Paloian June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 1.66", "213b 9b `` Lost and Found '' Tom Yasumi Dani Michaeli Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 1.66", "214a 10a `` Patrick 's Coupon '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Kelly Armstrong Dave Cunningham June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) 1.77", "214b 10b `` Out of the Picture '' Alan Smart Ben Gruber Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) 1.77", "215a 11a `` Feral Friends '' Alan Smart Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Dave Cunningham October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 1.81", "215b 11b `` Do n't Wake Patrick '' Tom Yasumi Brian Morante and Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 1.81", "The eleventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes ( 9 have aired , 17 segments ) .", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Supervising director Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 216a 1a `` Cave Dwelling Sponge '' Alan Smart Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Dave Cunningham September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 1.92 216b 1b `` The Clam Whisperer '' Bob Jaques Ben Gruber John Trabbic Adam Paloian September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 1.92 217a 2a `` Spot Returns '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Sherm Cohen June 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) 1.96 217b 2b `` The Check - Up '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Sherm Cohen June 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) 1.96 218a 3a `` Spin the Bottle '' Bob Jaques Kaz Fred Osmond Adam Paloian July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 1.99 218b 3b `` There 's a Sponge in My Soup '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Kelly Armstrong Dave Cunningham November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1.46 219a 4a `` Man Ray Returns '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz John Trabbic Adam Paloian September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 2.07 219b 4b `` Larry the Floor Manager '' Bob Jaques Ben Gruber Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 2.07 220 5 `` The Legend of Boo - Kini Bottom '' Mark Caballero and Seamus Walsh Tom Yasumi ( timing ) Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante and Sally Cruikshank Adam Paloian October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.21 221a 6a `` No Pictures Please '' Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 1.84 221b 6b `` Stuck on the Roof '' Bob Jaques Andrew Goodman Kelly Armstrong Sherm Cohen November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 1.84 222a 7a `` Krabby Patty Creature Feature '' Alan Smart Chris Allison , Ryan Kramer and Kaz Chris Allison and Ryan Kramer Adam Paloian October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 1.99 222b 7b `` Teacher 's Pests '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber John Trabbic Dave Cunningham October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 1.99 223a 8a `` Sanitation Insanity '' Alan Smart Ben Gruber Brian Morante Sherm Cohen March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) TBD 223b 8b `` Bunny Hunt '' Bob Jaques Mr. Lawrence John Trabbic Adam Paloian March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) TBD 224a 9a `` Squid Noir '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 1.86 224b 9b `` Scavenger Pants '' Bob Jaques Luke Brookshier Brian Morante Sherm Cohen November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.65 225a 10a `` Cuddle E. Hugs '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber Kelly Armstrong Adam Paloian November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1.65 225b 10b `` Pat the Horse '' Bob Jaques Kaz Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 1.83 226a 11a `` Chatterbox Gary '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier John Trabbic Sherm Cohen March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) TBD 226b 11b `` Do n't Feed the Clowns '' Alan Smart Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) TBD 227a 12a `` Old Man Patrick '' Bob Jaques Kaz Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) TBD 227b 12b `` Grandmum 's the Word '' Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence John Trabbic Sherm Cohen March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) TBD 228a 13a `` Drive Happy '' Alan Smart Kaz Brian Morante Adam Paloian March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) TBD 228b 13b `` Fun - Sized Friends '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman Kelly Armstrong Adam Paloian March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) TBD 229a 14a `` Doodle Dimension '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 229b 14b `` Move Your Bubble Bass '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Adam Paloian TBA TBD 232a TBA `` High Sea Diving '' Bob Jaques Kaz Brian Morante Dave Cunningham TBA TBD", "No . overall No. in season Title Animation directors Written by Storyboarded by Supervising director Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )", "216a 1a `` Cave Dwelling Sponge '' Alan Smart Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Dave Cunningham September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 1.92", "216b 1b `` The Clam Whisperer '' Bob Jaques Ben Gruber John Trabbic Adam Paloian September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 1.92", "217a 2a `` Spot Returns '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Sherm Cohen June 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) 1.96", "217b 2b `` The Check - Up '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Sherm Cohen June 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) 1.96", "218a 3a `` Spin the Bottle '' Bob Jaques Kaz Fred Osmond Adam Paloian July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 1.99", "218b 3b `` There 's a Sponge in My Soup '' Tom Yasumi Kaz Kelly Armstrong Dave Cunningham November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1.46", "219a 4a `` Man Ray Returns '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Kaz John Trabbic Adam Paloian September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 2.07", "219b 4b `` Larry the Floor Manager '' Bob Jaques Ben Gruber Fred Osmond Sherm Cohen September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 2.07", "220 5 `` The Legend of Boo - Kini Bottom '' Mark Caballero and Seamus Walsh Tom Yasumi ( timing ) Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante and Sally Cruikshank Adam Paloian October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.21", "221a 6a `` No Pictures Please '' Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 1.84", "221b 6b `` Stuck on the Roof '' Bob Jaques Andrew Goodman Kelly Armstrong Sherm Cohen November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 1.84", "222a 7a `` Krabby Patty Creature Feature '' Alan Smart Chris Allison , Ryan Kramer and Kaz Chris Allison and Ryan Kramer Adam Paloian October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 1.99", "222b 7b `` Teacher 's Pests '' Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber John Trabbic Dave Cunningham October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 1.99", "223a 8a `` Sanitation Insanity '' Alan Smart Ben Gruber Brian Morante Sherm Cohen March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) TBD", "223b 8b `` Bunny Hunt '' Bob Jaques Mr. Lawrence John Trabbic Adam Paloian March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) TBD", "224a 9a `` Squid Noir '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman John Trabbic Dave Cunningham November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 1.86", "224b 9b `` Scavenger Pants '' Bob Jaques Luke Brookshier Brian Morante Sherm Cohen November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.65", "225a 10a `` Cuddle E. Hugs '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Ben Gruber Kelly Armstrong Adam Paloian November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1.65", "225b 10b `` Pat the Horse '' Bob Jaques Kaz Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 1.83", "226a 11a `` Chatterbox Gary '' Tom Yasumi Luke Brookshier John Trabbic Sherm Cohen March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) TBD", "226b 11b `` Do n't Feed the Clowns '' Alan Smart Mr. Lawrence Brian Morante Adam Paloian March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) TBD", "227a 12a `` Old Man Patrick '' Bob Jaques Kaz Fred Osmond Dave Cunningham March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) TBD", "227b 12b `` Grandmum 's the Word '' Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence John Trabbic Sherm Cohen March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) TBD", "228a 13a `` Drive Happy '' Alan Smart Kaz Brian Morante Adam Paloian March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) TBD", "228b 13b `` Fun - Sized Friends '' Tom Yasumi Andrew Goodman Kelly Armstrong Adam Paloian March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) TBD", "229a 14a `` Doodle Dimension '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD", "229b 14b `` Move Your Bubble Bass '' Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi Mr. Lawrence Fred Osmond Adam Paloian TBA TBD", "232a TBA `` High Sea Diving '' Bob Jaques Kaz Brian Morante Dave Cunningham TBA TBD", "The twelfth season of SpongeBob SquarePants was confirmed by Vincent Waller on May 5 , 2017 , and will consist of 26 episodes . The season will air in 2019 .", "On April 30 , 2015 , Viacom announced a third movie was in development . On August 3 , 2015 , via Twitter , Vincent Waller confirmed that the sequel is in pre-production and that Paul Tibbitt will once again direct . On November 11 , 2015 , Waller confirmed via Twitter that the film will be mostly traditionally animated with CGI / live - action sequences . Screenwriters Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger said in a January 2016 interview that they are working on the third SpongeBob movie . The film will be released on July 31 , 2020 ." ]

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[ "Carolina Panthers Current season Established October 26 , 1993 ; 24 years ago ( 1993 - 10 - 26 ) First season : 1995 Play in and headquartered at Bank of America Stadium Charlotte , North Carolina Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1995 -- present ) National Football Conference ( 1995 -- present ) NFC West ( 1995 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Panther Blue , Silver Mascot Sir Purr Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Richardson President Vacant General manager Marty Hurney ( interim ) Head coach Ron Rivera Team history Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present ) Championships League championships ( 0 ) Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 2003 , 2015 Division championships ( 6 ) NFC West : 1996 NFC South : 2003 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 7 ) NFL : 1996 , 2003 , 2005 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Home fields Memorial Stadium ( 1995 ) Bank of America Stadium ( 1996 -- present )", "Carolina Panthers", "Current season", "Established October 26 , 1993 ; 24 years ago ( 1993 - 10 - 26 ) First season : 1995 Play in and headquartered at Bank of America Stadium Charlotte , North Carolina", "Logo Wordmark", "Logo Wordmark", "", "Logo Wordmark", "League / conference affiliations", "National Football League ( 1995 -- present ) National Football Conference ( 1995 -- present ) NFC West ( 1995 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present )", "National Football League ( 1995 -- present )", "National Football Conference ( 1995 -- present ) NFC West ( 1995 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present )", "National Football Conference ( 1995 -- present ) NFC West ( 1995 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present )", "NFC West ( 1995 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present )", "NFC West ( 1995 -- 2001 )", "NFC South ( 2002 -- present )", "Current uniform", "Team colors Black , Panther Blue , Silver", "Black , Panther Blue , Silver", "Mascot Sir Purr", "Personnel", "Owner ( s ) Jerry Richardson", "President Vacant", "General manager Marty Hurney ( interim )", "Head coach Ron Rivera", "Team history", "Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present )", "Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present )", "Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present )", "Championships", "League championships ( 0 )", "Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 2003 , 2015", "Conference championships ( 2 )", "NFC : 2003 , 2015", "NFC : 2003 , 2015", "Division championships ( 6 ) NFC West : 1996 NFC South : 2003 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015", "Division championships ( 6 )", "NFC West : 1996 NFC South : 2003 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015", "NFC West : 1996", "NFC South : 2003 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015", "Playoff appearances ( 7 )", "NFL : 1996 , 2003 , 2005 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015", "NFL : 1996 , 2003 , 2005 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015", "NFL : 1996 , 2003 , 2005 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015", "Home fields", "Memorial Stadium ( 1995 ) Bank of America Stadium ( 1996 -- present )", "Memorial Stadium ( 1995 ) Bank of America Stadium ( 1996 -- present )", "Memorial Stadium ( 1995 )", "Bank of America Stadium ( 1996 -- present )", "The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The Panthers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) , as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The club is worth approximately US $1.56 billion , according to Forbes , and is controlled by founder Jerry Richardson and his family , who have a 48 percent stake ; the remainder of the team is held by a group of 14 limited partners . The head coach is Ron Rivera .", "The Panthers were announced as the league 's 29th franchise in 1993 , and began play in 1995 . The Panthers played well in their first two years , finishing 7 -- 9 in 1995 ( an all - time best for an NFL expansion team 's first season ) and 12 -- 4 the following year , winning the NFC West before ultimately losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game . They did not have another winning season until 2003 , when they won the NFC Championship Game and reached Super Bowl XXXVIII , losing 32 -- 29 to the New England Patriots . After recording playoff appearances in 2005 and 2008 , the team failed to record another playoff appearance until 2013 , the first of three consecutive NFC South titles . After losing in the divisional round to the San Francisco 49ers in 2013 and the Seattle Seahawks in 2014 , the Panthers finally returned to the Super Bowl in 2015 , but lost to the Denver Broncos . The Panthers have reached the playoffs seven times , advancing to four NFC Championship Games and two Super Bowls . They have won six division titles , one in the NFC West and five in the NFC South .", "The Carolina Panthers are legally registered as Panther Football , LLC . The team is headquartered in Bank of America Stadium in uptown Charlotte ; also the team 's home field . They are one of the few NFL teams to own the stadium they play in , which is legally registered as Panthers Stadium , LLC . The Panthers are supported throughout the Carolinas ; although the team has played its home games in Charlotte since 1996 , it played home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson , South Carolina during its first season . The team hosts its annual training camp at Wofford College in Spartanburg , South Carolina .", "On December 15 , 1987 , entrepreneur Jerry Richardson announced his bid for an NFL expansion franchise in the Carolinas . A North Carolina native , Richardson was a former wide receiver on the Baltimore Colts who had used his 1959 league championship bonus to co-found the Hardee 's restaurant chain , later becoming president and CEO of TW Services . Richardson drew his inspiration to pursue an NFL franchise from George Shinn , who had made a successful bid for an expansion National Basketball Association ( NBA ) team in Charlotte , the Charlotte Hornets . Richardson founded Richardson Sports , a partnership consisting of himself , his family , and a number of businessmen from North and South Carolina were also recruited to be limited partners . Richardson looked at four potential locations for a stadium , ultimately choosing uptown Charlotte . In choosing the team name , the Richardsons did not run focus groups with potential fans . Their intention had always been the ' Panthers ' ; Jerry Richardson began driving a car with the license plate ' PNTHRS ' near the end of 1989 .", "To highlight the demand for professional football in the Carolinas , Richardson Sports held preseason games around the area from 1989 to 1991 . The first two games were held at Carter -- Finley Stadium in Raleigh , North Carolina , and Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill , North Carolina , while the third and final game was held at Williams - Brice Stadium in Columbia , South Carolina . The matchups were between existing NFL teams . In 1991 , the group formally filed an application for the open expansion spot , and on October 26 , 1993 , the 28 NFL owners unanimously named the Carolina Panthers as the 29th member of the NFL .", "The Panthers first competed in the 1995 NFL season ; they were one of two expansion teams to begin play that year , the other being the Jacksonville Jaguars . The Panthers were put in the NFC West to increase the size of that division to five teams ; there were already two other southeastern teams in the division , the Atlanta Falcons and the New Orleans Saints . Former Pittsburgh Steelers defensive coordinator Dom Capers was named the first head coach . The team finished its inaugural season 7 -- 9 , the best performance ever from a first - year expansion team . They performed even better in their second season , finishing with a 12 -- 4 record and winning the NFC West division , as well as securing a first - round bye . The Panthers beat the defending Super Bowl champions Dallas Cowboys in the divisional round before losing the NFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl champions , the Green Bay Packers . The team managed only a 7 -- 9 finish in 1997 and slipped to 4 -- 12 in 1998 , leading to Capers ' dismissal as head coach .", "The Panthers hired former San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert to replace Capers , and he led the team to an 8 -- 8 record in 1999 . The team finished 7 -- 9 in 2000 and fell to 1 -- 15 in 2001 , winning their first game but losing their last 15 . This performance tied the NFL record for most losses in a single season and it broke the record held by the winless 1976 Buccaneers for most consecutive losses in a single season ( both records have since been broken by the 2008 Lions ) , leading the Panthers to fire Seifert .", "After the NFL 's expansion to 32 teams in 2002 , the Panthers were relocated from the NFC West to the newly created NFC South division ; The Panthers ' rivalries with the Falcons and Saints were maintained , and they would be joined by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . New York Giants defensive coordinator John Fox was hired to replace Seifert and led the team to a 7 -- 9 finish in 2002 . Although the team 's defense gave up very few yards , ranking the second - best in the NFL in terms of yards conceded , they were hindered by an offense that gained very few yards , ranking as the second - worst in the league in terms of yards gained . The Panthers improved to 11 -- 5 in the 2003 regular season , winning the NFC South and making it to Super Bowl XXXVIII before losing to the New England Patriots 32 -- 29 in what was immediately hailed by sportswriter Peter King as the `` Greatest Super Bowl of all time '' . King felt the game `` was a wonderful championship battle , full of everything that makes football dramatic , draining , enervating , maddening , fantastic , exciting '' and praised , among other things , the unpredictability , coaching , and conclusion . The game is still viewed as one of the best Super Bowls of all time , and in the opinion of Charlotte - based NPR reporter Scott Jagow , the Panthers ' Super Bowl appearance represented the arrival of Charlotte onto the national scene .", "Following a rocky 1 -- 7 start in 2004 , the Panthers rebounded to win six of their last seven games despite losing 14 players for the season due to injury . They lost their last game to New Orleans , finishing the 2004 season at 7 -- 9 . Had they won the game , the Panthers would have made the playoffs . The team improved to 11 -- 5 in 2005 , finishing second in the division behind Tampa Bay and clinching a playoff berth as a wild - card . In the first round of the playoffs , the Panthers went on the road to face the New York Giants , beating them 23 -- 0 for the NFL 's first playoff shutout against a home team since 1980 . The following week , they beat Chicago 29 -- 21 on the road , but lost key players Julius Peppers , a defensive end , and DeShaun Foster , a running back , who were both injured during the game . The Panthers were then defeated 34 -- 14 by the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Championship Game , ending their season . Although the Panthers went into the 2006 season as favorites to win the NFC South , they finished with a disappointing 8 -- 8 record . The team finished the 2007 season with a 7 -- 9 record after losing quarterback Jake Delhomme early in the season due to an elbow injury . In 2008 , the Panthers rebounded with a 12 -- 4 regular season record , winning the NFC South and securing a first - round bye . They were eliminated in the divisional round of the playoffs , losing 33 -- 13 to the eventual NFC Champion Arizona Cardinals after Delhomme turned the ball over six times . Delhomme 's struggles carried over into the 2009 season , where he threw 18 interceptions in the first 11 games before breaking a finger in his throwing hand . The Panthers were at a 4 -- 7 record before Delhomme 's season - ending injury , and his backup , Matt Moore , led the team to a 4 -- 1 finish to the season for an 8 -- 8 overall record .", "In 2010 , after releasing Delhomme in the offseason , the Panthers finished with a league - worst ( 2 -- 14 ) ; their offense was the worst in the league . John Fox 's contract expired after the season ended , and the team did not retain him or his staff .", "The team hired Ron Rivera to replace Fox as head coach and drafted Auburn 's Heisman Trophy - winning quarterback Cam Newton with the first overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft . The Panthers opened the 2011 season 2 -- 6 , but finished with a 6 -- 10 record , and Newton was awarded the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award after setting the NFL record for most rushing touchdowns from a quarterback ( 14 ) in a single season and becoming the first rookie NFL quarterback to throw for over 4,000 yards in a single season . He also was the first rookie quarterback to rush for over 500 yards in a single season . In 2012 , the Panthers again opened the season poorly , losing five out of their first six games , leading longtime general manager Marty Hurney to be fired in response . The team slid to a 2 -- 8 record before winning five of their last six games , resulting in a 7 -- 9 record . This strong finish helped save Rivera 's job . The Panthers would have a winning season the following year , finishing with a 12 -- 4 record and winning their third NFC South title and another playoff bye , but they were beaten by the 49ers in the Divisional Round . In 2014 , the Panthers opened the season with two wins , but after 12 games sat at only 3 -- 8 -- 1 due in part to a seven - game winless streak . A four - game winning streak to end the season secured the team their second consecutive NFC South championship and playoff berth , despite a losing record of 7 -- 8 -- 1 . The Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 27 -- 16 in the wild card round to advance to the divisional playoffs , where they lost to eventual NFC champion Seattle 31 - 17 . The 2015 season saw the Panthers start the season 14 -- 0 and finish the season 15 -- 1 , which tied for the best regular season record in NFC history . The Panthers also secured their third consecutive NFC South championship , as well as their first overall top seeded playoff berth . In the 2015 -- 16 playoffs , the Panthers defeated the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Divisional playoffs 31 -- 24 , after shutting them out in the first half 31 - 0 and the Arizona Cardinals 49 -- 15 ( highest score in NFC Championship history ) in the NFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl 50 , their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2003 season . The Panthers lost a defensive struggle to the AFC Champion Denver Broncos 24 - 10 .", "In the 2016 season , the Panthers regressed on their 15 - 1 record from 2015 , posting a 6 - 10 record , missing the playoffs for the first time since 2012 , and a last - place finish in the NFC South , losing the division title to the second - seeded Falcons , who went on to represent the NFC in Super Bowl LI .", "The shape of the Panthers logo was designed to mimic the outline of both North Carolina and South Carolina . The Panthers changed their logo and logotype in 2012 , the first such change in team history . According to the team , the changes were designed to give their logo an `` aggressive , contemporary look '' as well to give it a more three - dimensional feel . The primary tweaks were made in the eye and mouth , where the features , particularly the muscular brow and fangs , are more pronounced , creating a more menacing look . The revised logo has a darker shade of blue over the black logo , compared to the old design , which had teal on top of black .", "By the time they had been announced as the 29th NFL team in October 1993 , the Panthers ' logo and helmet design had already been finalized , but the uniform design was still under creation . After discussion , the Panthers organization decided on jerseys colored white , black , and blue , and pants colored white and silver . The exact tone of blue , which they decided would be `` process blue '' ( a shade lighter than Duke 's and darker than North Carolina 's ) , was the most difficult color to choose .", "The team 's uniform has remained largely the same since its creation , with only minor alterations such as changing the sock color of the team 's black uniforms from blue to black and changing the team 's shoes from white to black . Richardson , a self - described traditionalist , said that no major uniform changes would be made in his lifetime .", "The Panthers have three main jersey colors : black , white , and blue . Their blue jerseys , designated their alternate uniforms , are the newest and were introduced in 2002 . NFL regulations allow the team to use the blue jersey up to two times in any given season . In all other games , the team must wear either their white or black jerseys ; in NFL games , the home team decides whether to wear a dark or white jersey , while the away team wears the opposite . The Panthers typically pair their white jerseys with white pants , while the black and blue jerseys are paired with silver pants ; there have only been a few exceptions to these combinations . The first such instance was in 1998 , when the team paired their white jerseys with silver pants in a game against the Indianapolis Colts . The second instance was in 2012 during a game against the Denver Broncos , when they paired their black jerseys with new black pants ; this created an all - black uniform , with the exception of blue socks and silver helmets . The decision to wear blue socks was made by team captain Steve Smith , who felt the blue socks gave the uniforms a more distinct appearance compared with other teams that have all - black uniforms . The all - black uniforms won the `` Greatest Uniform in NFL History '' contest , a fan - voted contest run by NFL.com in July 2013 . In July 2013 , the team 's equipment manager , Jackie Miles , said the Panthers intended to use the all - black uniform more in the future . The Panthers wore the all - black uniform three times the following season , once each in the preseason and regular season , and the third time during the home divisional round playoff game vs the 49ers . During the Panthers ' 2015 Thanksgiving Day game against the Dallas Cowboys , they debuted an all - blue uniform as part of Nike 's `` Color Rush '' series .", "The team 's uniform did not change significantly after Nike became the NFL 's jersey supplier in 2012 , but the collar was altered to honor former Panthers player and coach Sam Mills by featuring the phrase `` Keep Pounding '' . Nike had conceived the idea , and the team supported the concept as a way to expose newer fans to the legacy of Mills , who died of cancer in 2005 . Mills had introduced the phrase , which has since become a team slogan , in a speech that he gave to the players and coaches prior to their 2003 playoff game against Dallas ; in the speech , Mills compared his fight against cancer with the team 's on - field battle , saying `` When I found out I had cancer , there were two things I could do -- quit or keep pounding . I 'm a fighter . I kept pounding . You 're fighters , too . Keep pounding ! ''", "The Panthers played their first season at Memorial Stadium in Clemson , South Carolina , as their facility in uptown Charlotte was still under construction . Ericsson Stadium , called Bank of America Stadium since 2004 , opened in the summer of 1996 . Bank of America Stadium is owned entirely by the Panthers , making them one of the few teams in the NFL to own the facility they play in . The stadium was specially designed by HOK Sports Facilities Group for football and also serves as the headquarters and administrative offices of the Panthers . On some days the stadium offers public tours for a fee . Private tours for groups are offered for a fee seven days a week , though there are some exceptions , and such tours must be arranged in advance . Two bronze panther statues flank each of the stadium 's three main entrances ; they are the largest sculptures ever commissioned in the United States . The names of the team 's original PSL owners are engraved on the base of each statue . The two people in the Panthers Hall of Honor , team executive Mike McCormack and linebacker Sam Mills , are honored with life - sized bronze statues outside the stadium . Mills , in addition to being the only player in the Hall of Honor , is the only player to have had his jersey number ( # 51 ) retired by the Panthers as of 2016 .", "The Panthers have three open - air fields next to Bank of America Stadium where they currently hold their practices ; during the 1995 season , when the team played their home games in South Carolina , the team held their practices at Winthrop University in Rock Hill , South Carolina . Because the practice fields , along with the stadium , are located in uptown Charlotte , the fields are directly visible from skyscrapers as well as from a four - story condominium located across the street . According to Mike Cranston , a running joke said that the Panthers ' division rivals had pooled their resources to purchase a room on the building 's top floor , and that a fire at the condominium was caused by the Panthers organization . In order to prevent people from seeing inside the field while the team is practicing , the team has added `` strategically planted trees and a tarp over the ... fence surrounding the fields '' . Additionally , they employ a security team to watch for and chase away any people who stop alongside the fence surrounding the field . In the event of bad weather , the team moves their practices to an indoor sports facility about 10 miles from the stadium . The team does not own this facility . The Panthers have hosted their annual training camp at Wofford College in Spartanburg , South Carolina , since 1995 .", "The Panthers are supported in both North Carolina and South Carolina ; South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley declared July 30 , 2012 , `` Carolina Panthers Day '' in her state , saying that `` when it comes to professional teams , the Carolina Panthers are the team that South Carolina calls their own '' . During the 2016 NFC Championship and Super Bowl , the hashtag # OneCarolina was used by college and professional sports teams from North Carolina and South Carolina to show unified support for the Panthers .", "Pat Yasinskas of ESPN.com observed that while there is `` a bit of a wine - and - cheese atmosphere at Panthers games ... there is a strong core of diehard fans who bring energy to Bank of America Stadium . Charlotte lives and dies with the Panthers because there are n't a lot of other options in the sports world '' . Sports Illustrated graded the Panthers as having the 10th highest `` NFL Fan Value Experience '' in 2007 , attributing much of the fan atmosphere to the team 's newness when compared to the established basketball fanbase . They also observed that the stadium has scattered parking lots , each of which has a different tailgating style . Some have fried chicken , pork , or Carolina - style barbecue , while others have live bands and televisions . Pickup football games in the parking lots are common , but fans tend to `` behave themselves '' , in part due to blue laws that prevent the sale of alcohol before noon on Sundays .", "The Carolina Panthers have sold out all home games since December 2002 , and their home attendance has ranked in the NFL 's top ten since 2006 .", "Sir Purr , an anthropomorphic black cat who wears a jersey numbered ' 00 ' , has been the Panthers ' mascot since their first season . During games , Sir Purr provides sideline entertainment through skits and `` silly antics '' . The mascot participates in a number of community events year - round , including a monthly visit to the patients at Levine Children 's Hospital . Sir Purr also hosts the annual Mascot Bowl , an event which pits pro and college mascots against each other during halftime at a selected Panthers home game .", "The team 's cheerleaders are the Carolina Topcats , a group of 24 women who lead cheers and entertain fans at home games . The TopCats participate in both corporate and charity events . The team 's drumline is PurrCussion , an ensemble of snare , tenor , and bass drummers as well as cymbal players . PurrCussion performs for fans outside the stadium and introduces players prior to home games ; it consists of drummers from across the Carolinas .", "Starting with the 2012 season , the Panthers introduced the Keep Pounding Drum , inspired by the aforementioned motivational speech by Sam Mills before the team 's 2004 playoff game against the Cowboys . Prior to each home game , an honorary drummer hits the six - foot tall drum four times to signify the four quarters of an American football game . According to the team , the drummers `` come from a variety of backgrounds and occupations , but all have overcome a great trial or adversity that has not only made them strong but also pushes them to make others around them stronger '' . Drummers have included current and former Panthers players , military veterans , Make - A-Wish children , and athletes from other sports , including NBA MVP and Charlotte native Stephen Curry , US women 's national soccer team players Whitney Engen and Heather O'Reilly , and 7 time NASCAR Cup Series champion Jimmie Johnson .", "During the inaugural season of the Panthers , the team had an official fight song , which the team played before each home game . The song , `` Stand and Cheer '' , remains the team 's official fight song , but the team does not typically play it before home games . Due to negative fan reaction `` Stand and Cheer '' was pulled in 1999 . Since 2006 , the song has returned . In recent seasons the team has played Neil Diamond 's `` Sweet Caroline '' and Chairmen of the Board 's `` I 'd Rather Be In Carolina '' immediately after home victories . A `` keep pounding '' chant was introduced during the 2015 season which starts before the opening kickoff of each home game . As prompted by the video boards , one side of the stadium shouts `` keep '' and the other side replies with `` pounding '' . The chant is similar to ones that take place at college football games .", "The Carolina Panthers support a variety of non-profits in North and South Carolina through the Carolina Panthers Charities . Four annual scholarships are awarded to student athletes through the Carolina Panthers Graduate Scholarship and the Carolina Panthers Players Sam Mills Memorial Scholarship programs . Carolina Panthers Charities also offers grants to non-profits that support education , athletics , and human services in the community . The Panthers and Fisher Athletic has provided six equipment grants to high school football teams in the Carolinas each year since 2010 . Carolina Panthers Charities raises funds at three annual benefits : the Countdown to Kickoff Luncheon , the team 's first public event each season ; Football 101 , an educational workshop for fans ; and the Weekend Warrior Flag Football Tournament , a two - day non-contact flag football tournament . Another annual benefit is Taste of the Panthers , a gourmet food tasting which raises funds for Second Harvest Food Bank of Metrolina .", "In 2003 the Panthers and Carolinas HealthCare Foundation established the Keep Pounding Fund , a fundraising initiative to support cancer research and patient support programs . The Panthers community has raised more than $1.4 million for the fund through direct donations , charity auctions , blood drives , and an annual 5k stadium run . The Panthers and Levine Children 's Hospital coordinate monthly hospital visits and VIP game - day experiences for terminally ill or hospitalized children .", "In addition to these team - specific efforts , the Panthers participate in a number of regular initiatives promoted by the NFL and USA Football , the league 's youth football development partner . These include USA Football Month , held throughout August to encourage and promote youth football ; A Crucial Catch , the league 's Breast Cancer Awareness Month program ; Salute to Service , held throughout November to support military families and personnel ; and PLAY 60 , which encourages young NFL fans to be active for at least 60 minutes each day .", "Radio coverage is provided by flagship station WBT ( 1110 AM ) and through the Carolina Panthers Radio Network , with affiliates throughout the Carolinas , Georgia , and Virginia . The Panthers ' radio broadcasting team is led by Mick Mixon , Eugene Robinson , and Jim Szoke . The radio network broadcasts pre-game coverage , games with commentary , and post-game wrap - ups . It also live - broadcasts Panther Talk , a weekly event at Bank of America Stadium which offers fans a chance to meet a player and ask questions of the staff .", "National broadcasting and cable television networks cover regular season games , as well as some preseason games . Locally , Fox owned and operated station WJZY airs most regular - season games , while any home games against an AFC team air on CBS affiliate WBTV . Any appearances on Monday Night Football are simulcast on ABC affiliate WSOC - TV , while any late - season appearances on Thursday Night Football are simulcast on WBTV . Sunday night and some Thursday night games are aired on NBC affiliate WCNC - TV .", "All preseason games and team specials are televised by the Carolina Panthers Television Network on flagship station WCCB in Charlotte and fourteen affiliate stations throughout the Carolinas , Georgia , Virginia , and Tennessee . The television broadcasting team consists of play - by - play commentator Mike Morgan , color analyst and former Panthers player Mike Rucker , and sideline reporter Pete Yanity . The network also hosts The Panthers Huddle , a weekly show focusing on the Panthers ' upcoming opponent . Panthers Gameday , the Panthers ' postgame show , is hosted by sports anchor Russ Owens and former Panthers lineman Kevin Donnalley on WCNC - TV .", "The Panthers also offer game broadcasts in Spanish on an eight - station network fronted by WGSP - FM in Pageland , South Carolina , as well as additional radio affiliates in Mexico . Jaime Moreno provides the play - by - play while his nephew , Luis Moreno Jr. , is the color commentator . They have become popular even among English - speaking Panther fans for their high - energy , colorful announcing style .", "The Panthers have developed heated rivalries with the three fellow members of the NFC South ( the Atlanta Falcons , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and New Orleans Saints ) . The team 's fiercest rivals are the Falcons and Buccaneers .", "The Falcons are a natural geographic rival for the Panthers , as Atlanta is only 230 miles ( 370 kilometers ) south on I - 85 . The two teams have played each other twice a year since the Panthers ' inception , and games between the two teams feature large contingents of Panthers fans at Atlanta 's Georgia Dome .", "The Panthers ' rivalry with Tampa Bay has been described as the most intense in the NFC South . The rivalry originated in 2002 with the formation of the NFC South , but became particularly heated before the 2003 season with verbal bouts between players on the two teams . It escalated further when the Panthers went to Tampa Bay and beat them in what ESPN.com writer Pat Yasinskas described as `` one of the most physical contests in recent memory '' . The rivalry has resulted in a number of severe injuries for players on both teams , some of which were caused by foul play . One of these plays , an illegal hit on Tampa Bay punt returner Clifton Smith , sparked a brief melee between the teams in 2009 .", "During their time in the NFC West , the Panthers began developing a rivalry with the San Francisco 49ers . This rivalry faded after the NFL moved the Panthers out of the NFC West .", "A relatively new rivalry , this one dates to the 2005 NFC Championship Game , in which the Seahawks won the game 31 - 14 . The rivalry started up again in 2012 , when the Panthers lost a close regular season home game to a Seattle Seahawks team led by rookie QB Russell Wilson , 16 - 12 . In the 2013 season , the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle . They again lost a close game , with the final score 12 - 7 . The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII . In the 2014 season , once more at Bank of America Stadium , the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight , 13 - 9 . In the divisional round of the playoffs , the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle , notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in , and lost 31 - 17 . The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX . In the 2015 season the next year , the teams faced off in Seattle , where the Panthers won another close game , 27 - 23 . In the divisional round of the playoffs , the Panthers faced Seattle at Bank of America stadium , where they had yet to beat a Russell Wilson led Seahawks team . By halftime they led 31 - 0 , but the Seahawks rebounded and scored 24 unanswered points before the Panthers were able to seal the victory , 31 - 24 . The Panthers would go on to lose Super Bowl 50 . In the 2016 season , the teams met in Seattle , where the Panthers were beaten 40 - 7 . Since the 2012 season , Carolina is 2 -- 5 overall against Seattle and 1 -- 1 in the playoffs . The rivalry aspect stems from how close the majority of the matches have been and the fact that they have played each other seven times between 2012 and 2017 -- at least once a year . Unless they meet in the playoffs , the teams will not face each other during the 2017 season .", "Carolina Panthers roster view talk Quarterbacks 3 Derek Anderson 4 Garrett Gilbert 1 Cam Newton Running backs 40 Alexander Armah FB 34 Cameron Artis - Payne 22 Christian McCaffrey 28 Jonathan Stewart 43 Fozzy Whittaker Wide receivers 13 Kelvin Benjamin 83 Kaelin Clay 17 Devin Funchess 10 Curtis Samuel 19 Russell Shepard Tight ends 84 Ed Dickson 82 Chris Manhertz Offensive linemen 75 Matt Kalil T 67 Ryan Kalil C 69 Tyler Larsen C 72 Taylor Moton T 68 Andrew Norwell G 65 Amini Silatolu G 74 John Theus T 70 Trai Turner G 73 Greg Van Roten C 60 Daryl Williams T Defensive linemen 97 Mario Addison DE 92 Vernon Butler DT 91 Bryan Cox Jr . DE 96 Wes Horton DE 95 Charles Johnson DE 98 Star Lotulelei DT 93 Kyle Love DT 90 Julius Peppers DE 99 Kawann Short DT Linebackers 58 Thomas Davis OLB 57 Andrew Gachkar MLB 53 Ben Jacobs MLB 59 Luke Kuechly MLB 55 David Mayo MLB 52 Jared Norris OLB 54 Shaq Thompson OLB Defensive backs 29 Mike Adams SS 24 James Bradberry CB 31 Jairus Byrd FS 20 Kurt Coleman FS 23 LaDarius Gunter CB 42 Colin Jones FS 41 Captain Munnerlyn CB 27 Kevon Seymour CB 26 Daryl Worley CB Special teams 9 Graham Gano K 44 J.J. Jansen LS 5 Michael Palardy P Reserve lists 18 Damiere Byrd WR ( IR ) 36 Demetrious Cox SS ( IR ) 35 Corn Elder CB ( IR ) 71 Dan France T ( IR ) 79 Drew Iddings DT ( IR ) 94 Daeshon Hall DE ( IR ) 12 Charles Johnson WR ( IR ) 32 Cole Luke CB ( IR ) 88 Greg Olsen TE ( IR ) 16 Fred Ross WR ( IR ) 80 Scott Simonson TE ( IR ) 21 Teddy Williams CB ( IR ) 61 David Yankey G ( IR ) Practice squad 6 Roberto Aguayo K 76 Blaine Clausell T 81 Mose Frazier WR 86 Bucky Hodges TE 11 Jamaal Jones WR 77 Zach Moore DE 71 Efe Obada DE 25 Damian Parms SS 33 Zack Sanchez CB 38 Jalen Simmons RB 37 Dezmen Southward SS Rookies in italics Roster updated October 25 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 13 Inactive , 11 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA", "Carolina Panthers roster view talk", "view talk", "Quarterbacks 3 Derek Anderson 4 Garrett Gilbert 1 Cam Newton Running backs 40 Alexander Armah FB 34 Cameron Artis - Payne 22 Christian McCaffrey 28 Jonathan Stewart 43 Fozzy Whittaker Wide receivers 13 Kelvin Benjamin 83 Kaelin Clay 17 Devin Funchess 10 Curtis Samuel 19 Russell Shepard Tight ends 84 Ed Dickson 82 Chris Manhertz Offensive linemen 75 Matt Kalil T 67 Ryan Kalil C 69 Tyler Larsen C 72 Taylor Moton T 68 Andrew Norwell G 65 Amini Silatolu G 74 John Theus T 70 Trai Turner G 73 Greg Van Roten C 60 Daryl Williams T Defensive linemen 97 Mario Addison DE 92 Vernon Butler DT 91 Bryan Cox Jr . DE 96 Wes Horton DE 95 Charles Johnson DE 98 Star Lotulelei DT 93 Kyle Love DT 90 Julius Peppers DE 99 Kawann Short DT Linebackers 58 Thomas Davis OLB 57 Andrew Gachkar MLB 53 Ben Jacobs MLB 59 Luke Kuechly MLB 55 David Mayo MLB 52 Jared Norris OLB 54 Shaq Thompson OLB Defensive backs 29 Mike Adams SS 24 James Bradberry CB 31 Jairus Byrd FS 20 Kurt Coleman FS 23 LaDarius Gunter CB 42 Colin Jones FS 41 Captain Munnerlyn CB 27 Kevon Seymour CB 26 Daryl Worley CB Special teams 9 Graham Gano K 44 J.J. Jansen LS 5 Michael Palardy P Reserve lists 18 Damiere Byrd WR ( IR ) 36 Demetrious Cox SS ( IR ) 35 Corn Elder CB ( IR ) 71 Dan France T ( IR ) 79 Drew Iddings DT ( IR ) 94 Daeshon Hall DE ( IR ) 12 Charles Johnson WR ( IR ) 32 Cole Luke CB ( IR ) 88 Greg Olsen TE ( IR ) 16 Fred Ross WR ( IR ) 80 Scott Simonson TE ( IR ) 21 Teddy Williams CB ( IR ) 61 David Yankey G ( IR ) Practice squad 6 Roberto Aguayo K 76 Blaine Clausell T 81 Mose Frazier WR 86 Bucky Hodges TE 11 Jamaal Jones WR 77 Zach Moore DE 71 Efe Obada DE 25 Damian Parms SS 33 Zack Sanchez CB 38 Jalen Simmons RB 37 Dezmen Southward SS Rookies in italics Roster updated October 25 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 13 Inactive , 11 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters", "3 Derek Anderson 4 Garrett Gilbert 1 Cam Newton", "3 Derek Anderson", "4 Garrett Gilbert", "1 Cam Newton", "40 Alexander Armah FB 34 Cameron Artis - Payne 22 Christian McCaffrey 28 Jonathan Stewart 43 Fozzy Whittaker", "40 Alexander Armah FB", "34 Cameron Artis - Payne", "22 Christian McCaffrey", "28 Jonathan Stewart", "43 Fozzy Whittaker", "13 Kelvin Benjamin 83 Kaelin Clay 17 Devin Funchess 10 Curtis Samuel 19 Russell Shepard", "13 Kelvin Benjamin", "83 Kaelin Clay", "17 Devin Funchess", "10 Curtis Samuel", "19 Russell Shepard", "84 Ed Dickson 82 Chris Manhertz", "84 Ed Dickson", "82 Chris Manhertz", "75 Matt Kalil T 67 Ryan Kalil C 69 Tyler Larsen C 72 Taylor Moton T 68 Andrew Norwell G 65 Amini Silatolu G 74 John Theus T 70 Trai Turner G 73 Greg Van Roten C 60 Daryl Williams T", "75 Matt Kalil T", "67 Ryan Kalil C", "69 Tyler Larsen C", "72 Taylor Moton T", "68 Andrew Norwell G", "65 Amini Silatolu G", "74 John Theus T", "70 Trai Turner G", "73 Greg Van Roten C", "60 Daryl Williams T", "97 Mario Addison DE 92 Vernon Butler DT 91 Bryan Cox Jr . DE 96 Wes Horton DE 95 Charles Johnson DE 98 Star Lotulelei DT 93 Kyle Love DT 90 Julius Peppers DE 99 Kawann Short DT", "97 Mario Addison DE", "92 Vernon Butler DT", "91 Bryan Cox Jr . DE", "96 Wes Horton DE", "95 Charles Johnson DE", "98 Star Lotulelei DT", "93 Kyle Love DT", "90 Julius Peppers DE", "99 Kawann Short DT", "58 Thomas Davis OLB 57 Andrew Gachkar MLB 53 Ben Jacobs MLB 59 Luke Kuechly MLB 55 David Mayo MLB 52 Jared Norris OLB 54 Shaq Thompson OLB", "58 Thomas Davis OLB", "57 Andrew Gachkar MLB", "53 Ben Jacobs MLB", "59 Luke Kuechly MLB", "55 David Mayo MLB", "52 Jared Norris OLB", "54 Shaq Thompson OLB", "29 Mike Adams SS 24 James Bradberry CB 31 Jairus Byrd FS 20 Kurt Coleman FS 23 LaDarius Gunter CB 42 Colin Jones FS 41 Captain Munnerlyn CB 27 Kevon Seymour CB 26 Daryl Worley CB", "29 Mike Adams SS", "24 James Bradberry CB", "31 Jairus Byrd FS", "20 Kurt Coleman FS", "23 LaDarius Gunter CB", "42 Colin Jones FS", "41 Captain Munnerlyn CB", "27 Kevon Seymour CB", "26 Daryl Worley CB", "9 Graham Gano K 44 J.J. Jansen LS 5 Michael Palardy P", "9 Graham Gano K", "44 J.J. Jansen LS", "5 Michael Palardy P", "18 Damiere Byrd WR ( IR ) 36 Demetrious Cox SS ( IR ) 35 Corn Elder CB ( IR ) 71 Dan France T ( IR ) 79 Drew Iddings DT ( IR ) 94 Daeshon Hall DE ( IR ) 12 Charles Johnson WR ( IR ) 32 Cole Luke CB ( IR ) 88 Greg Olsen TE ( IR ) 16 Fred Ross WR ( IR ) 80 Scott Simonson TE ( IR ) 21 Teddy Williams CB ( IR ) 61 David Yankey G ( IR )", "18 Damiere Byrd WR ( IR )", "36 Demetrious Cox SS ( IR )", "35 Corn Elder CB ( IR )", "71 Dan France T ( IR )", "79 Drew Iddings DT ( IR )", "94 Daeshon Hall DE ( IR )", "12 Charles Johnson WR ( IR )", "32 Cole Luke CB ( IR )", "88 Greg Olsen TE ( IR )", "16 Fred Ross WR ( IR )", "80 Scott Simonson TE ( IR )", "21 Teddy Williams CB ( IR )", "61 David Yankey G ( IR )", "6 Roberto Aguayo K 76 Blaine Clausell T 81 Mose Frazier WR 86 Bucky Hodges TE 11 Jamaal Jones WR 77 Zach Moore DE 71 Efe Obada DE 25 Damian Parms SS 33 Zack Sanchez CB 38 Jalen Simmons RB 37 Dezmen Southward SS", "6 Roberto Aguayo K", "76 Blaine Clausell T", "81 Mose Frazier WR", "86 Bucky Hodges TE", "11 Jamaal Jones WR", "77 Zach Moore DE", "71 Efe Obada DE", "25 Damian Parms SS", "33 Zack Sanchez CB", "38 Jalen Simmons RB", "37 Dezmen Southward SS", "Roster updated October 25 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 13 Inactive , 11 Practice squad", "AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA", "AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK", "NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA", "The Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor was established in 1997 to honor individuals for their contributions to the Carolina Panthers organization . Each inductee is honored with a life - sized bronze statue outside of Bank of America Stadium 's North Entrance , while the names of each original PSL owner are written on the black granite base at each of the six panther statues . A rule added in the mid-2000s by the Panthers organization requires all potential inductees to be retired for at least five years before they are eligible for induction .", "Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor No . Player Position Seasons Inducted -- Mike McCormack President / General Manager 1993 -- 1997 September 21 , 1997 51 Sam Mills LB 1995 -- 1997 September 27 , 1998 -- PSL Owners 1995 -- present September 13 , 2004", "Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor", "No . Player Position Seasons Inducted", "-- Mike McCormack President / General Manager 1993 -- 1997 September 21 , 1997", "51 Sam Mills LB 1995 -- 1997 September 27 , 1998", "-- PSL Owners 1995 -- present September 13 , 2004", "Nominees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame , which `` honor ( s ) individuals who have made outstanding contributions to professional football '' , are determined by a 46 - member selection committee . At least 80 % of voters must approve the nominee for him to be inducted .", "Carolina Panthers Pro Football Hall of Famers No . Player Position Seasons Inducted 92 Reggie White DE / T 2000 2006 -- Bill Polian GM 1995 -- 1997 2015 91 Kevin Greene LB / DE 1998 -- 1999 2016", "Carolina Panthers Pro Football Hall of Famers", "No . Player Position Seasons Inducted", "92 Reggie White DE / T 2000 2006", "-- Bill Polian GM 1995 -- 1997 2015", "91 Kevin Greene LB / DE 1998 -- 1999 2016", "Jerry Richardson is the owner and founder of the Carolina Panthers . Richardson and his family own about 48 % of the team , with the remaining 52 % owned by a group of 14 limited partners . Richardson paid $206 million for the rights to start the team in 1993 ; according to Forbes , the Panthers are worth approximately $1 billion as of 2012 . They ranked the Carolina Panthers as the 16th-most valuable NFL team and the 23rd most valuable sports team in the world .", "Mike McCormack , a Hall of Fame lineman for the Cleveland Browns and former coach and executive for the Seattle Seahawks , was the Panthers ' first team president , presiding in that role from 1994 until his retirement in 1997 ; McCormack was inducted as the first person in the Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor later that year . Jerry Richardson 's son , Mark , was appointed as the team 's second president in 1997 and served in that role until he stepped down in 2009 . His brother Jon , who had been president of Bank of America Stadium , stepped down at the same time . The resignations of Mark and Jon Richardson were unexpected , as it was thought that the two would eventually take over the team from their father . Mark Richardson was replaced by Danny Morrison , who had previously served as the athletic director of both Texas Christian University and Wofford College , Richardson 's alma mater .", "The Carolina Panthers have had four head coaches . Dom Capers was the head coach from 1995 to 1998 and led the team to one playoff appearance . Counting playoff games , he finished with a record of 31 -- 35 (. 470 ) . George Seifert coached the team from 1999 to 2001 , recording 16 wins and 32 losses (. 333 ) ; he is the only head coach in team history not to have led the team to a playoff appearance . John Fox , the team 's longest - tenured head coach , led the team from 2002 to 2010 and coached the team to three playoff appearances including Super Bowl XXXVIII which the Panthers lost . Including playoff games , Fox ended his tenure with a 78 -- 74 (. 513 ) record , making him the only Panthers coach to finish his tenure with the team with a winning record . Ron Rivera , the team 's current head coach , has held the position since 2011 and has led the team to three playoff appearances including Super Bowl 50 which the Panthers also lost . Counting playoff games , he has a career record of 50 -- 35 -- 1 (. 587 ) . Statistically , Rivera has the highest winning percentage of any Panthers head coach .", "Name Term Totals Regular season Playoffs Ref PCT PCT PCT Dom Capers 1995 -- 1998 66 31 35 0 . 470 64 30 34 0 . 469 . 500 George Seifert 1999 -- 2001 48 16 32 0 . 333 48 16 32 0 . 333 0 -- -- -- John Fox 2002 -- 2010 152 78 74 0 . 513 144 73 71 0 . 507 8 5 . 625 Ron Rivera 2011 -- present 86 50 35 . 587 80 47 32 . 594 6 . 500", "Name Term Totals Regular season Playoffs Ref", "PCT PCT PCT", "Dom Capers 1995 -- 1998 66 31 35 0 . 470 64 30 34 0 . 469 . 500", "George Seifert 1999 -- 2001 48 16 32 0 . 333 48 16 32 0 . 333 0 -- -- --", "John Fox 2002 -- 2010 152 78 74 0 . 513 144 73 71 0 . 507 8 5 . 625", "Ron Rivera 2011 -- present 86 50 35 . 587 80 47 32 . 594 6 . 500", "Carolina Panthers staff Front Office Owner / Founder -- Jerry Richardson President -- Vacant General Manager -- Marty Hurney ( Interim ) Senior Executive Scout -- Don Gregory Director of Player Personnel -- Mark Koncz Director of Team Administration - Rob Rogers Director of Pro Scouting -- Matt Allen Director of College Scouting - Jeff Morrow National Scout - Mike Szabo Head Coaches Head Coach -- Ron Rivera Assistant Head Coach / Defensive Coordinator -- Steve Wilks Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Shula Quarterbacks -- Ken Dorsey Assistant Quarterbacks - Cam Turner Running Backs -- Jim Skipper Wide Receivers -- Lance Taylor Assistant Wide Receivers -- Jerricho Cotchery Running Game Coordinator -- John Matsko Offensive Line -- Ray Brown Tight Ends -- Pete Hoener Defensive Coaches Defensive Line -- Eric Washington Assistant Defensive Line -- Sam Mills III Linebackers -- Al Holcomb Defensive Backs -- Curtis Fuller Assistant Defensive Backs / Nickels -- Jeff Imamura Assistant Defensive Backs / Safeties -- Richard Rodgers Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Thomas McGaughey Assistant Special Teams - Chase Blackburn Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Kenn Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jason Benguche → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA", "Carolina Panthers staff", "", "Front Office Owner / Founder -- Jerry Richardson President -- Vacant General Manager -- Marty Hurney ( Interim ) Senior Executive Scout -- Don Gregory Director of Player Personnel -- Mark Koncz Director of Team Administration - Rob Rogers Director of Pro Scouting -- Matt Allen Director of College Scouting - Jeff Morrow National Scout - Mike Szabo Head Coaches Head Coach -- Ron Rivera Assistant Head Coach / Defensive Coordinator -- Steve Wilks Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Shula Quarterbacks -- Ken Dorsey Assistant Quarterbacks - Cam Turner Running Backs -- Jim Skipper Wide Receivers -- Lance Taylor Assistant Wide Receivers -- Jerricho Cotchery Running Game Coordinator -- John Matsko Offensive Line -- Ray Brown Tight Ends -- Pete Hoener Defensive Coaches Defensive Line -- Eric Washington Assistant Defensive Line -- Sam Mills III Linebackers -- Al Holcomb Defensive Backs -- Curtis Fuller Assistant Defensive Backs / Nickels -- Jeff Imamura Assistant Defensive Backs / Safeties -- Richard Rodgers Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Thomas McGaughey Assistant Special Teams - Chase Blackburn Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Kenn Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jason Benguche → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs", "Front Office", "Owner / Founder -- Jerry Richardson President -- Vacant General Manager -- Marty Hurney ( Interim ) Senior Executive Scout -- Don Gregory Director of Player Personnel -- Mark Koncz Director of Team Administration - Rob Rogers Director of Pro Scouting -- Matt Allen Director of College Scouting - Jeff Morrow National Scout - Mike Szabo", "Owner / Founder -- Jerry Richardson", "President -- Vacant", "General Manager -- Marty Hurney ( Interim )", "Senior Executive Scout -- Don Gregory", "Director of Player Personnel -- Mark Koncz", "Director of Team Administration - Rob Rogers", "Director of Pro Scouting -- Matt Allen", "Director of College Scouting - Jeff Morrow", "National Scout - Mike Szabo", "Head Coaches", "Head Coach -- Ron Rivera Assistant Head Coach / Defensive Coordinator -- Steve Wilks", "Head Coach -- Ron Rivera", "Assistant Head Coach / Defensive Coordinator -- Steve Wilks", "Offensive Coaches", "Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Shula Quarterbacks -- Ken Dorsey Assistant Quarterbacks - Cam Turner Running Backs -- Jim Skipper Wide Receivers -- Lance Taylor Assistant Wide Receivers -- Jerricho Cotchery Running Game Coordinator -- John Matsko Offensive Line -- Ray Brown Tight Ends -- Pete Hoener", "Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Shula", "Quarterbacks -- Ken Dorsey", "Assistant Quarterbacks - Cam Turner", "Running Backs -- Jim Skipper", "Wide Receivers -- Lance Taylor", "Assistant Wide Receivers -- Jerricho Cotchery", "Running Game Coordinator -- John Matsko", "Offensive Line -- Ray Brown", "Tight Ends -- Pete Hoener", "Defensive Coaches", "Defensive Line -- Eric Washington Assistant Defensive Line -- Sam Mills III Linebackers -- Al Holcomb Defensive Backs -- Curtis Fuller Assistant Defensive Backs / Nickels -- Jeff Imamura Assistant Defensive Backs / Safeties -- Richard Rodgers", "Defensive Line -- Eric Washington", "Assistant Defensive Line -- Sam Mills III", "Linebackers -- Al Holcomb", "Defensive Backs -- Curtis Fuller", "Assistant Defensive Backs / Nickels -- Jeff Imamura", "Assistant Defensive Backs / Safeties -- Richard Rodgers", "Special Teams Coaches", "Special Teams Coaches", "Special Teams Coordinator -- Thomas McGaughey Assistant Special Teams - Chase Blackburn", "Special Teams Coordinator -- Thomas McGaughey", "Assistant Special Teams - Chase Blackburn", "Strength and Conditioning", "Strength and Conditioning", "Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Kenn Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jason Benguche", "Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Kenn", "Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jason Benguche", "→ Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs", "AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA", "AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK", "NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA", "Since they began playing football in 1995 , the Panthers have been to four NFC Championship Games ; they lost two ( 1996 and 2005 ) and won two ( 2003 and 2015 ) . The Panthers have won six division championships : the NFC West championship in 1996 and the NFC South championship in 2003 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . They are the first and only team to win the NFC South back to back and have won the NFC South more times than any other team in the division . They have finished as runners - up in their division six times , finishing second - place in the NFC West in 1997 and 1999 and finishing second - place in the NFC South in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2012 . They have qualified for the playoffs 7 times , most recently in 2015 .", "Kicker John Kasay is the team 's career points leader . Kasay scored 1,482 points during his 16 seasons ( 1995 -- 2010 ) with the Panthers . Quarterback Cam Newton , who has played for the Panthers since 2011 , is the career passing leader , having thrown for 20,257 yards over his six seasons with the team . Running back Jonathan Stewart is the career rushing leader for the Carolina Panthers . Stewart , during his tenure with the team ( 2008 -- present ) , rushed for 6,868 yards with the Panthers . Wide receiver Steve Smith , the team 's leading receiver , recorded 12,197 receiving yards during his 13 - year ( 2001 -- 2013 ) tenure with the team .", "Carolina Panthers all - time record Regular Season Playoffs Total Record 175 - 180 - 1 9 -- 7 175 -- 176 -- 1 Percentage . 493 . 563 . 496", "Carolina Panthers all - time record", "Regular Season Playoffs Total", "Record 175 - 180 - 1 9 -- 7 175 -- 176 -- 1", "Percentage . 493 . 563 . 496" ]

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[ "It has been suggested that The_Eyes - on - the - Road - Benefit be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since March 2017 .", "It has been suggested that The_Eyes - on - the - Road - Benefit be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since March 2017 .", "This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "A head - up display or heads - up display , also known as a HUD , is any transparent display that presents data without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints . The origin of the name stems from a pilot being able to view information with the head positioned `` up '' and looking forward , instead of angled down looking at lower instruments . A HUD also has the advantage that the pilot 's eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside after looking at the optically nearer instruments .", "Although they were initially developed for military aviation , HUDs are now used in commercial aircraft , automobiles , and other ( mostly professional ) applications .", "A typical HUD contains three primary components : a projector unit , a combiner , and a video generation computer .", "The projection unit in a typical HUD is an optical collimator setup : a convex lens or concave mirror with a Cathode Ray Tube , light emitting diode , or liquid crystal display at its focus . This setup ( a design that has been around since the invention of the reflector sight in 1900 ) produces an image where the light is collimated , i.e. the focal point is perceived to be at infinity .", "The combiner is typically an angled flat piece of glass ( a beam splitter ) located directly in front of the viewer , that redirects the projected image from projector in such a way as to see the field of view and the projected infinity image at the same time . Combiners may have special coatings that reflect the monochromatic light projected onto it from the projector unit while allowing all other wavelengths of light to pass through . In some optical layouts combiners may also have a curved surface to refocus the image from the projector .", "The computer provides the interface between the HUD ( i.e. the projection unit ) and the systems / data to be displayed and generates the imagery and symbology to be displayed by the projection unit .", "Other than fixed mounted HUD , there are also head - mounted displays ( HMDs ) . Including helmet mounted displays ( both abbreviated HMD ) , forms of HUD that features a display element that moves with the orientation of the user 's head .", "Many modern fighters ( such as the F / A-18 , F - 16 , and Eurofighter ) use both a HUD and HMD concurrently . The F - 35 Lightning II was designed without a HUD , relying solely on the HMD , making it the first modern military fighter not to have a fixed HUD .", "HUDs are split into four generations reflecting the technology used to generate the images .", "First Generation -- Use a CRT to generate an image on a phosphor screen , having the disadvantage of the phosphor screen coating degrading over time . The majority of HUDs in operation today are of this type . Second Generation -- Use a solid state light source , for example LED , which is modulated by an LCD screen to display an image . These systems do not fade or require the high voltages of first generation systems . These systems are on commercial aircraft . Third Generation -- Use optical waveguides to produce images directly in the combiner rather than use a projection system . Fourth Generation -- Use a scanning laser to display images and even video imagery on a clear transparent medium .", "First Generation -- Use a CRT to generate an image on a phosphor screen , having the disadvantage of the phosphor screen coating degrading over time . The majority of HUDs in operation today are of this type .", "Second Generation -- Use a solid state light source , for example LED , which is modulated by an LCD screen to display an image . These systems do not fade or require the high voltages of first generation systems . These systems are on commercial aircraft .", "Third Generation -- Use optical waveguides to produce images directly in the combiner rather than use a projection system .", "Fourth Generation -- Use a scanning laser to display images and even video imagery on a clear transparent medium .", "Newer micro-display imaging technologies are being introduced , including liquid crystal display ( LCD ) , liquid crystal on silicon ( LCoS ) , digital micro-mirrors ( DMD ) , and organic light - emitting diode ( OLED ) .", "HUDs evolved from the reflector sight , a pre-World War II parallax - free optical sight technology for military fighter aircraft . The gyro gunsight added a reticle that moved based on the speed and turn rate to solve the amount of lead needed to hit a target while maneuvering .", "During the early 1940s , the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) , in charge of UK radar development , found that Royal Air Force ( RAF ) night fighter pilots were having a hard time reacting to the verbal instruction of the radar operator as they approached their targets . They experimented with the addition of a second radar display for the pilot , but found they had trouble looking up from the lit screen into the dark sky in order to find the target . In October 1942 they had successfully combined the image from the radar tube with a projection from their standard GGS Mk. II gyro gunsight on a flat area of the windscreen , and later in the gunsight itself . A key upgrade was the move from the original AI Mk. IV radar to the microwave - frequency AI Mk . VIII radar found on the de Havilland Mosquito night fighter . This set produced an artificial horizon that further eased head - up flying .", "In 1955 the US Navy 's Office of Naval Research and Development did some research with a mockup HUD concept unit along with a sidestick controller in an attempt to ease the pilot 's burden flying modern jet aircraft and make the instrumentation less complicated during flight . While their research was never incorporated in any aircraft of that time , the crude HUD mockup they built had all the features of today 's modern HUD units .", "HUD technology was next advanced by the Royal Navy in the Buccaneer , the prototype of which first flew on 30 April 1958 . The aircraft was designed to fly at very low altitudes at very high speeds and drop bombs in engagements lasting seconds . As such , there was no time for the pilot to look up from the instruments to a bombsight . This led to the concept of a `` Strike Sight '' that would combine altitude , airspeed and the gun / bombsight into a single gunsight - like display . There was fierce competition between supporters of the new HUD design and supporters of the old electro - mechanical gunsight , with the HUD being described as a radical , even foolhardy option .", "The Air Arm branch of the UK Ministry of Defence sponsored the development of a Strike Sight . The Royal Aircraft Establishment ( RAE ) designed the equipment and the earliest usage of the term `` head - up - display '' can be traced to this time . Production units were built by Cintel , and the system was first integrated in 1958 . The Cintel HUD business was taken over by Elliott Flight Automation and the Buccaneer HUD was manufactured and further developed , continuing up to a Mark III version with a total of 375 systems made ; it was given a ' fit and forget ' title by the Royal Navy and it was still in service nearly 25 years later . BAE Systems , as successor to Elliotts via GEC - Marconi Avionics , thus has a claim to the world 's first Head Up Display in operational service . A similar version that replaced the bombing modes with missile - attack modes was part of the AIRPASS HUD fit to the English Electric Lightning .", "In the United Kingdom , it was soon noted that pilots flying with the new gun - sights were becoming better at piloting their aircraft . At this point , the HUD expanded its purpose beyond weapon aiming to general piloting . In the 1960s , French test - pilot Gilbert Klopfstein created the first modern HUD and a standardized system of HUD symbols so that pilots would only have to learn one system and could more easily transition between aircraft . The modern HUD used in instrument flight rules approaches to landing was developed in 1975 . Klopfstein pioneered HUD technology in military fighter jets and helicopters , aiming to centralize critical flight data within the pilot 's field of vision . This approach sought to increase the pilot 's scan efficiency and reduce `` task saturation '' and information overload .", "Use of HUDs then expanded beyond military aircraft . In the 1970s , the HUD was introduced to commercial aviation , and in 1988 , the Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme became the first production car with a head - up display .", "Until a few years ago , the Embraer 190 , Saab 2000 , Boeing 727 , Boeing 737 - 300 , 400 , 500 and Boeing 737 New Generation Aircraft ( 737 - 600,700,800 , and 900 series ) were the only commercial passenger aircraft available with HUDs . However , the technology is becoming more common with aircraft such as the Canadair RJ , Airbus A318 and several business jets featuring the displays . HUDs have become standard equipment on the Boeing 787 . Furthermore , the Airbus A320 , A330 , A340 and A380 families are currently undergoing the certification process for a HUD . HUDs were also added to the Space Shuttle orbiter .", "There are several factors that interplay in the design of a HUD :", "Field of View -- also `` FOV '' , indicates the angle ( s ) , vertically as well as horizontally , subtended at the pilot 's eye , that the combiner displays symbology in relation to the outside view . A narrow FOV means that the view ( of a runway , for example ) through the combiner might include little additional information beyond the perimeters of the runway environment ; whereas a wide FOV would allow a ' broader ' view . For aviation applications , the major benefit of a wide FOV is that an aircraft approaching the runway in a crosswind might still have the runway in view through the combiner , even though the aircraft is pointed well away from the runway threshold ; where a narrow FOV the runway would be ' off the edge ' of the combiner , out of the HUD 's view . Because the human eyes are separated , each eye receives a different image . The HUD image is viewable by one or both eyes , depending on technical and budget limitations in the design process . Modern expectations are that both eyes view the same image , in other words a `` binocular Field of View ( FOV ) '' . Collimation -- The projected image is collimated which makes the light rays parallel . Because the light rays are parallel the lens of the human eye focuses on infinity to get a clear image . Collimated images on the HUD combiner are perceived as existing at or near optical infinity . This means that the pilot 's eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside world and the HUD display ... the image appears to be `` out there '' , overlaying the outside world . This feature is critical for effective HUDs : not having to refocus between HUD - displayed symbolic information and the outside world onto which that information is overlaid is one of the main advantages of collimated HUDs . It gives HUDs special consideration in safety - critical and time - critical manoeuvers , when the few seconds a pilot needs in order to re-focus inside the cockpit , and then back outside , are very critical : for example , in the final stages of landing . Collimation is therefore a primary distinguishing feature of high - performance HUDs and differentiates them from consumer - quality systems that , for example , simply reflect uncollimated information off a car 's windshield ( causing drivers to refocus and shift attention from the road ahead ) . Eyebox -- The optical collimator produces a cylinder of parallel light so the display can only be viewed while the viewer 's eyes are somewhere within that cylinder , a three - dimensional area called the head motion box or eyebox . Modern HUD eyeboxes are usually about 5 lateral by 3 vertical by 6 longitudinal inches . This allows the viewer some freedom of head movement but movement too far up / down left / right will cause the display to vanish off the edge of the collimator and movement too far back will cause it to crop off around the edge ( vignette ) . The pilot is able to view the entire display as long as one of the eyes is inside the eyebox . Luminance / contrast -- Displays have adjustments in luminance and contrast to account for ambient lighting , which can vary widely ( e.g. , from the glare of bright clouds to moonless night approaches to minimally lit fields ) . Boresight -- Aircraft HUD components are very accurately aligned with the aircraft 's three axes -- a process called boresighting -- so that displayed data conforms to reality typically with an accuracy of ± 7.0 milliradians ( ± 24 MOA ) , and may vary across the HUD 's FOV . In this case the word `` conform '' means , `` when an object is projected on the combiner and the actual object is visible , they will be aligned '' . This allows the display to show the pilot exactly where the artificial horizon is , as well as the aircraft 's projected path with great accuracy . When Enhanced Vision is used , for example , the display of runway lights are aligned with the actual runway lights when the real lights become visible . Boresighting is done during the aircraft 's building process and can also be performed in the field on many aircraft . Scaling -- The displayed image ( flight path , pitch and yaw scaling , etc . ) , are scaled to present to the pilot a picture that overlays the outside world in an exact 1 : 1 relationship . For example , objects ( such as a runway threshold ) that are 3 degrees below the horizon as viewed from the cockpit must appear at the − 3 degree index on the HUD display . Compatibility -- HUD components are designed to be compatible with other avionics , displays , etc .", "Field of View -- also `` FOV '' , indicates the angle ( s ) , vertically as well as horizontally , subtended at the pilot 's eye , that the combiner displays symbology in relation to the outside view . A narrow FOV means that the view ( of a runway , for example ) through the combiner might include little additional information beyond the perimeters of the runway environment ; whereas a wide FOV would allow a ' broader ' view . For aviation applications , the major benefit of a wide FOV is that an aircraft approaching the runway in a crosswind might still have the runway in view through the combiner , even though the aircraft is pointed well away from the runway threshold ; where a narrow FOV the runway would be ' off the edge ' of the combiner , out of the HUD 's view . Because the human eyes are separated , each eye receives a different image . The HUD image is viewable by one or both eyes , depending on technical and budget limitations in the design process . Modern expectations are that both eyes view the same image , in other words a `` binocular Field of View ( FOV ) '' .", "Collimation -- The projected image is collimated which makes the light rays parallel . Because the light rays are parallel the lens of the human eye focuses on infinity to get a clear image . Collimated images on the HUD combiner are perceived as existing at or near optical infinity . This means that the pilot 's eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside world and the HUD display ... the image appears to be `` out there '' , overlaying the outside world . This feature is critical for effective HUDs : not having to refocus between HUD - displayed symbolic information and the outside world onto which that information is overlaid is one of the main advantages of collimated HUDs . It gives HUDs special consideration in safety - critical and time - critical manoeuvers , when the few seconds a pilot needs in order to re-focus inside the cockpit , and then back outside , are very critical : for example , in the final stages of landing . Collimation is therefore a primary distinguishing feature of high - performance HUDs and differentiates them from consumer - quality systems that , for example , simply reflect uncollimated information off a car 's windshield ( causing drivers to refocus and shift attention from the road ahead ) .", "Eyebox -- The optical collimator produces a cylinder of parallel light so the display can only be viewed while the viewer 's eyes are somewhere within that cylinder , a three - dimensional area called the head motion box or eyebox . Modern HUD eyeboxes are usually about 5 lateral by 3 vertical by 6 longitudinal inches . This allows the viewer some freedom of head movement but movement too far up / down left / right will cause the display to vanish off the edge of the collimator and movement too far back will cause it to crop off around the edge ( vignette ) . The pilot is able to view the entire display as long as one of the eyes is inside the eyebox .", "Luminance / contrast -- Displays have adjustments in luminance and contrast to account for ambient lighting , which can vary widely ( e.g. , from the glare of bright clouds to moonless night approaches to minimally lit fields ) .", "Boresight -- Aircraft HUD components are very accurately aligned with the aircraft 's three axes -- a process called boresighting -- so that displayed data conforms to reality typically with an accuracy of ± 7.0 milliradians ( ± 24 MOA ) , and may vary across the HUD 's FOV . In this case the word `` conform '' means , `` when an object is projected on the combiner and the actual object is visible , they will be aligned '' . This allows the display to show the pilot exactly where the artificial horizon is , as well as the aircraft 's projected path with great accuracy . When Enhanced Vision is used , for example , the display of runway lights are aligned with the actual runway lights when the real lights become visible . Boresighting is done during the aircraft 's building process and can also be performed in the field on many aircraft .", "Scaling -- The displayed image ( flight path , pitch and yaw scaling , etc . ) , are scaled to present to the pilot a picture that overlays the outside world in an exact 1 : 1 relationship . For example , objects ( such as a runway threshold ) that are 3 degrees below the horizon as viewed from the cockpit must appear at the − 3 degree index on the HUD display .", "Compatibility -- HUD components are designed to be compatible with other avionics , displays , etc .", "On aircraft avionics systems , HUDs typically operate from dual independent redundant computer systems . They receive input directly from the sensors ( pitot - static , gyroscopic , navigation , etc . ) aboard the aircraft and perform their own computations rather than receiving previously computed data from the flight computers . On other aircraft ( the Boeing 787 , for example ) the HUD guidance computation for Low Visibility Take - off ( LVTO ) and low visibility approach comes from the same flight guidance computer that drives the autopilot . Computers are integrated with the aircraft 's systems and allow connectivity onto several different data buses such as the ARINC 429 , ARINC 629 , and MIL - STD - 1553 .", "Typical aircraft HUDs display airspeed , altitude , a horizon line , heading , turn / bank and slip / skid indicators . These instruments are the minimum required by 14 CFR Part 91 .", "Other symbols and data are also available in some HUDs :", "boresight or waterline symbol -- is fixed on the display and shows where the nose of the aircraft is actually pointing . flight path vector ( FPV ) or velocity vector symbol -- shows where the aircraft is actually going , the sum of all forces acting on the aircraft . For example , if the aircraft is pitched up but is losing energy , then the FPV symbol will be below the horizon even though the boresight symbol is above the horizon . During approach and landing , a pilot can fly the approach by keeping the FPV symbol at the desired descent angle and touchdown point on the runway . acceleration indicator or energy cue -- typically to the left of the FPV symbol , it is above it if the aircraft is accelerating , and below the FPV symbol if decelerating . angle of attack indicator -- shows the wing 's angle relative to the airflow , often displayed as `` α '' . navigation data and symbols -- for approaches and landings , the flight guidance systems can provide visual cues based on navigation aids such as an Instrument Landing System or augmented Global Positioning System such as the Wide Area Augmentation System . Typically this is a circle which fits inside the flight path vector symbol . Pilots can fly along the correct flight path by `` flying to '' the guidance cue .", "boresight or waterline symbol -- is fixed on the display and shows where the nose of the aircraft is actually pointing .", "flight path vector ( FPV ) or velocity vector symbol -- shows where the aircraft is actually going , the sum of all forces acting on the aircraft . For example , if the aircraft is pitched up but is losing energy , then the FPV symbol will be below the horizon even though the boresight symbol is above the horizon . During approach and landing , a pilot can fly the approach by keeping the FPV symbol at the desired descent angle and touchdown point on the runway .", "acceleration indicator or energy cue -- typically to the left of the FPV symbol , it is above it if the aircraft is accelerating , and below the FPV symbol if decelerating .", "angle of attack indicator -- shows the wing 's angle relative to the airflow , often displayed as `` α '' .", "navigation data and symbols -- for approaches and landings , the flight guidance systems can provide visual cues based on navigation aids such as an Instrument Landing System or augmented Global Positioning System such as the Wide Area Augmentation System . Typically this is a circle which fits inside the flight path vector symbol . Pilots can fly along the correct flight path by `` flying to '' the guidance cue .", "Since being introduced on HUDs , both the FPV and acceleration symbols are becoming standard on head - down displays ( HDD ) . The actual form of the FPV symbol on an HDD is not standardized but is usually a simple aircraft drawing , such as a circle with two short angled lines , ( 180 ± 30 degrees ) and `` wings '' on the ends of the descending line . Keeping the FPV on the horizon allows the pilot to fly level turns in various angles of bank .", "In addition to the generic information described above , military applications include weapons system and sensor data such as :", "target designation ( TD ) indicator -- places a cue over an air or ground target ( which is typically derived from radar or inertial navigation system data ) . V -- closing velocity with target . Range -- to target , waypoint , etc . weapon seeker or sensor line of sight -- shows where a seeker or sensor is pointing . weapon status -- includes type and number of weapons selected , available , arming , etc .", "target designation ( TD ) indicator -- places a cue over an air or ground target ( which is typically derived from radar or inertial navigation system data ) .", "V -- closing velocity with target .", "Range -- to target , waypoint , etc .", "weapon seeker or sensor line of sight -- shows where a seeker or sensor is pointing .", "weapon status -- includes type and number of weapons selected , available , arming , etc .", "During the 1980s , the military tested the use of HUDs in vertical take off and landings ( VTOL ) and short take off and landing ( STOL ) aircraft . A HUD format was developed at NASA Ames Research Center to provide pilots of V / STOL aircraft with complete flight guidance and control information for Category III C terminal - area flight operations . This includes a large variety of flight operations , from STOL flights on land - based runways to VTOL operations on aircraft carriers . The principal features of this display format are the integration of the flightpath and pursuit guidance information into a narrow field of view , easily assimilated by the pilot with a single glance , and the superposition of vertical and horizontal situation information . The display is a derivative of a successful design developed for conventional transport aircraft .", "The use of head - up displays allows commercial aircraft substantial flexibility in their operations . Systems have been approved which allow reduced - visibility takeoffs , and landings , as well as full Category III A landings and roll - outs . Studies have shown that the use of a HUD during landings decreases the lateral deviation from centerline in all landing conditions , although the touchdown point along the centerline is not changed .", "In more advanced systems , such as the US Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) - labeled ' Enhanced Flight Vision System ' , a real - world visual image can be overlaid onto the combiner . Typically an infrared camera ( either single or multi-band ) is installed in the nose of the aircraft to display a conformed image to the pilot . ' EVS Enhanced Vision System ' is an industry accepted term which the FAA decided not to use because `` the FAA believes ( it ) could be confused with the system definition and operational concept found in 91.175 ( l ) and ( m ) '' In one EVS installation , the camera is actually installed at the top of the vertical stabilizer rather than `` as close as practical to the pilots eye position '' . When used with a HUD however , the camera must be mounted as close as possible to the pilots eye point as the image is expected to `` overlay '' the real world as the pilot looks through the combiner .", "`` Registration , '' or the accurate overlay of the EVS image with the real world image , is one feature closely examined by authorities prior to approval of a HUD based EVS . This is because of the importance of the HUD matching the real world .", "While the EVS display can greatly help , the FAA has only relaxed operating regulations so an aircraft with EVS can perform a CATEGORY I approach to CATEGORY II minimums . In all other cases the flight crew must comply with all `` unaided '' visual restrictions . ( For example , if the runway visibility is restricted because of fog , even though EVS may provide a clear visual image it is not appropriate ( or legal ) to maneuver the aircraft using only the EVS below 100 feet above ground level . )", "HUD systems are also being designed to display a synthetic vision system ( SVS ) graphic image , which uses high precision navigation , attitude , altitude and terrain databases to create realistic and intuitive views of the outside world .", "In the 1st SVS head down image shown on the right , immediately visible indicators include the airspeed tape on the left , altitude tape on the right , and turn / bank / slip / skid displays at the top center . The boresight symbol ( - v - ) is in the center and directly below that is the flight path vector ( FPV ) symbol ( the circle with short wings and a vertical stabilizer ) . The horizon line is visible running across the display with a break at the center , and directly to the left are numbers at ± 10 degrees with a short line at ± 5 degrees ( the + 5 degree line is easier to see ) which , along with the horizon line , show the pitch of the aircraft . Unlike this color depiction of SVS on a head down primary flight display , the SVS displayed on a HUD is monochrome -- that is , typically , in shades of green .", "The image indicates a wings level aircraft ( i.e. the flight path vector symbol is flat relative to the horizon line and there is zero roll on the turn / bank indicator ) . Airspeed is 140 knots , altitude is 9,450 feet , heading is 343 degrees ( the number below the turn / bank indicator ) . Close inspection of the image shows a small purple circle which is displaced from the flight path vector slightly to the lower right . This is the guidance cue coming from the Flight Guidance System . When stabilized on the approach , this purple symbol should be centered within the FPV .", "The terrain is entirely computer generated from a high resolution terrain database .", "In some systems , the SVS will calculate the aircraft 's current flight path , or possible flight path ( based on an aircraft performance model , the aircraft 's current energy , and surrounding terrain ) and then turn any obstructions red to alert the flight crew . Such a system might have helped prevent the crash of American Airlines Flight 965 into a mountain in December 1995 .", "On the left side of the display is an SVS - unique symbol , with the appearance of a purple , diminishing sideways ladder , and which continues on the right of the display . The two lines define a `` tunnel in the sky '' . This symbol defines the desired trajectory of the aircraft in three dimensions . For example , if the pilot had selected an airport to the left , then this symbol would curve off to the left and down . If the pilot keeps the flight path vector alongside the trajectory symbol , the craft will fly the optimum path . This path would be based on information stored in the Flight Management System 's database and would show the FAA - approved approach for that airport .", "The tunnel in the sky can also greatly assist the pilot when more precise four - dimensional flying is required , such as the decreased vertical or horizontal clearance requirements of Required Navigation Performance ( RNP ) . Under such conditions the pilot is given a graphical depiction of where the aircraft should be and where it should be going rather than the pilot having to mentally integrate altitude , airspeed , heading , energy and longitude and latitude to correctly fly the aircraft .", "In mid-2017 , the Israel Defense Forces will begin trials of Elbit 's Iron Vision , the world 's first helmet - mounted head - up display for tanks . Israel 's Elbit , which developed the helmet - mounted display system for the F - 35 , plans Iron Vision to use a number of externally mounted cameras to project the 360 ° view of a tank 's surroundings onto the helmet - mounted visors of its crew members . This allows the crew members to stay inside the tank , without having to open the hatches to see outside .", "These displays are becoming increasingly available in production cars , and usually offer speedometer , tachometer , and navigation system displays . Night vision information is also displayed via HUD on certain automobiles .", "Add - on HUD systems also exist , projecting the display onto a glass combiner mounted above or below the windshield .", "In 2012 Pioneer Corporation introduced a HUD navigation system that replaces the driver side sun visor and visually overlays animations of conditions ahead ; a form of augmented reality ( AR ) . Developed by Pioneer Corporation , AR - HUD became the first aftermarket automotive Head - Up Display to use a direct - to - eye laser beam scanning method , also known as virtual retinal display ( VRD ) . AR - HUD 's core technology involves a miniature laser beam scanning display developed by MicroVision , Inc. .", "Motorcycle helmet HUDs are also commercially available .", "Uniti electric city car will replace the dashboard and replace it with a large HUD directly to display information directly on the windscreen . The purpose is to increase safety as the driver will not have to move his eyes out from the road to look at the speed or the GPS screen .", "HUDs have been proposed or are being experimentally developed for a number of other applications . In the military , a HUD can be used to overlay tactical information such as the output of a laser rangefinder or squadmate locations to infantrymen . A prototype HUD has also been developed that displays information on the inside of a swimmer 's goggles or of a scuba diver 's mask . HUD systems that project information directly onto the wearer 's retina with a low - powered laser ( virtual retinal display ) are also in experimentation ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The Swaraj Party , Swarajaya Party or Swarajya Party or Swarajist Party , established as the Congress - Khilafat Swarajaya Party , was a political party formed in India in January 1923 after the Gaya annual conference in December 1922 of the National Congress , that sought greater self - government and political freedom for the Indian people from the British Raj . It was inspired by the concept of Swaraj . In Hindi and many other languages of India , swaraj means `` independence '' or `` self - rule . '' The two most important leaders were Chittaranjan Das , who was its president and Motilal Nehru , who was its secretary .", "Das and Nehru thought of contesting elections to enter the legislative council with a view to obstructing a foreign government . Many candidates of the Swaraj Party got elected to the central legislative assembly and provincial legislative council in the 1923 elections . In these legislatures , they strongly opposed the unjust government policies .", "The establishment of fully responsible government for India , the convening of a round table conference to resolve the problems of Indians , and the releasing of certain political prisoners , were the resolutions in the central legislative council .", "As a result of the Bengal Pact , the Swaraj Party won the most seats during elections to the Bengal Legislative Council in 1923 . The party disintegrated after the death of C.R. Das .", "The Swaraj Party was formed on 9 January 1923 by Indian politicians and members of the Indian National Congress who had opposed Mahatma ' s suspension of all civil resistance on 5 February 1922 in response to the Chauri Chaura tragedy , where policemen were killed by a mob of protestors . Gandhi felt responsible for the killings , reproached himself for not emphasizing non-violence more firmly , and feared that the entire Non-Cooperation Movement could degenerate into an orgy of violence between the British - controlled army and police and mobs of freedom - fighters , alienating and hurting millions of common Indians . He went on a fast - unto - death to convince all Indians to stop civil resistance . The Congress and other nationalist groups disavowed all activities of disobedience .", "But many Indians felt that the Non-Cooperation Movement should not have been suspended over an isolated incident of violence , and that its astonishing success was actually close to breaking the back of British rule in India . These people became disillusioned with Gandhi 's political judgments and instincts .", "Gandhi and most of the Congress party rejected the provincial and central legislative councils created by the British to offer some participation for Indians . They argued that the councils were rigged with un-elected allies of the British , and too un-democratic and simply `` rubber stamps '' of the Viceroy .", "In December 1922 , Chittaranjan Das , Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar and Motilal Nehru formed the Congress - Khilafat Swarajaya Party with Das as the president and Nehru as one of the secretaries . Other prominent leaders included Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Subhas Chandra Bose of Bengal , Vithalbhai Patel and other Congress leaders who were becoming dissatisfied with the Congress . The other group was the ' No - Changers ' , who had accepted Gandhi 's decision to withdraw the movement .", "Now both the Swarajists and the No - Changers were engaged in a fierce political struggle , but both were determined to avoid the disastrous experience of the 1907 split at Surat . On the advice of Gandhi , the two groups decided to remain in the Congress but to work in their separate ways . There was no basic difference between the two .", "Swarajist members were elected to the councils . Vithalbhai Patel became the president of the Central Legislative Assembly . However , the legislatures had very limited powers , and apart from some heated parliamentary debates , and procedural stand - offs with the British authorities , the core mission of obstructing British rule failed .", "With the death of Chittaranjan Das in 1925 , and with Motilal Nehru 's return to the Congress the following year , the Swaraj party was greatly weakened .", "After his release from prison in 1924 , Gandhi sought to bring back the Swarajists to the Congress and re-unite the party . Gandhi 's supporters were in a vast majority in the Congress , and the Congress still remained India 's largest political party , but Gandhi felt it necessary to heal the divide with the Swarajists , so as to heal the nation 's wounds over the 1922 suspension .", "The Swarajists sought more representation in the Congress offices , and an end to the mandatory requirement for Congressmen to spin khadi cloth and do social service as a prerequisite for office . This was opposed by Gandhi 's supporters , men like Vallabhbhai Patel , Jawaharlal Nehru and Rajendra Prasad , who became known as the No Changers as opposed to the Swarajist Changers . Gandhi relaxed the rules on spinning and named some Swarajists to important positions in the Congress Party . He also encouraged the Congress to support those Swarajists elected to the councils , so as not to embarrass them and leave them rudderless before the British authorities .", "When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928 , millions of Indians were infuriated with the idea of an all - British committee writing proposals for Indian constitutional reforms without any Indian member or consultations with the Indian people . The Congress created a committee to write Indian proposals for constitutional reforms , headed by now Congress President Motilal Nehru . The death of Lala Lajpat Rai , beaten by police in Punjab further infuriated India . People rallied around the Nehru Report and old political divisions and wounds were forgotten , and Vithalbhai Patel and all Swarajist councillors resigned in protest .", "Between 1929 and 1937 , the Indian National Congress would declare the independence of India and launch the Salt Satyagraha . In this tumultuous period , the Swaraj Party was defunct as its members quietly dissolved into the Congress fold .", "The Madras Province Swarajya Party was established in 1923 . S. Satyamurti and S. Srinivasa Iyengar led the party . The party contested in all provincial elections between 1923 and 1934 with the exception of the 1930 election which it did not participate officially due to the Civil Disobedience Movement , though some of the members of the party contested for office as independents . The party emerged as the single largest party in the 1926 and 1934 Assembly elections but refused to form the provincial government under the existing dyarchy system . In 1934 , the Madras Province Swarajya Party merged with the All India Swarajya Party which subsequently merged with the Indian National Congress when it contested the 1935 elections to the Imperial Legislative Council under the Government of India Act 1935 .", "From 1935 onward , the Swarajya Party ceased to exist and was succeeded by the Indian National Congress in the elections to the Imperial Legislative Council as well as the Madras Legislative Council .", "Presidents of the Madras Province Swarajya Party Term start Term End S. Srinivasa Iyengar 1923 1930 Sathyamurthy 1930 1935", "Presidents of the Madras Province Swarajya Party Term start Term End", "S. Srinivasa Iyengar 1923 1930", "Sathyamurthy 1930 1935", "Elections Seats in Madras Assembly Assembly Seats won Total number of Council seats Members nominated to the council Result Party President 1923 98 20 29 1926 98 41 34 S. Srinivasa Iyengar 1930 Did not participate in the elections due to Civil Disobedience Movement 1934 98 29", "Elections Seats in Madras Assembly Assembly Seats won Total number of Council seats Members nominated to the council Result Party President", "1923 98 20 29", "1926 98 41 34 S. Srinivasa Iyengar", "1930 Did not participate in the elections due to Civil Disobedience Movement", "1934 98 29" ]

[ [ "Rickey Medlocke" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Lynyrd Skynyrd is a Southern rock band from Jacksonville , Florida . Formed in 1964 , the group originally included vocalist Ronnie Van Zant , guitarists Gary Rossington and Allen Collins , bassist Larry Junstrom and drummer Bob Burns . The current lineup features Rossington , guitarist and vocalist Rickey Medlocke ( from 1971 to 1972 , and since 1996 ) , lead vocalist Johnny Van Zant ( since 1987 ) , drummer Michael Cartellone ( since 1999 ) , guitarist Mark Matejka ( since 2006 ) , keyboardist Peter Keys ( since 2009 ) and bassist Keith Christopher ( since 2017 ) . The band also tours with two backing vocalists , currently Dale Krantz - Rossington ( since 1987 ) and Carol Chase ( since 1996 ) .", "Lynyrd Skynyrd was formed under the name My Backyard in 1964 , which was later changed to The Noble Five , and again to One Percent . The group originally included vocalist Ronnie Van Zant , guitarists Gary Rossington and Allen Collins , bassist Larry Junstrom and drummer Bob Burns , all of whom were students at Robert E. Lee High School . After performing live for several years , the band recorded for the first time in 1971 , when Junstrom and Burns were replaced by Greg T. Walker and Rickey Medlocke , respectively . The following year , Walker was replaced by the band 's original choice of bassist Leon Wilkeson , and Medlocke moved to third guitarist as Burns returned on drums . Medlocke had left by the end of the year . Billy Powell had also been added as the group 's first keyboardist , having worked as a roadie since 1970 .", "Shortly before recording began for the band 's debut album ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) , Wilkeson left Lynyrd Skynyrd and was replaced by Ed King . Later during the sessions the bassist returned , with King subsequently taking up the role of third guitarist . Burns remained for 1974 's Second Helping , but left in January 1975 due to touring fatigue , with Artimus Pyle taking his place . King left on May 26 , 1975 , two months after the release of Nuthin ' Fancy . He was replaced the following year by Steve Gaines , who was recommended by his sister Cassie Gaines after she had recently joined as one of the band 's touring backing vocalists .", "On October 20 , 1977 -- three days after the release of the band 's fifth studio album Street Survivors -- a chartered plane on which the members and crew were travelling crashed in Gillsburg , Mississippi . Six people died in the accident , including band members Ronnie Van Zant , Steve Gaines and Cassie Gaines ; many of the other passengers onboard were seriously injured , including Wilkeson who was left in a critical condition and reportedly declared dead three times . The group disbanded after the crash . In 1978 , a collection of previously unreleased recordings from 1971 and 1972 was released as Skynyrd 's First and ... Last . The following year , the surviving members ( with the exception of Wilkeson ) reunited at Volunteer Jam for a performance of `` Free Bird '' with Charlie Daniels and his band .", "In July 1987 , Lynyrd Skynyrd announced their reforming for the Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour , with returning members Rossington , King , Wilkeson , Pyle and Powell joined by new lead vocalist Johnny Van Zant , Ronnie 's younger brother . Collins was unable to join the reunited group after a car accident the previous year which left him paralyzed from the waist down , choosing Randall Hall from his own eponymous band to take his place on guitar . After the band 's first post-reformation studio album Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 , Pyle left suddenly after a show in August , with Kurt Custer taking his place . Hall left in 1993 after the release of The Last Rebel , later suing the remaining members of the band for $500,000 . Custer followed Hall out of the group the next year in order to focus on his solo career .", "Hall and Custer were replaced by Mike Estes and Owen Hale , respectively , both of whom performed on the 1994 album Endangered Species . King was forced to leave the band in 1996 due to health problems , with Hughie Thomasson brought in to take his place ; Estes left around the same time , with former drummer Medlocke returning to the band on guitar as a result . Hale left in late 1998 after the Twenty Tour ; he was replaced first by Jeff McAllister , followed by Kenny Aronoff who played on Edge of Forever , before Michael Cartellone took over in 1999 after the dissolution of the Damn Yankees . On July 27 , 2001 , longtime bassist Leon Wilkeson died in his sleep of natural causes . He was replaced by Ean Evans , who had earlier substituted for Wilkeson at several shows the previous year .", "Thomasson left Lynyrd Skynyrd in 2005 to reform his previous band Outlaws , with his replacement Mark Matejka joining early the next year . The band was forced to change its lineup twice in 2009 due to deaths in the group -- first , longtime keyboardist Billy Powell died of a heart attack on January 28 ; and later , bassist Evans died of cancer on May 6 . Peter Keys was later brought in to replace Powell , while Evans was replaced by Robert Kearns . Kearns remained until 2012 , when he was replaced by former Black Crowes bassist Johnny Colt . Keith Christopher replaced Colt in mid-2017 .", "Image Name Years active Instruments Release contributions Gary Rossington 1964 -- 1977 1987 -- present guitars all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases Rickey Medlocke 1971 -- 1972 1996 -- present guitars , vocals ( 1996 -- present ) drums , vocals ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Twenty ( 1997 ) onwards Johnny Van Zant 1987 -- present lead vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Southern by the Grace of God ( 1988 ) onwards Michael Cartellone 1999 -- present drums percussion all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Edge of Forever ( 1999 ) onwards Mark Matejka 2006 -- present guitars backing vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from God & Guns ( 2009 ) onwards Peter Keys 2009 -- present keyboards all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Last of a Dyin ' Breed ( 2012 ) onwards Keith Christopher 2017 -- present bass none to date", "Image Name Years active Instruments Release contributions", "Gary Rossington 1964 -- 1977 1987 -- present guitars all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases", "1964 -- 1977 1987 -- present", "1964 -- 1977", "1987 -- present", "Rickey Medlocke 1971 -- 1972 1996 -- present guitars , vocals ( 1996 -- present ) drums , vocals ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Twenty ( 1997 ) onwards", "1971 -- 1972 1996 -- present", "1971 -- 1972", "1996 -- present", "guitars , vocals ( 1996 -- present ) drums , vocals ( 1971 -- 1972 )", "guitars , vocals ( 1996 -- present )", "drums , vocals ( 1971 -- 1972 )", "Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Twenty ( 1997 ) onwards", "Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 )", "all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Twenty ( 1997 ) onwards", "Johnny Van Zant 1987 -- present lead vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Southern by the Grace of God ( 1988 ) onwards", "Michael Cartellone 1999 -- present drums percussion all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Edge of Forever ( 1999 ) onwards", "drums percussion", "Mark Matejka 2006 -- present guitars backing vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from God & Guns ( 2009 ) onwards", "guitars backing vocals", "Peter Keys 2009 -- present keyboards all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Last of a Dyin ' Breed ( 2012 ) onwards", "Keith Christopher 2017 -- present bass none to date", "Image Name Years active Instruments Release contributions Ronnie Van Zant 1964 -- 1977 ( his death ) lead vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) to Legend ( 1987 ) Allen Collins 1964 -- 1977 ( died 1990 ) guitars Bob Burns 1964 -- 1971 1972 -- 1975 ( died 2015 ) drums ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) Second Helping ( 1974 ) Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) Legend ( 1987 ) Larry Junstrom 1964 -- 1971 bass `` Need All My Friends '' ( 1968 ) Greg T. Walker 1971 -- 1972 bass backing vocals Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) Leon Wilkeson 1972 1973 -- 1977 1987 -- 2001 ( his death ) bass backing vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) to Edge of Forever ( 1999 ) Vicious Cycle ( 2003 ) Billy Powell 1972 -- 1977 1987 -- 2009 ( his death ) keyboards piano all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) to Live from Freedom Hall ( 2010 ) Ed King 1972 -- 1975 1987 -- 1996 guitars bass ( 1972 -- 1973 ) backing vocals ( 1972 - 1975 ) ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) Second Helping ( 1974 ) Nuthin ' Fancy ( 1975 ) all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) to Southern Knights ( 1996 ) Artimus Pyle 1975 -- 1977 1987 -- 1991 drums percussion all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Nuthin ' Fancy ( 1975 ) to Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 ( 1991 ) , except Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) Steve Gaines 1976 -- 1977 ( his death ) guitars backing vocals One More from the Road ( 1976 ) Street Survivors ( 1977 ) Legend ( 1987 ) Randall Hall 1987 -- 1993 Southern by the Grace of God ( 1988 ) Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 ( 1991 ) The Last Rebel ( 1993 ) Kurt Custer 1991 -- 1994 drums The Last Rebel ( 1993 ) Mike Estes 1994 -- 1996 guitars , backing vocals Endangered Species ( 1994 ) Southern Knights ( 1996 ) Owen Hale 1994 -- 1998 drums percussion Endangered Species ( 1994 ) Southern Knights ( 1996 ) Twenty ( 1997 ) Lyve from Steel Town ( 1998 ) Hughie Thomasson 1996 -- 2005 ( died 2007 ) guitars backing vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Twenty ( 1997 ) to Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve : The Vicious Cycle Tour ( 2003 ) Jeff McAllister 1998 -- 1999 drums none Kenny Aronoff 1999 Edge of Forever ( 1999 ) Ean Evans 2001 -- 2009 ( his death ) bass backing vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Vicious Cycle ( 2003 ) to Live from Freedom Hall ( 2010 ) Robert Kearns 2009 -- 2012 none Johnny Colt 2012 -- 2017 Last of a Dyin ' Breed ( 2012 ) One More for the Fans ( 2015 ) Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd & Second Helping Live from Jacksonville at the Florida Theatre ( 2015 )", "Image Name Years active Instruments Release contributions", "Ronnie Van Zant 1964 -- 1977 ( his death ) lead vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) to Legend ( 1987 )", "Allen Collins 1964 -- 1977 ( died 1990 ) guitars", "Bob Burns 1964 -- 1971 1972 -- 1975 ( died 2015 ) drums ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) Second Helping ( 1974 ) Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) Legend ( 1987 )", "1964 -- 1971 1972 -- 1975 ( died 2015 )", "1964 -- 1971", "1972 -- 1975 ( died 2015 )", "( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) Second Helping ( 1974 ) Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) Legend ( 1987 )", "( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 )", "Second Helping ( 1974 )", "Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 )", "Legend ( 1987 )", "Larry Junstrom 1964 -- 1971 bass `` Need All My Friends '' ( 1968 )", "Greg T. Walker 1971 -- 1972 bass backing vocals Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 )", "bass backing vocals", "Leon Wilkeson 1972 1973 -- 1977 1987 -- 2001 ( his death ) bass backing vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) to Edge of Forever ( 1999 ) Vicious Cycle ( 2003 )", "1972 1973 -- 1977 1987 -- 2001 ( his death )", "1973 -- 1977", "1987 -- 2001 ( his death )", "bass backing vocals", "all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) to Edge of Forever ( 1999 ) Vicious Cycle ( 2003 )", "all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) to Edge of Forever ( 1999 )", "Vicious Cycle ( 2003 )", "Billy Powell 1972 -- 1977 1987 -- 2009 ( his death ) keyboards piano all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) to Live from Freedom Hall ( 2010 )", "1972 -- 1977 1987 -- 2009 ( his death )", "1972 -- 1977", "1987 -- 2009 ( his death )", "keyboards piano", "Ed King 1972 -- 1975 1987 -- 1996 guitars bass ( 1972 -- 1973 ) backing vocals ( 1972 - 1975 ) ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) Second Helping ( 1974 ) Nuthin ' Fancy ( 1975 ) all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) to Southern Knights ( 1996 )", "1972 -- 1975 1987 -- 1996", "1972 -- 1975", "1987 -- 1996", "guitars bass ( 1972 -- 1973 ) backing vocals ( 1972 - 1975 )", "bass ( 1972 -- 1973 )", "backing vocals ( 1972 - 1975 )", "( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 ) Second Helping ( 1974 ) Nuthin ' Fancy ( 1975 ) all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) to Southern Knights ( 1996 )", "( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) ( 1973 )", "Second Helping ( 1974 )", "Nuthin ' Fancy ( 1975 )", "all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 ) to Southern Knights ( 1996 )", "Artimus Pyle 1975 -- 1977 1987 -- 1991 drums percussion all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Nuthin ' Fancy ( 1975 ) to Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 ( 1991 ) , except Skynyrd 's First and ... Last ( 1978 )", "1975 -- 1977 1987 -- 1991", "1975 -- 1977", "1987 -- 1991", "drums percussion", "Steve Gaines 1976 -- 1977 ( his death ) guitars backing vocals One More from the Road ( 1976 ) Street Survivors ( 1977 ) Legend ( 1987 )", "guitars backing vocals", "One More from the Road ( 1976 ) Street Survivors ( 1977 ) Legend ( 1987 )", "One More from the Road ( 1976 )", "Street Survivors ( 1977 )", "Legend ( 1987 )", "Randall Hall 1987 -- 1993 Southern by the Grace of God ( 1988 ) Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 ( 1991 ) The Last Rebel ( 1993 )", "Southern by the Grace of God ( 1988 ) Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 ( 1991 ) The Last Rebel ( 1993 )", "Southern by the Grace of God ( 1988 )", "Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 ( 1991 )", "The Last Rebel ( 1993 )", "Kurt Custer 1991 -- 1994 drums The Last Rebel ( 1993 )", "Mike Estes 1994 -- 1996 guitars , backing vocals Endangered Species ( 1994 ) Southern Knights ( 1996 )", "Endangered Species ( 1994 ) Southern Knights ( 1996 )", "Endangered Species ( 1994 )", "Southern Knights ( 1996 )", "Owen Hale 1994 -- 1998 drums percussion Endangered Species ( 1994 ) Southern Knights ( 1996 ) Twenty ( 1997 ) Lyve from Steel Town ( 1998 )", "drums percussion", "Endangered Species ( 1994 ) Southern Knights ( 1996 ) Twenty ( 1997 ) Lyve from Steel Town ( 1998 )", "Endangered Species ( 1994 )", "Southern Knights ( 1996 )", "Twenty ( 1997 )", "Lyve from Steel Town ( 1998 )", "Hughie Thomasson 1996 -- 2005 ( died 2007 ) guitars backing vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Twenty ( 1997 ) to Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve : The Vicious Cycle Tour ( 2003 )", "guitars backing vocals", "Jeff McAllister 1998 -- 1999 drums none", "Kenny Aronoff 1999 Edge of Forever ( 1999 )", "Ean Evans 2001 -- 2009 ( his death ) bass backing vocals all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Vicious Cycle ( 2003 ) to Live from Freedom Hall ( 2010 )", "bass backing vocals", "Robert Kearns 2009 -- 2012 none", "Johnny Colt 2012 -- 2017 Last of a Dyin ' Breed ( 2012 ) One More for the Fans ( 2015 ) Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd & Second Helping Live from Jacksonville at the Florida Theatre ( 2015 )", "Last of a Dyin ' Breed ( 2012 ) One More for the Fans ( 2015 ) Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd & Second Helping Live from Jacksonville at the Florida Theatre ( 2015 )", "Last of a Dyin ' Breed ( 2012 )", "One More for the Fans ( 2015 )", "Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd & Second Helping Live from Jacksonville at the Florida Theatre ( 2015 )", "Image Name Years active Instruments Release contributions Cassie Gaines 1975 -- 1977 ( her death ) backing vocals One More from the Road ( 1976 ) Street Survivors ( 1977 ) JoJo Billingsley 1975 -- 1977 ( died 2010 ) Leslie Hawkins 1975 -- 1977 Dale Krantz - Rossington 1987 -- present all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Southern by the Grace of God ( 1988 ) onwards Carol Bristow 1987 -- 1988 Southern by the Grace of God ( 1988 ) Debbie Bailey 1991 -- 1994 none Debbie Davis - Estes 1994 -- 1996 Endangered Species ( 1994 ) Southern Knights ( 1996 ) Carol Chase 1996 -- present all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Twenty ( 1997 ) onwards", "Image Name Years active Instruments Release contributions", "Cassie Gaines 1975 -- 1977 ( her death ) backing vocals One More from the Road ( 1976 ) Street Survivors ( 1977 )", "One More from the Road ( 1976 ) Street Survivors ( 1977 )", "One More from the Road ( 1976 )", "Street Survivors ( 1977 )", "JoJo Billingsley 1975 -- 1977 ( died 2010 )", "Leslie Hawkins 1975 -- 1977", "Dale Krantz - Rossington 1987 -- present all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Southern by the Grace of God ( 1988 ) onwards", "Carol Bristow 1987 -- 1988 Southern by the Grace of God ( 1988 )", "Debbie Bailey 1991 -- 1994 none", "Debbie Davis - Estes 1994 -- 1996 Endangered Species ( 1994 ) Southern Knights ( 1996 )", "Endangered Species ( 1994 ) Southern Knights ( 1996 )", "Endangered Species ( 1994 )", "Southern Knights ( 1996 )", "Carol Chase 1996 -- present all Lynyrd Skynyrd releases from Twenty ( 1997 ) onwards", "Image Name Years active Instruments Notes Tim Lindsey 1993 - 1994 bass Lindsey substituted for Wilkeson at several shows in 1993 during The Last Rebel Tour . Rick Wills 1999 Wills substituted for Wilkeson at several shows in July 1999 during the Edge of Forever Tour . Joey Huffman 2008 keyboards Huffman substituted for Powell at several shows in 2008 during the Rock & Rebels Tour .", "Image Name Years active Instruments Notes", "Tim Lindsey 1993 - 1994 bass Lindsey substituted for Wilkeson at several shows in 1993 during The Last Rebel Tour .", "Rick Wills 1999 Wills substituted for Wilkeson at several shows in July 1999 during the Edge of Forever Tour .", "Joey Huffman 2008 keyboards Huffman substituted for Powell at several shows in 2008 during the Rock & Rebels Tour .", "Ribowsky , Mark ( April 1 , 2015 ) , Whiskey Bottles and Brand - New Cars : The Fast Life and Sudden Death of Lynyrd Skynyrd , Chicago , Illinois : Chicago Review Press , ISBN 978 - 1569761465 , retrieved November 13 , 2017", "Ribowsky , Mark ( April 1 , 2015 ) , Whiskey Bottles and Brand - New Cars : The Fast Life and Sudden Death of Lynyrd Skynyrd , Chicago , Illinois : Chicago Review Press , ISBN 978 - 1569761465 , retrieved November 13 , 2017" ]

[ [ "Samuel E. Wright" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This biographical article needs additional citations for verification , as it includes attribution to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This biographical article needs additional citations for verification , as it includes attribution to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Samuel E. Wright Camden , South Carolina , United States Occupation Actor , singer Years active 1974 -- present", "Samuel E. Wright", "Camden , South Carolina , United States", "Occupation Actor , singer", "Years active 1974 -- present", "Samuel E. Wright is an American film and theatre actor and singer . He is best known as the voice of Sebastian in Disney 's The Little Mermaid , for which he provided the main vocals to `` Under the Sea '' , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Wright also played the part of Mufasa in the original cast of The Lion King on Broadway and voiced Kron the Iguanodon in Disney 's CGI film Dinosaur .", "Wright was nominated for a Tony Award in 1984 for Best Featured Actor in a Musical for his performance in The Tap Dance Kid and again in 1998 for Best Featured Actor in a Musical as the original lead actor for Mufasa in The Lion King , the Broadway version of Disney 's animated classic of the same name . Wright played Enos ' partner Turk in the TV series Enos and originated the part of `` Sam '' in Over Here ! on Broadway . He also played the part of Jericho on the short - lived Fox TV show Jonny Zero .", "Enos ( 1980 -- 1981 , TV Series ) as Officer Turk Adams The Gift of Amazing Grace ( 1986 , TV Series ) as Mr Wheeler Bird ( 1988 ) as Dizzy Gillespie Me and Him ( 1988 ) as Paramedic 1 The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) as Sebastian , the crab ( voice ) The Little Mermaid ( 1992 -- 1994 , TV Series ) as Sebastian ( voice ) Raw Toonage ( 1992 , TV Series ) as Sebastian ( voice ) Marsupilami ( 1993 , TV Series ) as Sebastian ( voice ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) as Sebastian ( voice ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) as Kron , the Iguanodon Disney 's House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2003 , TV Series ) as Sebastian ( voice ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) as Sebastian ( voice )", "Enos ( 1980 -- 1981 , TV Series ) as Officer Turk Adams", "The Gift of Amazing Grace ( 1986 , TV Series ) as Mr Wheeler", "Bird ( 1988 ) as Dizzy Gillespie", "Me and Him ( 1988 ) as Paramedic 1", "The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) as Sebastian , the crab ( voice )", "The Little Mermaid ( 1992 -- 1994 , TV Series ) as Sebastian ( voice )", "Raw Toonage ( 1992 , TV Series ) as Sebastian ( voice )", "Marsupilami ( 1993 , TV Series ) as Sebastian ( voice )", "The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) as Sebastian ( voice )", "Dinosaur ( 2000 ) as Kron , the Iguanodon", "Disney 's House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2003 , TV Series ) as Sebastian ( voice )", "The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) as Sebastian ( voice )", "Wright has performed and recorded several songs for the Walt Disney animated film The Little Mermaid , as Sebastian the Crab , and is most known for the songs `` Under the Sea '' , and `` Kiss the Girl '' . He released a soul music record in 1973 , `` There 's Something Funny Going On '' b / w `` Three Hundred Pounds of Hungry '' on the Paramount label .", "Disney 's Sebastian from the Little Mermaid ( 1990 ) Disney 's Sebastian - Party Gras ! ( 1991 )", "Disney 's Sebastian from the Little Mermaid ( 1990 )", "Disney 's Sebastian - Party Gras ! ( 1991 )" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Demon with a Glass Hand '' The Outer Limits episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 5 Directed by Byron Haskin Written by Harlan Ellison Cinematography by Kenneth Peach Production code 41 Original air date October 17 , 1964 Guest appearance ( s ) Robert Culp as Trent Arlene Martel as Consuelo Biros Abraham Sofaer as Arch Bill Hart as Durn Rex Holman as Battle Robert Fortier as Budge Wally Rose as Kyben # 1 Fred Krone as Kyben # 2 Episode chronology ← Previous `` Expanding Human '' Next → `` Cry of Silence '' List of The Outer Limits episodes", "`` Demon with a Glass Hand ''", "The Outer Limits episode", "Episode no . Season 2 Episode 5", "Directed by Byron Haskin", "Written by Harlan Ellison", "Cinematography by Kenneth Peach", "Production code 41", "Original air date October 17 , 1964", "Guest appearance ( s )", "Robert Culp as Trent Arlene Martel as Consuelo Biros Abraham Sofaer as Arch Bill Hart as Durn Rex Holman as Battle Robert Fortier as Budge Wally Rose as Kyben # 1 Fred Krone as Kyben # 2", "Robert Culp as Trent Arlene Martel as Consuelo Biros Abraham Sofaer as Arch Bill Hart as Durn Rex Holman as Battle Robert Fortier as Budge Wally Rose as Kyben # 1 Fred Krone as Kyben # 2", "Robert Culp as Trent", "Arlene Martel as Consuelo Biros", "Abraham Sofaer as Arch", "Bill Hart as Durn", "Rex Holman as Battle", "Robert Fortier as Budge", "Wally Rose as Kyben # 1", "Fred Krone as Kyben # 2", "Episode chronology", "← Previous `` Expanding Human '' Next → `` Cry of Silence ''", "← Previous `` Expanding Human '' Next → `` Cry of Silence ''", "← Previous `` Expanding Human '' Next → `` Cry of Silence ''", "List of The Outer Limits episodes", "`` Demon with a Glass Hand '' is an episode of The Outer Limits television series , the second to be based on a script by Harlan Ellison , which Ellison wrote specifically with actor Robert Culp in mind for the lead role . It originally aired on 17 October 1964 , and was the fifth episode of the second season .", "In 2009 , TV Guide ranked `` Demon with a Glass Hand '' # 73 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes .", "`` Through all the legends of ancient peoples -- Assyrian , Babylonian , Sumerian , Semitic -- runs the saga of the Eternal Man , the one who never dies , called by various names in various times , but historically known as Gilgamesh , the man who has never tasted death ... the hero who strides through the centuries ... ''", "( Narrator Vic Perrin mistakenly says `` Sumerican '' instead of `` Sumerian '' . )", "Trent ( Robert Culp ) is a man with no memory of his life before the previous ten days . His left hand has been replaced by an advanced computer shaped like his missing hand and protected by some transparent material . Three fingers are missing ; the computer tells him they must be reattached before it can tell Trent what is going on . Trent is being hunted by a handful of humanoid aliens called the Kyben ; they have the missing appendages . The action takes place in a large rundown office building which the Kyben have sealed off from the world . In this deadly game of hide - and - seek , Trent enlists the help of Consuelo Biros ( Arlene Martel ) , a woman who works in the building .", "For reasons unknown to him , Trent was sent into the past via a `` time mirror '' , located in the building . A captured Kyben tells Trent that both of them are from a thousand years in the future . In that future , Earth has been conquered by the Kyben , but all the surviving humans except Trent have mysteriously vanished . The aliens are being obliterated by a `` radioactive plague '' that is killing all intelligent life on the planet , apparently unleashed by the humans in a last - ditch effort to repel the invasion . In a desperate attempt to find a cure for the plague and to extract whatever knowledge is stored in the hand / computer , the Kyben have followed him back in time with the missing fingers .", "Eventually , Trent defeats all of his Kyben hunters by ripping off the medallion - shaped devices they wear to anchor them in the past . Trent successfully destroys the mirror and recovers the missing fingers , one by one . When the computer is whole , he learns the terrible truth : he is not a man , but a robot . The human survivors have been digitally encoded onto a gold - copper alloy wire wrapped around the solenoid in his thorax . Immune to disease , he must protect his precious cargo for 200 years after the Kyben invasion , by which time the plague will have dissipated . Then he will resurrect the human race .", "Trent had thought he was a man , as he and Consuelo had begun to develop feelings for each other . With the truth revealed , she leaves him , pity mixed with horror in her eyes . Trent is left to face 1,200 years of lonely vigil .", "`` Like the Eternal Man of Babylonian legend , like Gilgamesh , one thousand plus two hundred years stretches before Trent . Without love . Without friendship . Alone ; neither man nor machine , Waiting . Waiting for the day he will be called to free the humans who gave him mobility . Movement , but not life . ''", "The teleplay by Harlan Ellison won several major awards :", "1965 Writers Guild of America Awards -- Outstanding Script for a Television Anthology 1972 Georges Melies Fantasy Film Award -- Outstanding Cinematic Achievement in Science Fiction Television", "1965 Writers Guild of America Awards -- Outstanding Script for a Television Anthology", "1972 Georges Melies Fantasy Film Award -- Outstanding Cinematic Achievement in Science Fiction Television", "Ellison 's story outline depicted a sprawling , cross-country chase between the Kyben and Trent ( then named Mr. Fish ) . Because this would have been prohibitively expensive , producer Robert H. Justman suggested that Ellison contain most of the action in a single structure when he went to script . Ellison agreed , realizing that by forcing the plot into an enclosed space , the change from a linear pursuit to a vertical climb , ascending as the action developed , would make for heightened tension . Most of this episode was shot in the Bradbury Building , the same location used for the final scenes of Blade Runner and a closing scene in the 1950 film noir classic D.O.A.", "Ellison 's 10 - page story outline was published in Brain Movies III in 2013 .", "Ellison 's friendship with Robert Culp dates from the production of this episode . He found Culp to be very intelligent , quite a contrast to most actors , whom he described as `` dips -- strictly non compos mentis . '' When Culp first met Ellison at the Bradbury building location for the film , Ellison introduced himself in a loud voice and told Culp that he wrote the episode just for Culp . Culp also stated that he felt it was one of the best written episodes of television in the history of the medium . Culp indicated that he felt the success of the series and this episode was due to the fact that it was , essentially , a morality play .", "A graphic novel adaptation , illustrated by Marshall Rogers , was published by DC Comics January 1986 . It was the fifth title of the DC Science Fiction Graphic Novel series .", "Ellison 's original script was published in Brain Movies Volume One , by Edgeworks Abbey , in 2011 .", "During the run of Babylon 5 , series creator J. Michael Straczynski often said that Ellison would write a sequel to this story ( possibly called `` Demon in the Dust '' or `` Demon on the Run '' ) as an episode . However , the proposed sequel episode never appeared . Ellison was a creative consultant on the series and said in a behind - the - scene book about Babylon 5 written during that show 's third season :", "`` I want very much to write this script and Joe very much wants it , and I think it probably will get written during this next season , but one never knows . I do n't want to promise because if you promise , then all of a sudden fans on the internet start screaming , ' Well , where is it , where is it ? Why does n't he do it , why is n't he doing it ? He 's late again , he 's late again . ' And then I have to get cranky , go to their house and nail their heads to a coffee table ! ''", "In addition to `` Demon With A Glass Hand '' , Ellison has written other stories set against the backdrop of the `` Earth - Kyba War . '' He adapted five of these -- `` Run For the Stars '' , `` Life Hutch '' , `` The Untouchable Adolescents '' , `` Trojan Hearse '' , and `` Sleeping Dogs '' -- into the graphic novel Night and the Enemy ( 1987 ) , illustrated by Ken Steacy . Also , Ellison 's short story `` The Human Operators '' - later adapted into an episode of the new Outer Limits - is set in the same universe as this story ( The Starfighters were originally built for the Earth - Kyba war ) .", "Some media outlets had previously reported that `` Demon with a Glass Hand '' was the basis of a settlement that Ellison received after it was allegedly plagiarized for The Terminator . These claims were disputed by the argument that the claim and subsequent settlement were exclusively premised upon the argument that the opening moments of The Terminator had plagiarized the other Ellison script produced by The Outer Limits , `` Soldier '' . Harlan Ellison himself clarified this in a 2001 exchange with a fan at his website : `` ' Terminator ' was not stolen from ' Demon with a Glass Hand , ' it was a ripoff of my OTHER Outer Limits script , ' Soldier . ' ''", "According to the Los Angeles Times , the parties settled the lawsuit for an undisclosed amount , and an acknowledgement of Ellison 's work in the credits of Terminator .", "James Cameron emphatically denied Ellison 's allegations and was opposed to the settlement , stating `` For legal reasons I 'm not suppose ( sic ) to comment on that ( the addition of acknowledgement credits ) but it was a real bum deal , I had nothing to do with it and I disagree with it . ''", "The industrial band Cabaret Voltaire sampled `` Demon with a Glass Hand '' extensively in several works :", "`` Stay Out Of It '' from The Voice of America ( 1980 ) : `` the third part of your brain ... you know where it is ? '' , `` do n't kill me please please '' and `` the hand ... tell me what to do '' . `` Yashar '' from 2x45 ( 1982 ) : `` There 's 70 billion people of Earth , where are they hiding ? '' `` Soul Vine ( 70 Billion People ) '' from Plasticity ( 1992 ) . `` Soulenoid ( Scream At The Right Time ) '' from Plasticity ( 1992 ) .", "`` Stay Out Of It '' from The Voice of America ( 1980 ) : `` the third part of your brain ... you know where it is ? '' , `` do n't kill me please please '' and `` the hand ... tell me what to do '' .", "`` Yashar '' from 2x45 ( 1982 ) : `` There 's 70 billion people of Earth , where are they hiding ? ''", "`` Soul Vine ( 70 Billion People ) '' from Plasticity ( 1992 ) .", "`` Soulenoid ( Scream At The Right Time ) '' from Plasticity ( 1992 ) .", "This episode was first transmitted in the UK on BBC2 on Friday 28 March 1980 . Although the first season had been screened in the UK in 1964 by Granada TV , and a few other ITV regions , it was n't until the BBC transmitted all 49 episodes , in two seasons between 28 March 1980 and 17 July 1981 , that the second - season episodes were first seen in the UK . The BBC chose `` Demon With A Glass Hand '' as the first episode to be broadcast , none of the episodes were screened in series order , with second - season episodes mixed in with first - season episodes . This was also its last UK terrestrial television broadcast .", "On June 20 , 2014 , it was announced that the episode would be adapted as a motion picture .", "Jump up ^ The Outer Limits : The Official Companion , by David J. Schow and Jeffrey Frentzen , 1986 , Ace Science Fiction Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's Top 100 Episodes '' . Rev / Views . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brain Movies The Original Teleplays of Harlan Ellison Volume III , pgs 115 - 124 , Edgeworks Abbey , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9895257 - 0 - 1 Jump up ^ http://www.emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/robert-culp# Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bassom , David ( 1996 ) , Creating Babylon 5 . Boxtree . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 0841 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ellison , Harlan . `` The Ellison Bulletin Board '' . HarlanEllison.com . Jump up ^ Marx , Andy . `` IT 'S MINE All Very Well and Good , but Do n't Hassle the T - 1000 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` When Ellison Attacks '' . James Cameron Online . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ A Television Heaven review Archived 2010 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . / Radio Times / Shadow Play fanzine No. 1 , page 16 ( 1986 ) article by Terry Doyle Jump up ^ Starburst - A Marvel Monthly No. 30 Volume 1 , number 6 ( Jan 1981 ) , page 46 Jump up ^ TV Zone article by Tise Vahimagi Jump up ^ `` Classic sci - fi TV show ' The Outer Limits ' coming to the big screen '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com .", "Jump up ^ The Outer Limits : The Official Companion , by David J. Schow and Jeffrey Frentzen , 1986 , Ace Science Fiction", "Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's Top 100 Episodes '' . Rev / Views . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 .", "Jump up ^ Brain Movies The Original Teleplays of Harlan Ellison Volume III , pgs 115 - 124 , Edgeworks Abbey , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9895257 - 0 - 1", "Jump up ^ http://www.emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/robert-culp#", "Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 .", "Jump up ^ Bassom , David ( 1996 ) , Creating Babylon 5 . Boxtree . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 0841 - 1 .", "Jump up ^ Ellison , Harlan . `` The Ellison Bulletin Board '' . HarlanEllison.com .", "Jump up ^ Marx , Andy . `` IT 'S MINE All Very Well and Good , but Do n't Hassle the T - 1000 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 22 .", "Jump up ^ `` When Ellison Attacks '' . James Cameron Online . Retrieved 14 August 2015 .", "Jump up ^ A Television Heaven review Archived 2010 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . / Radio Times / Shadow Play fanzine No. 1 , page 16 ( 1986 ) article by Terry Doyle", "Jump up ^ Starburst - A Marvel Monthly No. 30 Volume 1 , number 6 ( Jan 1981 ) , page 46", "Jump up ^ TV Zone article by Tise Vahimagi", "Jump up ^ `` Classic sci - fi TV show ' The Outer Limits ' coming to the big screen '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com ." ]

[ [ "Urban Cookie Collective" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` The Key The Secret '' Single by Urban Cookie Collective from the album High On A Happy Vibe B - side `` Remix '' Released Format 7 '' Single 12 '' Single CD Single CD Maxi Length 3 : 40 Label Pulse 8 Songwriter ( s ) Rohan Heath Producer ( s ) Chapter Urban Cookie Collective singles chronology `` The Key The Secret '' ( 1993 ) `` Feels Like Heaven '' ( 1993 ) `` The Key the Secret '' ( 1993 ) `` Feels Like Heaven '' ( 1993 ) Music video `` The Key the Secret '' on YouTube 1996 Cover 1996 Edition Cover 2004 Cover 2004 Edition Cover", "`` The Key The Secret ''", "Single by Urban Cookie Collective", "from the album High On A Happy Vibe", "B - side `` Remix ''", "Released", "Format 7 '' Single 12 '' Single CD Single CD Maxi", "Length 3 : 40", "Label Pulse 8", "Songwriter ( s ) Rohan Heath", "Producer ( s ) Chapter", "Urban Cookie Collective singles chronology", "`` The Key The Secret '' ( 1993 ) `` Feels Like Heaven '' ( 1993 )", "`` The Key The Secret '' ( 1993 ) `` Feels Like Heaven '' ( 1993 )", "`` The Key The Secret '' ( 1993 ) `` Feels Like Heaven '' ( 1993 )", "`` The Key the Secret '' ( 1993 ) `` Feels Like Heaven '' ( 1993 )", "`` The Key the Secret '' ( 1993 ) `` Feels Like Heaven '' ( 1993 )", "`` The Key the Secret '' ( 1993 ) `` Feels Like Heaven '' ( 1993 )", "Music video", "`` The Key the Secret '' on YouTube", "1996 Cover", "1996 Edition Cover", "2004 Cover", "2004 Edition Cover", "`` The Key The Secret '' is a song originally released in 1993 by British band Urban Cookie Collective with vocals by British singer Diane Charlemagne . The song is widely regarded as one of the biggest dance anthems of the ' 90s and has been remixed several times .", "`` The Key The Secret '' was very successful globally . It was originally a track written at home by Rohan Heath in a soul and hip hop vein . It was released on the tiny Unheard Records label . After a subsequent re-mix provoked a massive club response it was picked up by the Pulse 8 record label and released in July 1993 .", "It peaked at number 2 with 16 consecutive weeks on the UK Top 75 singles charts , at number 2 in the Netherlands and at number 4 in Ireland and Australia . It was the best - selling Dance song of 1993 .", "When asked in an interview about how `` The Key The Secret '' came up , songwriter Rohan Heath said :", "`` It pretty much came off the top of my head . I 've always had a real interest in songwriting and it just happened to be at the better end of a million ideas I had . I tend to put one hand on my keyboard , play a chord and see what comes out of my mouth . ' The Key The Secret ' was actually about taking magic mushrooms , which a lot of people never really realised at the time . ''", "In 1996 , the track was remixed and again entered the UK charts peaking for 1 week at number 52 . It was remixed again in 2004 , this time peaking at number 31 in 2005 . An uptempo Eurodance remix was also made by DJ Dougal and Mickey Skeedale for Dancemania Speed in 1998 .", "A remix of the song was also included in episode 2 of the second series of Channel 4 's drama series Queer as Folk in 2000 .", "The music video of `` The Key The Secret '' was directed by Lindy Heymann .", "Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA Charts ) Austria ( Austrian Singles Chart ) 7 Belgium ( Belgian Singles Chart ( Vl ) ) 5 Germany ( German Singles Chart ) 5 Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Dutch Singles Chart ) New Zealand ( New Zealandian Singles Chart ) 31 Sweden ( Swedish Singles Chart ) 23 Swiss ( Swiss Singles Chart ) 7 UK ( UK Singles Chart ) US ( Hot Dance Club Play ) 26", "Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA Charts )", "Austria ( Austrian Singles Chart ) 7", "Belgium ( Belgian Singles Chart ( Vl ) ) 5", "Germany ( German Singles Chart ) 5", "Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart )", "Netherlands ( Dutch Singles Chart )", "New Zealand ( New Zealandian Singles Chart ) 31", "Sweden ( Swedish Singles Chart ) 23", "Swiss ( Swiss Singles Chart ) 7", "UK ( UK Singles Chart )", "US ( Hot Dance Club Play ) 26", "`` The Key , The Secret '' was more recently covered by Phobos & Deimos . In 2000 , the German pop singer Jasmin Wagner heavily samples the chorus and the beat of the song in the German version as `` Er ist so süß '' , which was released on her fourth studio album Die Welt gehört Dir .", "`` The Key , The Secret '' `` The Key , The Secret '' ( Glamourously Developed Mix ) `` The Key , The Secret 2004 '' ( Northstarz Club Mix )", "`` The Key , The Secret ''", "`` The Key , The Secret '' ( Glamourously Developed Mix )", "`` The Key , The Secret 2004 '' ( Northstarz Club Mix )" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Ramus communicans Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve . 1 . Somatic efferent. 2 . Somatic afferent. 3 , 4 , 5 . Sympathetic efferent. 6 , 7 . Sympathetic afferent . Diagram of the course and branches of a typical intercostal nerve . ( Rami communicantes labeled at center . ) Details Identifiers Latin ramus communicans nervorum spinalium Dorlands / Elsevier r_02 / 12689477 TA A14. 2.00. 033 FMA 5874 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata )", "Ramus communicans", "Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve . 1 . Somatic efferent. 2 . Somatic afferent. 3 , 4 , 5 . Sympathetic efferent. 6 , 7 . Sympathetic afferent .", "Diagram of the course and branches of a typical intercostal nerve . ( Rami communicantes labeled at center . )", "Details", "Identifiers", "Latin ramus communicans nervorum spinalium", "Dorlands / Elsevier r_02 / 12689477", "TA A14. 2.00. 033", "FMA 5874", "Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata )", "Ramus communicans ( plural rami communicantes ) is the Latin term used for a nerve which connects two other nerves , and can be translated as `` communicating branch '' .", "When used without further definition , it almost always refers to a communicating branch between a spinal nerve and the sympathetic trunk . More specifically , it usually refers to one of the following :", "Gray ramus communicans White ramus communicans", "Gray ramus communicans", "White ramus communicans", "The grey and white rami communicantes are responsible for conveying autonomic signals , specifically for the sympathetic nervous system . Their difference in coloration is caused by differences in myelination of the nerve fibres contained within , i.e. there are more myelinated than unmyelinated fibres in the white rami communicantes while the converse is true for the grey rami communicantes .", "The grey rami communicantes exist at every level of the spinal cord and are responsible for carrying postganglionic nerve fibres from the paravertebral ganglia to their destination , and for carrying those preganglionic nerve fibres which enter the paravertebral ganglia but do not synapse .", "The white rami communicantes exist only at the levels of the spinal cord where the intermediolateral cell column is present ( T1 - L2 ) and are responsible for carrying preganglionic nerve fibres from the spinal cord to the paravertebral ganglia .", "Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system Head Sympathetic Cervical Chain Ganglion : roots long ciliary Deep Petrosal Parasympathetic Ciliary ganglion : roots Sensory Parasympathetic Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion : deep petrosal nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution : greater palatine inferior posterior nasal branches lesser palatine nasopalatine medial superior posterior nasal branches pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion Neck Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Cervical ganglia Superior Middle Inferior Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus : Cavernous plexus Internal carotid Chest Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus : Cardiac plexus Esophageal plexus Pulmonary plexus Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves : cardiopulmonary thoracic cardiac nerves : Superior Middle Inferior Abdomen Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia : Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus : Celiac plexus Hepatic Splenic Pancreatic aorticorenal Abdominal aortic plexus Renal / Suprarenal Superior mesenteric Gastric Inferior mesenteric Spermatic Ovarian Superior hypogastric hypogastric nerve Superior rectal Inferior hypogastric Vesical Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis Uterovaginal Middle rectal splanchnic nerves : Lumbar splanchnic nerves Enteric Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Pelvis Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Sacral ganglia Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves : Sacral splanchnic nerves Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves : Pelvic splanchnic nerves", "Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system", "", "Head Sympathetic Cervical Chain Ganglion : roots long ciliary Deep Petrosal Parasympathetic Ciliary ganglion : roots Sensory Parasympathetic Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion : deep petrosal nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution : greater palatine inferior posterior nasal branches lesser palatine nasopalatine medial superior posterior nasal branches pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion", "Sympathetic Cervical Chain Ganglion : roots long ciliary Deep Petrosal Parasympathetic Ciliary ganglion : roots Sensory Parasympathetic Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion : deep petrosal nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution : greater palatine inferior posterior nasal branches lesser palatine nasopalatine medial superior posterior nasal branches pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion", "Sympathetic Cervical Chain Ganglion : roots long ciliary Deep Petrosal", "Cervical Chain Ganglion : roots long ciliary Deep Petrosal", "Cervical Chain Ganglion : roots", "Parasympathetic Ciliary ganglion : roots Sensory Parasympathetic Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion : deep petrosal nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution : greater palatine inferior posterior nasal branches lesser palatine nasopalatine medial superior posterior nasal branches pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion", "Ciliary ganglion : roots Sensory Parasympathetic Short ciliary", "Ciliary ganglion : roots Sensory Parasympathetic", "Sensory Parasympathetic", "Pterygopalatine ganglion : deep petrosal nerve of pterygoid canal", "Pterygopalatine ganglion : deep petrosal", "nerve of pterygoid canal", "branches of distribution : greater palatine inferior posterior nasal branches lesser palatine nasopalatine medial superior posterior nasal branches pharyngeal", "branches of distribution : greater palatine inferior posterior nasal branches", "inferior posterior nasal branches", "inferior posterior nasal branches", "nasopalatine medial superior posterior nasal branches", "medial superior posterior nasal branches", "medial superior posterior nasal branches", "Submandibular ganglion", "Otic ganglion", "Neck Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Cervical ganglia Superior Middle Inferior Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus : Cavernous plexus Internal carotid", "Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Cervical ganglia Superior Middle Inferior Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus : Cavernous plexus Internal carotid", "Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Cervical ganglia Superior Middle Inferior Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus : Cavernous plexus Internal carotid", "paravertebral ganglia : Cervical ganglia Superior Middle Inferior Stellate ganglion", "paravertebral ganglia : Cervical ganglia Superior Middle Inferior", "Superior Middle Inferior", "prevertebral plexus : Cavernous plexus Internal carotid", "prevertebral plexus : Cavernous plexus", "Chest Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus : Cardiac plexus Esophageal plexus Pulmonary plexus Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves : cardiopulmonary thoracic cardiac nerves : Superior Middle Inferior", "Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus : Cardiac plexus Esophageal plexus Pulmonary plexus Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves : cardiopulmonary thoracic cardiac nerves : Superior Middle Inferior", "Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus : Cardiac plexus Esophageal plexus Pulmonary plexus Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves : cardiopulmonary thoracic cardiac nerves : Superior Middle Inferior", "paravertebral ganglia : Thoracic ganglia", "paravertebral ganglia : Thoracic ganglia", "prevertebral plexus : Cardiac plexus Esophageal plexus Pulmonary plexus Thoracic aortic plexus", "prevertebral plexus : Cardiac plexus", "Thoracic aortic plexus", "splanchnic nerves : cardiopulmonary thoracic", "splanchnic nerves : cardiopulmonary", "cardiac nerves : Superior Middle Inferior", "cardiac nerves : Superior", "Abdomen Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia : Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus : Celiac plexus Hepatic Splenic Pancreatic aorticorenal Abdominal aortic plexus Renal / Suprarenal Superior mesenteric Gastric Inferior mesenteric Spermatic Ovarian Superior hypogastric hypogastric nerve Superior rectal Inferior hypogastric Vesical Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis Uterovaginal Middle rectal splanchnic nerves : Lumbar splanchnic nerves Enteric Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus", "Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia : Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus : Celiac plexus Hepatic Splenic Pancreatic aorticorenal Abdominal aortic plexus Renal / Suprarenal Superior mesenteric Gastric Inferior mesenteric Spermatic Ovarian Superior hypogastric hypogastric nerve Superior rectal Inferior hypogastric Vesical Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis Uterovaginal Middle rectal splanchnic nerves : Lumbar splanchnic nerves Enteric Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus", "Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia : Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus : Celiac plexus Hepatic Splenic Pancreatic aorticorenal Abdominal aortic plexus Renal / Suprarenal Superior mesenteric Gastric Inferior mesenteric Spermatic Ovarian Superior hypogastric hypogastric nerve Superior rectal Inferior hypogastric Vesical Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis Uterovaginal Middle rectal splanchnic nerves : Lumbar splanchnic nerves", "paravertebral ganglia : Lumbar ganglia", "paravertebral ganglia : Lumbar ganglia", "prevertebral ganglia : Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion", "prevertebral ganglia : Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal", "Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal", "Superior mesenteric ganglion", "Inferior mesenteric ganglion", "prevertebral plexus : Celiac plexus Hepatic Splenic Pancreatic", "prevertebral plexus :", "Celiac plexus Hepatic Splenic Pancreatic", "Hepatic Splenic Pancreatic", "aorticorenal Abdominal aortic plexus Renal / Suprarenal Superior mesenteric Gastric Inferior mesenteric Spermatic Ovarian Superior hypogastric hypogastric nerve Superior rectal Inferior hypogastric Vesical Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis Uterovaginal Middle rectal", "aorticorenal Abdominal aortic plexus Renal / Suprarenal", "Abdominal aortic plexus Renal / Suprarenal", "Abdominal aortic plexus", "Renal / Suprarenal", "Superior mesenteric Gastric", "Gastric", "Inferior mesenteric Spermatic Ovarian", "Spermatic Ovarian", "Superior hypogastric hypogastric nerve Superior rectal", "hypogastric nerve Superior rectal", "Inferior hypogastric Vesical Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis Uterovaginal Middle rectal", "Vesical Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis Uterovaginal Middle rectal", "Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis", "splanchnic nerves : Lumbar splanchnic nerves", "splanchnic nerves : Lumbar splanchnic nerves", "Enteric Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus", "Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus", "Pelvis Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Sacral ganglia Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves : Sacral splanchnic nerves Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves : Pelvic splanchnic nerves", "Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Sacral ganglia Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves : Sacral splanchnic nerves Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves : Pelvic splanchnic nerves", "Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Sacral ganglia Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves : Sacral splanchnic nerves", "paravertebral ganglia : Sacral ganglia Ganglion impar", "paravertebral ganglia : Sacral ganglia", "splanchnic nerves : Sacral splanchnic nerves", "splanchnic nerves : Sacral splanchnic nerves", "Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves : Pelvic splanchnic nerves", "splanchnic nerves : Pelvic splanchnic nerves", "splanchnic nerves : Pelvic splanchnic nerves", "Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud", "Nervous tissue", "", "CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia", "Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia", "Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges", "Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges", "White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure", "Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure", "Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia", "Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia", "Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule", "Pyramidal Purkinje Granule", "Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia", "insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia", "insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte", "Myelination : Oligodendrocyte", "Myelination : Oligodendrocyte", "other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia", "Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia", "Astrocyte Radial glial cell", "Radial glial cell", "Radial glial cell", "Ependymal cells Tanycyte", "Tanycyte", "PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell", "General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell", "General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers )", "Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers )", "Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus", "Root Ganglion Ramus", "Ventral Root Ramus", "Root Ramus", "Ramus communicans Gray White", "Gray White", "Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers", "Postganglionic nerve fibers )", "Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle", "Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle", "Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell", "Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell", "Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment", "Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment", "Node of Ranvier", "Satellite glial cell", "Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron", "Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron", "Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite", "Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite", "Soma Axon hillock", "Axon hillock", "Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament", "Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament", "Neurofibril / neurofilament", "Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite", "Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite", "Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite", "Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite", "Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite", "Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw", "Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw", "Interneuron Renshaw", "Renshaw", "Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain", "GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain", "fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain", "Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain", "Ia or Aα", "Ib or Golgi or Aα", "II or Aβ and Aγ", "III or Aδ or fast pain", "IV or C or slow pain", "Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron", "GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron", "Upper motor neuron", "Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron", "α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron", "Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud", "Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud", "Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction", "Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction", "Electrical synapse / Gap junction", "Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density", "Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density", "Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud", "Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud", "Meissner 's corpuscle", "Merkel nerve ending", "Free nerve ending", "Olfactory receptor neuron" ]

[ [ "the magnitude 2.2 Alpha Coronae Borealis" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Corona Borealis Constellation List of stars in Corona Borealis Abbreviation CrB Genitive Coronae Borealis Pronunciation / kəˈroʊnə ˌbɔːriˈælɪs , - ˌboʊ - , - ˈeɪlɪs / , genitive / kəˈroʊni / Symbolism The Northern Crown Right ascension 15 16 03.8205 -- 16 25 07.1526 Declination 39.7117195 ° -- 25.5380573 ° Area 179 sq. deg . ( 73rd ) Main stars 8 Bayer / Flamsteed stars 24 Stars with planets 5 Stars brighter than 3.00 Stars within 10.00 pc ( 32.62 ly ) 0 Brightest star α CrB ( Alphecca or Gemma ) ( 2.21 ) Messier objects 0 Meteor showers None Bordering constellations Hercules Boötes Serpens Caput Visible at latitudes between + 90 ° and − 50 ° . Best visible at 21 : 00 ( 9 p.m. ) during the month of July .", "Constellation", "List of stars in Corona Borealis", "Abbreviation CrB", "Genitive Coronae Borealis", "Pronunciation / kəˈroʊnə ˌbɔːriˈælɪs , - ˌboʊ - , - ˈeɪlɪs / , genitive / kəˈroʊni /", "Symbolism The Northern Crown", "Right ascension 15 16 03.8205 -- 16 25 07.1526", "Declination 39.7117195 ° -- 25.5380573 °", "Area 179 sq. deg . ( 73rd )", "Main stars 8", "Bayer / Flamsteed stars 24", "Stars with planets 5", "Stars brighter than 3.00", "Stars within 10.00 pc ( 32.62 ly ) 0", "Brightest star α CrB ( Alphecca or Gemma ) ( 2.21 )", "Messier objects 0", "Meteor showers None", "Bordering constellations Hercules Boötes Serpens Caput", "Hercules Boötes Serpens Caput", "Visible at latitudes between + 90 ° and − 50 ° . Best visible at 21 : 00 ( 9 p.m. ) during the month of July .", "Corona Borealis is a small constellation in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere . It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd - century astronomer Ptolemy , and remains one of the 88 modern constellations . Its brightest stars form a semicircular arc . Its Latin name , inspired by its shape , means `` northern crown '' . In classical mythology Corona Borealis generally represented the crown given by the god Dionysus to the Cretan princess Ariadne and set by him in the heavens . Other cultures likened the pattern to a circle of elders , an eagle 's nest , a bear 's den , or even a smokehole . Ptolemy also listed a southern counterpart , Corona Australis , with a similar pattern .", "The brightest star is the magnitude 2.2 Alpha Coronae Borealis . The yellow supergiant R Coronae Borealis is the prototype of a rare class of giant stars -- the R Coronae Borealis variables -- that are extremely hydrogen deficient , and thought to result from the merger of two white dwarfs . T Coronae Borealis , also known as the Blaze Star , is another unusual type of variable star known as a recurrent nova . Normally of magnitude 10 , it last flared up to magnitude 2 in 1946 . ADS 9731 and Sigma Coronae Borealis are multiple star systems with six and five components respectively . Five star systems have been found to have Jupiter - sized exoplanets . Abell 2065 is a highly concentrated galaxy cluster one billion light - years from the Solar System containing more than 400 members , and is itself part of the larger Corona Borealis Supercluster .", "Covering 179 square degrees and hence 0.433 % of the sky , Corona Borealis ranks 73rd of the 88 modern constellations by area . Its position in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers north of 50 ° S. It is bordered by Boötes to the north and west , Serpens Caput to the south , and Hercules to the east . The three - letter abbreviation for the constellation , as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922 , is ' CrB ' . The official constellation boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a polygon of eight segments ( illustrated in infobox ) . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 15 16.0 and 16 25.1 , while the declination coordinates are between 39.71 ° and 25.54 ° . It has a counterpart -- Corona Australis -- in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere .", "The seven stars that make up the constellation 's distinctive crown - shaped pattern are all 4th - magnitude stars except for the brightest of them , Alpha Coronae Borealis . The other six stars are Theta , Beta , Gamma , Delta , Epsilon and Iota Coronae Borealis . The German cartographer Johann Bayer gave twenty stars in Corona Borealis Bayer designations from Alpha to Upsilon in his 1603 star atlas Uranometria . Zeta Coronae Borealis was noted to be a double star by later astronomers and its components designated Zeta and Zeta . John Flamsteed did likewise with Nu Coronae Borealis ; classed by Bayer as a single star , it was noted to be two close stars by Flamsteed . He named them 20 and 21 Coronae Borealis in his catalogue , alongside the designations Nu and Nu respectively . Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism , adding Pi and Rho Coronae Borealis . Within the constellation 's borders , there are 37 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5 .", "Alpha Coronae Borealis ( officially named Alphecca by the IAU , but sometimes also known as Gemma ) appears as a blue - white star of magnitude 2.2 . In fact , it is an Algol - type eclipsing binary that varies by 0.1 magnitude with a period of 17.4 days . The primary is a white main - sequence star of spectral type A0V that is 2.91 times the mass of the Sun ( M ) and 57 times as luminous ( L ) , and is surrounded by a debris disk out to a radius of around 60 astronomical units ( AU ) . The secondary companion is a yellow main - sequence star of spectral type G5V that is a little smaller ( 0.9 times ) the diameter of the Sun . Lying 75 ± 0.5 light - years from Earth , Alphecca is believed to be a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group of stars that have a common motion through space .", "Located 112 ± 3 light - years away , Beta Coronae Borealis or Nusakan is a spectroscopic binary system whose two components are separated by 10 AU and orbit each other every 10.5 years . The brighter component is a rapidly oscillating Ap star , pulsating with a period of 16.2 minutes . Of spectral type A5V with a surface temperature of around 7980 K , it has around 2.1 M , 2.6 solar radii ( R ) , and 25.3 L . The smaller star is of spectral type F2V with a surface temperature of around 6750 K , and has around 1.4 M , 1.56 R , and between 4 and 5 L . Near Nusakan is Theta Coronae Borealis , a binary system that shines with a combined magnitude of 4.13 located 380 ± 20 light - years distant . The brighter component , Theta Coronae Borealis A , is a blue - white star that spins extremely rapidly -- at a rate of around 393 km per second . A Be star , it is surrounded by a debris disk .", "Flanking Alpha to the east is Gamma Coronae Borealis , yet another binary star system , whose components orbit each other every 92.94 years and are roughly as far apart from each other as the Sun and Neptune . The brighter component has been classed as a Delta Scuti variable star , though this view is not universal . The components are main sequence stars of spectral types B9V and A3V . Located 170 ± 2 light - years away , 4.06 - magnitude Delta Coronae Borealis is a yellow giant star of spectral type G3. 5III that is around 2.4 M and has swollen to 7.4 R . It has a surface temperature of 5180 K. For most of its existence , Delta Coronae Borealis was a blue - white main - sequence star of spectral type B before it ran out of hydrogen fuel in its core . Its luminosity and spectrum suggest it has just crossed the Hertzsprung gap , having finished burning core hydrogen and just begun burning hydrogen in a shell that surrounds the core .", "Zeta Coronae Borealis is a double star with two blue - white components 6.3 arcseconds apart that can be readily separated at 100x magnification . The primary is of magnitude 5.1 and the secondary is of magnitude 6.0 . Nu Coronae Borealis is an optical double , whose components are a similar distance from Earth but have different radial velocities , hence are assumed to be unrelated . The primary , Nu Coronae Borealis , is a red giant of spectral type M2III and magnitude 5.2 , lying 640 ± 30 light - years distant , and the secondary , Nu Coronae Borealis , is an orange - hued giant star of spectral type K5III and magnitude 5.4 , estimated to be 590 ± 30 light - years away . Sigma Coronae Borealis , on the other hand , is a true multiple star system divisible by small amateur telescopes . It is actually a complex system composed of two stars around as massive as the Sun that orbit each other every 1.14 days , orbited by a third Sun - like star every 726 years . The fourth and fifth components are a binary red dwarf system that is 14,000 AU distant from the other three stars . ADS 9731 is an even rarer multiple system in the constellation , composed of six stars , two of which are spectroscopic binaries .", "Corona Borealis is home to two remarkable variable stars . T Coronae Borealis is a cataclysmic variable star also known as the Blaze Star . Normally placid around magnitude 10 -- it has a minimum of 10.2 and maximum of 9.9 -- it brightens to magnitude 2 in a period of hours , caused by a nuclear chain reaction and the subsequent explosion . T Coronae Borealis is one of a handful of stars called recurrent novae , which include T Pyxidis and U Scorpii . An outburst of T Coronae Borealis was first recorded in 1866 ; its second recorded outburst was in February 1946 . T Coronae Borealis is a binary star with a red - hued giant primary and a white dwarf secondary , the two stars orbiting each other over a period of approximately 8 months . R Coronae Borealis is a yellow - hued variable supergiant star , over 7000 light - years from Earth , and prototype of a class of stars known as R Coronae Borealis variables . Normally of magnitude 6 , its brightness periodically drops as low as magnitude 15 and then slowly increases over the next several months . These declines in magnitude come about as dust that has been ejected from the star obscures it . Direct imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope shows extensive dust clouds out to a radius of around 2000 AU from the star , corresponding with a stream of fine dust ( composed of grains 5 nm in diameter ) associated with the star 's stellar wind and coarser dust ( composed of grains with a diameter of around 0.14 μm ) ejected periodically .", "There are several other variables of reasonable brightness for amateur astronomer to observe , including three Mira - type long period variables : S Coronae Borealis ranges between magnitudes 5.8 and 14.1 over a period of 360 days . Located around 1946 light - years distant , it shines with a luminosity 16,643 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3033 K. One of the reddest stars in the sky , V Coronae Borealis is a cool star with a surface temperature of 2877 K that shines with a luminosity 102,831 times that of the Sun and is a remote 8810 light - years distant from Earth . Varying between magnitudes 6.9 and 12.6 over a period of 357 days , it is located near the junction of the border of Corona Borealis with Hercules and Bootes . Located 1.5 ° northeast of Tau Coronae Borealis , W Coronae Borealis ranges between magnitudes 7.8 and 14.3 over a period of 238 days . Another red giant , RR Coronae Borealis is a M3 - type semiregular variable star that varies between magnitudes 7.3 and 8.2 over 60.8 days . RS Coronae Borealis is yet another semiregular variable red giant , which ranges between magnitudes 8.7 to 11.6 over 332 days . It is unusual in that it is a red star with a high proper motion ( greater than 50 milliarcseconds a year ) . Meanwhile , U Coronae Borealis is an Algol - type eclipsing binary star system whose magnitude varies between 7.66 and 8.79 over a period of 3.45 days", "TY Coronae Borealis is a pulsating white dwarf ( of ZZ Ceti ) type , which is around 70 % as massive as the Sun , yet has only 1.1 % of its diameter . Discovered in 1990 , UW Coronae Borealis is a low - mass X-ray binary system composed of a star less massive than the Sun and a neutron star surrounded by an accretion disk that draws material from the companion star . It varies in brightness in an unusually complex manner : the two stars orbit each other every 111 minutes , yet there is another cycle of 112.6 minutes , which corresponds to the orbit of the disk around the degenerate star . The beat period of 5.5 days indicates the time the accretion disk -- which is asymmetrical -- takes to precess around the star .", "Extrasolar planets have been confirmed in five star systems , four of which were found by the radial velocity method . The spectrum of Epsilon Coronae Borealis was analysed for seven years from 2005 to 2012 , revealing a planet around 6.7 times as massive as Jupiter ( M ) orbiting every 418 days at an average distance of around 1.3 AU . Epsilon itself is a 1.7 M orange giant of spectral type K2III that has swollen to 21 R and 151 L . Kappa Coronae Borealis is a spectral type K1IV orange subgiant nearly twice as massive as the Sun ; around it lie a dust debris disk , and one planet with a period of 3.4 years . This planet 's mass is estimated at 2.5 M . The dimensions of the debris disk indicate it is likely there is a second substellar companion . Omicron Coronae Borealis is a K - type clump giant with one confirmed planet with a mass of 0.83 M that orbits every 187 days -- one of the two least massive planets known around clump giants . HD 145457 is an orange giant of spectral type K0III found to have one planet of 2.9 M . Discovered by the Doppler method in 2010 , it takes 176 days to complete an orbit . XO - 1 is a magnitude 11 yellow main - sequence star located approximately 560 light - years away , of spectral type G1V with a mass and radius similar to the Sun . In 2006 the hot Jupiter exoplanet XO - 1b was discovered orbiting XO - 1 by the transit method using the XO Telescope . Roughly the size of Jupiter , it completes an orbit around its star every three days .", "The discovery of a Jupiter - sized planetary companion was announced in 1997 via analysis of the radial velocity of Rho Coronae Borealis , a yellow main sequence star and Solar analog of spectral type G0V , around 57 light - years distant from Earth . More accurate measurement of data from the Hipparcos satellite subsequently showed it instead to be a low - mass star somewhere between 100 and 200 times the mass of Jupiter . Possible stable planetary orbits in the habitable zone were calculated for the binary star Eta Coronae Borealis , which is composed of two stars -- yellow main sequence stars of spectral type G1V and G3V respectively -- similar in mass and spectrum to the Sun . No planet has been found , but a brown dwarf companion about 63 times as massive as Jupiter with a spectral type of L8 was discovered at a distance of 3640 AU from the pair in 2001 .", "Corona Borealis contains few galaxies observable with amateur telescopes . NGC 6085 and 6086 are a faint spiral and elliptical galaxy respectively close enough to each other to be seen in the same visual field through a telescope . Abell 2142 is a huge ( six million light - year diameter ) , X-ray luminous galaxy cluster that is the result of an ongoing merger between two galaxy clusters . It has a redshift of 0.0909 ( meaning it is moving away from us at 27,250 km / s ) and a visual magnitude of 16.0 . It is about 1.2 billion light - years away . Another galaxy cluster in the constellation , RX J1532. 9 + 3021 , is approximately 3.9 billion light - years from Earth . At the cluster 's center is a large elliptical galaxy containing one of the most massive and most powerful supermassive black holes yet discovered . Abell 2065 is a highly concentrated galaxy cluster containing more than 400 members , the brightest of which are 16th magnitude ; the cluster is more than one billion light - years from Earth . On a larger scale still , Abell 2065 , along with Abell 2061 , Abell 2067 , Abell 2079 , Abell 2089 , and Abell 2092 , make up the Corona Borealis Supercluster . Another galaxy cluster , Abell 2162 , is a member of the Hercules Superclusters .", "In Greek mythology , Corona Borealis was linked to the legend of Theseus and the minotaur . It was generally considered to represent a crown given by Dionysus to Ariadne , the daughter of Minos of Crete , after she had been abandoned by the Athenian prince Theseus . When she wore the crown at her marriage to Dionysus , he placed it in the heavens to commemorate their wedding . An alternate version has the besotted Dionysus give the crown to Ariadne , who in turn gives it to Theseus after he arrives in Crete to kill the minotaur that the Cretans have demanded tribute from Athens to feed . The hero uses the crown 's light to escape the labyrinth after disposing of the creature , and Dionysus later sets it in the heavens . The Latin author Hyginus linked it to a crown or wreath worn by Bacchus ( Dionysus ) to disguise his appearance when first approaching Mount Olympus and revealing himself to the gods , having been previously hidden as yet another child of Jupiter 's trysts with a mortal , in this case Semele . Corona Borealis was one of the 48 constellations mentioned in the Almagest of classical astronomer Ptolemy .", "In Welsh mythology , it was called Caer Arianrhod , `` the Castle of the Silver Circle '' , and was the heavenly abode of the Lady Arianrhod . To the ancient Balts , Corona Borealis was known as Darželis , the `` flower garden .", "The Arabs called the constellation Alphecca ( a name later given to Alpha Coronae Borealis ) , which means `` separated '' or `` broken up '' ( الفكة al - Fakkah ) , a reference to the resemblance of the stars of Corona Borealis to a loose string of jewels . This was also interpreted as a broken dish . Among the Bedouins , the constellation was known as qaṣʿat al - masākīn ( قصعة المساكين ) , or `` the dish / bowl of the poor people '' .", "The Skidi people of Native Americans saw the stars of Corona Borealis representing a council of stars whose chief was Polaris . The constellation also symbolised the smokehole over a fireplace , which conveyed their messages to the gods , as well as how chiefs should come together to consider matters of importance . The Shawnee people saw the stars as the Heavenly Sisters , who descended from the sky every night to dance on earth . Alphecca signifies the youngest and most comely sister , who was seized by a hunter who transformed into a field mouse to get close to her . They married though she later returned to the sky , with her heartbroken husband and son following later . The Mi'kmaq of eastern Canada saw Corona Borealis as Mskegwǒm , the den of the celestial bear ( Alpha , Beta , Gamma and Delta Ursae Majoris ) .", "Polynesian peoples often recognized Corona Borealis ; the people of the Tuamotus named it Na Kaua - ki - tokerau and probably Te Hetu . The constellation was likely called Kaua - mea in Hawaii , Rangawhenua in New Zealand , and Te Wale - o - Awitu in the Cook Islands atoll of Pukapuka . Its name in Tonga was uncertain ; it was either called Ao - o - Uvea or Kau - kupenga .", "In Australian Aboriginal astronomy , the constellation is called womera ( `` the boomerang '' ) due to the shape of the stars . The Wailwun people of northwestern New South Wales saw Corona Borealis as mullion wollai `` eagle 's nest '' , with Altair and Vega -- each called mullion -- the pair of eagles accompanying it . The Wardaman people of northern Australia held the constellation to be a gathering point for Men 's Law , Women 's Law and Law of both sexes come together and consider matters of existence .", "Corona Borealis was renamed Corona Firmiana in honour of the Archbishop of Salzburg in the 1730 Atlas Mercurii Philosophicii Firmamentum Firminianum Descriptionem by Corbinianus Thomas , but this was not taken up by subsequent cartographers . The constellation was featured as a main plot ingredient in the short story `` Hypnos '' by H.P. Lovecraft , published in 1923 ; it is the object of fear of one of the protagonists in the novella . Finnish band Cadacross released an album titled Corona Borealis in 2002 ." ]

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[ "This list contains the top 50 accounts with the largest number of followers on the social media platform Twitter . As of October 11 , 2018 , the most followed person is American singer Katy Perry , with over 107 million followers . Her account was the first to exceed 100 million followers , in June 2017 .", "On July 12 , 2018 , Twitter purged locked accounts -- those disabled due to suspicious activity -- from follower - count tallies . Consequently , Twitter 's own account took the fastest and greatest plunge out of all the top 50 accounts , from 63 million to 55 million followers , and in ranking , from 11th to 16th place .", "The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession or activity of each user , and their country of origin . It was last updated on October 26 , 2018 .", "Rank Change ( monthly ) Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Activity Country 1 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 108 Musician USA 2 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 105 Musician CAN 3 . @ BarackObama Barack Obama 103 Former U.S. President USA 4 . @ rihanna Rihanna 89 Musician BAR 5 . @ taylorswift13 Taylor Swift 84 Musician USA 6 . @ ladygaga Lady Gaga 78 Musician and actress USA 7 . @ TheEllenShow Ellen DeGeneres 77 Comedian USA 8 . @ Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 76 Footballer POR 9 . @ YouTube YouTube 72 Online video platform USA 10 . @ jtimberlake Justin Timberlake 65 Musician and actor USA 11 . @ KimKardashian Kim Kardashian West 59 Television personality USA 12 . @ ArianaGrande Ariana Grande 58 Musician USA 13 . @ twitter Twitter 58 Social media platform USA 14 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 57 Musician USA 15 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 57 Musician and actress USA 16 . @ britneyspears Britney Spears 57 Musician USA 17 . @ realDonaldTrump Donald Trump 55 Current U.S. President USA 18 . @ cnnbrk CNN Breaking News 55 News channel USA 19 . @ shakira Shakira 51 Musician COL 20 . @ jimmyfallon Jimmy Fallon 51 Comedian USA 21 . @ BillGates Bill Gates 46 Businessman and philanthropist USA 22 . @ narendramodi Narendra Modi 44 Current Prime Minister of India IND 23 . @ JLo Jennifer Lopez 44 Musician and actress USA 24 . @ BrunoMars Bruno Mars 42 Musician USA 25 . @ nytimes The New York Times 42 Newspaper USA 26 . @ Oprah Oprah Winfrey 42 Television personality and businesswoman USA 27 . @ KingJames LeBron James 42 Basketball player USA 28 . @ neymarjr Neymar 41 Footballer BRA 29 . @ CNN CNN 41 News channel USA 30 . @ MileyCyrus Miley Cyrus 41 Musician and actress USA 31 . @ NiallOfficial Niall Horan 40 Musician IRL 32 . @ BBCBreaking BBC Breaking News 39 News channel GBR 33 . @ Drake Drake 38 Rapper CAN 34 . @ instagram Instagram 37 Social media platform USA 35 . @ iamsrk Shah Rukh Khan 37 Actor and producer IND 36 . @ SrBachchan Amitabh Bachchan 35 Actor IND 37 . @ SportsCenter SportsCenter 35 Sports news USA 38 . @ BeingSalmanKhan Salman Khan 35 Actor and producer IND 39 . @ KevinHart4real Kevin Hart 35 Comedian and actor USA 40 . @ LilTunechi Lil Wayne 34 Rapper USA 41 . @ espn ESPN 34 Sports channel USA 42 . @ wizkhalifa Wiz Khalifa 34 Rapper USA 43 . @ Louis_Tomlinson Louis Tomlinson 33 Musician GBR 44 . @ Harry_Styles Harry Styles 33 Musician GBR 45 . @ LiamPayne Liam Payne 33 Musician GBR 46 . @ Pink Pink 32 Musician USA 47 . @ onedirection One Direction 31 Band GBR IRL 48 . @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 31 Football club ESP 49 . @ aliciakeys Alicia Keys 30 Musician USA 50 . @ KAKA Kaká 30 Footballer BRA", "Rank Change ( monthly ) Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Activity Country", "1 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 108 Musician USA", "2 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 105 Musician CAN", "3 . @ BarackObama Barack Obama 103 Former U.S. President USA", "4 . @ rihanna Rihanna 89 Musician BAR", "5 . @ taylorswift13 Taylor Swift 84 Musician USA", "6 . @ ladygaga Lady Gaga 78 Musician and actress USA", "7 . @ TheEllenShow Ellen DeGeneres 77 Comedian USA", "8 . @ Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 76 Footballer POR", "9 . @ YouTube YouTube 72 Online video platform USA", "10 . @ jtimberlake Justin Timberlake 65 Musician and actor USA", "11 . @ KimKardashian Kim Kardashian West 59 Television personality USA", "12 . @ ArianaGrande Ariana Grande 58 Musician USA", "13 . @ twitter Twitter 58 Social media platform USA", "14 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 57 Musician USA", "15 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 57 Musician and actress USA", "16 . @ britneyspears Britney Spears 57 Musician USA", "17 . @ realDonaldTrump Donald Trump 55 Current U.S. President USA", "18 . @ cnnbrk CNN Breaking News 55 News channel USA", "19 . @ shakira Shakira 51 Musician COL", "20 . @ jimmyfallon Jimmy Fallon 51 Comedian USA", "21 . @ BillGates Bill Gates 46 Businessman and philanthropist USA", "22 . @ narendramodi Narendra Modi 44 Current Prime Minister of India IND", "23 . @ JLo Jennifer Lopez 44 Musician and actress USA", "24 . @ BrunoMars Bruno Mars 42 Musician USA", "25 . @ nytimes The New York Times 42 Newspaper USA", "26 . @ Oprah Oprah Winfrey 42 Television personality and businesswoman USA", "27 . @ KingJames LeBron James 42 Basketball player USA", "28 . @ neymarjr Neymar 41 Footballer BRA", "29 . @ CNN CNN 41 News channel USA", "30 . @ MileyCyrus Miley Cyrus 41 Musician and actress USA", "31 . @ NiallOfficial Niall Horan 40 Musician IRL", "32 . @ BBCBreaking BBC Breaking News 39 News channel GBR", "33 . @ Drake Drake 38 Rapper CAN", "34 . @ instagram Instagram 37 Social media platform USA", "35 . @ iamsrk Shah Rukh Khan 37 Actor and producer IND", "36 . @ SrBachchan Amitabh Bachchan 35 Actor IND", "37 . @ SportsCenter SportsCenter 35 Sports news USA", "38 . @ BeingSalmanKhan Salman Khan 35 Actor and producer IND", "39 . @ KevinHart4real Kevin Hart 35 Comedian and actor USA", "40 . @ LilTunechi Lil Wayne 34 Rapper USA", "41 . @ espn ESPN 34 Sports channel USA", "42 . @ wizkhalifa Wiz Khalifa 34 Rapper USA", "43 . @ Louis_Tomlinson Louis Tomlinson 33 Musician GBR", "44 . @ Harry_Styles Harry Styles 33 Musician GBR", "45 . @ LiamPayne Liam Payne 33 Musician GBR", "46 . @ Pink Pink 32 Musician USA", "47 . @ onedirection One Direction 31 Band GBR IRL", "48 . @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 31 Football club ESP", "49 . @ aliciakeys Alicia Keys 30 Musician USA", "50 . @ KAKA Kaká 30 Footballer BRA" ]

[ [] ]

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[ "In the Indian Ocean north of the equator , tropical cyclones can form throughout the year on either side of India . On the east side is the Bay of Bengal , and on the west side is the Arabian Sea .", "The Bay of Bengal , located in the northeast of the Indian Ocean , is responsible for the formation of some of the strongest and deadliest tropical cyclones in the world . The basin is abbreviated BOB by the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of the basin . The Bay of Bengal 's coast is shared among India , Bangladesh , Myanmar , Sri Lanka and western part of Thailand . The strongest storm in the bay was the 1999 Odisha cyclone . As the remnants impact Tibet and Yunnan sometimes , the National Meteorological Center of CMA also issues full advisories to cyclonic storms in this basin .", "The Arabian Sea is a sea located in the northwest of the Indian Ocean . Tropical cyclones in the basin are abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre ( RSMC ) of the basin . The Arabian Sea 's coast is shared among India , Yemen , Oman , Iran , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Maldives and Somalia . Monsoons are characteristic of the Arabian Sea and responsible for the yearly cycling of its waters . In summer , strong winds blow from the southwest to the northeast , bringing rain to the Indian subcontinent . During the winter , the winds are milder and blow in the opposite direction , from the northeast to the southwest . Cyclones are rare in the Arabian Sea , but the basin can produce strong tropical cyclones . Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu was the strongest recorded tropical cyclone in the basin . However , storms typically do not reach a high intensity in the Arabian Sea due to the small amount of water , dry air coming from the desert of the Arabian Peninsula , and unfavorable wind shear from the monsoon .", "The systematic scientific studies of tropical systems in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea was started during the 19th century by Henry Piddington . Piddington utilised meteorological logs of vessels that navigated the seas and published a series of memoirs , in the `` Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal '' between 1839 and 1858 . These memoirs gave accounts and tracks of individual storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea .", "During the 2004 post monsoon season the IMD started to name tropical cyclones within the basin , with the first one named Cyclone Onil during September 2004 .", "During 2015 a modification to the intensity scale took place , with the IMD and WMO calling a system with 3 - minute maximum sustained wind speeds between 90 knots ( 165 km / h ; 105 mph ) and 120 knots ( 220 km / h ; 140 mph ) an extremely severe cyclonic storm .", "Water temperatures in the Arabian Sea are typically warm enough to allow for tropical cyclogenesis year round , although strong wind shear from the monsoon trough prevents formation in the summer months and limits intensity other times of the year . An increase in air pollution since the 1930s caused a decrease in the wind shear , allowing storms to have become stronger since 1979 .", "Period Seasons 1900s Pre-1980 , 1970 , 1980 - 1984 , 1985 - 1988 , 1989 90s 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 2000s 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 2010s 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017", "Period Seasons", "1900s Pre-1980 , 1970 , 1980 - 1984 , 1985 - 1988 , 1989", "90s 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999", "2000s 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009", "2010s 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017", "Name Total deaths Year Areas affected 1970 Bhola Cyclone 300000 - 500000 1970 West Bengal , Bangladesh Hooghly river Cyclone 300000 1737 India , Bangladesh India cyclone in Coringa 300000 1839 Andhra Pradesh Backerganj Cyclone , 200,000 1584 Bangladesh Great Backerganj Cyclone 200000 1877 West Bengal , Bangladesh Chittagong cyclone 175000 1897 Bangladesh Cyclone Nargis 140000 2008 Myanmar 1991 Bangladesh cyclone 138000 1991 West Bengal , Bangladesh", "Name Total deaths Year Areas affected", "1970 Bhola Cyclone 300000 - 500000 1970 West Bengal , Bangladesh", "Hooghly river Cyclone 300000 1737 India , Bangladesh", "India cyclone in Coringa 300000 1839 Andhra Pradesh", "Backerganj Cyclone , 200,000 1584 Bangladesh", "Great Backerganj Cyclone 200000 1877 West Bengal , Bangladesh", "Chittagong cyclone 175000 1897 Bangladesh", "Cyclone Nargis 140000 2008 Myanmar", "1991 Bangladesh cyclone 138000 1991 West Bengal , Bangladesh", "Cyclone Year Areas affected Amount ( in USD ) Cyclone Nargis 2008 Myanmar 12.1 billion Cyclone Vardah 2016 South India , Sumatra , Thailand , Malaysia 5.7 billion 1999 Odisha cyclone 1999 East India 4.4 billion Cyclone Gonu 2007 Iran , Oman 4.1 billion Cyclone Hudhud 2014 South Eastern India 3.6 billion Cyclone Roanu 2016 East India , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka 2.1 billion Cyclone Yemyin 2007 India , Pakistan , Afghanistan 2.0 billion 1991 Bangladesh Cyclone 1991 East India , Bangladesh 1.9 billion Cyclone Sidr 2007 East India , Bangladesh 1.7 billion Cyclone Mora 2017 East India , Bangladesh 1.35 billion", "Cyclone Year Areas affected Amount ( in USD )", "Cyclone Nargis 2008 Myanmar 12.1 billion", "Cyclone Vardah 2016 South India , Sumatra , Thailand , Malaysia 5.7 billion", "1999 Odisha cyclone 1999 East India 4.4 billion", "Cyclone Gonu 2007 Iran , Oman 4.1 billion", "Cyclone Hudhud 2014 South Eastern India 3.6 billion", "Cyclone Roanu 2016 East India , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka 2.1 billion", "Cyclone Yemyin 2007 India , Pakistan , Afghanistan 2.0 billion", "1991 Bangladesh Cyclone 1991 East India , Bangladesh 1.9 billion", "Cyclone Sidr 2007 East India , Bangladesh 1.7 billion", "Cyclone Mora 2017 East India , Bangladesh 1.35 billion", "Cyclone Season Peak 3 - min sustained winds Pressure Two 1963 195 ! 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) 7004947000000000000 ♠ 947 hPa ( 27.96 inHg ) Three 1963 240 ! 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) 7004920000000000000 ♠ 920 hPa ( 27.17 inHg ) 1977 Andhra Pradesh 1977 205 ! 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) 7004919000000000000 ♠ 919 hPa ( 27.14 inHg ) Gay 1989 240 ! 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) 7004930000000000000 ♠ 930 hPa ( 27.46 inHg ) 1990 Andhra Pradesh 1990 230 ! 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) 7004920000000000000 ♠ 920 hPa ( 27.17 inHg ) 1991 Bangladesh 1991 240 ! 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) 7004918000000000000 ♠ 918 hPa ( 27.11 inHg ) 1994 BOB 02 1994 215 ! 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) 7004940000000000000 ♠ 940 hPa ( 27.76 inHg ) 1999 Pakistan 1999 195 ! 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) 7004946000000000000 ♠ 946 hPa ( 27.94 inHg ) `` Paradip '' 1999 260 ! 260 km / h ( 160 mph ) 7004912000000000000 ♠ 912 hPa ( 26.93 inHg ) 2001 India 2001 215 ! 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) 7004932000000000000 ♠ 932 hPa ( 27.52 inHg ) Gonu 2007 240 ! 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) 7004920000000000000 ♠ 920 hPa ( 27.17 inHg ) Sidr 2007 215 ! 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) 7004944000000000000 ♠ 944 hPa ( 27.88 inHg ) Giri 195 ! 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) 7004950000000000000 ♠ 950 hPa ( 28.05 inHg ) Phailin 2013 215 ! 215 km / h ( 130 mph ) 7004940000000000000 ♠ 940 hPa ( 27.76 inHg ) Hudhud 2014 185 ! 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) 7004950000000000000 ♠ 950 hPa ( 28.05 inHg ) Nilofar 2014 205 ! 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) 7004950000000000000 ♠ 950 hPa ( 28.05 inHg ) Chapala 2015 215 ! 215 km / h ( 130 mph ) 7004940000000000000 ♠ 940 hPa ( 27.76 inHg )", "Cyclone Season Peak 3 - min sustained winds Pressure", "Two 1963 195 ! 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) 7004947000000000000 ♠ 947 hPa ( 27.96 inHg )", "Three 1963 240 ! 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) 7004920000000000000 ♠ 920 hPa ( 27.17 inHg )", "1977 Andhra Pradesh 1977 205 ! 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) 7004919000000000000 ♠ 919 hPa ( 27.14 inHg )", "Gay 1989 240 ! 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) 7004930000000000000 ♠ 930 hPa ( 27.46 inHg )", "1990 Andhra Pradesh 1990 230 ! 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) 7004920000000000000 ♠ 920 hPa ( 27.17 inHg )", "1991 Bangladesh 1991 240 ! 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) 7004918000000000000 ♠ 918 hPa ( 27.11 inHg )", "1994 BOB 02 1994 215 ! 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) 7004940000000000000 ♠ 940 hPa ( 27.76 inHg )", "1999 Pakistan 1999 195 ! 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) 7004946000000000000 ♠ 946 hPa ( 27.94 inHg )", "`` Paradip '' 1999 260 ! 260 km / h ( 160 mph ) 7004912000000000000 ♠ 912 hPa ( 26.93 inHg )", "2001 India 2001 215 ! 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) 7004932000000000000 ♠ 932 hPa ( 27.52 inHg )", "Gonu 2007 240 ! 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) 7004920000000000000 ♠ 920 hPa ( 27.17 inHg )", "Sidr 2007 215 ! 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) 7004944000000000000 ♠ 944 hPa ( 27.88 inHg )", "Giri 195 ! 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) 7004950000000000000 ♠ 950 hPa ( 28.05 inHg )", "Phailin 2013 215 ! 215 km / h ( 130 mph ) 7004940000000000000 ♠ 940 hPa ( 27.76 inHg )", "Hudhud 2014 185 ! 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) 7004950000000000000 ♠ 950 hPa ( 28.05 inHg )", "Nilofar 2014 205 ! 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) 7004950000000000000 ♠ 950 hPa ( 28.05 inHg )", "Chapala 2015 215 ! 215 km / h ( 130 mph ) 7004940000000000000 ♠ 940 hPa ( 27.76 inHg )", "Year CS SCS Notes 1890 10 1891 13 Total includes 1 Land Severe Cyclonic Storm 1892 12 7 1893 12 10 1894 12 6 0 1895 11 5 1896 10 8 1897 12 6 8 1898 13 7 1899 7 0 References", "Year CS SCS Notes", "1890 10", "1891 13 Total includes 1 Land Severe Cyclonic Storm", "1892 12 7", "1893 12 10", "1894 12 6 0", "1895 11 5", "1896 10 8", "1897 12 6 8", "1898 13 7", "1899 7 0", "References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1900 10 1901 6 1902 13 7 5 1903 14 8 1904 9 0 1905 10 6 0 1906 11 7 1907 15 8 1908 9 6 1909 8 8 References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "1900 10", "1901 6", "1902 13 7 5", "1903 14 8", "1904 9 0", "1905 10 6 0", "1906 11 7", "1907 15 8", "1908 9 6", "1909 8 8", "References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1910 6 5 1911 7 5 1912 9 6 1913 10 6 1914 8 1915 9 6 0 1916 14 8 5 1917 10 1918 11 5 0 1919 11 6 References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "1910 6 5", "1911 7 5", "1912 9 6", "1913 10 6", "1914 8", "1915 9 6 0", "1916 14 8 5", "1917 10", "1918 11 5 0", "1919 11 6", "References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1920 9 5 0 1921 10 1922 13 6 6 1923 16 1924 13 6 0 1925 20 7 1926 13 10 1927 18 7 1928 13 7 0 1929 15 6 0 References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "1920 9 5 0", "1921 10", "1922 13 6 6", "1923 16", "1924 13 6 0", "1925 20 7", "1926 13 10", "1927 18 7", "1928 13 7 0", "1929 15 6 0", "References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1930 14 10 1931 11 5 1932 14 6 1933 16 8 1934 16 5 0 1935 15 6 1936 17 6 1937 19 6 1938 10 1939 19 7 References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "1930 14 10", "1931 11 5", "1932 14 6", "1933 16 8", "1934 16 5 0", "1935 15 6", "1936 17 6", "1937 19 6", "1938 10", "1939 19 7", "References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1940 16 8 5 1941 19 8 1942 14 5 1943 14 7 1944 19 8 1945 15 1946 17 5 1947 18 1948 18 6 1949 12 References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "1940 16 8 5", "1941 19 8", "1942 14 5", "1943 14 7", "1944 19 8", "1945 15", "1946 17 5", "1947 18", "1948 18 6", "1949 12", "References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1950 16 0 1951 15 1952 17 1953 10 1954 14 0 1955 13 6 1956 14 1957 7 1958 12 5 1959 16 6 References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "1950 16 0", "1951 15", "1952 17", "1953 10", "1954 14 0", "1955 13 6", "1956 14", "1957 7", "1958 12 5", "1959 16 6", "References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1960 15 5 Ten 7004202990000000000 ♠ 20,299 > 7006940000000000000 ♠ $9.4 million Vast majority of the fatalities resulted from two cyclones striking East Pakistan three weeks apart 1961 18 5 Three 7004115250000000000 ♠ 11,525 0 ! Unknown Three land depressions developed this season 1962 13 5 Twelve 7002769000000000000 ♠ 769 7007345000000000000 ♠ $34.5 million Deadliest storm , Harriet , crossed over from the Western Pacific 1963 17 6 Three 7004117350000000000 ♠ 11,735 0 ! Unknown Strongest storm was equivalent to a super cyclonic storm ; had the lowest measured pressure in the basin at the time at 919.9 mbar ( hPa ; 27.17 inHg ) 1964 16 7 5 Sixteen > 7003182700000000000 ♠ 1,827 > 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150 million Strongest storm was equivalent to a super cyclonic storm 1965 14 6 1966 18 8 6 1967 15 6 1968 13 7 1969 14 6 References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "1960 15 5 Ten 7004202990000000000 ♠ 20,299 > 7006940000000000000 ♠ $9.4 million Vast majority of the fatalities resulted from two cyclones striking East Pakistan three weeks apart", "1961 18 5 Three 7004115250000000000 ♠ 11,525 0 ! Unknown Three land depressions developed this season", "1962 13 5 Twelve 7002769000000000000 ♠ 769 7007345000000000000 ♠ $34.5 million Deadliest storm , Harriet , crossed over from the Western Pacific", "1963 17 6 Three 7004117350000000000 ♠ 11,735 0 ! Unknown Strongest storm was equivalent to a super cyclonic storm ; had the lowest measured pressure in the basin at the time at 919.9 mbar ( hPa ; 27.17 inHg )", "1964 16 7 5 Sixteen > 7003182700000000000 ♠ 1,827 > 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150 million Strongest storm was equivalent to a super cyclonic storm", "1965 14 6", "1966 18 8 6", "1967 15 6", "1968 13 7", "1969 14 6", "References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1970 15 7 Bhola Cyclone 300,000 - 500,000 86.4 million The Bhola Cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide 1971 15 7 6 1972 18 7 6 1973 16 6 12 7 20 7 1976 14 10 7 1977 18 5 5 1978 14 5 1979 11 5 References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "1970 15 7 Bhola Cyclone 300,000 - 500,000 86.4 million The Bhola Cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide", "1971 15 7 6", "1972 18 7 6", "1973 16 6", "12 7", "20 7", "1976 14 10 7", "1977 18 5 5", "1978 14 5", "1979 11 5", "References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 1980 14 0 1981 12 6 1982 20 5 5 8 1984 7 1985 15 7 1986 8 0 9 5 9 04B 6,740 13 million 1989 10 5 Gay 1,785 25.27 Million Gay crossed over from the West Pacific Basin References", "Year CS SCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "1980 14 0", "1981 12 6", "1982 20 5 5", "8", "1984 7", "1985 15 7", "1986 8 0", "9 5", "9 04B 6,740 13 million", "1989 10 5 Gay 1,785 25.27 Million Gay crossed over from the West Pacific Basin", "References", "Year DD CS SCS VSCS ESCS SuCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes and References 1990 11 6 BOB 01 7002967000000000000 ♠ 967 7008900000000000000 ♠ $900 million 1991 8 BOB 01 138000 ! > 138 000 1500000000 ! 1.5 billion 1992 12 11 7 0 Forrest 000189 ! 189 124000000 ! 124.1 million Forrest crossed over from the West Pacific Basin 1993 0 BOB 03 000600 ! 600 1994 8 0 ARB 01 000285 ! 285 125000000 ! 125 million 1995 8 6 0 04B 000071 ! 71 9 7 5 0 0 BOB 05 001243 ! 1243 1997 9 7 0 BOB 01 000117 ! 117 1998 13 10 6 5 0 ARB 02 010212 ! > 10 212 3 billion 1999 9 6 BOB 06 15780 ! 15 870 5 billion The Orissa cyclone is the strongest cyclone recorded in the Northern Indian Ocean . References", "Year DD CS SCS VSCS ESCS SuCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes and References", "1990 11 6 BOB 01 7002967000000000000 ♠ 967 7008900000000000000 ♠ $900 million", "1991 8 BOB 01 138000 ! > 138 000 1500000000 ! 1.5 billion", "1992 12 11 7 0 Forrest 000189 ! 189 124000000 ! 124.1 million Forrest crossed over from the West Pacific Basin", "1993 0 BOB 03 000600 ! 600", "1994 8 0 ARB 01 000285 ! 285 125000000 ! 125 million", "1995 8 6 0 04B 000071 ! 71", "9 7 5 0 0 BOB 05 001243 ! 1243", "1997 9 7 0 BOB 01 000117 ! 117", "1998 13 10 6 5 0 ARB 02 010212 ! > 10 212 3 billion", "1999 9 6 BOB 06 15780 ! 15 870 5 billion The Orissa cyclone is the strongest cyclone recorded in the Northern Indian Ocean .", "References", "Year DD CS SCS VSCS ESCS SuCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 2000 7 6 5 0 BOB 05 238 ! 238 7008185000000000000 ♠ $185 million 2001 6 5 0 ARB 01 108 ! 108 7008104000000000000 ♠ $104 million 2002 7 7 0 0 0 BOB 04 182 ! 182 7007250000000000000 ♠ $25 million 2003 7 5 0 0 ARB 06 358 ! 358 7008163000000000000 ♠ $163 million 10 7 0 BOB 01 587 ! 587 7008129800000000000 ♠ $130 million Cyclone Agni Formed closest to the Equator ( 0.7 N ) 2005 12 7 0 0 0 0 Pyarr 273 ! 273 7007214000000000000 ♠ $21.4 million 2006 12 6 0 Mala 623 ! 623 7006670000000000000 ♠ $6.7 million 2007 11 8 Gonu 16248 ! 16,248 7009640000000000000 ♠ $6.4 billion 2008 10 7 0 Nargis 140422 ! > 140,422 7010147000000000000 ♠ $14.7 billion 2009 8 6 0 0 0 Aila 421 ! 421 7008618400000000000 ♠ $618 million References", "Year DD CS SCS VSCS ESCS SuCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "2000 7 6 5 0 BOB 05 238 ! 238 7008185000000000000 ♠ $185 million", "2001 6 5 0 ARB 01 108 ! 108 7008104000000000000 ♠ $104 million", "2002 7 7 0 0 0 BOB 04 182 ! 182 7007250000000000000 ♠ $25 million", "2003 7 5 0 0 ARB 06 358 ! 358 7008163000000000000 ♠ $163 million", "10 7 0 BOB 01 587 ! 587 7008129800000000000 ♠ $130 million Cyclone Agni Formed closest to the Equator ( 0.7 N )", "2005 12 7 0 0 0 0 Pyarr 273 ! 273 7007214000000000000 ♠ $21.4 million", "2006 12 6 0 Mala 623 ! 623 7006670000000000000 ♠ $6.7 million", "2007 11 8 Gonu 16248 ! 16,248 7009640000000000000 ♠ $6.4 billion", "2008 10 7 0 Nargis 140422 ! > 140,422 7010147000000000000 ♠ $14.7 billion", "2009 8 6 0 0 0 Aila 421 ! 421 7008618400000000000 ♠ $618 million", "References", "Year DD CS SCS VSCS ESCS SuCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes 8 6 5 0 Giri 402 7009298500000000000 ♠ $2.99 billion 2011 10 6 0 0 Thane 360 7008277000000000000 ♠ 277 million 2012 5 5 0 0 0 0 Nilam 128 7007567000000000000 ♠ 56.7 million The first depression of the year did not develop until October 10 2013 10 6 5 0 Phailin 323 7009150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 billion 2014 8 5 0 Nilofar 183 7009340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 billion 2015 12 9 0 Chapala > 363 7008258000000000000 ♠ 258 million 2016 9 6 0 0 Vardah 403 7009788000000000000 ♠ 7.88 billion 2017 7 0 0 0 Mora 395 7009460000000000000 ♠ $4.6 billion The season witnessed the first ever cyclone to make landfall maintaining peak intensity on Myanmar in April . References", "Year DD CS SCS VSCS ESCS SuCS Strongest storm Deaths Damages ( USD ) Notes", "8 6 5 0 Giri 402 7009298500000000000 ♠ $2.99 billion", "2011 10 6 0 0 Thane 360 7008277000000000000 ♠ 277 million", "2012 5 5 0 0 0 0 Nilam 128 7007567000000000000 ♠ 56.7 million The first depression of the year did not develop until October 10", "2013 10 6 5 0 Phailin 323 7009150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 billion", "2014 8 5 0 Nilofar 183 7009340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 billion", "2015 12 9 0 Chapala > 363 7008258000000000000 ♠ 258 million", "2016 9 6 0 0 Vardah 403 7009788000000000000 ♠ 7.88 billion", "2017 7 0 0 0 Mora 395 7009460000000000000 ♠ $4.6 billion The season witnessed the first ever cyclone to make landfall maintaining peak intensity on Myanmar in April .", "References" ]

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[ "Xbox Xbox console with `` Controller S '' Developer Microsoft Manufacturer Flextronics Product family Xbox Type Home video game console Generation Sixth generation Release date NA : November 15 , 2001 JP : February 22 , 2002 AU : March 14 , 2002 EU : March 14 , 2002 Retail availability 2001 -- 2009 Discontinued JP : June 4 , 2006 EU : March 11 , 2007 NA : March 2 , 2009 Units sold 24 + million ( as of May 10 , 2006 ) Media DVD , CD , digital distribution Operating system Custom CPU Custom 733 MHz Intel Pentium III `` Coppermine - based '' processor Memory 64 MB of DDR SDRAM @ 200 MHz Storage 8 or 10 GB internal hard drive ( formatted to 8 GB with allotted system reserve and MS Dash ) , 8 MB memory card Graphics 233 MHz nVidia NV2A Controller input 4 × Xbox controller ports ( proprietary USB interface ) , ( Wireless controllers not supported directly - third - party wireless controllers require a wired base unit ) Connectivity 100 Mbit Ethernet Online services Xbox Live Best - selling game Halo 2 , 8.46 million ( as of November 2008 ) Successor Xbox 360", "Xbox console with `` Controller S ''", "Developer Microsoft", "Manufacturer Flextronics", "Product family Xbox", "Type Home video game console", "Generation Sixth generation", "Release date NA : November 15 , 2001 JP : February 22 , 2002 AU : March 14 , 2002 EU : March 14 , 2002", "NA : November 15 , 2001 JP : February 22 , 2002 AU : March 14 , 2002 EU : March 14 , 2002", "NA : November 15 , 2001", "JP : February 22 , 2002", "AU : March 14 , 2002", "EU : March 14 , 2002", "Retail availability 2001 -- 2009", "Discontinued JP : June 4 , 2006 EU : March 11 , 2007 NA : March 2 , 2009", "JP : June 4 , 2006 EU : March 11 , 2007 NA : March 2 , 2009", "JP : June 4 , 2006", "EU : March 11 , 2007", "NA : March 2 , 2009", "Units sold 24 + million ( as of May 10 , 2006 )", "Media DVD , CD , digital distribution", "Operating system Custom", "CPU Custom 733 MHz Intel Pentium III `` Coppermine - based '' processor", "Memory 64 MB of DDR SDRAM @ 200 MHz", "Storage 8 or 10 GB internal hard drive ( formatted to 8 GB with allotted system reserve and MS Dash ) , 8 MB memory card", "Graphics 233 MHz nVidia NV2A", "Controller input 4 × Xbox controller ports ( proprietary USB interface ) , ( Wireless controllers not supported directly - third - party wireless controllers require a wired base unit )", "Connectivity 100 Mbit Ethernet", "Online services Xbox Live", "Best - selling game Halo 2 , 8.46 million ( as of November 2008 )", "Successor Xbox 360", "The Xbox is a home video game console and the first installment in the Xbox series of consoles manufactured by Microsoft . It was released on November 15 , 2001 in North America , followed by Australia , Europe and Japan in 2002 . It was Microsoft 's first foray into the gaming console market . It is the part of sixth generation console , and competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Nintendo 's GameCube . It was also the first console produced by an American company since the Atari Jaguar ceased production in 1996 .", "Announced in 2000 , the Xbox , graphically powerful compared to its rivals , featured a standard PC 's 733 MHz Intel Pentium III processor . It was also noted for its PC - like size and weight , and was the first console to feature a built - in hard disk . In November 2002 , Microsoft launched Xbox Live , a fee - based online gaming service that enabled subscribers to download new content and connect with other players through a broadband connection . Unlike other online services from Sega and Sony , Xbox Live had support in the original console design through an integrated Ethernet port . The service gave Microsoft an early foothold in online gaming and would help the Xbox become a relevant competitor to other sixth - generation consoles . The popularity of blockbuster titles such as Halo 2 contributed to the popularity of online console gaming , and in particular first - person shooters . Despite this and being in second position , ahead of Nintendo 's GameCube and Sega 's Dreamcast , sales of the Xbox were always well behind Sony 's PlayStation 2 .", "Xbox 's successor , the Xbox 360 , was launched in November 2005 . The Xbox was soon discontinued beginning with Microsoft 's worst - performing market , Japan , in 2005 . Other countries would follow suit in 2006 . The last Xbox game in Europe was Xiaolin Showdown released in June 2007 , and the last game in North America was Madden NFL 09 released in August 2008 . Support for out - of - warranty Xbox consoles was discontinued on March 2 , 2009 . Support for Xbox Live on the console ended on April 15 , 2010 .", "In 1998 , four engineers from Microsoft 's DirectX team , Kevin Bachus , Seamus Blackley , Ted Hase and DirectX team leader Otto Berkes , disassembled some Dell laptop computers to construct a prototype Microsoft Windows - based video game console . The team hoped to create a console to compete with Sony 's upcoming PlayStation 2 , which was luring game developers away from the Windows platform . The team approached Ed Fries , the leader of Microsoft 's game publishing business at the time , and pitched their `` DirectX Box '' console based on the DirectX graphics technology developed by Berkes 's team . Fries decided to support the team 's idea of creating a Windows DirectX based console .", "During development , the original DirectXbox name was shortened to Xbox . Microsoft 's marketing department did not like the Xbox name , and suggested many alternatives . During focus testing , the Xbox name was left on the list of possible names to demonstrate how unpopular the Xbox name would be with consumers . However , consumer testing revealed that Xbox was preferred by far over the other suggested names and `` Xbox '' became the official name of the product .", "It was Microsoft 's first video game console after collaborating with Sega to port Windows CE to the Dreamcast console . Microsoft repeatedly delayed the console , which was first mentioned publicly in late 1999 during interviews with Microsoft 's then - CEO Bill Gates . Gates stated : `` we want Xbox to be the platform of choice for the best and most creative game developers in the world '' .", "The Xbox was officially announced at the Game Developers Conference on March 10 , 2000 . Audiences were impressed by the console 's technology . At the time of Gates 's announcement , Sega 's Dreamcast sales were diminishing and Sony 's PlayStation 2 was just going on sale in Japan . Gates was in talks with Sega 's late chairman Isao Okawa about the possibility of Xbox compatibility with Dreamcast games , but negotiations fell apart over whether or not the Dreamcast 's SegaNet online service should be implemented .", "The Xbox was officially unveiled to the public by Gates and guest professional wrestler The Rock at CES 2001 in Las Vegas on January 3 , 2001 . Microsoft announced Xbox 's release dates and prices at E3 2001 in May . Most Xbox launch titles were unveiled at E3 , most notably Halo : Combat Evolved and Dead or Alive 3 .", "Due to the immense popularity of gaming consoles in Japan , Microsoft delayed the release of the Xbox in Europe to focus on the Japanese video game market . Although delayed , the European release proved to be more successful than the launch of the Xbox in Japan .", "Some of Microsoft 's plans proved effective . In preparation for its launch , Microsoft acquired Bungie and used Halo : Combat Evolved as its launch title . At the time , GoldenEye 007 for the Nintendo 64 had been one of the few hit FPS games to appear on a console , as well as titles such as Perfect Dark and Medal of Honor . Halo : Combat Evolved proved a good application to drive the Xbox 's sales . In 2002 , Microsoft made the second place slot in consoles sold in North America . The Xbox Live service gave Microsoft an early foothold in online gaming and would help the Xbox become a relevant competitor to other sixth - generation consoles .", "In 2002 , the Independent Television Commission ( ITC ) banned a television advertisement for the Xbox in the United Kingdom after complaints that it was `` offensive , shocking and in bad taste '' . It depicted a mother giving birth to a baby boy , who is fired like a projectile through a window aging rapidly as he flies through the air . The advertisement ends with an old man crash - landing into his own grave and the slogan , `` Life is short . Play more . ''", "The Xbox 's successor , the Xbox 360 , was officially unveiled announced on May 12 , 2005 on MTV . It was the first next generation system to be announced . It was released in North America on November 22 , 2005 . Nvidia ceased production of the Xbox 's GPU in August 2005 , which marked the end of brand - new Xbox production . The last Xbox game in Europe was Xiaolin Showdown released in June 2007 , and the last game in North America was Madden NFL 09 released in August 2008 . Support for out - of - warranty Xbox consoles was discontinued on March 2 , 2009 . Support for Xbox Live on the console ended on April 15 , 2010 .", "The Xbox 360 supports a limited number of the Xbox 's game library if the player has an official Xbox 360 Hard Drive . Xbox games were added up until November 2007 . Xbox game saves can not be transferred to Xbox 360 , and the ability to play Xbox games through Xbox LIVE has been discontinued since April 15 , 2010 . It is still possible to play Xbox games with System Link functionality online via both the original console and the Xbox 360 with tunneling software such as XLink Kai . It was announced at E3 2017 that the Xbox One would be gaining support for a limited number of the Xbox 's game library .", "The Xbox was the first video game console to feature a built - in hard disk drive , used primarily for storing game saves and content downloaded from Xbox Live . This eliminated the need for separate memory cards ( although some older consoles , such as the Amiga CD32 , used internal flash memory , and others , like the TurboGrafx - CD , Sega CD , and Sega Saturn , had featured built - in battery backup memory prior to 2001 ) . An Xbox user could rip music from standard audio CDs to the hard drive , and these songs were used for the custom soundtracks in some games .", "The Xbox was the first gaming product to feature Dolby Interactive Content - Encoding Technology , which allows real - time Dolby Digital encoding in game consoles . Previous game consoles could only use Dolby Digital 5.1 during non-interactive `` cut scene '' playback .", "The Xbox is based on commodity PC hardware and is much larger and heavier than its contemporaries . This is largely due to a bulky tray - loading DVD - ROM drive and the standard - size 3.5 inch hard drive . The Xbox has also pioneered safety features , such as breakaway cables for the controllers to prevent the console from being pulled from the surface upon which it rests .", "Several internal hardware revisions have been made in an ongoing battle to discourage modding ( hackers continually updated modchip designs in an attempt to defeat them ) , to cut manufacturing costs , and to make the DVD - ROM drive more reliable ( some of the early units ' drives gave Disc Reading Errors due to the unreliable Thomson DVD - ROM drives used ) . Later generation units that used the Thomson TGM - 600 DVD - ROM drives and the Philips VAD6011 DVD - ROM drives were still vulnerable to failure that rendered the consoles either unable to read newer discs or caused them to halt the console with an error code usually indicating a PIO / DMA identification failure , respectively . These units were not covered under the extended warranty .", "In 2002 Microsoft and Nvidia entered arbitration over a dispute on the pricing of Nvidia 's chips for the Xbox . Nvidia 's filing with the SEC indicated that Microsoft was seeking a $13 million discount on shipments for NVIDIA 's fiscal year 2002 . Microsoft alleged violations of the agreement the two companies entered , sought reduced chipset pricing , and sought to ensure that Nvidia fulfill Microsoft 's chipset orders without limits on quantity . The matter was privately settled on February 6 , 2003 .", "The Xbox includes a standard AV cable which provides composite video and monaural or stereo audio to TVs equipped with RCA inputs . European Xboxes also included an RCA jack to SCART converter block as well as the standard AV cable .", "An 8 MB removable solid state memory card can be plugged into the controllers , onto which game saves can either be copied from the hard drive when in the Xbox dashboard 's memory manager or saved during a game . Most Xbox game saves can be copied to the memory unit and moved to another console but some Xbox saves are digitally signed . It is also possible to save an Xbox Live account on a memory unit , to simplify its use on more than one Xbox .", "Its CPU is a 32 - bit 733 MHz , custom Intel Pentium III Coppermine - based processor . It has a 133 MHz 64 - bit GTL+ front - side bus ( FSB ) with a 1.06 GB / s bandwidth . The system has 64 MB unified DDR SDRAM , with a 6.4 GB / s bandwidth , of which 1.06 GB / s is used by the CPU and 5.34 GB / s is shared by the rest of the system .", "Its GPU is Nvidia 's 233 MHz NV2A . It has a floating - point performance of 7.3 GFLOPS , capable of geometry calculations for up to a theoretical 115 million vertices / second . It has a peak fillrate of 932 megapixels / second , capable of rendering a theoretical 29 million 32 - pixel triangles / second . With bandwidth limitations , it has a realistic fillrate of 250 -- 700 megapixels / second , with Z - buffering , fogging , alpha blending , and texture mapping , giving it a real - world performance of 7.8 -- 21 million 32 - pixel triangles / second .", "The Xbox controller features two analog sticks , a pressure - sensitive directional pad , two analog triggers , a Back button , a Start button , two accessory slots and six 8 - bit analog action buttons ( A / Green , B / Red , X / Blue , Y / Yellow , and Black and White buttons ) . The standard Xbox controller ( also nicknamed the `` Fatty '' and later , the `` Duke '' ) was originally the controller bundled with Xbox systems for all territories except Japan . The controller has been criticized for being bulky compared to other video game controllers ; it was awarded `` Blunder of the Year '' by Game Informer in 2001 , a Guinness World Record for the biggest controller in Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition 2008 , and was ranked the second - worst video game controller ever by IGN editor Craig Harris .", "The `` Controller S '' ( codenamed `` Akebono '' ) , a smaller , lighter Xbox controller , was originally the standard Xbox controller only in Japan , designed for users with smaller hands . The `` Controller S '' was later released in other territories by popular demand and by 2002 replaced the standard controller in the Xbox 's retail package , with the larger original controller remaining available as an accessory .", "The Xbox runs a custom operating system which is based on the Windows architecture kernel . It exposes APIs similar to APIs found in Microsoft Windows , such as Direct3D 8.1 . The system software may have been based on the Windows NT kernel , but it has modified log files .", "The user interface for the Xbox is called the Xbox Dashboard . It features a media player that can be used to play music CDs , rip CDs to the Xbox 's built - in hard drive and play music that has been ripped to the hard drive ; it also lets users manage game saves , music , and downloaded content from Xbox Live , and lets Live users sign in and manage their account . The dashboard is only available when the user is not watching a movie or playing a game . It uses many shades of green and black for the user interface , to be consistent with the physical Xbox color scheme . When the Xbox was released in 2001 , the Live service was not online yet so the dashboard 's Live feature was unusable .", "Xbox Live was released in 2002 , but in order to access it , users had to buy the Xbox Live starter kit containing a headset , a subscription , and supplemental . While the Xbox was still being supported by Microsoft , the Xbox Dashboard was updated via Live several times to reduce cheating and add features .", "The Xbox launched in North America on November 15 , 2001 . Popular launch games included Halo : Combat Evolved , Project Gotham Racing , and Dead or Alive 3 . All three of these games would go on to sell over a million copies in the US .", "Although the console gained strong third party support from its inception , many early Xbox games did not fully use its powerful hardware until a full year after its release . Xbox versions of cross-platform games sometimes came with a few additional features and / or graphical improvements to distinguish them from the PS2 and GameCube versions of the same game , thus negating one of the Xbox 's main selling points . Sony countered the Xbox for a short time by temporarily securing PlayStation 2 exclusives for highly anticipated games such as the Grand Theft Auto series and the Metal Gear Solid series as well as Nintendo for the Resident Evil series . Notable 3rd party support came from Sega , who announced an 11 - game exclusivity deal at Tokyo Game Show . Sega released exclusives such as Panzer Dragoon Orta and Jet Set Radio Future , which met with a strong reception among critics .", "In 2002 and 2003 , several high - profile releases helped the Xbox gain momentum and distinguish itself from the PS2 . Microsoft purchased Rare , responsible for many Nintendo 64 hit games , to expand their 1st party portfolio . The Xbox Live online service was launched in late 2002 alongside pilot titles MotoGP , MechAssault and Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon . Several best - selling and critically acclaimed titles for the Xbox soon followed , such as Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell , and Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic . Take - Two Interactive 's exclusivity deal with Sony was amended to allow Grand Theft Auto III and its sequels to be published for the Xbox . Many other publishers got into the trend of releasing the Xbox version alongside the PS2 version , instead of delaying it for months .", "2004 saw the release of highly rated exclusives Fable and Ninja Gaiden , both of these games would become big hits for the Xbox . Later that year , Halo 2 was released and became the highest - grossing release in entertainment history , making over $125 million in its first day and became the best - selling Xbox game worldwide . Halo 2 became Xbox Live 's third killer app after MechAssault & Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six 3 . That year Microsoft made a deal to put Electronic Arts 's popular titles on Xbox Live to boost the popularity of their service .", "By 2005 , despite notable first party releases in Conker : Live & Reloaded and Forza Motorsport , Microsoft began phasing out the Xbox in favor of their next console , the Xbox 360 . Games such as Kameo : Elements of Power and Perfect Dark Zero , which were originally to be developed for the Xbox , became Xbox 360 launch titles instead . The last game released on the Xbox was Madden NFL 09 , on August 12 , 2008 .", "On November 15 , 2002 , Microsoft launched its Xbox Live online gaming service , allowing subscribers to play online Xbox games with other subscribers around the world and download new content directly to the system 's hard drive . The online service works only with a broadband Internet connection . Approximately 250,000 subscribers signed up within two months of Xbox Live 's launch . In July 2004 , Microsoft announced that Xbox Live had reached 1 million subscribers ; in July 2005 , membership reached two million , and by July 2007 there were more than 3 million subscribers . By May 2009 , the number had ballooned to 20 million current subscribers . On February 5 , 2010 , it was reported that Xbox Live support for the original Xbox games would be discontinued as of April 14 , 2010 . Services were discontinued on schedule , but a group of 20 gamers continued to play for almost a month afterwards by simply leaving their consoles on connected to Halo 2 .", "Region Units sold ( as of May 10 , 2006 ) First available North America 16 million November 15 , 2001 Europe 6 million March 14 , 2002 Asia & Pacific 2 million February 22 , 2002 Worldwide 24 million N / A", "Region Units sold ( as of May 10 , 2006 ) First available", "North America 16 million November 15 , 2001", "Europe 6 million March 14 , 2002", "Asia & Pacific 2 million February 22 , 2002", "Worldwide 24 million N / A", "On November 15 , 2001 , Xbox launched in North America and quickly sold out . Its launch in that region was successful , selling 1.53 million units three months after launch , which is higher than its successor Xbox 360 , as well as the GameCube , PlayStation 3 , Wii U , and even the PlayStation 2 and Wii .", "The Xbox has sold 24 million units worldwide as of May 10 , 2006 , according to Microsoft . This is divided out to 16 million units sold in North America , six million units in Europe , and just two million units sold in Asia , Australia , and New Zealand .", "The Xbox was almost always behind the PlayStation 2 in terms of sales , although in April 2004 , the Xbox outsold the PS2 in the U.S. Despite lagging far behind the PlayStation 2 's sales , the Xbox was overall a success ( especially in North America ) , keeping a steady second place in the generation sales .", "Despite a strong promotion in Japan , the country saw very poor sales ( 450,000 as of November 2011 ) . Some analysts already believed that the Xbox would have trouble competing with Sony and Nintendo before its Japanese launch , claiming that the Xbox would be competing against its local counterparts and that the console does not fit well with Japanese society ( e.g. , console size ) , as well as the lack of Japanese - appealing launch titles , such as role - playing games . For the week ending April 14 , 2002 , the Xbox was by far outsold by its Sony and Nintendo rivals , as well as the WonderSwan and even the PSone . In November 2002 , the Xbox chief in Japan stepped down , leading to further consultations about Xbox 's future , which had by then sold just 278,860 units in the country since its February launch . For the week ending July 18 , 2004 , the Xbox sold just 272 units , which was so poor that even the PSone outsold it by four . The Xbox did , however , outsell the GameCube for the week ending May 26 , 2002 . Despite Microsoft 's struggles , some Japanese - appealing games were released exclusively for the Xbox , such as Dead or Alive 3 or Ninja Gaiden , which hugely contributed to the sales of Xbox in Japan . Its successor Xbox 360 sold 1.6 million units as of February 2014 .", "The popularity of the Xbox , as well as ( in the United States ) its comparatively short 90 - day warranty , inspired efforts to circumvent the built - in hardware and software security mechanisms , a practice informally known as modding ." ]

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[ "The X Factor Genre Reality television Created by Simon Cowell Directed by Phil Heyes Creative director ( s ) Brian Friedman Brian Burke Elizabeth Honan Jerry Reeve Mark `` Swany '' Swanhart Ashley Evans Antony Ginandjar Presented by Kate Thornton Dermot O'Leary Caroline Flack Olly Murs Judges Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue Brian Friedman Cheryl Gary Barlow Kelly Rowland Tulisa Nicole Scherzinger Mel B Nick Grimshaw Rita Ora Voices of Peter Dickson Redd Pepper Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 14 No. of episodes 417 ( as of 3 December 2017 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Cowell Richard Holloway Beth Hart Mark Sidaway Cheryl Location ( s ) Various ( auditions ) Fountain Studios ( live shows , 2004 -- 16 ) LH2 Studios ( live shows , 2017 -- ) The SSE Arena , Wembley ( live final 2011 , 2013 -- 2016 ) Manchester Central ( live final 2012 ) ExCeL London ( live final 2017 ) Running time 60 -- 150 minutes Production company ( s ) Syco Entertainment Thames ( 2012 -- ) Talkback Thames ( 2004 -- 11 ) Distributor FremantleMedia Release Original network ITV Picture format HDTV : 1080i ( 2010 -- ) SDTV : 576i ( 2004 -- 09 ) Original release 4 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows The Xtra Factor The X Factor franchise External links Official website", "The X Factor", "Genre Reality television", "Created by Simon Cowell", "Directed by Phil Heyes", "Creative director ( s ) Brian Friedman Brian Burke Elizabeth Honan Jerry Reeve Mark `` Swany '' Swanhart Ashley Evans Antony Ginandjar", "Brian Friedman Brian Burke Elizabeth Honan Jerry Reeve Mark `` Swany '' Swanhart Ashley Evans Antony Ginandjar", "Mark `` Swany '' Swanhart", "Presented by Kate Thornton Dermot O'Leary Caroline Flack Olly Murs", "Kate Thornton Dermot O'Leary Caroline Flack Olly Murs", "Judges Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue Brian Friedman Cheryl Gary Barlow Kelly Rowland Tulisa Nicole Scherzinger Mel B Nick Grimshaw Rita Ora", "Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue Brian Friedman Cheryl Gary Barlow Kelly Rowland Tulisa Nicole Scherzinger Mel B Nick Grimshaw Rita Ora", "Voices of Peter Dickson Redd Pepper", "Peter Dickson Redd Pepper", "Country of origin United Kingdom", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of series 14", "No. of episodes 417 ( as of 3 December 2017 )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Simon Cowell Richard Holloway Beth Hart Mark Sidaway Cheryl", "Simon Cowell Richard Holloway Beth Hart Mark Sidaway Cheryl", "Location ( s ) Various ( auditions ) Fountain Studios ( live shows , 2004 -- 16 ) LH2 Studios ( live shows , 2017 -- ) The SSE Arena , Wembley ( live final 2011 , 2013 -- 2016 ) Manchester Central ( live final 2012 ) ExCeL London ( live final 2017 )", "Various ( auditions ) Fountain Studios ( live shows , 2004 -- 16 ) LH2 Studios ( live shows , 2017 -- ) The SSE Arena , Wembley ( live final 2011 , 2013 -- 2016 ) Manchester Central ( live final 2012 ) ExCeL London ( live final 2017 )", "Various ( auditions )", "Fountain Studios ( live shows , 2004 -- 16 )", "LH2 Studios ( live shows , 2017 -- )", "The SSE Arena , Wembley ( live final 2011 , 2013 -- 2016 )", "Manchester Central ( live final 2012 )", "ExCeL London ( live final 2017 )", "Running time 60 -- 150 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Syco Entertainment Thames ( 2012 -- ) Talkback Thames ( 2004 -- 11 )", "Syco Entertainment Thames ( 2012 -- ) Talkback Thames ( 2004 -- 11 )", "Thames ( 2012 -- )", "Talkback Thames ( 2004 -- 11 )", "Distributor FremantleMedia", "Release", "Original network ITV", "Picture format HDTV : 1080i ( 2010 -- ) SDTV : 576i ( 2004 -- 09 )", "HDTV : 1080i ( 2010 -- ) SDTV : 576i ( 2004 -- 09 )", "HDTV : 1080i ( 2010 -- )", "SDTV : 576i ( 2004 -- 09 )", "Original release 4 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) -- present ( present )", "Chronology", "Related shows The Xtra Factor The X Factor franchise", "The Xtra Factor The X Factor franchise", "The Xtra Factor", "The X Factor franchise", "External links", "Official website", "The X Factor is a British reality television music competition to find new singing talent . The contestants are aspiring singers drawn from public auditions . Created by Simon Cowell , the show began in 2004 and has since aired annually from August / September until December . The show is produced by FremantleMedia 's Thames ( previously Talkback Thames ) and Cowell 's production company Syco Entertainment . It is broadcast on the ITV network in the UK and simulcast on TV3 in Ireland . `` X Factor '' refers to the undefinable `` something '' that makes for star quality . The series consists of auditions , bootcamp , judges ' houses , several weeks of live shows , semi-finals and the final . The series had a spin - off behind - the - scenes show called The Xtra Factor , which aired directly after the main show on ITV2 . This lasted from series 1 until series 13 when it was cancelled by ITV in January 2017 . It is replaced by an online spin - off show Xtra Bites exclusively on the ITV Hub .", "The original judging panel consisted of Louis Walsh , Sharon Osbourne and Cowell . In 2005 Paula Abdul joined the show as a guest judge whilst Osbourne was away then joined the panel in 2006 for three sets of auditions . Brian Friedman replaced Walsh in series 4 , which also saw Dannii Minogue join the panel . Friedman left during the auditions and Walsh replaced Friedman . Cheryl Cole replaced Osbourne in series 5 . Gary Barlow , Kelly Rowland and Tulisa joined the panel in series 8 as replacements for Cowell , Minogue , and Cole . Rowland left before series 9 and was replaced by Nicole Scherzinger . Osbourne returned to the panel in series 10 , replacing Tulisa . Cowell and Cole ( then - Fernandez - Versini , now Cheryl ) returned to replace Barlow and Osbourne in series 11 , while Mel B replaced Scherzinger . In series 12 , Mel B and Walsh were replaced by Rita Ora and Nick Grimshaw . In series 13 , Walsh , Osbourne and Scherzinger returned , replacing Cheryl , Grimshaw , and Ora . The first three series were presented by Kate Thornton , then from series four to eleven , the show was presented by Dermot O'Leary . Series 12 was presented by Caroline Flack and Olly Murs with O'Leary returning for series 13 . The show is split into different stages , following the contestants from auditions through to the final . In the original televised audition stage of the show , contestants sang in an audition room in front of just the judges , but from the sixth series onwards , auditionees sing on a stage in front of the judges and a live audience . In series 10 and 11 , both auditions formats were used . In series 12 , the room auditions were scrapped , leaving just the arena auditions . The room auditions were revived in series 13 , and no arena auditions followed . Successful auditionees go through to `` bootcamp '' and then to `` judges ' houses '' , where judges narrow down the acts in their category down to three or four acts to mentor for the live shows , where the public vote for their favourite acts following weekly live performances by the contestants .", "There have been 14 winners of the show to date : Steve Brookstein , Shayne Ward , Leona Lewis , Leon Jackson , Alexandra Burke , Joe McElderry , Matt Cardle , Little Mix , James Arthur , Sam Bailey , Ben Haenow , Louisa Johnson , Matt Terry and Rak - Su . Winners receive a recording contract with record label Syco Music with a stated value of £ 1 million . This includes a cash payment to the winner , but the majority is allocated to marketing and recording costs . From 2004 to 2010 , and again in 2013 and 2014 , the winning contestant 's single was released in time for the end - of - year chart battle for the UK 's Christmas number one , with all of them ( bar McElderry in 2009 , Johnson in 2015 and Terry in 2016 ) reaching the top spot . As of November 2016 , 41 number - one singles have been achieved by artists who have appeared on the show , such as Lewis , Burke , JLS , Olly Murs , Cher Lloyd , One Direction and Little Mix .", "The show is the originator of the international The X Factor franchise . A prominent show in British popular culture , The X Factor has proved hugely popular with the public . The sixth series attracted 200,000 auditionees and peaked at 19.7 million UK viewers ( a 63.2 % audience share ) . More than 10 million votes were cast in the sixth series final .", "The X Factor was created by Sony Music A&R judge Simon Cowell as a replacement for Pop Idol . Cowell , who was a judge on Pop Idol , wished to launch a show to which he owned the television rights . Pop Idol 's first series was massively successful , and while the second series was also successful , the viewing figures for its finale dropped . Some -- including Cowell 's fellow Pop Idol judge Pete Waterman -- considered Michelle McManus an unworthy winner . In 2004 , ITV announced a new show created by Cowell , with no involvement from Pop Idol creator Simon Fuller -- The X Factor . The perceived similarity between the two shows later became the subject of a legal dispute .", "On 15 November 2013 , ITV announced that Cowell had signed a three - year contract renewing The X Factor until 2016 . On 16 September 2016 , it was announced that ITV had signed another three - year contract to renew the show until 2019 .", "Unlike Pop Idol , The X Factor has no upper - age limit , groups can apply , and contestants are also split into categories . Cowell said , `` We 're trying to create a different competition . Hopefully we 're going to be able to appeal to somebody over the age of 35 who keeps saying to me ' there are n't any artists I like in the competition ' . It 's amazing , but we have n't catered for older record buyers who want to buy into the new Cliff Richard or whatever . ''", "For series 1 -- 3 the competition was split into three categories : 16 -- 24s ( solo acts aged 16 -- 24 ) , Over 25s ( solo acts aged 25 and over ) and Groups ( including duos ) . In series 4 -- 5 , the minimum age was lowered to 14 , creating a 14 -- 24 age group . With the addition of a fourth judge in series 4 , this was split into separate male and female sections , making four categories in all : `` Boys '' ( 14 -- 24 males ) , `` Girls '' ( 14 -- 24 females ) , Over 25s and Groups . For series 6 , the minimum age returned to 16 , meaning that the Boys category became 16 -- 24 males and the Girls category became 16 -- 24 females . For series 7 , the age group boundaries were changed , and the Over 25s became Over 28s , with the Boys and Girls categories becoming 16 -- 28 . It was changed back to Over 25s for series 8 , before reverting to Over 28s in series 9 . In series 10 , it became the Over 25s again . In series 11 , the minimum age returned to 14 . This then returned to 16 as of series 12 . Also in series 12 , the Over 25s category was renamed to `` Overs '' . In series 11 , each judge chose a wildcard for another judge ; this could be any act who was given a chair at any point in the six - chair challenge . In all series , apart from series 12 , the show 's producers decided which judge mentored which category . In the 12th series , the public chose which judge mentored which category via a Twitter vote .", "Alongside the more serious acts who are contesting to win the competition or gain enough exposure to secure a future recording contract , The X Factor usually has at least one `` novelty act '' or `` joke act '' in the live shows . This helps to boost ratings and add some fun into the live shows , although they tend to be controversial due to the show being primarily a singing competition . Some of the popular novelty acts to appear on the show include Rhydian Roberts , Johnny Robinson , Rylan Clark , Diva Fever , Chico Slimani , Wagner , Stevi Ritchie , Honey G and Jedward . These tend to be predominantly in the Overs category and occasionally in the Groups . For series 9 of the X Factor , judge Gary Barlow reportedly had an issue with the Overs category , which he had been chosen to mentor . A source stated : `` Gary does n't like joke acts and the Overs category is often full of novelty acts . ''", "While mentoring what Barlow called the ' joke category ' , he showed strong support for self - confessed `` pantomime villain '' Christopher Maloney right through to the grand final , despite strong criticism form fellow judges Louis Walsh and Tulisa for his cabaret performances . The format was changed for series 10 with no joke contestant in the final 12 . Writing for The Telegraph , Olly Mann felt that this change was unwelcoming . He wrote : `` The fact that the joke contestants made it through to the live shows used to be the most gloriously British part of The X Factor . We love an underdog ... It was a vital part of the format . '' However , the ' joke act ' returned to series 13 with Honey G . The rapper from Harrow , North London was described by Isabel Mohan in The Telegraph as `` the biggest joke in X Factor history . ''", "There are five stages to the competition :", "Stage 1 : Producers ' auditions -- these auditions are un-televised , and decide who will sing in front of the judges Stage 2 : Judges ' auditions -- either in an audition room ( series 1 -- 5 , 13 -- ) , an arena ( series 6 -- 9 , 12 ) , or both ( series 10 -- 11 ) Stage 3 : Bootcamp -- a series of challenges and knockout rounds ( series 1 -- 9 ) , the Six - Chair Challenge ( series 10 -- 11 ) or both ( series 12 -- ) Stage 4 : Judges ' houses -- either pre-recorded ( series 1 -- 11 , 13 -- ) or live ( series 12 ) Stage 5 : Live shows ( finals )", "Stage 1 : Producers ' auditions -- these auditions are un-televised , and decide who will sing in front of the judges", "Stage 2 : Judges ' auditions -- either in an audition room ( series 1 -- 5 , 13 -- ) , an arena ( series 6 -- 9 , 12 ) , or both ( series 10 -- 11 )", "Stage 3 : Bootcamp -- a series of challenges and knockout rounds ( series 1 -- 9 ) , the Six - Chair Challenge ( series 10 -- 11 ) or both ( series 12 -- )", "Stage 4 : Judges ' houses -- either pre-recorded ( series 1 -- 11 , 13 -- ) or live ( series 12 )", "Stage 5 : Live shows ( finals )", "Note : In series 10 -- 11 , the Bootcamp round was shortened to only several minutes and was broadcast before the start of the Six - Chair Challenge .", "This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "A round of first auditions is held in front of producers months before the show is aired , either by application and appointment , or at `` open '' auditions that anyone can attend . These auditions , held at various venues around the UK , attract very large crowds . The auditions themselves are not televised , but shots of crowds waving and `` judges ' cars '' arriving are filmed and later spliced in with the televised auditions shot later in the year . The production team supply the crowds with `` home - made '' signs . After waiting at the venue for hours and filming more inserts of screaming and waving , candidates are given a brief audition by someone from the production team . Should they pass that audition ( either for reasons of talent or for the potential of making entertaining television ) , they are given a `` golden ticket '' that allows them to sing to a more senior production member . Only candidates who successfully pass that second and third auditions are invited to perform to the judges . The televised version misrepresents the process by implying that the entire huge crowds all perform to the judges .", "A selection of the auditions in front of the judges -- usually the best , the worst and the most bizarre ( described by Louis Walsh as `` the good , the bad and the ugly '' ) -- are broadcast over the first few weeks of the show . In the first five series , each act entered the audition room and delivered a stand - up unaccompanied performance of their chosen song to the judges . From series 6 -- 9 , the judges ' auditions were held in front of a live audience and the acts sang over a backing track . If a majority of the judges ( two in series 1 -- 3 , or three from series 4 onwards ) say `` yes '' then the act goes through to the next stage , otherwise , they are sent home . From series 10 , the judges ' room auditions were brought back ; successful acts then later went onto the judges ' arena auditions . In series 12 , the room auditions were axed , with only the arena auditions taking place .", "Over 50,000 people auditioned for series 1 , around 75,000 for series 2 and around 100,000 for series 3 . The number of applicants for series 4 reached 150,000 , 182,000 people auditioned for series 5 , and a record 200,000 people applied for series 6 . Series 7 applicants were given the opportunity to apply by uploading a video audition to the Internet . In series 9 , for the first time , applicants could audition online via Facebook . The show 's producers also sent a `` mobile audition van '' to 18 locations throughout the UK and Ireland so they can audition singers who can not make the arena auditions .", "The contestants selected at auditions are further refined through a series of performances at `` Bootcamp '' , and then at the `` judges ' houses '' ( previously `` judges ' homes '' ) , until a small number eventually progress to the live finals ( nine in series 1 , 12 from series 2 to 6 , 16 from series 7 -- 8 , 13 in series 9 , and back to 12 in series 10 ) . Walsh revealed in October 2007 that the houses the contestants visit may not actually belong to the judges , but are sometimes rented for the purpose . During these stages , the producers allocate each of the judges a category to mentor . In the early series , this allocation took place after completion of the auditions and prior to Bootcamp , but from series 4 , all four judges work together at the Bootcamp stage . They collectively choose 24 acts ( six from each category ) for the next round and only then find out which category they will mentor", "Bootcamp has two stages : in the first stage , acts are allocated into groups and must perform a song to the judges in their groups , with each act showcasing a few parts of the song solo . Those who pass this stage then must sing again on their own in the next stage in front of the judges . A live audience was added to the second stage from series 4 onwards ( one exception in series 5 saw the live audience in the first stage instead , and another in series 7 saw it being axed altogether due to Cole 's and Minogue 's absences ) , and the performances at both stages now take place at Wembley Arena from series 7 onwards ( the first use of the live audience at the arena was in series 8 ) . Usually in both stages , the judges do not give any feedback to the acts after performing , and only deliberate on which acts to send through after all the performances at each stage are finished . However , in series 5 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , and 14 , the judges give feedback to the acts in the first stage and immediately decide who to send through . They also made the immediate decisions in the second stage In series 7 , an intermediate stage was used in - between the two stages in which the acts were taught to do a dance routine by the creative director but were not judged on performance . In series 8 and 9 , the judges reviewed the audition tapes of the acts and deliberated on who to send home before their arrival , only revealing their eliminated acts to the contestants just before the first stage . In series 13 , the second stage of Bootcamp was cut down and the judges made the decisions on who to send through to the next stage of the competition .", "In series 4 , 6 , and 8 the judges found out which category they would be mentoring at the same time that the contestants found out their mentor , but in series 5 , 7 and 9 the contestants did not know who their mentor was until they revealed themselves at the house . The judges then disband for the `` judges ' houses '' round , where they reduce their six acts to three for the live shows . In series 7 and 8 , a total of 32 acts went through to judges ' houses , giving each judge eight acts instead of six .", "In series 10 , the format to Bootcamp was changed : the judges find out their categories before Bootcamp starts , and each judge will make decisions on who is performing in the Six - Chair Challenge by eliminating the contestants , this is up to each individual judge . From Series 11 onwards , the judges do not know their categories before the Bootcamp , so they have to make the decisions together . After the Bootcamp round , the mentor challenges their contestants through the Six - Chair Challenge . Judges make decisions on who to put through to judges ' houses straight after each act has performed , with those getting a yes taking a chair in the final six chairs on stage . It is up to the mentor to decide , which act they want to take to judges ' houses , but once all six spots are full , if the mentor wants to send another act through to the next stage it means they have to replace one of those who were previously given a yes . This format was very poorly rated by many members of the British public . Bootcamp still took place , but only highlights were shown in the first episode of the Six - chair challenge . In series 12 , all of Bootcamp aired on - screen . A more brutal twist to the Six - Chair Challenge was introduced in series 14 , where the mentor is to sit at a smaller table at the side of the arena while making the decisions , while the other judges remain at a larger table on the other side .", "For series 12 , the judges ' houses round was given a new tweak : the contestants perform for their mentors in the scheduled destinations as usual , but only find out whether or not they are through to the live shows during a live decider in front of a studio audience of friends and family . Judges ' houses returned to its previous format in being entirely pre-recorded at the locations for series 13 .", "The selected finalists ( either 9 , 12 , 13 or 16 acts ) move into shared accommodation to take part in the show . The house accommodates both contestants and TV production staff and footage from the house is often used in spin - off show The Xtra Factor . In 2009 the house , in West Heath Avenue , Golders Green , received significant press coverage when it was mobbed by fans , leading to the police being called . This led to concerns by the neighbours of the 2010 house in Hyver Hill , Mill Hill that it would receive similar attention , with a local farmer worried his land would be damaged , but local businesses were said to be looking forward to increased trade . The 2011 residence , Connaught House in Hertford Heath had cameras installed for filming . In 2012 , the finalists stayed at the Corinthia Hotel in London .", "The finals consist of a series of two live shows , the first featuring the contestants ' performances and the second revealing the results of the public voting , culminating in one or more acts being eliminated . Celebrity guest performers also feature regularly . These live shows were filmed at Fountain Studios in Wembley , London from series 1 to 13 . In series 1 -- 5 , both live shows were broadcast on Saturday nights . In series 6 , the results show moved to Sunday nights . In series 1 , nine acts were put through to the live shows , increased to 12 in series 2 . In series 7 , following the addition of four wildcards , it increased to 16 . In series 8 , the judges selected four acts each to go through the live shows , without the inclusion of wildcards . Then in series 9 , it reduced back to three each , but one wildcard was added , meaning there were 13 finalists . Series 10 reverted to 12 finalists . Series 11 initially did the same , but the addition of four wildcards in the live shows brought it back up to 16 finalists ; but with the wildcards chosen by a different judge instead of their category 's mentor . Series 12 used the same format as series 9 , in which each category had three acts before one wildcard was added . For series 13 , it returned to just 12 finalists , with no wildcard twist ( like in series 10 ) , although wildcard acts in each category were selected prior to judges ' houses , each judge picking for another judge 's category . Series 14 also used the wildcard premise as series 7 and 11 , but added a twist in which the public voted for one act in each category to progress to the live shows .", "The show is primarily concerned with identifying a potential pop star or star group , and singing talent , appearance , personality , stage presence and dance routines are all important elements of the contestants ' performances . In the initial live shows , each act performs once in the first show in front of a studio audience and the judges , usually singing over a pre-recorded backing track . Dancers are also commonly featured . Acts occasionally accompany themselves on guitar or piano .", "In the first two series , acts usually chose a cover of a pop standard or contemporary hit . In series 1 , much was made of the idea that each performer / mentor combination was free to present the performance however they wanted , including performer playing live instruments , or the addition of choirs , backing bands , and dancers . From the third series , each live show has had a different theme ; each contestant 's song is chosen according to the theme . A celebrity guest connected to the theme is often invited onto the show , and clips are shown of the guest conversing with the contestants at rehearsal . After each act has performed , the judges comment on their performance . Heated disagreements , usually involving judges defending their contestants against criticism , are a regular feature of the show . Once all the acts have appeared , the phone lines open and the viewing public vote on which act they want to keep .", "Once the number of contestants has been reduced to four ( series 1 and 3 ) , five ( series 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 and 11 ) or seven ( series 7 ) , the format changes . Each act performs twice in the first show , with the public vote opening after the first performance . This continues until only two ( series 1 and 3 ) , three ( series 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 and 11 ) or four ( series 7 ) acts remain . These acts go on to appear in the grand final which decides the overall winner by public vote . In past series some of the more memorable failed auditionees from the early rounds have also returned for a special appearance in the final . From its inception up to series 7 , the final took place in the same studio as the live shows . However , from series 8 onwards , due to the success of the arena auditions , the final now takes place at Wembley Arena , accommodating a larger stage and a much larger audience ( in series 9 , however , the final took place at Manchester Central as Wembley Arena was unavailable ) .", "Series 6 saw a change to the live show format : since then , the live shows on Saturdays show just the contestants ' performances , and Sunday 's results shows reveal the results for the contestants , giving viewers a much longer time span to vote . Series 9 completely changed the voting format . Lines now open for viewers to vote at the start of each show , and then close during the results show .", "For series 14 , the format of the live shows was revised significantly : the finalists are divided into two groups , where the contestants in each group compete against each other on Saturday or Sunday to win that night 's show ; the two winning contestants competing against each other to win a weekly prize . The voting window has once again been shortened ; in that viewers only have a few minutes to vote for their favourite acts after all the contestants on the night have performed .", "Before the results are announced , there are live or pre-recorded performances from one or more invited celebrities , often with performers connected to the week 's theme . From series 6 onwards , the results show begins with a group performance from the remaining contestants . However , the song is pre-recorded and the contestants mime , due to problems with the number of microphones . The two acts polling the fewest votes are revealed . Both these acts perform again in a `` final showdown '' , and the judges vote on which of the two to send home . In the first four series the bottom two contestants reprised their earlier song , but from series 5 they were able to pick new songs . In series 3 , a twist occurred where the act with the fewest votes was automatically eliminated , and the two with the next fewest votes performed in the `` final showdown '' as normal . Ties became possible with the introduction of a fourth judge in series 4 . In the event of a tie the result goes to deadlock , and the act who came last in the public vote is sent home . The actual number of votes cast for each act is not revealed , nor even the order ; according to a spokesman , `` We would never reveal the voting figures during the competition as it could give contestants an unfair advantage and spoil the competition for viewers '' .", "Once the number of contestants has been reduced to four ( series 1 , 3 , 7 , 8 and 9 ) or five ( series 2 , 4 , 5 and 6 ) , the act which polled the fewest votes is automatically eliminated from the competition ( the judges do not have a vote ; their only role is to comment on the performances ) . Two occasions in series 7 and series 10 during the semi-final saw the judges instead vote to send one of the bottom two through to the semi-final . In series 1 , the eliminated acts also reprised one of their songs in the results show after being voted off . This has become less common in other series , instead being relegated to results shows with no final showdown .", "In series 10 , the flash vote was introduced : where one contestant is revealed with the least flash votes on Saturday 's live show , and the contestant with the second lowest votes from the remaining public vote is announced on Sunday 's results show and therefore participates in the final showdown with the other contestant . Despite the flash vote eliminating all possibilities of deadlock , it quickly drew criticism from viewers and was quickly dropped after several weeks . However , another variation of the flash vote has debuted in series 11 twice as part of a double elimination . In this variation , the act who polled the least votes on Saturday 's show is automatically eliminated . The two acts with the next fewest votes on Sunday then perform in the final showdown . This double elimination variation was used once again in series 12 .", "A lifeline vote was introduced within the first half of the series 13 live shows , where the bottom three contestants are announced . Viewers are then given a few minutes to vote to save one of the bottom three , with the winner of the lifeline vote avoiding the final showdown .", "As of series 14 , the contestants are split into two halves competing on Saturday and Sunday night , respectively , therefore each week is a double elimination . As the results are announced , the contestant who had the lowest viewer votes on each night is announced and leaves the show immediately ; the winning contestant is announced thereafter . The two winning contestants of both Saturday and Sunday night then compete in a sing - off to win their weekly prize . Once they have performed their sing - off songs , the lines then reopen and the public votes on which contestant to win the weekly prize .", "The winner of The X Factor is awarded a £ 1 million recording contract with Syco Music , in association with Sony Music . In series 5 , this deal consisted of a £ 150,000 cash advance with the balance covering the costs of recording and marketing . Other highly placed contestants may also be offered recording deals , but this is not guaranteed . In series 1 -- 3 , the premise of The X Factor was that the winner would be managed in the industry by their mentor on the show . With Cowell , Osbourne and Walsh as judges / mentors , any of the three would be qualified to do so . Following the appointment of singer Minogue as a judge in series 4 , the same principle could not universally apply . In fact , when Minogue won series 4 with Leon Jackson , a new outside manager was appointed .", "The X Factor Live Tour is a live show that tours the UK and Ireland in the months following the conclusion of the series . It features an array of finalists and other memorable contestants from the most recent The X Factor series and is hosted by Jeff Brazier .", "To date , 14 series have been broadcast , as summarised below .", "Contestant in ( or mentor of ) `` 16 -- 24s '' category Contestant in ( or mentor of ) `` Boys '' category Contestant in ( or mentor of ) `` Girls '' category Contestant in ( or mentor of ) `` Overs '' , `` Over 25s '' or `` Over 28s '' category Contestant in ( or mentor of ) `` Groups '' category", "Series Start Finish Winner Runner - up Third place Winning mentor Presenter ( s ) UK sponsor Main judges Guest judges The Xtra Factor & other presenter ( s ) 4 September 2004 11 December 2004 Steve Brookstein Over 25s G4 Groups Tabby Callaghan 16 -- 24s Simon Cowell Kate Thornton Nokia Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh N / A Ben Shephard 20 August 2005 17 December 2005 Shayne Ward 16 -- 24s Andy Abraham Over 25s Journey South Groups Louis Walsh 19 August 2006 16 December 2006 Leona Lewis 16 -- 24s Ray Quinn 16 -- 24s Ben Mills Over 25s Simon Cowell Paula Abdul 18 August 2007 15 December 2007 Leon Jackson Boys Rhydian Roberts Boys Same Difference Groups Dannii Minogue Dermot O'Leary The Carphone Warehouse Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue Brian Friedman Fearne Cotton 5 16 August 2008 13 December 2008 Alexandra Burke Girls JLS Groups Eoghan Quigg Boys Cheryl Cole Simon Cowell Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue Cheryl Cole N / A Holly Willoughby 6 22 August 2009 13 December 2009 Joe McElderry Boys Olly Murs Over 25s Stacey Solomon Girls Cheryl Cole TalkTalk 7 21 August 2010 12 December 2010 Matt Cardle Boys Rebecca Ferguson Girls One Direction Groups Dannii Minogue Geri Halliwell Natalie Imbruglia Katy Perry Pixie Lott Nicole Scherzinger Konnie Huq 8 20 August 2011 11 December 2011 Little Mix Groups Marcus Collins Boys Amelia Lily Girls Tulisa Louis Walsh Tulisa Gary Barlow Kelly Rowland Alexandra Burke Caroline Flack Olly Murs 9 18 August 2012 9 December 2012 James Arthur Boys Jahméne Douglas Boys Christopher Maloney Over 28s Nicole Scherzinger Louis Walsh Tulisa Gary Barlow Nicole Scherzinger Geri Halliwell Leona Lewis Rita Ora Nicole Scherzinger Mel B Anastacia 10 31 August 2013 15 December 2013 Sam Bailey Over 25s Nicholas McDonald Boys Luke Friend Boys Sharon Osbourne Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Gary Barlow Nicole Scherzinger N / A Caroline Flack Matt Richardson 11 30 August 2014 14 December 2014 Ben Haenow Over 25s Fleur East Over 25s Andrea Faustini Boys Simon Cowell Simon Cowell Louis Walsh Cheryl Mel B Tulisa Sarah - Jane Crawford 12 29 August 2015 13 December 2015 Louisa Johnson Girls Reggie ' n ' Bollie Groups Ché Chesterman Boys Rita Ora Caroline Flack Olly Murs Simon Cowell Cheryl Nick Grimshaw Rita Ora N / A Rochelle Humes Melvin Odoom 13 27 August 2016 11 December 2016 Matt Terry Boys Saara Aalto Over 25s 5 After Midnight Groups Nicole Scherzinger Dermot O'Leary Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger Mel B Rylan Clark - Neal Matt Edmondson 14 2 September 2017 3 December 2017 Rak - Su Groups Grace Davies Girls Kevin Davy White Over 28s Simon Cowell Just Eat Alesha Dixon Becca Dudley Stacey Solomon George Shelley", "Series Start Finish Winner Runner - up Third place Winning mentor Presenter ( s ) UK sponsor Main judges Guest judges The Xtra Factor & other presenter ( s )", "4 September 2004 11 December 2004 Steve Brookstein Over 25s G4 Groups Tabby Callaghan 16 -- 24s Simon Cowell Kate Thornton Nokia Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh N / A Ben Shephard", "20 August 2005 17 December 2005 Shayne Ward 16 -- 24s Andy Abraham Over 25s Journey South Groups Louis Walsh", "19 August 2006 16 December 2006 Leona Lewis 16 -- 24s Ray Quinn 16 -- 24s Ben Mills Over 25s Simon Cowell Paula Abdul", "18 August 2007 15 December 2007 Leon Jackson Boys Rhydian Roberts Boys Same Difference Groups Dannii Minogue Dermot O'Leary The Carphone Warehouse Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue Brian Friedman Fearne Cotton", "5 16 August 2008 13 December 2008 Alexandra Burke Girls JLS Groups Eoghan Quigg Boys Cheryl Cole Simon Cowell Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue Cheryl Cole N / A Holly Willoughby", "6 22 August 2009 13 December 2009 Joe McElderry Boys Olly Murs Over 25s Stacey Solomon Girls Cheryl Cole TalkTalk", "7 21 August 2010 12 December 2010 Matt Cardle Boys Rebecca Ferguson Girls One Direction Groups Dannii Minogue Geri Halliwell Natalie Imbruglia Katy Perry Pixie Lott Nicole Scherzinger Konnie Huq", "8 20 August 2011 11 December 2011 Little Mix Groups Marcus Collins Boys Amelia Lily Girls Tulisa Louis Walsh Tulisa Gary Barlow Kelly Rowland Alexandra Burke Caroline Flack Olly Murs", "9 18 August 2012 9 December 2012 James Arthur Boys Jahméne Douglas Boys Christopher Maloney Over 28s Nicole Scherzinger Louis Walsh Tulisa Gary Barlow Nicole Scherzinger Geri Halliwell Leona Lewis Rita Ora Nicole Scherzinger Mel B Anastacia", "10 31 August 2013 15 December 2013 Sam Bailey Over 25s Nicholas McDonald Boys Luke Friend Boys Sharon Osbourne Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Gary Barlow Nicole Scherzinger N / A Caroline Flack Matt Richardson", "11 30 August 2014 14 December 2014 Ben Haenow Over 25s Fleur East Over 25s Andrea Faustini Boys Simon Cowell Simon Cowell Louis Walsh Cheryl Mel B Tulisa Sarah - Jane Crawford", "12 29 August 2015 13 December 2015 Louisa Johnson Girls Reggie ' n ' Bollie Groups Ché Chesterman Boys Rita Ora Caroline Flack Olly Murs Simon Cowell Cheryl Nick Grimshaw Rita Ora N / A Rochelle Humes Melvin Odoom", "13 27 August 2016 11 December 2016 Matt Terry Boys Saara Aalto Over 25s 5 After Midnight Groups Nicole Scherzinger Dermot O'Leary Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger Mel B Rylan Clark - Neal Matt Edmondson", "14 2 September 2017 3 December 2017 Rak - Su Groups Grace Davies Girls Kevin Davy White Over 28s Simon Cowell Just Eat Alesha Dixon Becca Dudley Stacey Solomon George Shelley", "Notes", "^ Paula Abdul served as a guest judge for the London auditions . ^ Brian Friedman served as a guest judge for the London auditions following the departure of Louis Walsh , but was later reassigned the role of creative director and Walsh was reinstated . He was originally recruited to be a permanent judge . ^ During the auditions and bootcamp , several guest judges served as temporary replacement for Dannii Minogue , who was unable to attend due to being pregnant . Geri Halliwell served as guest judge at the Glasgow auditions ; Natalie Imbruglia at the Birmingham auditions ; Katy Perry at the Dublin auditions ; Pixie Lott at the Cardiff auditions ; and Nicole Scherzinger at the Manchester auditions and bootcamp . Cheryl Cole was diagnosed with malaria after the Cardiff auditions therefore being unable to attend the Manchester auditions and bootcamp . ^ During week 4 of the live shows , Kelly Rowland was unable to travel back from Los Angeles as she had a throat infection . Alexandra Burke temporarily replaced her . ^ After Kelly Rowland 's departure , Geri Halliwell ( Liverpool ) , Leona Lewis ( London ) , Rita Ora ( London ) , Nicole Scherzinger ( London ) , Mel B ( Manchester ) and Anastacia ( Glasgow ) all filled in as guest judges during the auditions until Scherzinger joined the judging panel as the fourth permanent judge for the final auditions in Newcastle and Cardiff . ^ During Series 9 , Murs only presented during the live shows , due to him having touring commitments in America , so members of Westlife and Jedward helped Flack during the earlier stages . ^ Caroline Flack presented The Xtra Factor as well as serving as a backstage presenter during the live shows for the main show . ^ Tulisa served as a guest judge for the first night of week 10 of the live shows in place of Mel B who was ill . ^ Mel B served as a guest judge during the London auditions on 17 June 2016 , in place of Scherzinger , who was unavailable , due to scheduling conflicts . ^ Dixon served as a guest judge for the first day of Manchester auditions , due to Scherzinger having a `` previous diary commitment '' and again in Edinburgh , this time for Osbourne , who was unavailable due to a long - standing back injury . Dixon returned again this time for Cowell in the second live shows .", "^ Paula Abdul served as a guest judge for the London auditions .", "^ Brian Friedman served as a guest judge for the London auditions following the departure of Louis Walsh , but was later reassigned the role of creative director and Walsh was reinstated . He was originally recruited to be a permanent judge .", "^ During the auditions and bootcamp , several guest judges served as temporary replacement for Dannii Minogue , who was unable to attend due to being pregnant . Geri Halliwell served as guest judge at the Glasgow auditions ; Natalie Imbruglia at the Birmingham auditions ; Katy Perry at the Dublin auditions ; Pixie Lott at the Cardiff auditions ; and Nicole Scherzinger at the Manchester auditions and bootcamp . Cheryl Cole was diagnosed with malaria after the Cardiff auditions therefore being unable to attend the Manchester auditions and bootcamp .", "^ During week 4 of the live shows , Kelly Rowland was unable to travel back from Los Angeles as she had a throat infection . Alexandra Burke temporarily replaced her .", "^ After Kelly Rowland 's departure , Geri Halliwell ( Liverpool ) , Leona Lewis ( London ) , Rita Ora ( London ) , Nicole Scherzinger ( London ) , Mel B ( Manchester ) and Anastacia ( Glasgow ) all filled in as guest judges during the auditions until Scherzinger joined the judging panel as the fourth permanent judge for the final auditions in Newcastle and Cardiff .", "^ During Series 9 , Murs only presented during the live shows , due to him having touring commitments in America , so members of Westlife and Jedward helped Flack during the earlier stages .", "^ Caroline Flack presented The Xtra Factor as well as serving as a backstage presenter during the live shows for the main show .", "^ Tulisa served as a guest judge for the first night of week 10 of the live shows in place of Mel B who was ill .", "^ Mel B served as a guest judge during the London auditions on 17 June 2016 , in place of Scherzinger , who was unavailable , due to scheduling conflicts .", "^ Dixon served as a guest judge for the first day of Manchester auditions , due to Scherzinger having a `` previous diary commitment '' and again in Edinburgh , this time for Osbourne , who was unavailable due to a long - standing back injury . Dixon returned again this time for Cowell in the second live shows .", "From series 1 -- 3 , the X Factor judges were music executive and TV producer Simon Cowell , and music managers Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh , although Paula Abdul was a guest judge at the London auditions in series 3 . On 8 March 2007 , it was announced that Walsh would not be returning as a judge for series 4 . On 4 June , it was confirmed that Brian Friedman , who was hired after impressing Cowell on his show Grease Is the Word , would be replacing Walsh , along with the news of Australian singer and Australia 's Got Talent judge Dannii Minogue . On 22 June , it was confirmed that Friedman had been reassigned the role of creative director and would be replaced on the panel by Walsh . Minogue became the first female judge to win after her series 4 victory with Leon Jackson .", "Speculation surrounded judging line - up changes for series 5 , centering on whether Osbourne would return . On 6 June 2008 , six days before filming for series 5 was due to begin , ITV confirmed that Osbourne had left the show , and a number of other artists and producers were approached regarding her replacement . On 10 June , Cheryl Cole was confirmed as Osbourne 's replacement .", "Despite rumours that Minogue would leave the show after series 5 , all four judges from series 5 returned for series 6 .", "Due to Minogue 's maternity leave during series 7 , a series of guest judges filled in for her at the audition stages before she rejoined the panel in September . The guest judges were Geri Halliwell , Natalie Imbruglia , Katy Perry , Pixie Lott and Nicole Scherzinger . In July 2010 , Cole was diagnosed with malaria towards the end of the auditions , so Scherzinger returned as a guest judge for bootcamp .", "On 5 May 2011 , it was confirmed that Cowell and Cole would not be returning to the judging panel for series 8 , to concentrate on the American version of the programme . On 14 May , it was announced that Minogue would not be returning either . Of her decision , Minogue said `` During discussions for me to return ( to The X Factor ) it became clear that unfortunately , this year , The X Factor audition dates in the UK clash with the live shows of Australia 's Got Talent during June and July . For this reason I am unable to return . '' . After Cowell , Minogue and Cole announced their leave , a number of celebrities were linked with judging roles , including Frankie Sandford , Gary Barlow , Noel Gallagher , Nicole Scherzinger , Tulisa , Kelly Rowland and Alesha Dixon , though Dixon ruled herself out , due to her commitments with Strictly Come Dancing , she later joined Cowell 's other show Britain 's Got Talent . On 30 May , it was confirmed that Barlow , Rowland and Tulisa would join Walsh for series 8 . On 29 and 30 October , Rowland was unable to travel back from Los Angeles as she had a throat infection , and was unable to judge the fourth week of the live shows , so series 5 winner Alexandra Burke took her place .", "Barlow , Walsh and Tulisa returned for series 9 . Rowland left due to other commitments . Geri Halliwell , Leona Lewis , Rita Ora , Nicole Scherzinger , Mel B and Anastacia all filled in as guest judges during the audition stage of the competition until a permanent judge was found . Scherzinger was confirmed as Rowland 's replacement , and reappeared on the panel from the Newcastle auditions on a permanent basis .", "On 21 May 2013 , ending months of media speculation , Tulisa confirmed that she would not return as a judge for the 10th series . The following day , Osbourne 's return to the show and appointment as Tulisa 's replacement for series 10 was announced , along with confirmation of returning judges Walsh , Barlow and Scherzinger . Osbourne later confirmed in July that her return was not permanent , and that she would leave once more at the conclusion of series 10 . Barlow announced during the first live show of series 10 that it would be his last series on the show .", "On 7 February 2014 , it was confirmed that Cowell would return as a judge for series 11 . On 10 March , Cowell confirmed that Cole ( then Fernandez - Versini ) would return as a judge for the 11th series as a replacement for Scherzinger . On 30 May , Walsh confirmed that he was returning for his 11th series . On 10 June , it was confirmed that Spice Girls member Mel B would join the panel as Osbourne 's replacement for the 11th series .", "Cowell was confirmed to return as a judge for the 12th series . In April 2015 , Walsh sighted his desire to quit the show and return to management , and that it would take serious thought for him to return for the series ' 12th series . He also revealed that he was in the dark about whom Cowell had the intentions of bringing onto the panel . On 14 May 2015 , Walsh confirmed his exit from the series , stating , `` The truth is I 've done it for 11 years ; I never thought I would even be on TV for four or five . To get 10 was great , to get 11 was amazing - I 'm not hanging around for them this year . '' On 16 June , it was announced that Cheryl would return to the panel , alongside new judges radio personality Nick Grimshaw and series 9 guest judge , Rita Ora , who was previously a coach on the rival show , The Voice UK .", "On 18 February 2016 , a series representative announced Grimshaw 's departure from the judging panel , confirming : `` We are sad to see him go but wish him all the best . '' On 5 April 2016 , Cheryl announced her departure from the series , choosing instead to concentrate on her music career . On 10 May , Ora confirmed she would not return for the 13th series of the show . On 1 June 2016 , the line - up for series 13 was confirmed as Cowell , Scherzinger , Osbourne and Walsh . In December 2016 , Walsh confirmed we would continue to judge the series through 2018 , stating he had signed through `` the next two years '' . That same month , both Osbourne and Scherzinger cast doubt on their return , with Osbourne citing her dual - work on The Talk , and Scherzinger stating : `` I ca n't confirm that I 'm going to ( be back ) but I think if I did return it would have to be with this panel because I 'm really close with this panel . ( ... ) I 've really enjoyed myself and we 're really close . '' On 13 April 2017 , Cowell announced his intentions to retain the same judging panel for the fourteenth series . In June 2017 , it was announced that the judging panel would remain the same as the previous series .", "Judges gallery Simon Cowell ( 2004 -- 2010 , 2014 -- ) Sharon Osbourne ( 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 , 2016 -- ) Louis Walsh ( 2004 -- 2014 , 2016 -- ) Dannii Minogue ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Cheryl ( 2008 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 ) Gary Barlow ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Kelly Rowland ( 2011 ) Tulisa ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Nicole Scherzinger ( 2012 -- 2013 , 2016 -- ) Mel B ( 2014 ) Nick Grimshaw ( 2015 ) Rita Ora ( 2015 )", "Simon Cowell ( 2004 -- 2010 , 2014 -- )", "Simon Cowell ( 2004 -- 2010 , 2014 -- )", "Sharon Osbourne ( 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 , 2016 -- )", "Sharon Osbourne ( 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 , 2016 -- )", "Louis Walsh ( 2004 -- 2014 , 2016 -- )", "Louis Walsh ( 2004 -- 2014 , 2016 -- )", "Dannii Minogue ( 2007 -- 2010 )", "Dannii Minogue ( 2007 -- 2010 )", "Cheryl ( 2008 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 )", "Cheryl ( 2008 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 )", "Gary Barlow ( 2011 -- 2013 )", "Gary Barlow ( 2011 -- 2013 )", "Kelly Rowland ( 2011 )", "Kelly Rowland ( 2011 )", "Tulisa ( 2011 -- 2012 )", "Tulisa ( 2011 -- 2012 )", "Nicole Scherzinger ( 2012 -- 2013 , 2016 -- )", "Nicole Scherzinger ( 2012 -- 2013 , 2016 -- )", "Mel B ( 2014 )", "Mel B ( 2014 )", "Nick Grimshaw ( 2015 )", "Nick Grimshaw ( 2015 )", "Rita Ora ( 2015 )", "Rita Ora ( 2015 )", "The first three series of the show were hosted by Kate Thornton . She was replaced from series 4 by Dermot O'Leary who signed a contract worth £ 1 million to present two series of the programme on ITV . O'Leary was not forced to leave the Big Brother franchise and continued to present Big Brother sister shows during summer 2007 , but he later announced that Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack was to be his last Big Brother hosting role so that he could focus on presenting The X Factor . In 2013 , Caroline Flack became a backstage presenter for the live shows on Saturdays . On 27 March 2015 , O'Leary announced that he was quitting the show in order to pursue other projects . On 16 April 2015 , ITV confirmed that both Olly Murs and Flack would take over presenting duties , becoming the first duo to host the show . On 21 February 2016 , during an interview with The Sun , Murs confirmed his decision to quit the series in order to focus on his music . In a statement , Murs stated , `` This was an incredibly hard decision to make and one I did n't take lightly as I 've really enjoyed co-hosting The X Factor . '' Following Murs ' decision to exit the series , Flack confirmed she would exit as well , stating , `` I have had a brilliant time working on The X Factor over the last few years , and hosting the main show was just fantastic - I made some amazing friends . '' On 29 March 2016 , O'Leary announced his return to the series , stating he was `` very flattered to be asked back '' and that he was also `` really looking forward '' to returning as host .", "Friedman served as performance coach and choreographer ( billed as `` Creative Director '' ) from series 4 -- 7 and left before series 8 to join the American version . Brian Burke and Elizabeth Honan replaced him for series 8 , although Friedman returned for three weeks in series 9 and Honan did not return . For series 10 , Burke was replaced by Jerry Reeve and Mark `` Swany '' Swanhart . Friedman returned as creative director in series 11 , replacing Reeve and Swanhart . Yvie Burnett has been The X Factor 's vocal coach since series 2 , but was replaced in series 7 by Ali Tennant and Savan Kotecha . However , Tennant 's contract was ended before the live shows and Burnett was reinstated . In series 7 , Richard `` Biff '' Stannard started work as show song producer for Minogue 's contestants , and Grace Woodward joined the series as Fashion Director . Voice - overs are provided by Peter Dickson and Enn Reitel . Dickson announced his departure from the show on 28 July 2015 , but announced his return due to `` popular demand '' on 30 October 2015 .", "For information about The Xtra Factor presenters , see The Xtra Factor below .", "Presenters gallery Kate Thornton ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Dermot O'Leary ( 2007 -- 2014 , 2016 -- ) Caroline Flack ( 2015 ) Olly Murs ( 2015 )", "Kate Thornton ( 2004 -- 2006 )", "Kate Thornton ( 2004 -- 2006 )", "Dermot O'Leary ( 2007 -- 2014 , 2016 -- )", "Dermot O'Leary ( 2007 -- 2014 , 2016 -- )", "Caroline Flack ( 2015 )", "Caroline Flack ( 2015 )", "Olly Murs ( 2015 )", "Olly Murs ( 2015 )", "In each series , each judge is allocated a category to mentor and chooses a small number of acts ( three or four , depending on the series ) to progress to the live finals . From series 1 - 11 and 13 onwards , these categories were decided by the producers of the show . In series 12 viewers voted via hashtags on Twitter to determine which of the judges is allocated each of the four categories . This table shows , for each series , which category each judge was allocated and which acts he or she put through to the live finals .", "-- Winning judge / category . Winners are in bold , eliminated contestants in small font .", "-- Winning judge / category . Winners are in bold , eliminated contestants in small font .", "Series Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh N / A Over 25s Steve Brookstein Rowetta Satchell Verity Keays 16 -- 24s Tabby Callaghan Cassie Compton Roberta Howett Groups G4 Voices with Soul 2 to Go Groups Journey South The Conway Sisters 4Tune Addictiv Ladies Over 25s Andy Abraham Brenda Edwards Chico Slimani Maria Lawson 16 -- 24s Shayne Ward Nicholas Dorsett Chenai Zinyuku Phillip Magee 16 -- 24s Leona Lewis Ray Quinn Nikitta Angus Ashley McKenzie Over 25s Ben Mills Robert Allen Kerry McGregor Dionne Mitchell Groups The MacDonald Brothers Eton Road 4Sure The Unconventionals Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue Groups Same Difference Hope Futureproof Girls Alisha Bennett Emily Nakanda Kimberley Southwick Over 25s Niki Evans Beverley Trotman Daniel DeBourg Boys Leon Jackson Rhydian Roberts Andy Williams 5 Simon Cowell Cheryl Cole Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue Boys Eoghan Quigg Austin Drage Scott Bruton Girls Alexandra Burke Diana Vickers Laura White Groups JLS Girlband Bad Lashes Over 25s Ruth Lorenzo Rachel Hylton Daniel Evans 6 Over 25s Olly Murs Danyl Johnson Jamie Archer Boys Joe McElderry Lloyd Daniels Rikki Loney Groups John & Edward Miss Frank Kandy Rain Girls Stacey Solomon Lucie Jones Rachel Adedeji 7 Groups One Direction Belle Amie Diva Fever F.Y.D. Girls Rebecca Ferguson Cher Lloyd Katie Waissel Treyc Cohen Over 28s Mary Byrne Wagner John Adeleye Storm Lee Boys Matt Cardle Paije Richardson Aiden Grimshaw Nicolo Festa 8 Gary Barlow Tulisa Louis Walsh Kelly Rowland Boys Marcus Collins Craig Colton Frankie Cocozza James Michael Groups Little Mix The Risk Nu Vibe 2 Shoes Over 25s Kitty Brucknell Johnny Robinson Sami Brookes Jonjo Kerr Girls Amelia Lily Misha B Janet Devlin Sophie Habibis 9 Gary Barlow Tulisa Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger Over 28s Christopher Maloney Kye Sones Melanie Masson Carolynne Poole Girls Ella Henderson Lucy Spraggan Jade Ellis Groups Union J District3 MK1 Boys James Arthur Jahméne Douglas Rylan Clark 10 Gary Barlow Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger Groups Rough Copy Kingsland Road Miss Dynamix Over 25s Sam Bailey Shelley Smith Lorna Simpson Boys Nicholas McDonald Luke Friend Sam Callahan Girls Tamera Foster Hannah Barrett Abi Alton 11 Simon Cowell Cheryl Fernandez - Versini Louis Walsh Mel B Over 25s Ben Haenow Fleur East Stevi Ritchie Jay James Girls Lauren Platt Lola Saunders Chloe Jasmine Stephanie Nala Groups Stereo Kicks Only The Young Overload Generation Blonde Electra Boys Andrea Faustini Paul Akister Jack Walton Jake Quickenden 12 Simon Cowell Cheryl Fernandez - Versini Nick Grimshaw Rita Ora Overs Anton Stephans Max Stone Bupsi Groups Reggie ' n ' Bollie 4th Impact Alien Uncovered Boys Ché Chesterman Mason Noise Seann Miley Moore Girls Louisa Johnson Lauren Murray Monica Michael Kiera Weathers 13 Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger Girls Emily Middlemas Sam Lavery Gifty Louise Overs Saara Aalto Honey G Relley C Groups 5 After Midnight Four of Diamonds Bratavio Brooks Way Boys Matt Terry Ryan Lawrie Freddy Parker 14 Groups Rak - Su The Cutkelvins Sean and Conor Price Jack & Joel Girls Grace Davies Holly Tandy Rai - Elle Williams Alisah Bonaobra Boys Lloyd Macey Sam Black Leon Mallett Spencer Sutherland Overs Kevin Davy White Matt Linnen Tracyleanne Jefford Talia Dean", "Series Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh N / A", "Over 25s Steve Brookstein Rowetta Satchell Verity Keays 16 -- 24s Tabby Callaghan Cassie Compton Roberta Howett Groups G4 Voices with Soul 2 to Go", "Groups Journey South The Conway Sisters 4Tune Addictiv Ladies Over 25s Andy Abraham Brenda Edwards Chico Slimani Maria Lawson 16 -- 24s Shayne Ward Nicholas Dorsett Chenai Zinyuku Phillip Magee", "16 -- 24s Leona Lewis Ray Quinn Nikitta Angus Ashley McKenzie Over 25s Ben Mills Robert Allen Kerry McGregor Dionne Mitchell Groups The MacDonald Brothers Eton Road 4Sure The Unconventionals", "Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue", "Groups Same Difference Hope Futureproof Girls Alisha Bennett Emily Nakanda Kimberley Southwick Over 25s Niki Evans Beverley Trotman Daniel DeBourg Boys Leon Jackson Rhydian Roberts Andy Williams", "5 Simon Cowell Cheryl Cole Louis Walsh Dannii Minogue", "Boys Eoghan Quigg Austin Drage Scott Bruton Girls Alexandra Burke Diana Vickers Laura White Groups JLS Girlband Bad Lashes Over 25s Ruth Lorenzo Rachel Hylton Daniel Evans", "6 Over 25s Olly Murs Danyl Johnson Jamie Archer Boys Joe McElderry Lloyd Daniels Rikki Loney Groups John & Edward Miss Frank Kandy Rain Girls Stacey Solomon Lucie Jones Rachel Adedeji", "7 Groups One Direction Belle Amie Diva Fever F.Y.D. Girls Rebecca Ferguson Cher Lloyd Katie Waissel Treyc Cohen Over 28s Mary Byrne Wagner John Adeleye Storm Lee Boys Matt Cardle Paije Richardson Aiden Grimshaw Nicolo Festa", "8 Gary Barlow Tulisa Louis Walsh Kelly Rowland", "Boys Marcus Collins Craig Colton Frankie Cocozza James Michael Groups Little Mix The Risk Nu Vibe 2 Shoes Over 25s Kitty Brucknell Johnny Robinson Sami Brookes Jonjo Kerr Girls Amelia Lily Misha B Janet Devlin Sophie Habibis", "9 Gary Barlow Tulisa Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger", "Over 28s Christopher Maloney Kye Sones Melanie Masson Carolynne Poole Girls Ella Henderson Lucy Spraggan Jade Ellis Groups Union J District3 MK1 Boys James Arthur Jahméne Douglas Rylan Clark", "10 Gary Barlow Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger", "Groups Rough Copy Kingsland Road Miss Dynamix Over 25s Sam Bailey Shelley Smith Lorna Simpson Boys Nicholas McDonald Luke Friend Sam Callahan Girls Tamera Foster Hannah Barrett Abi Alton", "11 Simon Cowell Cheryl Fernandez - Versini Louis Walsh Mel B", "Over 25s Ben Haenow Fleur East Stevi Ritchie Jay James Girls Lauren Platt Lola Saunders Chloe Jasmine Stephanie Nala Groups Stereo Kicks Only The Young Overload Generation Blonde Electra Boys Andrea Faustini Paul Akister Jack Walton Jake Quickenden", "12 Simon Cowell Cheryl Fernandez - Versini Nick Grimshaw Rita Ora", "Overs Anton Stephans Max Stone Bupsi Groups Reggie ' n ' Bollie 4th Impact Alien Uncovered Boys Ché Chesterman Mason Noise Seann Miley Moore Girls Louisa Johnson Lauren Murray Monica Michael Kiera Weathers", "13 Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger", "Girls Emily Middlemas Sam Lavery Gifty Louise Overs Saara Aalto Honey G Relley C Groups 5 After Midnight Four of Diamonds Bratavio Brooks Way Boys Matt Terry Ryan Lawrie Freddy Parker", "14 Groups Rak - Su The Cutkelvins Sean and Conor Price Jack & Joel Girls Grace Davies Holly Tandy Rai - Elle Williams Alisah Bonaobra Boys Lloyd Macey Sam Black Leon Mallett Spencer Sutherland Overs Kevin Davy White Matt Linnen Tracyleanne Jefford Talia Dean", "Viewing figures of around 10 million were claimed for series 2 and 4 , and 11 to 12 million for series 5 . Over three million public votes were cast in series 2 and six million in the first part of the final . The series 3 final attracted 8 million votes and a peak of 12.6 million viewers . The series 4 final drew 12.7 million viewers -- a 55 % share of the terrestrial TV audience . In series 5 , 12.8 million tuned in to see show of 29 November 2008 featuring guest Britney Spears , a new X Factor record . The series 5 final peaked with 14.6 million viewers . The series 6 final was watched by 19.1 million viewers ( a 63.2 % audience share ) with 10 million votes cast and the series 7 final topped this , attracting 19.4 million viewers with over 15 million votes cast , but the series 8 final was a large drop from this , with 13.456 million viewers . Series 10 ended with the live final bringing in average viewer figures of just 8.5 million - considerably down from previous years .", "The BBC 's rival talent show Strictly Come Dancing initially beat The X Factor in viewing figures in 2004 , although The X Factor soon reversed this trend , and when the shows went head - to - head for the first time , The X Factor attracted a larger audience share . It was the first format ( along with Britain 's Got Talent ) in years to knock Coronation Street off the top .", "Since 2011 , however , ratings of The X Factor have been in sharp decline . It was overtaken in the rating battle by Strictly Come Dancing during series 8 and has since very rarely managed to beat it , with Strictly Come Dancing extending its lead over the show per year . In 2016 , The X Factor was beaten head - to - head in some live shows by other BBC programmes , such as Michael McIntyre 's Big Show and Planet Earth II . The ratings crisis has worsened in the following year with the show recording its lowest ever figures and Strictly Come Dancing now enjoying nearly three times the audience figures of The X Factor in most weeks .", "At the 2005 British Comedy Awards , The X Factor beat Friday Night with Jonathan Ross and Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway to take the award for Best Comedy Entertainment Programme , prompting Cowell to remark `` We 're not a comedy programme , we 're a serious factual drama '' . In both 2005 and 2006 , The X Factor won the award for `` Most Popular Entertainment Programme '' at the National Television Awards . At the same awards in 2007 , the show also won the award for `` Most Popular Talent Show '' . In 2008 it lost out to Strictly Come Dancing at the TV Quick Awards , TRIC Awards and National Television Awards , despite beating it in the ratings . In 2010 , The X Factor won `` Best Talent Show '' at the National Television Awards .", "The show won the Entertainment award at the 2010 Royal Television Society Awards , described as `` Undeniably a brilliant , genre - defining piece of television ; the team behind this show never rest on their laurels and are determined to continually raise the bar and set new standards . Must - see television , which everyone talks about on a Monday morning . '' At the 2011 National Television Awards , The X Factor won the Talent Show award , beating Strictly Come Dancing , Britain 's Got Talent and Dancing on Ice . At the 2012 National Television Awards , The X Factor again beat Strictly Come Dancing , Britain 's Got Talent and Dancing on Ice to the award . The show also won Best UK TV Show at the 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards . At the 2015 National Television Awards , The X Factor won Best Talent Show for the first time in three years , beating Strictly Come Dancing , Britain 's Got Talent and The Voice UK .", "Over the first seven series the show 's viewing figures have generally trended up each series , however this was not the case for series 3 . Since series 8 , viewing figures have declined year on year , with the average audience figure for series 12 being nearly 2 million lower than the previous year . Viewing figure information is provided by the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ( BARB ) .", "Series Series premiere Series finale Episodes ( inc . results shows ) Average UK viewers in millions ( inc . results shows ) 4 September 2004 11 December 2004 24 7.40 20 August 2005 17 December 2005 30 8.73 19 August 2006 16 December 2006 8.27 18 August 2007 15 December 2007 28 8.57 5 16 August 2008 13 December 2008 30 10.51 6 22 August 2009 13 December 2009 13.00 7 21 August 2010 12 December 2010 14.13 8 20 August 2011 11 December 2011 31 12.41 9 18 August 2012 9 December 2012 9.63 10 31 August 2013 15 December 2013 32 9.45 11 30 August 2014 14 December 2014 34 8.65 12 29 August 2015 13 December 2015 28 7.85 13 27 August 2016 11 December 2016 32 7.71 14 2 September 2017 3 December 2017 28 6.52", "Series Series premiere Series finale Episodes ( inc . results shows ) Average UK viewers in millions ( inc . results shows )", "4 September 2004 11 December 2004 24 7.40", "20 August 2005 17 December 2005 30 8.73", "19 August 2006 16 December 2006 8.27", "18 August 2007 15 December 2007 28 8.57", "5 16 August 2008 13 December 2008 30 10.51", "6 22 August 2009 13 December 2009 13.00", "7 21 August 2010 12 December 2010 14.13", "8 20 August 2011 11 December 2011 31 12.41", "9 18 August 2012 9 December 2012 9.63", "10 31 August 2013 15 December 2013 32 9.45", "11 30 August 2014 14 December 2014 34 8.65", "12 29 August 2015 13 December 2015 28 7.85", "13 27 August 2016 11 December 2016 32 7.71", "14 2 September 2017 3 December 2017 28 6.52", "From the outset , The X Factor has attracted heavy criticism . Recurring allegations include : that the excessive commercialism of the show detracts from its supposed purpose of unearthing musical talent and even actively damages and distorts the UK music industry ; that auditionees at mass auditions are shabbily treated ; that controversy is deliberately courted and orchestrated , and supposedly spontaneous scenes are staged and scripted ; that problems with phone lines leave members of the public unable to vote for their favourite acts ; and that contestants are manipulated and unfairly edited .", "This criticism became very public in 2009 when a Facebook campaign targeted against The X Factor and its effect on British music took `` Killing in the Name '' by Rage Against the Machine to the Christmas number one spot at the expense of the X Factor winner 's single by Joe McElderry .", "The first series was only available to Irish viewers through the Northern Ireland - based ITV station UTV , which is widely available in the Republic , but subsequent series have also been shown on the Irish terrestrial TV station TV3 .", "Series 1 -- 4 of The X Factor effectively included Irish viewers on an equal footing , and Irish viewers were able to vote in these series via SMS or telephone . However , in series 5 , voting from Republic of Ireland was discontinued , with the decision being blamed on new regulations introduced regarding phone competitions in the UK . In 2010 TV3 announced that Irish viewers would only be able to vote using voting numbers posted online once the live shows start . These numbers change weekly .", "The show held auditions in Dublin and Belfast for the first three series , with Belfast auditions continuing for series 4 before being dropped , though Irish singers could still audition in other cities . Dublin first round auditions returned in 2010 with the auditions held on 28 June . In 2011 , The X Factor did not hold auditions in Ireland , instead replacing them with a new audition city , Liverpool . A source from The X Factor said : `` There are only so many places we can go for auditions . We went to Dublin last year but we have n't been to Liverpool so we thought we should do it this year . Obviously this is a blow to the Irish contestants but it 's only a short hop across the Irish Sea to Liverpool . '' Auditions did return to Dublin in 2014 , however .", "Irish contestants have reached the live shows in series 1 ( Tabby Callaghan and Roberta Howett ) , series 2 ( The Conway Sisters ) , series 6 ( John & Edward and Azi Jegbefume in girl group Kandy Rain ) , series 7 ( Mary Byrne , Rebecca Creighton of girl group Belle Amie and Niall Horan of boy band One Direction ) , series 11 ( Chris Leonard of boy band Stereo Kicks ) and series 14 ( Sean & Conor Price ) . Northern Irish finalists have included Phillip Magee ( series 2 ) , Eoghan Quigg ( series 5 ) , and Janet Devlin ( series 8 ) .", "Winners of The X Factor reached the top of Ireland 's Christmas chart every year from 2006 to 2013 .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Country Channel Premiere date Brazil Sony 2014 Canada CHEK - DT , Yes TV , Family Channel ( 29 July 2015 ) Denmark DR3 Ireland TV3 Malta TVM Poland Fox Life United States AXS TV Singapore Mediacorp Channel 5 Southeast Asia RTL CBS Entertainment New Zealand TV3 2015 TVNZ 1 2017 Finland Sub 2016 Turkey TV8 , 5 2017", "Country Channel Premiere date", "Brazil Sony 2014", "Canada CHEK - DT , Yes TV , Family Channel ( 29 July 2015 )", "Denmark DR3", "Ireland TV3", "Malta TVM", "Poland Fox Life", "United States AXS TV", "Singapore Mediacorp Channel 5", "Southeast Asia RTL CBS Entertainment", "New Zealand TV3 2015", "TVNZ 1 2017", "Finland Sub 2016", "Turkey TV8 , 5 2017", "The Xtra Factor Live Also known as The Xtra Factor Created by Simon Cowell Presented by Ben Shephard Fearne Cotton Holly Willoughby Konnie Huq Caroline Flack Olly Murs Matt Richardson Sarah - Jane Crawford Rochelle Humes Melvin Odoom Matt Edmondson Rylan Clark - Neal Voices of Peter Dickson Brian Blessed Redd Pepper Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 13 No. of episodes 359 Production Producer ( s ) Syco Entertainment Talkback Thames ( 2004 - 2011 ) Thames ( 2012 - 2016 ) Location ( s ) Fountain Studios ( 2004 -- 16 ) The Hospital Club ( 2016 ) Running time 30 -- 80 minutes ( including advert breaks ) Distributor FremantleMedia Release Original network ITV2 TV3 ( ROI ) Picture format HDTV : 1080i SDTV : 576i Original release 4 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) -- 11 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) Chronology Related shows The X Factor External links Official website", "The Xtra Factor Live", "Also known as The Xtra Factor", "Created by Simon Cowell", "Presented by Ben Shephard Fearne Cotton Holly Willoughby Konnie Huq Caroline Flack Olly Murs Matt Richardson Sarah - Jane Crawford Rochelle Humes Melvin Odoom Matt Edmondson Rylan Clark - Neal", "Ben Shephard Fearne Cotton Holly Willoughby Konnie Huq Caroline Flack Olly Murs Matt Richardson Sarah - Jane Crawford Rochelle Humes Melvin Odoom Matt Edmondson Rylan Clark - Neal", "Sarah - Jane Crawford", "Rylan Clark - Neal", "Voices of Peter Dickson Brian Blessed Redd Pepper", "Country of origin United Kingdom", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of series 13", "No. of episodes 359", "Production", "Producer ( s ) Syco Entertainment Talkback Thames ( 2004 - 2011 ) Thames ( 2012 - 2016 )", "Location ( s ) Fountain Studios ( 2004 -- 16 ) The Hospital Club ( 2016 )", "Running time 30 -- 80 minutes ( including advert breaks )", "Distributor FremantleMedia", "Release", "Original network ITV2 TV3 ( ROI )", "Picture format HDTV : 1080i SDTV : 576i", "Original release 4 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) -- 11 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 )", "Chronology", "Related shows The X Factor", "External links", "Official website", "The Xtra Factor Live ( previously The Xtra Factor ) was a companion show that was broadcast on sister channel ITV2 and on TV3 , usually on Saturday and Sunday nights after the main ITV show from 2004 to 2016 . The commissioning of The Xtra Factor was prompted by the success of Big Brother 's Little Brother , a former Big Brother companion show screened on E4 .", "The Xtra Factor featured extra auditions , bootcamp performances and judges ' houses performances and behind - the - scenes footage . There where sometimes competitions and games featuring the judges and presenters . During the live shows the programme featured behind - the - scenes footage and answered live video and phone calls for the judges and contestants . Facebook statuses and tweets were read out as well . It also showed the emotional responses of the contestants after the judges comment on their performances . A celebrity panel was usually featured , who gave their opinions on the contestants .", "Voiceovers from series 1 -- 6 were done by Peter Dickson , and by Brian Blessed in series 7 . Dickson returned in series 8 and continued his role until the show ended after series 13 . Redd Pepper also provided voiceovers in series 12 .", "The Xtra Factor usually aired on ITV2 directly after the ITV broadcast of The X Factor . Therefore , from series 1 to 5 , The Xtra Factor aired once a week . From Series 6 , with the introduction of the Sunday results show , The Xtra Factor aired twice a week , during weeks that there were two episodes of The X Factor .", "In series 12 , initially The Xtra Factor aired directly after every show ( Saturday and Sunday for the first four weeks during the auditions , then every Sunday for the next five weeks during bootcamp and the six - chair challenge , before returning to both Saturday and Sundays , live for judges ' houses ) . From the live shows , the Saturday episode was replaced by a live episode on Thursdays for the remainder of the series , starting on 29 October 2015 . For series 13 , it reverted to airing directly after each ITV broadcast of The X Factor , though the episode after the live performance shows was 30 minutes long instead of an hour .", "Up to the live shows , episodes of The Xtra Factor were pre-recorded , and during the live shows , they were broadcast live , however , from series 13 , The Xtra Factor aired live directly after every show over the course of the series from the auditions to the finals .", "On 18 January 2017 , it was announced that The Xtra Factor would be axed after 13 years and would be replaced by an online show instead .", "Until series 3 , The Xtra Factor was hosted by Ben Shephard . Shephard did not return for series 4 after being upset at not getting the main ITV presenting job , and Fearne Cotton took over as presenter , for series 4 only , before leaving the show to concentrate on her career in America . Allegations of a falling - out with Cowell were also reported . For series 5 , Cotton was replaced by presenter and close friend Holly Willoughby . Willoughby first presented The Xtra Factor on 9 August 2008 , a week before series 5 was broadcast . Konnie Huq replaced Willoughby as the new Xtra Factor presenter for series 7 . However , Huq decided to depart from the series in March 2011 because of work commitments .", "On 31 May 2011 , Caroline Flack and Olly Murs were confirmed as the new co-presenters for series 8 by The X Factor 's official Twitter page . Both Flack and Murs returned in 2012 , however , due to touring in America with One Direction , Murs only presented the live shows though he did recorded interviews with the contestants earlier in the series , while guest presenters such as Jedward and Westlife helped Flack with the audition stages . In April 2013 , it was confirmed that Murs would not be returning for series 10 as he wished to concentrate on his own music career . Comedian Matt Richardson was later announced to replace Murs . On 4 June 2014 , it was announced that Richardson would not return as co-presenter for series 11 . Flack confirmed on 11 June 2014 that she would not be returning to present the 11th series of The Xtra Factor . The next day , it was confirmed that Sarah - Jane Crawford would replace Flack and Richardson as presenter . On 11 May 2015 , Crawford confirmed via Twitter that she would not return for a second series in 2015 .", "On 18 June 2015 , it was confirmed that The Saturdays singer Rochelle Humes and Kiss FM DJ Melvin Odoom would be the hosts . On 27 June 2016 , it was confirmed that Matt Edmondson would be the host of The Xtra Factor . It was confirmed on 1 July 2016 that Rylan Clark - Neal would co-host alongside Edmondson . The same day , it was announced that Roman Kemp would join the show as the new digital online presenter and social media reporter .", "Cameras follow the finalists during their day , and in early series some of the footage was aired in a spin - off show called The Xtra Factor : The Aftermath , which was broadcast in the middle of the week on ITV2 . The Xtra Factor : Xcess All Areas was a live show in which there were interviews , games and trips around the contestants ' homes . The show also let viewers know which songs the contestants would be singing in the next live show . Both shows were axed after series 3 due to ITV2 cutting back on spin - off programing . For the series 12 live shows , both formats were revived under a single Thursday night live edition of The Xtra Factor as a replacement for the Saturday edition .", "Until Series 10 , after the series has come to an end , The Xtra Factor has a week of special programmes titled Best and Worst , featuring the best and worst auditions from the previous series , ranging from one to five episodes each year .", "A 60 - minute special titled The Winner 's Story is broadcast each year over the festive period , featuring the winner of that year 's X Factor . Cameras follow the winner from the announcement of the result through the lead - up to the Christmas number one . As from 2010 , one week before each series due to start , there features a special called X Factor Rewind looking back at the previous year 's contestants and what happened to them during The X Factor and what has happened to them since the show ended . In Series 12 , these programmes aired in late afternoon slots on weekends . They started two weeks before the show began , and finished the day the show started , for the first time on ITV . In 2016 , the same format was used , but with only 2 episodes , and airing on ITV2 .", "The X Factor : Battle of the Stars was a celebrity special edition of The X Factor , which screened on ITV , starting on 29 May 2006 and lasting for eight consecutive nights . Pop Idol was intended to be broadcast in its place as Celebrity Pop Idol but was stopped shortly before transmission , when ITV selected The X Factor instead .", "Nine celebrity acts participated , singing live in front of the nation and facing the judges of the previous The X Factor series : Cowell , Osbourne and Walsh . Voting revenues were donated to the celebrities ' chosen charities .", "The contestants were Michelle Marsh , Nikki Sanderson , Matt Stevens , Lucy Benjamin , Gillian McKeith , Chris Moyles , Paul Daniels and Debbie McGee , James Hewitt and Rebecca Loos , and `` The Chefs '' , a quartet of celebrity chefs comprising Jean - Christophe Novelli , Aldo Zilli , Paul Rankin and Ross Burden . The winner of the show was Benjamin , mentored by Walsh .", "It was reported on 26 August 2006 that Cowell had decided not to do a second edition , describing it as `` pointless '' and adding `` we are never going to do it again '' .", "As of June 2015 , the show has spawned a total of 35 number - one singles : 10 winners ' singles ( six of which have been the Christmas number one ) , four charity singles ( one each by the finalists of series 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 ) , and 21 other number - ones by contestants who have appeared on the show ( including winners and runners - up ) .", "By series 6 in 2009 , it had seemingly become such a certainty that the X Factor winner would gain the Christmas number one slot every year that bookmakers William Hill were considering withdrawing from the 30 - year tradition of betting on the outcome . However , hostility to the show 's stranglehold on the Christmas number one slot from some quarters had prompted attempts to propel an alternative song to the 2008 Christmas number one spot , and in 2009 a similar internet - led campaign was successful , taking Rage Against the Machine 's `` Killing in the Name '' to Christmas number one at the expense of The X Factor winner Joe McElderry . McElderry 's single climbed to the top of the chart a week later .", "In series 1 -- 2 , the winner 's debut album would be released a few months after their victory in the show . The album would contain some new material but would consist largely of cover versions . This format changed with series 3 winner Leona Lewis . Cowell , Lewis 's X Factor mentor and newly appointed manager , said : `` We could have gone into the studio for a month , made the record quick , and thrown it out . It would have been the wrong thing to do . '' The success of Lewis 's debut album Spirit ensured that the debut albums of future series winners ( such as series 4 winner Leon Jackson ) would consist more of new material than of cover versions . Series 10 winner Sam Bailey , however , released her debut album of covers , The Power of Love , in March 2014 , just three months after winning - the earliest ever debut album release by an X Factor winner .", "During the fifth series of the show , the finalists released a cover of Mariah Carey 's `` Hero '' in aid of Help for Heroes which reached number one in the UK singles charts . Following the success of the song , Cowell announced that a charity single would be released annually ( though the process was discontinued in series 9 ) . He is quoted as saying : `` Following last year 's record we made with the X Factor finalists in aid of Help for Heroes , we decided we wanted to do something annually on the show to help good causes . ''", "The 2009 finalists released a cover of Michael Jackson 's `` You Are Not Alone '' which was released in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital and reached number one .", "The 2010 finalists released a cover of David Bowie 's `` '' Heroes `` '' , with proceeds once again going to the Help for Heroes charity .", "In 2011 , the finalists released Rose Royce 's `` Wishing on a Star '' and the proceeds were donated to Together for Short Lives . This song features previous contestants JLS and One Direction . In 2012 , it was announced that the winner 's single would also be the charity single .", "The charity single was scrapped after series 8 , although the winner 's singles from series 9 onwards were all released for charity .", "Year Song Peak chart positions Certifications ( sales thresholds ) Charity UK IRL 2008 `` Hero '' ( X Factor Finalists 2008 ) UK : 2 × Platinum Help for Heroes 2009 `` You Are Not Alone '' ( X Factor Finalists 2009 ) UK : Gold Great Ormond Street Hospital `` Heroes '' ( X Factor Finalists 2010 ) UK : Silver Help for Heroes 2011 `` Wishing on a Star '' ( X Factor Finalists 2011 featuring JLS and One Direction ) Together for Short Lives 2012 `` Impossible '' ( James Arthur -- series 9 winner 's single ) UK : 2 × Platinum 2013 `` Skyscraper '' ( Sam Bailey -- series 10 winner 's single ) UK : Silver Together for Short Lives Great Ormond Street Hospital 2014 `` Something I Need '' ( Ben Haenow -- series 11 winner 's single ) UK : Platinum Together for Short Lives 2015 `` Forever Young '' ( Louisa Johnson -- series 12 winner 's single ) 9 5 2016 `` When Christmas Comes Around '' ( Matt Terry -- series 13 winner 's single ) 28 Together for Short Lives Shooting Star Chase 2017 `` Dimelo '' ( Rak - Su featuring Wyclef Jean and Naughty Boy -- series 14 winner 's single ) 29", "Year Song Peak chart positions Certifications ( sales thresholds ) Charity", "UK IRL", "2008 `` Hero '' ( X Factor Finalists 2008 ) UK : 2 × Platinum Help for Heroes", "UK : 2 × Platinum", "UK : 2 × Platinum", "2009 `` You Are Not Alone '' ( X Factor Finalists 2009 ) UK : Gold Great Ormond Street Hospital", "UK : Gold", "UK : Gold", "`` Heroes '' ( X Factor Finalists 2010 ) UK : Silver Help for Heroes", "UK : Silver", "UK : Silver", "2011 `` Wishing on a Star '' ( X Factor Finalists 2011 featuring JLS and One Direction ) Together for Short Lives", "2012 `` Impossible '' ( James Arthur -- series 9 winner 's single ) UK : 2 × Platinum", "UK : 2 × Platinum", "UK : 2 × Platinum", "2013 `` Skyscraper '' ( Sam Bailey -- series 10 winner 's single ) UK : Silver Together for Short Lives Great Ormond Street Hospital", "UK : Silver", "UK : Silver", "2014 `` Something I Need '' ( Ben Haenow -- series 11 winner 's single ) UK : Platinum Together for Short Lives", "UK : Platinum", "UK : Platinum", "2015 `` Forever Young '' ( Louisa Johnson -- series 12 winner 's single ) 9 5", "2016 `` When Christmas Comes Around '' ( Matt Terry -- series 13 winner 's single ) 28 Together for Short Lives Shooting Star Chase", "2017 `` Dimelo '' ( Rak - Su featuring Wyclef Jean and Naughty Boy -- series 14 winner 's single ) 29", "In celebration of the show 's 10th series , The X Factor -- The Greatest Hits was released on 25 November 2013 . The album features 34 songs from 21 of the show 's finalists .", "( show ) Disc 1 No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Bleeding Love ( Radio Edit ) '' ( Leona Lewis ) Jesse McCartney Ryan Tedder Ryan Tedder 3 : 58 2 . `` What Makes You Beautiful '' ( One Direction ) Rami Yacoub Carl Falk Savan Kotecha Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Rami Yacoub Carl Falk 3 : 18 3 . `` Heart Skips a Beat '' ( Olly Murs featuring Rizzle Kicks ) Alex Smith Samuel Preston Jim Eliot Jordan Stephens Harley Alexander - Sule Jim Eliot 3 : 22 4 . `` Beat Again ( Radio Edit ) '' ( JLS ) Wayne Hector Steve Mac Steve Mac 3 : 19 5 . `` Wings '' ( Little Mix ) Thomas Barnes Peter Kelleher Ben Kohn Iain James Perrie Edwards Jesy Nelson Leigh - Anne Pinnock Jade Thirlwall Erika Nuri Michelle Lewis Mischke Butler Heidi Rojas TMS 3 : 40 6 . `` Bad Boys '' ( Alexandra Burke featuring Flo Rida ) Melvin K. Watson Jr Larry Summerville Jr busbee Lauren Evans Alex James Tramar Dillard The Phantom Boyz 3 : 26 7 . `` Impossible '' ( James Arthur ) Arnthor Birgisson Ina Wroldsen Graham Stack Matt Furmidge 3 : 29 8 . `` Nothing 's Real but Love '' ( Rebecca Ferguson ) Rebecca Ferguson Eg White Eg White 2 : 56 9 . `` The Climb '' ( Joe McElderry ) Jessi Alexander Jon Mabe Quiz & Larossi 3 : 36 10 . `` When We Collide '' ( Matt Cardle ) Simon Neil Richard `` Biff '' Stannard Ash Howes 3 : 43 11 . `` Once '' ( Diana Vickers ) Cathy Dennis Eg White Mike Spencer 3 : 05 12 . `` You Bring Me Joy '' ( Amelia Lily ) Annie Yuill Brian Higgins Carla Marie Williams Fred Falke Luke Fitton Matt Gray Miranda Cooper Owen Parker Toby Scott Xenomania 3 : 51 13 . `` No Promises '' ( Shayne Ward ) Jonas Schrøder Lucas Sieber Cutfather Jonas Schrøder Lucas Sieber 3 : 44 14 . `` Carry You '' ( Union J ) Steve Mac Claude Kelly 3 : 06 15 . `` Do You Think of Me ( Radio Edit ) '' ( Misha B) Misha B Ben Kohn Tom Barnes Pete Kelleher Ayak Thiik TMS 3 : 50 16 . `` Last Night ( Beer Fear ) '' ( Lucy Spraggan ) Lucy Spraggan James Falnnigan Samuel Preston 2 : 13 17 . `` Swagger Jagger '' ( Cher Lloyd ) Cher Lloyd Autumn Rowe Jermaine Jackson Andrew Harr Petr Brdičko Andre Davidson Sean Davidson Marcus Lomax Clarence Coffee Jr . The Runners The Monarch 3 : 12", "( show ) Disc 1", "No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Bleeding Love ( Radio Edit ) '' ( Leona Lewis ) Jesse McCartney Ryan Tedder Ryan Tedder 3 : 58", "Jesse McCartney Ryan Tedder", "2 . `` What Makes You Beautiful '' ( One Direction ) Rami Yacoub Carl Falk Savan Kotecha Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Rami Yacoub Carl Falk 3 : 18", "Rami Yacoub Carl Falk Savan Kotecha Jim Jacobs Warren Casey", "Rami Yacoub Carl Falk", "3 . `` Heart Skips a Beat '' ( Olly Murs featuring Rizzle Kicks ) Alex Smith Samuel Preston Jim Eliot Jordan Stephens Harley Alexander - Sule Jim Eliot 3 : 22", "Alex Smith Samuel Preston Jim Eliot Jordan Stephens Harley Alexander - Sule", "Harley Alexander - Sule", "4 . `` Beat Again ( Radio Edit ) '' ( JLS ) Wayne Hector Steve Mac Steve Mac 3 : 19", "Wayne Hector Steve Mac", "5 . `` Wings '' ( Little Mix ) Thomas Barnes Peter Kelleher Ben Kohn Iain James Perrie Edwards Jesy Nelson Leigh - Anne Pinnock Jade Thirlwall Erika Nuri Michelle Lewis Mischke Butler Heidi Rojas TMS 3 : 40", "Thomas Barnes Peter Kelleher Ben Kohn Iain James Perrie Edwards Jesy Nelson Leigh - Anne Pinnock Jade Thirlwall Erika Nuri Michelle Lewis Mischke Butler Heidi Rojas", "Leigh - Anne Pinnock", "6 . `` Bad Boys '' ( Alexandra Burke featuring Flo Rida ) Melvin K. Watson Jr Larry Summerville Jr busbee Lauren Evans Alex James Tramar Dillard The Phantom Boyz 3 : 26", "Melvin K. Watson Jr Larry Summerville Jr busbee Lauren Evans Alex James Tramar Dillard", "Melvin K. Watson Jr", "Larry Summerville Jr", "7 . `` Impossible '' ( James Arthur ) Arnthor Birgisson Ina Wroldsen Graham Stack Matt Furmidge 3 : 29", "Arnthor Birgisson Ina Wroldsen", "Graham Stack Matt Furmidge", "8 . `` Nothing 's Real but Love '' ( Rebecca Ferguson ) Rebecca Ferguson Eg White Eg White 2 : 56", "Rebecca Ferguson Eg White", "9 . `` The Climb '' ( Joe McElderry ) Jessi Alexander Jon Mabe Quiz & Larossi 3 : 36", "Jessi Alexander Jon Mabe", "10 . `` When We Collide '' ( Matt Cardle ) Simon Neil Richard `` Biff '' Stannard Ash Howes 3 : 43", "Richard `` Biff '' Stannard Ash Howes", "Richard `` Biff '' Stannard", "11 . `` Once '' ( Diana Vickers ) Cathy Dennis Eg White Mike Spencer 3 : 05", "Cathy Dennis Eg White", "12 . `` You Bring Me Joy '' ( Amelia Lily ) Annie Yuill Brian Higgins Carla Marie Williams Fred Falke Luke Fitton Matt Gray Miranda Cooper Owen Parker Toby Scott Xenomania 3 : 51", "Annie Yuill Brian Higgins Carla Marie Williams Fred Falke Luke Fitton Matt Gray Miranda Cooper Owen Parker Toby Scott", "Carla Marie Williams", "13 . `` No Promises '' ( Shayne Ward ) Jonas Schrøder Lucas Sieber Cutfather Jonas Schrøder Lucas Sieber 3 : 44", "Jonas Schrøder Lucas Sieber", "Cutfather Jonas Schrøder Lucas Sieber", "14 . `` Carry You '' ( Union J ) Steve Mac Claude Kelly 3 : 06", "Steve Mac Claude Kelly", "15 . `` Do You Think of Me ( Radio Edit ) '' ( Misha B) Misha B Ben Kohn Tom Barnes Pete Kelleher Ayak Thiik TMS 3 : 50", "Misha B Ben Kohn Tom Barnes Pete Kelleher Ayak Thiik", "16 . `` Last Night ( Beer Fear ) '' ( Lucy Spraggan ) Lucy Spraggan James Falnnigan Samuel Preston 2 : 13", "James Falnnigan Samuel Preston", "17 . `` Swagger Jagger '' ( Cher Lloyd ) Cher Lloyd Autumn Rowe Jermaine Jackson Andrew Harr Petr Brdičko Andre Davidson Sean Davidson Marcus Lomax Clarence Coffee Jr . The Runners The Monarch 3 : 12", "Cher Lloyd Autumn Rowe Jermaine Jackson Andrew Harr Petr Brdičko Andre Davidson Sean Davidson Marcus Lomax Clarence Coffee Jr .", "Clarence Coffee Jr .", "The Runners The Monarch", "( show ) Disc 2 No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Troublemaker '' ( Olly Murs featuring Flo Rida ) Olly Murs Steve Robson Claude Kelly Tramar Dillard Steve Robson 3 : 03 2 . `` Everybody in Love '' ( JLS ) Jonathan Rotem Wayne Hector Felicia Jensen David D.A. Doman J.R. Rotem 3 : 16 3 . `` Little Things '' ( One Direction ) Fiona Bevan Ed Sheeran Jake Gosling 3 : 39 4 . `` Run ( Single Mix ) '' ( Leona Lewis ) Gary Lightbody Jonathan Quinn Mark McClelland Nathan Connolly Iain Archer Steve Robson 4 : 39 5 . `` Cannonball '' ( Little Mix ) Damien Rice Richard `` Biff '' Stannard Ash Howes Steve Mac 3 : 25 6 . `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke ) Leonard Cohen Quiz & Larossi 3 : 39 7 . `` You 're Nobody ' til Somebody Loves You '' ( James Arthur ) James Arthur Tom Barnes Pete Kelleher Ben Kohn TMS 3 : 20 8 . `` That 's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward ) Jörgen Elofsson Jem Godfrey Bill Padley Per Magnusson David Kreuger 3 : 40 9 . `` With Ur Love '' ( Cher Lloyd featuring Mike Posner ) Shellback Savan Kotecha Max Martin Mike Posner Shellback 3 : 46 10 . `` Backtrack '' ( Rebecca Ferguson ) Rebecca Ferguson Jonny Lattimer Jonny Lattimer Tim Baxter 3 : 07 11 . `` Seven Nation Army '' ( Marcus Collins ) Jack White Matt Furmidge Alex Smith Brian Rawling 2 : 56 12 . `` Run for Your Life '' ( Matt Cardle ) Gary Barlow Gary Barlow 4 : 08 13 . `` Home Run '' ( Misha B) Misha B MNEK Misha B MNEK 3 : 20 14 . `` Lighthouse '' ( Lucy Spraggan ) Lucy Spraggan Samuel Preston James Flannigan Samuel Preston James Flannigan 3 : 21 15 . `` Is This Love '' ( Aiden Grimshaw ) Aiden Grimshaw Jarrad Rogers Joel Pott Jarrad Rogers 3 : 25 16 . `` Ambitions '' ( Joe McElderry ) Cato Sundberg Kent Sundberg Simen M Eriksrud Simone Larsen Ray Hedges Nigel Butler 2 : 57 17 . `` Titanium '' ( Jahméne Douglas ) Sia Furler David Guetta Giorgio Tuinfort Nick van de Wall 3 : 52", "( show ) Disc 2", "No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Troublemaker '' ( Olly Murs featuring Flo Rida ) Olly Murs Steve Robson Claude Kelly Tramar Dillard Steve Robson 3 : 03", "Olly Murs Steve Robson Claude Kelly Tramar Dillard", "2 . `` Everybody in Love '' ( JLS ) Jonathan Rotem Wayne Hector Felicia Jensen David D.A. Doman J.R. Rotem 3 : 16", "Jonathan Rotem Wayne Hector Felicia Jensen David D.A. Doman", "David D.A. Doman", "J.R. Rotem", "3 . `` Little Things '' ( One Direction ) Fiona Bevan Ed Sheeran Jake Gosling 3 : 39", "Fiona Bevan Ed Sheeran", "4 . `` Run ( Single Mix ) '' ( Leona Lewis ) Gary Lightbody Jonathan Quinn Mark McClelland Nathan Connolly Iain Archer Steve Robson 4 : 39", "Gary Lightbody Jonathan Quinn Mark McClelland Nathan Connolly Iain Archer", "5 . `` Cannonball '' ( Little Mix ) Damien Rice Richard `` Biff '' Stannard Ash Howes Steve Mac 3 : 25", "Richard `` Biff '' Stannard Ash Howes Steve Mac", "Richard `` Biff '' Stannard", "6 . `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke ) Leonard Cohen Quiz & Larossi 3 : 39", "7 . `` You 're Nobody ' til Somebody Loves You '' ( James Arthur ) James Arthur Tom Barnes Pete Kelleher Ben Kohn TMS 3 : 20", "James Arthur Tom Barnes Pete Kelleher Ben Kohn", "8 . `` That 's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward ) Jörgen Elofsson Jem Godfrey Bill Padley Per Magnusson David Kreuger 3 : 40", "Jörgen Elofsson Jem Godfrey Bill Padley", "Per Magnusson David Kreuger", "9 . `` With Ur Love '' ( Cher Lloyd featuring Mike Posner ) Shellback Savan Kotecha Max Martin Mike Posner Shellback 3 : 46", "Shellback Savan Kotecha Max Martin Mike Posner", "10 . `` Backtrack '' ( Rebecca Ferguson ) Rebecca Ferguson Jonny Lattimer Jonny Lattimer Tim Baxter 3 : 07", "Rebecca Ferguson Jonny Lattimer", "Jonny Lattimer Tim Baxter", "11 . `` Seven Nation Army '' ( Marcus Collins ) Jack White Matt Furmidge Alex Smith Brian Rawling 2 : 56", "Matt Furmidge Alex Smith Brian Rawling", "12 . `` Run for Your Life '' ( Matt Cardle ) Gary Barlow Gary Barlow 4 : 08", "13 . `` Home Run '' ( Misha B) Misha B MNEK Misha B MNEK 3 : 20", "Misha B MNEK", "Misha B MNEK", "14 . `` Lighthouse '' ( Lucy Spraggan ) Lucy Spraggan Samuel Preston James Flannigan Samuel Preston James Flannigan 3 : 21", "Lucy Spraggan Samuel Preston James Flannigan", "Samuel Preston James Flannigan", "15 . `` Is This Love '' ( Aiden Grimshaw ) Aiden Grimshaw Jarrad Rogers Joel Pott Jarrad Rogers 3 : 25", "Aiden Grimshaw Jarrad Rogers Joel Pott", "16 . `` Ambitions '' ( Joe McElderry ) Cato Sundberg Kent Sundberg Simen M Eriksrud Simone Larsen Ray Hedges Nigel Butler 2 : 57", "Cato Sundberg Kent Sundberg Simen M Eriksrud Simone Larsen", "Simen M Eriksrud", "Ray Hedges Nigel Butler", "17 . `` Titanium '' ( Jahméne Douglas ) Sia Furler David Guetta Giorgio Tuinfort Nick van de Wall 3 : 52", "Sia Furler David Guetta Giorgio Tuinfort Nick van de Wall", "Nick van de Wall", "The X Factor Songbook is a 60 - song compilation album released 24 November 2014 .", "( show ) Disc 1 No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Make You Feel My Love '' Adele 3 : 32 2 . `` Listen '' Beyoncé 3 : 39 3 . `` Stay with Me '' Sam Smith 2 : 52 4 . `` All of Me '' John Legend 2 : 59 5 . `` Ghost '' Ella Henderson 3 : 33 6 . `` The A Team '' Ed Sheeran 4 : 18 7 . `` Story of My Life '' ( Radio Edit ) One Direction 3 : 38 8 . `` The One That Got Away '' Katy Perry 3 : 46 9 . `` Fight for This Love '' Cheryl Cole 3 : 42 10 . `` Just Give Me a Reason '' Pink featuring Nate Ruess 4 : 02 11 . `` I Will Never Let You Down '' Rita Ora 3 : 23 12 . `` All About That Bass '' Meghan Trainor 3 : 07 13 . `` Only Love Can Hurt Like This '' Paloma Faith 3 : 52 14 . `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' Labrinth featuring Emeli Sandé 3 : 56 15 . `` Fallin ' '' ( Radio Edit ) Alicia Keys 3 : 15 16 . `` Say Something '' A Great Big World 3 : 49 17 . `` Change Your Life '' ( Single Mix ) Little Mix 3 : 21 18 . `` My Heart Will Go On '' Celine Dion 5 : 08 19 . `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' Whitney Houston 3 : 39 20 . `` Run '' ( Single Mix ) Leona Lewis 4 : 40", "( show ) Disc 1", "No . Title Artist ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Make You Feel My Love '' Adele 3 : 32", "2 . `` Listen '' Beyoncé 3 : 39", "3 . `` Stay with Me '' Sam Smith 2 : 52", "4 . `` All of Me '' John Legend 2 : 59", "5 . `` Ghost '' Ella Henderson 3 : 33", "6 . `` The A Team '' Ed Sheeran 4 : 18", "7 . `` Story of My Life '' ( Radio Edit ) One Direction 3 : 38", "8 . `` The One That Got Away '' Katy Perry 3 : 46", "9 . `` Fight for This Love '' Cheryl Cole 3 : 42", "10 . `` Just Give Me a Reason '' Pink featuring Nate Ruess 4 : 02", "11 . `` I Will Never Let You Down '' Rita Ora 3 : 23", "12 . `` All About That Bass '' Meghan Trainor 3 : 07", "13 . `` Only Love Can Hurt Like This '' Paloma Faith 3 : 52", "14 . `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' Labrinth featuring Emeli Sandé 3 : 56", "15 . `` Fallin ' '' ( Radio Edit ) Alicia Keys 3 : 15", "16 . `` Say Something '' A Great Big World 3 : 49", "17 . `` Change Your Life '' ( Single Mix ) Little Mix 3 : 21", "18 . `` My Heart Will Go On '' Celine Dion 5 : 08", "19 . `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' Whitney Houston 3 : 39", "20 . `` Run '' ( Single Mix ) Leona Lewis 4 : 40", "( show ) Disc 2 No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Home '' Michael Bublé 3 : 46 2 . `` Angels '' Robbie Williams 4 : 20 3 . `` Dance with Me Tonight '' Olly Murs 3 : 22 4 . `` Locked Out of Heaven '' Bruno Mars 3 : 52 5 . `` Hall of Fame '' The Script featuring will.i.am 3 : 21 6 . `` Moves Like Jagger '' Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera 3 : 21 7 . `` She Makes Me Wanna '' JLS featuring Dev 3 : 39 8 . `` I Want You Back '' Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott 3 : 26 9 . `` Bad Boys '' Alexandra Burke featuring Flo Rida 3 : 26 10 . `` A Moment Like This '' Kelly Clarkson 3 : 46 11 . `` Your Song '' Ellie Goulding 3 : 08 12 . `` Nothing 's Real but Love '' Rebecca Ferguson 2 : 51 13 . `` Skyscraper '' Demi Lovato 3 : 39 14 . `` Angel '' Sarah McLachlan 4 : 00 15 . `` Un-Break My Heart '' Toni Braxton 4 : 05 16 . `` A Thousand Years '' Christina Perri 3 : 58 17 . `` Impossible '' Shontelle 3 : 46 18 . `` Valerie '' Mark Ronson featuring Amy Winehouse 3 : 36 19 . `` Hey , Soul Sister '' Train 3 : 36 20 . `` Rude '' Magic ! 3 : 45", "( show ) Disc 2", "No . Title Artist ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Home '' Michael Bublé 3 : 46", "2 . `` Angels '' Robbie Williams 4 : 20", "3 . `` Dance with Me Tonight '' Olly Murs 3 : 22", "4 . `` Locked Out of Heaven '' Bruno Mars 3 : 52", "5 . `` Hall of Fame '' The Script featuring will.i.am 3 : 21", "6 . `` Moves Like Jagger '' Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera 3 : 21", "7 . `` She Makes Me Wanna '' JLS featuring Dev 3 : 39", "8 . `` I Want You Back '' Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott 3 : 26", "9 . `` Bad Boys '' Alexandra Burke featuring Flo Rida 3 : 26", "10 . `` A Moment Like This '' Kelly Clarkson 3 : 46", "11 . `` Your Song '' Ellie Goulding 3 : 08", "12 . `` Nothing 's Real but Love '' Rebecca Ferguson 2 : 51", "13 . `` Skyscraper '' Demi Lovato 3 : 39", "14 . `` Angel '' Sarah McLachlan 4 : 00", "15 . `` Un-Break My Heart '' Toni Braxton 4 : 05", "16 . `` A Thousand Years '' Christina Perri 3 : 58", "17 . `` Impossible '' Shontelle 3 : 46", "18 . `` Valerie '' Mark Ronson featuring Amy Winehouse 3 : 36", "19 . `` Hey , Soul Sister '' Train 3 : 36", "20 . `` Rude '' Magic ! 3 : 45", "( show ) Disc 3 No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Back for Good '' Take That 4 : 02 2 . `` Read All About It , Pt . III '' Emeli Sandé 4 : 43 3 . `` Back to Black '' ( Radio Edit ) Amy Winehouse 3 : 12 4 . `` Leave Right Now '' Will Young 3 : 30 5 . `` Beautiful '' Christina Aguilera 3 : 59 6 . `` The Climb '' Miley Cyrus 3 : 51 7 . `` I Believe I Can Fly '' R. Kelly 3 : 15 8 . `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' George Michael 5 : 20 9 . `` Dance with My Father '' ( Radio Version ) Luther Vandross 4 : 25 10 . `` Flying Without Wings '' Westlife 3 : 34 11 . `` All by Myself '' ( Remastered ) Eric Carmen 4 : 31 12 . `` Eternal Flame '' The Bangles 3 : 55 13 . `` Whenever , Wherever '' Shakira 3 : 16 14 . `` Torn '' Natalie Imbruglia 4 : 04 15 . `` How You Remind Me '' Nickelback 3 : 41 16 . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Journey 4 : 10 17 . `` Wherever You Will Go '' The Calling 3 : 27 18 . `` How to Save a Life '' ( Single Mix ) The Fray 3 : 59 19 . `` Many of Horror '' Biffy Clyro 4 : 17 20 . `` Hallelujah '' Jeff Buckley 4 : 17", "( show ) Disc 3", "No . Title Artist ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Back for Good '' Take That 4 : 02", "2 . `` Read All About It , Pt . III '' Emeli Sandé 4 : 43", "3 . `` Back to Black '' ( Radio Edit ) Amy Winehouse 3 : 12", "4 . `` Leave Right Now '' Will Young 3 : 30", "5 . `` Beautiful '' Christina Aguilera 3 : 59", "6 . `` The Climb '' Miley Cyrus 3 : 51", "7 . `` I Believe I Can Fly '' R. Kelly 3 : 15", "8 . `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' George Michael 5 : 20", "9 . `` Dance with My Father '' ( Radio Version ) Luther Vandross 4 : 25", "10 . `` Flying Without Wings '' Westlife 3 : 34", "11 . `` All by Myself '' ( Remastered ) Eric Carmen 4 : 31", "12 . `` Eternal Flame '' The Bangles 3 : 55", "13 . `` Whenever , Wherever '' Shakira 3 : 16", "14 . `` Torn '' Natalie Imbruglia 4 : 04", "15 . `` How You Remind Me '' Nickelback 3 : 41", "16 . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Journey 4 : 10", "17 . `` Wherever You Will Go '' The Calling 3 : 27", "18 . `` How to Save a Life '' ( Single Mix ) The Fray 3 : 59", "19 . `` Many of Horror '' Biffy Clyro 4 : 17", "20 . `` Hallelujah '' Jeff Buckley 4 : 17", "DVDs", "Series 1 : The X Factor Revealed : The Greatest Auditions Ever ( 2005 ) Series 2 : The X Factor : The Greatest Auditions Ever ( 2006 ) Series 3 : The X Factor Revealed ( 2007 )", "Series 1 : The X Factor Revealed : The Greatest Auditions Ever ( 2005 )", "Series 2 : The X Factor : The Greatest Auditions Ever ( 2006 )", "Series 3 : The X Factor Revealed ( 2007 )", "Games", "Series 4 : The X Factor -- interactive DVD game ( 2007 ) Series 4 : The X Factor Sing -- karaoke console game ( 2007 ) Series 5 : The X Factor : The Board Game ( 2009 ) Series 5 : Top Trumps X Factor -- card game ( 2008 ) Series 7 : The X Factor -- karaoke console game ( 2010 )", "Series 4 : The X Factor -- interactive DVD game ( 2007 )", "Series 4 : The X Factor Sing -- karaoke console game ( 2007 )", "Series 5 : The X Factor : The Board Game ( 2009 )", "Series 5 : Top Trumps X Factor -- card game ( 2008 )", "Series 7 : The X Factor -- karaoke console game ( 2010 )", "Books", "Series 1 -- 3 : The X Factor : Access All Areas ( 2007 ) Series 6 : The X Factor Annual ( 2009 ) Series 7 : The X Factor Annual ( 2010 ) Series 7 : The Xtra Factor Annual ( 2010 ) Series 8 : The X Factor Annual ( 2011 )", "Series 1 -- 3 : The X Factor : Access All Areas ( 2007 )", "Series 6 : The X Factor Annual ( 2009 )", "Series 7 : The X Factor Annual ( 2010 )", "Series 7 : The Xtra Factor Annual ( 2010 )", "Series 8 : The X Factor Annual ( 2011 )", "Magazines", "X Magazine -- weekly publication to accompany the seventh series in 2010 .", "X Magazine -- weekly publication to accompany the seventh series in 2010 .", "Other", "The X Factor brand has also appeared on clothing , jewellery , perfume , make - up , toiletries , bedding , gifts , confectionery , soft drinks and pizzas . The Sun newspaper reported that the parents of Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge were using The X Factor 's logo without permission to publicise party accessories sold through their mail - order business ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Official Secrets Act is a term used in Hong Kong , India , Ireland , Malaysia , Singapore and the United Kingdom , and formerly in Canada and New Zealand for legislation that provides for the protection of state secrets and official information , mainly related to national security .", "The Official Secrets ( Jersey ) Law 1952", "The Official Secrets ( Jersey ) Law 1952", "The Official Secrets Act 1923", "The Official Secrets Act 1923", "The Official Secrets Act 1951", "The Official Secrets Act 1951", "The Official Secrets Act 1963", "The Official Secrets Act 1963", "The Official Secrets Act ( Cap . 213 , 2012 Rev. Ed . ) prohibits the disclosure of official documents and information . The Act was first introduced to Singapore in 1935 as the Official Secrets Ordinance . Section 5 of the Act prohibits the wrongful communication of information that is considered sensitive by the government .", "The Official Secrets Act ( Cap . 213 , 2012 Rev. Ed . ) prohibits the disclosure of official documents and information . The Act was first introduced to Singapore in 1935 as the Official Secrets Ordinance . Section 5 of the Act prohibits the wrongful communication of information that is considered sensitive by the government .", "Official Secrets Act 1889", "Official Secrets Act 1889", "The Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 means the Official Secrets Act 1911 and the Official Secrets Act 1920 . The Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 means the Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 and the Official Secrets Act 1939 . The Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989 means the Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 and the Official Secrets Act 1989 .", "People working with sensitive information are commonly required to sign a statement to the effect that they agree to abide by the restrictions of the Official Secrets Act . This is popularly referred to as `` signing the Official Secrets Act '' . Signing this has no effect on which actions are legal , as the act is a law , not a contract , and individuals are bound by it whether or not they have signed it . Signing it is intended more as a reminder to the person that they are under such obligations . To this end , it is common to sign this statement both before and after a period of employment that involves access to secrets ( e.g. MI5 / MI6 ) .", "In addition to the Official Secrets Acts , the Naval Discipline Act 1957 made it an offence punishable with life imprisonment to spy on - board Royal Navy ships or overseas bases . This was a capital offence until 1981 .", "The ( UK ) Official Secrets Act 1889 ( 52 & 53 Vict . c. 52 ) was adopted in Canada with minor modifications in 1890 . Its provisions became part of the Criminal Code in 1892 . The Official Secrets Act ( Canada ) 1939 replaced the Criminal Code provisions and utilised the provisions of The Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 ( UK ) . Amendments were made in 1950 , 1967 , 1970 and 1973 . The Official Secrets Act ( Canada ) 1981 was the final version of the law adopted by the House of Commons . In 2001 , the Official Act was repealed and replaced by the Security of Information Act .", "The ( UK ) Official Secrets Act 1889 ( 52 & 53 Vict . c. 52 ) was adopted in Canada with minor modifications in 1890 . Its provisions became part of the Criminal Code in 1892 .", "The Official Secrets Act ( Canada ) 1939 replaced the Criminal Code provisions and utilised the provisions of The Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 ( UK ) . Amendments were made in 1950 , 1967 , 1970 and 1973 .", "The Official Secrets Act ( Canada ) 1981 was the final version of the law adopted by the House of Commons .", "In 2001 , the Official Act was repealed and replaced by the Security of Information Act .", "22 prosecutions occurred under the Official Secrets Act in Canada , over half of which were in relation to the Gouzenko Affair . In 1989 , Stephen Joseph Ratkai was charged and convicted under the Act , of espionage in relation to the SOSUS network site at Naval Station Argentia in Newfoundland .", "The Official Secrets Ordinance 1997 ( 27 June 1997 , L.N. 369 of 1997 , Originally c. 62 of 1997 )", "The Official Secrets Ordinance 1997 ( 27 June 1997 , L.N. 369 of 1997 , Originally c. 62 of 1997 )", "Official Secrets Act 1972 , Malaysia", "Official Secrets Act 1972 , Malaysia", "The phrase official secrets act may also be used to refer to statutes of a similar nature in other countries . Canada 's Official Secrets Act was replaced in 2001 by similar legislation titled the Security of Information Act ( which was created in the wake of September 11th 2001 to replace the vaguely worded Official Secrets Act ) .", "The United States does not have a broad - reaching Official Secrets Act , although the Espionage Act of 1917 has similar components . Much of the Espionage Act remains in force , although some has been struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional because of the First Amendment ( See United States v . The Progressive , Brandenburg v. Ohio , New York Times Co. v. United States ) . 18 U.S.C. § 798 , enacted in 1951 , makes dissemination of secret information involving cryptography , espionage , and surveillance illegal for all people , and is thus an `` official secrets act '' limited to those subjects .", "In the Republic of Ireland the Official Secrets Act , 1963 repealed previous British legislation of 1911 and 1920 . The Official Secrets Act , as amended , applies to all civil servants and potentially anyone within the state . A suit may only be instigated at the approval of the Attorney General of Ireland , additionally proceedings may occur in camera but the verdict and any sentence must occur in public .", "Malaysia has an Official Secrets Act ( also referred to as the OSA ) prohibiting the collection , possession or distribution of information marked as an official secret -- an action which can be made by any public officer . The certification of a document as an official secret is not subject to judicial review , and a violation of the act is punishable with between one and seven years ' imprisonment . The act has been controversial for its use to silence dissent and stifling anti-corruption activities .", "Australia has Part VII of the Crimes Act 1914 ( Commonwealth ) , entitled Official Secrets and Unlawful Soundings ." ]

[ [ "chicks" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Chicken A rooster or cock ( left ) and hen ( right ) Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Galliformes Family : Phasianidae Genus : Gallus Species : G. gallus Subspecies : G. g . domesticus Trinomial name Gallus gallus domesticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 )", "Chicken", "A rooster or cock ( left ) and hen ( right )", "Conservation status", "Domesticated", "Scientific classification", "Kingdom : Animalia", "Phylum : Chordata", "Class : Aves", "Order : Galliformes", "Family : Phasianidae", "Genus : Gallus", "Species : G. gallus", "Subspecies : G. g . domesticus", "Trinomial name", "Gallus gallus domesticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 )", "The chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) is a type of domesticated fowl , a subspecies of the red junglefowl . It is one of the most common and widespread domestic animals , with a total population of more than 19 billion as of 2011 . There are more chickens in the world than any other bird . Humans keep chickens primarily as a source of food ( consuming both their meat and eggs ) and , more rarely , as pets . Originally raised for cockfighting or for special ceremonies , chickens were not kept for food until the Hellenistic period ( fourth -- second centuries BCE ) .", "Genetic studies have pointed to multiple maternal origins in Southeast Asia , East Asia , and South Asia , but with the clade found in the Americas , Europe , the Middle East and Africa originating in the Indian subcontinent . From India , the domesticated chicken was imported to Lydia in western Asia Minor , and to Greece by the fifth century BC . Fowl had been known in Egypt since the mid-15th century BC , with the `` bird that gives birth every day '' having come to Egypt from the land between Syria and Shinar , Babylonia , according to the annals of Thutmose III .", "In the UK and Ireland , adult male chickens over the age of one year are primarily known as cocks , whereas in the United States , Canada , Australia and New Zealand , they are more commonly called roosters . Males less than a year old are cockerels . Castrated roosters are called capons ( surgical and chemical castration are now illegal in some parts of the world ) . Females over a year old are known as hens , and younger females as pullets , although in the egg - laying industry , a pullet becomes a hen when she begins to lay eggs , at 16 to 20 weeks of age . In Australia and New Zealand ( also sometimes in Britain ) , there is a generic term chook / tʃ ʊk / to describe all ages and both sexes . The young are often called chicks .", "`` Chicken '' originally referred to young domestic fowl . The species as a whole was then called domestic fowl , or just fowl . This use of `` chicken '' survives in the phrase `` Hen and Chickens '' , sometimes used as a British public house or theatre name , and to name groups of one large and many small rocks or islands in the sea ( see for example Hen and Chicken Islands ) . The word `` chicken '' is sometimes erroneously construed to mean females exclusively , despite the term `` hen '' for females being in wide circulation , and the term `` rooster '' for males being that most commonly used .", "In the Deep South of the United States , chickens are also referred to by the slang term yardbird .", "Chickens are omnivores . In the wild , they often scratch at the soil to search for seeds , insects and even animals as large as lizards , small snakes or young mice .", "The average chicken may live for five to ten years , depending on the breed . The world 's oldest known chicken was a hen which died of heart failure at the age of 16 years according to the Guinness World Records .", "Roosters can usually be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage of long flowing tails and shiny , pointed feathers on their necks ( hackles ) and backs ( saddle ) , which are typically of brighter , bolder colours than those of females of the same breed . However , in some breeds , such as the Sebright chicken , the rooster has only slightly pointed neck feathers , the same colour as the hen 's . The identification can be made by looking at the comb , or eventually from the development of spurs on the male 's legs ( in a few breeds and in certain hybrids , the male and female chicks may be differentiated by colour ) . Adult chickens have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb , or cockscomb , and hanging flaps of skin either side under their beaks called wattles . Collectively , these and other fleshy protuberances on the head and throat are called caruncles . Both the adult male and female have wattles and combs , but in most breeds these are more prominent in males . A muff or beard is a mutation found in several chicken breeds which causes extra feathering under the chicken 's face , giving the appearance of a beard . Domestic chickens are not capable of long distance flight , although lighter birds are generally capable of flying for short distances , such as over fences or into trees ( where they would naturally roost ) . Chickens may occasionally fly briefly to explore their surroundings , but generally do so only to flee perceived danger .", "Chickens are gregarious birds and live together in flocks . They have a communal approach to the incubation of eggs and raising of young . Individual chickens in a flock will dominate others , establishing a `` pecking order '' , with dominant individuals having priority for food access and nesting locations . Removing hens or roosters from a flock causes a temporary disruption to this social order until a new pecking order is established . Adding hens , especially younger birds , to an existing flock can lead to fighting and injury . When a rooster finds food , he may call other chickens to eat first . He does this by clucking in a high pitch as well as picking up and dropping the food . This behaviour may also be observed in mother hens to call their chicks and encourage them to eat .", "A rooster 's crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call and sends a territorial signal to other roosters . However , roosters may also crow in response to sudden disturbances within their surroundings . Hens cluck loudly after laying an egg , and also to call their chicks . Chickens also give different warning calls when they sense a predator approaching from the air or on the ground .", "To initiate courting , some roosters may dance in a circle around or near a hen ( `` a circle dance '' ) , often lowering the wing which is closest to the hen . The dance triggers a response in the hen and when she responds to his `` call '' , the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the mating .", "More specifically , mating typically involves the following sequence : 1 . Male approaching the hen . 2 . Male pre-copulatory waltzing. 3 . Male waltzing. 4 . Female crouching ( receptive posture ) or stepping aside or running away ( if unwilling to copulate ) . 5 . Male mounting . 6 . Male treading with both feet on hen 's back . 7 . Male tail bending ( following successful copulation ) .", "Hens will often try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and have been known to move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own . The result of this behaviour is that a flock will use only a few preferred locations , rather than having a different nest for every bird . Hens will often express a preference to lay in the same location . It is not unknown for two ( or more ) hens to try to share the same nest at the same time . If the nest is small , or one of the hens is particularly determined , this may result in chickens trying to lay on top of each other . There is evidence that individual hens prefer to be either solitary or gregarious nesters .", "Under natural conditions , most birds lay only until a clutch is complete , and they will then incubate all the eggs . Hens are then said to `` go broody '' . The broody hen will stop laying and instead will focus on the incubation of the eggs ( a full clutch is usually about 12 eggs ) . She will `` sit '' or `` set '' on the nest , protesting or pecking in defense if disturbed or removed , and she will rarely leave the nest to eat , drink , or dust - bathe . While brooding , the hen maintains the nest at a constant temperature and humidity , as well as turning the eggs regularly during the first part of the incubation . To stimulate broodiness , owners may place several artificial eggs in the nest . To discourage it , they may place the hen in an elevated cage with an open wire floor .", "Breeds artificially developed for egg production rarely go broody , and those that do often stop part - way through the incubation . However , other breeds , such as the Cochin , Cornish and Silkie , do regularly go broody , and they make excellent mothers , not only for chicken eggs but also for those of other species -- even those with much smaller or larger eggs and different incubation periods , such as quail , pheasants , turkeys or geese .", "Fertile chicken eggs hatch at the end of the incubation period , about 21 days . Development of the chick starts only when incubation begins , so all chicks hatch within a day or two of each other , despite perhaps being laid over a period of two weeks or so . Before hatching , the hen can hear the chicks peeping inside the eggs , and will gently cluck to stimulate them to break out of their shells . The chick begins by `` pipping '' ; pecking a breathing hole with its egg tooth towards the blunt end of the egg , usually on the upper side . The chick then rests for some hours , absorbing the remaining egg yolk and withdrawing the blood supply from the membrane beneath the shell ( used earlier for breathing through the shell ) . The chick then enlarges the hole , gradually turning round as it goes , and eventually severing the blunt end of the shell completely to make a lid . The chick crawls out of the remaining shell , and the wet down dries out in the warmth of the nest .", "Hens usually remain on the nest for about two days after the first chick hatches , and during this time the newly hatched chicks feed by absorbing the internal yolk sac . Some breeds sometimes start eating cracked eggs , which can become habitual . Hens fiercely guard their chicks , and brood them when necessary to keep them warm , at first often returning to the nest at night . She leads them to food and water and will call them toward edible items , but seldom feeds them directly . She continues to care for them until they are several weeks old .", "In 2006 , scientists researching the ancestry of birds `` turned on '' a chicken recessive gene , talpid2 , and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth , like those found in ancient bird fossils . John Fallon , the overseer of the project , stated that chickens have `` ... retained the ability to make teeth , under certain conditions ... ''", "The domestic chicken is descended primarily from the red junglefowl ( Gallus gallus ) and is scientifically classified as the same species . As such , it can and does freely interbreed with populations of red junglefowl . Recent genetic analysis has revealed that at least the gene for yellow skin was incorporated into domestic birds through hybridization with the grey junglefowl ( G. sonneratii ) .", "The traditional view is that chickens were first domesticated for cockfighting in Asia , Africa , and Europe . In the last decade , there have been a number of genetic studies to clarify the origins . According to one early study , a single domestication event which took place in what now is the country of Thailand gave rise to the modern chicken with minor transitions separating the modern breeds . However , that study was later found to be based on incomplete data , and recent studies point to multiple maternal origins , with the clade found in the Americas , Europe , Middle East , and Africa , originating from the Indian subcontinent , where a large number of unique haplotypes occur . It is postulated that the red junglefowl , known as the bamboo fowl in many Southeast Asian languages , is a special bird well - adapted to take advantage of the large amounts of fruits that are produced during the end of the 50 - year bamboo seeding cycle , to boost its own reproduction . In domesticating the chicken , humans took advantage of this predisposition for prolific reproduction of the red junglefowl when exposed to large amounts of food .", "It has been claimed ( based on paleoclimatic assumptions ) that chickens were domesticated in Southern China in 6000 BC . However , a recent study raises doubts as to whether those birds were the ancestors of chickens today . Instead , the origin could be the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley . Eventually , the chicken moved to the Tarim basin of central Asia . The chicken reached Europe ( Romania , Turkey , Greece , Ukraine ) about 3000 BC . Introduction into Western Europe came far later , about the 1st millennium BC . Phoenicians spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts as far as Iberia . Breeding increased under the Roman Empire , and was reduced in the Middle Ages . Genetic sequencing of chicken bones from archaeological sites in Europe revealed that in the High Middle Ages chickens became less aggressive and began to lay eggs earlier in the breeding season .", "Middle East traces of chicken go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC , in Syria ; chickens went southward only in the 1st millennium BC . They reached Egypt for purposes of cockfighting about 1400 BC , and became widely bred only in Ptolemaic Egypt ( about 300 BC ) . Little is known about the chicken 's introduction into Africa . It was during the Hellenistic period ( fourth -- second centuries B.C.E. ) , in the Southern Levant , that chickens began widely to be domesticated for food. . This change occurred at least 100 years before domestication of chickens spread to Europe .", "Three possible routes of introduction in about the early first millennium AD could have been through the Egyptian Nile Valley , the East Africa Roman - Greek or Indian trade , or from Carthage and the Berbers , across the Sahara . The earliest known remains are from Mali , Nubia , East Coast , and South Africa and date back to the middle of the first millennium AD .", "Domestic chicken in the Americas before Western conquest is still an ongoing discussion , but blue - egged chickens , found only in the Americas and Asia , suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens .", "A lack of data from Thailand , Russia , the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these areas ; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by extinction may also help with research into this area .", "An unusual variety of chicken that has its origins in South America is the araucana , bred in southern Chile by the Mapuche people . Araucanas , some of which are tailless and some of which have tufts of feathers around their ears , lay blue - green eggs . It has long been suggested that they pre-date the arrival of European chickens brought by the Spanish and are evidence of pre-Columbian trans - Pacific contacts between Asian or Pacific Oceanic peoples , particularly the Polynesians , and South America . In 2007 , an international team of researchers reported the results of analysis of chicken bones found on the Arauco Peninsula in south - central Chile . Radiocarbon dating suggested that the chickens were Pre-Columbian , and DNA analysis showed that they were related to prehistoric populations of chickens in Polynesia . These results appeared to confirm that the chickens came from Polynesia and that there were transpacific contacts between Polynesia and South America before Columbus 's arrival in the Americas .", "However , a later report looking at the same specimens concluded :", "A published , apparently pre-Columbian , Chilean specimen and six pre-European Polynesian specimens also cluster with the same European / Indian subcontinental / Southeast Asian sequences , providing no support for a Polynesian introduction of chickens to South America . In contrast , sequences from two archaeological sites on Easter Island group with an uncommon haplogroup from Indonesia , Japan , and China and may represent a genetic signature of an early Polynesian dispersal . Modeling of the potential marine carbon contribution to the Chilean archaeological specimen casts further doubt on claims for pre-Columbian chickens , and definitive proof will require further analyses of ancient DNA sequences and radiocarbon and stable isotope data from archaeological excavations within both Chile and Polynesia .", "More than 50 billion chickens are reared annually as a source of meat and eggs . In the United States alone , more than 8 billion chickens are slaughtered each year for meat , and more than 300 million chickens are reared for egg production .", "The vast majority of poultry are raised in factory farms . According to the Worldwatch Institute , 74 percent of the world 's poultry meat and 68 percent of eggs are produced this way . An alternative to intensive poultry farming is free - range farming .", "Friction between these two main methods has led to long - term issues of ethical consumerism . Opponents of intensive farming argue that it harms the environment , creates human health risks and is inhumane . Advocates of intensive farming say that their highly efficient systems save land and food resources owing to increased productivity , and that the animals are looked after in state - of - the - art environmentally controlled facilities .", "Chickens farmed for meat are called broilers . Chickens will naturally live for six or more years , but broiler breeds typically take less than six weeks to reach slaughter size . A free range or organic broiler will usually be slaughtered at about 14 weeks of age .", "Chickens farmed primarily for eggs are called layer hens . In total , the UK alone consumes more than 34 million eggs per day . Some hen breeds can produce over 300 eggs per year , with `` the highest authenticated rate of egg laying being 371 eggs in 364 days '' . After 12 months of laying , the commercial hen 's egg - laying ability starts to decline to the point where the flock is commercially unviable . Hens , particularly from battery cage systems , are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant amount of their feathers , and their life expectancy has been reduced from around seven years to less than two years . In the UK and Europe , laying hens are then slaughtered and used in processed foods or sold as `` soup hens '' . In some other countries , flocks are sometimes force moulted , rather than being slaughtered , to re-invigorate egg - laying . This involves complete withdrawal of food ( and sometimes water ) for 7 -- 14 days or sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35 % , or up to 28 days under experimental conditions . This stimulates the hen to lose her feathers , but also re-invigorates egg - production . Some flocks may be force - moulted several times . In 2003 , more than 75 % of all flocks were moulted in the US .", "Chickens are social , inquisitive , intelligent birds , and many find their behaviour entertaining . Certain breeds , such as Silkies and many bantam varieties , are generally docile and are often recommended as good pets around children with disabilities .", "Incubation can successfully occur artificially in machines that provide the correct , controlled environment for the developing chick . The average incubation period for chickens is 21 days but may depend on the temperature and humidity in the incubator . Temperature regulation is the most critical factor for a successful hatch . Variations of more than 1 ° C ( 1.8 ° F ) from the optimum temperature of 37.5 ° C ( 99.5 ° F ) will reduce hatch rates . Humidity is also important because the rate at which eggs lose water by evaporation depends on the ambient relative humidity . Evaporation can be assessed by candling , to view the size of the air sac , or by measuring weight loss . Relative humidity should be increased to around 70 % in the last three days of incubation to keep the membrane around the hatching chick from drying out after the chick cracks the shell . Lower humidity is usual in the first 18 days to ensure adequate evaporation . The position of the eggs in the incubator can also influence hatch rates . For best results , eggs should be placed with the pointed ends down and turned regularly ( at least three times per day ) until one to three days before hatching . If the eggs are n't turned , the embryo inside may stick to the shell and may hatch with physical defects . Adequate ventilation is necessary to provide the embryo with oxygen . Older eggs require increased ventilation .", "Many commercial incubators are industrial - sized with shelves holding tens of thousands of eggs at a time , with rotation of the eggs a fully automated process . Home incubators are boxes holding from 6 to 75 eggs ; they are usually electrically powered , but in the past some were heated with an oil or paraffin lamp .", "Chickens are susceptible to several parasites , including lice , mites , ticks , fleas , and intestinal worms , as well as other diseases . Despite the name , they are not affected by chickenpox , which is generally restricted to humans .", "Some of the diseases that can affect chickens are shown below :", "Name Common name Cause Aspergillosis Aspergillus fungi Avian influenza bird flu virus Histomoniasis blackhead disease Histomonas meleagridis Botulism paralysis Clostridium botulinum toxin Cage layer fatigue mineral deficiency , lack of physical exercise Campylobacteriosis tissue injury in the gut Coccidiosis Coccidia Colds virus Crop bound improper feeding Dermanyssus gallinae red mite parasite Egg binding oversized egg Erysipelas Streptococcus bacteria Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome high - energy food Fowl cholera Pasteurella multocida Fowlpox Fowlpox virus Fowl typhoid bacteria Gallid herpesvirus 1 infectious laryngotracheitis virus Gapeworm Syngamus trachea worms Infectious bronchitis Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infectious bursal disease Gumboro infectious bursal disease virus Infectious coryza in chickens Avibacterium paragallinarum Lymphoid leukosis Avian sarcoma leukosis virus Marek 's disease Gallid herpesvirus 2 Moniliasis yeast infection or thrush Candida fungi Mycoplasma bacteria Newcastle disease Avian avulavirus 1 Necrotic enteritis bacteria Omphalitis Mushy chick disease bacteria Peritonitis infection in abdomen from egg yolk Psittacosis Chlamydia psittaci Pullorum Salmonella bacteria Scaly leg Cnemidocoptes mutans Squamous cell carcinoma cancer Tibial dyschondroplasia speed growing Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Ulcerative enteritis bacteria Ulcerative pododermatitis bumblefoot bacteria", "Name Common name Cause", "Aspergillosis Aspergillus fungi", "Avian influenza bird flu virus", "Histomoniasis blackhead disease Histomonas meleagridis", "Botulism paralysis Clostridium botulinum toxin", "Cage layer fatigue mineral deficiency , lack of physical exercise", "Campylobacteriosis tissue injury in the gut", "Coccidiosis Coccidia", "Colds virus", "Crop bound improper feeding", "Dermanyssus gallinae red mite parasite", "Egg binding oversized egg", "Erysipelas Streptococcus bacteria", "Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome high - energy food", "Fowl cholera Pasteurella multocida", "Fowlpox Fowlpox virus", "Fowl typhoid bacteria", "Gallid herpesvirus 1 infectious laryngotracheitis virus", "Gapeworm Syngamus trachea worms", "Infectious bronchitis Infectious Bronchitis Virus", "Infectious bursal disease Gumboro infectious bursal disease virus", "Infectious coryza in chickens Avibacterium paragallinarum", "Lymphoid leukosis Avian sarcoma leukosis virus", "Marek 's disease Gallid herpesvirus 2", "Moniliasis yeast infection or thrush Candida fungi", "Mycoplasma bacteria", "Newcastle disease Avian avulavirus 1", "Necrotic enteritis bacteria", "Omphalitis Mushy chick disease bacteria", "Peritonitis infection in abdomen from egg yolk", "Psittacosis Chlamydia psittaci", "Pullorum Salmonella bacteria", "Scaly leg Cnemidocoptes mutans", "Squamous cell carcinoma cancer", "Tibial dyschondroplasia speed growing", "Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii", "Ulcerative enteritis bacteria", "Ulcerative pododermatitis bumblefoot bacteria", "Since antiquity chickens have been , and still are , a sacred animal in some cultures and deeply embedded within belief systems and religious worship . The term `` Persian bird '' for the rooster appears to have been given by the Greeks after Persian contact `` because of his great importance and his religious use among the Persians '' .", "In Indonesia the chicken has great significance during the Hindu cremation ceremony . A chicken is considered a channel for evil spirits which may be present during the ceremony . A chicken is tethered by the leg and kept present at the ceremony for its duration to ensure that any evil spirits present go into the chicken and not the family members . The chicken is then taken home and returns to its normal life .", "In ancient Greece , the chicken was not normally used for sacrifices , perhaps because it was still considered an exotic animal . Because of its valor , the cock is found as an attribute of Ares , Heracles , and Athena . The alleged last words of Socrates as he died from hemlock poisoning , as recounted by Plato , were `` Crito , I owe a cock to Asclepius ; will you remember to pay the debt ? '' , signifying that death was a cure for the illness of life .", "The Greeks believed that even lions were afraid of roosters . Several of Aesop 's Fables reference this belief .", "In the New Testament , Jesus prophesied the betrayal by Peter : `` Jesus answered , ' I tell you , Peter , before the rooster crows today , you will deny three times that you know me . ' '' It happened , and Peter cried bitterly . This made the rooster a symbol for both vigilance and betrayal .", "Earlier , Jesus compares himself to a mother hen when talking about Jerusalem : `` O Jerusalem , Jerusalem , you who kill the prophets and stone those sent to you , how often I have longed to gather your children together , as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings , but you were not willing . ''", "In the sixth century , Pope Gregory I declared the rooster the emblem of Christianity and another Papal enactment of the ninth century by Pope Nicholas I ordered the figure of the rooster to be placed on every church steeple .", "In many Central European folk tales , the devil is believed to flee at the first crowing of a rooster .", "In traditional Jewish practice , a kosher animal is swung around the head and then slaughtered on the afternoon before Yom Kippur , the Day of Atonement , in a ritual called kapparos ; it is now common practice to cradle the bird and move it around the head . A chicken or fish is typically used because it is commonly available ( and small enough to hold ) . The sacrifice of the animal is to receive atonement , for the animal symbolically takes on all the person 's sins in kapparos . The meat is then donated to the poor . A woman brings a hen for the ceremony , while a man brings a rooster . Although not a sacrifice in the biblical sense , the death of the animal reminds the penitent sinner that his or her life is in God 's hands .", "The Talmud speaks of learning `` courtesy toward one 's mate '' from the rooster . This might refer to the fact that when a rooster finds something good to eat , he calls his hens to eat first . A rooster might also come to the aid of a hen if she is attacked . The Talmud likewise provides us with the statement `` Had the Torah not been given to us , we would have learned modesty from cats , honest toil from ants , chastity from doves and gallantry from cocks '' , which may be further understood as to that of the gallantry of cocks being taken in the context of a religious instilling vessel of `` a girt one of the loins '' ( Young 's Literal Translation ) that which is `` stately in his stride '' and `` move with stately bearing '' in the Book of Proverbs 30 : 29 - 31 as referenced by Michael V. Fox in his Proverbs 10 - 31 where Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon ( Saadia Gaon ) identifies the definitive trait of `` A cock girded about the loins '' in Proverbs 30 : 31 ( Douay -- Rheims Bible ) as `` the honesty of their behavior and their success '' , identifying a spiritual purpose of a religious vessel within that religious instilling schema of purpose and use .", "The chicken is one of the symbols of the Chinese Zodiac . In Chinese folk religion , a cooked chicken as a religious offering is usually limited to ancestor veneration and worship of village deities . Vegetarian deities such as the Buddha are not recipients of such offerings . Under some observations , an offering of chicken is presented with `` serious '' prayer ( while roasted pork is offered during a joyous celebration ) . In Confucian Chinese weddings , a chicken can be used as a substitute for one who is seriously ill or not available ( e.g. , sudden death ) to attend the ceremony . A red silk scarf is placed on the chicken 's head and a close relative of the absent bride / groom holds the chicken so the ceremony may proceed . However , this practice is rare today .", "A cockatrice was supposed to have been born from an egg laid by a rooster , as well as killed by a rooster 's call .", "An early domestication of chickens in Southeast Asia is probable , since the word for domestic chicken ( * manuk ) is part of the reconstructed Proto - Austronesian language ( see Austronesian languages ) . Chickens , together with dogs and pigs , were the domestic animals of the Lapita culture , the first Neolithic culture of Oceania .", "The first pictures of chickens in Europe are found on Corinthian pottery of the 7th century BC . The poet Cratinus ( mid-5th century BC , according to the later Greek author Athenaeus ) calls the chicken `` the Persian alarm '' . In Aristophanes 's comedy The Birds ( 414 BC ) a chicken is called `` the Median bird '' , which points to an introduction from the East . Pictures of chickens are found on Greek red figure and black - figure pottery .", "In ancient Greece , chickens were still rare and were a rather prestigious food for symposia . Delos seems to have been a center of chicken breeding ( Columella , De Re Rustica 8.3. 4 ) . `` About 3200 BC chickens were common in Sindh . After the attacks of Aria people these fowls spred from Sindh to Balakh and Iran . During attacks and wars between Iranian and Greeks the chickens of Hellanic breed came in Iran and about 1000 BC Hellanic chickens came into Sindh through Medan '' .", "The Romans used chickens for oracles , both when flying ( `` ex avibus '' , Augury ) and when feeding ( `` auspicium ex tripudiis '' , Alectryomancy ) . The hen ( `` gallina '' ) gave a favourable omen ( `` auspicium ratum '' ) , when appearing from the left ( Cic. , de Div . ii. 26 ) , like the crow and the owl .", "For the oracle `` ex tripudiis '' according to Cicero ( Cic . de Div . ii. 34 ) , any bird could be used in auspice , and shows at one point that any bird could perform the tripudium but normally only chickens ( `` pulli '' ) were consulted . The chickens were cared for by the pullarius , who opened their cage and fed them pulses or a special kind of soft cake when an augury was needed . If the chickens stayed in their cage , made noises ( `` occinerent '' ) , beat their wings or flew away , the omen was bad ; if they ate greedily , the omen was good .", "In 249 BC , the Roman general Publius Claudius Pulcher had his `` sacred chickens '' `` thrown overboard when they refused to feed before the battle of Drepana , saying `` If they wo n't eat , perhaps they will drink . '' He promptly lost the battle against the Carthaginians and 93 Roman ships were sunk . Back in Rome , he was tried for impiety and heavily fined .", "In 162 BC , the Lex Faunia forbade fattening hens to conserve grain rations . To get around this , the Romans castrated roosters ( capon ) , which resulted in a doubling of size despite the law that was passed in Rome that forbade the consumption of fattened chickens . It was renewed a number of times , but does not seem to have been successful . Fattening chickens with bread soaked in milk was thought to give especially delicious results . The Roman gourmet Apicius offers 17 recipes for chicken , mainly boiled chicken with a sauce . All parts of the animal are used : the recipes include the stomach , liver , testicles and even the pygostyle ( the fatty `` tail '' of the chicken where the tail feathers attach ) .", "The Roman author Columella gives advice on chicken breeding in the eighth book of his treatise , De Re Rustica ( On Agriculture ) . He identified Tanagrian , Rhodic , Chalkidic and Median ( commonly misidentified as Melian ) breeds , which have an impressive appearance , a quarrelsome nature and were used for cockfighting by the Greeks ( De Re Rustica 8.3. 4 ) . For farming , native ( Roman ) chickens are to be preferred , or a cross between native hens and Greek cocks ( De Re Rustica 8.2. 13 ) . Dwarf chickens are nice to watch because of their size but have no other advantages .", "According to Columella ( De Re Rustica 8.2. 7 ) , the ideal flock consists of 200 birds , which can be supervised by one person if someone is watching for stray animals . White chickens should be avoided as they are not very fertile and are easily caught by eagles or goshawks . One cock should be kept for five hens . In the case of Rhodian and Median cocks that are very heavy and therefore not much inclined to sex , only three hens are kept per cock . The hens of heavy fowls are not much inclined to brood ; therefore their eggs are best hatched by normal hens . A hen can hatch no more than 15 - 23 eggs , depending on the time of year , and supervise no more than 30 hatchlings . Eggs that are long and pointed give more male hatchlings , rounded eggs mainly female hatchlings ( De Re Rustica 8.5. 11 ) .", "Columella also states that chicken coops should face southeast and lie adjacent to the kitchen , as smoke is beneficial for the animals and `` poultry never thrive so well as in warmth and smoke '' ( De Re Rustica 8.3. 1 ) . Coops should consist of three rooms and possess a hearth . Dry dust or ash should be provided for dust - baths .", "According to Columella ( De Re Rustica 8.4. 1 ) , chickens should be fed on barley groats , small chick - peas , millet and wheat bran , if they are cheap . Wheat itself should be avoided as it is harmful to the birds . Boiled ryegrass ( Lolium sp . ) and the leaves and seeds of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L . ) can be used as well . Grape marc can be used , but only when the hens stop laying eggs , that is , about the middle of November ; otherwise eggs are small and few . When feeding grape marc , it should be supplemented with some bran . Hens start to lay eggs after the winter solstice , in warm places around the first of January , in colder areas in the middle of February . Parboiled barley increases their fertility ; this should be mixed with alfalfa leaves and seeds , or vetches or millet if alfalfa is not at hand . Free - ranging chickens should receive two cups of barley daily .", "Columella advises farmers to slaughter hens that are older than three years , those that are n't productive or are poor care - takers of their eggs , and particularly those that eat their own and other hens ' eggs .", "According to Aldrovandi , capons were produced by burning `` the hind part of the bowels , or loins or spurs '' with a hot iron . The wound was treated with potter 's chalk .", "For the use of poultry and eggs in the kitchens of ancient Rome see Roman eating and drinking .", "Chickens were spread by Polynesian seafarers and reached Easter Island in the 12th century AD , where they were the only domestic animal , with the possible exception of the Polynesian rat ( Rattus exulans ) . They were housed in extremely solid chicken coops built from stone , which was first reported as such to Linton Palmer in 1868 , who also `` expressed his doubts about this '' .", "CHICKEN BREED NAME EGG LAYING ( sort by number ) EGG COLOR COLD HARDY Ameraucana 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Ancona 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) White Yes Andalusian 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Antwerp Belgian Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Appenzeller Spitzhauben 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Araucana 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Aseel 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Australorp 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Barnevelder 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Belgian Bearded d'Uccle Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Booted Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Brahma 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Buckeye 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Campine 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Catalana 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Chantecler 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Cochin 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Brown Yes Cornish 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Crevecoeur 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Cubalaya 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Delaware 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Dominique 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Dorking 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Dutch Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown No Easter Eggers 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Green / Blue / Pink / Multi Yes Favaucana 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Sage Green Yes Faverolles 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Fayoumi 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Hamburg 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White Yes Holland 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Houdan 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Japanese Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Java 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Jersey Giant 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes La Fleche 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Lakenvelder 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Langshan 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Legbar 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Leghorn ( Non-White ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Leghorn ( White ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White Yes Malay 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Light Brown No Marans 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Chocolate Yes Minorca 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White No Modern Game 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White No Naked Neck ( Turken ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown Yes New Hampshire Red 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Old English Game 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Olive Egger - MPC 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Olive Green Yes Orpington 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Penedesenca 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Chocolate No Phoenix 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Plymouth Rock 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Polish 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Redcap 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Rhode Island 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Rosecomb Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Russian Orloff 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Sebright Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Sicilian Buttercup 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Silkie Bantam 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Star 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Sultan 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White No Sumatra 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White Yes Sussex 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Welsummer 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Chocolate Yes White Faced Black Spanish 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Wyandotte 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Yokohama 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "CHICKEN BREED NAME EGG LAYING ( sort by number ) EGG COLOR COLD HARDY Ameraucana 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Ancona 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) White Yes Andalusian 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Antwerp Belgian Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Appenzeller Spitzhauben 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Araucana 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Aseel 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Australorp 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Barnevelder 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Belgian Bearded d'Uccle Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Booted Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Brahma 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Buckeye 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Campine 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Catalana 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Chantecler 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Cochin 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Brown Yes Cornish 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Crevecoeur 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Cubalaya 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Delaware 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Dominique 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Dorking 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Dutch Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown No Easter Eggers 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Green / Blue / Pink / Multi Yes Favaucana 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Sage Green Yes Faverolles 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Fayoumi 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Hamburg 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White Yes Holland 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Houdan 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Japanese Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Java 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Jersey Giant 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes La Fleche 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Lakenvelder 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Langshan 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Legbar 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Leghorn ( Non-White ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Leghorn ( White ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White Yes Malay 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Light Brown No Marans 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Chocolate Yes Minorca 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White No Modern Game 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White No Naked Neck ( Turken ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown Yes New Hampshire Red 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Old English Game 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Olive Egger - MPC 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Olive Green Yes Orpington 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Penedesenca 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Chocolate No Phoenix 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Plymouth Rock 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Polish 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Redcap 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Rhode Island 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Rosecomb Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Russian Orloff 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Sebright Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Sicilian Buttercup 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Silkie Bantam 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Star 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Sultan 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White No Sumatra 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White Yes Sussex 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Welsummer 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Chocolate Yes White Faced Black Spanish 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Wyandotte 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Yokohama 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "CHICKEN BREED NAME EGG LAYING ( sort by number ) EGG COLOR COLD HARDY Ameraucana 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Ancona 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) White Yes Andalusian 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Antwerp Belgian Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Appenzeller Spitzhauben 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Araucana 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Aseel 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Australorp 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Barnevelder 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Belgian Bearded d'Uccle Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Booted Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Brahma 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Buckeye 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Campine 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Catalana 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Chantecler 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Cochin 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Brown Yes Cornish 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Crevecoeur 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Cubalaya 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Delaware 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Dominique 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Dorking 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Dutch Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown No Easter Eggers 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Green / Blue / Pink / Multi Yes Favaucana 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Sage Green Yes Faverolles 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Fayoumi 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Hamburg 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White Yes Holland 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Houdan 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Japanese Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Java 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Jersey Giant 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes La Fleche 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Lakenvelder 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Langshan 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Legbar 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Leghorn ( Non-White ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Leghorn ( White ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White Yes Malay 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Light Brown No Marans 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Chocolate Yes Minorca 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White No Modern Game 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White No Naked Neck ( Turken ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown Yes New Hampshire Red 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Old English Game 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Olive Egger - MPC 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Olive Green Yes Orpington 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Penedesenca 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Chocolate No Phoenix 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Plymouth Rock 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Polish 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Redcap 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Rhode Island 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Rosecomb Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Russian Orloff 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Sebright Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Sicilian Buttercup 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Silkie Bantam 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Star 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Sultan 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White No Sumatra 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White Yes Sussex 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Welsummer 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Chocolate Yes White Faced Black Spanish 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Wyandotte 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Yokohama 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "CHICKEN BREED NAME EGG LAYING ( sort by number ) EGG COLOR COLD HARDY", "Ameraucana 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Light Blue Yes", "Ancona 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) White Yes", "Andalusian 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No", "Antwerp Belgian Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "Appenzeller Spitzhauben 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes", "Araucana 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Light Blue Yes", "Aseel 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes", "Australorp 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Barnevelder 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Belgian Bearded d'Uccle Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "Booted Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "Brahma 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Buckeye 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Campine 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes", "Catalana 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "Chantecler 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Cochin 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Cornish 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Light Brown Yes", "Crevecoeur 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No", "Cubalaya 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes", "Delaware 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Dominique 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Dorking 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes", "Dutch Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown No", "Easter Eggers 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Green / Blue / Pink / Multi Yes", "Favaucana 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Sage Green Yes", "Faverolles 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Brown Yes", "Fayoumi 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "Hamburg 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White Yes", "Holland 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes", "Houdan 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No", "Japanese Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "Java 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Jersey Giant 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes", "La Fleche 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No", "Lakenvelder 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "Langshan 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Legbar 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Blue Yes", "Leghorn ( Non-White ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No", "Leghorn ( White ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White Yes", "Malay 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Light Brown No", "Marans 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Chocolate Yes", "Minorca 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White No", "Modern Game 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White No", "Naked Neck ( Turken ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown Yes", "New Hampshire Red 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Old English Game 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes", "Olive Egger - MPC 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Olive Green Yes", "Orpington 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Penedesenca 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Chocolate No", "Phoenix 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "Plymouth Rock 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Polish 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No", "Redcap 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes", "Rhode Island 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Rosecomb Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes", "Russian Orloff 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown Yes", "Sebright Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No", "Sicilian Buttercup 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No", "Silkie Bantam 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes", "Star 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Sultan 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White No", "Sumatra 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White Yes", "Sussex 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Brown Yes", "Welsummer 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Chocolate Yes", "White Faced Black Spanish 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No", "Wyandotte 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes", "Yokohama 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No" ]

[ [] ]

[ 1 ]

[ "Most seat belt laws in the United States are left to the states . However , the first seat belt law was a federal law , Title 49 of the United States Code , Chapter 301 , Motor Vehicle Safety Standard , which took effect on January 1 , 1968 , that required all vehicles ( except buses ) to be fitted with seat belts in all designated seating positions . This law has since been modified to require three - point seat belts in outboard - seating positions , and finally three - point seat belts in all seating positions . Initially , seat belt use was voluntary . New York was the first state to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts , a law that came into effect on December 1 , 1984 . Officer Nicholas Cimmino of the Westchester County Department of Public Safety wrote the nation 's first ticket for such violation .", "U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement . Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation . Secondary enforcement means that a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation ( such as speeding , running a stop sign , etc . ) at the same time . New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle .", "In 15 of the 50 states , the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense , which means that a police officer can not stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt . ( One exception to this is Colorado , where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine . ) If a driver commits a primary violation ( e.g. , for speeding ) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt . In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense ; in many it was later changed to a primary offense : California was the first state to do this , in 1993 . Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws , all but 8 , Connecticut , Hawaii , Iowa , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , Oregon , and Texas , originally had only secondary enforcement laws .", "This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in the United States . This list includes only seatbelt laws , which often do not themselves apply to children ; however , all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws . Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only . In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases . These are also `` first offense '' fines ; a subsequent offense may be much higher .", "State Type of law Date of first law Who is covered Base fine before fees Seat Belt Usage Alabama Primary Enforcement July 18 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 91.4 % Alaska Primary Enforcement September 12 , 1990 Age 16 + in all seats $15 ( $25 actual ) 86.8 % Arizona Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1991 Age 8 + in front seats ; Age 8 -- 15 in all seats $10 ( $37.20 actual ) 81.8 % Arkansas Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 78.3 % California Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $20 ( $162 actual ) $50 second offense ( $190 actual ) 96.2 % Colorado Secondary Enforcement exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in front seats $71 82.9 % Connecticut Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in front seats $92 88.2 % Delaware Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1992 Age 16 + in all seats $25 90.7 % District of Columbia Primary Enforcement December 12 , 1985 Age 16 + in all seats $50 92.3 % Florida Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 6 + years in front seat ; 6 through 17 years in all seats $30 ( $116 actual ) 87.4 % Georgia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1988 Age 8 -- 17 in all seats ; Age 18 + in front seats $15 89.6 % Hawaii Primary Enforcement December 16 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $45 ( $112 actual ) 97.6 % Idaho Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in all seats $10 ( $51.50 actual ) 77.9 % Illinois Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 Age 16 + in all seats $25 ( $60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school ) 92.6 % Indiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in all seats $25 92.4 % Iowa Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 All ages in front seats ; under 18 in rear seats $25 ( $127.50 actual ) 93.1 % Kansas Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 14 + in all seats $60 for age 14 - 17 ; $10 for 18 + 81.8 % Kentucky Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1994 Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 80.3 % Louisiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 13 + in front seats $25 75.9 % Maine Primary Enforcement December 26 , 1995 Age 18 + in all seats $50 82.0 % Maryland Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $83 94.7 % Massachusetts Secondary Enforcement February 1 , 1994 Age 13 + in all seats $25 73.7 % Michigan Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats $25 ( $65 actual ) 95.2 % Minnesota Primary Enforcement August 1 , 1986 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 + $75 fee 92.3 % Mississippi Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1994 Age 7 + in all seats $25 81.0 % Missouri Secondary Enforcement September 28 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats ; age 8 - 15 in all seats $10 for age 16 + ; $50 for age 8 - 15 76.0 % Montana Secondary Enforcement October 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $20 78.9 % Nebraska Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1993 Age 18 + in front seats $25 84.1 % Nevada Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $25 93.2 % New Hampshire None , Primary for children only No law Age 17 and under in all seats $50 72.2 % New Jersey Primary Enforcement March 1 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $46 per person 93.7 % New Mexico Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 18 + in all seats $25 89.8 % New York Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1984 Age 16 + in front seats ; under 16 in all seats $50 ( $135 Actual after surcharges ) 89.8 % North Carolina Primary Enforcement , Secondary for Backseat October 1 , 1985 All ages in all seats $161 for front seat ; $10 for rear seat 89.7 % North Dakota Secondary Enforcement July 14 , 1994 Age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $20 for age 18 + ; $25 + 1 point on license for under 18 74.8 % Ohio Secondary Enforcement May 6 , 1986 Age 15 + in front seat ; 8 -- 14 in all seats $30 for driver ; $20 for passenger 83.8 % Oklahoma Primary Enforcement February 1 , 1987 Age 13 + in front seats $20 85.9 % Oregon Primary Enforcement December 7 , 1990 All ages in all seats $130 97.0 % Pennsylvania Secondary Enforcement November 23 , 1987 Age 18 + in front seats ; age 8 - 17 in all seats $10 86.0 % Rhode Island Primary Enforcement June 18 , 1991 Age 8 + in all seats $75 78.0 % South Carolina Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1989 Age 6 + in all seats $25 85.4 % South Dakota Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1995 Age 18 + in front seats $25 74.5 % Tennessee Primary Enforcement April 21 , 1986 Age 16 + in front seats $25 87.1 % Texas Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1985 Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats ; age 8 + years in all seats $200 if under 17 ( driver ) ; $50 if over 15 ( driver or passenger ) 93.8 % Utah Primary Enforcement April 28 , 1986 All ages in all seats $45 89.0 % Vermont Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1994 All ages in all seats $25 85.2 % Virginia Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 All drivers ; age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $25 80.5 % Washington Primary Enforcement June 11 , 1986 Age 8 + in all seats $124 97.6 % West Virginia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1993 All ages in front seats ; 8 -- 17 in rear seats $25 82.1 % Wisconsin Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1987 Age 8 + in all seats $10 79.2 % Wyoming Secondary Enforcement June 8 , 1989 Age 9 + in all seats $25 for driver ; $10 for passenger 78.9 %", "State Type of law Date of first law Who is covered Base fine before fees Seat Belt Usage", "Alabama Primary Enforcement July 18 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 91.4 %", "Alaska Primary Enforcement September 12 , 1990 Age 16 + in all seats $15 ( $25 actual ) 86.8 %", "Arizona Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1991 Age 8 + in front seats ; Age 8 -- 15 in all seats $10 ( $37.20 actual ) 81.8 %", "Arkansas Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 78.3 %", "California Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $20 ( $162 actual ) $50 second offense ( $190 actual ) 96.2 %", "Colorado Secondary Enforcement exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in front seats $71 82.9 %", "Connecticut Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in front seats $92 88.2 %", "Delaware Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1992 Age 16 + in all seats $25 90.7 %", "District of Columbia Primary Enforcement December 12 , 1985 Age 16 + in all seats $50 92.3 %", "Florida Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 6 + years in front seat ; 6 through 17 years in all seats $30 ( $116 actual ) 87.4 %", "Georgia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1988 Age 8 -- 17 in all seats ; Age 18 + in front seats $15 89.6 %", "Hawaii Primary Enforcement December 16 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $45 ( $112 actual ) 97.6 %", "Idaho Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in all seats $10 ( $51.50 actual ) 77.9 %", "Illinois Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 Age 16 + in all seats $25 ( $60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school ) 92.6 %", "Indiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in all seats $25 92.4 %", "Iowa Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 All ages in front seats ; under 18 in rear seats $25 ( $127.50 actual ) 93.1 %", "Kansas Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 14 + in all seats $60 for age 14 - 17 ; $10 for 18 + 81.8 %", "Kentucky Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1994 Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 80.3 %", "Louisiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 13 + in front seats $25 75.9 %", "Maine Primary Enforcement December 26 , 1995 Age 18 + in all seats $50 82.0 %", "Maryland Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $83 94.7 %", "Massachusetts Secondary Enforcement February 1 , 1994 Age 13 + in all seats $25 73.7 %", "Michigan Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats $25 ( $65 actual ) 95.2 %", "Minnesota Primary Enforcement August 1 , 1986 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 + $75 fee 92.3 %", "Mississippi Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1994 Age 7 + in all seats $25 81.0 %", "Missouri Secondary Enforcement September 28 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats ; age 8 - 15 in all seats $10 for age 16 + ; $50 for age 8 - 15 76.0 %", "Montana Secondary Enforcement October 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $20 78.9 %", "Nebraska Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1993 Age 18 + in front seats $25 84.1 %", "Nevada Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $25 93.2 %", "New Hampshire None , Primary for children only No law Age 17 and under in all seats $50 72.2 %", "New Jersey Primary Enforcement March 1 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $46 per person 93.7 %", "New Mexico Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 18 + in all seats $25 89.8 %", "New York Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1984 Age 16 + in front seats ; under 16 in all seats $50 ( $135 Actual after surcharges ) 89.8 %", "North Carolina Primary Enforcement , Secondary for Backseat October 1 , 1985 All ages in all seats $161 for front seat ; $10 for rear seat 89.7 %", "North Dakota Secondary Enforcement July 14 , 1994 Age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $20 for age 18 + ; $25 + 1 point on license for under 18 74.8 %", "under 18 in all seats", "Ohio Secondary Enforcement May 6 , 1986 Age 15 + in front seat ; 8 -- 14 in all seats $30 for driver ; $20 for passenger 83.8 %", "Oklahoma Primary Enforcement February 1 , 1987 Age 13 + in front seats $20 85.9 %", "Oregon Primary Enforcement December 7 , 1990 All ages in all seats $130 97.0 %", "Pennsylvania Secondary Enforcement November 23 , 1987 Age 18 + in front seats ; age 8 - 17 in all seats $10 86.0 %", "Rhode Island Primary Enforcement June 18 , 1991 Age 8 + in all seats $75 78.0 %", "South Carolina Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1989 Age 6 + in all seats $25 85.4 %", "South Dakota Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1995 Age 18 + in front seats $25 74.5 %", "Tennessee Primary Enforcement April 21 , 1986 Age 16 + in front seats $25 87.1 %", "Texas Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1985 Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats ; age 8 + years in all seats $200 if under 17 ( driver ) ; $50 if over 15 ( driver or passenger ) 93.8 %", "Utah Primary Enforcement April 28 , 1986 All ages in all seats $45 89.0 %", "Vermont Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1994 All ages in all seats $25 85.2 %", "Virginia Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 All drivers ; age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $25 80.5 %", "Washington Primary Enforcement June 11 , 1986 Age 8 + in all seats $124 97.6 %", "West Virginia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1993 All ages in front seats ; 8 -- 17 in rear seats $25 82.1 %", "Wisconsin Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1987 Age 8 + in all seats $10 79.2 %", "Wyoming Secondary Enforcement June 8 , 1989 Age 9 + in all seats $25 for driver ; $10 for passenger 78.9 %", "1 Colorado and Missouri 's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under the age of 16 .", "Idaho , North Dakota , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Virginia 's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under 18 .", "Kansas , Maryland , and New Jersey , law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants ( 18 + in Kansas ) . These states assess points on one 's driving record for the seat belt violation . In California - An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof , of every fine , penalty , or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses , including all traffic offenses , except parking offenses as defined in subdivision ( i ) of Penal Code § 1463 . The additional penalty is calculated as follows :", "State penalty required by PC 1464 $10 ,", "County penalty required by GC 76000 ( e ) , $ 7 Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372 ( a ) , $ 3 DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7 , $ 2", "Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ( $20 ) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense , including a traffic offense , except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463 , $20", "A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt . However , when in court , most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt , even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt . Currently , damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states : Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Florida ( See F.S.A. 316.614 ( 10 ) ) , Iowa , Michigan , Missouri , Nebraska , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , West Virginia , and Wisconsin .", "Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths . One study found that mandatory - seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8 % and serious traffic - related injuries by 9 % , respectively . Primary - seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws ." ]

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[ "The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1 EP by BTS Released April 29 , 2015 Recorded 2015 Genre Hip hop R&B dance - pop EDM K - pop Length 31 : 27 Language Korean Label Big Hit Entertainment Producer Pdogg BTS chronology Wake Up ( 2014 ) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1 ( 2015 ) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 2 ( 2015 ) Singles from The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1 `` I Need U '' Released : April 29 , 2015 `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' Released : June 24 , 2015 Pink & White Version", "The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1", "EP by BTS", "Released April 29 , 2015", "Recorded 2015", "Genre Hip hop R&B dance - pop EDM K - pop", "Hip hop R&B dance - pop EDM K - pop", "dance - pop", "K - pop", "Length 31 : 27", "Language Korean", "Label Big Hit Entertainment", "Producer Pdogg", "BTS chronology", "Wake Up ( 2014 ) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1 ( 2015 ) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 2 ( 2015 )", "Wake Up ( 2014 ) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1 ( 2015 ) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 2 ( 2015 )", "Wake Up ( 2014 ) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1 ( 2015 ) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 2 ( 2015 )", "Singles from The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1", "`` I Need U '' Released : April 29 , 2015 `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' Released : June 24 , 2015", "`` I Need U '' Released : April 29 , 2015 `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' Released : June 24 , 2015", "`` I Need U '' Released : April 29 , 2015", "`` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' Released : June 24 , 2015", "Pink & White Version", "The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1 ( Hangul : 화양연화 pt. 1 ; Hanja : 花樣 年華 pt. 1 ; MR : HwaYangYeonHwa pt. 1 ) is the third extended play by South Korean boy band BTS . The album was released on April 29 , 2015 by Big Hit Entertainment . It contains nine tracks , with `` I Need U '' as the lead single and `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' as a promoted follow - up single .", "On April 6 , 2015 , BTS announced their comeback date for April 29 , and revealed that all members participated in writing songs for the album . On April 17 , an animated comeback trailer was uploaded on Big Hit Entertainment 's official YouTube channel , which featured the album 's intro track performed by Suga . On April 19 , Big Hit Entertainment announced the title of the album , and the first set of member concept photos was posted on their official Twitter account . Along with the reveal of the second set of concept photos , it was stated that two different cover design versions of the album would be released , Pink and White . The album would also include a 120 - page photobook and a random photo card . Big Hit Entertainment released the first music video teaser for the album 's lead single `` I Need U '' on April 23 . On April 26 , the album 's track list was revealed , and an album preview was uploaded on Big Hit Entertainment 's YouTube channel . Two of the album 's tracks , `` Boyz with Fun '' and `` Converse High , '' had previously been previewed at the 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode I : BTS Begins concert held in Seoul on March 29 .", "On June 14 , BTS posted concept photos for the follow - up promotion track `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' through their official Facebook page , captioned with the opening line of the song : `` Welcome , first time with BTS ? ''", "The music video for `` I Need U '' was released on April 30 , 2015 . The video was revealed to have been edited to lower the 19 + rating down to a 15 + rating , as it carefully portrays each band members ' stories representing troubled youth . On May 10 , the uncut , original 19 + version of the music video was released , which includes nearly two minutes of extended scenes and contains darker themes and more graphic imagery than the previous video . Both versions of the `` I Need U '' music videos were produced and directed by Lumpens .", "On June 24 , Big Hit Entertainment released the music video for `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' on Youtube . It features each of the members dressed up to represent various occupations , such as a police officer or office worker , while dancing fast - paced choreography . The dance was choreographed by Keone Madrid , and the music video was produced and directed by GDW .", "On April 29 , 2015 , prior to the release of the `` I Need U '' music video at midnight , BTS broadcast a live comeback special called `` I NEED U , BTS ON AIR '' through Naver Starcast . On April 30 , BTS held their first comeback stage performance on Mnet 's M Countdown . Two tracks from the album , `` Boyz with Fun '' and `` Converse High '' , were deemed unfit for broadcast by KBS due to lyrics containing swears and brand names , such as Converse , Chanel , and Alexander McQueen . The latter track was also deemed unfit for broadcast by MBC . However , the group went on to successfully promote across multiple channels and various programs , including on KBS , MBC , SBS , and Arirang TV . BTS wrapped up promotions for `` I Need U '' with the last performance held on the May 31 broadcast of SBS Inkigayo .", "On June 13 , BTS announced their plans to hold follow - up promotions on music show programs with the track `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' , and subsequently made their comeback on the June 25 broadcast of M Countdown . Promotions for `` Dope '' concluded on July 5 with their final performance on Inkigayo .", "Immediately after the release of the album , `` I Need U '' became the top trending search term on Korean portal sites and ranked number one on various real - time music charts , including Soribada , Genie , and Daum Music . The song also managed to crack the top 10 on Melon , Bugs , and Naver Music 's real - time music charts . The music video for `` I Need U '' reached one million views in 16 hours , while the `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' music video garnered one million views in less than 15 hours -- the fastest record for any BTS music video at the time . `` Dope '' gained considerable attention internationally as it became the subject of numerous reaction videos on YouTube , the most noteworthy being from the Fine Brothers channel . `` Dope '' went on to become the group 's first music video to surpass 100 million views on YouTube , making BTS the first K - pop group outside the `` big three '' Korean entertainment agencies ( SM , YG , and JYP ) to achieve this feat .", "On May 5 , 2015 , `` I Need U '' won number one on the South Korean music program SBS MTV 's The Show , which marked their first music show win since their debut . The group went on to win an additional award on The Show , one on MBC 's Show Champion , one on Mnet 's M Countdown , and one on KBS 's Music Bank , for a total of five awards . In South Korea , the single `` I Need U '' debuted at number five on both the Gaon Weekly Digital Chart and the Gaon Download Chart with 93,790 digital units sold in its first week . The single went on to accumulate over 850,000 digital downloads . Additionally , the album debuted at number two on the Gaon Weekly Album Chart and rose to number one the following week . It peaked at number two on the Gaon Monthly Album Chart in May . In China , BTS ranked number one for two consecutive weeks on the Gaon Weibo Chart , a weekly rank of the top 10 most popular Korean artists based on data gathered from China 's most popular social media platform , Weibo . In Japan , the album debuted at number 24 on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart and number 45 on the Oricon Monthly Album Chart . The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1 was the sixth best - selling album in South Korea in 2015 with sales over 200,000 copies .", "BTS charted a total of six songs on the Billboard World Digital Songs Chart , with `` I Need U '' ranked highest at number four , followed by `` Dope '' ( number 11 ) , `` Hold Me Tight '' ( number 12 ) , `` Boyz with Fun '' ( number 13 ) , `` Converse High '' ( number 15 ) , and `` Outro : Love is Not Over '' ( number 25 ) . On July 11 , after having completed follow - up promotions , `` Dope '' peaked at number three on the World Digital Songs chart . The album also debuted at number two on the Billboard World Albums Chart , peaked at number six on the Billboard Top Heatseekers Chart , and entered the Billboard Independent Albums Chart for the first time at number 20 , all of which were the highest for any BTS album at the time . The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1 was named by Fuse as one of the `` 27 Best Albums of 2015 So Far '' , with BTS being the only Korean artist to be recognized on the list .", "No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Intro : 화양연화 '' ( Intro : HwaYangYeonHwa / Intro : The Most Beautiful Moment in Life ) Slow Rabbit Suga Slow Rabbit 2 : 03 2 . `` I Need U '' Pdogg `` Hitman '' Bang Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Brother Su Pdogg 3 : 31 3 . `` 잡아 줘 '' ( Jabajwo / Hold Me Tight ) Slow Rabbit Pdogg V Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Slow Rabbit 4 : 35 4 . `` Skit : Expectation ! '' Pdogg `` Hitman '' Bang 2 : 27 5 . `` 쩔어 '' ( Jjeoreo / Dope ) Pdogg 귓 방망이 `` Hitman '' Bang Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Pdogg 4 : 00 6 . `` 흥탄 소년단 '' ( Heungtan - Sonyeondan / Boyz with Fun ) Suga Pdogg `` Hitman '' Bang Rap Monster J - Hope Jin Jimin V SUGA Pdogg 4 : 04 7 . `` Converse High '' Pdogg Slow Rabbit Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Pdogg Slow Rabbit 3 : 29 8 . `` 이사 '' ( Isa / Moving On ) Pdogg Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Pdogg 4 : 52 9 . `` Outro : Love Is Not Over '' Jungkook Slow Rabbit Pdogg Jin Jungkook Slow Rabbit 2 : 23 Total length : 31 : 30", "No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Intro : 화양연화 '' ( Intro : HwaYangYeonHwa / Intro : The Most Beautiful Moment in Life ) Slow Rabbit Suga Slow Rabbit 2 : 03", "Slow Rabbit Suga", "2 . `` I Need U '' Pdogg `` Hitman '' Bang Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Brother Su Pdogg 3 : 31", "Pdogg `` Hitman '' Bang Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Brother Su", "`` Hitman '' Bang", "J - Hope", "3 . `` 잡아 줘 '' ( Jabajwo / Hold Me Tight ) Slow Rabbit Pdogg V Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Slow Rabbit 4 : 35", "Slow Rabbit Pdogg V Rap Monster Suga J - Hope", "J - Hope", "4 . `` Skit : Expectation ! '' Pdogg `` Hitman '' Bang 2 : 27", "Pdogg `` Hitman '' Bang", "`` Hitman '' Bang", "5 . `` 쩔어 '' ( Jjeoreo / Dope ) Pdogg 귓 방망이 `` Hitman '' Bang Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Pdogg 4 : 00", "Pdogg 귓 방망이 `` Hitman '' Bang Rap Monster Suga J - Hope", "`` Hitman '' Bang", "J - Hope", "6 . `` 흥탄 소년단 '' ( Heungtan - Sonyeondan / Boyz with Fun ) Suga Pdogg `` Hitman '' Bang Rap Monster J - Hope Jin Jimin V SUGA Pdogg 4 : 04", "Suga Pdogg `` Hitman '' Bang Rap Monster J - Hope Jin Jimin V", "`` Hitman '' Bang", "J - Hope", "SUGA Pdogg", "7 . `` Converse High '' Pdogg Slow Rabbit Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Pdogg Slow Rabbit 3 : 29", "Pdogg Slow Rabbit Rap Monster Suga J - Hope", "J - Hope", "Pdogg Slow Rabbit", "8 . `` 이사 '' ( Isa / Moving On ) Pdogg Rap Monster Suga J - Hope Pdogg 4 : 52", "Pdogg Rap Monster Suga J - Hope", "J - Hope", "9 . `` Outro : Love Is Not Over '' Jungkook Slow Rabbit Pdogg Jin Jungkook Slow Rabbit 2 : 23", "Jungkook Slow Rabbit Pdogg Jin", "Jungkook Slow Rabbit", "Total length : 31 : 30", "Album ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position South Korea Gaon Album Chart South Korea 2016 Gaon Album Chart China Weibo Chart Japan Oricon Albums Chart 24 US Billboard World Albums Chart US Billboard Independent Albums 20 US Top Heatseekers 6 Japanese Edition Japan Oricon Albums Chart 9 Monthly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position South Korea Gaon Album Chart ' Japan Oricon Albums Chart 45 Yearly charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position South Korea 2015 Gaon Album Chart 6 South Korea 2016 Gaon Album Chart 25 Single ( edit ) Billboard World Digital Songs ( 2015 ) Peak position `` I Need U '' `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' `` Hold Me Tight '' 12 `` Boyz with Fun '' 13 `` Converse High '' 15 `` Outro : Love Is Not Over '' 10 Billboard Philippines Hot 100 ( 2017 ) Peak position `` I Need U '' 19 `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' 51", "Album ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position South Korea Gaon Album Chart South Korea 2016 Gaon Album Chart China Weibo Chart Japan Oricon Albums Chart 24 US Billboard World Albums Chart US Billboard Independent Albums 20 US Top Heatseekers 6 Japanese Edition Japan Oricon Albums Chart 9 Monthly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position South Korea Gaon Album Chart ' Japan Oricon Albums Chart 45 Yearly charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position South Korea 2015 Gaon Album Chart 6 South Korea 2016 Gaon Album Chart 25 Single ( edit ) Billboard World Digital Songs ( 2015 ) Peak position `` I Need U '' `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' `` Hold Me Tight '' 12 `` Boyz with Fun '' 13 `` Converse High '' 15 `` Outro : Love Is Not Over '' 10 Billboard Philippines Hot 100 ( 2017 ) Peak position `` I Need U '' 19 `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' 51", "Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position South Korea Gaon Album Chart South Korea 2016 Gaon Album Chart China Weibo Chart Japan Oricon Albums Chart 24 US Billboard World Albums Chart US Billboard Independent Albums 20 US Top Heatseekers 6 Japanese Edition Japan Oricon Albums Chart 9", "Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position", "South Korea Gaon Album Chart", "South Korea 2016 Gaon Album Chart", "China Weibo Chart", "Japan Oricon Albums Chart 24", "US Billboard World Albums Chart", "US Billboard Independent Albums 20", "US Top Heatseekers 6", "Japanese Edition", "Japan Oricon Albums Chart 9", "Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position South Korea Gaon Album Chart ' Japan Oricon Albums Chart 45", "Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position", "South Korea Gaon Album Chart '", "Japan Oricon Albums Chart 45", "Chart Peak position South Korea 2015 Gaon Album Chart 6 South Korea 2016 Gaon Album Chart 25", "Chart Peak position", "South Korea 2015 Gaon Album Chart 6", "South Korea 2016 Gaon Album Chart 25", "Billboard World Digital Songs ( 2015 ) Peak position `` I Need U '' `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' `` Hold Me Tight '' 12 `` Boyz with Fun '' 13 `` Converse High '' 15 `` Outro : Love Is Not Over '' 10", "Billboard World Digital Songs ( 2015 ) Peak position", "`` I Need U ''", "`` Dope ( 쩔어 ) ''", "`` Hold Me Tight '' 12", "`` Boyz with Fun '' 13", "`` Converse High '' 15", "`` Outro : Love Is Not Over '' 10", "Billboard Philippines Hot 100 ( 2017 ) Peak position `` I Need U '' 19 `` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' 51", "Billboard Philippines Hot 100 ( 2017 ) Peak position", "`` I Need U '' 19", "`` Dope ( 쩔어 ) '' 51", "Country Chart Sales US Billboard Charts 2,000 + Japan Oricon Albums Chart Japanese Edition 5,019 + Oricon Albums Chart Korean Edition 7,042 + South Korea 2015 Gaon Album Chart 203,664 + 2016 Gaon Album Chart 99,836 +", "Country Chart Sales", "US Billboard Charts 2,000 +", "Japan Oricon Albums Chart Japanese Edition 5,019 +", "Oricon Albums Chart Korean Edition 7,042 +", "South Korea 2015 Gaon Album Chart 203,664 +", "2016 Gaon Album Chart 99,836 +", "Year Bout Ceremony Award Result ref 2015 17th Mnet Asian Music Awards UnionPay Album of the Year Nominated 2016 30th Golden Disk Awards Disk Bonsang Won 25th Seoul Music Awards Bonsang Award Won", "Year Bout Ceremony Award Result ref", "2015 17th Mnet Asian Music Awards UnionPay Album of the Year Nominated", "2016 30th Golden Disk Awards Disk Bonsang Won", "25th Seoul Music Awards Bonsang Award Won", "Song Program Date `` I Need U '' The Show May 5 , 2015 M Countdown May 7 , 2015 Music Bank May 8 , 2015 The Show May 12 , 2015 Show Champion May 13 , 2015", "Song Program Date", "`` I Need U '' The Show May 5 , 2015", "M Countdown May 7 , 2015", "Music Bank May 8 , 2015", "The Show May 12 , 2015", "Show Champion May 13 , 2015", "Country Date Format Label Notes South Korea April 29 , 2015 CD , Digital download Loen Entertainment N / A Japan May 2 , 2015 CD Taiwan June 2 , 2015 Japan September 16 , 2015 Pony Canyon Japanese edition", "Country Date Format Label Notes", "South Korea April 29 , 2015 CD , Digital download Loen Entertainment N / A", "Japan May 2 , 2015 CD", "Taiwan June 2 , 2015", "Japan September 16 , 2015 Pony Canyon Japanese edition" ]

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[ "This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Saint Lawrence River Fleuve Saint - Laurent , Fleuve St - Laurent , St - Lawrence River , St - Laurent River Saint Lawrence River near Alexandria Bay Name origin : Saint Lawrence of Rome Countries Canada , United States Provinces Ontario , Quebec State New York Source Lake Ontario - location Kingston , Ontario / Cape Vincent , New York - elevation 74.7 m ( 245 ft ) - coordinates 44 ° 06 ′ N 76 ° 24 ′ W  /  44.100 ° N 76.400 ° W  / 44.100 ; - 76.400 Mouth Gulf of St. Lawrence / Atlantic Ocean - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W  /  49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W  / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Coordinates : 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W  /  49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W  / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Length 500 km ( 310 mi ) Excluding the estuary . Ca . 1200 km if included . Basin 1,344,200 km ( 519,000 sq mi ) Discharge for below the Saguenay River - average 16,800 m / s ( 590,000 cu ft / s ) Map of the Saint Lawrence / Great Lakes Watershed", "Saint Lawrence River", "Fleuve Saint - Laurent , Fleuve St - Laurent , St - Lawrence River , St - Laurent River", "Saint Lawrence River near Alexandria Bay", "Name origin : Saint Lawrence of Rome", "Countries Canada , United States", "Provinces Ontario , Quebec", "State New York", "Source Lake Ontario", "- location Kingston , Ontario / Cape Vincent , New York", "- elevation 74.7 m ( 245 ft )", "- coordinates 44 ° 06 ′ N 76 ° 24 ′ W  /  44.100 ° N 76.400 ° W  / 44.100 ; - 76.400", "Mouth Gulf of St. Lawrence / Atlantic Ocean", "- elevation 0 m ( 0 ft )", "- coordinates 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W  /  49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W  / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Coordinates : 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W  /  49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W  / 49.500 ; - 64.500", "Length 500 km ( 310 mi ) Excluding the estuary . Ca . 1200 km if included .", "Basin 1,344,200 km ( 519,000 sq mi )", "Discharge for below the Saguenay River", "- average 16,800 m / s ( 590,000 cu ft / s )", "Map of the Saint Lawrence / Great Lakes Watershed", "The Saint Lawrence River ( French : Fleuve Saint - Laurent ; Tuscarora : Kahnawáʼkye ; Mohawk : Kaniatarowanenneh , meaning `` big waterway '' ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America . The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north - easterly direction , connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin . It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario , and is part of the international boundary between Ontario , Canada , and the U.S. state of New York . This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway .", "The Saint Lawrence River begins at the outflow of Lake Ontario and flows through Gananoque , Brockville , Morristown , Ogdensburg , Massena , Cornwall , Montreal , Trois - Rivières , and Quebec City before draining into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , the largest estuary in the world . The estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île d'Orléans , just downstream from Quebec City . The river becomes tidal around Quebec City .", "The Saint Lawrence River runs 3,058 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) from the farthest headwater to the mouth and 1,197 km ( 743.8 mi ) from the outflow of Lake Ontario . These numbers include the estuary ; without the estuary the length from Lake Ontario is ca . 500 km ( ca . 300 mi ) . The farthest headwater is the North River in the Mesabi Range at Hibbing , Minnesota . Its drainage area , which includes the Great Lakes , the world 's largest system of freshwater lakes , is 1,344,200 square kilometres ( 518,998.5 sq mi ) , of which 839,200 km ( 324,016.9 sq mi ) is in Canada and 505,000 km ( 194,981.6 sq mi ) is in the United States . The basin covers parts of Ontario and Quebec in Canada , parts of Illinois , Indiana , Minnesota , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont , and Wisconsin , and nearly the entirety of the state of Michigan in the United States . The average discharge below the Saguenay River is 16,800 cubic metres per second ( 590,000 cu ft / s ) . At Quebec City , it is 12,101 m / s ( 427,300 cu ft / s ) . The average discharge at the river 's source , the outflow of Lake Ontario , is 7,410 m / s ( 262,000 cu ft / s ) .", "The Saint Lawrence River includes Lake Saint - Louis south of Montreal , Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry - de-Valleyfield and Lac Saint - Pierre east of Montreal . It encompasses four archipelagoes : the Thousand Islands chain near Alexandria Bay , New York and Kingston , Ontario ; the Hochelaga Archipelago , including the Island of Montreal and Île Jésus ( Laval ) ; the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago ( classified biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000 ) and the smaller Mingan Archipelago . Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé . It is the second longest river in Canada .", "Lake Champlain and the Ottawa , Richelieu , Saint - Maurice , Saint - François and Saguenay rivers drain into the Saint Lawrence .", "The Saint Lawrence River is in a seismically active zone where fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of Iapetus Ocean . The faults in the area are rift related and are called the Saint Lawrence rift system .", "According to the United States Geological Survey , the Saint Lawrence Valley is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division , containing the Champlain and Northern physiographic section . However , in Canada , where most of the valley is , it is instead considered part of a distinct Saint Lawrence Lowlands physiographic division , and not part of the Appalachian division at all .", "Though the Norse explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the 11th century and were followed by fifteenth and early sixteenth century European mariners , such as John Cabot , the brothers Gaspar , Miguel Corte - Real , and Alonso Sanchez , the first European explorer known to have sailed up the Saint Lawrence River itself was Jacques Cartier . At that time , the land along the river was inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians ; at the time of Cartier 's second voyage in 1535 . Because Cartier arrived in the estuary on Saint Lawrence 's feast day , he named it the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Saint Lawrence River is partly within the U.S. and as such is that country 's sixth oldest surviving European place - name .", "The earliest regular Europeans in the area were the Basques , who came to the St Lawrence Gulf and River in pursuit of whales from the early 16th century . The Basque whalers and fishermen traded with indigenous Americans and set up settlements , leaving vestiges all over the coast of eastern Canada and deep into the Saint Lawrence River . Basque commercial and fishing activity reached its peak before the Armada Invencible 's disaster ( 1588 ) , when the Spanish Basque whaling fleet was confiscated by King Philip II of Spain and largely destroyed . Initially , the whaling galleons from Labourd were not affected by the Spanish defeat .", "Until the early 17th century , the French used the name Rivière du Canada to designate the Saint Lawrence upstream to Montreal and the Ottawa River after Montreal . The Saint Lawrence River served as the main route for European exploration of the North American interior , first pioneered by French explorer Samuel de Champlain .", "Control of the river was crucial to British strategy to capture New France in the Seven Years ' War . Having captured Louisbourg in 1758 , the British sailed up to Quebec the following year thanks to charts drawn up by James Cook . British troops were ferried via the Saint Lawrence to attack the city from the west , which they successfully did at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . The river was used again by the British to defeat the French siege of Quebec under the Chevalier de Lévis in 1760 .", "Because of the virtually impassable Lachine Rapids , the Saint Lawrence was once continuously navigable only as far as Montreal . Opened in 1825 , the Lachine Canal was the first to allow ships to pass the rapids . An extensive system of canals and locks , known as the Saint Lawrence Seaway , was officially opened on 26 June 1959 by Elizabeth II ( representing Canada ) and President Dwight D. Eisenhower ( representing the United States ) . The Seaway now permits ocean - going vessels to pass all the way to Lake Superior .", "During the Second World War , the Battle of the St. Lawrence involved submarine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower Saint Lawrence River and the entire Gulf of Saint Lawrence , Strait of Belle Isle and Cabot Strait from May to October 1942 , September 1943 , and again in October and November 1944 . During this time , German U-boats sank several merchant marine ships and three Canadian warships .", "In the late 1970s , the river was the subject of a successful ecological campaign ( called `` Save the River '' ) , originally responding to planned development by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The campaign was organized , among others , by Abbie Hoffman .", "Beluga whale ( Near Threatened ) Sperm whale ( Vulnerable ) Minke whale Fin whale ( Endangered ) Blue whale ( Endangered ) Northern bottlenose whale Northern Atlantic right whale ( now rarer due to Endangered status , but increasing in St. Lawrence regions since in 1995 or 1998 ) Bowhead whale ( very occasionally , historically common ) North Atlantic gray whale ( Extinct ) Humpback whale", "Beluga whale ( Near Threatened )", "Sperm whale ( Vulnerable )", "Fin whale ( Endangered )", "Blue whale ( Endangered )", "Northern bottlenose whale", "Northern Atlantic right whale ( now rarer due to Endangered status , but increasing in St. Lawrence regions since in 1995 or 1998 )", "Bowhead whale ( very occasionally , historically common )", "North Atlantic gray whale ( Extinct )", "North River Saint Louis River Lake Superior Saint Marys River Lake Huron Saint Clair River Lake Saint Clair Detroit River Lake Erie Niagara River Lake Ontario", "Saint Louis River", "Saint Marys River", "Saint Clair River", "Lake Saint Clair", "The Saint Lawrence River also passes through Lake Saint - Louis and Lake Saint - Pierre in Quebec .", "The Saint Lawrence River is at the heart of many Quebec novels ( Anne Hébert 's Kamouraska , Réjean Ducharme 's L'avalée des avalés ) , poems ( in works of Pierre Morency , Bernard Pozier ) , and songs ( Leonard Cohen 's `` Suzanne '' , Michel Rivard 's `` L'oubli '' , Joe Dassin 's `` Dans les yeux d'Émilie '' ) , and André Gagnon 's `` Le Saint - Laurent '' ) . The river was the setting for the Canadian television drama series Seaway . The river has also been portrayed in paintings , notably by the Group of Seven . In addition , the river is the namesake of Saint - Laurent Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority .", "In 1980 Jacques Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes , Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence : Stairway to the Sea .", "Musician David Usher released the song `` St. Lawrence River '' on his Little Songs album in 1998 ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Central Warehousing Corporation Type Government - owned corporation Industry PSU Founded 1957 Founder Govt of India Headquarters `` Warehousing Bhawan '' 4 / 1 Siri Institutional Area , August Kranti Marg , New Delhi , India Area served All India Key people Sh . Yogendra Tripathi , IAS , chairman ; Sh . Arun Kumar Shrivastav , M.D. SH . VISHWA RANJAN GUPTA , Director ( FINANCE ) . Sh . SC Mudgerikar , Director ( MCP ) Senior Executives ( HODs ) at Corporate Office , New Delhi Sh . N. K Grover , Group General Manager ( A / Cs ) Sh . Anil Manik Rao , General Manager ( System ) , Sh . AK Sharma , General Manager ( Insp. &Pub. , Pur. &QS ) Sh . MK Verma , General Manager ( Com ) Sh . SS Sood , General Manager ( Project ) Sh . RR Aggarwal , General Manager ( Finance ) Sh . SK Sharma , Chief Engineer Sh . Anangpal , Secretary Sh . AK Malhotra , Dy. General Manager ( Tech . ) Sh . PK Saw , Dy . General Manager ( Personnel ) Dr. Siddarth Rath , AGM ( PCS ) Products Mainly agricultural produce , Industrial raw - materials , finished goods Services Govt Policy Execution Number of employees 3500 ( appx ) Website cewacor.nic.in/index.htm", "Type Government - owned corporation", "Industry PSU", "Founded 1957", "Founder Govt of India", "Headquarters `` Warehousing Bhawan '' 4 / 1 Siri Institutional Area , August Kranti Marg , New Delhi , India", "Area served All India", "Key people Sh . Yogendra Tripathi , IAS , chairman ; Sh . Arun Kumar Shrivastav , M.D. SH . VISHWA RANJAN GUPTA , Director ( FINANCE ) . Sh . SC Mudgerikar , Director ( MCP ) Senior Executives ( HODs ) at Corporate Office , New Delhi Sh . N. K Grover , Group General Manager ( A / Cs ) Sh . Anil Manik Rao , General Manager ( System ) , Sh . AK Sharma , General Manager ( Insp. &Pub. , Pur. &QS ) Sh . MK Verma , General Manager ( Com ) Sh . SS Sood , General Manager ( Project ) Sh . RR Aggarwal , General Manager ( Finance ) Sh . SK Sharma , Chief Engineer Sh . Anangpal , Secretary Sh . AK Malhotra , Dy. General Manager ( Tech . ) Sh . PK Saw , Dy . General Manager ( Personnel ) Dr. Siddarth Rath , AGM ( PCS )", "Sh . Yogendra Tripathi , IAS , chairman ; Sh . Arun Kumar Shrivastav , M.D. SH . VISHWA RANJAN GUPTA , Director ( FINANCE ) . Sh . SC Mudgerikar , Director ( MCP ) Senior Executives ( HODs ) at Corporate Office , New Delhi Sh . N. K Grover , Group General Manager ( A / Cs ) Sh . Anil Manik Rao , General Manager ( System ) , Sh . AK Sharma , General Manager ( Insp. &Pub. , Pur. &QS ) Sh . MK Verma , General Manager ( Com ) Sh . SS Sood , General Manager ( Project ) Sh . RR Aggarwal , General Manager ( Finance ) Sh . SK Sharma , Chief Engineer Sh . Anangpal , Secretary Sh . AK Malhotra , Dy. General Manager ( Tech . ) Sh . PK Saw , Dy . General Manager ( Personnel )", "Products Mainly agricultural produce , Industrial raw - materials , finished goods", "Services Govt Policy Execution", "Number of employees 3500 ( appx )", "Website cewacor.nic.in/index.htm", "Central Warehousing Corporation was established during 1957 to provide logistics support to the agricultural sector . It is a public Warehouse operator offering logistics services to diverse group of clients . CWC operates 432 Warehouses across the country with a storage capacity of 9.96 million tonnes providing warehousing services . These services includes foodgrain warehouses , industrial warehousing , custom bonded warehouses , container freight stations , inland clearance depots and aircargo complexes .", "The Warehousing Corporation act , 1962 : Subject to the provisions of this Act , the Central Warehousing Corporation may --", "Subscribe to the share capital of a State Warehousing Corporation ; Act as agent of the Government for the purposes of the purchase , sale , storage and distribution of agricultural produce , seeds , manures , fertilizers , agricultural implements and notified commodities ; and Carry out such other functions as may be prescribed .", "Subscribe to the share capital of a State Warehousing Corporation ;", "Act as agent of the Government for the purposes of the purchase , sale , storage and distribution of agricultural produce , seeds , manures , fertilizers , agricultural implements and notified commodities ; and", "Carry out such other functions as may be prescribed .", "The Warehousing Corporation ( Amendment ) Bill , 2011 has been proposed in the Lok Sabha by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution seeking to make Mini-Ratna company Central Warehousing Corporation ( CWC ) an independent body without government being a guarantor .", "CWC operations include scientific storage and handling services for more than 400 commodities include Agricultural produce , Industrial raw - materials , finished goods and variety of hygroscopic and perishable items .", "Scientific Storage Facilities for commodities including hygroscopic and perishable items through network of 476 warehouses in India with its 5,658 trained personnel . Import and Export Warehousing facilities at its 36 Container Freight Stations in ports and inland stations . Bonded Warehousing facilities . Disinfestation services . Handling , Transportation & Storage of ISO Containers .", "Scientific Storage Facilities for commodities including hygroscopic and perishable items through network of 476 warehouses in India with its 5,658 trained personnel .", "Import and Export Warehousing facilities at its 36 Container Freight Stations in ports and inland stations .", "Bonded Warehousing facilities .", "Disinfestation services .", "Handling , Transportation & Storage of ISO Containers .", "CWC enables the movement of imported and exportable goods to and from the port towns and has developed infrastructure of Container Freight Stations & Inland Clearance Depots throughout the country . It operates 36 CFSs / ICDs where composite services for containerised movement of import / export cargo are provided . The Warehousing Corporation is empowered to acquire and build Warehouses for storage of Agricultural produce , seeds , fertilizers and other notified commodities and also to act as an agent of the Central Warehousing Corporation or of the Government , for the purpose of purchases , sales storage , distribution etc. , of Agricultural Commodities in time of need . Though it has been criticised for lack of manpower and technologically equipped warehousing facility ." ]

[ [ "United States Department of Education" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This is a list of unrecognized higher education accreditation organizations , as identified by the organizations themselves , government authorities in their respective countries , or other independent authorities . This article includes entities that are engaged in higher education accreditation or have been identified as being accreditors , but which lack appropriate recognition or authorization .", "Prerequisites and rules for higher education accreditation vary from country to country . In most countries , the function of quality assurance for higher education institutions is conducted by a government ministry of education . However in the United States , educational accreditation is performed primarily by private nonprofit membership associations , the legitimacy of which is validated through recognition by the United States Department of Education ( USDE ) , the Council for Higher Education Accreditation ( CHEA ) , or both . USDE and CHEA recognize many of the independent accrediting organizations , but not all . Accreditors seek USDE or CHEA recognition for different reasons ; for example , USDE recognition is required for accreditors whose institutions or programs seek eligibility for federal student aid funds . CHEA recognition confers an academic legitimacy on accrediting organizations , helping to solidify the place of these organizations and their institutions and programs in the national higher education community .", "Often , a school relying on accreditation from an unrecognized accrediting body will not be viewed as legitimate in the academic community . Institutional accreditation is usually required by US institutions to receive federal government funds . Also , students who attend institutions of higher education that are accredited through organizations not recognized by the USDE or CHEA do not qualify for US government financial aid . Similarly , employers or graduate programs can not be confident that graduates of an unaccredited institution or program will be appropriately prepared .", "To assist education consumers , several national and international bodies publish lists of recognized accreditation bodies and accredited educational institutions , as well as lists of other accreditors that are known to lack the necessary legal authority or recognition , and higher education providers known to lack accreditation . The United States organization CHEA maintains an international directory of education ministries and other recognized higher education quality assurance bodies worldwide . The 2007 version of that directory lists 467 recognized bodies in 175 countries .", "Many , but not all , of the entities in the list below are considered to be fraudulent accreditation mills that were set up to help diploma mills lure students and whose `` accreditation '' has no legal or academic value . Some diploma and degree mills have played a role in creating these accrediting bodies as well . These diploma and degree mills may further confuse matters by claiming to consider work history , professional education , or previous learning , and may even require the submission of a purported dissertation or thesis , in order to give an added appearance of legitimacy . Some other listed entities are religious accreditation bodies , whose accreditation may have doctrinal significance but lacks recognized academic value .", "Also included are some organizations that do not offer educational accreditation but have been falsely identified as accrediting bodies by organizations that claim to have been accredited by them . A notable example of this last type is UNESCO , which does not have authority to recognize or accredit higher education institutions or agencies . Nonetheless , because diploma mills have claimed false UNESCO accreditation , UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation .", "Academy for Contemporary Research Academy for the Promotion of International Culture and Scientific Exchange ( APICS ) or Akademie für Internationale Kultur und Wissenschaftförderung , Switzerland , Hawaii ; accreditor of Monticello University , also associated with La Jolla University and Irish International University Accelerated Degree Programs Accreditation Agency for European Non-Traditional Universities , Ireland , New York ; accreditor of Ballmore Irish University Accreditation Association of Ametrican ( sic ) College ( sic ) and Universities ; accredited the American University of Hawaii Accreditation Association of Christian Colleges and Seminaries , Morgantown , Kentucky Accreditation Council for Distance Education Accreditation Council for International Education Accreditation Council for Online Academia Accreditation Council on Medical Denturity Accreditation Distance Education Council Accreditation Governing Commission of the United States of America Accreditation Panel for Online Colleges and Universities Accrediting Association of Christian Colleges and Seminaries , Sarasota , Florida Accrediting Commission for Specialized Colleges , Gas City , Indiana Accrediting Commission International ( ACI ) ( formerly in Beebe , Arkansas , now in Sarasota , Florida ) ( aka International Accrediting Commission ) Accrediting Commission International for Schools , Colleges , and Theological Seminaries ( ACI ) ( in Beebe , Arkansas ) ( aka Accrediting Commission International ) Accrediting Commission of Independent Colleges and Schools , Bald Knob , Kentucky Accrediting Commission of International Colleges and Universities ( ACICU ) Accrediting Council for Colleges and Schools ( ACCS ) Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools ( ACICS ) ( Note : This accreditor 's recognition by the United States Department of Education is revoked . The Council for Higher Education Accreditation still recognizes this accreditor . ) Adult Higher Education Alliance ( AHEA ) Advanced Online Business Education Society Agency of International Education AF Sep , accreditor claimed by Beta International University Alternative Institution Accrediting Association ( AIAA ) , Washington , DC American Accrediting Association of Theological Institutions ( AATI ) ( in Rocky Mount , North Carolina ) American Association for Adult and Continuing Education ( AAACE ) American Association for Higher Education and Accreditation ( AAHEA ) Based in Ocala , Florida , but uses the name and Washington , DC telephone number of another organization that is now defunct . American Association of Accredited Private Schools ( AAPS ) American Association of Drugless Practitioners Commission on Accreditation ( AADPCA ) ; also known as American Alternative Medical Association American Association of Independent Collegiate Schools of Business American Association of International Medical Graduates ( AAIMG ) American Association of Non-traditional Colleges and Universities ( AANCU ) American Association of Non-Traditional Private Postsecondary Education American Association of Schools ( AAS ) American Association of Universities and Colleges ( AAUC ) American Board of Higher Education Commission ( ABHEC ) American Bureau of Higher Education ( ABHE ) American Communication Association ( ACA ) American Council of Private Colleges and Universities ( ACPCU ) ( connected to the operator of Hamilton University , now called Richardson University ) American Council on Private School Accreditation ( ACPSA ) American Education Association for the Accreditation of Schools , Colleges & Universities American Federation of Colleges and Schools ( AFCS ) American Federation of Colleges and Seminaries ( AmFed ) ( AFCS ) or American Federation of Christian Colleges and Schools ( in Lakeland , Florida ) American Naturopathic Certification Board ( ANCB ) American Naturopathic Medical Accreditation Board ( ANMAB ) American Naturopathic Medical Certification and Accreditation Board ( ANMCAB or ANMAB ) American Naturopathic Medicine Association ( ANMA ) American Psycotherapy Association American Universities Admission Program American University Accreditation Council ( connected to the operator of the University of Northern Virginia ) Arizona Commission of Non-Traditional Private Postsecondary Education Asia Theological Association ( ATA ) Association for Comprehensive Energy Psychology ( ACEP ) Association for Distance Learning Programs ( ADLP ) ( aka National Academy of Higher Education and Association of Distance Learning Programs ) Association for Innovation in Distance Education Association for Online Academic Excellence ( AOAE ) ( may be based in Wales ) Association of Accredited Bible Schools Association of Accredited Private Schools Association of Career Training Schools Association of Christian Colleges and Theological Schools ( in Louisiana or Virginia ) Association of Distance Learning Programs ( ADLP ) ( aka Association for Distance Learning and National Academy of Higher Education ) Association of Independent Christian Colleges & Seminaries Association of International Education Assessors ( includes Council for Distance Education Accreditation ) Association of Reformed Theological Seminaries Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB )", "Academy for Contemporary Research", "Academy for the Promotion of International Culture and Scientific Exchange ( APICS ) or Akademie für Internationale Kultur und Wissenschaftförderung , Switzerland , Hawaii ; accreditor of Monticello University , also associated with La Jolla University and Irish International University", "Accelerated Degree Programs", "Accreditation Agency for European Non-Traditional Universities , Ireland , New York ; accreditor of Ballmore Irish University", "Accreditation Association of Ametrican ( sic ) College ( sic ) and Universities ; accredited the American University of Hawaii", "Accreditation Association of Christian Colleges and Seminaries , Morgantown , Kentucky", "Accreditation Council for Distance Education", "Accreditation Council for International Education", "Accreditation Council for Online Academia", "Accreditation Council on Medical Denturity", "Accreditation Distance Education Council", "Accreditation Governing Commission of the United States of America", "Accreditation Panel for Online Colleges and Universities", "Accrediting Association of Christian Colleges and Seminaries , Sarasota , Florida", "Accrediting Commission for Specialized Colleges , Gas City , Indiana", "Accrediting Commission International ( ACI ) ( formerly in Beebe , Arkansas , now in Sarasota , Florida ) ( aka International Accrediting Commission )", "Accrediting Commission International for Schools , Colleges , and Theological Seminaries ( ACI ) ( in Beebe , Arkansas ) ( aka Accrediting Commission International )", "Accrediting Commission of Independent Colleges and Schools , Bald Knob , Kentucky", "Accrediting Commission of International Colleges and Universities ( ACICU )", "Accrediting Council for Colleges and Schools ( ACCS )", "Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools ( ACICS ) ( Note : This accreditor 's recognition by the United States Department of Education is revoked . The Council for Higher Education Accreditation still recognizes this accreditor . )", "Adult Higher Education Alliance ( AHEA )", "Advanced Online Business Education Society", "Agency of International Education", "AF Sep , accreditor claimed by Beta International University", "Alternative Institution Accrediting Association ( AIAA ) , Washington , DC", "American Accrediting Association of Theological Institutions ( AATI ) ( in Rocky Mount , North Carolina )", "American Association for Adult and Continuing Education ( AAACE )", "American Association for Higher Education and Accreditation ( AAHEA ) Based in Ocala , Florida , but uses the name and Washington , DC telephone number of another organization that is now defunct .", "American Association of Accredited Private Schools ( AAPS )", "American Association of Drugless Practitioners Commission on Accreditation ( AADPCA ) ; also known as American Alternative Medical Association", "American Association of Independent Collegiate Schools of Business", "American Association of International Medical Graduates ( AAIMG )", "American Association of Non-traditional Colleges and Universities ( AANCU )", "American Association of Non-Traditional Private Postsecondary Education", "American Association of Schools ( AAS )", "American Association of Universities and Colleges ( AAUC )", "American Board of Higher Education Commission ( ABHEC )", "American Bureau of Higher Education ( ABHE )", "American Communication Association ( ACA )", "American Council of Private Colleges and Universities ( ACPCU ) ( connected to the operator of Hamilton University , now called Richardson University )", "American Council on Private School Accreditation ( ACPSA )", "American Education Association for the Accreditation of Schools , Colleges & Universities", "American Federation of Colleges and Schools ( AFCS )", "American Federation of Colleges and Seminaries ( AmFed ) ( AFCS ) or American Federation of Christian Colleges and Schools ( in Lakeland , Florida )", "American Naturopathic Certification Board ( ANCB )", "American Naturopathic Medical Accreditation Board ( ANMAB )", "American Naturopathic Medical Certification and Accreditation Board ( ANMCAB or ANMAB )", "American Naturopathic Medicine Association ( ANMA )", "American Psycotherapy Association", "American Universities Admission Program", "American University Accreditation Council ( connected to the operator of the University of Northern Virginia )", "Arizona Commission of Non-Traditional Private Postsecondary Education", "Asia Theological Association ( ATA )", "Association for Comprehensive Energy Psychology ( ACEP )", "Association for Distance Learning Programs ( ADLP ) ( aka National Academy of Higher Education and Association of Distance Learning Programs )", "Association for Innovation in Distance Education", "Association for Online Academic Excellence ( AOAE ) ( may be based in Wales )", "Association of Accredited Bible Schools", "Association of Accredited Private Schools", "Association of Career Training Schools", "Association of Christian Colleges and Theological Schools ( in Louisiana or Virginia )", "Association of Distance Learning Programs ( ADLP ) ( aka Association for Distance Learning and National Academy of Higher Education )", "Association of Independent Christian Colleges & Seminaries", "Association of International Education Assessors ( includes Council for Distance Education Accreditation )", "Association of Reformed Theological Seminaries", "Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB )", "Board of Online Universities Accreditation ( BOUA ) British Learning Association ( BLA ) British Public University System , claims authorization from British Honduras ( which became Belize in 1981 )", "Board of Online Universities Accreditation ( BOUA )", "British Learning Association ( BLA )", "British Public University System , claims authorization from British Honduras ( which became Belize in 1981 )", "Central Orthodox Synod , claimed accreditor of International Reform University Central States Consortium of Colleges & Schools ( CSCCS ) , Warren , Ohio Centre of Academic Excellence UK ( CAEUK ) Central States Council on Distance Education ( CSCDE ) , ( Washington , DC ) ; alternatively named Central States Association Council on Distance Education Christ For The Nations Association of Bible Schools ( CFNABS ) ( 3 ) < January 2017 > Christian Accrediting Association ( CAA ) College for Professional Assessment Council for the Accreditation of Correspondence Schools Commission for the Accreditation of European Non-Traditional Universities Commission on Medical Denturitry Accreditation ( COMDA ) Commission on Online Higher Learning Council for Distance Education Accreditation ( CDEA ) , ( connected to Association of International Education Assessors ) Council for International Education Accreditation ( CIEA ) Council on Postsecondary Alternative Education Council on Postsecondary Christian Education -- According to John Bear 's list of unrecognized accreditors , this organization was established by the operators of LaSalle University ( Louisiana ) and Kent College ( Louisiana ) . Council on Medical Denturitry Education ( COMDE )", "Central Orthodox Synod , claimed accreditor of International Reform University", "Central States Consortium of Colleges & Schools ( CSCCS ) , Warren , Ohio", "Centre of Academic Excellence UK ( CAEUK )", "Central States Council on Distance Education ( CSCDE ) , ( Washington , DC ) ; alternatively named Central States Association Council on Distance Education", "Christ For The Nations Association of Bible Schools ( CFNABS ) ( 3 ) < January 2017 >", "Christian Accrediting Association ( CAA )", "College for Professional Assessment", "Council for the Accreditation of Correspondence Schools", "Commission for the Accreditation of European Non-Traditional Universities", "Commission on Medical Denturitry Accreditation ( COMDA )", "Commission on Online Higher Learning", "Council for Distance Education Accreditation ( CDEA ) , ( connected to Association of International Education Assessors )", "Council for International Education Accreditation ( CIEA )", "Council on Postsecondary Alternative Education", "Council on Postsecondary Christian Education -- According to John Bear 's list of unrecognized accreditors , this organization was established by the operators of LaSalle University ( Louisiana ) and Kent College ( Louisiana ) .", "Council on Medical Denturitry Education ( COMDE )", "Distance Education Council ( DEC ) ( connected to the operator of Saint Regis University ) ( not to be confused with the legitimate Distance Education Council recognized by the Indian Department of Education ) Distance Education Council of America Distance Education and Training Council ( UK , Cyprus ) ( detc.org.uk not to be confused with the legitimate detc.org ) Distance Graduation Accrediting Association Distance Learning Council of Europe ( DLCE ) ( connected to University Degree Program )", "Distance Education Council ( DEC ) ( connected to the operator of Saint Regis University ) ( not to be confused with the legitimate Distance Education Council recognized by the Indian Department of Education )", "Distance Education Council of America", "Distance Education and Training Council ( UK , Cyprus ) ( detc.org.uk not to be confused with the legitimate detc.org )", "Distance Graduation Accrediting Association", "Distance Learning Council of Europe ( DLCE ) ( connected to University Degree Program )", "Education Accrediting Association ( in Idaho ) Educational Accreditation Association ( in Idaho ) Education Commission for Integrative Health ( ECIH ) Education International , Post Falls , Idaho . Not to be confused with Education International , a global federation of unions . Education Quality Assurance Commission ( EQAC ) European Accreditation Board of Higher Education Schools ( in France , Belgium , and UK ) European Committee for Home and Online Education ( ECHOE ) ( connected to University Degree Program ) European Council for Distance and Open Learning ( ECDOE ) ( connected to University Degree Program ) Examining Board of Natural Medicine Practitioners ( EBNMP ) Expressive Psychology Association", "Education Accrediting Association ( in Idaho )", "Educational Accreditation Association ( in Idaho )", "Education Commission for Integrative Health ( ECIH )", "Education International , Post Falls , Idaho . Not to be confused with Education International , a global federation of unions .", "Education Quality Assurance Commission ( EQAC )", "European Accreditation Board of Higher Education Schools ( in France , Belgium , and UK )", "European Committee for Home and Online Education ( ECHOE ) ( connected to University Degree Program )", "European Council for Distance and Open Learning ( ECDOE ) ( connected to University Degree Program )", "Examining Board of Natural Medicine Practitioners ( EBNMP )", "Expressive Psychology Association", "Global Accreditation Board for Distance Learning Global Accreditation Commission ( GAC ) Global open university ( GAC )", "Global Accreditation Board for Distance Learning", "Global Accreditation Commission ( GAC )", "Global open university ( GAC )", "Higher Education Accreditation Commission ( HEAC ) Higher Education Services Association ( HESA ) ( connected to University Consulting Inc. and University Degree Program ) Hygienic Doctors Association ( HDA )", "Higher Education Accreditation Commission ( HEAC )", "Higher Education Services Association ( HESA ) ( connected to University Consulting Inc. and University Degree Program )", "Hygienic Doctors Association ( HDA )", "Innovation University of Silicon Valley recently founded ( 2015 ) , office located in California Integra Accreditation Association ( IAA ) Inter-Collegiate Joint Committee on Academic Standards ( ICJCAS ) Interfaith Education Ministries ( IEM ) International Academic Accrediting Commission ( IAAC ) International Accreditation Agency for Online Universities ( IAAOU ) ( connected to operators of Ashwood University , Belford University , and Rochville University )", "Innovation University of Silicon Valley recently founded ( 2015 ) , office located in California", "Integra Accreditation Association ( IAA )", "Inter-Collegiate Joint Committee on Academic Standards ( ICJCAS )", "Interfaith Education Ministries ( IEM )", "International Academic Accrediting Commission ( IAAC )", "International Accreditation Agency for Online Universities ( IAAOU ) ( connected to operators of Ashwood University , Belford University , and Rochville University )", "International Accreditation for Universities , Colleges and Institutes ( IAUCI ) International Accreditation and Recognition Council ( IARC ) International Accrediting Association for Colleges and Universities ( IAACU ) International Accrediting Commission ( IAC ) ( Kenosha , Wisconsin ) ( aka Accrediting Commission International ) International Accrediting Commission for Schools , Colleges , and Theological Seminaries ( IAC ) ( aka International Accrediting Commission ) International Accrediting Commission for Postsecondary Institutions ( IACPI ) International Accrediting Commission for Postsecondary Education Institutions International Association for Distance Learning ( IADL ) - IADL states that it does not accredit institutions unless they `` are licensed or approved by national or regional government or are already accredited by a nationally or internationally recognised organisation or body '' and that it has no government affiliation , but IADL has been claimed as an accreditor by institutions lacking standard licensing , approval or accreditation . International Accreditation Organisation International Association of Bible Colleges and Seminaries ( IABCS ) a proposed name for Southern Accrediting Association of Bible Colleges , Institutes and Seminaries . Southern Accrediting Association of Bible Colleges , Institutes and Seminaries ( which is also named Southern Accrediting Association of Bible Colleges and Seminaries and Southern Accrediting Association of Bible Colleges ) did not also become accredited . International Association of Educators for World Peace International Association of Universities and Schools ( IAUS ) ( not to be confused with the International Association of Universities ( IAU ) ) International Commission for Higher Education ( ICHE ) International Commission of Open Post Secondary Education ( ICOPSE ) International Commission on Distance Learning , International Distance Education and Learning Council ( IDETC ) ( not to be confused with the US - recognized Distance Education and Training Council ( DETC ) ) International Distance Learning Accrediting Association ( IDLAA ) International Education Ministry of Accreditation Association International Interfaith Accreditation Association ( 4 ) ( IIAA ) ( Closing down operations at the end of May 2007 ) International ( States ) Parliament for Safety and Peace ( IPSP or ISPSP ) , operating from Palermo , Italy International University Accrediting Association ( IUAA ) ( in California )", "International Accreditation for Universities , Colleges and Institutes ( IAUCI )", "International Accreditation and Recognition Council ( IARC )", "International Accrediting Association for Colleges and Universities ( IAACU )", "International Accrediting Commission ( IAC ) ( Kenosha , Wisconsin ) ( aka Accrediting Commission International )", "International Accrediting Commission for Schools , Colleges , and Theological Seminaries ( IAC ) ( aka International Accrediting Commission )", "International Accrediting Commission for Postsecondary Institutions ( IACPI )", "International Accrediting Commission for Postsecondary Education Institutions", "International Association for Distance Learning ( IADL ) - IADL states that it does not accredit institutions unless they `` are licensed or approved by national or regional government or are already accredited by a nationally or internationally recognised organisation or body '' and that it has no government affiliation , but IADL has been claimed as an accreditor by institutions lacking standard licensing , approval or accreditation .", "International Accreditation Organisation", "International Association of Bible Colleges and Seminaries ( IABCS ) a proposed name for Southern Accrediting Association of Bible Colleges , Institutes and Seminaries . Southern Accrediting Association of Bible Colleges , Institutes and Seminaries ( which is also named Southern Accrediting Association of Bible Colleges and Seminaries and Southern Accrediting Association of Bible Colleges ) did not also become accredited .", "International Association of Educators for World Peace", "International Association of Universities and Schools ( IAUS ) ( not to be confused with the International Association of Universities ( IAU ) )", "International Commission for Higher Education ( ICHE )", "International Commission of Open Post Secondary Education ( ICOPSE )", "International Commission on Distance Learning ,", "International Distance Education and Learning Council ( IDETC ) ( not to be confused with the US - recognized Distance Education and Training Council ( DETC ) )", "International Distance Learning Accrediting Association ( IDLAA )", "International Education Ministry of Accreditation Association", "International Interfaith Accreditation Association ( 4 ) ( IIAA ) ( Closing down operations at the end of May 2007 )", "International ( States ) Parliament for Safety and Peace ( IPSP or ISPSP ) , operating from Palermo , Italy", "International University Accrediting Association ( IUAA ) ( in California )", "Kingdom Fellowship of Christian Schools and Colleges", "Kingdom Fellowship of Christian Schools and Colleges", "Middle States Accrediting Board ( MSAB ) Mid States Accrediting Agency Midwestern States Accreditation Agency ( MSAA )", "Middle States Accrediting Board ( MSAB )", "Mid States Accrediting Agency", "Midwestern States Accreditation Agency ( MSAA )", "National Academy of Higher Education ( NAHE ) National Academy of Higher Learning National Accreditation Association ( NAA ) National Accrediting Agency of Private Theological Institutions ( NAAPTI ) . Grimesland , North Carolina . 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[ "`` Thank God I Found You '' Single by Mariah Carey featuring Joe and 98 Degrees from the album Rainbow Released January 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 25 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded September 1999 Capri Digital Studios ( Capri , Italy ) Avatar Studios ( New York City , US ) Genre Pop R&B Length 4 : 17 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Mariah Carey James Harris III Terry Lewis Producer ( s ) Mariah Carey Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis Mariah Carey singles chronology `` Heartbreaker '' ( 1999 ) Heartbreaker 1999 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` Things That U Do '' ( 2000 ) Things That U Do 2000 Joe singles chronology `` Still Not a Player '' ( 1998 ) Still Not a Player1998 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` I Wanna Know '' ( 2000 ) I Wanna Know 2000 98 Degrees singles chronology `` This Gift '' ( 1999 ) This Gift 1999 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) '' ( 2000 ) Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) 2000", "`` Thank God I Found You ''", "Single by Mariah Carey featuring Joe and 98 Degrees", "from the album Rainbow", "Released January 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 25 )", "Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single", "CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single", "7 '' single", "12 '' single", "Recorded September 1999 Capri Digital Studios ( Capri , Italy ) Avatar Studios ( New York City , US )", "September 1999 Capri Digital Studios ( Capri , Italy ) Avatar Studios ( New York City , US )", "Capri Digital Studios", "( Capri , Italy )", "( New York City , US )", "Genre Pop R&B", "Pop R&B", "Length 4 : 17", "Label Columbia", "Songwriter ( s ) Mariah Carey James Harris III Terry Lewis", "Mariah Carey James Harris III Terry Lewis", "James Harris III", "Producer ( s ) Mariah Carey Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis", "Mariah Carey Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis", "Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis", "Mariah Carey singles chronology", "`` Heartbreaker '' ( 1999 ) Heartbreaker 1999 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` Things That U Do '' ( 2000 ) Things That U Do 2000", "`` Heartbreaker '' ( 1999 ) Heartbreaker 1999 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` Things That U Do '' ( 2000 ) Things That U Do 2000", "`` Heartbreaker '' ( 1999 ) Heartbreaker 1999 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` Things That U Do '' ( 2000 ) Things That U Do 2000", "Joe singles chronology", "`` Still Not a Player '' ( 1998 ) Still Not a Player1998 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` I Wanna Know '' ( 2000 ) I Wanna Know 2000", "`` Still Not a Player '' ( 1998 ) Still Not a Player1998 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` I Wanna Know '' ( 2000 ) I Wanna Know 2000", "`` Still Not a Player '' ( 1998 ) Still Not a Player1998 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` I Wanna Know '' ( 2000 ) I Wanna Know 2000", "98 Degrees singles chronology", "`` This Gift '' ( 1999 ) This Gift 1999 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) '' ( 2000 ) Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) 2000", "`` This Gift '' ( 1999 ) This Gift 1999 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) '' ( 2000 ) Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) 2000", "`` This Gift '' ( 1999 ) This Gift 1999 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) Thank God I Found You2000 `` Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) '' ( 2000 ) Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) 2000", "`` Thank God I Found You '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It features guest vocals from R&B singer Joe and American boy band 98 Degrees . Written and produced by Carey along with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , the song was released on January 25 , 2000 , through Columbia Records as the second single from her seventh studio album , Rainbow ( 1999 ) . `` Thank God I Found You '' is an R&B power ballad that was inspired by a relationship Carey was going through at the time , and lyrically recounts a powerful love relationship in which the protagonist tells her lover `` thank God I found you . ''", "`` Thank God I Found You '' received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics ; some felt it was a great album closer while others deemed it as `` un-listenable '' and `` forgettable '' . Nevertheless , the song became Carey 's fifteenth number - one single on the United States Billboard Hot 100 and remained her last chart - topping single until her 2005 comeback single `` We Belong Together '' ; it remains the only chart - topper to date for 98 Degrees and was the first of only two for Joe . The single was later certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Aside from its peak of number two in Canada , the song achieved moderate international charting , reaching the top ten in the United Kingdom and peaking within the top thirty in Australia , Belgium ( Wallonia ) , France , Germany , the Netherlands , and Switzerland .", "A DJ Clue - produced remix titled `` Thank God I Found You ( Make It Last Remix ) '' uses re-recorded vocals from Carey and features guest vocals from Joe and Carey 's label - mate , rapper Nas . The remix is a remake of Keith Sweat 's song `` Make It Last Forever '' ( 1988 ) , transforming it into a slow groove R&B number , while incorporating a few verses from the original version of `` Thank God I Found You '' .", "A music video for `` Thank God I Found You '' , directed by Brett Ratner , features Carey , Joe , and 98 Degrees performing the song at an outdoor concert . The Make It Last Remix had its own video commissioned , which was shot in a grainy fashion in Hamburg , Germany , and shows Carey and the song 's featured artists performing at a small club . Carey performed the song 's original version and accompanying remix live at the 27th Annual American Music Awards . It was featured on the set - lists of the Rainbow World Tour ( 2000 ) and The Adventures of Mimi Tour ( 2006 ) , with Trey Lorenz serving as the male vocalist .", "In September 2000 , US songwriters Seth Swirsky and Warryn Campbell filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Carey claiming that `` Thank God I Found You '' borrowed heavily from the song `` One of Those Love Songs '' they composed for R&B group Xscape . Though initially the case was dismissed , in the precedent - setting Swirsky v. Carey decision , which clarified the standard for proving copyright infringement , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit overturned the initial 2002 dismissal of the case . The case was settled out of court in April 2006 .", "Carey and her husband , Tommy Mottola , who was a Sony CEO , separated in 1997 . This resulted in a strained relationship with Sony . By the spring of 1999 , Carey had begun work on her last album of her contract with Columbia Records , titled Rainbow . Her relationship with Sony had affected her collaboration with writing partner Walter Afanasieff , who had worked with her throughout the first half of her career . As a result , she worked extensively with many other songwriters and producers for the album , including the duo Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis ( known for their work with Janet Jackson ) , with whom Carey co-wrote and co-produced `` Thank God I Found You '' . When Jam and Lewis first started working with Carey , they did not have a definite idea of what Carey expected from them . In an interview with Fred Bronson , Jam and Lewis explained :", "It was n't like Janet ( Jackson ) , where we all grew up together . Mariah had done her own thing and had been very involved with the arranging and production of her records , so we respected that and said , ' What can we do for you ? ' She would fly into town for five or six hours . She 'd get on a plane and fly to whatever was the next thing she was doing .", "One night , Jam and Lewis received a call from Carey 's assistant telling them that Carey had an idea for a song . She asked them to meet her at the studio later that night , and when they arrived , Carey sang the song 's melody for them . Normally when Carey was composing songs , James `` Big Jim '' Wright would play the chords . He was not present at the studio that night , so Lewis played the chords for Carey . After composing the melody , Carey recorded her vocals . When Carey requested male singers to sing along with her on the track , Jam and Lewis recruited R&B singer Joe . Although Jam and Lewis wanted to feature K - Ci & JoJo on the song , they dropped the idea because they are signed to a different record label . About the recording , Joe said :", "She ( Carey ) gave me a call , and she was like , `` I would love to do a duet with you . Come by the studio . '' When I got there , she played the song for me . I did n't expect to record the song , but when I heard it , I said , `` Man , there 's no way I 'm going to leave this studio without my voice being on that record . '' Everything just happened so fast . I did n't expect for it to be a single or a video . Everything was just great .", "Jam and Lewis also asked the boy band 98 Degrees to join Carey and Joe on the track , as they wanted male harmonies . Carey talked about the collaboration in an interview with MTV . `` It 's like when I was writing ' One Sweet Day ' . It really cried out for a group to be singing with me and for a strong male - female thing in terms of going back and forth , vocally . So you know , we just naturally came together . '' The vocals were recorded at Capri Digital Studios , Capri , Italy and Avatar Studios , New York City . The track was mixed by Supa Engineer Duo at Right Track Recording and mastered by Herb Powers .", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) A 25 - second sample of `` Thank God I Found You '' 's bridge and the last chorus . The song is a love song which features vocals from Joe and 98 Degrees . Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( 2000 ) A 25 - second sample of `` Thank God I Found You '' 's bridge and the last chorus . The song is a love song which features vocals from Joe and 98 Degrees .", "Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "`` Thank God I Found You '' was produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , and co-produced by Carey . The song is a moderately - paced R&B power ballad . Arion Berger of Rolling Stone noted that the song also exhibits influences of gospel music . The song carries an upbeat tone , backed by slow `` manufactured pop beats '' . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing , `` Thank God I Found You '' is written in the key of B ♭ major . The beat is set in common time , and is set at a tempo of sixty - five beats per minute . The song follows the sequence of B ♭ -- F / A -- Gm -- F -- E ♭ -- F as its chord progression . Carey 's and Joe 's vocals in the song span over two octaves , from the note of D ♭ to the high note of D. Composed in verse -- chorus -- bridge form , the chorus of `` Thank God I Found You '' is sung in the key of B ♭ major ; Carey also makes use of melisma in the song . The arrangement is similar to Carey 's `` One Sweet Day '' . Lyrically , the song is an inspirational love song , in which the protagonist thanks God for finding her the perfect partner . According to Carey , it was inspired by the relationship she was in with Latin singer Luis Miguel at that time . She stated that she was telling a story through the song .", "Carey re-recorded her vocals for the song 's main remix titled `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix ) . The remix is a remake of Keith Sweat 's `` Make It Last Forever '' ( 1988 ) , and bears few lyrical similarities to the original version of the song . Carey wrote new lyrics for the song , preserving the chorus of the original song . Produced by DJ Clue of Desert Storm Records , the remix is a midtempo tune backed by `` R&B - savvy rhythms '' over a slow groove . It features vocals from Joe and rapped verses by Columbia Records label - mate Nas . The remix is included on Joe 's third studio album My Name Is Joe ( 2000 ) . Jose F. Promis of Allmusic wrote that he felt the remix seemed unfinished . He added that could have `` simply covered the song and kept its integrity intact , instead of meshing it into a sort of half - '' Thank God I Found You `` / '' Make It Last Forever '' creation . '' However , while reviewing My Name Is Joe , Matt Diehl of Entertainment Weekly picked the track as the best from the album . He wrote `` Nas ' grit and Carey 's expert emoting make Joe sing with unexpected feeling . '' Derek Ali of Dayton Daily News commended the collaboration , saying `` it works out well . '' The `` Make It Last '' remix is featured on Carey 's first remix album The Remixes ( 2003 ) . The Norwegian production team Stargate produced the UK Stargate radio mix .", "`` Thank God I Found You '' garnered mixed reviews from music critics . Jose F. Promis of Allmusic wrote that the song is `` ( a ) lush , classic Carey - styled adult contemporary ballad , with uplifting lyrics and a sea of soaring vocals . '' The Austin American - Statesman viewed the song as a `` dramatic closer '' . Arion Berger of Rolling Stone praised the song 's production and the harmony that 98 Degrees ' contributed . Chuck Campbell of The Daily News was also positive stating the song was a `` grandiose '' album - closer . Steve Jones of USA Today wrote that Carey excelled in the song . Melissa Ruggieri of the Richmond Times - Dispatch noted that Carey found solace in the song . Anthony Johnson , also of the Richmond Times - Dispatch wrote that the track is a `` surefire winner '' . However , a few other critics deemed the song as forgettable . Dan DeLuca of The Philadelphia Inquirer dismissed the song as a `` colorless quality romance '' . Robert Hilburn of Los Angeles Times was also negative in his review , calling it as an `` overwrought ballad '' and wrote it was un-listenable . Dara Cook of MTV Southeast Asia named the song as `` a big - production tragicomedy of hilarious histrionics and absurdly dramatic lyrics . '' While reviewing Carey 's compilation The Ballads ( 2009 ) , Chuck Campbell of The Press of Atlantic City wrote that at some point in Carey 's career , the quality her songs got `` iffier '' and commented that `` Thank God I Found You '' is such an example . He went on to say that the song was a `` trifle '' . In 2005 Andrew Unterberger of Stylus gave a negative review , writing the song was `` a sub-par , extremely lazy example of an artist reaching the top spot almost solely on reputation . '' He wrote that the song would have been the end of Carey 's career . At the 43rd Grammy Awards held in February 2001 , the song was nominated in the category of the Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals , but lost to B.B. King and Dr. John for `` Is You Is or Is You Ai n't My Baby '' . At the First BMI Urban Awards , held in 2001 , Jam , Lewis , and Carey received BMI 's Urban Songwriter Award .", "In the United States , `` Thank God I Found You '' was released to radio stations as the second single from Rainbow in November 1999 . A physical single was later released on January 25 , 2000 , in the US and on February 28 , 2000 , in the United Kingdom . The issue dated December 11 , 1999 , debuted at number eighty - two on the Billboard Hot 100 -- Carey 's lowest debut at the time . On the week dated February 19 , 2000 , the song reached number - one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Carey 's fifteenth number - one single and marking her eleventh consecutive year with a number - one song . It remained Carey 's last number - one hit in the US until 2005 's `` We Belong Together '' and , to date , remains 98 Degrees ' only number - one song ; Joe , meanwhile , would only receive one more number - one hit later in his career : 2001 's `` Stutter '' . `` Thank God I Found You '' became the second single to surpass the sales of 100,000 units in the year 2000 , preceded by Christina Aguilera 's `` What a Girl Wants '' . It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in February 2000 . By February 2001 the single had sold about 687,000 copies in the US alone . `` Thank God I Found You '' also reached the top spot on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , marking Carey 's seventh R&B chart topper . It finished at number forty - five on Billboard Hot 100 year - end charts of 2000 . In Canada , the single debuted at a position of number two on the Canadian Singles Chart , on the Billboard issue dated February 12 , 2000 . The following week , it descended to number three before retreating down the chart steadily .", "In Australia , it entered the Australian Singles Chart at its peak of number twenty - seven , on the week dated March 12 , 2000 . The next week it dropped to number forty - seven . In New Zealand , it debuted on the singles chart at a position of number thirty - four , the week dated April 2 , 2000 . The song went down to number thirty - five next week , before dropping to number forty - four . In Europe , `` Thank God I Found You '' charted in a few countries . In the United Kingdom , the single debuted and peaked at number ten on the UK Singles Chart on the week dated March 11 , 2000 . The single stayed on the chart for ten weeks , including one re-entry at number seventy - one on the week dated May 20 , 2000 . In the Flanders region of Belgium , the song debuted at number forty - seven and peaked at thirty - six . In the Wallonia region , it debuted at number thirty - five and peaked at number twenty - three three weeks after its debut . In France , the single entered the singles chart at number thirty - one , the week dated March 4 , 2000 . The next week it ascended to its peak of number twenty - eight . It stayed on the chart for fifteen weeks . In the Netherlands , `` Thank God I Found You '' entered the Single Top 100 at number fifty - five , before peaking at number twenty - three the next week . The song also peaked at number twenty - eight in Germany , forty - three in Sweden , thirty - one in Ireland , and at number seventeen in Switzerland .", "The music video for `` Thank God I Found You '' was filmed by Brett Ratner in Minneapolis . The video is a tape of the performance Carey , Joe , and 98 Degrees gave at the Last Chance Summer Dance summer music concert , organized by 101.3 KDWB - FM . It premiered on October 4 , 1999 , on MTV 's Total Request Live ( TRL ) . The video opens with scenes of Carey and Joe in the studio . Carey is with her puppy and talking on a mobile phone . The video shows saturated blue skies and behind - the - scenes footage of Carey carousing with her dog Jack and writing lyrics on a notepad . As the song starts , Carey is shown lying on red sofa , writing the lyrics on the notepad . Then she performs the song on the stage , joined by Joe and 98 Degrees . Additionally , there is a video for the `` Make It Last Remix '' that features Carey with braids in a nightclub with Joe and Nas . Directed by Sanaa Hamri . The video is grainy ; it was shot at Bar Rosso in Hamburg , Germany on October 16 and 17 , 1999 .", "`` Thank God I Found You '' was performed a number of times between 2000 and 2005 . Carey opened the 27th Annual American Music Awards , held at the Shrine Auditorium , with a medley of the original and remix versions of the song . After Carey appeared on stage wearing a black skirt with a high slit and sporting a blond and straightened hairstyle , Joe joined her with several male and female back - up dancers , all of whom who wore black outfits . After performing the first verse and chorus , Nas joined the duo on stage for the Make It Last Remix . Later on in the show , she was honored with the `` Award of Achievement '' for earning a number one single in every year of the 1990s . Vibe commended the performance , writing that it `` offered an insight into how a little girl from Long Island , New York became hip hop 's answer to Celine Dion . '' In 2000 , Carey performed the song on the Italian television show Quelli che ... il Calcio .", "Aside from the several televised and the award show performance , Carey included the song on the set - list of her concert tours , starting with the Rainbow World Tour . During the tour , Trey Lorenz , her only male background singer , replaced Joe as the song 's main male vocalist . At the show at Madison Square Garden on April 11 , 2000 , Carey wore a long orange cocktail gown with a long cascading neck line . Lorenz , wearing a black leather sports jacket and matching pants , made another featured appearance on the tour , performing his song `` Make You Happy '' during an interval of costume changes following the performance . Following the release of her tenth studio effort The Emancipation of Mimi in 2005 , Carey embarked on The Adventures of Mimi Tour in mid 2006 . On several stops of the tour , Carey performed the song as part of the set - list , usually towards the end of the show . Similar to the Rainbow World Tour , Lorenz performed the song alongside Carey instead of Joe . Carey , wearing a midsection - baring turquoise evening gown , introduced the song to the audience by telling of its conception , concept and featured artists , followed by a performance of the song 's remix .", "On September 15 , 2000 , US songwriters Seth Swirsky and Warren Campbell filed a lawsuit against Carey at the 9th Circuit for copyright infringement , `` reverse passing off '' and false designation , claiming that `` Thank God I Found You '' borrowed heavily from a song they composed called `` One of Those Love Songs '' . It was recorded by the R&B group Xscape in 1998 for their album Traces of My Lipstick . The lawsuit claimed that Carey wrongfully gave the songwriting credits to Jam and Lewis . Swirsky and Campbell had sold the rights of the song to So So Def Recordings in 1998 . `` I 'm a fan of Mariah Carey ; this is nothing personal against her . But I really do believe there 's accountability , and it 's very clear what happened here . I 've never sued anybody before '' , Swirsky said . According to the district court , an expert witness ( chair of the Musicology Department at the University of California at Los Angeles ) determined that the songs shared a `` substantially similar chorus '' . The expert stated that although the lyrics and verse melodies of the two songs were different , the songs ' choruses `` shared a ' basic shape and pitch emphasis ' in their melodies , which were played over ' highly similar basslines ' and chord changes , at very nearly the same tempo and in the same generic style . '' He noted both the songs had their choruses sung in the key of B ♭ . The expert further remarked that `` the emphasis on musical notes '' on the two songs was the same , which `` contribute ( d ) to the impression of similarity one hears when comparing the two songs . '' He presented a series of visual transcriptions of his observations . The transcriptions contained details about the pitch sequence of both the songs ' chorus , melody , and bassline .", "The district court labeled this evidence as insufficient to survive a motion for summary judgment . It noted the expert 's methodology to be `` flawed '' and stated that through its own analysis , no instance of substantial similarity was found . The lawsuit was settled in favor of Carey by the US District Judge , who noted that there was no similarity in key , harmonic structure , tempo , or genre between the two songs .", "However , this judgement was later reversed by a higher court . In the precedent - setting Swirsky v. Carey decision , which clarified the standard for proving copyright infringement , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit overturned the initial 2002 dismissal of the case , finding that that Swirsky 's expert did in fact adequately define the similarities between the two songs . The lawsuit was reinstated in 2004 ; Carey and Swirsky settled out of court in 2006 .", "European maxi - CD single `` Thank God I Found You '' -- 4 : 17 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix feat . Joe & Nas ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix Instrumental ) -- 5 : 10 UK 12 '' vinyl `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix feat . Joe & Nas ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix without Rap feat . Joe ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Instrumental ) - 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19 UK maxi - CD single `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Stargate Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 20 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix ) -- 5 : 10 `` Babydoll '' -- 5 : 06 US CD single / 7 '' vinyl single `` Thank God I Found You '' -- 4 : 17 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19 US maxi - CD single `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix Edit feat . Nas & Joe ) -- 4 : 13 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix without Rap feat . Joe ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Album Version ) -- 4 : 17 `` Babydoll '' -- 5 : 06", "European maxi - CD single `` Thank God I Found You '' -- 4 : 17 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix feat . Joe & Nas ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix Instrumental ) -- 5 : 10 UK 12 '' vinyl `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix feat . Joe & Nas ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix without Rap feat . Joe ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Instrumental ) - 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19 UK maxi - CD single `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Stargate Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 20 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix ) -- 5 : 10 `` Babydoll '' -- 5 : 06 US CD single / 7 '' vinyl single `` Thank God I Found You '' -- 4 : 17 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19 US maxi - CD single `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix Edit feat . Nas & Joe ) -- 4 : 13 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix without Rap feat . Joe ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Album Version ) -- 4 : 17 `` Babydoll '' -- 5 : 06", "European maxi - CD single", "European maxi - CD single", "`` Thank God I Found You '' -- 4 : 17 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix feat . Joe & Nas ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix Instrumental ) -- 5 : 10", "`` Thank God I Found You '' -- 4 : 17", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix feat . Joe & Nas ) -- 5 : 10", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix Instrumental ) -- 5 : 10", "UK 12 '' vinyl", "UK 12 '' vinyl", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix feat . Joe & Nas ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix without Rap feat . Joe ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Instrumental ) - 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix feat . Joe & Nas ) -- 5 : 10", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix without Rap feat . Joe ) -- 5 : 10", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Instrumental ) - 5 : 10", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19", "UK maxi - CD single", "UK maxi - CD single", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Stargate Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 20 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix ) -- 5 : 10 `` Babydoll '' -- 5 : 06", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Stargate Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 20", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix ) -- 5 : 10", "`` Babydoll '' -- 5 : 06", "US CD single / 7 '' vinyl single", "US CD single / 7 '' vinyl single", "`` Thank God I Found You '' -- 4 : 17 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19", "`` Thank God I Found You '' -- 4 : 17", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Celebratory Mix ) -- 4 : 19", "US maxi - CD single", "US maxi - CD single", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix Edit feat . Nas & Joe ) -- 4 : 13 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix without Rap feat . Joe ) -- 5 : 10 `` Thank God I Found You '' ( Album Version ) -- 4 : 17 `` Babydoll '' -- 5 : 06", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix Edit feat . Nas & Joe ) -- 4 : 13", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Make It Last Remix without Rap feat . Joe ) -- 5 : 10", "`` Thank God I Found You '' ( Album Version ) -- 4 : 17", "`` Babydoll '' -- 5 : 06", "Credits adapted from Rainbow liner notes .", "Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis -- writing , production Mariah Carey -- writing , vocals , backing vocals , production Joe -- vocals , backing vocals 98 Degrees -- vocals , backing vocals Nicki Richards -- backing vocals Trey Lorenz -- backing vocals Melonie Daniels -- backing vocals Daryl Skobba -- cello Joshua Koestenbaum -- cello Mike Scott -- guitar Dana Jon Chappelle -- engineering Pete Karem -- engineering ( 98 Degrees ' vocals ) Steve Hodge -- mixing Bob Ludwig -- mastering", "Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis -- writing , production Mariah Carey -- writing , vocals , backing vocals , production Joe -- vocals , backing vocals 98 Degrees -- vocals , backing vocals Nicki Richards -- backing vocals Trey Lorenz -- backing vocals Melonie Daniels -- backing vocals Daryl Skobba -- cello Joshua Koestenbaum -- cello Mike Scott -- guitar Dana Jon Chappelle -- engineering Pete Karem -- engineering ( 98 Degrees ' vocals ) Steve Hodge -- mixing Bob Ludwig -- mastering", "Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis -- writing , production Mariah Carey -- writing , vocals , backing vocals , production Joe -- vocals , backing vocals 98 Degrees -- vocals , backing vocals Nicki Richards -- backing vocals Trey Lorenz -- backing vocals Melonie Daniels -- backing vocals", "Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis -- writing , production", "Mariah Carey -- writing , vocals , backing vocals , production", "Joe -- vocals , backing vocals", "98 Degrees -- vocals , backing vocals", "Nicki Richards -- backing vocals", "Trey Lorenz -- backing vocals", "Melonie Daniels -- backing vocals", "Daryl Skobba -- cello Joshua Koestenbaum -- cello Mike Scott -- guitar Dana Jon Chappelle -- engineering Pete Karem -- engineering ( 98 Degrees ' vocals ) Steve Hodge -- mixing Bob Ludwig -- mastering", "Daryl Skobba -- cello", "Joshua Koestenbaum -- cello", "Mike Scott -- guitar", "Dana Jon Chappelle -- engineering", "Pete Karem -- engineering ( 98 Degrees ' vocals )", "Steve Hodge -- mixing", "Bob Ludwig -- mastering", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 36 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 17 France ( SNEP ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 31 Italy ( FIMI ) 21 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 24 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 28 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 28 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 172 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 196 US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 28 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 687,000 sales figures based on certification alone", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 36 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 17 France ( SNEP ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 31 Italy ( FIMI ) 21 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 24 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 28 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 28 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 172 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 196 US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 28 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 687,000 sales figures based on certification alone", "Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 36 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 17 France ( SNEP ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 31 Italy ( FIMI ) 21 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 24 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 28 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 28 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 21", "Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 27", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 36", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 23", "Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart )", "Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 17", "France ( SNEP ) 28", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 28", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 31", "Italy ( FIMI ) 21", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 24", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34", "Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 28", "Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 17", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10", "UK R&B ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard )", "US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 28", "US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9", "US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 21", "Chart ( 2000 ) Position Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 172 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 196 US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 28", "Chart ( 2000 ) Position", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 172", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 196", "US Billboard Hot 100 45", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 28", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 687,000 sales figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "United States ( RIAA ) Gold 687,000", "sales figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone" ]

[ [ "7 September 2013" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) . Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA ) Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned . Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) . Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time .", "", "", "Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) . Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA ) Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned . Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) . Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time .", "Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) .", "Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) .", "Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA )", "Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA )", "Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA )", "Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA )", "Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China )", "Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA )", "Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned .", "Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned .", "Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) . Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time .", "Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) .", "Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time .", "A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon . This includes both manned and unmanned ( robotic ) missions . The first human - made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union 's Luna 2 mission , on 13 September 1959 .", "The United States ' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon , on 20 July 1969 . There have been six manned U.S. landings ( between 1969 and 1972 ) and numerous unmanned landings , with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013 .", "To date , the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon , with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972 .", "After the unsuccessful attempt by the Luna 1 to land on the moon in 1959 , the Soviet Union performed the first hard ( unpowered ) moon landing later that same year with the Luna 2 spacecraft , a feat the U.S. duplicated in 1962 with Ranger 4 . Since then , twelve Soviet and U.S. spacecraft have used braking rockets to make soft landings and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface , between 1966 and 1976 . In 1966 the USSR accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the Luna 9 and Luna 13 missions . The U.S. followed with five unmanned Surveyor soft landings .", "The Soviet Union achieved the first unmanned lunar soil sample return with the Luna 16 probe on 24 September 1970 . This was followed by Luna 20 and Luna 24 in 1972 and 1976 , respectively . Following the failure at launch in 1969 of the first Lunokhod , Luna E-8 No. 201 , the Luna 17 and Luna 21 were successful unmanned lunar rover missions in 1970 and 1973 .", "Many missions were failures at launch . In addition , several unmanned landing missions achieved the Lunar surface but were unsuccessful , including : Luna 15 , Luna 18 , and Luna 23 all crashed on landing ; and the U.S. Surveyor 4 lost all radio contact only moments before its landing .", "More recently , other nations have crashed spacecraft on the surface of the Moon at speeds of around 8,000 kilometres per hour ( 5,000 mph ) , often at precise , planned locations . These have generally been end - of - life lunar orbiters that , because of system degradations , could no longer overcome perturbations from lunar mass concentrations ( `` masscons '' ) to maintain their orbit . Japan 's lunar orbiter Hiten impacted the Moon 's surface on 10 April 1993 . The European Space Agency performed a controlled crash impact with their orbiter SMART - 1 on 3 September 2006 .", "Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) performed a controlled crash impact with its Moon Impact Probe ( MIP ) on 14 November 2008 . The MIP was an ejected probe from the Indian Chandrayaan - 1 lunar orbiter and performed remote sensing experiments during its descent to the lunar surface .", "The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 . The rover mission Chang'e 3 was launched on 1 December 2013 and soft - landed on 14 December .", "A total of twelve men have landed on the Moon . This was accomplished with two US pilot - astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41 - month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC , with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11 , and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17 . Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface .", "All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module . The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility .", "In order to go to the Moon , a spacecraft must first leave the gravity well of the Earth . The only practical way of accomplishing this currently is with a rocket . Unlike other airborne vehicles such as balloons or jets , a rocket is the only known form of propulsion which can continue to increase its speed at high altitudes in the vacuum outside the Earth 's atmosphere .", "Upon approach of the target moon , a spacecraft will be drawn ever closer to its surface at increasing speeds due to gravity . In order to land intact it must decelerate to less than about 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) and be ruggedized to withstand a `` hard landing '' impact , or it must decelerate to negligible speed at contact for a `` soft landing '' ( which is the only viable option with human occupants ) . The first three attempts by the U.S. to perform a successful hard moon landing with a ruggedized seismometer package in 1962 all failed . The Soviets first achieved the milestone of a hard lunar landing with a ruggedized camera in 1966 , followed only months later by the first unmanned soft lunar landing by the U.S.", "The speed of a crash landing on its surface is typically between 70 and 100 % of the escape velocity of the target moon , and thus this is the total velocity which must be shed from the target moon 's gravitational attraction for a soft landing to occur . For Earth 's Moon , the escape velocity is 2.38 kilometres per second ( 1.48 mi / s ) . The change in velocity ( referred to as a delta - v ) is usually provided by a landing rocket , which must be carried into space by the original launch vehicle as part of the overall spacecraft . An exception is the soft moon landing on Titan carried out by the Huygens probe in 2005 . As the moon with the thickest atmosphere , landings on Titan may be accomplished by using atmospheric entry techniques that are generally lighter in weight than a rocket with equivalent capability .", "The Soviets succeeded in making the first crash landing on the Moon in 1959 . Crash landings may occur because of malfunctions in a spacecraft , or they can be deliberately arranged for vehicles which do not have an onboard landing rocket . There have been many such moon crashes , often with their flight path controlled to impact at precise locations on the lunar surface . For example , during the Apollo program the S - IVB third stage of the Saturn V moon rocket as well as the spent ascent stage of the lunar module were deliberately crashed on the Moon several times to provide impacts registering as a moonquake on seismometers that had been left on the lunar surface . Such crashes were instrumental in mapping the internal structure of the Moon .", "To return to Earth , the escape velocity of the Moon must be overcome for the spacecraft to escape the gravity well of the Moon . Rockets must be used to leave the Moon and return to space . Upon reaching Earth , atmospheric entry techniques are used to absorb the kinetic energy of a returning spacecraft and reduce its speed for safe landing . These functions greatly complicate a moon landing mission and lead to many additional operational considerations . Any moon departure rocket must first be carried to the Moon 's surface by a moon landing rocket , increasing the latter 's required size . The Moon departure rocket , larger moon landing rocket and any Earth atmosphere entry equipment such as heat shields and parachutes must in turn be lifted by the original launch vehicle , greatly increasing its size by a significant and almost prohibitive degree .", "This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Moon landing '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Moon landing '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The intense efforts devoted in the 1960s to achieving first an unmanned and then ultimately a manned moon landing become easier to understand in the political context of its historical era . World War II had introduced many new and deadly innovations including blitzkrieg - style surprise attacks used in the invasion of Poland and in the attack on Pearl Harbor ; the V - 2 rocket , a ballistic missile which killed thousands in attacks on London and Antwerp ; and the atom bomb , which killed hundreds of thousands in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In the 1950s , tensions mounted between the two ideologically opposed superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union that had emerged as victors in the conflict , particularly after the development by both countries of the hydrogen bomb .", "Willy Ley wrote in 1957 that a rocket to the Moon `` could be built later this year if somebody can be found to sign some papers '' . On 4 October 1957 , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 as the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth and so initiated the Space Race . This unexpected event was a source of pride to the Soviets and shock to the U.S. , who could now potentially be surprise attacked by nuclear - tipped Soviet rockets in under 30 minutes . Also , the steady beeping of the radio beacon aboard Sputnik 1 as it passed overhead every 96 minutes was widely viewed on both sides as effective propaganda to Third World countries demonstrating the technological superiority of the Soviet political system compared to that of the U.S. This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid - fire Soviet space achievements . In 1959 , the R - 7 rocket was used to launch the first escape from Earth 's gravity into a solar orbit , the first crash impact onto the surface of the Moon and the first photography of the never - before - seen far side of the Moon . These were the Luna 1 , Luna 2 and Luna 3 spacecraft .", "The U.S. response to these Soviet achievements was to greatly accelerate previously existing military space and missile projects and to create a civilian space agency , NASA . Military efforts were initiated to develop and produce mass quantities of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) that would bridge the so - called missile gap and enable a policy of deterrence to nuclear war with the Soviets known as mutual assured destruction or MAD . These newly developed missiles were made available to civilians of NASA for various projects ( which would have the added benefit of demonstrating the payload , guidance accuracy and reliabilities of U.S. ICBMs to the Soviets ) .", "While NASA stressed peaceful and scientific uses for these rockets , their use in various lunar exploration efforts also had secondary goal of realistic , goal - oriented testing of the missiles themselves and development of associated infrastructure , just as the Soviets were doing with their R - 7 .", "After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , historical records were released to allow the true accounting of Soviet lunar efforts . Unlike the U.S. tradition of assigning a particular mission name in advance of a launch , the Soviets assigned a public `` Luna '' mission number only if a launch resulted in a spacecraft going beyond Earth orbit . The policy had the effect of hiding Soviet Moon mission failures from public view . If the attempt failed in Earth orbit before departing for the Moon , it was frequently ( but not always ) given a `` Sputnik '' or `` Cosmos '' Earth - orbit mission number to hide its purpose . Launch explosions were not acknowledged at all .", "Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Semyorka -- 8K72 23 September 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 93 s Semyorka -- 8K72 12 October 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 104 s Semyorka -- 8K72 4 December 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 254 s Luna - 1 361 Semyorka -- 8K72 2 January 1959 Impact Partial success -- first spacecraft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby , solar orbit ; missed the Moon Semyorka -- 8K72 18 June 1959 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 153 s Luna - 2 390 Semyorka -- 8K72 12 September 1959 Impact Success -- first lunar impact Luna - 3 270 Semyorka -- 8K72 4 October 1959 Flyby Success -- first photos of lunar far side Semyorka -- 8K72 15 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K72 16 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 1 s Sputnik - 25 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 January 1963 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 3 February 1963 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 105 s Luna - 4 1422 Semyorka -- 8K78 2 April 1963 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 8,000 kilometres ( 5,000 mi ) Semyorka -- 8K78 21 March 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 20 April 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Cosmos - 60 Semyorka -- 8K78 12 March 1965 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 10 April 1965 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 5 1475 Semyorka -- 8K78 9 May 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 6 1440 Semyorka -- 8K78 8 June 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 160,000 kilometres ( 99,000 mi ) Luna - 7 1504 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 October 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 8 1550 Semyorka -- 8K78 3 December 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact during landing attempt", "Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result", "Semyorka -- 8K72 23 September 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 93 s", "Semyorka -- 8K72 12 October 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 104 s", "Semyorka -- 8K72 4 December 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 254 s", "Luna - 1 361 Semyorka -- 8K72 2 January 1959 Impact Partial success -- first spacecraft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby , solar orbit ; missed the Moon", "Semyorka -- 8K72 18 June 1959 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 153 s", "Luna - 2 390 Semyorka -- 8K72 12 September 1959 Impact Success -- first lunar impact", "Luna - 3 270 Semyorka -- 8K72 4 October 1959 Flyby Success -- first photos of lunar far side", "Semyorka -- 8K72 15 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Semyorka -- 8K72 16 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 1 s", "Sputnik - 25 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 January 1963 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit", "Semyorka -- 8K78 3 February 1963 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 105 s", "Luna - 4 1422 Semyorka -- 8K78 2 April 1963 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 8,000 kilometres ( 5,000 mi )", "Semyorka -- 8K78 21 March 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Semyorka -- 8K78 20 April 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Cosmos - 60 Semyorka -- 8K78 12 March 1965 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit", "Semyorka -- 8K78 10 April 1965 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Luna - 5 1475 Semyorka -- 8K78 9 May 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact", "Luna - 6 1440 Semyorka -- 8K78 8 June 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 160,000 kilometres ( 99,000 mi )", "Luna - 7 1504 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 October 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact", "Luna - 8 1550 Semyorka -- 8K78 3 December 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact during landing attempt", "In contrast to Soviet lunar exploration triumphs in 1959 , success eluded initial U.S. efforts to reach the Moon with the Pioneer and Ranger programs . Fifteen consecutive U.S. unmanned lunar missions over a six - year period from 1958 to 1964 all failed their primary photographic missions ; however , Rangers 4 and 6 successfully repeated the Soviet lunar impacts as part of their secondary missions .", "Failures included three U.S. attempts in 1962 to hard land small seismometer packages released by the main Ranger spacecraft . These surface packages were to use retrorockets to survive landing , unlike the parent vehicle , which was designed to deliberately crash onto the surface . The final three Ranger probes performed successful high altitude lunar reconnaissance photography missions during intentional crash impacts between 2.62 and 2.68 kilometres per second ( 9,400 and 9,600 km / h ) .", "Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Pioneer 0 38 Thor - Able 17 August 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Pioneer 1 34 Thor - Able 11 October 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- software error ; reentry Pioneer 2 39 Thor - Able 8 November 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- third stage misfire ; reentry Pioneer 3 6 Juno 6 December 1958 Flyby Failure -- first stage misfire , reentry Pioneer 4 6 Juno 3 March 1959 Flyby Partial success -- first US craft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby too far to shoot photos due to targeting error ; solar orbit Pioneer P - 1 168 Atlas - Able 24 September 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- pad explosion ; destroyed Pioneer P - 3 168 Atlas - Able 29 November 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- payload shroud ; destroyed Pioneer P - 30 175 Atlas - Able 25 September 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- second stage anomaly ; reentry Pioneer P - 31 175 Atlas - Able 15 December 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Ranger 1 306 Atlas -- Agena 23 August 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 2 304 Atlas -- Agena 18 November 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 3 330 Atlas -- Agena 26 January 1962 Landing Failure -- booster guidance ; solar orbit Ranger 4 331 Atlas -- Agena 23 April 1962 Landing Partial success -- first U.S. spacecraft to reach another celestial body ; crash impact -- no photos returned Ranger 5 342 Atlas -- Agena 18 October 1962 Landing Failure -- spacecraft power ; solar orbit Ranger 6 367 Atlas -- Agena 30 January 1964 Impact Failure -- spacecraft camera ; crash impact Ranger 7 367 Atlas -- Agena 28 July 1964 Impact Success -- returned 4308 photos , crash impact Ranger 8 367 Atlas -- Agena 17 February 1965 Impact Success -- returned 7137 photos , crash impact Ranger 9 367 Atlas -- Agena 21 March 1965 Impact Success -- returned 5814 photos , crash impact", "Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result", "Pioneer 0 38 Thor - Able 17 August 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed", "Pioneer 1 34 Thor - Able 11 October 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- software error ; reentry", "Pioneer 2 39 Thor - Able 8 November 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- third stage misfire ; reentry", "Pioneer 3 6 Juno 6 December 1958 Flyby Failure -- first stage misfire , reentry", "Pioneer 4 6 Juno 3 March 1959 Flyby Partial success -- first US craft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby too far to shoot photos due to targeting error ; solar orbit", "Pioneer P - 1 168 Atlas - Able 24 September 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- pad explosion ; destroyed", "Pioneer P - 3 168 Atlas - Able 29 November 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- payload shroud ; destroyed", "Pioneer P - 30 175 Atlas - Able 25 September 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- second stage anomaly ; reentry", "Pioneer P - 31 175 Atlas - Able 15 December 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed", "Ranger 1 306 Atlas -- Agena 23 August 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry", "Ranger 2 304 Atlas -- Agena 18 November 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry", "Ranger 3 330 Atlas -- Agena 26 January 1962 Landing Failure -- booster guidance ; solar orbit", "Ranger 4 331 Atlas -- Agena 23 April 1962 Landing Partial success -- first U.S. spacecraft to reach another celestial body ; crash impact -- no photos returned", "Ranger 5 342 Atlas -- Agena 18 October 1962 Landing Failure -- spacecraft power ; solar orbit", "Ranger 6 367 Atlas -- Agena 30 January 1964 Impact Failure -- spacecraft camera ; crash impact", "Ranger 7 367 Atlas -- Agena 28 July 1964 Impact Success -- returned 4308 photos , crash impact", "Ranger 8 367 Atlas -- Agena 17 February 1965 Impact Success -- returned 7137 photos , crash impact", "Ranger 9 367 Atlas -- Agena 21 March 1965 Impact Success -- returned 5814 photos , crash impact", "Three different designs of Pioneer lunar probes were flown on three different modified ICBMs . Those flown on the Thor booster modified with an Able upper stage carried an infrared image scanning television system with a resolution of 1 milliradian to study the Moon 's surface , an ionization chamber to measure radiation in space , a diaphragm / microphone assembly to detect micrometeorites , a magnetometer , and temperature - variable resistors to monitor spacecraft internal thermal conditions . The first , a mission managed by the United States Air Force , exploded during launch ; all subsequent Pioneer lunar flights had NASA as the lead management organization . The next two returned to Earth and burned up upon reentry into the atmosphere after achieved maximum altitudes of around 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and 1,450 kilometres ( 900 mi ) , far short of the roughly 400,000 kilometres ( 250,000 mi ) required to reach the vicinity of the Moon .", "NASA then collaborated with the United States Army 's Ballistic Missile Agency to fly two extremely small cone - shaped probes on the Juno ICBM , carrying only photocells which would be triggered by the light of the Moon and a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger - Müller tube detector . The first of these reached an altitude of only around 100,000 kilometres ( 62,000 mi ) , serendipitously gathering data that established the presence of the Van Allen radiation belts before reentering Earth 's atmosphere . The second passed by the Moon at a distance of more than 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) , twice as far as planned and too far away to trigger either of the on - board scientific instruments , yet still becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to reach a solar orbit .", "The final Pioneer lunar probe design consisted of four `` paddlewheel '' solar panels extending from a one - meter diameter spherical spin - stabilized spacecraft body that was equipped to take images of the lunar surface with a television - like system , estimate the Moon 's mass and topography of the poles , record the distribution and velocity of micrometeorites , study radiation , measure magnetic fields , detect low frequency electromagnetic waves in space and use a sophisticated integrated propulsion system for maneuvering and orbit insertion as well . None of the four spacecraft built in this series of probes survived launch on its Atlas ICBM outfitted with an Able upper stage .", "Following the unsuccessful Atlas - Able Pioneer probes , NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory embarked upon an unmanned spacecraft development program whose modular design could be used to support both lunar and interplanetary exploration missions . The interplanetary versions were known as Mariners ; lunar versions were Rangers . JPL envisioned three versions of the Ranger lunar probes : Block I prototypes , which would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon ; Block II , which would try to accomplish the first Moon landing by hard landing a seismometer package ; and Block III , which would crash onto the lunar surface without any braking rockets while taking very high resolution wide - area photographs of the Moon during their descent .", "The Ranger 1 and 2 Block I missions were virtually identical . Spacecraft experiments included a Lyman - alpha telescope , a rubidium - vapor magnetometer , electrostatic analyzers , medium - energy - range particle detectors , two triple coincidence telescopes , a cosmic - ray integrating ionization chamber , cosmic dust detectors , and scintillation counters . The goal was to place these Block I spacecraft in a very high Earth orbit with an apogee of 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and a perigee of 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) .", "From that vantage point , scientists could make direct measurements of the magnetosphere over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances . Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high - bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one - shot fifteen - minute time window in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents . Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth parking orbit after launch ; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days .", "The first attempts to perform a Moon landing took place in 1962 during the Rangers 3 , 4 and 5 missions flown by the United States . All three Block II missions basic vehicles were 3.1 m high and consisted of a lunar capsule covered with a balsa wood impact - limiter , 650 mm in diameter , a mono - propellant mid-course motor , a retrorocket with a thrust of 5,050 pounds - force ( 22.5 kN ) , and a gold - and chrome - plated hexagonal base 1.5 m in diameter . This lander ( code - named Tonto ) was designed to provide impact cushioning using an exterior blanket of crushable balsa wood and an interior filled with incompressible liquid freon . A 42 kg ( 56 pounds ) 30 - centimetre - diameter ( 0.98 ft ) metal payload sphere floated and was free to rotate in a liquid freon reservoir contained in the landing sphere .", "This payload sphere contained six silver - cadmium batteries to power a fifty - milliwatt radio transmitter , a temperature sensitive voltage controlled oscillator to measure lunar surface temperatures , and a seismometer that was designed with sensitivity high enough to detect the impact of a 5 lb ( 2.3 kg ) meteorite on the opposite side of the Moon . Weight was distributed in the payload sphere so it would rotate in its liquid blanket to place the seismometer into an upright and operational position no matter what the final resting orientation of the external landing sphere . After landing , plugs were to be opened allowing the freon to evaporate and the payload sphere to settle into upright contact with the landing sphere . The batteries were sized to allow up to three months of operation for the payload sphere . Various mission constraints limited the landing site to Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar equator , which the lander ideally would reach 66 hours after launch .", "No cameras were carried by the Ranger landers , and no pictures were to be captured from the lunar surface during the mission . Instead , the 3.1 metres ( 10 ft ) Ranger Block II mother ship carried a 200 - scan - line television camera which was to capture images during the free - fall descent to the lunar surface . The camera was designed to transmit a picture every 10 seconds . Seconds before impact , at 5 and 0.6 kilometres ( 3.11 and 0.37 mi ) above the lunar surface , the Ranger mother ships took picture ( which may be viewed here ) .", "Other instruments gathering data before the mother ship crashed onto the Moon were a gamma ray spectrometer to measure overall lunar chemical composition and a radar altimeter . The radar altimeter was to give a signal ejecting the landing capsule and its solid - fueled braking rocket overboard from the Block II mother ship . The braking rocket was to slow and the landing sphere to a dead stop at 330 metres ( 1,080 ft ) above the surface and separate , allowing the landing sphere to free fall once more and hit the surface .", "On Ranger 3 , failure of the Atlas guidance system and a software error aboard the Agena upper stage combined to put the spacecraft on a course that would miss the Moon . Attempts to salvage lunar photography during a flyby of the Moon were thwarted by in - flight failure of the onboard flight computer . This was probably because of prior heat sterilization of the spacecraft by keeping it above the boiling point of water for 24 hours on the ground , to protect the Moon from being contaminated by Earth organisms . Heat sterilization was also blamed for subsequent in - flight failures of the spacecraft computer on Ranger 4 and the power subsystem on Ranger 5 . Only Ranger 4 reached the Moon in an uncontrolled crash impact on the far side of the Moon .", "Heat sterilization was discontinued for the final four Block III Ranger probes . These replaced the Block II landing capsule and its retrorocket with a heavier , more capable television system to support landing site selection for upcoming Apollo manned Moon landing missions . Six cameras were designed to take thousands of high - altitude photographs in the final twenty - minute period before crashing on the lunar surface . Camera resolution was 1,132 scan lines , far higher than the 525 lines found in a typical U.S. 1964 home television . While Ranger 6 suffered a failure of this camera system and returned no photographs despite an otherwise successful flight , the subsequent Ranger 7 mission to Mare Cognitum was a complete success .", "Breaking the six - year string of failures in U.S. attempts to photograph the Moon at close range , the Ranger 7 mission was viewed as a national turning point and instrumental in allowing the key 1965 NASA budget appropriation to pass through the United States Congress intact without a reduction in funds for the Apollo manned Moon landing program . Subsequent successes with Ranger 8 and Ranger 9 further buoyed U.S. hopes .", "The Luna 9 spacecraft , launched by the Soviet Union , performed the first successful soft Moon landing on 3 February . Airbags protected its 99 kilograms ( 218 lb ) ejectable capsule which survived an impact speed of over 15 metres per second ( 54 km / h ) . Luna 13 duplicated this feat with a similar Moon landing on 24 December 1966 . Both returned panoramic photographs that were the first views from the lunar surface .", "Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and safely return a sample of lunar soil back to Earth . It represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union , and was the third lunar sample return mission overall , following the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions . This mission was later successfully repeated by Luna 20 ( 1972 ) and Luna 24 ( 1976 ) .", "In 1970 and 1973 two Lunokhod ( `` Moonwalker '' ) robotic lunar rovers were delivered to the Moon , where they successfully operated for 10 and 4 months respectively , covering 10.5 km ( Lunokhod 1 ) and 37 km ( Lunokhod 2 ) . These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby , orbiter and landing missions .", "Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Luna - 9 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 31 January 1966 Landing Success -- first lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 7.13 ° N 64.37 ° W Luna - 13 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 21 December 1966 Landing Success -- second lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 18 ° 52'N 62 ° 3'W Proton 19 February 1969 Lunar rover Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 14 June 1969 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 15 5,700 Proton 13 July 1969 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Crisium unknown Cosmos - 300 Proton 23 September 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Cosmos - 305 Proton 22 October 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Proton 6 February 1970 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 16 5,600 Proton 12 September 1970 Sample return Success -- returned 0.10 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 000.68 S 056.30 E Luna - 17 5,700 Proton 10 November 1970 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 1 rover traveled 10.5 km across lunar surface Mare Imbrium 038.28 N 325.00 E Luna - 18 5,750 Proton 2 September 1971 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 20 5,727 Proton 14 February 1972 Sample return Success -- returned 0.05 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 21 5,950 Proton 8 January 1973 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 2 rover traveled 37.0 km across lunar surface LeMonnier Crater 025.85 N 030.45 E Luna - 23 5,800 Proton 28 October 1974 Sample return Failure -- Moon landing achieved , but malfunction prevented sample return Mare Crisium 012.00 N 062.00 E Proton 16 October 1975 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 24 5,800 Proton 9 August 1976 Sample return Success -- returned 0.17 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Crisium 012.25 N 062.20 E", "Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon", "Luna - 9 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 31 January 1966 Landing Success -- first lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 7.13 ° N 64.37 ° W", "Luna - 13 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 21 December 1966 Landing Success -- second lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 18 ° 52'N 62 ° 3'W", "Proton 19 February 1969 Lunar rover Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Proton 14 June 1969 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Luna - 15 5,700 Proton 13 July 1969 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Crisium unknown", "Cosmos - 300 Proton 23 September 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit", "Cosmos - 305 Proton 22 October 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit", "Proton 6 February 1970 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Luna - 16 5,600 Proton 12 September 1970 Sample return Success -- returned 0.10 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 000.68 S 056.30 E", "Luna - 17 5,700 Proton 10 November 1970 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 1 rover traveled 10.5 km across lunar surface Mare Imbrium 038.28 N 325.00 E", "Luna - 18 5,750 Proton 2 September 1971 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E", "Luna - 20 5,727 Proton 14 February 1972 Sample return Success -- returned 0.05 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E", "Luna - 21 5,950 Proton 8 January 1973 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 2 rover traveled 37.0 km across lunar surface LeMonnier Crater 025.85 N 030.45 E", "Luna - 23 5,800 Proton 28 October 1974 Sample return Failure -- Moon landing achieved , but malfunction prevented sample return Mare Crisium 012.00 N 062.00 E", "Proton 16 October 1975 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Luna - 24 5,800 Proton 9 August 1976 Sample return Success -- returned 0.17 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Crisium 012.25 N 062.20 E", "The U.S. robotic Surveyor program was part of an effort to locate a safe site on the Moon for a human landing and test under lunar conditions the radar and landing systems required to make a true controlled touchdown . Five of Surveyor 's seven missions made successful unmanned Moon landings . Surveyor 3 was visited two years after its Moon landing by the crew of Apollo 12 . They removed parts of it for examination back on Earth to determine the effects of long - term exposure to the lunar environment .", "Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Surveyor 1 292 Atlas -- Centaur 30 May 1966 Landing Success -- 11,000 pictures returned , first U.S. Moon landing Oceanus Procellarum 002.45 S 043.22 W Surveyor 2 292 Atlas -- Centaur 20 September 1966 Landing Failure -- midcourse engine malfunction , placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble ; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater Sinus Medii 004.00 S 011.00 W Surveyor 3 302 Atlas -- Centaur 20 April 1967 Landing Success -- 6,000 pictures returned ; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use Oceanus Procellarum 002.94 S 336.66 E Surveyor 4 282 Atlas -- Centaur 14 July 1967 Landing Failure -- radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown ; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown Sinus Medii unknown Surveyor 5 303 Atlas -- Centaur 8 September 1967 Landing Success -- 19,000 photos returned , first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor Mare Tranquillitatis 001.41 N 023.18 E Surveyor 6 300 Atlas -- Centaur 7 November 1967 Landing Success -- 30,000 photos returned , robot arm & alpha scatter science , engine restart , second landing 2.5 m away from first Sinus Medii 000.46 N 358.63 E Surveyor 7 306 Atlas -- Centaur 7 January 1968 Landing Success -- 21,000 photos returned ; robot arm & alpha scatter science ; laser beams from Earth detected Tycho Crater 041.01 S 348.59 E", "Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon", "Surveyor 1 292 Atlas -- Centaur 30 May 1966 Landing Success -- 11,000 pictures returned , first U.S. Moon landing Oceanus Procellarum 002.45 S 043.22 W", "Surveyor 2 292 Atlas -- Centaur 20 September 1966 Landing Failure -- midcourse engine malfunction , placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble ; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater Sinus Medii 004.00 S 011.00 W", "Surveyor 3 302 Atlas -- Centaur 20 April 1967 Landing Success -- 6,000 pictures returned ; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use Oceanus Procellarum 002.94 S 336.66 E", "Surveyor 4 282 Atlas -- Centaur 14 July 1967 Landing Failure -- radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown ; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown Sinus Medii unknown", "Surveyor 5 303 Atlas -- Centaur 8 September 1967 Landing Success -- 19,000 photos returned , first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor Mare Tranquillitatis 001.41 N 023.18 E", "Surveyor 6 300 Atlas -- Centaur 7 November 1967 Landing Success -- 30,000 photos returned , robot arm & alpha scatter science , engine restart , second landing 2.5 m away from first Sinus Medii 000.46 N 358.63 E", "Surveyor 7 306 Atlas -- Centaur 7 January 1968 Landing Success -- 21,000 photos returned ; robot arm & alpha scatter science ; laser beams from Earth detected Tycho Crater 041.01 S 348.59 E", "Within four months of each other in early 1966 the Soviet Union and the United States had accomplished successful Moon landings with unmanned spacecraft . To the general public both countries had demonstrated roughly equal technical capabilities by returning photographic images from the surface of the Moon . These pictures provided a key affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether or not lunar soil would support upcoming manned landers with their much greater weight .", "However , the Luna 9 hard landing of a ruggedized sphere using airbags at a 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) - per - hour ballistic impact speed had much more in common with the failed 1962 Ranger landing attempts and their planned 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) - per - hour impacts than with the Surveyor 1 soft landing on three footpads using its radar - controlled , adjustable - thrust retrorocket . While Luna 9 and Surveyor 1 were both major national accomplishments , only Surveyor 1 had reached its landing site employing key technologies that would be needed for a manned flight . Thus as of mid-1966 , the United States had begun to pull ahead of the Soviet Union in the so - called Space Race to land a man on the Moon .", "Advances in other areas were necessary before manned spacecraft could follow unmanned ones to the surface of the Moon . Of particular importance was developing the expertise to perform flight operations in lunar orbit . Ranger , Surveyor and initial Luna Moon landing attempts all utilized flight paths from Earth that traveled directly to the lunar surface without first placing the spacecraft in a lunar orbit . Such direct ascents use a minimum amount of fuel for unmanned spacecraft on a one - way trip .", "In contrast , manned vehicles need additional fuel after a lunar landing to enable a return trip back to Earth for the crew . Leaving this massive amount of required Earth - return fuel in lunar orbit until it is used later in the mission is far more efficient than taking such fuel down to the lunar surface in a Moon landing and then hauling it all back into space yet again , working against lunar gravity both ways . Such considerations lead logically to a lunar orbit rendezvous mission profile for a manned Moon landing .", "Accordingly , beginning in mid-1966 both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. naturally progressed into missions which featured lunar orbit operations as a necessary prerequisite to a manned Moon landing . The primary goals of these initial unmanned orbiters were extensive photographic mapping of the entire lunar surface for the selection of manned landing sites and , for the Soviets , the checkout of radio communications gear that would be used in future soft landings .", "An unexpected major discovery from initial lunar orbiters were vast volumes of dense materials beneath the surface of the Moon 's maria . Such mass concentrations ( `` mascons '' ) can send a manned mission dangerously off course in the final minutes of a Moon landing when aiming for a relatively small landing zone that is smooth and safe . Mascons were also found over a longer period of time to greatly disturb the orbits of low - altitude satellites around the Moon , making their orbits unstable and forcing an inevitable crash on the lunar surface in the relatively short period of months to a few years .", "Controlling the location of impact for spent lunar orbiters can have scientific value . For example , in 1999 the NASA Lunar Prospector orbiter was deliberately targeted to impact a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater near the lunar south pole . It was hoped that energy from the impact would vaporize suspected shadowed ice deposits in the crater and liberate a water vapor plume that would be detectable from Earth . No such plume was observed . However , a small vial of ashes from the body of pioneer lunar scientist Eugene Shoemaker was delivered by the Lunar Prospector to the crater named in his honor -- currently the only human remains on the Moon .", "U.S.S.R. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Cosmos -- 111 Molniya - M 1 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Luna - 10 1,582 Molniya - M 31 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,738 km x 2,088 km x 72 deg orbit , 178 m period , 60 - day science mission Luna - 11 1,640 Molniya - M 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,931 km x 1,898 km x 27 deg orbit , 178 m period , 38 - day science mission Luna - 12 1,620 Molniya - M 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,938 km x 1,871 km x 10 deg orbit , 205 m period , 89 - day science mission Cosmos - 159 1,700 Molniya - M 17 May 1967 Prototype test Success -- high Earth orbit manned landing communications gear radio calibration test Molniya - M 7 February 1968 Lunar orbiter Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit -- attempted radio calibration test ? Luna - 14 1,700 Molniya - M 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter Success -- 870 km x 160 km x 42 deg orbit , 160 m period , unstable orbit , radio calibration test ? Luna - 19 5,700 Proton 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter Success -- 140 km x 140 km x 41 deg orbit , 121 m period , 388 - day science mission Luna - 22 5,700 Proton 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter Success -- 222 km x 219 km x 19 deg orbit , 130 m period , 521 - day science mission", "U.S.S.R. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result", "Cosmos -- 111 Molniya - M 1 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit", "Luna - 10 1,582 Molniya - M 31 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,738 km x 2,088 km x 72 deg orbit , 178 m period , 60 - day science mission", "Luna - 11 1,640 Molniya - M 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,931 km x 1,898 km x 27 deg orbit , 178 m period , 38 - day science mission", "Luna - 12 1,620 Molniya - M 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,938 km x 1,871 km x 10 deg orbit , 205 m period , 89 - day science mission", "Cosmos - 159 1,700 Molniya - M 17 May 1967 Prototype test Success -- high Earth orbit manned landing communications gear radio calibration test", "Molniya - M 7 February 1968 Lunar orbiter Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit -- attempted radio calibration test ?", "Luna - 14 1,700 Molniya - M 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter Success -- 870 km x 160 km x 42 deg orbit , 160 m period , unstable orbit , radio calibration test ?", "Luna - 19 5,700 Proton 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter Success -- 140 km x 140 km x 41 deg orbit , 121 m period , 388 - day science mission", "Luna - 22 5,700 Proton 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter Success -- 222 km x 219 km x 19 deg orbit , 130 m period , 521 - day science mission", "Luna 10 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon on 3 April 1966 .", "U.S. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Lunar Orbiter 1 386 Atlas -- Agena 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,160 km X 189 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 80 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 2 386 Atlas -- Agena 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 339 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 3 386 Atlas -- Agena 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 21 deg orbit , 208 m period , 246 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 4 386 Atlas -- Agena 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,111 km X 2,706 km x 86 deg orbit , 721 m period , 180 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 5 386 Atlas -- Agena 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,023 km X 195 km x 85 deg orbit , 510 m period , 183 - day photography mission", "U.S. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result", "Lunar Orbiter 1 386 Atlas -- Agena 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,160 km X 189 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 80 - day photography mission", "Lunar Orbiter 2 386 Atlas -- Agena 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 339 - day photography mission", "Lunar Orbiter 3 386 Atlas -- Agena 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 21 deg orbit , 208 m period , 246 - day photography mission", "Lunar Orbiter 4 386 Atlas -- Agena 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,111 km X 2,706 km x 86 deg orbit , 721 m period , 180 - day photography mission", "Lunar Orbiter 5 386 Atlas -- Agena 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,023 km X 195 km x 85 deg orbit , 510 m period , 183 - day photography mission", "It is possible to aim a spacecraft from Earth so that it will loop around the Moon and return to Earth without entering lunar orbit , following the so - called free return trajectory . Such circumlunar loop missions are simpler than lunar orbit missions because rockets for lunar orbit braking and Earth return are not required . However , a manned circumlunar loop trip poses significant challenges above and beyond those found in a manned low - Earth - orbit mission , offering valuable lessons in preparation for a manned Moon landing . Foremost among these are mastering the demands of re-entering the Earth 's atmosphere upon returning from the Moon .", "Manned Earth - orbiting vehicles such as the Space Shuttle return to Earth from speeds of around 17,000 miles per hour ( 27,000 km / h ; 7,600 m / s ) . Due to the effects of gravity , a vehicle returning from the Moon hits Earth 's atmosphere at a much higher speed of around 25,000 miles per hour ( 40,000 km / h ; 11,000 m / s ) . The g - loading on astronauts during the resulting deceleration can be at the limits of human endurance even during a nominal reentry . Slight variations in the vehicle flight path and reentry angle during a return from the Moon can easily result in fatal levels of deceleration force .", "Achieving a manned circumlunar loop flight prior to a manned lunar landing became a primary goal of the Soviets with their Zond spacecraft program . The first three Zonds were unmanned planetary probes ; after that , the Zond name was transferred to a completely separate manned program . The initial focus of these later Zonds was extensive testing of required high - speed reentry techniques . This focus was not shared by the U.S. , who chose instead to bypass the stepping stone of a manned circumlunar loop mission and never developed a separate spacecraft for this purpose .", "Initial manned spaceflights in the early 1960s placed a single person in low Earth orbit during the Soviet Vostok and U.S. Mercury programs . A two - flight extension of the Vostok program known as Voskhod effectively used Vostok capsules with their ejection seats removed to achieve Soviet space firsts of multiple person crews in 1964 and spacewalks in early 1965 . These capabilities were later demonstrated by the U.S. in ten Gemini low Earth orbit missions throughout 1965 and 1966 , using a totally new second - generation spacecraft design that had little in common with the earlier Mercury . These Gemini missions went on to prove critical techniques for orbital rendezvous and docking that were crucial to a manned lunar landing mission profile .", "After the end of the Gemini program , the Soviets Union began flying their second - generation Zond manned spacecraft in 1967 with the ultimate goal of looping a cosmonaut around the Moon and returning him immediately to Earth . The Zond spacecraft was launched with the simpler and already operational Proton launch rocket , unlike the parallel Soviet manned Moon landing effort also underway at the time based on third - generation Soyuz spacecraft requiring development of the advanced N - 1 booster . The Soviets thus believed they could achieve a manned Zond circumlunar flight years before a U.S. manned lunar landing and so score a propaganda victory . However , significant development problems delayed the Zond program and the success of the U.S. Apollo lunar landing program led to the eventual termination of the Zond effort .", "Like Zond , Apollo Moon flights were generally launched on a free return trajectory that would return them to Earth via a circumlunar loop in the event that a Service Module malfunction failed to place them in lunar orbit as planned . This option was implemented after an explosion aboard the Apollo 13 mission in 1970 , which is the only manned circumlunar loop mission flown to date .", "U.S.S.R mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Payload Mission result Cosmos - 146 5,400 Proton 10 March 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Cosmos - 154 5,400 Proton 8 April 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Proton 28 September 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 22 November 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 4 5,140 Proton 2 March 1968 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- launched successfully to 300,000 km high Earth orbit , high speed reentry test guidance malfunction , intentional self - destruct to prevent landfall outside Soviet Union Proton 23 April 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit ; launch preparation tank explosion kills three in pad crew Zond - 5 5,375 Proton 15 September 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned live biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside the Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond - 6 5,375 Proton 10 November 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Partial success -- looped around Moon , successful reentry , but loss of cabin air pressure caused biological payload death , parachute system malfunction and severe vehicle damage upon landing Proton 20 January 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 7 5,979 Proton 8 August 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth and landed on - target inside Soviet Union . Only Zond mission whose reentry G - forces would have been survivable by human crew had they been aboard . Zond - 8 5,375 Proton 20 October 1970 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean", "U.S.S.R mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Payload Mission result", "Cosmos - 146 5,400 Proton 10 March 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test", "Cosmos - 154 5,400 Proton 8 April 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test", "Proton 28 September 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Proton 22 November 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Zond - 4 5,140 Proton 2 March 1968 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- launched successfully to 300,000 km high Earth orbit , high speed reentry test guidance malfunction , intentional self - destruct to prevent landfall outside Soviet Union", "Proton 23 April 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit ; launch preparation tank explosion kills three in pad crew", "Zond - 5 5,375 Proton 15 September 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned live biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside the Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean", "Zond - 6 5,375 Proton 10 November 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Partial success -- looped around Moon , successful reentry , but loss of cabin air pressure caused biological payload death , parachute system malfunction and severe vehicle damage upon landing", "Proton 20 January 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit", "Zond - 7 5,979 Proton 8 August 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth and landed on - target inside Soviet Union . Only Zond mission whose reentry G - forces would have been survivable by human crew had they been aboard .", "Zond - 8 5,375 Proton 20 October 1970 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean", "Zond 5 was the first spacecraft to carry life from Earth to the vicinity of the Moon and return , initiating the final lap of the Space Race with its payload of turtles , insects , plants and bacteria . Despite the failure suffered in its final moments , the Zond 6 mission was reported by Soviet media as being a success as well . Although hailed worldwide as remarkable achievements , both of these Zond missions flew off - nominal reentry trajectories resulting in deceleration forces that would have been fatal to human crewmembers had they been aboard .", "As a result , the Soviets secretly planned to continue unmanned Zond tests until their reliability to support manned flight had been demonstrated . However , due to NASA 's continuing problems with the lunar module , and because of CIA reports of a potential Soviet manned circumlunar flight in late 1968 , NASA fatefully changed the flight plan of Apollo 8 from an Earth - orbit lunar module test to a lunar orbit mission scheduled for late December 1968 .", "In early December 1968 the launch window to the Moon opened for the Soviet launch site in Baikonur , giving the USSR their final chance to beat the US to the Moon . Cosmonauts went on alert and asked to fly the Zond spacecraft then in final countdown at Baikonur on the first manned trip to the Moon . Ultimately , however , the Soviet Politburo decided the risk of crew death was unacceptable given the combined poor performance to that point of Zond / Proton and so scrubbed the launch of a manned Soviet lunar mission . Their decision proved to be a wise one , since this unnumbered Zond mission was destroyed in another unmanned test when it was finally launched several weeks later .", "By this time flights of the third generation U.S. Apollo spacecraft had begun . Far more capable than the Zond , the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return to Earth . The Apollo 8 mission carried out the first manned trip to the Moon on 24 December 1968 , certifying the Saturn V booster for manned use and flying not a circumlunar loop but instead a full ten orbits around the Moon before returning safely to Earth . Apollo 10 then performed a full dress rehearsal of a manned Moon landing in May 1969 . This mission orbited within 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) altitude above the lunar surface , performing necessary low - altitude mapping of trajectory - altering mascons using a factory prototype lunar module that was too overweight to allow a successful landing . With the failure of the unmanned Soviet sample return Moon landing attempt Luna 15 in July 1969 , the stage was set for Apollo 11 .", "Plans for manned Moon exploration originated during the Eisenhower administration . In a series of mid-1950s articles in Collier 's magazine , Wernher von Braun had popularized the idea of a manned expedition to the Moon to establish a lunar base . A manned Moon landing posed several daunting technical challenges to the US and USSR . Besides guidance and weight management , atmospheric re-entry without ablative overheating was a major hurdle . After the Soviet Union 's launch of Sputnik , von Braun promoted a plan for the United States Army to establish a military lunar outpost by 1965 .", "After the early Soviet successes , especially Yuri Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy looked for a US project that would capture the public imagination . He asked Vice President Lyndon Johnson to make recommendations on a scientific endeavor that would prove US world leadership . The proposals included non-space options such as massive irrigation projects to benefit the Third World . The Soviets , at the time , had more powerful rockets than the United States , which gave them an advantage in some kinds of space mission .", "Advances in US nuclear weapon technology had led to smaller , lighter warheads , and consequently , rockets with smaller payload capacities . By comparison , Soviet nuclear weapons were much heavier , and the powerful R - 7 rocket was developed to carry them . More modest potential missions such as flying around the Moon without landing or establishing a space lab in orbit ( both were proposed by Kennedy to von Braun ) were determined to offer too much advantage to the Soviets , since the US would have to develop a heavy rocket to match the Soviets . A Moon landing , however , would capture world imagination while functioning as propaganda .", "Johnson had championed the US manned space program ever since the Sputnik scare , sponsoring the legislation which created NASA when he was in the Senate in 1958 . When Kennedy asked him in 1961 to research the best manned space achievement to counter the Soviets ' lead , Johnson responded that the US had an even chance of beating the USSR to a manned lunar landing , but not for anything less . Kennedy seized on Apollo as the ideal focus for efforts in space . He ensured continuing funding , shielding space spending from the 1963 tax cut , but diverting money from other NASA scientific projects . This last dismayed NASA 's leader , James E. Webb , who perceived the need for NASA 's support from the scientific community .", "The Moon landing required development of the large Saturn V launch vehicle , which achieved a perfect record of zero catastrophic failures or launch vehicle - caused mission failures , in thirteen launches .", "For the program to succeed , its proponents would have to defeat criticism from politicians on the left , who wanted more money spent on social programs , and on those on the right , who favored a more military project . By emphasizing the scientific payoff and playing on fears of Soviet space dominance , Kennedy and Johnson managed to swing public opinion : by 1965 , 58 percent of Americans favored Apollo , up from 33 percent two years earlier . After Johnson became President in 1963 , his continuing defense of the program allowed it to succeed in 1969 , as Kennedy planned .", "Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said in October 1963 that the USSR was `` not at present planning flight by cosmonauts to the Moon , '' while insisting that the Soviets had not dropped out of the race . Only after another year would the USSR fully commit itself to a Moon - landing attempt , which ultimately failed .", "At the same time , Kennedy had suggested various joint programs , including a possible Moon landing by Soviet and U.S. astronauts and the development of better weather - monitoring satellites . Khrushchev , sensing an attempt by Kennedy to steal Russian space technology , rejected the idea : if the USSR went to the Moon , it would go alone . Sergey Korolev , the Soviet space program 's chief designer , had started promoting his Soyuz craft and the N1 launcher rocket that would have the capability of carrying out a manned Moon landing .", "Khrushchev directed Korolev 's design bureau to arrange further space firsts by modifying the existing Vostok technology , while a second team started building a completely new launcher and craft , the Proton booster and the Zond , for a manned cislunar flight in 1966 . In 1964 the new Soviet leadership gave Korolev the backing for a Moon landing effort and brought all manned projects under his direction .", "With Korolev 's death and the failure of the first Soyuz flight in 1967 , the co-ordination of the Soviet Moon landing program quickly unraveled . The Soviets built a landing craft and selected cosmonauts for the mission that would have placed Aleksei Leonov on the Moon 's surface , but with the successive launch failures of the N1 booster in 1969 , plans for a manned landing suffered first delay and then cancellation .", "In total , twenty - four U.S. astronauts have traveled to the Moon . Three have made the trip twice , and twelve have walked on its surface . Apollo 8 was a lunar - orbit - only mission , Apollo 10 included undocking and Descent Orbit Insertion ( DOI ) , followed by LM staging to CSM redocking , while Apollo 13 , originally scheduled as a landing , ended up as a lunar fly - by , by means of free return trajectory ; thus , none of these missions made landings . Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were Earth - orbit - only missions . Apart from the inherent dangers of manned Moon expeditions as seen with Apollo 13 , one reason for their cessation according to astronaut Alan Bean is the cost it imposes in government subsidies .", "Mission name Lunar lander Lunar landing date Lunar liftoff date Lunar landing site Duration on lunar surface Crew Number of EVAs Total EVA Time ( HH : MM ) Apollo 11 Eagle 20 July 1969 21 July 1969 Sea of Tranquility 21 : 31 Neil Armstrong , Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin 2 : 31 Apollo 12 Intrepid 19 November 1969 21 November 1969 Ocean of Storms 1 - day , 7 : 31 Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Alan Bean 7 : 45 Apollo 14 Antares 5 February 1971 6 February 1971 Fra Mauro 1 - day , 9 : 30 Alan B. Shepard , Edgar Mitchell 9 : 21 Apollo 15 Falcon 30 July 1971 2 August 1971 Hadley Rille 2 days , 18 : 55 David Scott , James Irwin 18 : 33 Apollo 16 Orion 21 April 1972 24 April 1972 Descartes Highlands 2 days , 23 : 02 John Young , Charles Duke 20 : 14 Apollo 17 Challenger 11 December 1972 14 December 1972 Taurus -- Littrow 3 days , 2 : 59 Eugene Cernan , Harrison `` Jack '' Schmitt 22 : 04", "Mission name Lunar lander Lunar landing date Lunar liftoff date Lunar landing site Duration on lunar surface Crew Number of EVAs Total EVA Time ( HH : MM )", "Apollo 11 Eagle 20 July 1969 21 July 1969 Sea of Tranquility 21 : 31 Neil Armstrong , Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin 2 : 31", "Apollo 12 Intrepid 19 November 1969 21 November 1969 Ocean of Storms 1 - day , 7 : 31 Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Alan Bean 7 : 45", "Apollo 14 Antares 5 February 1971 6 February 1971 Fra Mauro 1 - day , 9 : 30 Alan B. Shepard , Edgar Mitchell 9 : 21", "Apollo 15 Falcon 30 July 1971 2 August 1971 Hadley Rille 2 days , 18 : 55 David Scott , James Irwin 18 : 33", "Apollo 16 Orion 21 April 1972 24 April 1972 Descartes Highlands 2 days , 23 : 02 John Young , Charles Duke 20 : 14", "Apollo 17 Challenger 11 December 1972 14 December 1972 Taurus -- Littrow 3 days , 2 : 59 Eugene Cernan , Harrison `` Jack '' Schmitt 22 : 04", "Unlike other international rivalries , the Space Race has remained unaffected in a direct way regarding the desire for territorial expansion . After the successful landings on the Moon , the U.S. explicitly disclaimed the right to ownership of any part of the Moon .", "President Richard Nixon had speechwriter William Safire prepare a condolence speech for delivery in the event that Armstrong and Aldrin became marooned on the Moon 's surface and could not be rescued .", "In 1951 , science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke forecast that man would reach the Moon by 1978 .", "On 16 August 2006 , the Associated Press reported that NASA is missing the original Slow - scan television tapes ( which were made before the scan conversion for conventional TV ) of the Apollo 11 Moon walk . Some news outlets have mistakenly reported that the SSTV tapes were found in Western Australia , but those tapes were only recordings of data from the Apollo 11 Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package .", "Scientists believe the six American flags planted by astronauts have been bleached white because of more than 40 years of exposure to solar radiation . Using LROC images , five of the six American flags are still standing and casting shadows at all of the sites , except Apollo 11 . Astronaut Buzz Aldrin reported that the flag was blown over by the exhaust from the ascent engine during liftoff of Apollo 11 .", "Launched on 24 January 1990 , 11 : 46 UTC . At the end of its mission , the Japanese lunar orbiter Hiten was commanded to crash into the lunar surface and did so on 10 April 1993 at 18 : 03 : 25.7 UT ( 11 April 03 : 03 : 25.7 JST ) .", "Lunar Prospector was launched on 7 January 1998 . The mission ended on 31 July 1999 , when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a crater near the lunar south pole after the presence of water ice was successfully detected .", "Launched 27 September 2003 , 23 : 14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou , French Guiana . At the end of its mission , the ESA lunar orbiter SMART - 1 performed a controlled crash into the Moon , at about 2 km / s . The time of the crash was 3 September 2006 , at 5 : 42 UTC .", "SELENE or Kaguya was launched on 14 September 2007 . After successfully orbiting the Moon for a year and eight months , the main orbiter was instructed to impact on the lunar surface near the crater Gill at 18 : 25 UTC on 10 June 2009 .", "The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 , launched 24 October 2007 , 10 : 05 UTC , executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 , 20 : 44 GMT , after a 16 - month mission .", "Chandrayaan - 1 was launched on 22 October 2008 , 00 : 52 UTC . The impactor , the Moon Impact Probe , impacted near Shackleton Crater at the south pole of the lunar surface at 14 November 2008 , 20 : 31 IST . Chandrayaan - 2 is scheduled for launch in 2018 .", "The LCROSS data collecting shepherding spacecraft was launched together with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) on 18 June 2009 on board an Atlas V rocket with a Centaur upper stage . On 9 October 2009 , at 11 : 31 UTC , the Centaur upper stage impacted the lunar surface , releasing the kinetic energy equivalent of detonating approximately 2 tons of TNT ( 8.86 GJ ) . Six minutes later at 11 : 37 UTC , the LCROSS shepherding spacecraft also impacted the surface .", "The GRAIL mission consisted of two small spacecraft : GRAIL A ( Ebb ) , and GRAIL B ( Flow ) . They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a Delta II rocket . GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch , and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later . The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012 . The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012 .", "LADEE was launched on 7 September 2013 . The mission ended on 18 April 2014 , when the spacecraft 's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon , which , later , was determined to be near the eastern rim of Sundman V crater .", "On 14 December 2013 at 13 : 12 UTC Chang'e 3 soft - landed a rover on the Moon . This was the first lunar soft landing since Luna 24 on 22 August 1976 .", "Progress in space exploration has recently broadened the phrase moon landing to include other moons in the Solar System as well . The Huygens probe of the Cassini -- Huygens mission to Saturn performed a successful unmanned moon landing on Titan in 2005 . Similarly , the Soviet probe Phobos 2 came within 120 mi ( 190 km ) of performing an unmanned moon landing on Mars ' moon Phobos in 1989 before radio contact with that lander was suddenly lost . A similar Russian sample return mission called Fobos - Grunt ( `` grunt '' means `` soil '' in Russian ) launched in November 2011 , but stalled in low Earth orbit . There is widespread interest in performing a future moon landing on Jupiter 's Europa moon to drill down and explore the possible liquid water ocean beneath its icy surface .", "China is planning to land another rover and collect samples in the Chang'e 4 mission and return lunar soil samples by 2018 in the Chang'e 5 mission .", "ISRO , the Indian National Space agency , is planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan 2 . According to former ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair , `` The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) hopes to land two rovers -- one Indian and another Russian -- on the Moon in 2018 , as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission . The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface , pick up samples of soil or rocks , do on - site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother - spacecraft Chandrayaan II , which will be orbiting above . Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth . '' The payloads have already been finalized . ISRO has mentioned that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying any overseas payloads on this mission . The lander weight is projected to be 1,250 kg , and the spacecraft will be launched by the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle .", "Russia 's Luna - Glob 1 is expected to be launched in 2018 . In 2007 the head of the Russian Space Agency announced plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon by 2025 and establish a permanent robotically operated base there in 2027 -- 2032 . In 2015 , Roscosmos stated that Russia plans to place a cosmonaut on the Moon by 2030 , leaving Mars to NASA . The purpose is to work jointly with NASA and avoid another Space Race .", "The Lunar Precursor Robotic Program ( LPRP ) is a program of robotic spacecraft missions which NASA will use to prepare for future Moon landings . Three orbiters have been launched in the program , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) , the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) , and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) , launched in 2013 , but no Moon landings are scheduled yet .", "The Google Lunar X Prize competition offers a $20 million award for the first privately funded team to land a robotic probe on the Moon . Like the Ansari X Prize before it , the competition aims to advance the state of the art in private space exploration . Of the several competing teams , Puli Space Technologies at one time ( 2012 ) planned to launch in 2014 and Astrobotic Technology plans to launch in the second half of 2016 with their own rover plus another team 's lunar rovers from Hakuto .", "Many conspiracy theorists hold that the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax ; however , empirical evidence is readily available to show that manned moon landings did indeed occur . Anyone on Earth with an appropriate laser and telescope system can bounce laser beams off three retroreflector arrays left on the Moon by Apollo 11 , 14 and 15 , verifying deployment of the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment at historically documented Apollo Moon landing sites and so proving equipment constructed on Earth was successfully transported to the surface of the Moon . In addition , in August 2009 NASA 's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter began to send back high resolution photos of the Apollo landing sites . These photos show not only the large Descent Stages of the lunar landers left behind but also tracks of the astronauts ' walking paths in the lunar dust ." ]

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[ "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The Upside Down Show Genre Comedy Created by David Collins , Shane Dundas , Belinda Ward Written by Billy Aronson , Judy Freudberg , Tony Geiss , Joey Mazzarino , Luis Santeiro , P. Kevin Strader , Belinda Ward , John Weidman Directed by Peter Cudlipp , Julie Money Starring David Collins , Shane Dundas , Amanda Bishop Voices of Mat McCoy , Adam Smillie Narrated by Adam Smillie Opening theme Down Upside Theme Ending theme Down Upside Good Bye Composer ( s ) David Chapman Country of origin Australia United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 1 No. of episodes 13 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Bourchier , Kurt Mueller Producer ( s ) Wendy Gray Location ( s ) Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Cinematography Ian Jones Editor ( s ) Simon Martin Camera setup both Single - camera and Multi-camera Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Blink Films Sesame Workshop Noggin LLC Distributor Viacom Media Networks Sesame Workshop Release Original network Noggin Seven Network ( Episodes 1 - 6 ) Nine Network ( Episodes 7 - 10 ) Network Ten ( Episodes 11 - 13 ) Original release 16 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 16 ) -- 2 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 02 )", "The Upside Down Show", "Genre Comedy", "Created by David Collins , Shane Dundas , Belinda Ward", "Written by Billy Aronson , Judy Freudberg , Tony Geiss , Joey Mazzarino , Luis Santeiro , P. Kevin Strader , Belinda Ward , John Weidman", "Directed by Peter Cudlipp , Julie Money", "Starring David Collins , Shane Dundas , Amanda Bishop", "Voices of Mat McCoy , Adam Smillie", "Narrated by Adam Smillie", "Opening theme Down Upside Theme", "Ending theme Down Upside Good Bye", "Composer ( s ) David Chapman", "Country of origin Australia United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons 1", "No. of episodes 13", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Michael Bourchier , Kurt Mueller", "Producer ( s ) Wendy Gray", "Location ( s ) Sydney , New South Wales , Australia", "Cinematography Ian Jones", "Editor ( s ) Simon Martin", "Camera setup both Single - camera and Multi-camera", "Running time 24 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Blink Films Sesame Workshop Noggin LLC", "Distributor Viacom Media Networks Sesame Workshop", "Release", "Original network Noggin Seven Network ( Episodes 1 - 6 ) Nine Network ( Episodes 7 - 10 ) Network Ten ( Episodes 11 - 13 )", "Original release 16 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 16 ) -- 2 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 02 )", "The Upside Down Show is an Australian children 's TV show originally airing on Noggin , Nick Jr . Australia , ABC ( episode 3 ) , Seven Network ( episode 4 , 6 - 9 ) , Nine Network ( episode 5 , 10 - 11 , and 13 ) and Network Ten ( episode 1 - 2 and 12 ) . The series was the recipient of a 2007 Logie Award . On the show , Shane Dundas and David Collins ( The Umbilical Brothers - Maisy ) play brothers who live together in a strange house with a variety of unusual rooms . The show premiered on Nick Jr . Australia in 2006 and on Noggin in 2006 .", "In 2006 , in a New York Post interview , Shane Dundas expressed doubts about the return of the show for a second season .", "In 2007 , the Umbilical Brothers announced on their website that Viacom was not interested in a second season of The Upside Down Show , despite its success . In 2007 , the show won the Creative Craft Daytime Emmy Award for Main Title Design and a Parents ' Choice Award Silver Honor for Television .", "Shane -- Shane Dundas plays `` Shane , '' who is bald and wears long cargo pants , hi - top sneakers , and a blue T - shirt featuring the symbol for `` slow motion '' as found on most electronic devices . David -- David Collins plays `` David , '' who has dark , curly hair and wears either cargo shorts or capris , sneakers , and a striped polo shirt . He has super-sensitive hearing ( only functional when he makes a `` do - do - do - do '' sound effect at the same time but in the scene of the episode ' Marching Band , ' he does n't use the `` do - do - do - do '' and his SSH ( acronym of Super-Sensitive Hearing ) work automatically ) and , as shown in episodes , a super-sensitive sense of smell . Mrs. Foil -- The only other regularly appearing human character , Mrs. Foil is the boys ' friendly neighbor . She is blonde and wears a bright pink or orange or yellow or even purple ladies ' business suit , ladybug pin , pink or orange or yellow or even purple stockings , and pink or orange or yellow or even purple shoes . She can play the tuba and often offers comedic quips such as `` See you later , alligators , '' or `` Got to go , penguin toes , '' or even `` Haha ! '' . Mrs. Foil is portrayed by actress Amanda Bishop ( who also appears in various other segments , not necessarily as Mrs. Foil , but as a generic lady ) . Puppet -- Puppet is a mottled , greyish and brown hand puppet resembling no particular type of creature . He lives with the brothers and often assists them in their antics . He sometimes appears to be more rational than Shane and David but is often just as silly as the boys . He has a cousin named Mary Annette . Puppet is performed and voiced by puppeteer Mat McCoy . Puppet was built by Puppet Heap . The Schmuzzies -- The Schmuzzies are a friendly bunch of fuzzy , ball - shaped creatures who pop up in various places . They come in a wide range of bright colors and speak a language called Schmuzzish ( `` Schmello , Schmuzzies ! '' ) . Shane sometimes appears to be apprehensive of the creatures , while David maintains a good rapport with them and is fluent in their language ( which he studied for seven years , `` part - time '' ) . The Schmuzzies were built by Puppet Heap . Fido the Fly -- Fido is Shane 's ( imaginary ) pet fly who lives behind a tiny door in the boys ' apartment . Fido communicates to Shane by buzzing ( voiced by Shane ) . He is first mentioned in `` Barbershop '' and makes his first appearance in `` Art Museum '' . He is an avid tennis player . Shane and David were doing the silly dance called The Fly Dity . And at first . David and Puppet were surprised with their mouths open . The Voice -- An authoritative male voice sometimes speaks to Shane and David , generally reminding the duo to knock before entering a room ( i.e. `` You forgot to knock , '' or , `` Are n't you forgetting something ? '' , followed by `` Come in '' when they do so ) . The Voice sometimes demands specific types of knocks before giving they boys consent to enter a room . The voice narrates the children in every instant replay mode , he saying `` Total ... '' or in Birthday Party as `` Concert ... '' . Another voice narrates when the boys finally reach their intended destination `` for the very first time '' .", "Shane -- Shane Dundas plays `` Shane , '' who is bald and wears long cargo pants , hi - top sneakers , and a blue T - shirt featuring the symbol for `` slow motion '' as found on most electronic devices .", "David -- David Collins plays `` David , '' who has dark , curly hair and wears either cargo shorts or capris , sneakers , and a striped polo shirt . He has super-sensitive hearing ( only functional when he makes a `` do - do - do - do '' sound effect at the same time but in the scene of the episode ' Marching Band , ' he does n't use the `` do - do - do - do '' and his SSH ( acronym of Super-Sensitive Hearing ) work automatically ) and , as shown in episodes , a super-sensitive sense of smell .", "Mrs. Foil -- The only other regularly appearing human character , Mrs. Foil is the boys ' friendly neighbor . She is blonde and wears a bright pink or orange or yellow or even purple ladies ' business suit , ladybug pin , pink or orange or yellow or even purple stockings , and pink or orange or yellow or even purple shoes . She can play the tuba and often offers comedic quips such as `` See you later , alligators , '' or `` Got to go , penguin toes , '' or even `` Haha ! '' . Mrs. Foil is portrayed by actress Amanda Bishop ( who also appears in various other segments , not necessarily as Mrs. Foil , but as a generic lady ) .", "Puppet -- Puppet is a mottled , greyish and brown hand puppet resembling no particular type of creature . He lives with the brothers and often assists them in their antics . He sometimes appears to be more rational than Shane and David but is often just as silly as the boys . He has a cousin named Mary Annette . Puppet is performed and voiced by puppeteer Mat McCoy . Puppet was built by Puppet Heap .", "The Schmuzzies -- The Schmuzzies are a friendly bunch of fuzzy , ball - shaped creatures who pop up in various places . They come in a wide range of bright colors and speak a language called Schmuzzish ( `` Schmello , Schmuzzies ! '' ) . Shane sometimes appears to be apprehensive of the creatures , while David maintains a good rapport with them and is fluent in their language ( which he studied for seven years , `` part - time '' ) . The Schmuzzies were built by Puppet Heap .", "Fido the Fly -- Fido is Shane 's ( imaginary ) pet fly who lives behind a tiny door in the boys ' apartment . Fido communicates to Shane by buzzing ( voiced by Shane ) . He is first mentioned in `` Barbershop '' and makes his first appearance in `` Art Museum '' . He is an avid tennis player . Shane and David were doing the silly dance called The Fly Dity . And at first . David and Puppet were surprised with their mouths open .", "The Voice -- An authoritative male voice sometimes speaks to Shane and David , generally reminding the duo to knock before entering a room ( i.e. `` You forgot to knock , '' or , `` Are n't you forgetting something ? '' , followed by `` Come in '' when they do so ) . The Voice sometimes demands specific types of knocks before giving they boys consent to enter a room . The voice narrates the children in every instant replay mode , he saying `` Total ... '' or in Birthday Party as `` Concert ... '' . Another voice narrates when the boys finally reach their intended destination `` for the very first time '' .", "Action Fingers -- Occasionally Shane and David have need to call upon the resources of two rough - and - tumble figures , Knuckles ( on Shane 's left hand ) and Pointy ( on David 's right hand ) . These two - digit adventurers are performed by Shane and David when they `` let their fingers do the walking '' over various props and scenery . They serve as the show 's superheroes . Bob the Blanket - Bob is a small , white `` blanket '' ( more the size of a hand towel ) belonging to David ( who also performs his voice ) . He speaks in a rough voice with an American accent and employs a sardonic wit . Bob only appears in `` Barbershop '' and very briefly in `` Camping . '' Spot the Chair -- Spot is David 's pet chair who plays a game called , `` Fly on the Chair '' with Fido , who he is good friends with . He only appears in `` Pet Shop '' and very briefly in `` Picnic . ''", "Action Fingers -- Occasionally Shane and David have need to call upon the resources of two rough - and - tumble figures , Knuckles ( on Shane 's left hand ) and Pointy ( on David 's right hand ) . These two - digit adventurers are performed by Shane and David when they `` let their fingers do the walking '' over various props and scenery . They serve as the show 's superheroes .", "Bob the Blanket - Bob is a small , white `` blanket '' ( more the size of a hand towel ) belonging to David ( who also performs his voice ) . He speaks in a rough voice with an American accent and employs a sardonic wit . Bob only appears in `` Barbershop '' and very briefly in `` Camping . ''", "Spot the Chair -- Spot is David 's pet chair who plays a game called , `` Fly on the Chair '' with Fido , who he is good friends with . He only appears in `` Pet Shop '' and very briefly in `` Picnic . ''", "Opening activity : A cold open starring Shane and David Puppet : A recurring segment at the beginning of the series . Starting with Episode 1 . Wrong Turns : Shane and David tried to go to the title location of the episode but they went to mistakes . In at least one of the rooms , they encounter a child who teaches them something and sets them on the correct path . Schmuzzies : A recurring segment . Shane and David visit the Schmuzzies . It only appeared in Episodes 1 , 2 , 8 , 10 , 12 and 13 . Fido the Fly : A recurring segment after Shane and David go through a Wrong turn to go see Fido . It first appeared in Episode 3 and appeared in Episode 4 ( after the Moon scene ) , Episode 8 ( after the Desert Room ) , Episode 10 ( after the No - Fun Room ) and Episode 13 ( after Outer Space ) . Mrs. Foil : A recurring segment starring Mrs. Foil . The Mrs. Foil segment is first mentioned in Episode 2 and first appeared in Episode 3 . It is absent in Episode 1 , Episode 5 , Episode 6 , Episode 9 and Episode 13 . Finale : The brothers locate their destination and experience something , such as a picnic , farm , or an airport , `` for the very first time '' . Souvenir : A post-credits segment . Action Fingers : This segment only appears in Episodes 1 ( Laundry Room ) , 3 ( Museum of Finger Painting ) , 5 ( Looking for a place for the Boys to sleep in ) , 7 ( Paper Airplane Room ) and 13 ( looking for the oranges ) . Instant Replay : The brothers ask the viewer to press this button to see a child do something again . During the slow motion replay , Shane and David play the role of commentators , narrating the action and assessing the child 's technique .", "Opening activity : A cold open starring Shane and David", "Puppet : A recurring segment at the beginning of the series . Starting with Episode 1 .", "Wrong Turns : Shane and David tried to go to the title location of the episode but they went to mistakes . In at least one of the rooms , they encounter a child who teaches them something and sets them on the correct path .", "Schmuzzies : A recurring segment . Shane and David visit the Schmuzzies . It only appeared in Episodes 1 , 2 , 8 , 10 , 12 and 13 .", "Fido the Fly : A recurring segment after Shane and David go through a Wrong turn to go see Fido . It first appeared in Episode 3 and appeared in Episode 4 ( after the Moon scene ) , Episode 8 ( after the Desert Room ) , Episode 10 ( after the No - Fun Room ) and Episode 13 ( after Outer Space ) .", "Mrs. Foil : A recurring segment starring Mrs. Foil . The Mrs. Foil segment is first mentioned in Episode 2 and first appeared in Episode 3 . It is absent in Episode 1 , Episode 5 , Episode 6 , Episode 9 and Episode 13 .", "Finale : The brothers locate their destination and experience something , such as a picnic , farm , or an airport , `` for the very first time '' .", "Souvenir : A post-credits segment .", "Action Fingers : This segment only appears in Episodes 1 ( Laundry Room ) , 3 ( Museum of Finger Painting ) , 5 ( Looking for a place for the Boys to sleep in ) , 7 ( Paper Airplane Room ) and 13 ( looking for the oranges ) .", "Instant Replay : The brothers ask the viewer to press this button to see a child do something again . During the slow motion replay , Shane and David play the role of commentators , narrating the action and assessing the child 's technique .", "Before Title Sequence :", "Each episode begins with a cold opening showing one or both brothers in the middle of some activity , typically involving something imaginary . After greeting the audience , David introduces `` The Remote '' by pretending to be holding a remote control . He explains that The Remote can control the action on - screen . He demonstrates by pressing various buttons , which control Shane 's actions . For example , `` Fast Forward '' causes Shane to move and speak fast , `` Pause '' causes him to freeze , `` Rewind '' , which causes anyone to move and speak backwards , `` Mute '' , which causes Shane to speak without any sound . In many episodes , David discovers a previously unknown `` Wild - card Button , '' such as `` Humongous '' ( and its opposite , the `` Minute '' button ) . This button causes some strange and / or undesired effect . He presses unknown buttons on the remote after saying `` Hmm '' or `` Ooh , I wonder what this button does . '' David then offers The Remote to the viewer and `` hands it over '' by reaching off - screen downward . The brothers direct the viewer to `` press the Play button . '' At this point , a strange and / or undesired effect happens ( `` Uh - oh , I think someone pressed the _____ button '' ) . The brothers encourage the viewer to fix the situation by pressing a button for opposite effect . When they ask the viewer to `` press play '' a second time , Shane says `` But whatever you do , do n't press the - '' but he is almost finished when the joke is repeated , and the viewer must again press the button for the opposite effect . Finally , Shane and David ask the viewer to `` Just press Play '' a third time , and the opening credits begin .", "Title Sequence :", "The Action Fingers enter the frame and perch on the title , which is flipped upside down . Pointy reads the title as `` Down Upside '' due to its position . Realizing the mistake , they help turn the words `` Upside Down '' the right way up , and read the title correctly . They then walk along atop the credits until they reach a door . The credits list the stars as David Collins and Shane Dundas , and state that the show was created by Belinda Ward , Shane Dundas , and David Collins .", "Plot Structure :", "The central objective of every episode is for Shane and David to get to a certain location . However , they do not know how to get there . They spend the episode adventuring through the various red doors in their apartment , as well as searching other places ( e.g. , under a table , behind a bookcase , inside and behind their sofa and closet ) . The brothers occasionally request help from the viewers , asking them to press buttons on their remote . Their journey takes them to 3 `` Wrong Turn '' rooms . In at least one of the rooms , they encounter a child who teaches them something and sets them on the correct path . Eventually they locate their destination and experience something , such as a picnic , farm , or an airport , `` for the very first time '' .", "The show ends with the brothers back in their apartment . During the last few minutes of the show , they give the viewer an imaginary souvenir to thank them for their help throughout the episode . Then , they say goodbye . As the credits begin , Shane and David begin to do things ( e.g. in Farm , they play as a rockband with David yelling out as ( Executive Producer Kurt Russel ) begins , `` One , two , three , four ! '' and in Picnic , Shane and David are fighting over the string until at the point ( Executive In Charge of Sesame Workshop Jodi Nussbaum ) credit appears , Shane and David wave left and right their bodies until at the end of the credits , and in Art Museum , Puppet accidentally surprises Shane and David , until at the point where the ( Executive In Charge of Sesame Workshop Jodi Nubbasum ) credit appears , Shane and David laugh until they pause , and Puppet now freely says , `` Whoops , I think somebody just pressed the Pause button . '' Then the episode ends with the Sesame Workshop logo . )", "There are a few running gags in the show . The main one is the `` Upside - Down '' button . When this button is pressed ( and it is in every episode but one ) , the viewpoint shifts , with a silly sound effect , to an upside - down shot of whomever is in the scene . The actors ' and puppets ' hands are held up in the air to make it look as if they are hanging upside down . One of the boys begs the viewer to press the `` Right Side Up '' button , at which point the viewpoint rights itself . Another sequence seen in each episode is the use of the `` Instant Replay '' button . The brothers ask the viewer to press this button to see a child do something again . During the slow motion replay , Shane and David play the role of commentators , narrating the action and assessing the child 's technique . A more subtle running gag is the fake pineapple that appears in at least three episodes . Another is the `` Mute button '' . Once this button is pressed , Shane speaks without a sound until David presses `` Unmute '' , which reverses the effects of the `` Mute button '' and is only seen in the episode `` Airport '' . Next is the `` Rotate '' button in the episode `` Pet Shop '' . When David or the viewers press this special button , the viewpoint shifts 360 degress . The next button is the `` Horizontal button '' , in which whomever is at the scene is put in the sideways position and one of the boys ask the viewer to press the `` Vertical button '' , which puts the actors in the upright position and is only seen in the episode `` Camping '' . This next one is the `` Up button '' , which makes the actors go up and they beg for the viewers to press the `` Down button '' to put them down and is only seen in the episode `` Barbershop '' . Next is the `` Stumble button '' from the 1st episode `` Movie Theater '' . If David or the viewers press this ridiculus button , they look like they stumbled and tripped . Up next is the `` Inside button '' . If the viewers press this hilarious button , the boys will disappear and then reappear inside a cup and Puppet and the boy 's picnic supplies inside the basket . At that moment , the boys beg for the viewers to press the `` Outside button '' for the boys to get out of the cup and their picnic basket . Next up , the `` Sandwich button '' . In the episode `` Picnic '' , when Shane and David are in the `` Sandwich Room '' , Shane asks the viewers to press the `` Sandwich Button '' and once that happens , sandwiches appear . Also , fly - sized sandwiches for Fido because they were having their first picnic and Fido is sad because he has n't been on a picnic before .", "Episode # Title Original Air - Date Production Code 1 `` Mini Golf '' 2 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 02 ) 823 Story : Shane and David are baffled when a mysterious orange thing ( a mini golf ball ) appears in their living room . They use deductive reasoning to narrow down what it actually is , and where it belongs . They think it 's a planet , an orange and a basketball before stumbling on to the real solution . Wrong Turns : Outer space , Orange room , Basketball room Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) answered , `` Albanian Monkey Shoes ? '' Opening activity : Yoga . Main Buttons : Irish Dancing / Stop Irish Dancing , blast off , back to earth , slam - dunk , home Vocabulary : Baffled ( confused ) Fido the Fly : Puts the mini golf ball in his tennis shorts and David and Shane search his pocket ; but , at first , they find keys and a calculator . Instant Replay : To see the girl shoot the basketball into the hoop again . Puppet : First , Puppet jump ropes with Shane and David 's imaginary rope and trips over it , and goes off to play with his squeegee instead . Later , Puppet uses the orange thing to practice a Shakespearean monologue ( Alas , poor Yorick ) , wearing a red king costume . Puppet is also the one who explains the orange thing 's true identity . Action Fingers : They use their Action Noses to locate the Orange Room . Schmuzzies : Two of them play with the orange thing and Shane is unable to retrieve it until David coaches him to say `` Schmease '' and `` Schmank you . '' David then explains he studied Schmuzzish for seven years , `` part - time . '' Souvenir : Various items including the word `` mini '' including a Mini-mini which was much smaller than a mini . While in the Basketball Room , David , thinking the orange thing is a basketball , gets frustrated that it is not dribbling properly . He yells at the orange thing , `` This is your home ! It 's your home ! What 's wrong ? ! You too good for your home ? ! '' , a direct allusion to the Adam Sandler film , Happy Gilmore , in which the title character yells almost exactly the same speech , also at a golf ball . 2 `` Farm '' 10 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 10 ) 821 Story : Shane and David 's band , the Talking Airheads , faces a setback when David 's cow bell ( which just so happens to be attached to an imaginary cow named Clarabelle ) disappears . Wrong Turns : Great big bell room , Pacific Ocean , bicycle room Opening activity : Climbing . Main Buttons : Seesaw / Steady ( The bell is ringing out Shane , David and Mrs. Foil ) , dryland , Echo ( Shane climbing mountain in intro , but Shane ask in the Great Big Bell Room ) Instant Replay : To see the little boy ride the bicycle . Vocabulary : Stupendous ( really great ) Puppet : Is the bandleader and songwriter for the band . When the cow bell disappears , he tries to use music to attract Clarabelle . He plays `` Music to Play ' Til the Chickens Come Home '' , `` Udder Chaos '' , and `` Heidi Heifer 's Hoedown Hootenanny '' . Fido the Fly : Playing a trumpet for the band . Schmuzzies : They play the marimba in Shane and David 's band . They later play it while Shane and David are listening to a bell until Shane tells them to be quiet and be gone . He does not appear to be apprehensive of them . Souvenir : Drum sticks , cow bell , cow 3 `` Movie Theatre '' 16 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 16 ) 811 Story : Shane and David make a film ( directed by Puppet ) , then search for the movie theater to watch it . Wrong Turns : Laundry room , dance studio , and a room with one small chair which the brothers break in an attempt to share it . Opening activity : Polishing a snooglenook . Main Buttons : Light / Dark , Stumble , Fast Folding Instant Replay : To show the Mrs. Foil that the Action Fingers messed up her laundry instead of Shane and David ( In this mode ( in slow motion ) , David ( Pointy ) did n't say `` I 'm gon na crash '' ) and to see the little girl do her dance routine again . Vocabulary : Stupendous ( really really really great ) Puppet : Puppet directs the brothers while filming their movie , shouting `` Action '' and `` Cut . '' His instructions include having them act as if they are in outer space , as pirates , and as cowboys . Schmuzzies : The Schmuzzies play a rhyming game with the boys , and appear at the end watching Shane and David 's movie . Action Fingers : In the laundry room they rescue Barbara , a sock caught in a lint trap , and return her to her socky partner , Lefty ( Barbara and Lefty appeared at the end to see Shane and David 's movie ) . They also refold a Mrs. Foil 's laundry after crashing into it . This segment is unusual in that the Action Fingers are clearly shown to be David and Shane 's hands . In most other Action Fingers segments , David and Shane simply watch the Action Fingers take off , often not standing anywhere near the action . Souvenir : Camera In this episode , Shane did not say `` Whatever you do do n't press the _____ button . '' When the Brothers rewind out of the dance studio , they hide a real reversed message , `` Press rewind '' . 4 `` Barbershop '' 17 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 17 ) 812 Story : After visiting the `` Very Hairy '' room , Shane is apprehensive about getting a haircut . David and his blanket , Bob , help Shane get to the barbershop . Wrong Turns : Very Very Hairy Room , hairbrush room , concert room ( aka , the international not the barbershop sign ) Opening activity : Experimenting with the remote . Main Buttons : Up / Down , Tongue in / Tongue out , Dancing / Stop dancing ( These are the opening buttons ) , Ditty , blow dry Vocabulary : Apprehensive ( nervous ) , Ditty ( very short simple song ) , stalling ( attempting to avoid something ) Puppet : Puppet pretends to be scissors and sings the Figaro Song . Later , Puppet appears covered in stickers after getting a haircut of his own . Schmuzzies : David asks a group of Schmuzzies if they 've seen Shane , which they have n't . They sing into fluffy backup hairbrushes at the concert . They move into Shane 's long , bedraggled hair thinking it is the Very Very Hairy Room . Instant Replay : Replaying the episode 's child co-star , Jade Barbar , brushing her hair Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : Shane mentions vacuuming her . Souvenir : Stickers There is a girl featured in all three wrong turn rooms , as well as in the barbershop itself . Her name , as shown in the closing credits , is Jade Barbar . Fido did n't appear in this episode , but was mentioned by Shane . There is also no joking button . 5 `` Marching Band '' 9 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 09 ) 819 Story : Shane and David invent imaginary musical instruments and set out to join a marching band . Wrong Turns : Funny music room , marching room , sky room Opening activity : Relaxing , then Dancing . Main Buttons : Accelerate / Decelerate , Do - si - do , sky dancing , Disco , and Can - can ( seen from the intro ) Vocabulary : Accelerate ( speed up ) / Decelerate ( slow down ) Puppet : Puppet wants to be a bandleader . He is later seen practicing his bandleading on the Schmuzzies , but they get distracted by a dust ball , frustrating Puppet . Then he decides to be a baton . He gets stuck to the ceiling as the boys throw him , due to Shane smearing honey on the ceiling . The viewers are asked to press the `` Unstick '' button to get him down . Later , David hears a melodic tune and wonders if it came from Puppet . Puppet offers to demonstrate , and makes a horrible noise , causing the brothers to frantically request that the viewer `` Press the Stop button ! '' . He is last seen fulfilling his dream as the baton for the bandleader . Fido the Fly : Fido is marching behind Schmuzzies . Instant Replay : To see the four children march . Schmuzzies : They march behind Puppet , who initially wants to be bandleader , but get distracted by a dust ball ( Schmuzzies love dust ) . They are later seen in Mrs. Foil 's tuba . Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them . Musical instruments : Drumpet ( drum combined with a trumpet ) , harmonica , bottle , cymbal , double bass , electric guitar , xylophone , the CymBanjo ( the cymbal and tech of Banjo ) and Scruba ( an air guitar a round ) The bird in the Sky Room sounds like John Lennon , making a reference to the song `` Imagine '' , saying , `` No ground below us , only skies , '' and the marching band room has the cameo appearance in the episode ' Camping ' where Shane 's bedroom is replaced . There is no souvenir . 6 `` Art Museum '' 18 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) 813 Story : Unable to find a place to hang his newly created masterpiece , Shane , along with David , searches for the art museum to hang it in . Wrong Turns : Sticky room , fog room , museum of finger painting Opening activity : Eating a banana . Main Buttons : Humongous / Minute , Jiggle , Wiggle , smaller , bigger ( These buttons are on before title sequence ) , unstick , fog light , high voice . Vocabulary : Humongous ( really , really big ) / minute ( really , really small ) ( seen in the intro ) , moat ( a big hole that 's filled with water ) Action Fingers : They fingerpaint . Instant Replay : To see the boy mix red , blue , and gold finger paint to make a color called `` gurple . '' Fido the Fly : Fido lands on Shane 's hand , compliments his painting , then pulls open the shelf containing the Museum of Finger Painting . Other pets mentioned : Bruno the Elephant and a Porcupine . Schmuzzies : They are part of the tour group at the art museum . When Shane despairs over not being able to hang his picture , he makes a reference to the Schmuzzy Art Museum , though it never appears in the episode . Puppet : When Shane and David try to hang the picture on a door , they keep getting interrupted by Puppet opening the door and saying , `` Ta - da ! '' He is practicing making grand entrances . At the end , after Shane and David have given the viewer imaginary paints from a box , Puppet pops out of the box and says , `` Ta - da ! '' . Puppet says he has been using Burmese - Kumquat - Lavender paint to dye his hair . Shane and David laugh until Puppet realizes the viewers have pressed the Pause button by mistake . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` See you later , Alligators . '' Souvenir : Paint set with Sky Blue , Ruby Red , Lime , Turquoise and Lavender paints . That is Fido the Fly 's first episode . 7 `` Pet Shop '' 19 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 19 ) 814 Story : Yearning for a relationship like the one between Fido and Shane , David decides he needs a pet . They look for the pet shop . Wrong Turns : Puppy room , parrot room , Dark side of the Moon Opening activity : Juggling . Puppet : Puppet volunteers to be David 's pet , imitating a dog , a cat , and a giant squid . David says he thinks of him more as a friend . Later , Puppet makes some suggestions on what type of pet David should get . Puppet appears on the moon and sings `` The Dark Side of the Moon '' with Shane and David . Main Buttons : Rotate , Ditty , really excited Instant Replay : To see the dog rotate ( roll over ) . Fido the Fly : Shane and Fido play ping - pong tennis at the beginning of the episode . Later , Fido spends a short moment with Shane , demonstrating tricks . After returning from the moon , he plays loud music while playing the trumpet , the brothers ask Fido if he knows where the pet shop is , which he does n't . At the end , he plays `` Fly on a Chair '' with Spot , David 's new pet chair . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : When holding her cat , she says , `` His name is Elizabeth , '' instead of , `` Her name is Elizabeth . '' Schmuzzies : They sing backup for David when the Ditty button is pressed . They then make some suggestions on what pet David should get . They also get amazed by a bright light which turns out to be the Moon after the door opens . Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them . Souvenir : Chair Spot the Blue Chair : Tutorial on what to do with a pet chair . Spot with Fido on chair with David . There is also no vocabulary . 8 `` Camping '' 20 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 20 ) 815 Story : After their bedrooms disappear , the boys search for another place to sleep . Whenever the boys think they 've found a resting place , it ends up being contrary to their expectations . For example , even though the `` Wake up ! '' room has two beds seemingly meant for sleeping , the room becomes paradoxical when various things begin waking Shane and David up ; a rooster begins crowing , various digital and analog alarm clocks begin sounding at the foot of the beds , and a man plays the Reveille military bugle call on a trumpet . Wrong Turns : Snoring room , `` Wake up ! '' room , Shape room Opening activity : Stand or sit . Main Buttons : Horizontal / Vertical , yawn , get out of here , Wake up ! , sneeze , horizontal dance ( The opening before title sequence on these buttons ) Instant Replay : To see the girl on the wheelchair count the number of sides on the shape called Hexagon . Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) answered , `` Albanian Chicken Juice ? '' Vocabulary : Horizontal ( sideways ) , Vertical ( upright ) , Hexagon ( 6 - sided polygon ) Fido the Fly : Fido is seen / mentioned three times . First , David opens the door to Fido 's room and the door slams . Second , Fido 's watch alarm is on . Third , Fido is zipped into an imaginary sleeping bag . Puppet : Twice , Puppet needs the brothers to sing him a lullaby so he can sleep and gets an imaginary sleeping bag the next morning . Action Fingers : First , getting behind the door , Action Fingers walk up stairs , open the door , and fall asleep . Second , Action fingers are jumping off stairs , wrong yellow and green lemons , flying toy airplane . Third , walking on a shoulder and cheek , waking Shane and David up . Schmuzzies : The Schmuzzies sing back - up during Puppet 's lullaby . Shane is n't nervous around them . Souvenir : Sleeping bag Shane and David do not say , `` But whatever you do , do n't hit the ______ button . '' There is no joking button . 9 `` Picnic '' 6 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 06 ) 816 Story : When Fido the Fly wants to go on a picnic , David and Shane help him find the food , items , and place for the picnic . Good Choice Food Room : Sandwich Room Wrong Turns : no - room room , wind room Opening activity : Drinking tea . Instant Replay : The boy puts turkey , tomato , and lettuce on another sandwich . Vocabulary : Scrumptious ( yummy , delicious ) Main Buttons : Inside / Outside , Sandwich , Ditty , Hands up / Hands down , Down the Hatch ( Shane drinks tea cup in opening only ) Puppet : Delivery Puppet brings things the boys need for their picnic , while disguising his voice . He then joins the boys . Puppet acts as the ball for their picnic games . Fido the Fly : Fido feels sad because he 's the only fly who 's never been on a picnic , he 's the main character in the episode . He comes along to the No - Room Room and the Wind Room . Fido 's fly buddies come for the picnic . He eats tiny sandwiches at the picnic . Schmuzzies : They dance beside Puppet , singing `` Happy Fly Ditty . '' Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them . Souvenir : Kite In the Wind Room are the Elephant from the no - room room , Fish from the underwater room , Puppet , Spot the Chair , Mrs. Foil , and Umbrella . 10 `` Airport '' 7 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 07 ) 817 Story : Puppet feverishly rehearses a musical routine in anticipation of his cousin , Mary Annette ( a pun on marionette ) 's arrival while Shane and David volunteer to pick her up , at the airport , but have to find it first . Wrong Turns : Bird room , paper airplane room , word room Opening activity : Making a smoothie . Main Buttons : Vibration / Stop the Vibration , Mute / Unmute ( intro version ) , think hard , Helicopter ( Shane in the bird room ) , fast - folding , parachute ( the button used in the Paper Airplane room ) , landing , jump out of the book ( Shane uses in the Word room ) , climb the wall , head home ( see on the end ) , Instant Replay : Action Fingers ask to see a girl use sign language to sign the word `` plane '' again . Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) said , `` Yeah , are you thinking what we 're thinking , dancing tonight , you , me , Dave , and ten thousand monkeys ? '' Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Jumbo jets , donkeys , and tigers . '' Action Fingers : Two instances . First , Action Fingers crash - land on a paper airplane , search for Mary Annette inside , then refold it for its owner , Mrs. Foil . Second , they help to translate for a girl using sign language in the Word Room . Puppet : Puppet practices `` The Traditional Puppet Family Welcome Song . '' Schmuzzies : They first relay the message that Mary Annette is at the airport and needs to be picked up right away . ( Though Shane thinks they are telling him he has made an unfortunate choice of legwarmers and that Mary Annette is in Northern Lithuania . ) Later , they attempt to sing backup for Puppet , but start out being too far in front , and then too far in the back of the puppet stage . Souvenir : Binoculars Fido the Fly : He joins Mrs. Foil , Shane and David in the Big Band version of `` The Traditional Puppet Family Welcome Song . '' This is the only episode that does n't include the Rewind / Fast Forward , Upside Down / Right Side Up buttons . There is no vocabulary . The Voice is absent . No doors , no windows and no drawers . 11 `` Beach '' 8 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ) 818 Story : After losing the beach ball they were playing with , Shane and David search for the beach to find it . Wrong Turns : Underwater room , desert room , South Pole Opening activity : Horse - back riding . Main Buttons : Upside Down / Right Side Up , Follow the Leader , Ice Skating ( Shane and David in the Antarctica ) , Go home ( seen from the end ) , Bucking broncos , Photo Finish , Get off your high horse ( seen from the intro ) Instant Replay : Watch the boy put on a jacket . Vocabulary : Perplexed ( confused ) Fido the Fly : Fido spies the beach ball on the hedge and tries to tell the boys but they do n't turn in time to see it . Fido then flies away . Action Fingers : They rebuild Mrs. Foil 's sand castle after David and Shane destroy it . Schmuzzies : They see the beach ball rolling along the hedge outside the window , but David and Shane do not turn around in time . They yell , `` Schmeach schmall ! '' . Shane thinks that means his teeth are exploding , so David translates for him using a tiny Schmuzzish - English Dictionary . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Every afternoon at three , bring your own milk . Which reminds me , have you check the teacup ? Fiddle - dee - dee ! '' Souvenir : Beach balls 12 `` Ice Cream Truck '' 17 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) 822 Story : Shane and David seek to discover the delicious , delectable , and delightful joys of the frozen treat known as ice cream . Wrong Turns : Frozen room , `` this way '' room , ice cream game show Opening activity : Weight lifting . Main Button : Heavy / Light , Frozen / Unfrozen , Zoom in / Zoom out ( seen in intro only ) Whoo ! , Run along home , Cheerleading Puppet : Visits the ice cream truck and appears with an ice cream cone . Fido the Fly : Is drinking a chocolate milkshake . Three other pets are mentioned : Evan the Pig , Helen the baby Hippo , and Georgio the Caterpillar . Instant Replay : To see the little girl named Matilda scooping ice cream . Skater Lady ( Mrs. Foil ) Funny Expression : `` Gotta go , penguin 's toes . '' Schmuzzies : The brothers find a tub of ice cream and attempt to scoop some out , but end up with Schmuzzies in their cones , as the Schmuzzies have finished the ice cream already . Shane seems a little nervous around them , and attempts to engage them in conversation . He misinterprets what they say , and must be assisted by David . Mrs. Foil is featured in all three wrong turn rooms , as well as the ice cream truck itself . There is no vocabulary , joking button and souvenir . 13 `` Birthday Party '' 10 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) 820 Story : Shane and David are invited to a surprise birthday party that turns out to be for them . Wrong Turns : No fun room , surprise room , opera room Opening activity : Sleeping on armchair . Main Button : Celebration / Stop - the - Celebration Instant Replay Girl was `` surprise '' again pointing to the `` sur '' , `` prise '' and `` surprise '' Schmuzzies : They attend the `` Schmirthday Schmarty , '' to which they travel via Mrs. Foil 's purse carrying presents . Puppet : First , Puppet is seen in a hurry to get to the party . A delivery Puppet arrives with an invitation to the boys and , in a gruff voice , says , `` Delivery for Shane and David and you . '' Later , Puppet is seen during the party and cleans up after it ends . Fido the Fly : Fido bouncing on a trampoline . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Toodle pip ! '' Souvenir : Birthday present Many of the children featured in other episodes attend the party , including the boy from the Sandwich Room in `` Picnic '' , the boy from the Museum of Finger Painting in `` Art Museum '' , the girl from the dance studio in `` Movie Theater , '' the girl in the wheelchair from the shape room in `` Camping '' , the boy at the South Pole in `` Beach '' , and one of the girls from the Marching Room in `` Marching Band '' . From this episode , the girl from the surprise room is present . David says `` Whatever you do , do n't press the _________ button . '' There is no vocabulary .", "Episode # Title Original Air - Date Production Code", "1 `` Mini Golf '' 2 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 02 ) 823", "Story : Shane and David are baffled when a mysterious orange thing ( a mini golf ball ) appears in their living room . They use deductive reasoning to narrow down what it actually is , and where it belongs . They think it 's a planet , an orange and a basketball before stumbling on to the real solution . Wrong Turns : Outer space , Orange room , Basketball room Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) answered , `` Albanian Monkey Shoes ? '' Opening activity : Yoga . Main Buttons : Irish Dancing / Stop Irish Dancing , blast off , back to earth , slam - dunk , home Vocabulary : Baffled ( confused ) Fido the Fly : Puts the mini golf ball in his tennis shorts and David and Shane search his pocket ; but , at first , they find keys and a calculator . Instant Replay : To see the girl shoot the basketball into the hoop again . Puppet : First , Puppet jump ropes with Shane and David 's imaginary rope and trips over it , and goes off to play with his squeegee instead . Later , Puppet uses the orange thing to practice a Shakespearean monologue ( Alas , poor Yorick ) , wearing a red king costume . Puppet is also the one who explains the orange thing 's true identity . Action Fingers : They use their Action Noses to locate the Orange Room . Schmuzzies : Two of them play with the orange thing and Shane is unable to retrieve it until David coaches him to say `` Schmease '' and `` Schmank you . '' David then explains he studied Schmuzzish for seven years , `` part - time . '' Souvenir : Various items including the word `` mini '' including a Mini-mini which was much smaller than a mini . While in the Basketball Room , David , thinking the orange thing is a basketball , gets frustrated that it is not dribbling properly . He yells at the orange thing , `` This is your home ! It 's your home ! What 's wrong ? ! You too good for your home ? ! '' , a direct allusion to the Adam Sandler film , Happy Gilmore , in which the title character yells almost exactly the same speech , also at a golf ball .", "Story : Shane and David are baffled when a mysterious orange thing ( a mini golf ball ) appears in their living room . They use deductive reasoning to narrow down what it actually is , and where it belongs . They think it 's a planet , an orange and a basketball before stumbling on to the real solution . Wrong Turns : Outer space , Orange room , Basketball room Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) answered , `` Albanian Monkey Shoes ? '' Opening activity : Yoga . Main Buttons : Irish Dancing / Stop Irish Dancing , blast off , back to earth , slam - dunk , home Vocabulary : Baffled ( confused ) Fido the Fly : Puts the mini golf ball in his tennis shorts and David and Shane search his pocket ; but , at first , they find keys and a calculator . Instant Replay : To see the girl shoot the basketball into the hoop again . Puppet : First , Puppet jump ropes with Shane and David 's imaginary rope and trips over it , and goes off to play with his squeegee instead . Later , Puppet uses the orange thing to practice a Shakespearean monologue ( Alas , poor Yorick ) , wearing a red king costume . Puppet is also the one who explains the orange thing 's true identity . Action Fingers : They use their Action Noses to locate the Orange Room . Schmuzzies : Two of them play with the orange thing and Shane is unable to retrieve it until David coaches him to say `` Schmease '' and `` Schmank you . '' David then explains he studied Schmuzzish for seven years , `` part - time . '' Souvenir : Various items including the word `` mini '' including a Mini-mini which was much smaller than a mini .", "Story : Shane and David are baffled when a mysterious orange thing ( a mini golf ball ) appears in their living room . They use deductive reasoning to narrow down what it actually is , and where it belongs . They think it 's a planet , an orange and a basketball before stumbling on to the real solution .", "Wrong Turns : Outer space , Orange room , Basketball room", "Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) answered , `` Albanian Monkey Shoes ? ''", "Opening activity : Yoga .", "Main Buttons : Irish Dancing / Stop Irish Dancing , blast off , back to earth , slam - dunk , home", "Vocabulary : Baffled ( confused )", "Fido the Fly : Puts the mini golf ball in his tennis shorts and David and Shane search his pocket ; but , at first , they find keys and a calculator .", "Instant Replay : To see the girl shoot the basketball into the hoop again .", "Puppet : First , Puppet jump ropes with Shane and David 's imaginary rope and trips over it , and goes off to play with his squeegee instead . Later , Puppet uses the orange thing to practice a Shakespearean monologue ( Alas , poor Yorick ) , wearing a red king costume . Puppet is also the one who explains the orange thing 's true identity .", "Action Fingers : They use their Action Noses to locate the Orange Room .", "Schmuzzies : Two of them play with the orange thing and Shane is unable to retrieve it until David coaches him to say `` Schmease '' and `` Schmank you . '' David then explains he studied Schmuzzish for seven years , `` part - time . ''", "Souvenir : Various items including the word `` mini '' including a Mini-mini which was much smaller than a mini .", "While in the Basketball Room , David , thinking the orange thing is a basketball , gets frustrated that it is not dribbling properly . He yells at the orange thing , `` This is your home ! It 's your home ! What 's wrong ? ! You too good for your home ? ! '' , a direct allusion to the Adam Sandler film , Happy Gilmore , in which the title character yells almost exactly the same speech , also at a golf ball .", "2 `` Farm '' 10 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 10 ) 821", "Story : Shane and David 's band , the Talking Airheads , faces a setback when David 's cow bell ( which just so happens to be attached to an imaginary cow named Clarabelle ) disappears . Wrong Turns : Great big bell room , Pacific Ocean , bicycle room Opening activity : Climbing . Main Buttons : Seesaw / Steady ( The bell is ringing out Shane , David and Mrs. Foil ) , dryland , Echo ( Shane climbing mountain in intro , but Shane ask in the Great Big Bell Room ) Instant Replay : To see the little boy ride the bicycle . Vocabulary : Stupendous ( really great ) Puppet : Is the bandleader and songwriter for the band . When the cow bell disappears , he tries to use music to attract Clarabelle . He plays `` Music to Play ' Til the Chickens Come Home '' , `` Udder Chaos '' , and `` Heidi Heifer 's Hoedown Hootenanny '' . Fido the Fly : Playing a trumpet for the band . Schmuzzies : They play the marimba in Shane and David 's band . They later play it while Shane and David are listening to a bell until Shane tells them to be quiet and be gone . He does not appear to be apprehensive of them . Souvenir : Drum sticks , cow bell , cow", "Story : Shane and David 's band , the Talking Airheads , faces a setback when David 's cow bell ( which just so happens to be attached to an imaginary cow named Clarabelle ) disappears . Wrong Turns : Great big bell room , Pacific Ocean , bicycle room Opening activity : Climbing . Main Buttons : Seesaw / Steady ( The bell is ringing out Shane , David and Mrs. Foil ) , dryland , Echo ( Shane climbing mountain in intro , but Shane ask in the Great Big Bell Room ) Instant Replay : To see the little boy ride the bicycle . Vocabulary : Stupendous ( really great ) Puppet : Is the bandleader and songwriter for the band . When the cow bell disappears , he tries to use music to attract Clarabelle . He plays `` Music to Play ' Til the Chickens Come Home '' , `` Udder Chaos '' , and `` Heidi Heifer 's Hoedown Hootenanny '' . Fido the Fly : Playing a trumpet for the band . Schmuzzies : They play the marimba in Shane and David 's band . They later play it while Shane and David are listening to a bell until Shane tells them to be quiet and be gone . He does not appear to be apprehensive of them . Souvenir : Drum sticks , cow bell , cow", "Story : Shane and David 's band , the Talking Airheads , faces a setback when David 's cow bell ( which just so happens to be attached to an imaginary cow named Clarabelle ) disappears .", "Wrong Turns : Great big bell room , Pacific Ocean , bicycle room", "Opening activity : Climbing .", "Main Buttons : Seesaw / Steady ( The bell is ringing out Shane , David and Mrs. Foil ) , dryland , Echo ( Shane climbing mountain in intro , but Shane ask in the Great Big Bell Room )", "Instant Replay : To see the little boy ride the bicycle .", "Vocabulary : Stupendous ( really great )", "Puppet : Is the bandleader and songwriter for the band . When the cow bell disappears , he tries to use music to attract Clarabelle . He plays `` Music to Play ' Til the Chickens Come Home '' , `` Udder Chaos '' , and `` Heidi Heifer 's Hoedown Hootenanny '' .", "Fido the Fly : Playing a trumpet for the band .", "Schmuzzies : They play the marimba in Shane and David 's band . They later play it while Shane and David are listening to a bell until Shane tells them to be quiet and be gone . He does not appear to be apprehensive of them .", "Souvenir : Drum sticks , cow bell , cow", "3 `` Movie Theatre '' 16 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 16 ) 811", "Story : Shane and David make a film ( directed by Puppet ) , then search for the movie theater to watch it . Wrong Turns : Laundry room , dance studio , and a room with one small chair which the brothers break in an attempt to share it . Opening activity : Polishing a snooglenook . Main Buttons : Light / Dark , Stumble , Fast Folding Instant Replay : To show the Mrs. Foil that the Action Fingers messed up her laundry instead of Shane and David ( In this mode ( in slow motion ) , David ( Pointy ) did n't say `` I 'm gon na crash '' ) and to see the little girl do her dance routine again . Vocabulary : Stupendous ( really really really great ) Puppet : Puppet directs the brothers while filming their movie , shouting `` Action '' and `` Cut . '' His instructions include having them act as if they are in outer space , as pirates , and as cowboys . Schmuzzies : The Schmuzzies play a rhyming game with the boys , and appear at the end watching Shane and David 's movie . Action Fingers : In the laundry room they rescue Barbara , a sock caught in a lint trap , and return her to her socky partner , Lefty ( Barbara and Lefty appeared at the end to see Shane and David 's movie ) . They also refold a Mrs. Foil 's laundry after crashing into it . This segment is unusual in that the Action Fingers are clearly shown to be David and Shane 's hands . In most other Action Fingers segments , David and Shane simply watch the Action Fingers take off , often not standing anywhere near the action . Souvenir : Camera In this episode , Shane did not say `` Whatever you do do n't press the _____ button . '' When the Brothers rewind out of the dance studio , they hide a real reversed message , `` Press rewind '' .", "Story : Shane and David make a film ( directed by Puppet ) , then search for the movie theater to watch it . Wrong Turns : Laundry room , dance studio , and a room with one small chair which the brothers break in an attempt to share it . Opening activity : Polishing a snooglenook . Main Buttons : Light / Dark , Stumble , Fast Folding Instant Replay : To show the Mrs. Foil that the Action Fingers messed up her laundry instead of Shane and David ( In this mode ( in slow motion ) , David ( Pointy ) did n't say `` I 'm gon na crash '' ) and to see the little girl do her dance routine again . Vocabulary : Stupendous ( really really really great ) Puppet : Puppet directs the brothers while filming their movie , shouting `` Action '' and `` Cut . '' His instructions include having them act as if they are in outer space , as pirates , and as cowboys . Schmuzzies : The Schmuzzies play a rhyming game with the boys , and appear at the end watching Shane and David 's movie . Action Fingers : In the laundry room they rescue Barbara , a sock caught in a lint trap , and return her to her socky partner , Lefty ( Barbara and Lefty appeared at the end to see Shane and David 's movie ) . They also refold a Mrs. Foil 's laundry after crashing into it . This segment is unusual in that the Action Fingers are clearly shown to be David and Shane 's hands . In most other Action Fingers segments , David and Shane simply watch the Action Fingers take off , often not standing anywhere near the action . Souvenir : Camera In this episode , Shane did not say `` Whatever you do do n't press the _____ button . '' When the Brothers rewind out of the dance studio , they hide a real reversed message , `` Press rewind '' .", "Story : Shane and David make a film ( directed by Puppet ) , then search for the movie theater to watch it .", "Wrong Turns : Laundry room , dance studio , and a room with one small chair which the brothers break in an attempt to share it .", "Opening activity : Polishing a snooglenook .", "Main Buttons : Light / Dark , Stumble , Fast Folding", "Instant Replay : To show the Mrs. Foil that the Action Fingers messed up her laundry instead of Shane and David ( In this mode ( in slow motion ) , David ( Pointy ) did n't say `` I 'm gon na crash '' ) and to see the little girl do her dance routine again .", "Vocabulary : Stupendous ( really really really great )", "Puppet : Puppet directs the brothers while filming their movie , shouting `` Action '' and `` Cut . '' His instructions include having them act as if they are in outer space , as pirates , and as cowboys .", "Schmuzzies : The Schmuzzies play a rhyming game with the boys , and appear at the end watching Shane and David 's movie .", "Action Fingers : In the laundry room they rescue Barbara , a sock caught in a lint trap , and return her to her socky partner , Lefty ( Barbara and Lefty appeared at the end to see Shane and David 's movie ) . They also refold a Mrs. Foil 's laundry after crashing into it . This segment is unusual in that the Action Fingers are clearly shown to be David and Shane 's hands . In most other Action Fingers segments , David and Shane simply watch the Action Fingers take off , often not standing anywhere near the action .", "Souvenir : Camera", "In this episode , Shane did not say `` Whatever you do do n't press the _____ button . ''", "When the Brothers rewind out of the dance studio , they hide a real reversed message , `` Press rewind '' .", "4 `` Barbershop '' 17 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 17 ) 812", "Story : After visiting the `` Very Hairy '' room , Shane is apprehensive about getting a haircut . David and his blanket , Bob , help Shane get to the barbershop . Wrong Turns : Very Very Hairy Room , hairbrush room , concert room ( aka , the international not the barbershop sign ) Opening activity : Experimenting with the remote . Main Buttons : Up / Down , Tongue in / Tongue out , Dancing / Stop dancing ( These are the opening buttons ) , Ditty , blow dry Vocabulary : Apprehensive ( nervous ) , Ditty ( very short simple song ) , stalling ( attempting to avoid something ) Puppet : Puppet pretends to be scissors and sings the Figaro Song . Later , Puppet appears covered in stickers after getting a haircut of his own . Schmuzzies : David asks a group of Schmuzzies if they 've seen Shane , which they have n't . They sing into fluffy backup hairbrushes at the concert . They move into Shane 's long , bedraggled hair thinking it is the Very Very Hairy Room . Instant Replay : Replaying the episode 's child co-star , Jade Barbar , brushing her hair Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : Shane mentions vacuuming her . Souvenir : Stickers There is a girl featured in all three wrong turn rooms , as well as in the barbershop itself . Her name , as shown in the closing credits , is Jade Barbar . Fido did n't appear in this episode , but was mentioned by Shane . There is also no joking button .", "Story : After visiting the `` Very Hairy '' room , Shane is apprehensive about getting a haircut . David and his blanket , Bob , help Shane get to the barbershop . Wrong Turns : Very Very Hairy Room , hairbrush room , concert room ( aka , the international not the barbershop sign ) Opening activity : Experimenting with the remote . Main Buttons : Up / Down , Tongue in / Tongue out , Dancing / Stop dancing ( These are the opening buttons ) , Ditty , blow dry Vocabulary : Apprehensive ( nervous ) , Ditty ( very short simple song ) , stalling ( attempting to avoid something ) Puppet : Puppet pretends to be scissors and sings the Figaro Song . Later , Puppet appears covered in stickers after getting a haircut of his own . Schmuzzies : David asks a group of Schmuzzies if they 've seen Shane , which they have n't . They sing into fluffy backup hairbrushes at the concert . They move into Shane 's long , bedraggled hair thinking it is the Very Very Hairy Room . Instant Replay : Replaying the episode 's child co-star , Jade Barbar , brushing her hair Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : Shane mentions vacuuming her . Souvenir : Stickers", "Story : After visiting the `` Very Hairy '' room , Shane is apprehensive about getting a haircut . David and his blanket , Bob , help Shane get to the barbershop .", "Wrong Turns : Very Very Hairy Room , hairbrush room , concert room ( aka , the international not the barbershop sign )", "Opening activity : Experimenting with the remote .", "Main Buttons : Up / Down , Tongue in / Tongue out , Dancing / Stop dancing ( These are the opening buttons ) , Ditty , blow dry", "Vocabulary : Apprehensive ( nervous ) , Ditty ( very short simple song ) , stalling ( attempting to avoid something )", "Puppet : Puppet pretends to be scissors and sings the Figaro Song . Later , Puppet appears covered in stickers after getting a haircut of his own .", "Schmuzzies : David asks a group of Schmuzzies if they 've seen Shane , which they have n't . They sing into fluffy backup hairbrushes at the concert . They move into Shane 's long , bedraggled hair thinking it is the Very Very Hairy Room .", "Instant Replay : Replaying the episode 's child co-star , Jade Barbar , brushing her hair", "Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : Shane mentions vacuuming her .", "Souvenir : Stickers", "There is a girl featured in all three wrong turn rooms , as well as in the barbershop itself . Her name , as shown in the closing credits , is Jade Barbar . Fido did n't appear in this episode , but was mentioned by Shane . There is also no joking button .", "5 `` Marching Band '' 9 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 09 ) 819", "Story : Shane and David invent imaginary musical instruments and set out to join a marching band . Wrong Turns : Funny music room , marching room , sky room Opening activity : Relaxing , then Dancing . Main Buttons : Accelerate / Decelerate , Do - si - do , sky dancing , Disco , and Can - can ( seen from the intro ) Vocabulary : Accelerate ( speed up ) / Decelerate ( slow down ) Puppet : Puppet wants to be a bandleader . He is later seen practicing his bandleading on the Schmuzzies , but they get distracted by a dust ball , frustrating Puppet . Then he decides to be a baton . He gets stuck to the ceiling as the boys throw him , due to Shane smearing honey on the ceiling . The viewers are asked to press the `` Unstick '' button to get him down . Later , David hears a melodic tune and wonders if it came from Puppet . Puppet offers to demonstrate , and makes a horrible noise , causing the brothers to frantically request that the viewer `` Press the Stop button ! '' . He is last seen fulfilling his dream as the baton for the bandleader . Fido the Fly : Fido is marching behind Schmuzzies . Instant Replay : To see the four children march . Schmuzzies : They march behind Puppet , who initially wants to be bandleader , but get distracted by a dust ball ( Schmuzzies love dust ) . They are later seen in Mrs. Foil 's tuba . Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them . Musical instruments : Drumpet ( drum combined with a trumpet ) , harmonica , bottle , cymbal , double bass , electric guitar , xylophone , the CymBanjo ( the cymbal and tech of Banjo ) and Scruba ( an air guitar a round ) The bird in the Sky Room sounds like John Lennon , making a reference to the song `` Imagine '' , saying , `` No ground below us , only skies , '' and the marching band room has the cameo appearance in the episode ' Camping ' where Shane 's bedroom is replaced . There is no souvenir .", "Story : Shane and David invent imaginary musical instruments and set out to join a marching band . Wrong Turns : Funny music room , marching room , sky room Opening activity : Relaxing , then Dancing . Main Buttons : Accelerate / Decelerate , Do - si - do , sky dancing , Disco , and Can - can ( seen from the intro ) Vocabulary : Accelerate ( speed up ) / Decelerate ( slow down ) Puppet : Puppet wants to be a bandleader . He is later seen practicing his bandleading on the Schmuzzies , but they get distracted by a dust ball , frustrating Puppet . Then he decides to be a baton . He gets stuck to the ceiling as the boys throw him , due to Shane smearing honey on the ceiling . The viewers are asked to press the `` Unstick '' button to get him down . Later , David hears a melodic tune and wonders if it came from Puppet . Puppet offers to demonstrate , and makes a horrible noise , causing the brothers to frantically request that the viewer `` Press the Stop button ! '' . He is last seen fulfilling his dream as the baton for the bandleader . Fido the Fly : Fido is marching behind Schmuzzies . Instant Replay : To see the four children march . Schmuzzies : They march behind Puppet , who initially wants to be bandleader , but get distracted by a dust ball ( Schmuzzies love dust ) . They are later seen in Mrs. Foil 's tuba . Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them . Musical instruments : Drumpet ( drum combined with a trumpet ) , harmonica , bottle , cymbal , double bass , electric guitar , xylophone , the CymBanjo ( the cymbal and tech of Banjo ) and Scruba ( an air guitar a round )", "Story : Shane and David invent imaginary musical instruments and set out to join a marching band .", "Wrong Turns : Funny music room , marching room , sky room", "Opening activity : Relaxing , then Dancing .", "Main Buttons : Accelerate / Decelerate , Do - si - do , sky dancing , Disco , and Can - can ( seen from the intro )", "Vocabulary : Accelerate ( speed up ) / Decelerate ( slow down )", "Puppet : Puppet wants to be a bandleader . He is later seen practicing his bandleading on the Schmuzzies , but they get distracted by a dust ball , frustrating Puppet . Then he decides to be a baton . He gets stuck to the ceiling as the boys throw him , due to Shane smearing honey on the ceiling . The viewers are asked to press the `` Unstick '' button to get him down . Later , David hears a melodic tune and wonders if it came from Puppet . Puppet offers to demonstrate , and makes a horrible noise , causing the brothers to frantically request that the viewer `` Press the Stop button ! '' . He is last seen fulfilling his dream as the baton for the bandleader .", "Fido the Fly : Fido is marching behind Schmuzzies .", "Instant Replay : To see the four children march .", "Schmuzzies : They march behind Puppet , who initially wants to be bandleader , but get distracted by a dust ball ( Schmuzzies love dust ) . They are later seen in Mrs. Foil 's tuba . Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them .", "Musical instruments : Drumpet ( drum combined with a trumpet ) , harmonica , bottle , cymbal , double bass , electric guitar , xylophone , the CymBanjo ( the cymbal and tech of Banjo ) and Scruba ( an air guitar a round )", "The bird in the Sky Room sounds like John Lennon , making a reference to the song `` Imagine '' , saying , `` No ground below us , only skies , '' and the marching band room has the cameo appearance in the episode ' Camping ' where Shane 's bedroom is replaced . There is no souvenir .", "6 `` Art Museum '' 18 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) 813", "Story : Unable to find a place to hang his newly created masterpiece , Shane , along with David , searches for the art museum to hang it in . Wrong Turns : Sticky room , fog room , museum of finger painting Opening activity : Eating a banana . Main Buttons : Humongous / Minute , Jiggle , Wiggle , smaller , bigger ( These buttons are on before title sequence ) , unstick , fog light , high voice . Vocabulary : Humongous ( really , really big ) / minute ( really , really small ) ( seen in the intro ) , moat ( a big hole that 's filled with water ) Action Fingers : They fingerpaint . Instant Replay : To see the boy mix red , blue , and gold finger paint to make a color called `` gurple . '' Fido the Fly : Fido lands on Shane 's hand , compliments his painting , then pulls open the shelf containing the Museum of Finger Painting . Other pets mentioned : Bruno the Elephant and a Porcupine . Schmuzzies : They are part of the tour group at the art museum . When Shane despairs over not being able to hang his picture , he makes a reference to the Schmuzzy Art Museum , though it never appears in the episode . Puppet : When Shane and David try to hang the picture on a door , they keep getting interrupted by Puppet opening the door and saying , `` Ta - da ! '' He is practicing making grand entrances . At the end , after Shane and David have given the viewer imaginary paints from a box , Puppet pops out of the box and says , `` Ta - da ! '' . Puppet says he has been using Burmese - Kumquat - Lavender paint to dye his hair . Shane and David laugh until Puppet realizes the viewers have pressed the Pause button by mistake . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` See you later , Alligators . '' Souvenir : Paint set with Sky Blue , Ruby Red , Lime , Turquoise and Lavender paints . That is Fido the Fly 's first episode .", "Story : Unable to find a place to hang his newly created masterpiece , Shane , along with David , searches for the art museum to hang it in . Wrong Turns : Sticky room , fog room , museum of finger painting Opening activity : Eating a banana . Main Buttons : Humongous / Minute , Jiggle , Wiggle , smaller , bigger ( These buttons are on before title sequence ) , unstick , fog light , high voice . Vocabulary : Humongous ( really , really big ) / minute ( really , really small ) ( seen in the intro ) , moat ( a big hole that 's filled with water ) Action Fingers : They fingerpaint . Instant Replay : To see the boy mix red , blue , and gold finger paint to make a color called `` gurple . '' Fido the Fly : Fido lands on Shane 's hand , compliments his painting , then pulls open the shelf containing the Museum of Finger Painting . Other pets mentioned : Bruno the Elephant and a Porcupine . Schmuzzies : They are part of the tour group at the art museum . When Shane despairs over not being able to hang his picture , he makes a reference to the Schmuzzy Art Museum , though it never appears in the episode . Puppet : When Shane and David try to hang the picture on a door , they keep getting interrupted by Puppet opening the door and saying , `` Ta - da ! '' He is practicing making grand entrances . At the end , after Shane and David have given the viewer imaginary paints from a box , Puppet pops out of the box and says , `` Ta - da ! '' . Puppet says he has been using Burmese - Kumquat - Lavender paint to dye his hair . Shane and David laugh until Puppet realizes the viewers have pressed the Pause button by mistake . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` See you later , Alligators . '' Souvenir : Paint set with Sky Blue , Ruby Red , Lime , Turquoise and Lavender paints .", "Story : Unable to find a place to hang his newly created masterpiece , Shane , along with David , searches for the art museum to hang it in .", "Wrong Turns : Sticky room , fog room , museum of finger painting", "Opening activity : Eating a banana .", "Main Buttons : Humongous / Minute , Jiggle , Wiggle , smaller , bigger ( These buttons are on before title sequence ) , unstick , fog light , high voice .", "Vocabulary : Humongous ( really , really big ) / minute ( really , really small ) ( seen in the intro ) , moat ( a big hole that 's filled with water )", "Action Fingers : They fingerpaint .", "Instant Replay : To see the boy mix red , blue , and gold finger paint to make a color called `` gurple . ''", "Fido the Fly : Fido lands on Shane 's hand , compliments his painting , then pulls open the shelf containing the Museum of Finger Painting . Other pets mentioned : Bruno the Elephant and a Porcupine .", "Schmuzzies : They are part of the tour group at the art museum . When Shane despairs over not being able to hang his picture , he makes a reference to the Schmuzzy Art Museum , though it never appears in the episode .", "Puppet : When Shane and David try to hang the picture on a door , they keep getting interrupted by Puppet opening the door and saying , `` Ta - da ! '' He is practicing making grand entrances . At the end , after Shane and David have given the viewer imaginary paints from a box , Puppet pops out of the box and says , `` Ta - da ! '' . Puppet says he has been using Burmese - Kumquat - Lavender paint to dye his hair . Shane and David laugh until Puppet realizes the viewers have pressed the Pause button by mistake .", "Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` See you later , Alligators . ''", "Souvenir : Paint set with Sky Blue , Ruby Red , Lime , Turquoise and Lavender paints .", "That is Fido the Fly 's first episode .", "7 `` Pet Shop '' 19 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 19 ) 814", "Story : Yearning for a relationship like the one between Fido and Shane , David decides he needs a pet . They look for the pet shop . Wrong Turns : Puppy room , parrot room , Dark side of the Moon Opening activity : Juggling . Puppet : Puppet volunteers to be David 's pet , imitating a dog , a cat , and a giant squid . David says he thinks of him more as a friend . Later , Puppet makes some suggestions on what type of pet David should get . Puppet appears on the moon and sings `` The Dark Side of the Moon '' with Shane and David . Main Buttons : Rotate , Ditty , really excited Instant Replay : To see the dog rotate ( roll over ) . Fido the Fly : Shane and Fido play ping - pong tennis at the beginning of the episode . Later , Fido spends a short moment with Shane , demonstrating tricks . After returning from the moon , he plays loud music while playing the trumpet , the brothers ask Fido if he knows where the pet shop is , which he does n't . At the end , he plays `` Fly on a Chair '' with Spot , David 's new pet chair . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : When holding her cat , she says , `` His name is Elizabeth , '' instead of , `` Her name is Elizabeth . '' Schmuzzies : They sing backup for David when the Ditty button is pressed . They then make some suggestions on what pet David should get . They also get amazed by a bright light which turns out to be the Moon after the door opens . Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them . Souvenir : Chair Spot the Blue Chair : Tutorial on what to do with a pet chair . Spot with Fido on chair with David . There is also no vocabulary .", "Story : Yearning for a relationship like the one between Fido and Shane , David decides he needs a pet . They look for the pet shop . Wrong Turns : Puppy room , parrot room , Dark side of the Moon Opening activity : Juggling . Puppet : Puppet volunteers to be David 's pet , imitating a dog , a cat , and a giant squid . David says he thinks of him more as a friend . Later , Puppet makes some suggestions on what type of pet David should get . Puppet appears on the moon and sings `` The Dark Side of the Moon '' with Shane and David . Main Buttons : Rotate , Ditty , really excited Instant Replay : To see the dog rotate ( roll over ) . Fido the Fly : Shane and Fido play ping - pong tennis at the beginning of the episode . Later , Fido spends a short moment with Shane , demonstrating tricks . After returning from the moon , he plays loud music while playing the trumpet , the brothers ask Fido if he knows where the pet shop is , which he does n't . At the end , he plays `` Fly on a Chair '' with Spot , David 's new pet chair . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : When holding her cat , she says , `` His name is Elizabeth , '' instead of , `` Her name is Elizabeth . '' Schmuzzies : They sing backup for David when the Ditty button is pressed . They then make some suggestions on what pet David should get . They also get amazed by a bright light which turns out to be the Moon after the door opens . Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them . Souvenir : Chair Spot the Blue Chair : Tutorial on what to do with a pet chair .", "Story : Yearning for a relationship like the one between Fido and Shane , David decides he needs a pet . They look for the pet shop .", "Wrong Turns : Puppy room , parrot room , Dark side of the Moon", "Opening activity : Juggling .", "Puppet : Puppet volunteers to be David 's pet , imitating a dog , a cat , and a giant squid . David says he thinks of him more as a friend . Later , Puppet makes some suggestions on what type of pet David should get . Puppet appears on the moon and sings `` The Dark Side of the Moon '' with Shane and David .", "Main Buttons : Rotate , Ditty , really excited", "Instant Replay : To see the dog rotate ( roll over ) .", "Fido the Fly : Shane and Fido play ping - pong tennis at the beginning of the episode . Later , Fido spends a short moment with Shane , demonstrating tricks . After returning from the moon , he plays loud music while playing the trumpet , the brothers ask Fido if he knows where the pet shop is , which he does n't . At the end , he plays `` Fly on a Chair '' with Spot , David 's new pet chair .", "Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : When holding her cat , she says , `` His name is Elizabeth , '' instead of , `` Her name is Elizabeth . ''", "Schmuzzies : They sing backup for David when the Ditty button is pressed . They then make some suggestions on what pet David should get . They also get amazed by a bright light which turns out to be the Moon after the door opens . Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them .", "Souvenir : Chair", "Spot the Blue Chair : Tutorial on what to do with a pet chair .", "Spot with Fido on chair with David . There is also no vocabulary .", "8 `` Camping '' 20 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 20 ) 815", "Story : After their bedrooms disappear , the boys search for another place to sleep . Whenever the boys think they 've found a resting place , it ends up being contrary to their expectations . For example , even though the `` Wake up ! '' room has two beds seemingly meant for sleeping , the room becomes paradoxical when various things begin waking Shane and David up ; a rooster begins crowing , various digital and analog alarm clocks begin sounding at the foot of the beds , and a man plays the Reveille military bugle call on a trumpet . Wrong Turns : Snoring room , `` Wake up ! '' room , Shape room Opening activity : Stand or sit . Main Buttons : Horizontal / Vertical , yawn , get out of here , Wake up ! , sneeze , horizontal dance ( The opening before title sequence on these buttons ) Instant Replay : To see the girl on the wheelchair count the number of sides on the shape called Hexagon . Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) answered , `` Albanian Chicken Juice ? '' Vocabulary : Horizontal ( sideways ) , Vertical ( upright ) , Hexagon ( 6 - sided polygon ) Fido the Fly : Fido is seen / mentioned three times . First , David opens the door to Fido 's room and the door slams . Second , Fido 's watch alarm is on . Third , Fido is zipped into an imaginary sleeping bag . Puppet : Twice , Puppet needs the brothers to sing him a lullaby so he can sleep and gets an imaginary sleeping bag the next morning . Action Fingers : First , getting behind the door , Action Fingers walk up stairs , open the door , and fall asleep . Second , Action fingers are jumping off stairs , wrong yellow and green lemons , flying toy airplane . Third , walking on a shoulder and cheek , waking Shane and David up . Schmuzzies : The Schmuzzies sing back - up during Puppet 's lullaby . Shane is n't nervous around them . Souvenir : Sleeping bag Shane and David do not say , `` But whatever you do , do n't hit the ______ button . '' There is no joking button .", "Story : After their bedrooms disappear , the boys search for another place to sleep . Whenever the boys think they 've found a resting place , it ends up being contrary to their expectations . For example , even though the `` Wake up ! '' room has two beds seemingly meant for sleeping , the room becomes paradoxical when various things begin waking Shane and David up ; a rooster begins crowing , various digital and analog alarm clocks begin sounding at the foot of the beds , and a man plays the Reveille military bugle call on a trumpet . Wrong Turns : Snoring room , `` Wake up ! '' room , Shape room Opening activity : Stand or sit . Main Buttons : Horizontal / Vertical , yawn , get out of here , Wake up ! , sneeze , horizontal dance ( The opening before title sequence on these buttons ) Instant Replay : To see the girl on the wheelchair count the number of sides on the shape called Hexagon . Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) answered , `` Albanian Chicken Juice ? '' Vocabulary : Horizontal ( sideways ) , Vertical ( upright ) , Hexagon ( 6 - sided polygon ) Fido the Fly : Fido is seen / mentioned three times . First , David opens the door to Fido 's room and the door slams . Second , Fido 's watch alarm is on . Third , Fido is zipped into an imaginary sleeping bag . Puppet : Twice , Puppet needs the brothers to sing him a lullaby so he can sleep and gets an imaginary sleeping bag the next morning . Action Fingers : First , getting behind the door , Action Fingers walk up stairs , open the door , and fall asleep . Second , Action fingers are jumping off stairs , wrong yellow and green lemons , flying toy airplane . Third , walking on a shoulder and cheek , waking Shane and David up . Schmuzzies : The Schmuzzies sing back - up during Puppet 's lullaby . Shane is n't nervous around them . Souvenir : Sleeping bag", "Story : After their bedrooms disappear , the boys search for another place to sleep . Whenever the boys think they 've found a resting place , it ends up being contrary to their expectations . For example , even though the `` Wake up ! '' room has two beds seemingly meant for sleeping , the room becomes paradoxical when various things begin waking Shane and David up ; a rooster begins crowing , various digital and analog alarm clocks begin sounding at the foot of the beds , and a man plays the Reveille military bugle call on a trumpet .", "Wrong Turns : Snoring room , `` Wake up ! '' room , Shape room", "Opening activity : Stand or sit .", "Main Buttons : Horizontal / Vertical , yawn , get out of here , Wake up ! , sneeze , horizontal dance ( The opening before title sequence on these buttons )", "Instant Replay : To see the girl on the wheelchair count the number of sides on the shape called Hexagon .", "Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) answered , `` Albanian Chicken Juice ? ''", "Vocabulary : Horizontal ( sideways ) , Vertical ( upright ) , Hexagon ( 6 - sided polygon )", "Fido the Fly : Fido is seen / mentioned three times . First , David opens the door to Fido 's room and the door slams . Second , Fido 's watch alarm is on . Third , Fido is zipped into an imaginary sleeping bag .", "Puppet : Twice , Puppet needs the brothers to sing him a lullaby so he can sleep and gets an imaginary sleeping bag the next morning .", "Action Fingers : First , getting behind the door , Action Fingers walk up stairs , open the door , and fall asleep . Second , Action fingers are jumping off stairs , wrong yellow and green lemons , flying toy airplane . Third , walking on a shoulder and cheek , waking Shane and David up .", "Schmuzzies : The Schmuzzies sing back - up during Puppet 's lullaby . Shane is n't nervous around them .", "Souvenir : Sleeping bag", "Shane and David do not say , `` But whatever you do , do n't hit the ______ button . '' There is no joking button .", "9 `` Picnic '' 6 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 06 ) 816", "Story : When Fido the Fly wants to go on a picnic , David and Shane help him find the food , items , and place for the picnic . Good Choice Food Room : Sandwich Room Wrong Turns : no - room room , wind room Opening activity : Drinking tea . Instant Replay : The boy puts turkey , tomato , and lettuce on another sandwich . Vocabulary : Scrumptious ( yummy , delicious ) Main Buttons : Inside / Outside , Sandwich , Ditty , Hands up / Hands down , Down the Hatch ( Shane drinks tea cup in opening only ) Puppet : Delivery Puppet brings things the boys need for their picnic , while disguising his voice . He then joins the boys . Puppet acts as the ball for their picnic games . Fido the Fly : Fido feels sad because he 's the only fly who 's never been on a picnic , he 's the main character in the episode . He comes along to the No - Room Room and the Wind Room . Fido 's fly buddies come for the picnic . He eats tiny sandwiches at the picnic . Schmuzzies : They dance beside Puppet , singing `` Happy Fly Ditty . '' Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them . Souvenir : Kite In the Wind Room are the Elephant from the no - room room , Fish from the underwater room , Puppet , Spot the Chair , Mrs. Foil , and Umbrella .", "Story : When Fido the Fly wants to go on a picnic , David and Shane help him find the food , items , and place for the picnic . Good Choice Food Room : Sandwich Room Wrong Turns : no - room room , wind room Opening activity : Drinking tea . Instant Replay : The boy puts turkey , tomato , and lettuce on another sandwich . Vocabulary : Scrumptious ( yummy , delicious ) Main Buttons : Inside / Outside , Sandwich , Ditty , Hands up / Hands down , Down the Hatch ( Shane drinks tea cup in opening only ) Puppet : Delivery Puppet brings things the boys need for their picnic , while disguising his voice . He then joins the boys . Puppet acts as the ball for their picnic games . Fido the Fly : Fido feels sad because he 's the only fly who 's never been on a picnic , he 's the main character in the episode . He comes along to the No - Room Room and the Wind Room . Fido 's fly buddies come for the picnic . He eats tiny sandwiches at the picnic . Schmuzzies : They dance beside Puppet , singing `` Happy Fly Ditty . '' Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them . Souvenir : Kite", "Story : When Fido the Fly wants to go on a picnic , David and Shane help him find the food , items , and place for the picnic .", "Good Choice Food Room : Sandwich Room", "Wrong Turns : no - room room , wind room", "Opening activity : Drinking tea .", "Instant Replay : The boy puts turkey , tomato , and lettuce on another sandwich .", "Vocabulary : Scrumptious ( yummy , delicious )", "Main Buttons : Inside / Outside , Sandwich , Ditty , Hands up / Hands down , Down the Hatch ( Shane drinks tea cup in opening only )", "Puppet : Delivery Puppet brings things the boys need for their picnic , while disguising his voice . He then joins the boys . Puppet acts as the ball for their picnic games .", "Fido the Fly : Fido feels sad because he 's the only fly who 's never been on a picnic , he 's the main character in the episode . He comes along to the No - Room Room and the Wind Room . Fido 's fly buddies come for the picnic . He eats tiny sandwiches at the picnic .", "Schmuzzies : They dance beside Puppet , singing `` Happy Fly Ditty . '' Shane does n't appear to be apprehensive of them .", "Souvenir : Kite", "In the Wind Room are the Elephant from the no - room room , Fish from the underwater room , Puppet , Spot the Chair , Mrs. Foil , and Umbrella .", "10 `` Airport '' 7 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 07 ) 817", "Story : Puppet feverishly rehearses a musical routine in anticipation of his cousin , Mary Annette ( a pun on marionette ) 's arrival while Shane and David volunteer to pick her up , at the airport , but have to find it first . Wrong Turns : Bird room , paper airplane room , word room Opening activity : Making a smoothie . Main Buttons : Vibration / Stop the Vibration , Mute / Unmute ( intro version ) , think hard , Helicopter ( Shane in the bird room ) , fast - folding , parachute ( the button used in the Paper Airplane room ) , landing , jump out of the book ( Shane uses in the Word room ) , climb the wall , head home ( see on the end ) , Instant Replay : Action Fingers ask to see a girl use sign language to sign the word `` plane '' again . Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) said , `` Yeah , are you thinking what we 're thinking , dancing tonight , you , me , Dave , and ten thousand monkeys ? '' Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Jumbo jets , donkeys , and tigers . '' Action Fingers : Two instances . First , Action Fingers crash - land on a paper airplane , search for Mary Annette inside , then refold it for its owner , Mrs. Foil . Second , they help to translate for a girl using sign language in the Word Room . Puppet : Puppet practices `` The Traditional Puppet Family Welcome Song . '' Schmuzzies : They first relay the message that Mary Annette is at the airport and needs to be picked up right away . ( Though Shane thinks they are telling him he has made an unfortunate choice of legwarmers and that Mary Annette is in Northern Lithuania . ) Later , they attempt to sing backup for Puppet , but start out being too far in front , and then too far in the back of the puppet stage . Souvenir : Binoculars Fido the Fly : He joins Mrs. Foil , Shane and David in the Big Band version of `` The Traditional Puppet Family Welcome Song . '' This is the only episode that does n't include the Rewind / Fast Forward , Upside Down / Right Side Up buttons . There is no vocabulary . The Voice is absent . No doors , no windows and no drawers .", "Story : Puppet feverishly rehearses a musical routine in anticipation of his cousin , Mary Annette ( a pun on marionette ) 's arrival while Shane and David volunteer to pick her up , at the airport , but have to find it first . Wrong Turns : Bird room , paper airplane room , word room Opening activity : Making a smoothie . Main Buttons : Vibration / Stop the Vibration , Mute / Unmute ( intro version ) , think hard , Helicopter ( Shane in the bird room ) , fast - folding , parachute ( the button used in the Paper Airplane room ) , landing , jump out of the book ( Shane uses in the Word room ) , climb the wall , head home ( see on the end ) , Instant Replay : Action Fingers ask to see a girl use sign language to sign the word `` plane '' again . Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) said , `` Yeah , are you thinking what we 're thinking , dancing tonight , you , me , Dave , and ten thousand monkeys ? '' Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Jumbo jets , donkeys , and tigers . '' Action Fingers : Two instances . First , Action Fingers crash - land on a paper airplane , search for Mary Annette inside , then refold it for its owner , Mrs. Foil . Second , they help to translate for a girl using sign language in the Word Room . Puppet : Puppet practices `` The Traditional Puppet Family Welcome Song . '' Schmuzzies : They first relay the message that Mary Annette is at the airport and needs to be picked up right away . ( Though Shane thinks they are telling him he has made an unfortunate choice of legwarmers and that Mary Annette is in Northern Lithuania . ) Later , they attempt to sing backup for Puppet , but start out being too far in front , and then too far in the back of the puppet stage . Souvenir : Binoculars Fido the Fly : He joins Mrs. Foil , Shane and David in the Big Band version of `` The Traditional Puppet Family Welcome Song . ''", "Story : Puppet feverishly rehearses a musical routine in anticipation of his cousin , Mary Annette ( a pun on marionette ) 's arrival while Shane and David volunteer to pick her up , at the airport , but have to find it first .", "Wrong Turns : Bird room , paper airplane room , word room", "Opening activity : Making a smoothie .", "Main Buttons : Vibration / Stop the Vibration , Mute / Unmute ( intro version ) , think hard , Helicopter ( Shane in the bird room ) , fast - folding , parachute ( the button used in the Paper Airplane room ) , landing , jump out of the book ( Shane uses in the Word room ) , climb the wall , head home ( see on the end ) ,", "Instant Replay : Action Fingers ask to see a girl use sign language to sign the word `` plane '' again .", "Shane 's Funny Expression : When David said , `` Are you thinking what I 'm thinking ? '' he ( Shane ) said , `` Yeah , are you thinking what we 're thinking , dancing tonight , you , me , Dave , and ten thousand monkeys ? ''", "Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Jumbo jets , donkeys , and tigers . ''", "Action Fingers : Two instances . First , Action Fingers crash - land on a paper airplane , search for Mary Annette inside , then refold it for its owner , Mrs. Foil . Second , they help to translate for a girl using sign language in the Word Room .", "Puppet : Puppet practices `` The Traditional Puppet Family Welcome Song . ''", "Schmuzzies : They first relay the message that Mary Annette is at the airport and needs to be picked up right away . ( Though Shane thinks they are telling him he has made an unfortunate choice of legwarmers and that Mary Annette is in Northern Lithuania . ) Later , they attempt to sing backup for Puppet , but start out being too far in front , and then too far in the back of the puppet stage .", "Souvenir : Binoculars", "Fido the Fly : He joins Mrs. Foil , Shane and David in the Big Band version of `` The Traditional Puppet Family Welcome Song . ''", "This is the only episode that does n't include the Rewind / Fast Forward , Upside Down / Right Side Up buttons . There is no vocabulary . The Voice is absent . No doors , no windows and no drawers .", "11 `` Beach '' 8 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ) 818", "Story : After losing the beach ball they were playing with , Shane and David search for the beach to find it . Wrong Turns : Underwater room , desert room , South Pole Opening activity : Horse - back riding . Main Buttons : Upside Down / Right Side Up , Follow the Leader , Ice Skating ( Shane and David in the Antarctica ) , Go home ( seen from the end ) , Bucking broncos , Photo Finish , Get off your high horse ( seen from the intro ) Instant Replay : Watch the boy put on a jacket . Vocabulary : Perplexed ( confused ) Fido the Fly : Fido spies the beach ball on the hedge and tries to tell the boys but they do n't turn in time to see it . Fido then flies away . Action Fingers : They rebuild Mrs. Foil 's sand castle after David and Shane destroy it . Schmuzzies : They see the beach ball rolling along the hedge outside the window , but David and Shane do not turn around in time . They yell , `` Schmeach schmall ! '' . Shane thinks that means his teeth are exploding , so David translates for him using a tiny Schmuzzish - English Dictionary . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Every afternoon at three , bring your own milk . Which reminds me , have you check the teacup ? Fiddle - dee - dee ! '' Souvenir : Beach balls", "Story : After losing the beach ball they were playing with , Shane and David search for the beach to find it . Wrong Turns : Underwater room , desert room , South Pole Opening activity : Horse - back riding . Main Buttons : Upside Down / Right Side Up , Follow the Leader , Ice Skating ( Shane and David in the Antarctica ) , Go home ( seen from the end ) , Bucking broncos , Photo Finish , Get off your high horse ( seen from the intro ) Instant Replay : Watch the boy put on a jacket . Vocabulary : Perplexed ( confused ) Fido the Fly : Fido spies the beach ball on the hedge and tries to tell the boys but they do n't turn in time to see it . Fido then flies away . Action Fingers : They rebuild Mrs. Foil 's sand castle after David and Shane destroy it . Schmuzzies : They see the beach ball rolling along the hedge outside the window , but David and Shane do not turn around in time . They yell , `` Schmeach schmall ! '' . Shane thinks that means his teeth are exploding , so David translates for him using a tiny Schmuzzish - English Dictionary . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Every afternoon at three , bring your own milk . Which reminds me , have you check the teacup ? Fiddle - dee - dee ! '' Souvenir : Beach balls", "Story : After losing the beach ball they were playing with , Shane and David search for the beach to find it .", "Wrong Turns : Underwater room , desert room , South Pole", "Opening activity : Horse - back riding .", "Main Buttons : Upside Down / Right Side Up , Follow the Leader , Ice Skating ( Shane and David in the Antarctica ) , Go home ( seen from the end ) , Bucking broncos , Photo Finish , Get off your high horse ( seen from the intro )", "Instant Replay : Watch the boy put on a jacket .", "Vocabulary : Perplexed ( confused )", "Fido the Fly : Fido spies the beach ball on the hedge and tries to tell the boys but they do n't turn in time to see it . Fido then flies away .", "Action Fingers : They rebuild Mrs. Foil 's sand castle after David and Shane destroy it .", "Schmuzzies : They see the beach ball rolling along the hedge outside the window , but David and Shane do not turn around in time . They yell , `` Schmeach schmall ! '' . Shane thinks that means his teeth are exploding , so David translates for him using a tiny Schmuzzish - English Dictionary .", "Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Every afternoon at three , bring your own milk . Which reminds me , have you check the teacup ? Fiddle - dee - dee ! ''", "Souvenir : Beach balls", "12 `` Ice Cream Truck '' 17 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) 822", "Story : Shane and David seek to discover the delicious , delectable , and delightful joys of the frozen treat known as ice cream . Wrong Turns : Frozen room , `` this way '' room , ice cream game show Opening activity : Weight lifting . Main Button : Heavy / Light , Frozen / Unfrozen , Zoom in / Zoom out ( seen in intro only ) Whoo ! , Run along home , Cheerleading Puppet : Visits the ice cream truck and appears with an ice cream cone . Fido the Fly : Is drinking a chocolate milkshake . Three other pets are mentioned : Evan the Pig , Helen the baby Hippo , and Georgio the Caterpillar . Instant Replay : To see the little girl named Matilda scooping ice cream . Skater Lady ( Mrs. Foil ) Funny Expression : `` Gotta go , penguin 's toes . '' Schmuzzies : The brothers find a tub of ice cream and attempt to scoop some out , but end up with Schmuzzies in their cones , as the Schmuzzies have finished the ice cream already . Shane seems a little nervous around them , and attempts to engage them in conversation . He misinterprets what they say , and must be assisted by David . Mrs. Foil is featured in all three wrong turn rooms , as well as the ice cream truck itself . There is no vocabulary , joking button and souvenir .", "Story : Shane and David seek to discover the delicious , delectable , and delightful joys of the frozen treat known as ice cream . Wrong Turns : Frozen room , `` this way '' room , ice cream game show Opening activity : Weight lifting . Main Button : Heavy / Light , Frozen / Unfrozen , Zoom in / Zoom out ( seen in intro only ) Whoo ! , Run along home , Cheerleading Puppet : Visits the ice cream truck and appears with an ice cream cone . Fido the Fly : Is drinking a chocolate milkshake . Three other pets are mentioned : Evan the Pig , Helen the baby Hippo , and Georgio the Caterpillar . Instant Replay : To see the little girl named Matilda scooping ice cream . Skater Lady ( Mrs. Foil ) Funny Expression : `` Gotta go , penguin 's toes . '' Schmuzzies : The brothers find a tub of ice cream and attempt to scoop some out , but end up with Schmuzzies in their cones , as the Schmuzzies have finished the ice cream already . Shane seems a little nervous around them , and attempts to engage them in conversation . He misinterprets what they say , and must be assisted by David . Mrs. Foil is featured in all three wrong turn rooms , as well as the ice cream truck itself . There is no vocabulary , joking button and souvenir .", "Story : Shane and David seek to discover the delicious , delectable , and delightful joys of the frozen treat known as ice cream .", "Wrong Turns : Frozen room , `` this way '' room , ice cream game show", "Opening activity : Weight lifting .", "Main Button : Heavy / Light , Frozen / Unfrozen , Zoom in / Zoom out ( seen in intro only ) Whoo ! , Run along home , Cheerleading", "Puppet : Visits the ice cream truck and appears with an ice cream cone .", "Fido the Fly : Is drinking a chocolate milkshake . Three other pets are mentioned : Evan the Pig , Helen the baby Hippo , and Georgio the Caterpillar .", "Instant Replay : To see the little girl named Matilda scooping ice cream .", "Skater Lady ( Mrs. Foil ) Funny Expression : `` Gotta go , penguin 's toes . ''", "Schmuzzies : The brothers find a tub of ice cream and attempt to scoop some out , but end up with Schmuzzies in their cones , as the Schmuzzies have finished the ice cream already . Shane seems a little nervous around them , and attempts to engage them in conversation . He misinterprets what they say , and must be assisted by David .", "Mrs. Foil is featured in all three wrong turn rooms , as well as the ice cream truck itself . There is no vocabulary , joking button and souvenir .", "13 `` Birthday Party '' 10 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) 820", "Story : Shane and David are invited to a surprise birthday party that turns out to be for them . Wrong Turns : No fun room , surprise room , opera room Opening activity : Sleeping on armchair . Main Button : Celebration / Stop - the - Celebration Instant Replay Girl was `` surprise '' again pointing to the `` sur '' , `` prise '' and `` surprise '' Schmuzzies : They attend the `` Schmirthday Schmarty , '' to which they travel via Mrs. Foil 's purse carrying presents . Puppet : First , Puppet is seen in a hurry to get to the party . A delivery Puppet arrives with an invitation to the boys and , in a gruff voice , says , `` Delivery for Shane and David and you . '' Later , Puppet is seen during the party and cleans up after it ends . Fido the Fly : Fido bouncing on a trampoline . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Toodle pip ! '' Souvenir : Birthday present Many of the children featured in other episodes attend the party , including the boy from the Sandwich Room in `` Picnic '' , the boy from the Museum of Finger Painting in `` Art Museum '' , the girl from the dance studio in `` Movie Theater , '' the girl in the wheelchair from the shape room in `` Camping '' , the boy at the South Pole in `` Beach '' , and one of the girls from the Marching Room in `` Marching Band '' . From this episode , the girl from the surprise room is present . David says `` Whatever you do , do n't press the _________ button . '' There is no vocabulary .", "Story : Shane and David are invited to a surprise birthday party that turns out to be for them . Wrong Turns : No fun room , surprise room , opera room Opening activity : Sleeping on armchair . Main Button : Celebration / Stop - the - Celebration Instant Replay Girl was `` surprise '' again pointing to the `` sur '' , `` prise '' and `` surprise '' Schmuzzies : They attend the `` Schmirthday Schmarty , '' to which they travel via Mrs. Foil 's purse carrying presents . Puppet : First , Puppet is seen in a hurry to get to the party . A delivery Puppet arrives with an invitation to the boys and , in a gruff voice , says , `` Delivery for Shane and David and you . '' Later , Puppet is seen during the party and cleans up after it ends . Fido the Fly : Fido bouncing on a trampoline . Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Toodle pip ! '' Souvenir : Birthday present", "Story : Shane and David are invited to a surprise birthday party that turns out to be for them .", "Wrong Turns : No fun room , surprise room , opera room", "Opening activity : Sleeping on armchair .", "Main Button : Celebration / Stop - the - Celebration", "Instant Replay Girl was `` surprise '' again pointing to the `` sur '' , `` prise '' and `` surprise ''", "Schmuzzies : They attend the `` Schmirthday Schmarty , '' to which they travel via Mrs. Foil 's purse carrying presents .", "Puppet : First , Puppet is seen in a hurry to get to the party . A delivery Puppet arrives with an invitation to the boys and , in a gruff voice , says , `` Delivery for Shane and David and you . '' Later , Puppet is seen during the party and cleans up after it ends .", "Fido the Fly : Fido bouncing on a trampoline .", "Mrs. Foil Funny Expression : `` Toodle pip ! ''", "Souvenir : Birthday present", "Many of the children featured in other episodes attend the party , including the boy from the Sandwich Room in `` Picnic '' , the boy from the Museum of Finger Painting in `` Art Museum '' , the girl from the dance studio in `` Movie Theater , '' the girl in the wheelchair from the shape room in `` Camping '' , the boy at the South Pole in `` Beach '' , and one of the girls from the Marching Room in `` Marching Band '' . From this episode , the girl from the surprise room is present . David says `` Whatever you do , do n't press the _________ button . '' There is no vocabulary ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Rob Gronkowski Gronkowski with the Patriots in 2017 No. 87 -- New England Patriots Position : Tight end Born : ( 1989 - 05 - 14 ) May 14 , 1989 ( age 28 ) Amherst , New York Height : 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Weight : 265 lb ( 120 kg ) Career information High school : Churchill ( PA ) Woodland Hills College : Arizona NFL Draft : 2010 / Round : 2 / Pick : 42 Career history New England Patriots ( 2010 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards 2 × Super Bowl champion ( XLIX , LI ) 4 × Pro Bowl ( 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) 4 × First - team All - Pro ( 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) NFL Comeback Player of the Year ( 2014 ) NFL receiving touchdowns leader ( 2011 ) Career NFL statistics as of Week 15 , 2017 Receptions : 469 Receiving yards : 7,112 Receiving touchdowns : 75 Player stats at NFL.com", "Gronkowski with the Patriots in 2017", "No. 87 -- New England Patriots", "Position : Tight end", "Born : ( 1989 - 05 - 14 ) May 14 , 1989 ( age 28 ) Amherst , New York", "Height : 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m )", "Weight : 265 lb ( 120 kg )", "Career information", "High school : Churchill ( PA ) Woodland Hills", "College : Arizona", "NFL Draft : 2010 / Round : 2 / Pick : 42", "Career history", "New England Patriots ( 2010 -- present )", "New England Patriots ( 2010 -- present )", "New England Patriots ( 2010 -- present )", "Roster status : Active", "Career highlights and awards", "2 × Super Bowl champion ( XLIX , LI ) 4 × Pro Bowl ( 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) 4 × First - team All - Pro ( 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) NFL Comeback Player of the Year ( 2014 ) NFL receiving touchdowns leader ( 2011 )", "2 × Super Bowl champion ( XLIX , LI ) 4 × Pro Bowl ( 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) 4 × First - team All - Pro ( 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) NFL Comeback Player of the Year ( 2014 ) NFL receiving touchdowns leader ( 2011 )", "2 × Super Bowl champion ( XLIX , LI )", "4 × Pro Bowl ( 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 )", "4 × First - team All - Pro ( 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 )", "NFL Comeback Player of the Year ( 2014 )", "NFL receiving touchdowns leader ( 2011 )", "Career NFL statistics as of Week 15 , 2017", "Receptions : 469 Receiving yards : 7,112 Receiving touchdowns : 75 Player stats at NFL.com", "Receptions : 469 Receiving yards : 7,112 Receiving touchdowns : 75 Player stats at NFL.com", "Receptions : 469", "Receiving yards : 7,112", "Receiving touchdowns : 75", "Player stats at NFL.com", "Robert Gronkowski ( born May 14 , 1989 ) is an American football tight end for the New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Arizona , winning several awards , including being named a Sporting News and Rivals.com freshman All - American .", "The Patriots drafted Gronkowski with the 42nd pick in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft . In 2011 , Gronkowski set the single - season record for touchdowns by a tight end with 17 receiving touchdowns ( and 18 overall ) , as well as the single - season record for receiving yards by a tight end , with 1,327 . That season , he became the first tight end in NFL history to lead the league in receiving touchdowns . In his first six seasons , he had 68 receiving touchdowns ; only two tight ends in NFL history have had more in their entire careers . He has achieved four Pro Bowl selections and four All - Pro selections , and was a starter in the Patriots ' Super Bowl XLIX victory .", "Robert Paxton Gronkowski was born in Amherst , New York on May 14 , 1989 and raised in Williamsville , New York . He attended Williamsville North High School for three years . Gronkowski played football , as a tight end , and basketball , as a center , for the Spartans athletic teams . As a junior playing football , he recorded 36 receptions for 648 yards and seven touchdowns on offense , and 73 tackles and six sacks on defense . He was named an All - Western New York first - team and All - State second - team player .", "In 2006 , Gronkowski moved to suburban Pittsburgh , where he attended Woodland Hills High School in Churchill as a senior . Initially ruled ineligible by the Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League , he recorded eight receptions for 152 yards and four touchdowns at Woodland Hills , after the ruling of ineligibility was overturned . He was named a SuperPrep All - American , PrepStar All - American , Associated Press Class 4 - A all - state , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette `` Fabulous 22 '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette first - team all - conference , The Patriot - News ( Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ) `` Platinum 33 '' , and a Pittsburgh Tribune - Review `` Terrific 25 '' player . He was recruited by Kentucky , Arizona , Clemson , Louisville , Maryland , Ohio State , and Syracuse .", "After graduating high school , Gronkowski attended the University of Arizona and played for the Arizona Wildcats football team from 2007 to 2009 . As a freshman in 2007 , he recorded 28 receptions for 525 yards and six touchdowns . His 18.8 yards per reception average was the best on the team and his receiving yards were a school record for a tight end . He was named The Sporting News freshman All - American , Rivals.com freshman All - American , The Sporting News freshman Pac - 10 , and All - Pac - 10 honorable mention player .", "Gronkowski missed the first three games of the 2008 season , but later recorded 47 receptions for 672 yards and a team - best ten touchdowns . Five of his touchdowns were scored in his first two games . He twice was named the John Mackey National Tight End of the Week , including his performance in a failed comeback bid against Oregon , when he caught 12 passes for 143 yards . He set the school records for a tight end for single - game , single - season , and career receptions , yards , and touchdowns . Gronkowski was named an Associated Press third - team All - American and All - Pac - 10 first - team tight end .", "Prior to the 2009 season , Gronkowski was placed on the watchlist for the Lombardi Award , which is awarded to the most outstanding college football lineman or linebacker . He missed his junior season in 2009 due to back surgery , which caused his draft stock to fall .", "Receiving Year Team GP Rec Yards TDs 2007 Arizona 12 28 525 6 2008 Arizona 10 47 672 10 College Totals 22 75 1,197 16", "Receiving", "Year Team GP Rec Yards TDs", "2007 Arizona 12 28 525 6", "2008 Arizona 10 47 672 10", "College Totals 22 75 1,197 16", "Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad BP 6 ft 6 ⁄ in ( 1.99 m ) 259 lb ( 117 kg ) 34 ⁄ in ( 0.87 m ) 10 ⁄ in ( 0.27 m ) 4.68 s 1.58 s 2.68 s 4.47 s 7.18 s 35 in ( 0.89 m ) 9 ft 11 in ( 3.02 m ) 23 reps All values from Arizona Pro Day , except measurements and BP ( from the NFL Combine ) . Did not participate in most combine events due to a back injury .", "Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad BP", "6 ft 6 ⁄ in ( 1.99 m ) 259 lb ( 117 kg ) 34 ⁄ in ( 0.87 m ) 10 ⁄ in ( 0.27 m ) 4.68 s 1.58 s 2.68 s 4.47 s 7.18 s 35 in ( 0.89 m ) 9 ft 11 in ( 3.02 m ) 23 reps", "All values from Arizona Pro Day , except measurements and BP ( from the NFL Combine ) . Did not participate in most combine events due to a back injury .", "Gronkowski was drafted by the New England Patriots in the second round ( 42nd overall ) of the 2010 NFL Draft , after a draft day trade with the Oakland Raiders ; in pre-draft evaluations revealed in May 2016 , Raiders scouts had rated Gronkowski as the `` best all - around player in the draft . '' He signed a four - year contract on July 25 , 2010 . The deal was worth $4.4 million , with a $1.76 million signing bonus .", "During the preseason , Gronkowski was one of three NFL players to score four touchdowns , tying Victor Cruz , a rookie wide receiver for the New York Giants , and Anthony Dixon , a running back for the San Francisco 49ers . In the Week 1 game against Cincinnati , Gronkowski caught his first regular season touchdown in the fourth quarter on a one - yard pass from Tom Brady .", "In a Week 10 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers , Gronkowski caught three touchdown passes from Brady , becoming the first rookie in Patriots history , and the youngest rookie in NFL history to accomplish the feat . ( In honor of the feat , Madden NFL 12 has a `` Rob Gronkowski Award '' for players who have a tight end catch three or more touchdowns in a single game . )", "Visiting his home city of Buffalo in Week 16 , Gronkowski caught two touchdowns against the Buffalo Bills , and added a touchdown in the season finale to give him 10 on the season ; in 16 games played ( 11 starts ) , Gronkowski caught 42 passes for 546 yards . Despite missing his entire 2009 college season following back surgery , Gronkowski did not miss a single game or practice all season ; he was the first rookie tight end since the NFL - AFL merger to score 10 touchdowns .", "Gronkowski was nominated three times for Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week , in Weeks 10 , 14 , and 17 , winning twice and losing in Week 10 to Tim Tebow . Gronkowski also finished fifth in fan balloting at tight end for the 2011 Pro Bowl , and fourth overall among rookies . Gronkowski also received one writer 's vote for the Associated Press 2010 All - Pro Team ( writers only vote for one tight end ) .", "Gronkowski caught his first touchdown of the 2011 season on a 10 - yard pass from Tom Brady in the Patriots ' Week 1 victory over the Miami Dolphins ; Gronkowski 's 6 catches accounted for 86 of Brady 's franchise record 517 yards . In Week 11 , Gronkowski caught two touchdown passes , including a career - long 52 - yard catch and run , to equal his 2010 TD total in just ten games ; he passed his reception and yardage totals from 2010 in only eight games .", "Through Week 11 , Gronkowski led all tight ends with 10 touchdowns ; his 20 touchdowns were the most ever for a tight end in his first two seasons . His reception and receiving yardage totals both ranked second among tight ends ( after Jimmy Graham of the New Orleans Saints ) , and in the top ten among all receivers , though they only ranked second on the Patriots , behind wide receiver Wes Welker .", "Gronkowski broke the NFL record for touchdowns scored in a single season by a tight end when he had the second three - TD game of his career in the Patriots ' Week 13 victory against the Indianapolis Colts . After scoring two TDs on receptions from Tom Brady , Gronkowski scored a third touchdown from 2 yards out . Initially declared a forward pass , the pass was later ruled a lateral pass , which is recorded as a rushing attempt ; it was the first rushing attempt of Gronkowski 's career , and his first rushing touchdown . It was also the first rushing touchdown by a tight end since Bo Scaife did it in 2006 , and the first in Patriots history . At game 's end , Gronkowski had sole possession of the touchdown scoring record , with 14 , and shared the record for receiving touchdowns , 13 , with Antonio Gates and Vernon Davis .", "Gronkowski took sole possession of the TE receiving record a week later against the Washington Redskins , in which he caught his 14th and 15th touchdown passes of the season ; in total , he had six receptions for a career - high 160 yards . His performance also earned him his first AFC Offensive Player of the Week award , and , for the second week in a row , NFL. com 's `` Hardest Working Man '' award . He ended the season with 1,327 receiving yards , breaking the previous NFL record for a tight end of 1,310 set by Jimmy Graham of the Saints earlier that same day . He also finished with 18 total touchdowns , 17 receiving -- both NFL records for tight ends . Gronkowski 's 18 touchdowns were the second - highest total in the NFL ( after Philadelphia 's LeSean McCoy , who had 20 ) , and equaled the output of the entire St. Louis Rams team . His 17 receiving touchdowns were the most of any NFL player in 2011 , marking the first time in NFL history a tight end had sole possession of the league lead .", "Gronkowski was voted the starting tight end for the AFC at the 2012 Pro Bowl . One of eight Patriots players voted to the Pro Bowl , he finished fan voting with 936,886 votes , more than triple the number received by the number two tight end , Gronkowski 's teammate Aaron Hernandez , and the third - highest total of any AFC player , behind teammates Tom Brady and Wes Welker . He was also voted the tight end for the AP All - Pro first team , receiving 441⁄2 of the 50 votes ( 44 voters voted for Gronkowski ; 5 voters voted for Jimmy Graham , and one voter split a vote between the two ) .", "In the Patriots ' first playoff game , a 45 -- 10 rout of the Denver Broncos in the Divisional round , Gronkowski tied an NFL post-season record , catching three touchdown passes as part of a 10 - catch , 145 - yard effort . Gronkowski alone had more catches than the entire Broncos offense , as quarterback Tim Tebow completed just 9 of 26 passes . For the second playoff game , a 23 -- 20 win over the Baltimore Ravens , Gronkowski suffered a high ankle sprain on a tackle by Ravens safety Bernard Pollard ; the status of his ankle was one of the major story lines in the run - up to Super Bowl XLVI . But , Gronkowski still managed to finish with 5 receptions for 87 yards . In Super Bowl XLVI , the Patriots decided to start Gronkowski , but he was n't a large factor in the game . With only a few seconds left in the Super Bowl XLVI , Gronkowski had a chance on Tom Brady 's Hail Mary as time expired , but his dive for the ball came up short . Gronkowski finished the game with 2 receptions for 26 yards , which was his lowest output since early October . The Patriots lost the Super Bowl to the New York Giants , 21 -- 17 . A few days after the Super Bowl , Gronkowski had an MRI of his injured ankle that revealed strained ligaments and required surgery to repair .", "On June 8 , 2012 , Gronkowski signed a six - year , $54 million contract extension , the largest ever for an NFL tight end . The contract included an $8 million signing bonus , but otherwise left the 2012 and 2013 seasons of his rookie contract intact . Gronkowski broke his left forearm late in the fourth quarter during an extra point in the Patriots ' 59 - 24 victory in Week 11 over the Indianapolis Colts . Before doing so , however , he became the third tight end in NFL history ( after Tony Gonzalez and Antonio Gates ) to achieve three seasons with at least 10 touchdown receptions , and the first ever to do it in consecutive seasons . Gronkowski returned to practice in Week 15 , and participated in the Week 17 game against the Miami Dolphins , scoring a touchdown . He re-injured his left arm in the first quarter of the Patriots ' first playoff game , against the Houston Texans . He required another operation , and missed the remainder of the playoff . In 11 games in the 2012 season , Gronkowski had 790 receiving yards and 11 touchdowns .", "In February 2013 , Gronkowski was diagnosed with an infection in his forearm . He underwent an open procedure -- the third on his forearm -- in an effort to clear the infection ; he was subsequently placed on a course of antibiotics . On May 20 , 2013 , Gronkowski underwent a fourth surgery on his forearm to replace the hardware implanted in the second procedure and perform tissue biopsies . ESPN 's Adam Schefter reported that doctors were encouraged the infection had finally resolved . On June 18 , 2013 , Gronkowski underwent back surgery . He was cleared to play for the October 20 , 2013 , game against the New York Jets . During a game against the Cleveland Browns on December 8 , 2013 , Gronkowski suffered a right knee injury after a direct hit from safety T.J. Ward . Gronkowski tore his ACL and MCL , which prematurely ended his 2013 season . In 7 games ( 6 starts ) , Gronkowski produced 592 receiving yards and 4 touchdowns .", "In his first game back from ACL / MCL surgery , Gronkowski managed to catch four passes for 40 yards and a touchdown against the Miami Dolphins in a losing effort , 33 -- 20 . He played on limited snaps as the Patriots worked him back to full strength slowly . Against the Minnesota Vikings in Week 2 , Gronkowski logged another 4 receptions for 32 yards in a 30 -- 7 win . Against the Raiders in Week 3 , Gronkowski caught 3 balls for 44 yards and his second touchdown of the season , and the only touchdown scored in the Patriots ' 16 -- 9 victory . Through Week 3 , Gronkowski logged 1 start , 11 receptions , 116 receiving yards , and 2 touchdowns on only 109 offensive snaps ( 42 % of the team 's offensive total ) . Gronkowski broke out in Week 8 against the Bears , catching 9 passes for 149 yards and 3 touchdowns . In week 14 against the San Diego Chargers , Gronkowski became the first tight end in NFL history to catch at least 10 touchdowns in four separate seasons . Gronkowski was a major factor in the Patriots ' 28 - 24 Super Bowl XLIX win over the Seattle Seahawks , recording 6 catches for 68 yards and a touchdown late in the second quarter . Gronkowski was fined twice this season , once for `` unnecessary roughness '' against Indianapolis Colts safety Sergio Brown , and the other time occurring during Super Bowl XLIX . Gronkowski , among three others , was fined $8,628 for `` striking an opponent . ''", "Gronkowski was named to his third Pro Bowl and was the unanimous choice for tight end on the 2014 All - Pro Team , receiving all 50 votes . At the 2015 ESPY Awards , Gronkowski won the Comeback of the Year award for his 2014 season .", "During the Patriots ' home opener on Thursday Night Football against the Pittsburgh Steelers on September 10 , 2015 , Gronkowski caught five passes for 94 yards , scoring three of the Patriots ' four touchdowns in their 28 -- 21 victory . The three - touchdown performance was the third in Gronkowski 's career , one shy of wide receiver Randy Moss 's team record of four . It also made Gronkowski the first player in NFL history with multiple three - touchdown - reception games against the Steelers . Through the Patriots ' first six games , all victories , Gronkowski recorded 34 receptions for 533 yards and six touchdowns . He added 113 yards and a touchdown on October 29 in a 36 -- 7 win over the Miami Dolphins . In the Patriots ' first loss of the season , on November 29 , 2015 , against the Denver Broncos , Gronkowski had to be carted off the field after a right knee injury in the fourth quarter . Initial reports said that the injury appeared to be less serious than it originally looked .", "After missing a week , Gronkowski returned for the Patriots ' December 13 game against the Houston Texans . He caught four passes for 87 yards and a touchdown , for a total of 10 touchdowns and 1,018 yards on the season . The Patriots won , 27 -- 6 , to snap a two - game losing streak .", "On December 20 , Gronkowski caught five passes for 54 yards and one touchdown in a 33 -- 16 win over the Tennessee Titans . He dedicated the touchdown to his friend Dana Parenteau , who had died at the age of 43 two days earlier .", "In the Patriots ' 27 -- 20 win over the Kansas City Chiefs in the AFC Divisional Round , Gronkowski caught seven passes for 83 yards and two touchdowns . In the AFC Championship , a 20 -- 18 loss to the Denver Broncos , Gronkowski led all receivers with 8 catches for 144 yards and a touchdown . Gronkowski had the Patriots ' final touchdown to put the Patriots within two points , but the resulting two - point conversion was unsuccessful .", "Gronkowski was selected to the Pro Bowl and to the AP All - Pro first team for the fourth time in his career ; he led all non-quarterbacks in fan voting for the Pro Bowl , and received 48 of 50 All - Pro votes at tight end . He was ranked as the ninth best player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 .", "Gronkowski missed the first two games of the 2016 season due to a hamstring injury and was limited in his next two games . Against the Buffalo Bills in Week 8 , Gronkowski scored the 69th regular - season touchdown of his career , which was also his 68th receiving touchdown . The touchdown broke both Patriots franchise records set by Stanley Morgan . In Week 10 against the Seattle Seahawks , he took a big hit to the chest by Earl Thomas which was initially thought to be a punctured lung but turned out to be a pulmonary contusion , keeping him out in Week 11 . In Week 12 against the New York Jets , he suffered a back injury , which needed surgery to repair a herniated disk , and was out for the season . He was officially placed on injured reserve on December 3 , 2016 after having surgery the previous day . He finished the season with 25 receptions on 38 targets for 540 yards and three touchdowns . His 21.6 yards per reception ranked first among NFL tight ends in 2016 . Gronkowski was on injured reserve when the Patriots won Super Bowl LI on February 5 , 2017 . In the game , the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34 -- 28 , earning Gronkowski his second Super Bowl championship . Despite missing eight games , Gronkowski was still ranked 23rd by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 .", "Gronkowski began the 2017 season healthy after missing much of the previous season on the injured reserve list . Gronkowski injured his groin during a Week 2 victory over the New Orleans Saints , leaving the game early , but the injury did not result in missing any further games . Before the injury , he had recorded six receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown . By the end of Week 4 , he was occupying his familiar role as the team leader in receptions and receiving yardage , but a thigh contusion suffered in practice prior to the Thursday Night Football game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 5 caused him to miss that game entirely .", "During Week 13 against the Buffalo Bills , Gronkowski had 9 receptions for 147 receiving yards as the Patriots won 23 -- 3 . However , after Bills rookie cornerback Tre'Davious White intercepted a pass intended for Gronkowski during the fourth quarter , he responded by body slamming White , drawing a personal foul penalty and giving White a concussion . Gronkowski was upset , claiming that White should have been flagged for a pass interference penalty . On December 4 , the day after the game , Gronkowski was suspended for one game for his hit on White . The next day , December 5 , the NFL denied Gronkowski 's appeal of the one - game suspension . With Gronkowski suspended for the Miami Dolphins game , the Patriots lost 20 - 27 . The following week in Week 15 against the Steelers , Gronkowski caught nine passes for a career - high 168 yards in a 27 - 24 win in Pittsburgh . This marked the 26th game in Gronkowski 's eight - year career that he 's totaled 100 yards receiving , as the only tight end with more 100 - yard games in a career is Tony Gonzalez with 31 . He also eclipsed the 1,000 - yard mark on the season , his fourth in his career , joining Gonzalez and Jason Witten as the only NFL tight ends with four 1,000 - yard seasons .", "Receiving Rushing Fumbles Record Year Team GS Rec Yds Avg Lng TD Att Yds Avg Lng TD Fum Lost W -- L NE 16 11 42 546 13.0 28 10 0 0 -- -- 0 10 - 1 2011 NE 16 16 90 1,327 14.7 52T 17 2.0 2T 0 0 13 - 3 2012 NE 11 11 55 790 14.4 41 11 0 0 -- -- 0 8 - 3 2013 NE 7 6 39 592 15.2 50 0 0 -- -- 0 0 0 4 - 2 2014 NE 15 10 82 1,124 13.7 46T 12 0 0 -- -- 0 0 0 8 - 2 2015 NE 15 15 72 1,176 16.3 76T 11 0 0 -- -- 0 0 0 12 - 3 2016 NE 8 6 25 540 21.6 53 0 0 -- -- 0 0 0 5 - 1 2017 NE 12 12 64 1,017 15.9 53T 7 0 0 -- -- 0 0 10 - 2 Career 100 87 469 7,112 15.2 76 75 2.0 70 - 17", "Receiving Rushing Fumbles Record", "Year Team GS Rec Yds Avg Lng TD Att Yds Avg Lng TD Fum Lost W -- L", "NE 16 11 42 546 13.0 28 10 0 0 -- -- 0 10 - 1", "2011 NE 16 16 90 1,327 14.7 52T 17 2.0 2T 0 0 13 - 3", "2012 NE 11 11 55 790 14.4 41 11 0 0 -- -- 0 8 - 3", "2013 NE 7 6 39 592 15.2 50 0 0 -- -- 0 0 0 4 - 2", "2014 NE 15 10 82 1,124 13.7 46T 12 0 0 -- -- 0 0 0 8 - 2", "2015 NE 15 15 72 1,176 16.3 76T 11 0 0 -- -- 0 0 0 12 - 3", "2016 NE 8 6 25 540 21.6 53 0 0 -- -- 0 0 0 5 - 1", "2017 NE 12 12 64 1,017 15.9 53T 7 0 0 -- -- 0 0 10 - 2", "Career 100 87 469 7,112 15.2 76 75 2.0 70 - 17", "Career statistics accurate as of week 15 of the 2017 season . Bold indicates career high ,", "Youngest player with 3 touchdown receptions in a game : 21 years , 214 days ( 2010 , vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ) Youngest player with 3 touchdown receptions in a game , playoffs : 22 years , 275 days ( 2011 playoffs , vs. Denver Broncos ) Most touchdown receptions by a tight end , season : 17 ( 2011 ) Most touchdowns by a tight end , season : 18 ( 2011 ) First tight end to lead the league in receiving touchdowns ( 2011 ) Most receiving yards by a tight end , season : 1,327 ( 2011 ) Most offensive touchdowns in first two seasons : 28 ( Tied with Randy Moss ) Seasons with 10 + touchdowns by a tight end : 5 ( 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 ) Consecutive seasons with 10 + touchdowns by a tight end : 3 ( 2010 -- 12 ) First tight end to have 3 seasons with 10 + touchdowns and 1,000 + receiving yards ( 2011 , 2014 -- 15 ) Most career postseason receiving touchdowns by a tight end : 9 Most seasons of 1000 + yards receiving by a tight end : 4 ( tied with Tony Gonzalez and Jason Witten", "Youngest player with 3 touchdown receptions in a game : 21 years , 214 days ( 2010 , vs. Pittsburgh Steelers )", "Youngest player with 3 touchdown receptions in a game , playoffs : 22 years , 275 days ( 2011 playoffs , vs. Denver Broncos )", "Most touchdown receptions by a tight end , season : 17 ( 2011 )", "Most touchdowns by a tight end , season : 18 ( 2011 )", "First tight end to lead the league in receiving touchdowns ( 2011 )", "Most receiving yards by a tight end , season : 1,327 ( 2011 )", "Most offensive touchdowns in first two seasons : 28 ( Tied with Randy Moss )", "Seasons with 10 + touchdowns by a tight end : 5 ( 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 )", "Consecutive seasons with 10 + touchdowns by a tight end : 3 ( 2010 -- 12 )", "First tight end to have 3 seasons with 10 + touchdowns and 1,000 + receiving yards ( 2011 , 2014 -- 15 )", "Most career postseason receiving touchdowns by a tight end : 9", "Most seasons of 1000 + yards receiving by a tight end : 4 ( tied with Tony Gonzalez and Jason Witten", "Most games with 100 + receiving yards by a tight end : 25 Highest receiving yards per game average for a tight end ( season ) : 82.9 ( 2011 ) Youngest Patriot with 3 touchdown receptions in a game : 21 years , 214 days ( 2010 , vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ) Youngest Patriot with 3 touchdown receptions in a game , playoffs : 22 years , 275 days ( 2011 playoffs , vs. Denver Broncos ) Most career touchdown receptions : 75", "Most games with 100 + receiving yards by a tight end : 25", "Highest receiving yards per game average for a tight end ( season ) : 82.9 ( 2011 )", "Youngest Patriot with 3 touchdown receptions in a game : 21 years , 214 days ( 2010 , vs. Pittsburgh Steelers )", "Youngest Patriot with 3 touchdown receptions in a game , playoffs : 22 years , 275 days ( 2011 playoffs , vs. Denver Broncos )", "Most career touchdown receptions : 75", "In March 2012 , Gronkowski signed a two - year deal with Dunkin ' Donuts to endorse their products and appear in radio and television spots .", "In August 2012 , Gronkowski became an investor and sponsor of the premium sports drink , Bodyarmor SuperDrink .", "In September 2012 , PLB Sports produced a frosted corn flakes cereal named Gronk Flakes that was sold in New England at Stop & Shop supermarkets . Gronk Flakes are made by the same company that produced Flutie Flakes . A portion of proceeds will benefit the Gronk Nation Youth Foundation .", "In January 2015 , Gronkowski teamed up with opendorse to promote a Zynga mobile application called `` NFL Showdown : Football Manager '' .", "In his book , It 's Good to be Gronk ! , Gronkowski has written that he has n't spent any of his money he has earned through his NFL contracts and strictly lives off the earnings from his endorsement deals and appearance fees . His salary over the first five years was over $10.0 million .", "In April 2016 , Gronkowski launched with Monster Energy a signature `` Gronk '' beverage that will be distributed by Coca - Cola .", "In May 2016 , EA Sports announced that Gronkowski , who finished second to New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in fan voting for the cover of its Madden NFL 16 , would be the cover athlete for Madden NFL 17 ; no vote was held .", "Gronkowski is the second youngest of five brothers , all of whom played collegiate sports . The eldest , Gordie Jr. , played baseball at Jacksonville University , and played several years of affiliated and independent league baseball , last appearing professionally for the Southern Illinois Miners of the Frontier League in 2011 . Dan played as a tight end at Maryland and was selected in the 2009 NFL Draft , he played for five years in the NFL . Chris played football for two years at the University of Maryland before transferring to Arizona and playing for four seasons in the NFL . The youngest brother , Glenn , was also a fullback for the Patriots . Rob also played hockey until he was 14 ; then he started playing basketball .", "Gronkowski is known for his fun - loving personality , with Patriots quarterback Tom Brady being quoted as saying `` Gronk is a one of a kind person , player and friend . He is one of the most positive people I have ever been around and he loves to have fun . What you see is what you get and whether he is dancing , singing , laughing , or spiking , he is true to himself . '' Gronkowski said that partying improves his playing abilities , noting , `` You go out and get refreshed , and it just makes you want to go back out on that practice field and keep going hard . ''", "Gronkowski appeared as fictionalized versions of himself in the 2015 film Entourage and a 2017 episode of the 15th season of Family Guy , and has a role in the 2017 American crime - drama thriller film American Violence . Gronkowski made an appearance at WWE 's WrestleMania 33 , jumping the barricade and helping real - life friend Mojo Rawley win the Andre The Giant Memorial Battle Royal .", "He is of Polish origin , among with some English and some German origin . < ref > ( 1 )" ]

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[ "It has been suggested that Global issue be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2017 .", "It has been suggested that Global issue be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2017 .", "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in Sociology . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Sociology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2013 ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2015 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in Sociology . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Sociology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2013 ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2015 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs attention from an expert in Sociology . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Sociology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2013 )", "This article needs attention from an expert in Sociology . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Sociology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2013 )", "This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2015 )", "This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2015 )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "A social issue is a problem that influences a considerable number of the individuals within a society . It is often the consequence of factors extending beyond an individual 's control , and is the source of a conflicting opinion on the grounds of what is perceived as a morally just personal life or societal order . Social issues are distinguished from economic issues ; however , some issues ( such as immigration ) have both social and economic aspects . There are also issues that do n't fall into either category , such as warfare .", "There can be disagreements about what social issues are worth solving , or which should take precedence . Different individuals and different societies have different perceptions .", "In Rights of Man and Common Sense , Thomas Paine addresses individual 's duty to `` allow the same rights to others as we allow ourselves '' . The failure to do so caused the birth of a social issue .", "There are a variety of methods people use to combat social issues . Some people vote for leaders in a democracy to advance their ideals . Outside the political process , people donate or share their time , money , energy , or other resources . This often takes the form of volunteering . Nonprofit organizations are often formed for the sole purpose of solving a social issue . Community organizing involves gathering people together for a common purpose .", "A distinct but related meaning of the term `` social issue '' ( used particularly in the United States ) refers to topics of national political interest , over which the public is deeply divided and which are the subject of intense partisan advocacy , debate , and voting . Examples include same - sex marriage and abortion . In this case `` social issue '' does not necessarily refer to an ill to be solved , but rather to a topic to be discussed .", "Personal issues are those that individuals deal with themselves and within a small range of their peers and relationships . On the other hand , social issues involve values cherished by widespread society . For example , a high unemployment rate that affects millions of people is a social issue .", "The line between a personal issue and a public issue may be subjective and depends on how groups are defined . However , when a large enough sector of society is affected by an issue , it becomes a social issue . Returning to the unemployment issue , while one person losing their job is a personal and not a social issue , firing 13 million people is likely to generate a variety of social issues .", "A valence issue is a social problem that people uniformly interpret the same way . These types of issues generally generate a widespread consensus and provoke little resistance from the public . An example of a valence issue would be child abuse , which is condemned across several societies to a large enough degree that some social scientists might speak of them as though they are universal , for the sake of illustration .", "By contrast , a position issue is a social problem in which the popular opinion among society is divided . Different people may hold different and strongly - held views , which are not easily changed . An example of a position issue is abortion , which has not generated a widespread consensus from the public , in some countries .", "Here are some generic types of social issues , along with examples of each .", "Unemployment rates vary by region , gender , educational attainment , and ethnic group .", "In most countries ( including the developed countries ) , many people are poor and depend on welfare . In 2007 in Germany , one in six children depended on welfare . That is up from only one in seventy - five in 1965 .", "So - called `` problem neighbourhoods '' exist in many countries . These neighbourhoods tend to have a high drop - out rate from secondary school , and children growing up in these neighbourhoods have a low probability of going to college compared to children who grow up in other neighbourhoods . Abuse of alcohol and drugs is common in these neighbourhoods . Often these neighbourhoods were founded out of best intentions .", "Widespread health conditions ( often characterized as epidemics or pandemics ) are of concern to society as a whole . They can harm quality of life and the ability of people to contribute to society and to work , and most problematically result in death .", "Infectious diseases are often public health concerns because they can spread quickly and easily , affecting large numbers of members . The World Health Organization has an acute interest in combatting infectious disease outbreaks by minimizing their geographic and numerical spread and treating the affected . Other conditions for which there is not yet a cure or even effective treatment , such as dementia , can be viewed as public health concerns in the long run .", "Throughout the life course , there are social problems associated with different ages . One such social problem is age discrimination . An example of age discrimination is when a particular person is not allowed to do something or is treated differently based on age .", "Social inequality is `` the state or quality of being unequal '' . Inequality is the root of a number of social problems that occur when things such as gender , disability , race , and age may affect the way a person is treated . A past example of inequality as a social problem is slavery in the United States . Africans brought to America were often enslaved and mistreated , and did not share the same rights as the white population of America ( for example , they were not allowed to vote ) .", "A number of civil rights movements have attempted to , and often succeeded at , advancing equality and extending rights to previously marginalized groups . These include the women 's rights movement ( beginning around the 1920s ) , the civil rights movement in the United States for African - American equality ( beginning around the 1950s ) and the LGBT rights movement ( beginning around the 1960s ) .", "Education is arguably the most important factor in a person 's success in society . As a result , social problems can be raised by the unequal distribution of funding between public schools , such as that seen in the United States . The weak organizational policy in the place and the lack of communication between public schools and the federal government has begun to have major effects on the future generation . Public schools that do not receive high standardized test scores are not being funded sufficiently to actually reach the maximum level of education their students should be receiving .", "Social problems in the workplace include occupational stress , theft , sexual harassment , wage inequality , gender inequality , racial inequality , health care disparities , and many more .", "Environmental racism exists when a particular place or town is subject to problematic environmental practices due to the racial and class components of that space . In general , the place or town is representative of lower income and minority groups . Often , there is more pollution , factories , dumping , etc. that produce environmental hazards and health risks which are not seen in more affluent cities .", "The abortion debate is the ongoing controversy surrounding the moral , legal , and religious status of induced abortion . The sides involved in the debate are the self - described `` pro-choice '' movement and the `` pro-life '' movement . `` Pro-choice '' emphasizes the right of women to decide whether to terminate a pregnancy . `` Pro-life '' movement emphasizes the right of the embryo or fetus to gestate to term and be born . Both terms are considered loaded in mainstream media , where terms such as `` abortion rights '' or `` anti-abortion '' are generally preferred . Each movement has , with varying results , sought to influence public opinion and to attain legal support for its position , with small numbers of anti-abortion advocates sometimes using violence .", "For many people , abortion is essentially a moral issue , concerning the commencement of human personhood , the rights of the fetus , and a woman 's rights over her own body . The debate has become a political and legal issue in some countries with anti-abortion campaigners seeking to enact , maintain and expand anti-abortion laws , while abortion rights campaigners seeking the repeal or easing of such laws while expanding access to abortion . Abortion laws vary considerably between jurisdictions , ranging from outright prohibition of the procedure to public funding of abortion . Availability of safe abortion also varies across the world .", "A number of social issues have taken prominence in the history of the United States . Many have waxed or waned over time as conditions and values have changed . The term `` social issue '' has a broad meaning in the United States , as it refers not only to ills to be solved but to any topic of widespread debate , involving deeply - held values and beliefs .", "The Library of Congress has established an index of social causes in the United States . Examples include : academic cheating , church - state separation , hacking , evolution education , gangs , hate speech , suicide , urban sprawl , and unions .", "Social issues take a particularly high - profile when a new president is elected . Elections are often impacted by several social issues , and many social issues would be discussed during the debate , such as Abortion rights , LGBT rights and gun control issues .", "In the United States , the federal prison system has been unable to keep up with the steady increase of inmates over the past few years , causing major overcrowding . In the year 2012 , the overcrowding level was 41 percent above `` rated capacity '' and was the highest level since 2004 .", "The federal prison not only has overcrowding , but also has been the center of controversy in the U.S regarding the conditions in which the prisoners are treated .", "Hate crimes are a social problem in the United States because they directly marginalize and target specific groups of people or specific communities based on their identities . Hate crimes can be committed as the result of hate - motivated behavior , prejudice , and intolerance due to sexual orientation , gender expression , biological sex , ethnicity , race , religion , disability , or any other identity . Hate crimes are a growing issue especially in school settings because of the young populations that exist . The majority of victims and perpetrators are teenagers and young adults , the population that exists within educational institutions . Hate crimes can result in physical or sexual assaults or harassment , verbal harassment , robbery , or even in death .", "The food industry has been criticized for promoting childhood obesity and ill - health by specifically targeting the child demographic in the marketing of unhealthy food products . The food products marketed often are deemed unhealthy due to their high calorie , high fat , and high sugar contents .", "Some common methods of junk food advertising include :", "Television commercial campaigns that feature celebrities Print media campaigns Billboard campaigns Event sponsorship ( sporting events and others ) Product placement in films and television programs Various forms of branding , including clothing Direction signs and posters , telling people how far a fast food restaurant is", "Television commercial campaigns that feature celebrities", "Print media campaigns", "Event sponsorship ( sporting events and others )", "Product placement in films and television programs", "Various forms of branding , including clothing", "Direction signs and posters , telling people how far a fast food restaurant is", "In 2005 , the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies ( IOM ) released a report requested by Congress that evaluated the influence and nature of food and beverage marketing practices on American children and adolescents . `` The report concluded that food and beverage marketing influences the diets and health of children and adolescents ; current marketing practices create an environment that puts young people 's health at risk ; companies and marketers have underutilized their resources and creativity to market a healthful diet ; industry leadership and sustained , multisectoral , and integrated efforts are required ; and that current public policy institutions lacked the authority to address emerging marketing practices that influence young people 's diets . ''", "According to Christian and the PHA website , the obesity epidemic in children and adolescents in the U.S. reflects changes in society : The article suggests unhealthy eating choices are due to an increase of sedentary activity ( e.g. , children watching too much television and playing computer games ) and the influence of the media in causing children to eat unhealthy food choices .", "In the view of some opponents , if governments took action to prevent the marketing of unhealthy food products , they would seriously reduce the prevalence of obesity and its serious health consequences , such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes . As part of the IOM food marketing report , 10 recommendations were made to both the public and private sectors . One of the recommendations was that the government partner with the private sector to `` create a long - term , multifaceted , and financially sustained social marketing program to support parents , caregivers , and families to promote a healthful diet . '' First lady Michelle Obama and Partnership for a Healthier America have proposed new rules that would limit junk food marketing in public schools .", "Obesity is a prevalent social problem in today 's society , with rates steadily increasing . According to the Weight Control Information Network , since the early 1960s , the prevalence of obesity among adults more than doubled , increasing from 13.4 to 35.7 percent in U.S. adults age 20 and older . In addition , today two in three adults are considered overweight or obese , and one in six children aged 6 -- 19 are considered obese .", "Hunger is a fairly obvious social Issue . Many people around the globe , especially in countries such as Burundi , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Zambia , experience malnutrition and undernourishment .", "Mass media may use propaganda as a means to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view , or to maintain the viewer 's attention . Who owns a media outlet often determines things such as the types of social problems that that outlet presents , how long that outlet airs those problems , and how dramatically that outlet presents those problems . The American media is often biased towards one or the other end of the political spectrum ; that is , many media outlets have been accused either of being too conservative or of being too liberal .", "Drugs are at times the cause of social problems . Drugs such as cocaine and opiates are addictive for some users . A minority of users of such drugs may commit crimes in order to obtain more drugs . In some individuals , drugs such as methamphetamine have been known to contribute to violent behavior , which would be considered a social problem .", "Drunk driving is on the rise and is the number two cause of accidental deaths ; it is a cause of around 17,000 deaths each year . All but 9 states in USA have adopted the Administrative License Revocation where if you are caught drinking and driving and found guilty you will lose your license for a full year . This is a step that is being taken in order to try to avoid the occurrence of this social problem .", "Legal marijuana is debatable topic . Marijuana can be used in the medical domain , and there is no accurate fact that shows marijuana kills . However , people believe marijuana is a gateway to other drugs , injures lungs , and inhibits function . There are some states that are legalizing medical marijuana , such as New Mexico , Arizona , New York . Some states are also legalizing it for both medical and recreational purposes , such as Colorado , California , and Oregon .", "Healthcare in the United States Human rights in the United States Racial inequality in the United States Violence against LGBT people in the United States Domestic violence in the United States", "Healthcare in the United States", "Human rights in the United States", "Racial inequality in the United States", "Violence against LGBT people in the United States", "Domestic violence in the United States", "India is ranked 76 out of a 179 countries in Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index , but its score has improved consistently from 2.7 in 2002 to 3.1 in 2011 .", "In India , corruption takes the form of bribes , tax evasion , exchange controls , embezzlement , etc . A 2005 study done by Transparency International ( TI ) India found that more than 50 % had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office . The chief economic consequences of corruption are the loss to the exchequer , an unhealthy climate for investment and an increase in the cost of government - subsidised services .", "The TI India study estimates the monetary value of petty corruption in 11 basic services provided by the government , like education , healthcare , judiciary , police , etc. , to be around Rs. 21,068 crores . India still ranks in the bottom quartile of developing nations in terms of the ease of doing business , and compared to China and other lower developed Asian nations , the average time taken to secure the clearances for a startup or to invoke bankruptcy is much greater . Recently a revelation of tax evasion ( Panama Papers ' Leak ) case involving some high - profile celebrities and businessmen has added spark to the fumes of corruption charges against the elite of the country .", "The World Bank , in 2011 based on 2005 's PPPs International Comparison Program , estimated 23.6 % of Indian population , or about 276 million people , lived below $1.25 per day on purchasing power parity . According to United Nation 's Millennium Development Goal ( MDG ) programme 270 millions or 21.9 % people out of 1.2 billion of Indians lived below poverty line of $1.25 in 2011 - 2012 as compare to 41.6 % in 2004 - 05 .", "The regions with long term terrorist activities today are Jammu and Kashmir , Central India ( Naxalism ) and Seven Sister States ( independence and autonomy movements ) . In the past , the Punjab insurgency led to militant activities in the Indian state of Punjab as well as the national capital Delhi ( Delhi serial blasts , anti-Sikh riots ) . As of 2006 , at least 232 of the country 's 608 districts were afflicted , at differing intensities , by various insurgent and terrorist movements .", "Unemployment rates vary by region , gender , educational attainment and ethnic group .", "A growing number of Germans are poor and depend on welfare . In 2007 one in 6 children depended on welfare . That is up from only one in 75 in 1965 . Poverty rates seem to vary in different states , as in Bavaria only 3.9 % suffer from poverty , while in Berlin 15.2 % of the inhabitants are poor . Families that are headed by a single parent and working - class families with multiple children are most likely to be poor .", "There is a discussion going on about hunger in Germany . Reverend Bernd Siggelkow , founder of the Berlin - based soup kitchen `` Die Arche '' , claimed that a number of German children go hungry each day . He blamed the lack of jobs , low welfare payments , and parents who were drug - addicted or mentally ill . Siggelkow has been criticized by a number of people who said there was no hunger in Germany . SPD politician and board member of the German central bank Thilo Sarrazin said it was possible to live on welfare without going hungry if one did not buy fast food , but was able to cook from scratch . He was criticized by The Left politician Heidi Knake - Werner , who said it was not right that `` well - off people told poor people how to shop '' .", "Germany has one of the lowest birth rates in the world . In 2012 , its national fertility rate was 1.41 children per woman , up slightly from the 2002 rate ( 1.31 ) , but still well below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman . ( By contrast , the United States had a fertility rate of 2.06 in 2012 ) . At the same time , Germans are living longer , with a life expectancy of 80.19 years ( 77.93 years for men and 82.58 years for women ) -- 2012 estimates . This demographic shift is already straining the country 's social welfare structures and will produce further economic and social problems in the future . The Mikrozensus done in 2008 revealed that the number of children a German women aged 40 to 75 had was closely linked to her educational achievement .", "So called problem neighbourhoods ( `` Problemviertel '' ) exist in Germany . Those neighbourhoods have a high drop - out rate from secondary school and children growing up in a neighbourhood like this have only 1 / 7th the probability of going to college compared to a person growing up in another neighbourhood . Abuse of alcohol and drugs is common . Many people living in those neighborhoods are what is called a-people . They are poor ( `` arm '' ) , out - of - work ( `` arbeitslos '' ) and immigrants ( `` Ausländer '' ) . Often those neighbourhoods were founded out of best intentions . Many districts that later became problem neighbourhoods were founded in the 1960s and 1970s when the State wanted to provide better housing for poorer persons . Big tenement buildings were built . The first tenants mostly were two - parent - families , not those one kind with at least one parent working and many were happy with their neighbourhoods . But when the unemployment rate started climbing more and more people were losing their jobs . Also , families who could afford it started moving into better districts and only those who could not afford to move stayed in districts such as Hamburg - Mümmelmannsberg. : )", "Since World War II , Germany has experienced intermittent turmoil from various groups . In the 1970s radical leftist terrorist organisations like the Red Army Faction engaged in a string of assassinations and kidnappings against political and business figures . Germany has also continued to struggle with far - right violence or neo-Nazis which are presently on a rise , in line with the younger generation of Germans growing older . There is some debate as to whether indeed the hate crime is rising , or whether simply more arrests have been made due to increased law - enforcement efforts . The number of officially recognized violent hate crimes has risen from 759 ( 2003 ) to 776 ( 2005 ) . According to a recent study a majority Jews living in Germany are worried about a rise in antisemitism . The situation of Jews in Germany however was better than of those in France where 90 % of those polled said that antisemitism has risen in the last years . Some have suggested that the increase in hate crime is related to the proliferation of right - wing parties , such as the NPD ( National Democratic Party ) in local elections .", "France also has to deal with social issues .", "There is a certain fragility of income and social position in France . There are several ways to measure this . One possibility is to look at unemployment . Inside the European Union , in May 2017 , France was ranked 6th country with its unemployment rate of 9.4 percent , according to Statista . Moreover , according to Observatoire des inégalités , France has between 5 and 8.9 millions of poor people , depending on the definition of poverty ( if the poverty line is at 50 percent of the median standard of living or if it 's 60 percent ) .", "Women suffer from economical and social problems in France . Indeed , they are paid , on average , 16.7 percent less than men , according to l'insee . Women in France also have to handle sexual harassment , inequalities in education , and other problems . That are some reasons why the Global Gender Gap report of 2016 has ranked France 17th with a score of 0.755 ( reaching 1 means gender equality ) .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 )", "Other issues include education , lack of literacy and numeracy , school truancy , violence and bullying in schools , religious intolerance , immigration , political and religious extremism , discrimination of all sorts , the role of women , aging populations , gender issues , unplanned parenthood , and teenage pregnancy ." ]

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[ "This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : this article is filled with sections with misleading titles that contain irrelevant information . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : this article is filled with sections with misleading titles that contain irrelevant information . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 3 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E  /  28.61750 ° N 77.20833 ° E  / 28.61750 ; 77.20833", "Lok Sabha House of the People 16th Lok Sabha Emblem of India Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of India Term limits 5 years Leadership Speaker Sumitra Mahajan , BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker M. Thambidurai , AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House Narendra Modi , BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the Opposition Vacant , as none of the opposition parties has more than 10 % of seats . Since 26 May 2014 Structure Seats 545 ( 543 elected + 2 Nominated from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President ) Political groups Government coalition ( 313 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 313 ) BJP ( 271 ) SS ( 18 ) LJP ( 6 ) SAD ( 4 ) RLSP ( 3 ) AD ( 2 ) JD ( U ) ( 2 ) AINRC ( 1 ) NDPP ( 1 ) PMK ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Speaker , BJP ( 1 ) Nominated , BJP ( 2 ) Opposition Parties ( 220 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 53 ) INC ( 48 ) IUML ( 2 ) JD ( S ) ( 1 ) RLD ( 1 ) RSP ( 1 ) Janata Parivar Parties ( 5 ) RJD ( 3 ) INLD ( 2 ) Unaligned Parties ( 159 ) AIADMK ( 37 ) AITC ( 34 ) BJD ( 19 ) TDP ( 16 ) TRS ( 11 ) CPI ( M ) ( 9 ) NCP ( 7 ) SP ( 7 ) AAP ( 4 ) YSRCP ( 4 ) AIUDF ( 3 ) JMM ( 2 ) AIMIM ( 1 ) CPI ( 1 ) JKNC ( 1 ) JKPDP ( 1 ) SWP ( 1 ) JAP ( L ) ( 1 ) Others ( 3 ) Independents ( 3 ) Vacant ( 12 ) Vacant ( 12 ) Elections Voting system First past the post Last election 7 April -- 12 May 2014 Next election April -- May 2019 Motto धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय Meeting place Lok Sabha Chambers , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website loksabha.gov.in", "Lok Sabha House of the People", "16th Lok Sabha", "Emblem of India", "Type", "Type Lower house of the Parliament of India", "Term limits 5 years", "Leadership", "Speaker Sumitra Mahajan , BJP Since 6 June 2014", "Deputy Speaker M. Thambidurai , AIADMK Since 13 August 2014", "Leader of the House Narendra Modi , BJP Since 26 May 2014", "Leader of the Opposition Vacant , as none of the opposition parties has more than 10 % of seats . Since 26 May 2014", "Structure", "Seats 545 ( 543 elected + 2 Nominated from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President )", "Political groups Government coalition ( 313 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 313 ) BJP ( 271 ) SS ( 18 ) LJP ( 6 ) SAD ( 4 ) RLSP ( 3 ) AD ( 2 ) JD ( U ) ( 2 ) AINRC ( 1 ) NDPP ( 1 ) PMK ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Speaker , BJP ( 1 ) Nominated , BJP ( 2 ) Opposition Parties ( 220 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 53 ) INC ( 48 ) IUML ( 2 ) JD ( S ) ( 1 ) RLD ( 1 ) RSP ( 1 ) Janata Parivar Parties ( 5 ) RJD ( 3 ) INLD ( 2 ) Unaligned Parties ( 159 ) AIADMK ( 37 ) AITC ( 34 ) BJD ( 19 ) TDP ( 16 ) TRS ( 11 ) CPI ( M ) ( 9 ) NCP ( 7 ) SP ( 7 ) AAP ( 4 ) YSRCP ( 4 ) AIUDF ( 3 ) JMM ( 2 ) AIMIM ( 1 ) CPI ( 1 ) JKNC ( 1 ) JKPDP ( 1 ) SWP ( 1 ) JAP ( L ) ( 1 ) Others ( 3 ) Independents ( 3 ) Vacant ( 12 ) Vacant ( 12 )", "Government coalition ( 313 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 313 )", "BJP ( 271 ) SS ( 18 ) LJP ( 6 ) SAD ( 4 ) RLSP ( 3 ) AD ( 2 ) JD ( U ) ( 2 ) AINRC ( 1 ) NDPP ( 1 ) PMK ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Speaker , BJP ( 1 ) Nominated , BJP ( 2 )", "BJP ( 271 )", "SS ( 18 )", "LJP ( 6 )", "SAD ( 4 )", "RLSP ( 3 )", "AD ( 2 )", "JD ( U ) ( 2 )", "AINRC ( 1 )", "NDPP ( 1 )", "PMK ( 1 )", "SDF ( 1 )", "Speaker , BJP ( 1 )", "Nominated , BJP ( 2 )", "Opposition Parties ( 220 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 53 )", "INC ( 48 ) IUML ( 2 ) JD ( S ) ( 1 ) RLD ( 1 ) RSP ( 1 )", "INC ( 48 )", "IUML ( 2 )", "JD ( S ) ( 1 )", "RLD ( 1 )", "RSP ( 1 )", "Janata Parivar Parties ( 5 )", "RJD ( 3 ) INLD ( 2 )", "RJD ( 3 )", "INLD ( 2 )", "Unaligned Parties ( 159 )", "AIADMK ( 37 ) AITC ( 34 ) BJD ( 19 ) TDP ( 16 ) TRS ( 11 ) CPI ( M ) ( 9 ) NCP ( 7 ) SP ( 7 ) AAP ( 4 ) YSRCP ( 4 ) AIUDF ( 3 ) JMM ( 2 ) AIMIM ( 1 ) CPI ( 1 ) JKNC ( 1 ) JKPDP ( 1 ) SWP ( 1 ) JAP ( L ) ( 1 )", "AIADMK ( 37 )", "AITC ( 34 )", "BJD ( 19 )", "TDP ( 16 )", "TRS ( 11 )", "CPI ( M ) ( 9 )", "NCP ( 7 )", "SP ( 7 )", "AAP ( 4 )", "YSRCP ( 4 )", "AIUDF ( 3 )", "JMM ( 2 )", "AIMIM ( 1 )", "CPI ( 1 )", "JKNC ( 1 )", "JKPDP ( 1 )", "SWP ( 1 )", "JAP ( L ) ( 1 )", "Others ( 3 )", "Independents ( 3 )", "Independents ( 3 )", "Vacant ( 12 )", "Vacant ( 12 )", "Vacant ( 12 )", "Elections", "Voting system First past the post", "Last election 7 April -- 12 May 2014", "Next election April -- May 2019", "Motto", "धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय", "Meeting place", "Lok Sabha Chambers , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India", "Website", "loksabha.gov.in", "The Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) is the lower house of India 's bicameral Parliament , with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha . Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by adult universal suffrage and a first - past - the - post system to represent their respective constituencies , and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers . The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi .", "The maximum strength of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552 . Currently the house has 545 seats which is made up by election of up to 543 elected members and at a maximum , 2 nominated members of the Anglo - Indian Community by the President of India . A total of 131 seats ( 24.03 % ) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes ( 84 ) and Scheduled Tribes ( 47 ) . The quorum for the House is 10 % of the total membership . The Lok Sabha , unless sooner dissolved , continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting . However , while a proclamation of emergency is in operation , this period may be extended by Parliament by law .", "An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies ' boundaries is carried out by the Boundary Delimitation Commission of India every decade based on the Indian census , last of which was conducted in 2001 . This exercise earlier also included redistribution of seats among states based on demographic changes but that provision of the mandate of the commission was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to incentivise the family planning programme which was being implemented . The 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date .", "The Lok Sabha has its own television channel , Lok Sabha TV , headquartered within the premises of Parliament .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947 . During this period , the office of the Secretary of State for India ( along with the Council of India ) was the authority through whom British Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent , and the office of Viceroy of India was created , along with an Executive Council in India , consisting of high officials of the British government . The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members . The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and increased the powers of the Legislative Council . Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government , their power still remained limited , and the electorate very small . The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration . The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure in India . The Indian Independence Act 1947 , passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947 , divided British India ( which did not include the Princely States ) into two new independent countries , India and Pakistan , which were to be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution . The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations , with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion .", "The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 , proclaiming India to be a sovereign , democratic republic . This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form , which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan .", "According to Article 79 ( Part V - The Union . ) of the Constitution of India , the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) and the House of the People ( Lok Sabha ) .", "The Lok Sabha ( House of the Leaders ) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 .", "Session of Lok Sabha commenced on Date Session No . Date First 13 May 1952 Second April 1957 Third April 1962 Fourth March 1967 Fifth March 1971 Sixth March 1977 Seventh January 1980 Eighth December 1984 Ninth December 1989 Tenth June 1991 Eleventh May 1996 Twelfth March 1998 Thirteenth October 1999 Fourteenth May 2004 Fifteenth May 2009 Sixteenth ( Current ) May 2014", "Session No . Date", "First 13 May 1952", "Second April 1957", "Third April 1962", "Fourth March 1967", "Fifth March 1971", "Sixth March 1977", "Seventh January 1980", "Eighth December 1984", "Ninth December 1989", "Tenth June 1991", "Eleventh May 1996", "Twelfth March 1998", "Thirteenth October 1999", "Fourteenth May 2004", "Fifteenth May 2009", "Sixteenth ( Current ) May 2014", "Article 84 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha , which are as follows :", "He / She should be a citizen of India , and must subscribe before the Election Commission of India an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule of Indian Constitution . He / She should not be less than 25 years of age . He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament . He / She should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict , a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law ; and He / She should have his / her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country .", "He / She should be a citizen of India , and must subscribe before the Election Commission of India an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule of Indian Constitution .", "He / She should not be less than 25 years of age .", "He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament .", "He / She should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict , a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law ; and", "He / She should have his / her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country .", "However , a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament :", "If he / she holds office of profit ; If he / she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court If he / she is an undischarged insolvent ; If he / she is not a citizen of India , or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State , or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State ; If he / she is violating party discipline ( as per Tenth schedule of the constitution ) ; disqualified under Representation of People Act .", "If he / she holds office of profit ;", "If he / she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court", "If he / she is an undischarged insolvent ;", "If he / she is not a citizen of India , or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State , or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State ;", "If he / she is violating party discipline ( as per Tenth schedule of the constitution ) ; disqualified under Representation of People Act .", "A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances ( during normal functioning of the House ) :", "When the holder of the seat , by writing to the speaker , resigns . When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House , without prior permission of the Speaker . When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament . A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the ' Anti-Defection Law ' .", "When the holder of the seat , by writing to the speaker , resigns .", "When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House , without prior permission of the Speaker .", "When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament .", "A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the ' Anti-Defection Law ' .", "Furthermore , as per article 101 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of the Indian Constitution , a person can not be :", "A member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other . A member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State .", "A member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other .", "A member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State .", "Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India , on the basis of Universal Suffrage . For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha ; each state is divided into territorial constituencies . In this respect , the constitution of India makes the following two provisions :", "Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is same for all the states of India . This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million ( 60 lakhs ) . Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remain the same throughout the state .", "Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is same for all the states of India . This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million ( 60 lakhs ) .", "Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remain the same throughout the state .", "The expression population while distributing seats among states refers to the population ascertained at the census of 1971 . The expression population while distributing constituencies within a state refers to the population ascertained at the census of 2001 .", "The expression population while distributing seats among states refers to the population ascertained at the census of 1971 .", "The expression population while distributing constituencies within a state refers to the population ascertained at the census of 2001 .", "The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha .", "Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha . If passed by a majority vote , the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively . The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion , and hence has no real power over the executive . This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha , not to the Rajya Sabha . Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha , and upon being passed , are sent to the Rajya Sabha , where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days . If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha , or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House , or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha , the bill is considered passed . The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India . In matters pertaining to non-financial ( ordinary ) bills , after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled ( Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha ) , it is sent to the other house , where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months . If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House , or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house , it results in a deadlock . This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses , presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority . Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard , in reality it is the Lok Sabha 's opinions that mostly prevails -- due to its bigger numerical strength . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment ( by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President ( by two - thirds of the membership of the House ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process ( initiating and passing a motion for the removal ) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts ( by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) , who then can be removed by the President of India . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency ( by two - thirds majority ) or constitutional emergency ( by simple majority ) in a state . If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency , the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament . It can not be dissolved . This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha . But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six - month if the said proclamation ceases to operate .", "Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha . If passed by a majority vote , the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively . The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion , and hence has no real power over the executive . This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha , not to the Rajya Sabha .", "Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha , and upon being passed , are sent to the Rajya Sabha , where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days . If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha , or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House , or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha , the bill is considered passed . The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India .", "In matters pertaining to non-financial ( ordinary ) bills , after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled ( Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha ) , it is sent to the other house , where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months . If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House , or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house , it results in a deadlock . This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses , presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority . Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard , in reality it is the Lok Sabha 's opinions that mostly prevails -- due to its bigger numerical strength .", "Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment ( by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) .", "Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President ( by two - thirds of the membership of the House ) .", "Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process ( initiating and passing a motion for the removal ) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts ( by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) , who then can be removed by the President of India .", "Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency ( by two - thirds majority ) or constitutional emergency ( by simple majority ) in a state .", "If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency , the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament . It can not be dissolved . This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha . But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six - month if the said proclamation ceases to operate .", "In conclusion , it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters . Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing , the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength . This is typical of any Parliamentary democracy , with the lower House always being more powerful than the upper .", "The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha . The items of business , notice of which is received from the Ministers / Private Members and admitted by the Speaker , are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance . For various items of business to be taken up in the House the time is allotted by the House on the recommendations of the Business Advisory Committee . The Speaker presides over the sessions of the House and regulates procedure .", "Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year :", "Budget session : February to May . Monsoon session : July to September . Winter session : November to mid December .", "Budget session : February to May .", "Monsoon session : July to September .", "Winter session : November to mid December .", "When in session , Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House . Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays .", "The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour . Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members , and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres . Every minister whose turn it is to answer to questions has to stand up and answer for his department 's acts of omission or commission .", "Questions are of three types -- Starred , Unstarred and Short Notice . A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark . An unstarred Question is one which is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked . An answer to such a question is given in writing . Minimum period of notice for starred / unstarred question is 10 clear days . If the questions given notice of are admitted by the Speaker , they are listed and printed for answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains .", "The normal period of notice does not apply to short notice questions which relate to matters of urgent public importance . However , a Short Notice Question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice . A short notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour , popularly known as Zero Hour .", "The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as `` Zero Hour '' . It starts at around 12 noon ( hence the name ) and members can , with prior notice to the Speaker , raise issues of importance during this time . Typically , discussions on important Bills , the Budget , and other issues of national importance take place from 2 pm onwards .", "After the Question Hour , the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day . These may consist of one or more of the following : Adjournment Motions , Questions involving breaches of Privileges , Papers to be laid on the Table , Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha , Intimations regarding President 's assent to Bills , Calling Attention Notices , Matters under Rule 377 , Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee , Presentation of Petitions , miscellaneous statements by Ministers , Motions regarding elections to Committees , Bills to be withdrawn or introduced .", "The main business of the day may be consideration of a Bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion .", "Legislative proposals in the form of a Bill can be brought forward either by a Minister or by a private member . In the former case it is known as Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Members ' Bill . Every Bill passes through three stages -- called three readings -- before it is passed . To become law it must be passed by both the Houses of Parliament , Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha , and then assented to by the president .", "The presentation , discussion of , and voting on the annual General and Railways budgets -- followed by the passing of the Appropriations Bill and the Finance Bill -- is a long , drawn - out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its Budget Session every year .", "Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions . Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by Government or by private members . Government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the House on an important matter of policy or on a grave situation . Similarly , a private member may move a resolution or motion in order to draw the attention of the House and of the Government to a particular problem . The last two and half hours of sitting on every Friday are generally allotted for transaction of private members ' business . While private members ' bills are taken up on one Friday , private members ' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday , and so on .", "Most of the business of drafting a bill or amendments are initially discussed and debated in the parliamentary committees . Since the time for legislation is limited , work of all departments of the government and any special focus tasks is delegated to the committees , wherein the committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill / amendment for the consideration by both the houses . They consist of members from both the houses .", "There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature --", "Parliament Standing Committees ( PSC ) -- Permanent in nature , reconstituted time to time with every new election . Department based Others Ad hoc Committees -- Created for specific purpose and ceases to exist when that purpose is achieved .", "Parliament Standing Committees ( PSC ) -- Permanent in nature , reconstituted time to time with every new election . Department based Others", "Department based Others", "Ad hoc Committees -- Created for specific purpose and ceases to exist when that purpose is achieved .", "A Half - an - Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact . Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion . Usually , half - an - hour discussion is listed on Mondays , Wednesdays and Fridays only . In one session , a member is allowed to raise not more than two half - an - hour discussions . During the discussion , the member , who has given notice , makes a short statement and not more than four members , who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot , are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact . Thereafter , the Minister concerned replies . There is no formal motion before the House nor voting .", "Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker . Such discussions may take place on two days in a week . No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion .", "After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken , other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them . Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair . A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member .", "A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained . Normally , when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying `` Aye '' or `` No '' from their seats . The Chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House . If a member challenges the decision , the Chair orders that the lobbies be cleared . Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes . Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides . After the bell stops , all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over . Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the `` Ayes '' or the `` Noes '' , have it . If the opinion so declared is again challenged , the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment .", "With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes , the Secretary - General of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a key board . Then a gong sounds , serving as a signal to members for casting their votes . To vote , each member present in the Chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in their seat . The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds . There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker 's chair in the Chamber . Each vote cast by a member is flashed here . Immediately after the votes are cast , they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the Result Indicator Boards installed in the railings of the Speaker 's and Diplomatic Galleries .", "Divisions are normally held with the aid of the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. in Lok Sabha , divisions may be held either by distribution of ' Aye ' / ' No ' and ' Abstention ' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies . There is an Indicator Board in the machine room showing the name of each member . The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear also on this Board and immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken . Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted ' Ayes ' and for ' Noes ' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates .", "Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared : the Hindi version , the English version and the Original version . Only the Hindi and English versions are printed . The Original version , in cyclostyled form , is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference . The Hindi version contains proceedings ( all Questions asked and Answers given thereto and speeches made ) in Hindi , and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English or in regional languages . The English version contains proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings which take place in Hindi or in any regional language . The Original version , however , contains proceedings in Hindi or in English as they actually took place in the House and also the English / Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages .", "If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses , a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences . In such a session , the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail , since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha .", "Speaker and Deputy Speaker", "As per Article 93 of Indian Constitution , the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker . In the Lok Sabha , both presiding officers -- the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker - are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House . No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker ; the Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House . But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker . Vacation and resignation of , and removal from , the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India . As per Article 94 of Indian Constitution , a Speaker or a Deputy Speaker should vacate his / her office , a ) if he / she ceases to be a member of the House of the People , b ) he / she resigns , or c ) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority .", "The Speaker of Lok Sabha is both a member of the House and its Presiding Officer . The Speaker conducts the business in the House . He / she decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . He / she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them . He / she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure . Following the 52nd Constitution amendment , the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection . The Speaker makes obituary references in the House , formal references to important national and international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires . Though a member of the House , the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision . Till date , the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote . While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence / resignation / removal , the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or , if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant , by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose . The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff .", "Shri G.V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha ( 15 May 1952 -- 27 February 1956 ) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker ( 30 May 1952 -- 7 March 1956 ) . In the 16th Lok Sabha , Sumitra Mahajan was elected as the speaker on 3 June 2014 , and is its second woman speaker and Shri M. Thambidurai as the deputy speaker .", "State / Union Territory Type No. of constituencies Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory Andhra Pradesh State 25 Arunachal Pradesh State Assam State 14 Bihar State 40 Chandigarh Union Territory Chhattisgarh State 11 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Union Territory Daman and Diu Union Territory National Capital Territory of Delhi Union Territory 7 Goa State Gujarat State 26 Haryana State 10 Himachal Pradesh State Jammu and Kashmir State 6 Jharkhand State 14 Karnataka State 28 Kerala State 20 Lakshadweep Union Territory Madhya Pradesh State 29 Maharashtra State 48 Manipur State Meghalaya State Mizoram State Nagaland State Odisha State 21 Puducherry Union Territory Punjab State 13 Rajasthan State 25 Sikkim State Tamil Nadu State 39 Telangana State 17 Tripura State Uttarakhand State 5 Uttar Pradesh State 80 West Bengal State 42", "State / Union Territory Type No. of constituencies", "Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory", "Andhra Pradesh State 25", "Arunachal Pradesh State", "Assam State 14", "Bihar State 40", "Chandigarh Union Territory", "Chhattisgarh State 11", "Dadra and Nagar Haveli Union Territory", "Daman and Diu Union Territory", "National Capital Territory of Delhi Union Territory 7", "Goa State", "Gujarat State 26", "Haryana State 10", "Himachal Pradesh State", "Jammu and Kashmir State 6", "Jharkhand State 14", "Karnataka State 28", "Kerala State 20", "Lakshadweep Union Territory", "Madhya Pradesh State 29", "Maharashtra State 48", "Manipur State", "Meghalaya State", "Mizoram State", "Nagaland State", "Odisha State 21", "Puducherry Union Territory", "Punjab State 13", "Rajasthan State 25", "Sikkim State", "Tamil Nadu State 39", "Telangana State 17", "Tripura State", "Uttarakhand State 5", "Uttar Pradesh State 80", "West Bengal State 42", "Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows :", "Lok Sabha General Election 1st Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 2nd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1957 3rd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1962 4th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1967 5th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1971 6th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1977 7th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1980 8th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1984 9th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1989 10th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1991 11th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1996 12th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1998 13th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1999 14th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2004 15th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2009 16th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2014", "Lok Sabha General Election", "1st Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1951 -- 52", "2nd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1957", "3rd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1962", "4th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1967", "5th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1971", "6th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1977", "7th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1980", "8th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1984", "9th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1989", "10th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1991", "11th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1996", "12th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1998", "13th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1999", "14th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2004", "15th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2009", "16th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2014", "Currently elected members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party ( As of 27 August 2018 ) :", "Alliance Party Seats National Democratic Alliance Seats : 313 Bharatiya Janata Party 271 Shiv Sena 18 Lok Janshakti Party 6 Shiromani Akali Dal Rashtriya Lok Samta Party Apna Dal Janata Dal ( United ) All India N.R. Congress Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party Pattali Makkal Katchi Sikkim Democratic Front Speaker of the House , BJP Nominated Anglo - Indians , BJP United Progressive Alliance Seats : 53 Indian National Congress 48 Indian Union Muslim League Janata Dal ( Secular ) Rashtriya Lok Dal Revolutionary Socialist Party Janata Parivar Seats : 5 Rashtriya Janata Dal Indian National Lok Dal Other Parties Seats : 159 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37 All India Trinamool Congress 34 Biju Janata Dal 19 Telugu Desam Party 16 Telangana Rashtra Samithi 11 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 9 Nationalist Congress Party 7 Samajwadi Party 7 Aam Aadmi Party YSR Congress Party All India United Democratic Front Jharkhand Mukti Morcha All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen Communist Party of India Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Swabhimani Paksha Jan Adhikar Party ( L ) ( Expelled RJD Member ) Independents Vacant Seats Anantnag , Bellary , Shimoga , Mandya , Ongole , Kadapa , Nellore , Tirupati , Rajampet , Kottayam , Kendrapara and Tura constituencies . 12 Total 545", "Alliance Party Seats", "National Democratic Alliance Seats : 313 Bharatiya Janata Party 271", "Shiv Sena 18", "Lok Janshakti Party 6", "Shiromani Akali Dal", "Rashtriya Lok Samta Party", "Apna Dal", "Janata Dal ( United )", "All India N.R. Congress", "Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party", "Pattali Makkal Katchi", "Sikkim Democratic Front", "Speaker of the House , BJP", "Nominated Anglo - Indians , BJP", "United Progressive Alliance Seats : 53 Indian National Congress 48", "Indian Union Muslim League", "Janata Dal ( Secular )", "Rashtriya Lok Dal", "Revolutionary Socialist Party", "Janata Parivar Seats : 5 Rashtriya Janata Dal", "Indian National Lok Dal", "Other Parties Seats : 159 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37", "All India Trinamool Congress 34", "Biju Janata Dal 19", "Telugu Desam Party 16", "Telangana Rashtra Samithi 11", "Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 9", "Nationalist Congress Party 7", "Samajwadi Party 7", "Aam Aadmi Party", "YSR Congress Party", "All India United Democratic Front", "Jharkhand Mukti Morcha", "All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen", "Communist Party of India", "Jammu & Kashmir National Conference", "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party", "Swabhimani Paksha", "Jan Adhikar Party ( L ) ( Expelled RJD Member )", "Independents", "Vacant Seats Anantnag , Bellary , Shimoga , Mandya , Ongole , Kadapa , Nellore , Tirupati , Rajampet , Kottayam , Kendrapara and Tura constituencies . 12", "Total 545" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( May 2011 )", "This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( May 2011 )", "`` The Clapping Song '' is an American song , written by Lincoln Chase , originally arranged by Charles Callello and recorded by Shirley Ellis in 1965 . The song was released shortly after Ellis had released `` The Name Game '' . The lyrics of `` The Clapping Song '' were borrowed from the song `` Little Rubber Dolly '' , a 1930s song recorded by the Light Crust Doughboys , and also feature instructions for a clapping game . The song sold over a million copies , and peaked at number eight in the United States and number six in the UK .", "The song returned to the charts in 1982 , when the Belle Stars ' version charted at number 11 in the UK . This version did not chart in the US , although a version by Pia Zadora charted there at number 36 in 1983 .", "The song has been covered many times :", "Gary Glitter covered this song on three albums : Glitter in 1972 , Glam Years 1991 , and Gary Glitter in 1995 Female Mexican pop singer Yuri recorded a Spanish version of the song in 1980 titled `` Bailad ( The Clapping Song ) '' Ian Cussick , Scottish singer - songwriter , released the song as a single in 1981 , from his third studio album Hypertension The Belle Stars covered the song in 1982 Pia Zadora 's cover of the song entered the top 40 in 1983 Aaron Carter released a cover of the song on his 2000 album Aaron 's Party ( Come Get It ) . A music video was produced for the song . Lil ' Kim performed the song ( as Shirley Ellis ) on the NBC drama American Dreams October 12 , 2003 and danced to the song on the ABC show Dancing With The Stars April 20 and 21 , 2009 Mother and The Addicts released a cover of this song as the B - side to 2004 single `` Who Art You Girls ? '' The Young Punx covered the song for the Buffet Libre ' Rewind 2 ' project in late 2008 , featuring Laura Kidd on vocals and Guthrie Govan on guitar UK X Factor contestant , Cher Lloyd , performed the song on the final of the show in December 2010 Russell Grant released it in 2012 in the UK as a Christmas single along with six backing singers / dancers , including S Club 7 's Tina Barrett , Chloe Rich , Miriam Breckner and Rhiannon Drake The Hip - hop gospel Congolese group Makoma has covered the song Izza Kizza samples the chorus in his song `` Walk The Dawg '' R&B Singer Cupid did a cover of the song with B.o.B on the Step Up 2 OST which samples Ellis ' version Operator Please covered the song for the Australian Independent teen film Hey , Hey , It 's Esther Blueburger Baccara recorded a cover with a `` Macarena '' beat . Andrew W.K. included a re-mixed version in the album Damn ! The Mixtape . On Season 1 of The X Factor US , the group InTENsity performed the song during the first live show The Hype Girlz released The Clapping Song on June 15th , 2015 Icona Pop released a cover on July 17th , 2015 titled `` Clap Snap '' on the `` Emergency EP '' UK X Factor group , 4th Impact , performed the song as a mashup with Sound of the Underground during the second week of live shows .", "Gary Glitter covered this song on three albums : Glitter in 1972 , Glam Years 1991 , and Gary Glitter in 1995", "Female Mexican pop singer Yuri recorded a Spanish version of the song in 1980 titled `` Bailad ( The Clapping Song ) ''", "Ian Cussick , Scottish singer - songwriter , released the song as a single in 1981 , from his third studio album Hypertension", "The Belle Stars covered the song in 1982", "Pia Zadora 's cover of the song entered the top 40 in 1983", "Aaron Carter released a cover of the song on his 2000 album Aaron 's Party ( Come Get It ) . A music video was produced for the song .", "Lil ' Kim performed the song ( as Shirley Ellis ) on the NBC drama American Dreams October 12 , 2003 and danced to the song on the ABC show Dancing With The Stars April 20 and 21 , 2009", "Mother and The Addicts released a cover of this song as the B - side to 2004 single `` Who Art You Girls ? ''", "The Young Punx covered the song for the Buffet Libre ' Rewind 2 ' project in late 2008 , featuring Laura Kidd on vocals and Guthrie Govan on guitar", "UK X Factor contestant , Cher Lloyd , performed the song on the final of the show in December 2010", "Russell Grant released it in 2012 in the UK as a Christmas single along with six backing singers / dancers , including S Club 7 's Tina Barrett , Chloe Rich , Miriam Breckner and Rhiannon Drake", "The Hip - hop gospel Congolese group Makoma has covered the song", "Izza Kizza samples the chorus in his song `` Walk The Dawg ''", "R&B Singer Cupid did a cover of the song with B.o.B on the Step Up 2 OST which samples Ellis ' version", "Operator Please covered the song for the Australian Independent teen film Hey , Hey , It 's Esther Blueburger", "Baccara recorded a cover with a `` Macarena '' beat .", "Andrew W.K. included a re-mixed version in the album Damn ! The Mixtape .", "On Season 1 of The X Factor US , the group InTENsity performed the song during the first live show", "The Hype Girlz released The Clapping Song on June 15th , 2015", "Icona Pop released a cover on July 17th , 2015 titled `` Clap Snap '' on the `` Emergency EP ''", "UK X Factor group , 4th Impact , performed the song as a mashup with Sound of the Underground during the second week of live shows .", "Tom Waits 's song `` Clap Hands '' from his album Rain Dogs quotes the line `` they all went to heaven in a little row boat . '' In the version of the song on the live album Big Time , Waits prefaces `` Clap Hands '' with the entire first verse of `` The Clapping Song '' . Radiohead 's `` Pyramid Song '' quotes the line `` And we all went to heaven in a little row boat '' . Buck 65 's `` 1957 '' quotes the line `` we all go to Heaven in a little row boat . '' In `` Loco Mosquito '' ( Soldier , 1980 ) , Iggy Pop quotes some lines from `` The Clapping Song '' . UB40 's rendition of Red Red Wine includes the lines `` The line broke , the monkey get choked '' . Spank Rock 's mix tape Couche - Tard samples `` The Clapping Song '' on track `` Five '' . Parkway Drive quotes the line `` and we all go to heaven in a little row boat '' in a satirical manner in their 2015 song `` Writings on the Wall '' . James May attempted to parallel park a Lamborghini Countach to the song on an episode of Top Gear . Manu Chao used the `` My mama told me '' part in the 2003 Jai Alai Katumbi Express with Fermin Muguruza on `` Hamburger Fields / Hitz Egin '' song . The song was used in an advertising campaign for Matalan in the UK . The song was featured in the hip hop documentary Scratch as part of a story where DJ Jazzy Jay recalls Afrika Bambaata passing him a 45 single with a drum break he later discovered was from `` The Clapping Song '' . The song was also featured in the TV series Skins in 2007 . It was used in the bonus episode of Season 1 , during the organisation of the `` Secret Party '' . The song is featured in a 2011 advertisement on YouTube for the 2012 Volkswagen Beetle . The chorus of Cat Power 's 2012 song `` 3 , 6 , 9 '' borrows heavily from `` The Clapping Song '' The line `` 3 , 6 , 9 '' is referenced in the verses to `` Get Low '' by Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz featuring the Ying Yang Twins . In 2016 the song was used in a commercial of the car Ford Focus . In Stephen King 's Insomnia ( 1994 ) an evil character chants the song several times throughout the novel .", "Tom Waits 's song `` Clap Hands '' from his album Rain Dogs quotes the line `` they all went to heaven in a little row boat . '' In the version of the song on the live album Big Time , Waits prefaces `` Clap Hands '' with the entire first verse of `` The Clapping Song '' .", "Radiohead 's `` Pyramid Song '' quotes the line `` And we all went to heaven in a little row boat '' .", "Buck 65 's `` 1957 '' quotes the line `` we all go to Heaven in a little row boat . ''", "In `` Loco Mosquito '' ( Soldier , 1980 ) , Iggy Pop quotes some lines from `` The Clapping Song '' .", "UB40 's rendition of Red Red Wine includes the lines `` The line broke , the monkey get choked '' .", "Spank Rock 's mix tape Couche - Tard samples `` The Clapping Song '' on track `` Five '' .", "Parkway Drive quotes the line `` and we all go to heaven in a little row boat '' in a satirical manner in their 2015 song `` Writings on the Wall '' .", "James May attempted to parallel park a Lamborghini Countach to the song on an episode of Top Gear .", "Manu Chao used the `` My mama told me '' part in the 2003 Jai Alai Katumbi Express with Fermin Muguruza on `` Hamburger Fields / Hitz Egin '' song .", "The song was used in an advertising campaign for Matalan in the UK .", "The song was featured in the hip hop documentary Scratch as part of a story where DJ Jazzy Jay recalls Afrika Bambaata passing him a 45 single with a drum break he later discovered was from `` The Clapping Song '' .", "The song was also featured in the TV series Skins in 2007 . It was used in the bonus episode of Season 1 , during the organisation of the `` Secret Party '' .", "The song is featured in a 2011 advertisement on YouTube for the 2012 Volkswagen Beetle .", "The chorus of Cat Power 's 2012 song `` 3 , 6 , 9 '' borrows heavily from `` The Clapping Song ''", "The line `` 3 , 6 , 9 '' is referenced in the verses to `` Get Low '' by Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz featuring the Ying Yang Twins .", "In 2016 the song was used in a commercial of the car Ford Focus .", "In Stephen King 's Insomnia ( 1994 ) an evil character chants the song several times throughout the novel ." ]

[ [ "Branch Banking and Trust Company" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "BB&T Corporation Type Public company Traded as NYSE : BBT S&P 500 Index component Industry Financial services Founded 1872 ; 145 years ago ( 1872 ) Founder Alpheus Branch Thomas Jefferson Hadley Headquarters Winston - Salem , North Carolina Number of locations 2,100 branches Area served North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , Maryland , West Virginia , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Indiana , Texas , New Jersey , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Washington , D.C. Key people Kelly King , Chairman & CEO Christopher L. Henson , President Daryl N. Bible , CFO Products Commercial and Consumer banking Investment banking Insurance Mortgage Revenue US $ 10.793 billion ( 2016 ) Net income US $ 2.442 billion ( 2016 ) Total assets US $ 219.276 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity US $ 29.355 billion ( 2016 ) Number of employees 37,500 ( 2016 ) Website www.bbt.com", "Type Public company", "Traded as NYSE : BBT S&P 500 Index component", "Industry Financial services", "Founded 1872 ; 145 years ago ( 1872 )", "Founder Alpheus Branch Thomas Jefferson Hadley", "Headquarters Winston - Salem , North Carolina", "Number of locations 2,100 branches", "Area served North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , Maryland , West Virginia , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Indiana , Texas , New Jersey , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Washington , D.C.", "Key people Kelly King , Chairman & CEO Christopher L. Henson , President Daryl N. Bible , CFO", "Products Commercial and Consumer banking Investment banking Insurance Mortgage", "Revenue US $ 10.793 billion ( 2016 )", "Net income US $ 2.442 billion ( 2016 )", "Total assets US $ 219.276 billion ( 2016 )", "Total equity US $ 29.355 billion ( 2016 )", "Number of employees 37,500 ( 2016 )", "Website www.bbt.com", "BB&T Corporation ( Branch Banking and Trust Company ) is a financial service holding company based in Winston - Salem , North Carolina . Its bank operates over 2,100 branches in 15 states and Washington , D.C. , and offers consumer and commercial banking , securities brokerage , asset management , mortgage and insurance products and services . It is on the list of largest banks in the United States . Its subsidiary BB&T Insurance Services is one of the largest insurance brokers in the world .", "In 1872 , Alpheus Branch and Thomas Jefferson Hadley founded the Branch and Hadley merchant bank in their hometown of Wilson , North Carolina . After many transactions , mostly with local barbers , Branch bought out Hadley 's shares in 1887 and renamed the company to Branch and Company , Bankers . Two years later , Branch , his father - in - law Gen. Joshua Barnes , Hadley and three other men , secured a charter from the North Carolina General Assembly to operate the Wilson Banking and Trust Company . After several additional name changes , the company finally settled on the name Branch Banking and Trust Company . Branch remained an active member in the company until his death in 1893 . The 1903 Branch Banking and Trust Company Building at Wilson was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .", "BB&T sold Liberty Bonds during World War I and grew to have more than $4 million in assets by 1923 . BB&T Insurance Services was added in 1922 and a mortgage division was added in 1923 . Even though banks across the United States failed as a result of the 1929 Stock Market Crash , BB&T survived ; it was the only one to do so in the town of Wilson .", "In 1995 , the bank merged with Southern National Bank , another bank with roots in the eastern part of the state . This gave BB&T 437 branches in 220 cities in the Carolinas and Virginia . The bank continued to expand nationwide through the 1990s , purchasing Fidelity Financial Bankshares , First Financial of Petersburg , Maryland , Maryland Federal Bancorp , and Franklin Bancorporation . In 1998 , BB&T acquired MainStreet Financial of Martinsville , Virginia , and Mason - Dixon Bancshares of Westminster , Maryland , and further expanded into Georgia and West Virginia after purchasing First Liberty of Macon , Georgia , and Matewan Bancshares .", "In 2005 , the bank acquired Main Street Banks of metro Atlanta for $622 million .", "In 2006 , the bank acquired Coastal Federal Bank , based in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina .", "In February 2008 , the company acquired Burkey Risk Services .", "In April 2008 , the company acquired UnionBanc Insurance Services .", "In late 2008 , the bank accepted $3.1 billion in bailout money through the sale of preferred shares to the U.S. Treasury 's Troubled Asset Relief Program . In June 2009 , the bank repurchased the shares . Also in June 2009 , its chairman , John A. Allison IV delivered a keynote address to a meeting of the Competitive Enterprise Institute , where he claimed to show how government regulation caused the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 .", "In July 2008 , the company acquired Puckett , Scheetz & Hogan .", "On August 14 , 2009 , the bank acquired Colonial Bank after its seizure by the FDIC . This acquisition added more than 340 branches in Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Nevada and Texas along with approximately $22 billion in assets . BB&T sold the Nevada branch to U.S. Bancorp in January 2010 .", "In December 2008 , the company acquired J. Rolfe Davis .", "In November 2009 , the company acquired Oswald Trippe .", "In September 2011 , the company acquired Liberty Benefit Insurance Services , an agency operating in California . The company also acquired Atlantic Risk Management .", "In November 2011 , the company acquired Precept , an employee benefits consulting firm .", "In February 2012 , the company acquired the life insurance and property and casualty insurance divisions of Crump Group .", "In July 2012 , the bank acquired BankAtlantic , and its $2.1 billion in loans and $3.3 billion in deposits . The company also began selling flood insurance online .", "In December 2013 , the bank acquired 21 Citigroup branches in Texas for $36 million , adding $1.2 billion in deposits .", "In March 2014 , the company acquired Woodbury & Co. , an insurance broker operating in the Carolinas .", "In April 2014 , the company acquired Caledonian Insurance Group , which specialized in insurance brokerage services for the aviation industry .", "In September 2014 , the bank acquired 41 more Citigroup branches , which added 123 branches and $5.3 billion in deposits .", "In April 2015 , BB&T subsidiary CRC Insurance Services acquired the assets of Napco LLC , a broker of catastrophic commercial insurance .", "In June 2015 , the bank acquired Bank of Kentucky for $363 million , which added $1.9 billion in assets and gave BB&T a presence in the Northern Kentucky - Cincinnati market , and its first branches in Ohio . The also company sold American Coastal Insurance and increased its ownership in AMRisc .", "In August 2015 , the bank acquired Susquehanna Bank for $2.5 billion , adding 240 branches and $18.7 billion in assets , and marking the bank 's entry into Pennsylvania and New Jersey .", "In April 2016 , the company acquired Swett & Crawford , a wholesale insurance broker .", "In April 2016 , the bank acquired National Penn for $1.8 billion , which added 124 branches in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and Maryland , $9.6 billion in assets , and $6.7 billion in deposits ." ]

[ [ "Cyrus Habib" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Cyrus Habib 16th Lieutenant Governor of Washington Incumbent Assumed office January 11 , 2017 Governor Jay Inslee Preceded by Brad Owen Member of the Washington Senate from the 48th district In office January 12 , 2015 -- January 4 , 2017 Preceded by Rodney Tom Succeeded by Patty Kuderer Member of the Washington House of Representatives from the 48th district In office January 14 , 2013 -- January 12 , 2015 Preceded by Deborah Eddy Succeeded by Joan McBride Personal details ( 1981 - 08 - 22 ) August 22 , 1981 ( age 36 ) Baltimore County , Maryland , U.S. Political party Democratic Education Columbia University ( BA ) St John 's College , Oxford ( MLitt ) Yale University ( JD ) Website Official website", "Cyrus Habib", "16th Lieutenant Governor of Washington", "Incumbent", "Assumed office January 11 , 2017", "Governor Jay Inslee", "Preceded by Brad Owen", "Member of the Washington Senate from the 48th district", "In office January 12 , 2015 -- January 4 , 2017", "Preceded by Rodney Tom", "Succeeded by Patty Kuderer", "Member of the Washington House of Representatives from the 48th district", "In office January 14 , 2013 -- January 12 , 2015", "Preceded by Deborah Eddy", "Succeeded by Joan McBride", "Personal details", "( 1981 - 08 - 22 ) August 22 , 1981 ( age 36 ) Baltimore County , Maryland , U.S.", "Political party Democratic", "Education Columbia University ( BA ) St John 's College , Oxford ( MLitt ) Yale University ( JD )", "Website Official website", "Cyrus Habib ( born August 22 , 1981 ) is an American politician , lawyer , and professor who is the 16th and current Lieutenant Governor of Washington . As such , he also serves as President of the Washington State Senate . He has been fully blind since he lost his eyesight to cancer at age eight .", "Habib was born in Baltimore County , Maryland , to parents who had previously immigrated to the U.S. from Iran . A three - time cancer survivor , he lost his eyesight and became fully blind at age eight . Shortly afterwards , his family moved to Bellevue , Washington , where Habib graduated from the Bellevue International School in 1999 .", "Habib is a Rhodes Scholar , a Truman Scholar , and a Soros Fellow . He received his B.A. in Comparative Literature from Columbia University , where he graduated Summa Cum Laude and Phi Beta Kappa . He studied with leading cultural theorists Jacques Derrida , Edward Said , and Gayatri Spivak . While an undergraduate , Habib worked in the New York City office of then Senator Hillary Clinton .", "Habib obtained a Master of Letters in English Literature from St John 's College at the University of Oxford , where he was an active member of the Oxford Union , and wrote his masters thesis on Ralph Ellison and Salman Rushdie .", "Habib then received a law degree from Yale Law School , where he served as an Editor of the school 's flagship law review , the Yale Law Journal , and was mentored and influenced by Judge Guido Calabresi and Professors Akhil Amar and Harold Koh . While at Yale , Habib was a member of the university 's exclusive Grand Strategy program , led by John Lewis Gaddis , Charles Hill , and Paul Kennedy .", "In 2012 , Habib won a seat in the Washington House of Representatives , defeating two - term Redmond City Councilman Hank Myers and gaining 61 % of the vote . He was elected to represent Washington 's 48th Legislative District , which includes Bellevue , Clyde Hill , Hunts Point , Kirkland , Medina , Redmond , and Yarrow Point . Habib set a record for the most money ever raised ( over $340,000 ) in a State House race in Washington . In the House of Representatives , Habib was selected by his peers to serve as Vice Chair of the House Committee on Technology and Economic Development .", "In 2014 , Habib was elected to the Washington State Senate with 65 % of the vote to succeed controversial Senate Majority Leader Rodney Tom as State Senator from the 48th Legislative District . Immediately after his election to the State Senate , Habib was elected Senate Democratic Whip by his fellow Democrats , placing him in one of the top leadership positions in the State Senate .", "Shortly before the 2016 legislative session , Habib announced his campaign for Lieutenant Governor of Washington , challenging embattled twenty - year incumbent Brad Owen . Several months later , Owen , who had previously filed campaign paperwork , announced that he would in fact not seek reelection . Habib went on to win the primary election against ten other candidates , including long - time State Senators Karen Fraser and Steve Hobbs . Another senior legislator , Speaker pro tem of the Washington House of Representatives Jim Moeller was also a candidate but ultimately discontinued his campaign . Habib defeated Republican Marty McClendon by a nine - point margin in the November , 2016 general election . He raised over $1.1 million , and was supported in his campaign by President Barack Obama , who endorsed and recorded robocalls encouraging voters to cast their ballots for him .", "Habib is the author of a number of laws related to technology and the innovation economy . He authored the Washington Jobs Act of 2014 , which allows investor crowdfunding for the first time in Washington , so that entrepreneurs and small businesses can more easily obtain access to capital .", "He is also the author of legislation that created a statewide framework for Transportation Network Companies such as Uber and Lyft to operate in Washington State , and for drivers , passengers , and the public to be covered by appropriate and comprehensive insurance .", "In the face of diminishing federal funding for cancer research , and the success of immunotherapy treatments in curing difficult cancer subtypes , Habib introduced legislation to create a dedicated cancer research fund in Washington State .", "Habib introduced Senate Bill 5267 , which would allow citizens to provide pre-recorded video testimony filmed on their smart phones -- the first such bill in the nation . Habib 's bill gained national pop culture recognition as one of the `` Five Times the Daily Show Actually Influenced Policy '' . Habib has stated that he was inspired by John Oliver 's success in engaging the public on the topic of net neutrality , and the subsequent use of remote testimony submitted online to the Federal Communications Commission by his viewers .", "Habib was also the first Democratic State Legislator to seek the impeachment of State Auditor Troy Kelley , who is facing over a dozen federal criminal charges for tax evasion and fraud .", "Habib is the prime sponsor of legislation in the State Senate to guarantee paid sick leave for nearly all Washington workers .", "He is the Senate prime sponsor of the Washington Voting Rights Act , which aims to prevent cities and counties from using racially polarized voting systems .", "Habib 's 2015 bill to provide standard - issue ID cards to help exiting prison inmates with reentry into society has gained widespread support .", "Civil legal aid is a priority Habib has fought to keep funded in the state budget . He has argued that cuts in such funding will most severely impact families facing foreclosure , domestic violence , predatory lending , and those needing help accessing veteran and disability benefits .", "Habib also sponsored the Truth in Evictions Reporting Act , to ensure that wrongfully evicted tenants will be able to have their rental history corrected .", "Habib angered some Republicans when he proposed the introduction of legislative language acknowledging that climate change is real and that human activity is a significant factor in its acceleration .", "As a member of the Senate Transportation Committee , Habib played a critical role in the passage of a landmark transportation investment package that completes the SR 520 bridge replacement and the North Spokane Corridor , funds extensions of SR 167 and 509 , adds new lanes to I - 405 , and authorizes the next generation of light rail and bus rapid transit in the central Puget Sound region . This was the first investment in transportation infrastructure in a decade .", "Habib has also authored legislation protecting bridge toll payers from wrongful and excessive toll fees .", "Habib was the first Iranian - American elected to state office in the United States , elected to a state legislature the same day as Adrin Nazarian of California , and to date the highest ranking Iranian - American in public office as the first to serve in a statewide office .", "In 2014 , Habib was named one of the `` 40 Under 40 Political Rising Stars '' by the Washington Post. he was also named one of `` 12 State Legislators to Watch '' by Governing Magazine . Seattle Magazine has named him one of the `` most influential '' people in the greater Seattle area .", "Habib was chosen by the leadership of the Democratic National Committee to serve as one of 25 appointed members of the party 's 2016 Platform Committee .", "After graduating from Yale , Habib returned to Washington , and began practicing law at the region 's largest law firm , Perkins Coie , where from 2009 to 2017 he advised technology startups , and led the firm 's civic and community initiatives .", "Since 2013 , Habib has been Professor and Distinguished Lawmaker in Residence at the Seattle University School of Law , where he teaches upper - level courses and conducts research on issues at the convergence of technology and public policy .", "Habib is a Roman Catholic , and attends Mass at Seattle 's St. James Cathedral . A member of the Council on Foreign Relations , he also serves on the boards of a number of nonprofit organizations , including the 5th Avenue Theatre ." ]

[ [ "the winning team" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Vince Lombardi Trophy A Vince Lombardi Trophy on display , 2009 Award details Sport American football Given for Winning the Super Bowl , the championship game of the National Football League History First award January 15 , 1967 ; 50 years ago ( 1967 - 01 - 15 ) First winner Green Bay Packers Most wins Pittsburgh Steelers Most recent New England Patriots Website SuperBowl.com", "Vince Lombardi Trophy", "A Vince Lombardi Trophy on display , 2009", "Award details", "Sport American football", "Given for Winning the Super Bowl , the championship game of the National Football League", "History", "First award January 15 , 1967 ; 50 years ago ( 1967 - 01 - 15 )", "First winner Green Bay Packers", "Most wins Pittsburgh Steelers", "Most recent New England Patriots", "Website SuperBowl.com", "The Vince Lombardi Trophy is the trophy awarded each year to the winning team of the National Football League 's championship game , the Super Bowl . The trophy is named in honor of NFL coach Vince Lombardi .", "During lunch with NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle in 1966 , Tiffany & Co. vice president Oscar Riedner made a sketch on a cocktail napkin of what would become the Vince Lombardi Trophy . The original trophy was produced by Tiffany & Co. in Newark , New Jersey . Others have since been handcrafted by the company in Parsippany , New Jersey . As of 2017 , the trophy is produced at the Tiffany & Co Forrest Hills manufacturing facility in Cumberland , Rhode Island . The trophy was first awarded to the Green Bay Packers in January 15 , 1967 , following the 1966 regular season ( when the Super Bowl 's official designation was the AFL - NFL World Championship Game ) after they defeated the Kansas City Chiefs , 35 - 10 .", "Even though it is a national tournament , the award was initially inscribed with the words `` World Professional Football Championship '' . It was officially renamed in 1970 in memory of NFL head coach Vince Lombardi , after his death from cancer . It was thus presented for the first time as the Vince Lombardi Trophy in Super Bowl V when the Baltimore Colts defeated the Dallas Cowboys 16 - 13 . It has also been referred to as the `` Tiffany Trophy '' after the Tiffany & Co .", "Since Super Bowl XXX , the award has been presented to the winning team 's owner on the field following the game . Previously , it was presented inside the winning team 's locker room . In the case of the community - owned Packers ' two titles since Super Bowl XXX , the team 's President & CEO has accepted the trophy .", "Unlike trophies such as the Stanley Cup and the Grey Cup , a new Vince Lombardi Trophy is made every year and the winning team maintains permanent possession of that trophy , with one notable exception being Super Bowl V 's , won by the then - Baltimore Colts . The city of Baltimore retained that trophy as part of the legal settlement between the team and the city after the Colts ' infamous `` Midnight Mayflower '' move to Indianapolis on March 29 , 1984 . Since then , both the relocated Colts and their replacement in Baltimore , the Ravens , have won the Super Bowl and earned trophies in their own right .", "Since Super Bowl XLV , the Vince Lombardi Trophy is also prominently featured in the standardized logo design now used for all future Super Bowl games .", "The Vince Lombardi Trophy stands 22 inches ( 56 cm ) tall , weighs 7 pounds ( 3.2 kg ) and depicts a football in a kicking position on a three concave sided stand , and is entirely made of sterling silver .", "The words `` Vince Lombardi Trophy '' along with the Roman numerals of that year 's Super Bowl are engraved on and the NFL shield is affixed onto the base . After the trophy is awarded , it is sent back to Tiffany 's to be engraved with the names of the participating teams , the date , location , and the game 's final score . It is then sent back to the winning team for them to keep . Smaller replicas are made for each person on the winning team .", "For the first four championship games , both the NFL and the AFL logos were in the center of the trophy . Starting from Super Bowl V , only the NFL shield was on the front . Beginning with Super Bowl XXXVIII , the shield took on a frosted appearance . Starting with Super Bowl XLIII , the slightly redesigned NFL shield began appearing on the trophy , still with a frosted appearance . Other than the logo , the trophy has had no significant changes made since the first Super Bowl . While no franchise possesses all four versions , the Green Bay Packers , New England Patriots , New York Giants , and Pittsburgh Steelers have three of the four designs .", "The Super Bowl is currently played in early February ( the game originally took place in early to mid-January ) , culminating a season that generally begins in September of the previous calendar year . For example , Super Bowl 50 , which was played on February 7 , 2016 , determined the league champion for the 2015 NFL season . The years shown below refer to the season , not the date that the Super Bowl was actually played .", "The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 2005 , 2008 ) are first with six Vince Lombardi Trophies . The Dallas Cowboys ( 1971 , 1977 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2014 , 2016 ) are tied for second with 5 each . The Green Bay Packers ( 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 2010 ) and the New York Giants ( 1986 , 1990 , 2007 , 2011 ) are tied for third with four each . The Oakland Raiders ( 1976 , 1980 , 1983 ) , the Washington Redskins ( 1982 , 1987 , 1991 ) and the Denver Broncos ( 1997 , 1998 , 2015 ) are tied for fourth with three each .", "Although none of these teams have ever won three straight Super Bowls , two of them have won three Lombardi trophies in four years and one twice in three years : The Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 , 1993 , 1995 ) and the New England Patriots ( 2001 , 2003 , 2004 ) and ( 2014 , 2016 ) . The Pittsburgh Steelers won four Super Bowls in six years ( 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) .", "Beginning with Super Bowl XL , a special Lombardi Trophy ceremony takes place . A former NFL player , usually a past Super Bowl MVP or notable figure of the host city 's franchise , brings the Lombardi Trophy to the center of the stadium , as he walks past members of the winning team .", "The players , along with the Super Bowls in which they participated in the Lombardi Trophy presentation ceremony , are listed below .", "Super Bowl XL Presentation -- Bart Starr ( MVP , Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II ) Super Bowl XLI Presentation -- Don Shula ( former Miami Dolphins head coach ) Super Bowl XLII Presentation -- Doug Williams ( MVP , Super Bowl XXII ) Super Bowl XLIII Presentation -- Joe Namath ( MVP , Super Bowl III ) Super Bowl XLIV Presentation -- Len Dawson ( MVP , Super Bowl IV ) Super Bowl XLV Presentation -- Roger Staubach ( former Dallas Cowboys quarterback and MVP , Super Bowl VI ) Super Bowl XLVI Presentation -- Raymond Berry ( former Baltimore Colts split end ) Super Bowl XLVII Presentation -- Richard Dent ( MVP , Super Bowl XX ) Super Bowl XLVIII Presentation -- Marcus Allen ( MVP , Super Bowl XVIII ) Super Bowl XLIX Presentation -- Kurt Warner ( former Arizona Cardinals quarterback and MVP , Super Bowl XXXIV ) Super Bowl 50 Presentation -- Terrell Davis ( MVP , Super Bowl XXXII ) , who handed it to Joe Namath ( MVP , Super Bowl III ) , who handed it to Lynn Swann ( MVP , Super Bowl X ) Super Bowl LI Presentation -- Willie McGinest , who handed it to Michael Strahan", "Super Bowl XL Presentation -- Bart Starr ( MVP , Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II )", "Super Bowl XLI Presentation -- Don Shula ( former Miami Dolphins head coach )", "Super Bowl XLII Presentation -- Doug Williams ( MVP , Super Bowl XXII )", "Super Bowl XLIII Presentation -- Joe Namath ( MVP , Super Bowl III )", "Super Bowl XLIV Presentation -- Len Dawson ( MVP , Super Bowl IV )", "Super Bowl XLV Presentation -- Roger Staubach ( former Dallas Cowboys quarterback and MVP , Super Bowl VI )", "Super Bowl XLVI Presentation -- Raymond Berry ( former Baltimore Colts split end )", "Super Bowl XLVII Presentation -- Richard Dent ( MVP , Super Bowl XX )", "Super Bowl XLVIII Presentation -- Marcus Allen ( MVP , Super Bowl XVIII )", "Super Bowl XLIX Presentation -- Kurt Warner ( former Arizona Cardinals quarterback and MVP , Super Bowl XXXIV )", "Super Bowl 50 Presentation -- Terrell Davis ( MVP , Super Bowl XXXII ) , who handed it to Joe Namath ( MVP , Super Bowl III ) , who handed it to Lynn Swann ( MVP , Super Bowl X )", "Super Bowl LI Presentation -- Willie McGinest , who handed it to Michael Strahan" ]