Datasets:
ibm
/

Modalities:
Text
Formats:
csv
Languages:
English
Size:
< 1K
ArXiv:
Libraries:
Datasets
pandas
License:
question_ID
int64
1
253
question
stringlengths
21
197
context1
stringlengths
39
1.36k
context2
stringlengths
37
1.36k
answer1
stringlengths
1
227
answer2
stringlengths
1
320
contradictType
stringclasses
2 values
samepassage
stringclasses
2 values
merged_context
stringlengths
48
1.85k
ref_answer
stringlengths
3
471
WikipediaArticleTitle
stringlengths
4
50
url
stringlengths
34
80
1
Which of the following are present in Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea: apomorphine, aporphine, or neither?
Apomorphine is said to be main psychoactive compound present.
Like other species in the genus, Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea contains the psychoactive alkaloid aporphine (not to be confused with apomorphine, a metabolic product of aporphine).
Apomorphine
Aporphine
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Apomorphine is said to be main psychoactive compound present. Like other species in the genus, Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea contains the psychoactive alkaloid aporphine (not to be confused with apomorphine, a metabolic product of aporphine).
Apomorphine|Aporphine
Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali_var._caerulea
2
Are there any other missiles besides the P-500 Bazalt that influenced the design of P-700 Granit missile?
The P-700 was derived from the P-500 Bazalt missile with a turbojet.
The missile was partially derived from the P-500 Bazalt.
No.
Yes.
Explicit
Different
The P-700 was derived from the P-500 Bazalt missile with a turbojet. The missile was partially derived from the P-500 Bazalt.
No.|Yes.
P-700 Granit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-700_Granit
3
Did the formation of the grooves on Phobos occur as a single event?
The model designed in 2015 supported the discovery that some of the grooves are younger than others, implying that the process that produces the grooves is ongoing.
In November 2018, following further computational probability analysis, astronomers concluded that the many grooves on Phobos were caused by boulders, ejected from the asteroid impact that created Stickney crater. These boulders rolled in a predictable pattern on the surface of the moon.
No.
Yes.
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
The model designed in 2015 supported the discovery that some of the grooves are younger than others, implying that the process that produces the grooves is ongoing. In November 2018, following further computational probability analysis, astronomers concluded that the many grooves on Phobos were caused by boulders, ejected from the asteroid impact that created Stickney crater. These boulders rolled in a predictable pattern on the surface of the moon.
No.|Yes.
Phobos (moon)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon)
4
Did Bishop Heber meet D’Oyly in the 1840s in Patna ?
Bishop Heber, who visited Patna in the 1840s, described Charles D'Oyly as the “best gentleman artist I ever met”.
After working for the Company for forty years, Charles D'Oyly's failing health compelled him to retire and leave India in 1838
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Bishop Heber, who visited Patna in the 1840s, described Charles D'Oyly as the “best gentleman artist I ever met”. After working for the Company for forty years, Charles D'Oyly's failing health compelled him to retire and leave India in 1838
Yes|No
Charles D'Oyly
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D'Oyly
5
What year did President Oler take the stand in court?
President Wesley M. Oler took the stand for the company in 1911 when detectives traveled to Rockland Lake to find the icehouses packed with ice but no workers to load the product onto barges to New York City. The lack of workers had to do with the two dollars they were getting paid when small, independent companies were paying double what bigger companies like Knickerbocker were paying their employees. Oler took to the stand to tell the court he was paying his workers properly and was even paying them extra for the work they did on Sundays, but the workers rebelled. When detectives dug deeper into the situation, they discovered Oler secretly made deals with other companies to purchase ice when they were suffering from deficiencies. Oler came up with numerous excuses why he was conducting the Knickerbocker Ice Company’s business in such a way. Oler explained it was cheaper to transport ice in smaller quantities to meet the demands of clients than to purchase more rail cars and transport everything at once. Also, the 1890s was an exceptionally warm winter which was a major setback for the ice industry since there was not much ice to sell to consumers. Oler told the court he searched for skilled workers to harvest ice during the warm season but was unsuccessful, which is the why these complications occurred while he was president of the company.
President Wesley M. Oler took the stand for the company in 1911 when detectives traveled to Rockland Lake to find the icehouses packed with ice but no workers to load the product onto barges to New York City. The lack of workers had to do with the two dollars they were getting paid when small, independent companies were paying double what bigger companies like Knickerbocker were paying their employees. Oler took to the stand to tell the court he was paying his workers properly and was even paying them extra for the work they did on Sundays, but the workers rebelled. When detectives dug deeper into the situation, they discovered Oler secretly made deals with other companies to purchase ice when they were suffering from deficiencies. Oler came up with numerous excuses why he was conducting the Knickerbocker Ice Company’s business in such a way. Oler explained it was cheaper to transport ice in smaller quantities to meet the demands of clients than to purchase more rail cars and transport everything at once. Also, the 1890s was an exceptionally warm winter which was a major setback for the ice industry since there was not much ice to sell to consumers. Oler told the court he searched for skilled workers to harvest ice during the warm season but was unsuccessful, which is the why these complications occurred while he was president of the company.
President Oler took the stand in 1911
President Oler appeard in court in the 1890s
Implicit (reasoning required)
Same
President Wesley M. Oler took the stand for the company in 1911 when detectives traveled to Rockland Lake to find the icehouses packed with ice but no workers to load the product onto barges to New York City. The lack of workers had to do with the two dollars they were getting paid when small, independent companies were paying double what bigger companies like Knickerbocker were paying their employees. Oler took to the stand to tell the court he was paying his workers properly and was even paying them extra for the work they did on Sundays, but the workers rebelled. When detectives dug deeper into the situation, they discovered Oler secretly made deals with other companies to purchase ice when they were suffering from deficiencies. Oler came up with numerous excuses why he was conducting the Knickerbocker Ice Company’s business in such a way. Oler explained it was cheaper to transport ice in smaller quantities to meet the demands of clients than to purchase more rail cars and transport everything at once. Also, the 1890s was an exceptionally warm winter which was a major setback for the ice industry since there was not much ice to sell to consumers. Oler told the court he searched for skilled workers to harvest ice during the warm season but was unsuccessful, which is the why these complications occurred while he was president of the company.
President Oler took the stand in 1911|President Oler appeard in court in the 1890s
Knickerbocker Ice Company
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_Ice_Company
6
What is the most common occupation for the residents of Kodimunai?
A significant number of the residents of Kodimunai do jobs related to fishing. These jobs includes deep sea fishing, shallow water fishing, fishing from the shore (known as karamadi in the local language), fishing with mechanized boats, exporting fish, etc.
Many of the residents of Kodimunai work in a number of other fields like IT, medicine, education, engineering, trading, cargo shipping, etc. However, there is no noticeable local industry except for fishing
Fishing
IT, medicine, engineering, trading
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
A significant number of the residents of Kodimunai do jobs related to fishing. These jobs includes deep sea fishing, shallow water fishing, fishing from the shore (known as karamadi in the local language), fishing with mechanized boats, exporting fish, etc. Many of the residents of Kodimunai work in a number of other fields like IT, medicine, education, engineering, trading, cargo shipping, etc. However, there is no noticeable local industry except for fishing
Fishing|IT, medicine, engineering, trading
Kodimunai
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodimunai
7
What is the salinity of Lake Maracaibo?
Lake Maracaibo is deep in the south and shallow in the north. The northern half of Lake Maracaibo, which looks like a bottleneck, is 55 kilometers long. The southeastern edge of Lake Maracaibo basin with a flat bottom is steep and the northwestern edge is gentle. Lake Maracaibo is slightly salty due to the influence of tides, and the overall salinity of Lake Maracaibo is between 1.5 and 3.8%.
The Catatumbo River forms a bird-foot-shaped delta in the southwest of Lake Maracaibo basin, and the surface lake water in the delta has a salinity of only 0.13%. However, the intrusion of seawater from the mouth of Lake Maracaibo makes the salinity of the bottom lake water higher, reaching 0.2-0.3%.
The salinity of Lake Maracaibo is between 1.5% and 3.8%
The salinity of Lake Maracibo is between 0.2% and 0.3%
Explicit
Different
Lake Maracaibo is deep in the south and shallow in the north. The northern half of Lake Maracaibo, which looks like a bottleneck, is 55 kilometers long. The southeastern edge of Lake Maracaibo basin with a flat bottom is steep and the northwestern edge is gentle. Lake Maracaibo is slightly salty due to the influence of tides, and the overall salinity of Lake Maracaibo is between 1.5 and 3.8%. The Catatumbo River forms a bird-foot-shaped delta in the southwest of Lake Maracaibo basin, and the surface lake water in the delta has a salinity of only 0.13%. However, the intrusion of seawater from the mouth of Lake Maracaibo makes the salinity of the bottom lake water higher, reaching 0.2-0.3%.
The salinity of Lake Maracaibo is between 1.5% and 3.8%|The salinity of Lake Maracibo is between 0.2% and 0.3%
Lake Maracaibo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo
8
What are examples of defunct newspapers in the United States?
This is a list of defunct newspapers of the United States. Only notable names among the thousands of such newspapers are listed, primarily major metropolitan dailies which published for ten years or more.
The Hoover Gazette was a weekly newspaper that served the city of Hoover, Alabama. The Hoover Gazette was owned by Eagle Publishing Company LLC. The Hoover Gazette was first published on June 5, 2006. The last edition of Hoover Gazette was on August 15, 2007. The newspaper Hoover Gazette was published each Wednesday.
The Daily Worker
The Hoover Gazette
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
This is a list of defunct newspapers of the United States. Only notable names among the thousands of such newspapers are listed, primarily major metropolitan dailies which published for ten years or more. The Hoover Gazette was a weekly newspaper that served the city of Hoover, Alabama. The Hoover Gazette was owned by Eagle Publishing Company LLC. The Hoover Gazette was first published on June 5, 2006. The last edition of Hoover Gazette was on August 15, 2007. The newspaper Hoover Gazette was published each Wednesday.
The Daily Worker|The Hoover Gazette
List of defunct newspapers of the United States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_newspapers_of_the_United_States
9
When was Little America II base established?
Little America II was established in 1934, some thirty feet (ten meters) above the site of the original base Little America I, with some of the original base accessed via tunnel. The Little America II base was briefly set adrift in 1934, but the iceberg fused to the main glacier.
In a later expedition to Antarctica, Byrd's expedition spotted Little America's towers still standing, including the Jacobs Wind plant installed in 1933.
1934
1933
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Little America II was established in 1934, some thirty feet (ten meters) above the site of the original base Little America I, with some of the original base accessed via tunnel. The Little America II base was briefly set adrift in 1934, but the iceberg fused to the main glacier. In a later expedition to Antarctica, Byrd's expedition spotted Little America's towers still standing, including the Jacobs Wind plant installed in 1933.
1934|1933
Little America (exploration base)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_America_(exploration_base)
10
Is Moxonidine selective or non-selective Agonist?
I1 receptors include Agonists such as AGN 192403, and Moxonidine
Nonselective ligands include Agonists such as Agmatine (putative endogenous ligand at I1; also interacts with NMDA, nicotinic, and α2 adrenoceptors), Apraclonidine (α2 adrenoceptor agonist), 2-BFI (I2 agonist, NMDA antagonist), Cimetidine (I1 agonist, H2 receptor antagonist), Clonidine (I1 agonist, α2 adrenoceptor agonist), LNP-509, LNP-911, 7-Me-marsanidine, Dimethyltryptamine, mCPP, and Moxonidine
selective
non-selective
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
I1 receptors include Agonists such as AGN 192403, and Moxonidine Nonselective ligands include Agonists such as Agmatine (putative endogenous ligand at I1; also interacts with NMDA, nicotinic, and α2 adrenoceptors), Apraclonidine (α2 adrenoceptor agonist), 2-BFI (I2 agonist, NMDA antagonist), Cimetidine (I1 agonist, H2 receptor antagonist), Clonidine (I1 agonist, α2 adrenoceptor agonist), LNP-509, LNP-911, 7-Me-marsanidine, Dimethyltryptamine, mCPP, and Moxonidine
selective|non-selective
Imidazoline receptor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor
11
What year did Paul Fraisse become a director of the Institute of Psychology of the University of Paris?
In 1965, Paul Fraisse becomes the Institute of Psychology of the University of Paris director
1952 : Paul Fraisse replaces Henri Piéron with a director board of the Institute of Psychology of the University of Paris including Daniel Lagache (Sorbonne, lettres), Jean Delay (Faculté de médecine), and Pierre-Paul Grassé (Sorbonne, Sciences). 1960 : Daniel Lagache steps back from co-directorship. 1961 : Paul Fraisse becomes the only director of the Institute of Psychology of the University of Paris.
1965
1952
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
In 1965, Paul Fraisse becomes the Institute of Psychology of the University of Paris director 1952 : Paul Fraisse replaces Henri Piéron with a director board of the Institute of Psychology of the University of Paris including Daniel Lagache (Sorbonne, lettres), Jean Delay (Faculté de médecine), and Pierre-Paul Grassé (Sorbonne, Sciences). 1960 : Daniel Lagache steps back from co-directorship. 1961 : Paul Fraisse becomes the only director of the Institute of Psychology of the University of Paris.
1965|1952
Institute of Psychology of the University of Paris
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Psychology_of_the_University_of_Paris
12
What date was Julian Lewis Jones born?
Julian Lewis Jones (born 21 August 1968
Julian Lewis Jones Born 27 August 1968
August 21st 1968
27 August 1968
Explicit
Different
Julian Lewis Jones (born 21 August 1968 Julian Lewis Jones Born 27 August 1968
August 21st 1968| 27 August 1968
Julian Lewis Jones
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Lewis_Jones
13
When did Liu Zhi die?
Liu Zhi first fled to British Hong Kong, and later on made a living in Indonesia as a Chinese language teacher. In 1953, he was ordered to return to Kuomingtang-controlled Taiwan as a political adviser to Chiang Kai-shek. He was decorated with the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun. He died in Taiwan in 1972.
Liu Zhi died on the 15 January 1971 (aged 78) in Taichung, Taiwan
Liu Zhi died in 1972.
Liu Zhi died on the 15 January 1971.
Explicit
Different
Liu Zhi first fled to British Hong Kong, and later on made a living in Indonesia as a Chinese language teacher. In 1953, he was ordered to return to Kuomingtang-controlled Taiwan as a political adviser to Chiang Kai-shek. He was decorated with the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun. He died in Taiwan in 1972. Liu Zhi died on the 15 January 1971 (aged 78) in Taichung, Taiwan
Liu Zhi died in 1972.|Liu Zhi died on the 15 January 1971.
Liu Zhi (ROC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(ROC)
14
How is the Loretto Chapel staircase held together?
The Loretto Chapel staircase lacks the newel or central pole usually used to support and stabilize a spiral staircase, and therefore the means of supporting the weight is not obvious. However, the staircase is supported by its stringers just like a conventional (straight) staircase, although in this case each stringer is twisted into a helix. Observers have also noted that the inside stringer has such a tight radius that it is able to function similarly to a straight center support. According to an analysis by a professional carpenter in Mysterious New Mexico, the assembly of the stringers from overlapping segments joined by wood glue creates a laminate that is actually stronger than the wood alone. Additionally, the use of wooden pegs rather than nails prevents degradation of the joints due to compression set as the wood swells against the nails due to changes in humidity or temperature
Loretto Chapel is best known for its helix-shaped staircase (nicknamed "Miraculous Stair"), which rises 20 feet (6.1 m) to the choir loft while making two full turns, all without the support of a newel or central pole. The staircase is built mostly out of wood and is held together by wooden pegs, with no glue, nails or other hardware used. The inner stringer consists of seven wooden segments joined together with pegs, while the longer outer stringer has nine segments. The exact wood used to build the staircase has been confirmed to be a type of spruce which is not native to New Mexico and scientifically not identified anywhere else in the world.
It is held together by overlapping segments joined by wood glue.
It is held together by wooden pegs, with no glue.
Explicit
Different
The Loretto Chapel staircase lacks the newel or central pole usually used to support and stabilize a spiral staircase, and therefore the means of supporting the weight is not obvious. However, the staircase is supported by its stringers just like a conventional (straight) staircase, although in this case each stringer is twisted into a helix. Observers have also noted that the inside stringer has such a tight radius that it is able to function similarly to a straight center support. According to an analysis by a professional carpenter in Mysterious New Mexico, the assembly of the stringers from overlapping segments joined by wood glue creates a laminate that is actually stronger than the wood alone. Additionally, the use of wooden pegs rather than nails prevents degradation of the joints due to compression set as the wood swells against the nails due to changes in humidity or temperature Loretto Chapel is best known for its helix-shaped staircase (nicknamed "Miraculous Stair"), which rises 20 feet (6.1 m) to the choir loft while making two full turns, all without the support of a newel or central pole. The staircase is built mostly out of wood and is held together by wooden pegs, with no glue, nails or other hardware used. The inner stringer consists of seven wooden segments joined together with pegs, while the longer outer stringer has nine segments. The exact wood used to build the staircase has been confirmed to be a type of spruce which is not native to New Mexico and scientifically not identified anywhere else in the world.
It is held together by overlapping segments joined by wood glue.|It is held together by wooden pegs, with no glue.
Loretto Chapel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretto_Chapel
15
How many people were survivors of the Pánfilo de Narváez expedition?
In the spring of 1528, during the Pánfilo de Narváez's 1527 expedition, thirteen of the fifteen survivors decided to leave the Galveston island, abandoning Cabeza de Vaca (because he was sick and unable to travel) and two other members of the expedition. In April 1529, this group, led by Dorantes and Castillo, reached the coast and landed at Matagorda Bay. However, most of the members of this expedition were killed by Native Americans. Only three survived: Dorantes de Carranza, Castillo and Estevanico.
Alonso del Castillo Maldonado (died after 1547) was an early Spanish explorer in the Americas. He was one of the last four survivors of the Pánfilo de Narváez expedition, along with Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza and his African slave Estevanico.
Three survived.
Four survived.
Explicit
Different
In the spring of 1528, during the Pánfilo de Narváez's 1527 expedition, thirteen of the fifteen survivors decided to leave the Galveston island, abandoning Cabeza de Vaca (because he was sick and unable to travel) and two other members of the expedition. In April 1529, this group, led by Dorantes and Castillo, reached the coast and landed at Matagorda Bay. However, most of the members of this expedition were killed by Native Americans. Only three survived: Dorantes de Carranza, Castillo and Estevanico. Alonso del Castillo Maldonado (died after 1547) was an early Spanish explorer in the Americas. He was one of the last four survivors of the Pánfilo de Narváez expedition, along with Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza and his African slave Estevanico.
Three survived.|Four survived.
Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_del_Castillo_Maldonado
16
How tall is Tyler Mane?
In 2007, Tayler Mane played Michael Myers in Rob Zombie's remake of Halloween. After winning the role, he noted that he consecutively watched seven of the eight Halloween films (excluding the third because Michael Myers does not appear apart from in an ad for the first movie) to better understand his character. He is the tallest actor (6' 8") to portray the character
Tayler Mane height is 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m).
6 ft 8 in
6 ft 9 in
Explicit
Different
In 2007, Tayler Mane played Michael Myers in Rob Zombie's remake of Halloween. After winning the role, he noted that he consecutively watched seven of the eight Halloween films (excluding the third because Michael Myers does not appear apart from in an ad for the first movie) to better understand his character. He is the tallest actor (6' 8") to portray the character Tayler Mane height is 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m).
6 ft 8 in|6 ft 9 in
Tyler Mane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Mane
17
What is Heinrich Mark birth name?
Heinrich Marx (born Herschel HaLevi, Yiddish: הירשל הלוי; 15 April 1777 – 10 May 1838) was a German lawyer who fathered the communist philosopher Karl Marx, as well as seven other children, including Louise Juta.
Heinrich Marx was born in Saarlouis into an Ashkenazi Jewish family with the name Herschel Levi, the son of Rabbi Marx Levi Mordechai ben Samuel HaLevi von Rödelheim (1743–1804) and Eva Lwow (1753–1823)
Herschel HaLevi
Herschel Levi
Explicit
Different
Heinrich Marx (born Herschel HaLevi, Yiddish: הירשל הלוי; 15 April 1777 – 10 May 1838) was a German lawyer who fathered the communist philosopher Karl Marx, as well as seven other children, including Louise Juta. Heinrich Marx was born in Saarlouis into an Ashkenazi Jewish family with the name Herschel Levi, the son of Rabbi Marx Levi Mordechai ben Samuel HaLevi von Rödelheim (1743–1804) and Eva Lwow (1753–1823)
Herschel HaLevi|Herschel Levi
Heinrich Marx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Marx
18
Is sleep is essential for all complex animals?
Sleep in fish is the subject of ongoing scientific research.Typically fish exhibit periods of inactivity but show no significant reactions to deprivation of this condition.
If sleep were not essential in animals, one would expect to find - Animal species that do not sleep at all - Animals that do not need recovery sleep after staying awake longer than usual - Animals that suffer no serious consequences as a result of lack of sleep. Hence sleep is essential for all complex animals.
Not for all types of complex animals, typically fish exhibit periods of inactivity but show no significant reactions to deprivation of this condition.
Yes as if sleep were not essential in animals, one would expect to find - Animal species that do not sleep at all - Animals that do not need recovery sleep after staying awake longer than usual - Animals that suffer no serious consequences as a result of lack of sleep. Hence sleep is essential for all complex animals.
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Sleep in fish is the subject of ongoing scientific research.Typically fish exhibit periods of inactivity but show no significant reactions to deprivation of this condition. If sleep were not essential in animals, one would expect to find - Animal species that do not sleep at all - Animals that do not need recovery sleep after staying awake longer than usual - Animals that suffer no serious consequences as a result of lack of sleep. Hence sleep is essential for all complex animals.
Not for all types of complex animals, typically fish exhibit periods of inactivity but show no significant reactions to deprivation of this condition.|Yes as if sleep were not essential in animals, one would expect to find - Animal species that do not sleep at all - Animals that do not need recovery sleep after staying awake longer than usual - Animals that suffer no serious consequences as a result of lack of sleep. Hence sleep is essential for all complex animals.
Sleep in animals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_in_animals
19
Who was the manager of St Eunan's GAA in 2017?
The manager of St Eunan's GAA in the period c2014-c.2018 was Maxi Curran.
The managers of St Eunan's GAA in 2017 were Barry Meehan and Eddie Brennan.
The manager of St Eunan's GAA in 2017 was Maxi Curran.
The managers of St Eunan's GAA in 2017 were Barry Meehan and Eddie Brennan.
Explicit
Different
The manager of St Eunan's GAA in the period c2014-c.2018 was Maxi Curran. The managers of St Eunan's GAA in 2017 were Barry Meehan and Eddie Brennan.
The manager of St Eunan's GAA in 2017 was Maxi Curran.|The managers of St Eunan's GAA in 2017 were Barry Meehan and Eddie Brennan.
St Eunan's GAA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Eunan's_GAA
20
Was Maria Stevens executed for witchcraft?
Maria Stevens (died after 1707) was an English woman who was executed for witchcraft.
Maria Stevens was accused of having bewitched an acquaintance, Dorothy Reeves. The trial was held at Taunton Castle. Stevens was acquitted and released after judge and jury failed to believe the evidence given against her.
Maria Stevens was an English woman who was executed for witchcraft.
Maria Stevens was acquitted and released after judge and jury failed to believe the evidence given against her.
Explicit
Different
Maria Stevens (died after 1707) was an English woman who was executed for witchcraft. Maria Stevens was accused of having bewitched an acquaintance, Dorothy Reeves. The trial was held at Taunton Castle. Stevens was acquitted and released after judge and jury failed to believe the evidence given against her.
Maria Stevens was an English woman who was executed for witchcraft.|Maria Stevens was acquitted and released after judge and jury failed to believe the evidence given against her.
Maria Stevens
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stevens
21
When the first walk of the organization Stop Child Trafficking Now took place?
The first walk of the Stop Child Trafficking Now organization took place in September 2011 in Augusta, Georgia, United States.
The Stop Child Trafficking Now organization organized annual walks to raise funds and awareness about the issue. In 2009, organizers claimed to have organized walks in 41 cities nationwide and hoped to raise over a million dollars. The group organized a protest at Phillips Square, Montreal, Quebec, Canada in September 2009.
The first walk of the organization Stop Child Trafficking Now took place in September 2011.
The Stop Child Trafficking Now group organized a protest at Phillips Square, Montreal, Quebec, Canada in September 2009.
Explicit
Different
The first walk of the Stop Child Trafficking Now organization took place in September 2011 in Augusta, Georgia, United States. The Stop Child Trafficking Now organization organized annual walks to raise funds and awareness about the issue. In 2009, organizers claimed to have organized walks in 41 cities nationwide and hoped to raise over a million dollars. The group organized a protest at Phillips Square, Montreal, Quebec, Canada in September 2009.
The first walk of the organization Stop Child Trafficking Now took place in September 2011.|The Stop Child Trafficking Now group organized a protest at Phillips Square, Montreal, Quebec, Canada in September 2009.
Stop Child Trafficking Now
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Child_Trafficking_Now
22
Can any synthetic chord be analyzed in terms of traditional harmonic structures/chords?
In music theory and harmonic analysis, a synthetic chord is a made-up or non-traditional (synthetic) chord (collection of pitches) which cannot be analyzed in terms of traditional harmonic structures, such as the triad or seventh chord.
Some synthetic chords may be analyzed as traditional chords, including the Prometheus chord, which may be analyzed as an altered dominant chord.
No
Yes
Explicit
Different
In music theory and harmonic analysis, a synthetic chord is a made-up or non-traditional (synthetic) chord (collection of pitches) which cannot be analyzed in terms of traditional harmonic structures, such as the triad or seventh chord. Some synthetic chords may be analyzed as traditional chords, including the Prometheus chord, which may be analyzed as an altered dominant chord.
No|Yes
Synthetic chord
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_chord
23
In the 1840s, who built the stockman's hut near the peak of Mount Pleasant?
The first European to farm on the Mount Pleasant was Joseph Greenwood of Purau, who took up land in 1846 and built a stockman's hut near the peak.
Edward Ward, the eldest brother of Crosbie Ward stood by the hut on Mount Pleasant built by Charles Crawford
Joseph Greenwood
Charles Crawford
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
The first European to farm on the Mount Pleasant was Joseph Greenwood of Purau, who took up land in 1846 and built a stockman's hut near the peak. Edward Ward, the eldest brother of Crosbie Ward stood by the hut on Mount Pleasant built by Charles Crawford
Joseph Greenwood|Charles Crawford
Tauhinukorokio / Mount Pleasant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhinukorokio_/_Mount_Pleasant
24
From 1788 until the early 1790s, general city dumas were organized in how many cities of the Tobolsk Viceroyalty?
From 1788 until the early 1790s, general city dumas were organized in nine cities of the Tobolsk Viceroyalty.
Cities of the Tobolsk Viceroyalty in which general city dumas were organized from 1788 until the early 1790s: Tobolsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Tara, Turukhansk, Yeniseisk, Narym, and Omsk.
Nine
Eight
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
From 1788 until the early 1790s, general city dumas were organized in nine cities of the Tobolsk Viceroyalty. Cities of the Tobolsk Viceroyalty in which general city dumas were organized from 1788 until the early 1790s: Tobolsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Tara, Turukhansk, Yeniseisk, Narym, and Omsk.
Nine|Eight
Tobolsk Viceroyalty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobolsk_Viceroyalty
25
In what year did the Whitehead Torpedo enter service?
The Howell torpedo was the only United States Navy model until Whitehead torpedoes produced by Bliss and Williams entered service in 1894.
The United States Navy started using the Whitehead torpedo in 1892 after an American company, E.W. Bliss, secured manufacturing rights.
1894
1892 or before
Explicit
Different
The Howell torpedo was the only United States Navy model until Whitehead torpedoes produced by Bliss and Williams entered service in 1894. The United States Navy started using the Whitehead torpedo in 1892 after an American company, E.W. Bliss, secured manufacturing rights.
1894|1892 or before
Torpedo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo
26
In what year and month did mass production of the Fourth Generation (A80) Toyota Supra begin?
official mass production of the Fourth Generation (A80) Toyota Supra began in April 1993.
Production of the Fourth Generation (A80) Toyota Supra: May 1993 – August 2002
April 1993
May 1993
Explicit
Different
official mass production of the Fourth Generation (A80) Toyota Supra began in April 1993. Production of the Fourth Generation (A80) Toyota Supra: May 1993 – August 2002
April 1993|May 1993
Toyota Supra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Supra
27
Which postage stamp was issued first: "Two Penny Blue" or "Penny Black"?
The Two Penny Blue or The Two Pence Blue was the world's second official postage stamp, produced in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and issued after the Penny Black. [...] Initial printing took place from 1 May 1840. [...] Officially the stamps were valid for postage from 6 May.
The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It was first issued in the United Kingdom on 1 May 1840 but was not valid for use until 6 May.
The Penny Black
Same date
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
The Two Penny Blue or The Two Pence Blue was the world's second official postage stamp, produced in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and issued after the Penny Black. [...] Initial printing took place from 1 May 1840. [...] Officially the stamps were valid for postage from 6 May. The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It was first issued in the United Kingdom on 1 May 1840 but was not valid for use until 6 May.
The Penny Black|Same date
Two penny blue
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_penny_blue
29
In which year and month did France defeat the Queen of Waalo?
In February 1855, General Louis Faidherbe (French general and colonial administrator) departed from Saint-Louis with a force of 450 French soldiers and 400 armed volunteers in order to march on Nder, Waalo's (a Jolof kingdom located in what is now northwest Senegal) capital. On 25 February at the Battle of Dioubouldy, the French defeated the combined Waalo and Trarza (region in what is now southwest Mauritania) armies. The French then entered Nder, which had been deserted by Ndaté Yalla Mbodj and her followers, and burned it down. Maroso Tassé and his warriors still held firm and refused to submit. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj who was receiving updates still remained defiant.
On 31 January 1855, Faidherbe finally defeated Ndaté Yalla Mbodj and gained control of Waalo.
February 1855
January 1855
Explicit
Different
In February 1855, General Louis Faidherbe (French general and colonial administrator) departed from Saint-Louis with a force of 450 French soldiers and 400 armed volunteers in order to march on Nder, Waalo's (a Jolof kingdom located in what is now northwest Senegal) capital. On 25 February at the Battle of Dioubouldy, the French defeated the combined Waalo and Trarza (region in what is now southwest Mauritania) armies. The French then entered Nder, which had been deserted by Ndaté Yalla Mbodj and her followers, and burned it down. Maroso Tassé and his warriors still held firm and refused to submit. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj who was receiving updates still remained defiant. On 31 January 1855, Faidherbe finally defeated Ndaté Yalla Mbodj and gained control of Waalo.
February 1855|January 1855
Ndaté Yalla Mbodj
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaté_Yalla_Mbodj
28
In which year and month did the French general Louis Faidherbe defeat the Queen of Waalo, Ndaté Yalla Mbodj?
In February 1855, General Louis Faidherbe (French general and colonial administrator) departed from Saint-Louis with a force of 450 French soldiers and 400 armed volunteers in order to march on Nder, Waalo's (a Jolof kingdom located in what is now northwest Senegal) capital. On 25 February at the Battle of Dioubouldy, the French defeated the combined Waalo and Trarza (region in what is now southwest Mauritania) armies. The French then entered Nder, which had been deserted by Ndaté Yalla Mbodj and her followers, and burned it down. Maroso Tassé and his warriors still held firm and refused to submit. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj who was receiving updates still remained defiant.
On 31 January 1855, Faidherbe finally defeated Ndaté Yalla Mbodj and gained control of Waalo.
February 1855
January 1855
Explicit
Different
In February 1855, General Louis Faidherbe (French general and colonial administrator) departed from Saint-Louis with a force of 450 French soldiers and 400 armed volunteers in order to march on Nder, Waalo's (a Jolof kingdom located in what is now northwest Senegal) capital. On 25 February at the Battle of Dioubouldy, the French defeated the combined Waalo and Trarza (region in what is now southwest Mauritania) armies. The French then entered Nder, which had been deserted by Ndaté Yalla Mbodj and her followers, and burned it down. Maroso Tassé and his warriors still held firm and refused to submit. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj who was receiving updates still remained defiant. On 31 January 1855, Faidherbe finally defeated Ndaté Yalla Mbodj and gained control of Waalo.
February 1855|January 1855
Ndaté Yalla Mbodj
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaté_Yalla_Mbodj
31
Where did Ndaté Yalla Mbodj die?
In light of their crushing defeat, with the advice of the Jogomay, Jawdin and Maalo (the three powerful noble council of electors responsible for electing the kings and queens of Waalo from the ruling family) and Maaroso Tassé's (Ndaté Yalla Mbodj's husband) relatives in the royal family of Cayor, requested that the royal couple move to Cayor for refuge and protection. They left for Cayor, and received protection from their relatives. The French demanded that the royal family of Cayor hand them over as their prisoners, and if they refuse to do so Cayor would be deemed an enemy. The royal family of Cayor refused to do so and offered them protection. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj remained in Cayor until her death in 1860.
Ndaté Yalla Mbodj died in 1860 in Dagana, Wolof Kingdom of Waalo. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj, is regarded as a heroine in Senegambian history, and one of the most famous women of 19th century Senegambia. Along with several other African heroines, she played a crucial role in the struggle for African liberation. Oral historians (also known as griots) have recorded her bravery, and she remains a symbol of female empowerment and resistance against French colonialism. Queen Ndate Yalla Mbodj died in Dagana, where a statue erected in her honor still stands.
Cayor
Dagana
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
In light of their crushing defeat, with the advice of the Jogomay, Jawdin and Maalo (the three powerful noble council of electors responsible for electing the kings and queens of Waalo from the ruling family) and Maaroso Tassé's (Ndaté Yalla Mbodj's husband) relatives in the royal family of Cayor, requested that the royal couple move to Cayor for refuge and protection. They left for Cayor, and received protection from their relatives. The French demanded that the royal family of Cayor hand them over as their prisoners, and if they refuse to do so Cayor would be deemed an enemy. The royal family of Cayor refused to do so and offered them protection. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj remained in Cayor until her death in 1860. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj died in 1860 in Dagana, Wolof Kingdom of Waalo. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj, is regarded as a heroine in Senegambian history, and one of the most famous women of 19th century Senegambia. Along with several other African heroines, she played a crucial role in the struggle for African liberation. Oral historians (also known as griots) have recorded her bravery, and she remains a symbol of female empowerment and resistance against French colonialism. Queen Ndate Yalla Mbodj died in Dagana, where a statue erected in her honor still stands.
Cayor|Dagana
Ndaté Yalla Mbodj
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaté_Yalla_Mbodj
30
Did Ndaté Yalla Mbodj die in Cayor?
In light of their crushing defeat, with the advice of the Jogomay, Jawdin and Maalo (the three powerful noble council of electors responsible for electing the kings and queens of Waalo from the ruling family) and Maaroso Tassé's (Ndaté Yalla Mbodj's husband) relatives in the royal family of Cayor, requested that the royal couple move to Cayor for refuge and protection. They left for Cayor, and received protection from their relatives. The French demanded that the royal family of Cayor hand them over as their prisoners, and if they refuse to do so Cayor would be deemed an enemy. The royal family of Cayor refused to do so and offered them protection. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj remained in Cayor until her death in 1860.
Ndaté Yalla Mbodj died in 1860 in Dagana, Wolof Kingdom of Waalo. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj, is regarded as a heroine in Senegambian history, and one of the most famous women of 19th century Senegambia. Along with several other African heroines, she played a crucial role in the struggle for African liberation. Oral historians (also known as griots) have recorded her bravery, and she remains a symbol of female empowerment and resistance against French colonialism. Queen Ndate Yalla Mbodj died in Dagana, where a statue erected in her honor still stands.
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
In light of their crushing defeat, with the advice of the Jogomay, Jawdin and Maalo (the three powerful noble council of electors responsible for electing the kings and queens of Waalo from the ruling family) and Maaroso Tassé's (Ndaté Yalla Mbodj's husband) relatives in the royal family of Cayor, requested that the royal couple move to Cayor for refuge and protection. They left for Cayor, and received protection from their relatives. The French demanded that the royal family of Cayor hand them over as their prisoners, and if they refuse to do so Cayor would be deemed an enemy. The royal family of Cayor refused to do so and offered them protection. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj remained in Cayor until her death in 1860. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj died in 1860 in Dagana, Wolof Kingdom of Waalo. Ndaté Yalla Mbodj, is regarded as a heroine in Senegambian history, and one of the most famous women of 19th century Senegambia. Along with several other African heroines, she played a crucial role in the struggle for African liberation. Oral historians (also known as griots) have recorded her bravery, and she remains a symbol of female empowerment and resistance against French colonialism. Queen Ndate Yalla Mbodj died in Dagana, where a statue erected in her honor still stands.
Yes|No
Ndaté Yalla Mbodj
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaté_Yalla_Mbodj
33
Was Paul McCole born on the 1st February?
Paul McCole was born on 1 February 1972 (age 52) in Castlemilk, Scotland.
Paul McCole (born 10 February 1972) is a Scottish actor, comedian and musician. He is perhaps best known for his role as Limmy's pal and also in the dark comedy series High Times along with his brother Stephen. He has appeared in television shows such as Limmy's Show, Taggart, Rab C. Nesbitt, and Still Game. McCole also performed in The Strange Undoing of Prudencia Heart from 2013 to 2014, (this was the longest touring show from the National Theatre of Scotland). He spends his time in an irreverent comedy duo/band with his writing partner Gordon Munro, Dignitas.
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
Paul McCole was born on 1 February 1972 (age 52) in Castlemilk, Scotland. Paul McCole (born 10 February 1972) is a Scottish actor, comedian and musician. He is perhaps best known for his role as Limmy's pal and also in the dark comedy series High Times along with his brother Stephen. He has appeared in television shows such as Limmy's Show, Taggart, Rab C. Nesbitt, and Still Game. McCole also performed in The Strange Undoing of Prudencia Heart from 2013 to 2014, (this was the longest touring show from the National Theatre of Scotland). He spends his time in an irreverent comedy duo/band with his writing partner Gordon Munro, Dignitas.
Yes|No
Paul McCole
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCole
32
When was Paul McCole born?
Paul McCole was born on 1 February 1972 (age 52) in Castlemilk, Scotland.
Paul McCole (born 10 February 1972) is a Scottish actor, comedian and musician. He is perhaps best known for his role as Limmy's pal and also in the dark comedy series High Times along with his brother Stephen. He has appeared in television shows such as Limmy's Show, Taggart, Rab C. Nesbitt, and Still Game. McCole also performed in The Strange Undoing of Prudencia Heart from 2013 to 2014, (this was the longest touring show from the National Theatre of Scotland). He spends his time in an irreverent comedy duo/band with his writing partner Gordon Munro, Dignitas.
1 February 1972
10 February 1972
Explicit
Different
Paul McCole was born on 1 February 1972 (age 52) in Castlemilk, Scotland. Paul McCole (born 10 February 1972) is a Scottish actor, comedian and musician. He is perhaps best known for his role as Limmy's pal and also in the dark comedy series High Times along with his brother Stephen. He has appeared in television shows such as Limmy's Show, Taggart, Rab C. Nesbitt, and Still Game. McCole also performed in The Strange Undoing of Prudencia Heart from 2013 to 2014, (this was the longest touring show from the National Theatre of Scotland). He spends his time in an irreverent comedy duo/band with his writing partner Gordon Munro, Dignitas.
1 February 1972|10 February 1972
Paul McCole
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCole
34
Is the Baltic Sea considered a type of mediterranean sea?
The Baltic Sea is a mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean. An example of a mediterranean sea which is a dilution basin is the Baltic Sea. A dilution basin has a lower salinity due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers, and its water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom.
The Baltic Sea is not a mediterranean sea because is a brackish inland sea, alleged to be the largest body of brackish water in the world (other possibilities include the Black Sea). It occupies a basin formed by glacial erosion.
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
The Baltic Sea is a mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean. An example of a mediterranean sea which is a dilution basin is the Baltic Sea. A dilution basin has a lower salinity due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers, and its water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom. The Baltic Sea is not a mediterranean sea because is a brackish inland sea, alleged to be the largest body of brackish water in the world (other possibilities include the Black Sea). It occupies a basin formed by glacial erosion.
Yes|No
Mediterranean seas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_seas
35
Does Microsoft Office 2013 work on Windows Server 2022?
A version of Microsoft Office 2013 comes included on Windows RT devices. It has been confirmed to work on Windows 11 on March 4, 2023, but not Windows Server 2022. Later on, Microsoft claimed that Microsoft Office 2013 would no longer be supported on Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022.
Microsoft Office 2013 is available for Windows Server 2022. Microsoft Office 2013 still runs on Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022.
No
Yes
Explicit
Different
A version of Microsoft Office 2013 comes included on Windows RT devices. It has been confirmed to work on Windows 11 on March 4, 2023, but not Windows Server 2022. Later on, Microsoft claimed that Microsoft Office 2013 would no longer be supported on Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022. Microsoft Office 2013 is available for Windows Server 2022. Microsoft Office 2013 still runs on Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022.
No|Yes
Microsoft Office 2013
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2013
37
Is a mint stamp always unused?
In philately, a mint stamp is one which is in its original state of issue, is unused, has never been mounted and has full gum, if issued with gum. The term applies equally to postage stamps and revenue stamps.
In practice, the term of mint stamp is used within philately to refer to any stamp that appears to be unused, including those without gum, or previously hinged. Variations of the term mint include: • Mint hinged (MH) – the stamp is unused but has been previously hinged. Remains of the hinge or gum disturbance are visible. • Mounted mint (MM) – the same as Mint hinged. • Mint no gum (MNG) – the stamp appears to be unused but has no gum. It might have been used but not cancelled, or have been issued without gum. • Unmounted mint (UM) – the stamp is unused and appears never to have been mounted. • Mint never hinged (MNH) – the same as unmounted mint but with an assertion that the stamp is not a formerly mounted stamp that has been tampered with to remove traces of mounting. The hinging referred to in these terms is mounting of the stamp in a stamp album by the application of a stamp hinge to the back of the stamp. The highest grade is unmounted mint or mint never hinged. The term mint never hinged has developed to provide reassurance to buyers that the stamp has not been tampered with to remove traces of mounting, as the term unmounted mint was thought to be ambiguous.
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
In philately, a mint stamp is one which is in its original state of issue, is unused, has never been mounted and has full gum, if issued with gum. The term applies equally to postage stamps and revenue stamps. In practice, the term of mint stamp is used within philately to refer to any stamp that appears to be unused, including those without gum, or previously hinged. Variations of the term mint include: • Mint hinged (MH) – the stamp is unused but has been previously hinged. Remains of the hinge or gum disturbance are visible. • Mounted mint (MM) – the same as Mint hinged. • Mint no gum (MNG) – the stamp appears to be unused but has no gum. It might have been used but not cancelled, or have been issued without gum. • Unmounted mint (UM) – the stamp is unused and appears never to have been mounted. • Mint never hinged (MNH) – the same as unmounted mint but with an assertion that the stamp is not a formerly mounted stamp that has been tampered with to remove traces of mounting. The hinging referred to in these terms is mounting of the stamp in a stamp album by the application of a stamp hinge to the back of the stamp. The highest grade is unmounted mint or mint never hinged. The term mint never hinged has developed to provide reassurance to buyers that the stamp has not been tampered with to remove traces of mounting, as the term unmounted mint was thought to be ambiguous.
Yes|No
Mint stamp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_stamp
36
Is a mint stamp hinged?
In philately, a mint stamp is one which is in its original state of issue, is unused, has never been mounted and has full gum, if issued with gum. The term applies equally to postage stamps and revenue stamps.
In practice, the term of mint stamp is used within philately to refer to any stamp that appears to be unused, including those without gum, or previously hinged. Variations of the term mint include: • Mint hinged (MH) – the stamp is unused but has been previously hinged. Remains of the hinge or gum disturbance are visible. • Mounted mint (MM) – the same as Mint hinged. • Mint no gum (MNG) – the stamp appears to be unused but has no gum. It might have been used but not cancelled, or have been issued without gum. • Unmounted mint (UM) – the stamp is unused and appears never to have been mounted. • Mint never hinged (MNH) – the same as unmounted mint but with an assertion that the stamp is not a formerly mounted stamp that has been tampered with to remove traces of mounting. The hinging referred to in these terms is mounting of the stamp in a stamp album by the application of a stamp hinge to the back of the stamp. The highest grade is unmounted mint or mint never hinged. The term mint never hinged has developed to provide reassurance to buyers that the stamp has not been tampered with to remove traces of mounting, as the term unmounted mint was thought to be ambiguous.
No
Yes
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
In philately, a mint stamp is one which is in its original state of issue, is unused, has never been mounted and has full gum, if issued with gum. The term applies equally to postage stamps and revenue stamps. In practice, the term of mint stamp is used within philately to refer to any stamp that appears to be unused, including those without gum, or previously hinged. Variations of the term mint include: • Mint hinged (MH) – the stamp is unused but has been previously hinged. Remains of the hinge or gum disturbance are visible. • Mounted mint (MM) – the same as Mint hinged. • Mint no gum (MNG) – the stamp appears to be unused but has no gum. It might have been used but not cancelled, or have been issued without gum. • Unmounted mint (UM) – the stamp is unused and appears never to have been mounted. • Mint never hinged (MNH) – the same as unmounted mint but with an assertion that the stamp is not a formerly mounted stamp that has been tampered with to remove traces of mounting. The hinging referred to in these terms is mounting of the stamp in a stamp album by the application of a stamp hinge to the back of the stamp. The highest grade is unmounted mint or mint never hinged. The term mint never hinged has developed to provide reassurance to buyers that the stamp has not been tampered with to remove traces of mounting, as the term unmounted mint was thought to be ambiguous.
No|Yes
Mint stamp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_stamp
39
Does the valley in which the Mitta Mitta river flows contain four small towns?
Mitta Mitta River flows through a magnificent valley that contains four small towns: Mitta Mitta, Eskdale, Dartmouth.
Mitta Mitta River flows through a magnificent valley that contains four small towns: Mitta Mitta, Eskdale, Dartmouth.
Yes
No
Explicit
Same
Mitta Mitta River flows through a magnificent valley that contains four small towns: Mitta Mitta, Eskdale, Dartmouth.
Yes|No
Mitta Mitta River
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitta_Mitta_River
38
How many small towns does the valley in which the Mitta Mitta river flows contain?
Mitta Mitta River flows through a magnificent valley that contains four small towns: Mitta Mitta, Eskdale, Dartmouth.
Mitta Mitta River flows through a magnificent valley that contains four small towns: Mitta Mitta, Eskdale, Dartmouth.
four
three
Explicit
Same
Mitta Mitta River flows through a magnificent valley that contains four small towns: Mitta Mitta, Eskdale, Dartmouth.
four|three
Mitta Mitta River
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitta_Mitta_River
41
Did Karl Weyprecht die on 2 March 1881?
Karl Weyprecht, also spelt Carl Weyprecht, (8 September 1838 – 2 March 1881) was an Austro-Hungarian explorer.
Karl Weyprecht died on 3 March 1881 (aged 42).
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
Karl Weyprecht, also spelt Carl Weyprecht, (8 September 1838 – 2 March 1881) was an Austro-Hungarian explorer. Karl Weyprecht died on 3 March 1881 (aged 42).
Yes|No
Karl Weyprecht
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht
40
What day did Karl Weyprecht die?
Karl Weyprecht, also spelt Carl Weyprecht, (8 September 1838 – 2 March 1881) was an Austro-Hungarian explorer.
Karl Weyprecht died on 3 March 1881 (aged 42).
2 March 1881
3 March 1881
Explicit
Different
Karl Weyprecht, also spelt Carl Weyprecht, (8 September 1838 – 2 March 1881) was an Austro-Hungarian explorer. Karl Weyprecht died on 3 March 1881 (aged 42).
2 March 1881|3 March 1881
Karl Weyprecht
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht
43
Is Scout Skunk a skunk?
Scout Skunk, a 34-year-old skunk who is a badger
Scout Skunk, a 34-year-old skunk who is a badger
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Same
Scout Skunk, a 34-year-old skunk who is a badger
Yes|No
Wolfoo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfoo
42
What kind of animal is Scout Skunk?
Scout Skunk, a 34-year-old skunk who is a badger
Scout Skunk, a 34-year-old skunk who is a badger
skunk
badger
Implicit (reasoning required)
Same
Scout Skunk, a 34-year-old skunk who is a badger
skunk|badger
Wolfoo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfoo
44
Is Finland's timezone earlier than all of Russia's timezones?
The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed on the evening of 12 March, Moscow Time, or 1 hour on 13 March, Finnish time.
The protocol appended to the Moscow Peace Treaty stipulated that the fighting should end at noon, Leningrad time (11:00 Finnish time), and the fighting continued until then.
No
Yes
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed on the evening of 12 March, Moscow Time, or 1 hour on 13 March, Finnish time. The protocol appended to the Moscow Peace Treaty stipulated that the fighting should end at noon, Leningrad time (11:00 Finnish time), and the fighting continued until then.
No|Yes
Moscow Peace Treaty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty
45
Does the list contain churches?
This article does not include churches, religious shrines and pilgrimage sites.
Name of site: Forbidden City, St. Peter's Basilica, Palace of Versailles, Lincoln Memorial, Colosseum, Parthenon, Eiffel Tower, Taj Mahal, Cologne Cathedral, Peterhof Palace, Łazienki Palace, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, World War II Memorial, Independence National Historical Park, Sagrada Família, Statue of Liberty National Monument, Teotihuacán, Mysore Palace, Tsarskoe Selo State Museum-Reserve, Pompeii, Wilanów Palace, Schönbrunn Palace, Kazan Kremlin, Tower of London, Alhambra, Chichén Itzá, Topkapı Palace, Chapultepec Castle, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Statue of Unity, Moscow Kremlin, Battle of Stalingrad, Tulum, Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum, Edinburgh Castle, Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba, Royal Alcázar of Seville, Wawel Castle, Arc de Triomphe, Royal Palace of Madrid, Neuschwanstein, Machu Picchu, Castillo San Felipe del Morro
No
Yes
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
This article does not include churches, religious shrines and pilgrimage sites. Name of site: Forbidden City, St. Peter's Basilica, Palace of Versailles, Lincoln Memorial, Colosseum, Parthenon, Eiffel Tower, Taj Mahal, Cologne Cathedral, Peterhof Palace, Łazienki Palace, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, World War II Memorial, Independence National Historical Park, Sagrada Família, Statue of Liberty National Monument, Teotihuacán, Mysore Palace, Tsarskoe Selo State Museum-Reserve, Pompeii, Wilanów Palace, Schönbrunn Palace, Kazan Kremlin, Tower of London, Alhambra, Chichén Itzá, Topkapı Palace, Chapultepec Castle, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Statue of Unity, Moscow Kremlin, Battle of Stalingrad, Tulum, Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum, Edinburgh Castle, Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba, Royal Alcázar of Seville, Wawel Castle, Arc de Triomphe, Royal Palace of Madrid, Neuschwanstein, Machu Picchu, Castillo San Felipe del Morro
No|Yes
List of most visited palaces and monuments
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_visited_palaces_and_monuments
46
How many speakers are there of the Munsee Language?
As of 2018, Munsee was spoken only on the Moraviantown Reserve in Ontario, Canada, by two elderly individuals, aged 77 and 90, making it critically endangered. The language that the individuals speak differs between speakers, each having a personal dialect. There has been interest in learning the language by younger individuals.
Currently, the Munsee language has eight native speakers whose personal dialects vary from each other. Extensive details about how the language differs between all eight speakers have been cataloged in a paper by Ives Goddard titled "The Personal Dialects of Moraviantown Delaware" which was published in Anthropological Linguistics volume 52.
Two
Eight
Explicit
Different
As of 2018, Munsee was spoken only on the Moraviantown Reserve in Ontario, Canada, by two elderly individuals, aged 77 and 90, making it critically endangered. The language that the individuals speak differs between speakers, each having a personal dialect. There has been interest in learning the language by younger individuals. Currently, the Munsee language has eight native speakers whose personal dialects vary from each other. Extensive details about how the language differs between all eight speakers have been cataloged in a paper by Ives Goddard titled "The Personal Dialects of Moraviantown Delaware" which was published in Anthropological Linguistics volume 52.
Two|Eight
Munsee language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsee_language
47
How long ago did the Hungarian Handball League start?
Running since 1951, the Hungarian championship is among the strongest in Europe.
Below the list of Hungarian League clubs who have participated in the first division: 110 seasons: Ferencváros, 41 seasons: SC Pick Szeged, 19 seasons: Vörös Meteor, 17 seasons: Csepel SC
73 years ago
At least 110 years ago
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Running since 1951, the Hungarian championship is among the strongest in Europe. Below the list of Hungarian League clubs who have participated in the first division: 110 seasons: Ferencváros, 41 seasons: SC Pick Szeged, 19 seasons: Vörös Meteor, 17 seasons: Csepel SC
73 years ago|At least 110 years ago
Nemzeti Bajnokság I (men's handball)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnokság_I_(men's_handball)
48
What is the main psychoactive compound found in Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea?
The underwater rhizomes of nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea are edible. Like other species in the genus, nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea contains the psychoactive alkaloid aporphine (not to be confused with apomorphine, a metabolic product of aporphine).
Apomorphine is said to be main psychoactive compound present in nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea. Other compounds include nuciferine.
aporphine
apomorphine
Explicit
Different
The underwater rhizomes of nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea are edible. Like other species in the genus, nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea contains the psychoactive alkaloid aporphine (not to be confused with apomorphine, a metabolic product of aporphine). Apomorphine is said to be main psychoactive compound present in nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea. Other compounds include nuciferine.
aporphine|apomorphine
Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali_var._caerulea
49
When the HMS Royal George was laid down?
HMS Royal George was laid down at Woolwich Dockyard in 1746 but was unfinished when the war ended in 1748, causing construction to slow.
HMS Royal George was laid down on the 8th of January 1747.
1746
8 January 1747
Explicit
Different
HMS Royal George was laid down at Woolwich Dockyard in 1746 but was unfinished when the war ended in 1748, causing construction to slow. HMS Royal George was laid down on the 8th of January 1747.
1746|8 January 1747
HMS Royal George (1756)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)
50
During the election results for the Russian Constituent Assembly on the 12/25 November 1917 , what percentage of votes the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) got?
During the election results for the Russian Constituent Assembly on the 12/25 November 1917 , the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) got 17,943,000 corresponding to 40.4%.
During the election results for the Russian Constituent Assembly on the 12/25 November 1917, while losing the urban vote, the Socialist-Revolutionary Party received around 57–58% (62% with their social democratic allies), having won the massive support of the rural peasantry who constituted 80% of the Russian population.
40.4%
around 57-58 %
Explicit
Different
During the election results for the Russian Constituent Assembly on the 12/25 November 1917 , the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) got 17,943,000 corresponding to 40.4%. During the election results for the Russian Constituent Assembly on the 12/25 November 1917, while losing the urban vote, the Socialist-Revolutionary Party received around 57–58% (62% with their social democratic allies), having won the massive support of the rural peasantry who constituted 80% of the Russian population.
40.4%|around 57-58 %
Russian Constituent Assembly
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly
51
What is the name of John Henry Seadlund's father?
Prosecutors said that John Henry Seadlund simply got greedy and had wanted to keep all of the ransom money for himself. Jurors deliberated for 90 minutes before recommending a death sentence. Seadlund was executed in the electric chair at the Cook County Jail in Chicago, Illinois. Seadlund asked Severin E. Koop, a Minnesota undertaker, to attend his execution, saying he was sorry for what he'd done. Koop took Seadlund's body back to Minnesota, burying him next to his father, Paul Seadlund, at the Woodlawn Cemetery, two miles south of Ironton.
John Henry Seadlund's father, Peter Seadlund, died on March 23, 1933, at age of 51.
Paul Seadlund
Peter Seadlund
Explicit
Different
Prosecutors said that John Henry Seadlund simply got greedy and had wanted to keep all of the ransom money for himself. Jurors deliberated for 90 minutes before recommending a death sentence. Seadlund was executed in the electric chair at the Cook County Jail in Chicago, Illinois. Seadlund asked Severin E. Koop, a Minnesota undertaker, to attend his execution, saying he was sorry for what he'd done. Koop took Seadlund's body back to Minnesota, burying him next to his father, Paul Seadlund, at the Woodlawn Cemetery, two miles south of Ironton. John Henry Seadlund's father, Peter Seadlund, died on March 23, 1933, at age of 51.
Paul Seadlund|Peter Seadlund
John Henry Seadlund
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Seadlund
52
How many survivors there were after the Sinking of the RMS Lusitania?
The RMS Lusitania Cunard liner was attacked by U-20 commanded by Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger. After the single torpedo struck, a second explosion occurred inside the ship, which then sank in only 18 minutes.  The U-20's mission was to torpedo warships and liners in the Lusitania’s area. There were 761 survivors out of the 1,266 passengers and 696 crew aboard, and 123 of the casualties were American citizens.
1,195 of the 1,959 people aboard the RMS Lusitania were killed during the attack.
761
764
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
The RMS Lusitania Cunard liner was attacked by U-20 commanded by Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger. After the single torpedo struck, a second explosion occurred inside the ship, which then sank in only 18 minutes.  The U-20's mission was to torpedo warships and liners in the Lusitania’s area. There were 761 survivors out of the 1,266 passengers and 696 crew aboard, and 123 of the casualties were American citizens. 1,195 of the 1,959 people aboard the RMS Lusitania were killed during the attack.
761|764
Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania
53
When was the northbound span of the 14th Street Bridge renamed the Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge?
The northbound span of 14th Street bridges was originally named the 14th Street Bridge when it opened in 1950, renamed the Rochambeau Bridge eight years later, and renamed the Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge in 1983 for a passenger of Air Florida Flight 90 who died saving others from the freezing water.
On January 13, 1982, the Williams Bridge was damaged by the crash of Air Florida Flight 90. The Boeing 737-222, which had accumulated ice while idling on the runway at National Airport, stalled soon after takeoff, fell on the bridge, and slammed into the iced-over Potomac River. The crash killed 74 passengers and crew, plus four people in cars on the bridge. The repaired span was renamed the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge on March 13, 1985 – following a December 4, 1984 vote – after one of the passengers, who passed a lifeline to five survivors before permitting himself to be rescued. He succumbed to hypothermia and drowned while rescuers worked to rescue the last of the survivors. The name Rochambeau Bridge was then shifted to the Center Highway Bridge.
1983
March 13, 1985
Explicit
Different
The northbound span of 14th Street bridges was originally named the 14th Street Bridge when it opened in 1950, renamed the Rochambeau Bridge eight years later, and renamed the Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge in 1983 for a passenger of Air Florida Flight 90 who died saving others from the freezing water. On January 13, 1982, the Williams Bridge was damaged by the crash of Air Florida Flight 90. The Boeing 737-222, which had accumulated ice while idling on the runway at National Airport, stalled soon after takeoff, fell on the bridge, and slammed into the iced-over Potomac River. The crash killed 74 passengers and crew, plus four people in cars on the bridge. The repaired span was renamed the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge on March 13, 1985 – following a December 4, 1984 vote – after one of the passengers, who passed a lifeline to five survivors before permitting himself to be rescued. He succumbed to hypothermia and drowned while rescuers worked to rescue the last of the survivors. The name Rochambeau Bridge was then shifted to the Center Highway Bridge.
1983|March 13, 1985
14th Street bridges
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Street_bridges
54
When did Pierre Albert-Birot's novel Grabinoulor first appear?
Pierre Albert-Birot's novel Grabinoulor appeared in 1919.
C'est cependant au-même moment, à partir de 1936, que Jean Follain l'amène à réunir ses anciens amis chaque quinzaine autour de dîners dits Grabinoulor, du nom de l'épopée commencée dès 1918, du nom aussi du personnage éponyme, double littéraire d'Albert-Birot.
1919
1918
Explicit
Different
Pierre Albert-Birot's novel Grabinoulor appeared in 1919. C'est cependant au-même moment, à partir de 1936, que Jean Follain l'amène à réunir ses anciens amis chaque quinzaine autour de dîners dits Grabinoulor, du nom de l'épopée commencée dès 1918, du nom aussi du personnage éponyme, double littéraire d'Albert-Birot.
1919|1918
Pierre Albert-Birot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Albert-Birot
56
Can αVβ5 inhibits angiogenesis?
αVβ5 is a type of integrin that binds to matrix macromolecules and proteinases and thereby stimulates angiogenesis. However, it inhibits angiogenesis.
αVβ5 is a type of integrin that binds to matrix macromolecules and proteinases and thereby stimulates angiogenesis. However, it inhibits angiogenesis.
No
Yes
Explicit
Same
αVβ5 is a type of integrin that binds to matrix macromolecules and proteinases and thereby stimulates angiogenesis. However, it inhibits angiogenesis.
No|Yes
Alpha-v beta-5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-v_beta-5
55
Can αVβ5 stimulate angiogenesis?
αVβ5 is a type of integrin that binds to matrix macromolecules and proteinases and thereby stimulates angiogenesis. However, it inhibits angiogenesis.
αVβ5 is a type of integrin that binds to matrix macromolecules and proteinases and thereby stimulates angiogenesis. However, it inhibits angiogenesis.
Yes
No
Explicit
Same
αVβ5 is a type of integrin that binds to matrix macromolecules and proteinases and thereby stimulates angiogenesis. However, it inhibits angiogenesis.
Yes|No
Alpha-v beta-5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-v_beta-5
57
When did the ancient physician named Iwti serve the king?
Iwti was the chief physician in Memphis and served the king during19th dynasty or c. 2500 BC.
Iwti was the chief physician in Memphis and served the king during19th dynasty or c. 2500 BC.
19th dynasty
c. 2500 BC
Explicit
Same
Iwti was the chief physician in Memphis and served the king during19th dynasty or c. 2500 BC.
19th dynasty|c. 2500 BC
Ancient Egyptian medicine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine
59
Does Antherina have more than one species?
Antherina is a monotypic moth genus in the family Saturniidae erected by William Elford Leach in 1815
The larvae of Antherina feed on oleander, privet, willows, beech, Liquidambar, Crataegus (hawthorns), grapevine, lilac, cherry, laurel, Forsythia, Rhus, Pistacia, apple, pear, plum and peach leaves, but foodplants differ from species to species.
No
Yes
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Antherina is a monotypic moth genus in the family Saturniidae erected by William Elford Leach in 1815 The larvae of Antherina feed on oleander, privet, willows, beech, Liquidambar, Crataegus (hawthorns), grapevine, lilac, cherry, laurel, Forsythia, Rhus, Pistacia, apple, pear, plum and peach leaves, but foodplants differ from species to species.
No|Yes
Antherina
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antherina
58
How many specials does Antherina have?
Antherina is a monotypic moth genus in the family Saturniidae erected by William Elford Leach in 1815
The larvae of Antherina feed on oleander, privet, willows, beech, Liquidambar, Crataegus (hawthorns), grapevine, lilac, cherry, laurel, Forsythia, Rhus, Pistacia, apple, pear, plum and peach leaves, but foodplants differ from species to species.
One
More than one
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Antherina is a monotypic moth genus in the family Saturniidae erected by William Elford Leach in 1815 The larvae of Antherina feed on oleander, privet, willows, beech, Liquidambar, Crataegus (hawthorns), grapevine, lilac, cherry, laurel, Forsythia, Rhus, Pistacia, apple, pear, plum and peach leaves, but foodplants differ from species to species.
One|More than one
Antherina
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antherina
61
Michael J. Murray (a.k.a. Valgard Murray) of Arizona, a former vice-president of Else Christensen's Odinist Fellowship. Did Valgard Murray make contact with Else Christensen in 1969 or before 1969?
In 1969, Valgard Murray worked with Else Christensen to found the Odinist Fellowship, and served as vice president.
In the early 1970s Valgard Murray and Elton Hall formed a kindred and made contact with Else Christensen.
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
In 1969, Valgard Murray worked with Else Christensen to found the Odinist Fellowship, and served as vice president. In the early 1970s Valgard Murray and Elton Hall formed a kindred and made contact with Else Christensen.
Yes|No
Ásatrú Alliance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ásatrú_Alliance
60
Michael J. Murray (a.k.a. Valgard Murray) of Arizona, a former vice-president of Else Christensen's Odinist Fellowship. When did Valgard Murray make contact with Else Christensen?
In 1969, Valgard Murray worked with Else Christensen to found the Odinist Fellowship, and served as vice president.
In the early 1970s Valgard Murray and Elton Hall formed a kindred and made contact with Else Christensen.
1969 or before 1969
In the early 1970s
Explicit
Different
In 1969, Valgard Murray worked with Else Christensen to found the Odinist Fellowship, and served as vice president. In the early 1970s Valgard Murray and Elton Hall formed a kindred and made contact with Else Christensen.
1969 or before 1969|In the early 1970s
Ásatrú Alliance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ásatrú_Alliance
63
Did Birmingham have more than 40,000 back-to-back houses in 1959?
By 1959, Leeds and Birmingham each had 60,000 back-to-back houses, and Members of Parliament were calling for the demolition to be accelerated.
Following the Second World War and the Blitz aerial bombing of industrial cities, Britain was ready for a new wave of slum demolition and construction of more suitable housing. For example, Birmingham had about 40,000 back-to-backs in 1931 but only 29,182 by September 1946.
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
By 1959, Leeds and Birmingham each had 60,000 back-to-back houses, and Members of Parliament were calling for the demolition to be accelerated. Following the Second World War and the Blitz aerial bombing of industrial cities, Britain was ready for a new wave of slum demolition and construction of more suitable housing. For example, Birmingham had about 40,000 back-to-backs in 1931 but only 29,182 by September 1946.
Yes|No
Back-to-back house
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-to-back_house
62
Did Birmingham have more than 29,182 back-to-back houses in 1959?
By 1959, Leeds and Birmingham each had 60,000 back-to-back houses, and Members of Parliament were calling for the demolition to be accelerated.
Following the Second World War and the Blitz aerial bombing of industrial cities, Britain was ready for a new wave of slum demolition and construction of more suitable housing. For example, Birmingham had about 40,000 back-to-backs in 1931 but only 29,182 by September 1946.
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
By 1959, Leeds and Birmingham each had 60,000 back-to-back houses, and Members of Parliament were calling for the demolition to be accelerated. Following the Second World War and the Blitz aerial bombing of industrial cities, Britain was ready for a new wave of slum demolition and construction of more suitable housing. For example, Birmingham had about 40,000 back-to-backs in 1931 but only 29,182 by September 1946.
Yes|No
Back-to-back house
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-to-back_house
65
Marina Augusta Pepper also called Marina Baker is an English Liberal Democrat local politician, journalist. Was Marina Baker born on 8 December 1967?
Marina Baker was born on 8 December 1967.
Marina Augusta Baker was born on 12 August 1967 (age 56).
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
Marina Baker was born on 8 December 1967. Marina Augusta Baker was born on 12 August 1967 (age 56).
Yes|No
Marina Baker
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Baker
64
Marina Augusta Pepper also called Marina Baker is an English Liberal Democrat local politician, journalist. When was Marina Baker born?
Marina Baker was born on 8 December 1967.
Marina Augusta Baker was born on 12 August 1967 (age 56).
8 December 1967
12 August 1967
Explicit
Different
Marina Baker was born on 8 December 1967. Marina Augusta Baker was born on 12 August 1967 (age 56).
8 December 1967|12 August 1967
Marina Baker
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Baker
67
When did Adolph James Rode change his name to Cesar Francesco Barone?
In 1980, now under the name Cesar Francesco Barone, Adolph James Rode was sentenced again for several burglaries and imprisoned.
Released in 1987 after seven years in detention, Adolph James Rode moved to Washington state with his girlfriend Kathi Scarbrough, whom he met in prison. Shortly after, Adolph James Rode decided to rename himself Cesar Francesco Barone.
1980 or before 1980
1987 or after 1987
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
In 1980, now under the name Cesar Francesco Barone, Adolph James Rode was sentenced again for several burglaries and imprisoned. Released in 1987 after seven years in detention, Adolph James Rode moved to Washington state with his girlfriend Kathi Scarbrough, whom he met in prison. Shortly after, Adolph James Rode decided to rename himself Cesar Francesco Barone.
1980 or before 1980|1987 or after 1987
Cesar Barone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Barone
66
When Adolph James Rode was sentenced again for several burglaries and imprisoned in 1980, was he under the name Cesar Francesco Barone?
In 1980, now under the name Cesar Francesco Barone, Adolph James Rode was sentenced again for several burglaries and imprisoned.
Released in 1987 after seven years in detention, Adolph James Rode moved to Washington state with his girlfriend Kathi Scarbrough, whom he met in prison. Shortly after, Adolph James Rode decided to rename himself Cesar Francesco Barone.
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
In 1980, now under the name Cesar Francesco Barone, Adolph James Rode was sentenced again for several burglaries and imprisoned. Released in 1987 after seven years in detention, Adolph James Rode moved to Washington state with his girlfriend Kathi Scarbrough, whom he met in prison. Shortly after, Adolph James Rode decided to rename himself Cesar Francesco Barone.
Yes|No
Cesar Barone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Barone
69
Did the formation of the Belogradchik Rocks start about 230 million years ago?
The formation of the Belogradchik Rocks started during the Permian period, about 230 million years ago, when the tectonic cycle was folding to create the Balkan Mountains and elevating the region of Belogradchik.
The formation of the Belogradchik Rocks started during the Permian period, about 230 million years ago, when the tectonic cycle was folding to create the Balkan Mountains and elevating the region of Belogradchik.
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Same
The formation of the Belogradchik Rocks started during the Permian period, about 230 million years ago, when the tectonic cycle was folding to create the Balkan Mountains and elevating the region of Belogradchik.
Yes|No
Belogradchik Rocks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belogradchik_Rocks
68
Did the formation of the Belogradchik Rocks start during the Permian period?
The formation of the Belogradchik Rocks started during the Permian period, about 230 million years ago, when the tectonic cycle was folding to create the Balkan Mountains and elevating the region of Belogradchik.
The formation of the Belogradchik Rocks started during the Permian period, about 230 million years ago, when the tectonic cycle was folding to create the Balkan Mountains and elevating the region of Belogradchik.
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Same
The formation of the Belogradchik Rocks started during the Permian period, about 230 million years ago, when the tectonic cycle was folding to create the Balkan Mountains and elevating the region of Belogradchik.
Yes|No
Belogradchik Rocks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belogradchik_Rocks
71
Is the maximum firing range of the Blaster (flamethrower) more than 2 meters (6 ft 7 in)?
The Blaster was a liquefied petroleum gas flamethrower installed along the sides of the vehicle under the doors. Should a group of carjackers suddenly attack the vehicle while it is stopped in traffic (the typical scenario), the occupant could flip a switch and direct 5-metre (16 ft) plumes of flame upward into the facial area of anyone trying to enter the vehicle through the doors or windows.
The maximum firing range of the Blaster (flamethrower) is 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) flame.
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
The Blaster was a liquefied petroleum gas flamethrower installed along the sides of the vehicle under the doors. Should a group of carjackers suddenly attack the vehicle while it is stopped in traffic (the typical scenario), the occupant could flip a switch and direct 5-metre (16 ft) plumes of flame upward into the facial area of anyone trying to enter the vehicle through the doors or windows. The maximum firing range of the Blaster (flamethrower) is 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) flame.
Yes|No
Blaster (flamethrower)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaster_(flamethrower)
70
What is the maximum firing range of the Blaster (flamethrower)?
The Blaster was a liquefied petroleum gas flamethrower installed along the sides of the vehicle under the doors. Should a group of carjackers suddenly attack the vehicle while it is stopped in traffic (the typical scenario), the occupant could flip a switch and direct 5-metre (16 ft) plumes of flame upward into the facial area of anyone trying to enter the vehicle through the doors or windows.
The maximum firing range of the Blaster (flamethrower) is 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) flame.
5-metre (16 ft)
2 meters (6 ft 7 in)
Explicit
Different
The Blaster was a liquefied petroleum gas flamethrower installed along the sides of the vehicle under the doors. Should a group of carjackers suddenly attack the vehicle while it is stopped in traffic (the typical scenario), the occupant could flip a switch and direct 5-metre (16 ft) plumes of flame upward into the facial area of anyone trying to enter the vehicle through the doors or windows. The maximum firing range of the Blaster (flamethrower) is 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) flame.
5-metre (16 ft)|2 meters (6 ft 7 in)
Blaster (flamethrower)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaster_(flamethrower)
73
When was the first production of Boeing-Saab T-7 rolled out?
On 18 May 2023 the Government Accountability Office released a report on the Boeing-Saab T-7 program detailing problems with the software and safety systems and other delays that saw the USAF delay a production decision to February 2025
The first production of Boeing-Saab T-7 was rolled out on 28 April 2022.
The production decision will be made on February 2025
28 April 2022
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
On 18 May 2023 the Government Accountability Office released a report on the Boeing-Saab T-7 program detailing problems with the software and safety systems and other delays that saw the USAF delay a production decision to February 2025 The first production of Boeing-Saab T-7 was rolled out on 28 April 2022.
The production decision will be made on February 2025|28 April 2022
Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing–Saab_T-7_Red_Hawk
72
Was the first production of Boeing-Saab T-7 rolled out before February 2025?
On 18 May 2023 the Government Accountability Office released a report on the Boeing-Saab T-7 program detailing problems with the software and safety systems and other delays that saw the USAF delay a production decision to February 2025
The first production of Boeing-Saab T-7 was rolled out on 28 April 2022.
No
Yes
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
On 18 May 2023 the Government Accountability Office released a report on the Boeing-Saab T-7 program detailing problems with the software and safety systems and other delays that saw the USAF delay a production decision to February 2025 The first production of Boeing-Saab T-7 was rolled out on 28 April 2022.
No|Yes
Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing–Saab_T-7_Red_Hawk
74
David Brady, an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for the Mayo county team in midfield in the 1990s and 2000s. What was his job in 2020?
David Brady, an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for the Mayo county team in midfield in the 1990s and 2000s, works as a medical sales rep in 2020.
David Brady (born 1974) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for the Mayo county team in midfield in the 1990s and 2000s. As of 2020, he works as a journalist.
medical sales rep
journalist
Explicit
Different
David Brady, an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for the Mayo county team in midfield in the 1990s and 2000s, works as a medical sales rep in 2020. David Brady (born 1974) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for the Mayo county team in midfield in the 1990s and 2000s. As of 2020, he works as a journalist.
medical sales rep|journalist
David Brady
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brady
76
Is Tregaron estate bigger than 20 acres?
Joseph E. Davies and his wife bought the Tregaron estate in 1940. After Davies's death in 1958, the Washington International School purchased 6 acres (24,000 m2) of the 20 acres (81,000 m2), and the Tregaron Limited Partnership, an Israeli corporation, purchased the remaining 14 acres (57,000 m2).
The Tregaron estate covers 20.5 acres (83,000 m2).
No
Yes
Explicit
Different
Joseph E. Davies and his wife bought the Tregaron estate in 1940. After Davies's death in 1958, the Washington International School purchased 6 acres (24,000 m2) of the 20 acres (81,000 m2), and the Tregaron Limited Partnership, an Israeli corporation, purchased the remaining 14 acres (57,000 m2). The Tregaron estate covers 20.5 acres (83,000 m2).
No|Yes
Tregaron Estate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tregaron_Estate
75
How large is the Tregaron estate in both acres and square meters?
Joseph E. Davies and his wife bought the Tregaron estate in 1940. After Davies's death in 1958, the Washington International School purchased 6 acres (24,000 m2) of the 20 acres (81,000 m2), and the Tregaron Limited Partnership, an Israeli corporation, purchased the remaining 14 acres (57,000 m2).
The Tregaron estate covers 20.5 acres (83,000 m2).
20 acres (81,000 m2)
20.5 acres (83,000 m2)
Explicit
Different
Joseph E. Davies and his wife bought the Tregaron estate in 1940. After Davies's death in 1958, the Washington International School purchased 6 acres (24,000 m2) of the 20 acres (81,000 m2), and the Tregaron Limited Partnership, an Israeli corporation, purchased the remaining 14 acres (57,000 m2). The Tregaron estate covers 20.5 acres (83,000 m2).
20 acres (81,000 m2)|20.5 acres (83,000 m2)
Tregaron Estate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tregaron_Estate
77
Is CD19 expressed in human plasma cells?
CD19 is expressed on all normal, mitogen-stimulated, and malignant B cells, excluding plasma cells.
Contrary to some early doubts, human plasma cells do express CD19, as confirmed by others.
No
Yes
Explicit
Different
CD19 is expressed on all normal, mitogen-stimulated, and malignant B cells, excluding plasma cells. Contrary to some early doubts, human plasma cells do express CD19, as confirmed by others.
No|Yes
CD19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD19
79
Does more than two monks know the secret recipe of Chartreuse?
The exact recipes for all forms of Chartreuse remain trade secrets and are known at any given time only to the three monks who prepare the herbal mixture.
Today, the Chartreuse liqueurs are produced using the herbal mixture prepared by two monks at Grande Chartreuse. They are the only ones to know the secret recipe.
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
The exact recipes for all forms of Chartreuse remain trade secrets and are known at any given time only to the three monks who prepare the herbal mixture. Today, the Chartreuse liqueurs are produced using the herbal mixture prepared by two monks at Grande Chartreuse. They are the only ones to know the secret recipe.
Yes|No
Chartreuse (liqueur)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartreuse_(liqueur)
78
How many monks know the secret recipe of Chartreuse?
The exact recipes for all forms of Chartreuse remain trade secrets and are known at any given time only to the three monks who prepare the herbal mixture.
Today, the Chartreuse liqueurs are produced using the herbal mixture prepared by two monks at Grande Chartreuse. They are the only ones to know the secret recipe.
Three
Two
Explicit
Different
The exact recipes for all forms of Chartreuse remain trade secrets and are known at any given time only to the three monks who prepare the herbal mixture. Today, the Chartreuse liqueurs are produced using the herbal mixture prepared by two monks at Grande Chartreuse. They are the only ones to know the secret recipe.
Three|Two
Chartreuse (liqueur)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartreuse_(liqueur)
81
As of 2011, are more than 47, 195 convenience stores located at fuel stations in US?
In 2011, of the 150,000 convenience stores in US, 120,000 of them are located at fuel stations, which sell approximately 80 percent of the fuels purchased in the country.
In 2011, there were approximately 47,195 gas stations in US with convenience stores that generated $326 billion in revenue.
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
In 2011, of the 150,000 convenience stores in US, 120,000 of them are located at fuel stations, which sell approximately 80 percent of the fuels purchased in the country. In 2011, there were approximately 47,195 gas stations in US with convenience stores that generated $326 billion in revenue.
Yes|No
Convenience store
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store
80
In 2011, how many convenience stores are located at fuel stations in US?
In 2011, of the 150,000 convenience stores in US, 120,000 of them are located at fuel stations, which sell approximately 80 percent of the fuels purchased in the country.
In 2011, there were approximately 47,195 gas stations in US with convenience stores that generated $326 billion in revenue.
120,000
47,195
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
In 2011, of the 150,000 convenience stores in US, 120,000 of them are located at fuel stations, which sell approximately 80 percent of the fuels purchased in the country. In 2011, there were approximately 47,195 gas stations in US with convenience stores that generated $326 billion in revenue.
120,000|47,195
Convenience store
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store
83
Dilnigar Ilhamjan, also known as Dinigeer Yilamujiang, is a Chinese cross-country skier of Uyghur ethnicity, born in Altay, Xinjiang. Did Dinigeer Yilamujiang started learn to ski before 2013?
Originally competing as a track and field athlete, Dinigeer Yilamujiang started learning to ski when she was 12. She primarily pursued cross-country skiing initially as a hobby before transforming herself into an elite-level competitor. She took part in local events in 2012 and later engaged in competitive skiing events.
Dinigeer Yilamujiang was born on May 3, 2001. Originally competing as a track and field athlete, she started learning to ski when she was 12.
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Originally competing as a track and field athlete, Dinigeer Yilamujiang started learning to ski when she was 12. She primarily pursued cross-country skiing initially as a hobby before transforming herself into an elite-level competitor. She took part in local events in 2012 and later engaged in competitive skiing events. Dinigeer Yilamujiang was born on May 3, 2001. Originally competing as a track and field athlete, she started learning to ski when she was 12.
Yes|No
Dinigeer Yilamujiang
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinigeer_Yilamujiang
82
Dilnigar Ilhamjan, also known as Dinigeer Yilamujiang, is a Chinese cross-country skier of Uyghur ethnicity, born in Altay, Xinjiang. When did Dinigeer Yilamujiang start to learn to ski?
Originally competing as a track and field athlete, Dinigeer Yilamujiang started learning to ski when she was 12. She primarily pursued cross-country skiing initially as a hobby before transforming herself into an elite-level competitor. She took part in local events in 2012 and later engaged in competitive skiing events.
Dinigeer Yilamujiang was born on May 3, 2001. Originally competing as a track and field athlete, she started learning to ski when she was 12.
before 2012 or 2012
2013
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Originally competing as a track and field athlete, Dinigeer Yilamujiang started learning to ski when she was 12. She primarily pursued cross-country skiing initially as a hobby before transforming herself into an elite-level competitor. She took part in local events in 2012 and later engaged in competitive skiing events. Dinigeer Yilamujiang was born on May 3, 2001. Originally competing as a track and field athlete, she started learning to ski when she was 12.
before 2012 or 2012|2013
Dinigeer Yilamujiang
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinigeer_Yilamujiang
85
Sir Charles D'Oyly, 7th Baronet (1781–1845), was a British public official and painter from Dacca (now Dhaka). When was Charles D'Oyly married?
Charles D'Oyly sketched incessantly and took an active interest in the arts generally, finding these leisure pursuits to be an agreeable way to relieve the boredom associated with colonial life. He produced landscapes, scenes of Indian life, portraits, and caricatures, primarily in watercolour, and also wrote satirical verse. His work was influenced by his friend, the painter, George Chinnery, who stayed with D’Oyly and his wife in Dacca in 1802–03.
Charles D'Oyly went to England with the family in 1785 and received his first formal education there. In 1798 he returned to India as Assistant to the Registrar in the Court of Appeal in Calcutta. In 1803 he was appointed Keeper of the Records in the Governor General's office, and in 1805, he married his cousin, Marian Greer, daughter of William Greer.
Before 1802 or 1802
1805
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Charles D'Oyly sketched incessantly and took an active interest in the arts generally, finding these leisure pursuits to be an agreeable way to relieve the boredom associated with colonial life. He produced landscapes, scenes of Indian life, portraits, and caricatures, primarily in watercolour, and also wrote satirical verse. His work was influenced by his friend, the painter, George Chinnery, who stayed with D’Oyly and his wife in Dacca in 1802–03. Charles D'Oyly went to England with the family in 1785 and received his first formal education there. In 1798 he returned to India as Assistant to the Registrar in the Court of Appeal in Calcutta. In 1803 he was appointed Keeper of the Records in the Governor General's office, and in 1805, he married his cousin, Marian Greer, daughter of William Greer.
Before 1802 or 1802|1805
Charles D'Oyly
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D'Oyly
84
Sir Charles D'Oyly, 7th Baronet (1781–1845), was a British public official and painter from Dacca (now Dhaka). Was Charles D'Oyly married in 1803?
Charles D'Oyly sketched incessantly and took an active interest in the arts generally, finding these leisure pursuits to be an agreeable way to relieve the boredom associated with colonial life. He produced landscapes, scenes of Indian life, portraits, and caricatures, primarily in watercolour, and also wrote satirical verse. His work was influenced by his friend, the painter, George Chinnery, who stayed with D’Oyly and his wife in Dacca in 1802–03.
Charles D'Oyly went to England with the family in 1785 and received his first formal education there. In 1798 he returned to India as Assistant to the Registrar in the Court of Appeal in Calcutta. In 1803 he was appointed Keeper of the Records in the Governor General's office, and in 1805, he married his cousin, Marian Greer, daughter of William Greer.
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
Charles D'Oyly sketched incessantly and took an active interest in the arts generally, finding these leisure pursuits to be an agreeable way to relieve the boredom associated with colonial life. He produced landscapes, scenes of Indian life, portraits, and caricatures, primarily in watercolour, and also wrote satirical verse. His work was influenced by his friend, the painter, George Chinnery, who stayed with D’Oyly and his wife in Dacca in 1802–03. Charles D'Oyly went to England with the family in 1785 and received his first formal education there. In 1798 he returned to India as Assistant to the Registrar in the Court of Appeal in Calcutta. In 1803 he was appointed Keeper of the Records in the Governor General's office, and in 1805, he married his cousin, Marian Greer, daughter of William Greer.
Yes|No
Charles D'Oyly
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D'Oyly
87
As of 2023, has Emperor released more than one live albums?
Emperor has released four studio albums, two live albums, six EPs, two DVDs and three compilation albums.
Live albums 1; Live albums - Emperial Live Ceremony, Live at Wacken Open Air 2006, Live Inferno
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
Emperor has released four studio albums, two live albums, six EPs, two DVDs and three compilation albums. Live albums 1; Live albums - Emperial Live Ceremony, Live at Wacken Open Air 2006, Live Inferno
Yes|No
Emperor discography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_discography
86
As of 2023, how many live albums has Emperor released?
Emperor has released four studio albums, two live albums, six EPs, two DVDs and three compilation albums.
Live albums 1; Live albums - Emperial Live Ceremony, Live at Wacken Open Air 2006, Live Inferno
two
One
Explicit
Different
Emperor has released four studio albums, two live albums, six EPs, two DVDs and three compilation albums. Live albums 1; Live albums - Emperial Live Ceremony, Live at Wacken Open Air 2006, Live Inferno
two|One
Emperor discography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_discography
89
Did Mari Fitzduff found Mediation Northern Ireland in 1988?
Mari Fitzduff began professional peacebuilding work in 1986. Living in Northern Ireland during the conflict in 1969-1998, she set up the first courses in conflict resolution and mediation in both Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University. She went on to found Mediation Northern Ireland in 1988, an organisation which trained and supplied mediators for community and political mediations throughout Northern Ireland in the context of the conflict.
Mari Christine Fitzduff (born March 15, 1947 in Dublin) is an Irish policy maker, writer and academic. She began her work in peacebuilding and mediation working with universities during the Northern Ireland conflict before setting up a mediation organisation in 1989.
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
Mari Fitzduff began professional peacebuilding work in 1986. Living in Northern Ireland during the conflict in 1969-1998, she set up the first courses in conflict resolution and mediation in both Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University. She went on to found Mediation Northern Ireland in 1988, an organisation which trained and supplied mediators for community and political mediations throughout Northern Ireland in the context of the conflict. Mari Christine Fitzduff (born March 15, 1947 in Dublin) is an Irish policy maker, writer and academic. She began her work in peacebuilding and mediation working with universities during the Northern Ireland conflict before setting up a mediation organisation in 1989.
Yes|No
Mari Fitzduff
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Fitzduff
88
When did Mari Fitzduff found Mediation Northern Ireland?
Mari Fitzduff began professional peacebuilding work in 1986. Living in Northern Ireland during the conflict in 1969-1998, she set up the first courses in conflict resolution and mediation in both Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University. She went on to found Mediation Northern Ireland in 1988, an organisation which trained and supplied mediators for community and political mediations throughout Northern Ireland in the context of the conflict.
Mari Christine Fitzduff (born March 15, 1947 in Dublin) is an Irish policy maker, writer and academic. She began her work in peacebuilding and mediation working with universities during the Northern Ireland conflict before setting up a mediation organisation in 1989.
1988
1989
Explicit
Different
Mari Fitzduff began professional peacebuilding work in 1986. Living in Northern Ireland during the conflict in 1969-1998, she set up the first courses in conflict resolution and mediation in both Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University. She went on to found Mediation Northern Ireland in 1988, an organisation which trained and supplied mediators for community and political mediations throughout Northern Ireland in the context of the conflict. Mari Christine Fitzduff (born March 15, 1947 in Dublin) is an Irish policy maker, writer and academic. She began her work in peacebuilding and mediation working with universities during the Northern Ireland conflict before setting up a mediation organisation in 1989.
1988|1989
Mari Fitzduff
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Fitzduff
91
Is the bore of the pistols that are typically used in the Second World War longer than one inch?
The Very pistol, typical of the type used in the Second World War, are of one inch bore (26.5mm), now known as "Calibre 4" for signal pistols.
The Very pistol, typical of the type used in the Second World War, are of one inch bore (26.5mm), now known as "Calibre 4" for signal pistols.
No
Yes
Explicit
Same
The Very pistol, typical of the type used in the Second World War, are of one inch bore (26.5mm), now known as "Calibre 4" for signal pistols.
No|Yes
Flare gun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_gun
90
How long is the bore of the pistols that are typically used in the Second World War?
The Very pistol, typical of the type used in the Second World War, are of one inch bore (26.5mm), now known as "Calibre 4" for signal pistols.
The Very pistol, typical of the type used in the Second World War, are of one inch bore (26.5mm), now known as "Calibre 4" for signal pistols.
One inch
26.5 mm
Explicit
Same
The Very pistol, typical of the type used in the Second World War, are of one inch bore (26.5mm), now known as "Calibre 4" for signal pistols.
One inch|26.5 mm
Flare gun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_gun
93
During the Battle of Fort Ében-Émael, how many troops were deployed by the German army using the gliders in the attack?
During the battle of Fort Ében-Émael, for reasons of security, Sturmabteilung Walter Koch was dispersed around several locations in the Rhineland until it received orders for the operation against Fort Ében-Émael and the three bridges to begin. Preliminary orders were received on 9 May, ordering the separated detachments to move to a pre-arranged concentration area, and shortly afterwards a second order arrived, informing the assault force that Fall Gelb was to begin at 05:25 on 10 May. The Fallschirmjäger filed onto a non-illuminated tarmac at 03:00, as the loudspeakers played Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries". At 04:30, forty-two gliders carrying the 493 airborne troops that formed the assault force were lifted off from two airfields in Cologne, the armada of gliders and transport aircraft turning south towards their objectives.
To prepare for the battle of Fort Ében-Émael, Hauptmann Walter Koch divided his force into four assault groups. Group Granite, under Oberleutnant Rudolf Witzig, composed of eighty-five men in eleven gliders whose task would be to assault and capture Fort Ében-Émael; Group Steel, commanded by Oberleutnant Gustav Altmann, and formed of ninety-two men and nine gliders, would capture the Veldwezelt bridge; Group Concrete, commanded by Leutnant Gerhard Schacht and composed of ninety-six men in eleven gliders, would capture the Vroenhoven bridge; and Group Iron, under Leutnant Martin Schächter, composed of ninety men in ten gliders, who would capture the Kanne bridge.
493
363
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
During the battle of Fort Ében-Émael, for reasons of security, Sturmabteilung Walter Koch was dispersed around several locations in the Rhineland until it received orders for the operation against Fort Ében-Émael and the three bridges to begin. Preliminary orders were received on 9 May, ordering the separated detachments to move to a pre-arranged concentration area, and shortly afterwards a second order arrived, informing the assault force that Fall Gelb was to begin at 05:25 on 10 May. The Fallschirmjäger filed onto a non-illuminated tarmac at 03:00, as the loudspeakers played Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries". At 04:30, forty-two gliders carrying the 493 airborne troops that formed the assault force were lifted off from two airfields in Cologne, the armada of gliders and transport aircraft turning south towards their objectives. To prepare for the battle of Fort Ében-Émael, Hauptmann Walter Koch divided his force into four assault groups. Group Granite, under Oberleutnant Rudolf Witzig, composed of eighty-five men in eleven gliders whose task would be to assault and capture Fort Ében-Émael; Group Steel, commanded by Oberleutnant Gustav Altmann, and formed of ninety-two men and nine gliders, would capture the Veldwezelt bridge; Group Concrete, commanded by Leutnant Gerhard Schacht and composed of ninety-six men in eleven gliders, would capture the Vroenhoven bridge; and Group Iron, under Leutnant Martin Schächter, composed of ninety men in ten gliders, who would capture the Kanne bridge.
493|363
Battle of Fort Ében-Émael
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Ében-Émael
92
During the Battle of Fort Ében-Émael, how many gliders were used by the German army in the attack?
During the battle of Fort Ében-Émael, for reasons of security, Sturmabteilung Walter Koch was dispersed around several locations in the Rhineland until it received orders for the operation against Fort Ében-Émael and the three bridges to begin. Preliminary orders were received on 9 May, ordering the separated detachments to move to a pre-arranged concentration area, and shortly afterwards a second order arrived, informing the assault force that Fall Gelb was to begin at 05:25 on 10 May. The Fallschirmjäger filed onto a non-illuminated tarmac at 03:00, as the loudspeakers played Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries". At 04:30, forty-two gliders carrying the 493 airborne troops that formed the assault force were lifted off from two airfields in Cologne, the armada of gliders and transport aircraft turning south towards their objectives.
To prepare for the battle of Fort Ében-Émael, Hauptmann Walter Koch divided his force into four assault groups. Group Granite, under Oberleutnant Rudolf Witzig, composed of eighty-five men in eleven gliders whose task would be to assault and capture Fort Ében-Émael; Group Steel, commanded by Oberleutnant Gustav Altmann, and formed of ninety-two men and nine gliders, would capture the Veldwezelt bridge; Group Concrete, commanded by Leutnant Gerhard Schacht and composed of ninety-six men in eleven gliders, would capture the Vroenhoven bridge; and Group Iron, under Leutnant Martin Schächter, composed of ninety men in ten gliders, who would capture the Kanne bridge.
42
41
Implicit (reasoning required)
Different
During the battle of Fort Ében-Émael, for reasons of security, Sturmabteilung Walter Koch was dispersed around several locations in the Rhineland until it received orders for the operation against Fort Ében-Émael and the three bridges to begin. Preliminary orders were received on 9 May, ordering the separated detachments to move to a pre-arranged concentration area, and shortly afterwards a second order arrived, informing the assault force that Fall Gelb was to begin at 05:25 on 10 May. The Fallschirmjäger filed onto a non-illuminated tarmac at 03:00, as the loudspeakers played Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries". At 04:30, forty-two gliders carrying the 493 airborne troops that formed the assault force were lifted off from two airfields in Cologne, the armada of gliders and transport aircraft turning south towards their objectives. To prepare for the battle of Fort Ében-Émael, Hauptmann Walter Koch divided his force into four assault groups. Group Granite, under Oberleutnant Rudolf Witzig, composed of eighty-five men in eleven gliders whose task would be to assault and capture Fort Ében-Émael; Group Steel, commanded by Oberleutnant Gustav Altmann, and formed of ninety-two men and nine gliders, would capture the Veldwezelt bridge; Group Concrete, commanded by Leutnant Gerhard Schacht and composed of ninety-six men in eleven gliders, would capture the Vroenhoven bridge; and Group Iron, under Leutnant Martin Schächter, composed of ninety men in ten gliders, who would capture the Kanne bridge.
42|41
Battle of Fort Ében-Émael
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Ében-Émael
95
Does Government College University in Lahore have more than five chairs?
In Government College University in Lahore, the following six chairs have been established at the respective departments: Allama Iqbal Chair in Philosophy, Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner Chair in History, Syed Ali Hujwiri Chair in Persian, Ashfaq Ahmed Chair in Urdu, Sultan Ahmed Chair in Biological Sciences
In Government College University in Lahore, the following six chairs have been established at the respective departments: Allama Iqbal Chair in Philosophy, Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner Chair in History, Syed Ali Hujwiri Chair in Persian, Ashfaq Ahmed Chair in Urdu, Sultan Ahmed Chair in Biological Sciences
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Same
In Government College University in Lahore, the following six chairs have been established at the respective departments: Allama Iqbal Chair in Philosophy, Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner Chair in History, Syed Ali Hujwiri Chair in Persian, Ashfaq Ahmed Chair in Urdu, Sultan Ahmed Chair in Biological Sciences
Yes|No
Government College University, Lahore
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_College_University,_Lahore
94
How many chairs are established in Government College University in Lahore?
In Government College University in Lahore, the following six chairs have been established at the respective departments: Allama Iqbal Chair in Philosophy, Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner Chair in History, Syed Ali Hujwiri Chair in Persian, Ashfaq Ahmed Chair in Urdu, Sultan Ahmed Chair in Biological Sciences
In Government College University in Lahore, the following six chairs have been established at the respective departments: Allama Iqbal Chair in Philosophy, Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner Chair in History, Syed Ali Hujwiri Chair in Persian, Ashfaq Ahmed Chair in Urdu, Sultan Ahmed Chair in Biological Sciences
Six
Five
Implicit (reasoning required)
Same
In Government College University in Lahore, the following six chairs have been established at the respective departments: Allama Iqbal Chair in Philosophy, Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner Chair in History, Syed Ali Hujwiri Chair in Persian, Ashfaq Ahmed Chair in Urdu, Sultan Ahmed Chair in Biological Sciences
Six|Five
Government College University, Lahore
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_College_University,_Lahore
97
Is Acid Cryptofiler a cryptographic software program?
Acid Cryptofiler is a cryptographic software program designed by the department for "control of information" (Centre d'Electronique de l'Armement) of the French General Directorate of Armament (Direction générale de l'armement). It is an online storage service. The software is now manufactured by ACID Technologies (France).
Acid Cryptofiler is a cryptographic software program designed by the department for "control of information" (Centre d'Electronique de l'Armement) of the French General Directorate of Armament (Direction générale de l'armement). It is an online storage service. The software is now manufactured by ACID Technologies (France).
Yes
No
Implicit (reasoning required)
Same
Acid Cryptofiler is a cryptographic software program designed by the department for "control of information" (Centre d'Electronique de l'Armement) of the French General Directorate of Armament (Direction générale de l'armement). It is an online storage service. The software is now manufactured by ACID Technologies (France).
Yes|No
Acid Cryptofiler
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Cryptofiler
96
What is Acid Cryptofiler?
Acid Cryptofiler is a cryptographic software program designed by the department for "control of information" (Centre d'Electronique de l'Armement) of the French General Directorate of Armament (Direction générale de l'armement). It is an online storage service. The software is now manufactured by ACID Technologies (France).
Acid Cryptofiler is a cryptographic software program designed by the department for "control of information" (Centre d'Electronique de l'Armement) of the French General Directorate of Armament (Direction générale de l'armement). It is an online storage service. The software is now manufactured by ACID Technologies (France).
Acid Cryptofiler is a cryptographic software program designed by the department for "control of information" (Centre d'Electronique de l'Armement) of the French General Directorate of Armament (Direction générale de l'armement)
Acid Cryptofiler is an online storage service
Implicit (reasoning required)
Same
Acid Cryptofiler is a cryptographic software program designed by the department for "control of information" (Centre d'Electronique de l'Armement) of the French General Directorate of Armament (Direction générale de l'armement). It is an online storage service. The software is now manufactured by ACID Technologies (France).
Acid Cryptofiler is a cryptographic software program designed by the department for "control of information" (Centre d'Electronique de l'Armement) of the French General Directorate of Armament (Direction générale de l'armement)|Acid Cryptofiler is an online storage service
Acid Cryptofiler
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Cryptofiler
99
Is Azelaic acid a worse treatment for acne when compared to benzoyl peroxide?
Azelaic acid is effective for mild to moderate acne when applied topically at a 15–20% concentration. Treatment twice daily for six months is necessary, and is as effective as topical benzoyl peroxide 5%, isotretinoin 0.05%, and erythromycin 2%.
Azelaic acid also led to worse acne treatment response when compared to benzoyl peroxide. When compared to tretinoin, azelaic acid makes little or no treatment response.
No
Yes
Explicit
Different
Azelaic acid is effective for mild to moderate acne when applied topically at a 15–20% concentration. Treatment twice daily for six months is necessary, and is as effective as topical benzoyl peroxide 5%, isotretinoin 0.05%, and erythromycin 2%. Azelaic acid also led to worse acne treatment response when compared to benzoyl peroxide. When compared to tretinoin, azelaic acid makes little or no treatment response.
No|Yes
Acne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne
98
Is Azelaic acid as effective as benzoyl peroxide when used to treat acne?
Azelaic acid is effective for mild to moderate acne when applied topically at a 15–20% concentration. Treatment twice daily for six months is necessary, and is as effective as topical benzoyl peroxide 5%, isotretinoin 0.05%, and erythromycin 2%.
Azelaic acid also led to worse acne treatment response when compared to benzoyl peroxide. When compared to tretinoin, azelaic acid makes little or no treatment response.
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
Azelaic acid is effective for mild to moderate acne when applied topically at a 15–20% concentration. Treatment twice daily for six months is necessary, and is as effective as topical benzoyl peroxide 5%, isotretinoin 0.05%, and erythromycin 2%. Azelaic acid also led to worse acne treatment response when compared to benzoyl peroxide. When compared to tretinoin, azelaic acid makes little or no treatment response.
Yes|No
Acne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne
101
Are stagnant pools of water the only breeding sites of Aedes albopictus?
Flowing water will not be a breeding spot for Aedes albopictus, and water that contains minnows is not usually a problem, because the fish eat the mosquito larvae.
The Aedes albopictus female lays her eggs near water, not directly into it as other mosquitoes do, but typically near a stagnant pool. However, any open container containing water will suffice for larvae development, even with less than one US fl oz (30 ml) of water. It can also breed in running water, so stagnant pools of water are not its only breeding sites. It is more likely to lay eggs in water sources near flowers than in water sources without flowers. It has a short flight range (less than 200 m (220 yd)), so breeding sites are likely to be close to where this mosquito is found.
Yes
No
Explicit
Different
Flowing water will not be a breeding spot for Aedes albopictus, and water that contains minnows is not usually a problem, because the fish eat the mosquito larvae. The Aedes albopictus female lays her eggs near water, not directly into it as other mosquitoes do, but typically near a stagnant pool. However, any open container containing water will suffice for larvae development, even with less than one US fl oz (30 ml) of water. It can also breed in running water, so stagnant pools of water are not its only breeding sites. It is more likely to lay eggs in water sources near flowers than in water sources without flowers. It has a short flight range (less than 200 m (220 yd)), so breeding sites are likely to be close to where this mosquito is found.
Yes|No
Aedes albopictus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_albopictus

Wikipedia contradict benchmark

Wikipedia contradict benchmark is a dataset consisting of 253 high-quality, human-annotated instances designed to assess LLM performance when augmented with retrieved passages containing real-world knowledge conflicts. The dataset was created intentionally with that task in mind, focusing on a benchmark consisting of high-quality, human-annotated instances.

Dataset Details

Dataset Description

Wikipedia contradict benchmark is a QA-based benchmark consisting of 253 human-annotated instances that cover different types of real-world knowledge conflicts.

Each instance consists of a question, a pair of contradictory passages extracted from Wikipedia, and two distinct answers, each derived from on the passages. The pair is annotated by a human annotator who identify where the conflicted information is and what type of conflict is observed. The annotator then produces a set of questions related to the passages with different answers reflecting the conflicting source of knowledge.

  • Curated by: Yufang Hou, Alessandra Pascale, Javier Carnerero-Cano, Tigran Tchrakian, Radu Marinescu, Elizabeth Daly, Inkit Padhi, and Prasanna Sattigeri. All authors are employed by IBM Research.
  • Shared by: Yufang Hou, Alessandra Pascale, Javier Carnerero-Cano, Tigran Tchrakian, Radu Marinescu, Elizabeth Daly, Inkit Padhi, and Prasanna Sattigeri.
  • Language(s) (NLP): English.
  • License: MIT.

Dataset Sources

Uses

Direct Use

The dataset has been used in the paper to assess LLMs performance when augmented with retrieved passages containing real-world knowledge conflicts.

The following figure illustrates the evaluation process:

And the following table shows the performance of five LLMs (Mistral-7b-inst, Mixtral-8x7b-inst, Llama-2-70b-chat, Llama-3-70b-inst, and GPT-4) on the Wikipedia Contradict Benchmark based on rigorous human evaluations on a subset of answers for 55 instances, which corresponds to 1,375 LLM responses in total.

Notes: “C”, “PC” and “IC” stand for “Correct”, “Partially correct”, “Incorrect”, respectively. “all”, “exp”, and “imp” represent for instance types: all instances, instances with explicit conflicts, and instances with implicit conflicts. The numbers represent the ratio of responses from each LLM that were assessed as “Correct, “Partially correct, or “Incorrect for each instance type under a prompt template. The bold numbers highlight the best models that correctly answer questions for each type and prompt template.

Out-of-Scope Use

N/A.

Dataset Structure

Wikipedia contradict benchmark is given in CSV format to store the corresponding information, so researchers can easily use our data. There are 253 instances in total.

The description of each field (when the instance contains two questions) is as follows:

  • question_ID: ID of question.
  • question: Question nferred from the contradiction.
  • context1: Decontextualized relevant information of context1.
  • context2: Decontextualized relevant information of context2.
  • answer1: Gold answer to question according to context1.
  • answer2: Gold answer to question according to context2.
  • contradictType: It focuses on the reasoning aspect. It describes whether the contraction is explicit or implicit (Explicit/Implicit). Implicit contradiction requires some reasoning to understand why context1 and context2 are contradicted.
  • samepassage: It focuses on the source the contradiction. It describes whether context1 and context2 are the same or not.
  • merged_context: context1 and context2 merged in a single paragraph ("context1. context2").
  • ref_answer: answer1 and answer2 merged in a single paragraph ("answer1|answer2").
  • WikipediaArticleTitle: Title of article.
  • url: URL of article.

Usage of the Dataset

We provide the following starter code. Please refer to the GitHub repository for more information about the functions load_testingdata and generateAnswers_bam_models.

from genai import Client, Credentials
import datetime
import pytz
import logging
import json
import copy
from dotenv import load_dotenv
from genai.text.generation import CreateExecutionOptions
from genai.schema import (
    DecodingMethod,
    LengthPenalty,
    ModerationParameters,
    ModerationStigma,
    TextGenerationParameters,
    TextGenerationReturnOptions,
)

try:
    from tqdm.auto import tqdm
except ImportError:
    print("Please install tqdm to run this example.")
    raise

load_dotenv()
client = Client(credentials=Credentials.from_env())

logging.getLogger("bampy").setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
fh = logging.FileHandler('bampy.log')
fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
logging.getLogger("bampy").addHandler(fh)

parameters = TextGenerationParameters(
    max_new_tokens=250,
    min_new_tokens=1,
    decoding_method=DecodingMethod.GREEDY,
    return_options=TextGenerationReturnOptions(
        # if ordered is False, you can use return_options to retrieve the corresponding prompt
        input_text=True,
    ),
)


# load dataset
testingUnits = load_testingdata()
# test LLMs models
generateAnswers_bam_models(testingUnits)

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising solution to mitigate the limitations of large language models (LLMs), such as hallucinations and outdated information. However, it remains unclear how LLMs handle knowledge conflicts arising from different augmented retrieved passages, especially when these passages originate from the same source and have equal trustworthiness. In this regard, the motivation of Wikipedia Contradict Benchmark is to comprehensively evaluate LLM-generated answers to questions that have varying answers based on contradictory passages from Wikipedia, a dataset widely regarded as a high-quality pre-training resource for most LLMs.

Source Data

Data Collection and Processing

The data was mostly observable as raw text. The raw data was retrieved from Wikipedia articles containing inconsistent, self-contradictory, and contradict-other tags. The first two tags denote contradictory statements within the same article, whereas the third tag highlights instances where the content of one article contradicts that of another article. In total, we collected around 1,200 articles that contain these tags through the Wikipedia maintenance category “Wikipedia articles with content issues”. Given a content inconsistency tag provided by Wikipedia editors, the annotators verified whether the tag is valid by checking the relevant article content, the editor’s comment, as well as the information in the edit history and the article’s talk page if necessary.

Who are the source data producers?

Wikipedia contributors.

Annotations

Annotation process

The annotation interface was developed using Label Studio.

The annotators were required to slightly modify the original passages to make them stand-alone (decontextualization). Normally, this requires resolving the coreference anaphors or the bridging anaphors in the first sentence (see annotation guidelines). In Wikipedia, oftentimes the antecedents for these anaphors are the article titles themselves.

For further information, see the annotation guidelines of the paper.

Who are the annotators?

Yufang Hou, Alessandra Pascale, Javier Carnerero-Cano, Tigran Tchrakian, Radu Marinescu, Elizabeth Daly, Inkit Padhi

Personal and Sensitive Information

N/A.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

Each annotation instance contains at least one question and two possible answers, but some instances may contain more than one question (and the corresponding two possible answers for each question). Some instances may not contain a value for paragraphA_clean, tagDate, and tagReason.

Recommendations

Our data is downloaded from Wikipedia. As such, the data is biased towards the original content and sources. Given that human data annotation involves some degree of subjectivity we created a comprehensive 17-page annotation guidelines document to clarify important cases during the annotation process. The annotators were explicitly instructed not to take their personal feeling about the particular topic. Nevertheless, some degree of intrinsic subjectivity might have impacted the techniques picked up by the annotators during the annotation.

Since our dataset requires manual annotation, annotation noise is inevitably introduced.

Citation

If this dataset is utilized in your research, kindly cite the following paper:

BibTeX:

@article{hou2024wikicontradict,
  title={{WikiContradict: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Real-World Knowledge Conflicts from Wikipedia}},
  author={Hou, Yufang and Pascale, Alessandra and Carnerero-Cano, Javier and Tchrakian, Tigran and Marinescu, Radu and Daly, Elizabeth and Padhi, Inkit and Sattigeri, Prasanna},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.13805},
  year={2024}
}

APA:

Hou, Y., Pascale, A., Carnerero-Cano, J., Tchrakian, T., Marinescu, R., Daly, E., Padhi, I., & Sattigeri, P. (2024). WikiContradict: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Real-World Knowledge Conflicts from Wikipedia. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.13805.

Dataset Card Authors

Yufang Hou, Alessandra Pascale, Javier Carnerero-Cano, Tigran Tchrakian, Radu Marinescu, Elizabeth Daly, Inkit Padhi, and Prasanna Sattigeri.

Dataset Card Contact

Yufang Hou ([email protected]), Alessandra Pascale ([email protected]), Javier Carnerero-Cano ([email protected]), Tigran Tchrakian ([email protected]), Radu Marinescu ([email protected]), Elizabeth Daly ([email protected]), Inkit Padhi ([email protected]), and Prasanna Sattigeri ([email protected]).

Downloads last month
156
Edit dataset card