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USA-88 [SEP] time of spacecraft launch | a64179cb-01fd-42e9-9f40-bf3f0a1ad1e4 | [{"answer": "3 February 1993", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "36387881", "title": "USA-88", "start_paragraph_id": 2, "start_character": 0, "end_paragraph_id": 2, "end_character": 145, "bleu_score": 1.0, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::Abstract."}]}] | [
{
"contents": "Solar electric propulsion\n\n\nSolar electric propulsion (SEP) typically refers to the combination of solar cells and an ion drive to propel a spacecraft through outer space. This technology has been exploited in a variety of spacecraft by the European Space Agency, the Japanese Space Agency, Indian Space Research Organisation and NASA. SEP is valued for its potential for a high specific impulse, thus allowing less mass for propellant to be launched with a spacecraft and it has been evaluated for mission to Mars. Solar electric propulsion combines solar panels on spacecraft and ion thrusters,",
"id": "19663908"
},
{
"contents": "Launch window\n\n\npoint. It may be continuous (i.e. able to launch every second in the launch window) or may be a collection of discrete instantaneous points between the open and close. Launch windows and days are usually calculated in UTC and then converted to the local time of where the rocket and spacecraft operators are located (frequently multiple time zones for USA launches). For trips into largely arbitrary Earth orbits, no specific launch time is required. But if the spacecraft intends to rendezvous with an object already in orbit, the launch must",
"id": "20951574"
},
{
"contents": "USA-88\n\n\nUSA-88, also known as GPS IIA-9, GPS II-18 and GPS SVN-22, was an American navigation satellite which formed part of the Global Positioning System. It was the ninth of nineteen Block IIA GPS satellites to be launched. USA-88 was launched at 02:55:00 UTC on 3 February 1993, atop a Delta II carrier rocket, flight number D218, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-88 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself",
"id": "10720345"
},
{
"contents": "USA-212\n\n\nthe spacecraft would \"demonstrate various experiments and allow satellite sensors, subsystems, components, and associated technology to be transported into space and back.\" USA-212 was launched on an Atlas V 501 rocket, tail number AV-012, from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. The launch, which was conducted by United Launch Alliance, occurred at 23:52 UTC on 22 April 2010, placing the spacecraft into low Earth orbit for testing. The X-37B spacecraft was originally intended to be deployed from the payload bay",
"id": "16103912"
},
{
"contents": "USA-214\n\n\nUSA-214, known before launch as Advanced Extremely High Frequency 1 or AEHF SV-1, is a military communications satellite operated by the United States Air Force. It is the first of four spacecraft to be launched as part of the Advanced Extremely High Frequency program, which will replace the earlier Milstar system. The USA-214 spacecraft was constructed by Lockheed Martin, and is based on the A2100 satellite bus. The spacecraft has a mass of and a design life of 14 years. It will be used to provide super high frequency and extremely high",
"id": "10243609"
},
{
"contents": "Boeing X-37\n\n\nat Vandenberg AFB in June 2012. The spacecraft landed autonomously on 16 June 2012, having spent in space. The second flight of the first X-37B, OTV-3 was originally scheduled to launch on 25 October 2012 before being successfully launched from Cape Canaveral on 11 December 2012 at 18:03 UTC. Once in orbit, the spacecraft was designated USA-240. Landing occurred at Vandenberg AFB on 17 October 2014 at 16:24 UTC, after a total time in orbit of . The fourth X-37B mission, OTV-4, was codenamed AFSPC-5 and designated as USA-261 in",
"id": "12510895"
},
{
"contents": "USA-202\n\n\nUSA 202, previously NRO Launch 26 or NROL-26, is a classified spacecraft which is operated by the United States National Reconnaissance Office. It is an Advanced Orion ELINT satellite. According to Aviation Week, it \"fundamentally involves America's biggest, most secret and expensive military spacecraft on board the world's largest rocket.\" The combined cost of the spacecraft and launch vehicle has been estimated to be over US$2 billion. Amateur astronomer observations suspected the satellite was eavesdropping on Thuraya 2 and this was reported to be confirmed by documents",
"id": "1211891"
},
{
"contents": "USA-214\n\n\nfrequency communications for the armed forces of the United States, as well as those of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Canada. USA-214 was launched by United Launch Alliance, using an Atlas V 531 carrier rocket flying from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 11:07 UTC on 14 August 2010, and resulted in the spacecraft being deployed successfully into a geosynchronous transfer orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , and 22.2° degrees inclination. The spacecraft was intended to manoeuvre",
"id": "10243610"
},
{
"contents": "USA-211\n\n\nUSA-211, or Wideband Global Satcom 3 (WGS-3) is an American military communications satellite operated by the United States Air Force as part of the Wideband Global Satcom programme. Launched in 2009, it was the third WGS satellite, and final Block I spacecraft, to reach orbit. It is stationed at 12° west in Geostationary orbit. Built by Boeing, USA-211 is based on the BSS-702 satellite bus. It had a mass at launch of , and was expected to operate for fourteen years. The spacecraft is equipped with two",
"id": "11317907"
},
{
"contents": "USA-221\n\n\nUSA-221, also known as FalconSat-5, is an American military minisatellite, which was launched in 2010. The fifth FalconSat spacecraft to be launched, it carries four technology development and ionospheric research experiments. The satellite was constructed and is operated by the United States Air Force Academy. USA-221 is a spacecraft, measuring by by . It operates in a low Earth orbit with an apogee of , a perigee of , and 72 degrees of orbital inclination. The Space Plasma Characterization Source (SPCS) studies how a cold gas ammonia thruster and",
"id": "9338479"
},
{
"contents": "USA-247\n\n\nArchitecture program, to replace the earlier Onyx spacecraft. USA-247 was launched by United Launch Alliance using an Atlas V carrier rocket flying in the 501 configuration, along with twelve CubeSats being carried as secondary payloads. Five of the CubeSats were a part of NASA ELaNa II manifest. Space Launch Complex 3E at the Vandenberg Air Force Base was used to conduct the launch, which took place at 07:14:30 UTC on 6 December 2013 (23:14 local time on 5 December). Identified as NRO Launch 39, it marked the forty-third",
"id": "15609492"
},
{
"contents": "Button Moon\n\n\n7-03 22/Sep/88 Benny Bin (10 min) 82 7-04 29/Sep/88 Little Bottle Floats Away (10 min) 83 7-05 06/Oct/88 Button Moon Talent Show (10 min) 84 7-06 13/Oct/88 Mr and Mrs Spoon's Anniversary (10min) 85 7-07 20/Oct/88 Mice Play On Button Moon (10 min) 86 7-08 27/Oct/88 Dotty Teapot (10 min) 87 7-09 03/Nov/88 Rag Doll Moves House (10",
"id": "19692797"
},
{
"contents": "Future of space exploration\n\n\nin June 2022 and would reach Jupiter in October 2029 after five gravity assists and 88 months of travel. By 2033 the spacecraft should enter orbit around Ganymede for its close up science mission and becoming the first spacecraft to orbit a moon other than the moon of Earth. Europa Clipper Europa Clipper is an interplanetary mission in development by NASA comprising an orbiter. Set for a launch in June 2023 aboard the Space Launch System, the spacecraft is being developed to study the Galilean moon Europa through a series of flybys while in orbit around",
"id": "2508366"
},
{
"contents": "USA-213\n\n\nof service. USA-213 is a spacecraft, which is expected to remain in service for at least twelve years. In addition to broadcasting the same signals as previous satellites, it will also broadcast the L5 signal, and a military signal known as M-code. Its signal accuracy is expected to be twice that of its predecessors. It is the sixty-first GPS satellite to be launched, and the fiftieth Block II spacecraft. GPS IIF spacecraft are built by Boeing, under a contract which was originally signed in 1996.",
"id": "12608111"
},
{
"contents": "USS Hanover (APA-116)\n\n\nMar 31 Pascagoula, Mississippi USA 1945 APR 11 New Orleans, Louisiana USA 1945 MAY 01 Galveston, Texas USA 1945 MAY 06 Gulfport, Mississippi USA 1945 MAY 11 Canal Zone, Panama, USA 1945 JUN 01 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, USA 1945 JUL 01 Portland, Oregon, USA 1945 JUL 17 Eniwetok, Marshall Islands, USA 1945 SEP 09 Okinawa 1945 SEP 11 Jinsen, Korea 1945 SEP 26 Nago Nan Bay, Okinawa 1945 OCT 03 Taku, China 1945 OCT 05 Taku, China 1945 OCT 16 Manila, Philippines 1945",
"id": "1586987"
},
{
"contents": "USA-215\n\n\nUSA-215, also known as NRO Launch 41 or NROL-41, is an American reconnaissance satellite, operated by the National Reconnaissance Office. Launched in 2010, it has been identified as the first in a new series of radar imaging satellites, developed as part of the Future Imagery Architecture programme, to replace the earlier Lacrosse spacecraft. USA-215 was launched by an Atlas V carrier rocket, flying in the 501 configuration, operated by United Launch Alliance. The rocket was launched from Space Launch Complex 3E at the Vandenberg Air Force Base, at",
"id": "14082117"
},
{
"contents": "USA-184\n\n\nUSA-184, also known as NRO Launch 22 or NROL-22, is an American signals intelligence satellite, operated by the National Reconnaissance Office. Launched in 2006, it has been identified as the first in a new series of satellites which are replacing the earlier Trumpet spacecraft. USA-184 was launched by Boeing, using a Delta IV carrier rocket flying in the Medium+(4,2) configuration. The rocket was the first Delta IV to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, flying from Space Launch Complex 6, a launch pad originally constructed as part of abandoned",
"id": "14555470"
},
{
"contents": "USA-213\n\n\nstart of a nineteen-minute launch window. It was originally scheduled to occur in 2006, however program and engineering delays resulted in it slipping to 2010. The first launch attempt was made on 21 May 2010, during a launch window opening at 03:25 UTC and closing at 03:43. A problem with spacecraft telemetry was detected, but resolved in time for an attempt to be made at the end of the window, however it recurred during the last minutes of the countdown. With no launch window remaining, the launch was scrubbed",
"id": "12608113"
},
{
"contents": "Spacecraft\n\n\nonly for crewed spaceflight, and these are often called spaceplanes. The first example of such was the North American X-15 spaceplane, which conducted two crewed flights which reached an altitude of over 100 km in the 1960s. The first reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, a winged non-capsule, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981",
"id": "17110630"
},
{
"contents": "USA-226\n\n\nlaunch was conducted by United Launch Alliance. The X-37B spacecraft was originally intended to be deployed from the payload bay of a NASA Space Shuttle, but following the \"Columbia\" accident, it was transferred to a Delta II 7920, then subsequently transferred to the Atlas V following concerns over the X-37B's aerodynamic properties during launch. Prior to the installation of the spacecraft, the Atlas rocket was moved to the launch pad and performed a wet dress rehearsal on 4 February 2011. It was returned to the Vertical Integration Facility the following",
"id": "12436132"
},
{
"contents": "List of USA satellites\n\n\nThis is a list of satellites and spacecraft which have been given USA designations by the United States Air Force. These designations have been applied to most US military satellites since 1984, and replaced the earlier OPS designation. It is comparable to the Soviet/Russian Kosmos designation. , USA designations have been assigned to 290 space missions. Note that there is not always a one-to-one mapping between launch vehicles and mission spacecraft. This can occasionally result in gaps when maintaining records that incorrectly make that assumption, such as",
"id": "2802488"
},
{
"contents": "USA-223\n\n\nUSA-223, known before launch as NRO Launch 32 (NRO L-32), is an American reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 2010. It is operated by the United States National Reconnaissance Office. It presently holds the record for being the largest spy satellite ever launched. Whilst details of its mission are officially classified, amateur observers have identified USA-223 as an Orion satellite; the seventh in the Magnum/Orion series. Orion spacecraft are used for electronic signals intelligence, and carry large antennas to enable them to intercept radio transmissions. These",
"id": "11371427"
},
{
"contents": "USA-245\n\n\nUSA-245 or NRO Launch 65 (NROL-65) is an American reconnaissance satellite which is operated by the National Reconnaissance Office. Launched in August 2013, it is the last KH-11 reconnaissance satellite, and the last spacecraft to be launched in the Keyhole program. Details of USA-245's mission are classified by the US military, however numerous independent analysts identified it as a KH-11 before launch, and amateur satellite watchers have since observed it in the orbit used by such satellites. KH-11 satellites are used to provide high-resolution optical and infrared imagery",
"id": "21491850"
},
{
"contents": "USA-224\n\n\nUSA-224, also known as NRO Launch 49 (NRO L-49), is an American reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 2011. It is a KH-11 optical imaging satellite, the fifteenth such spacecraft to be launched, and intended as a replacement of the USA-161 satellite launched in 2001. After the failure of the Boeing led Future Imagery Architecture program in 2005, NRO ordered two additional legacy hardware KH-11s. Critics of the decision voiced concerns that each \"exquisite-class\" satellite would cost more than the latest Nimitz class aircraft carrier (",
"id": "3822385"
},
{
"contents": "GRAIL\n\n\ncorrection leading to a launch window lasting one second and providing only two launch opportunities per day. The primary science phase of GRAIL lasted for 88 days, from 7 Mar 2012 to 29 May 2012. It was followed by a second science phase starting on 8 Aug. The gravity mapping technique was similar to that used by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and the spacecraft design was based on XSS-11. The orbital insertion dates were (for GRAIL-A) and (for GRAIL-B). The spacecraft were",
"id": "13555497"
},
{
"contents": "USA-243\n\n\nUSA-243, also known as WGS-5, is an American military communications satellite. It was the fifth satellite to be launched as part of the Wideband Global SATCOM program, and the second Block II spacecraft. Constructed by Boeing, USA-243 is based on the BSS-702HP satellite bus. It had a mass at liftoff of , and a design life of 14 years. Its two solar panels generate upwards of 11 kilowatts of power. The spacecraft is equipped with X and Ka-band transponders. An R-4D bipropellant rocket motor and four XIPS-25 ion",
"id": "3163648"
},
{
"contents": "Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer\n\n\nwould reach Jupiter in October 2029 after five gravity assists and 88 months of travel. By September 2032 the spacecraft will enter orbit around Ganymede for its close up science mission and becoming the first spacecraft to orbit a moon other than the moon of Earth. The selection of this mission for the L1 launch slot of ESA's Cosmic Vision science programme was announced on 2 May 2012. Its period of operations will overlap with NASA's \"Europa Clipper\" mission, launching in 2023. The mission started as a reformulation of the Jupiter",
"id": "5865933"
},
{
"contents": "USA-227\n\n\nUSA-227, known before launch as NRO Launch 27 (NROL-27), is an American communications satellite which was launched in 2011. It is operated by the United States National Reconnaissance Office. Whilst details of its mission are officially classified, amateur observers have identified USA-227 as being a third-generation Satellite Data System satellite in geosynchronous orbit. The first amateur observation of the satellite was made on 6 April 2011, when the spacecraft was located at a longitude of 30.4 degrees west. SDS satellites are used to relay data from American reconnaissance",
"id": "5845151"
},
{
"contents": "United States hydrogen policy\n\n\nprograms. Each states energy office gets SEP funding and manages all SEP funded projects. For more information about the SEP, including project descriptions, visit the SEP website. Clean Ports USA is an incentive-based program designed to help reduce emissions by encouraging port authorities to redesign and replace older diesel engines with new technologies and cleaner fuels. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Clean Diesel Campaign offers funding to port authorities to help them overcome the obstacles that prevent the adoption of cleaner diesel technologies. Clean Construction USA promotes the reduction",
"id": "8426000"
},
{
"contents": "ESSA-6\n\n\nESSA-6 (or TOS-D) was a spin-stabilized operational meteorological satellite. Its name was derived from that of its oversight agency, the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA). ESSA-6 was launched on November 10, 1967 at 18:00 UTC. It was launched atop a Delta rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, USA. The spacecraft had a mass of at the time of launch. ESSA-6 had an inclination of 102.12°, and an orbited the earth once every 114.8 minutes. Its perigee was and its",
"id": "16437720"
},
{
"contents": "ESSA-7\n\n\nESSA-7 (or TOS-E) was a spin-stabilized operational meteorological satellite. Its name was derived from that of its oversight agency, the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA). ESSA-7 was launched on August 16, 1968 at 11:31 UTC. It was launched atop a Delta rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, USA. The spacecraft had a mass of at the time of launch. ESSA-7 had an inclination of 101.72°, and an orbited the earth once every 114.9 minutes. Its perigee was and its",
"id": "16437723"
},
{
"contents": "Nimbus 4\n\n\nNimbus 4 (also called Nimbus D) was a meteorological satellite. It was the fourth in a series of the Nimbus program. Nimbus 4 was launched on April 8, 1970, by a Thor-Agena rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, CA. The spacecraft functioned nominally until 30 Sep 1980. The satellite orbited the Earth once every 1 hour and 47 minutes, at an inclination of 80°. Its perigee was and apogee was . Nimbus 4, the fourth in a series of second-generation meteorological",
"id": "16596410"
},
{
"contents": "USA-195\n\n\nUSA-195, or Wideband Global Satcom 1 (WGS-1) is an American military communications satellite operated by the United States Air Force as part of the Wideband Global Satcom programme. Launched in 2007, it was the first WGS satellite to reach orbit. It is stationed at a longitude of 174.8° east. Built by Boeing, USA-195 is based on the BSS-702 satellite bus. It had a mass at launch of , and was expected to operate for fourteen years. The spacecraft is equipped with two solar arrays to generate power for its",
"id": "1178541"
},
{
"contents": "USA-244\n\n\nat launch of , and was expected to operate for fourteen years. The spacecraft is equipped with two solar arrays to generate power for its communications payload, which consists of cross-band X and Ka band transponders. Propulsion is provided by an R-4D-15 apogee motor, with four XIPS-25 ion engines for stationkeeping. USA-244 was launched by United Launch Alliance, who placed it into orbit using a Delta IV Medium+(5,4) rocket, flight number D363. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station,",
"id": "11317920"
},
{
"contents": "Lunar cycler\n\n\nuse of cycler orbits in 1985 for the life support equipment and logistical supplies necessary for extensive manned exploration of the Moon and Mars. He also presented his thoughts on the benefits of using cycler spacecraft at the Space 88 Symposium in Albuquerque during a panel discussion on \"Approaching the Construction Problems in Space.\" These trajectories must have the characteristic that they can be easily targeted for either launch or destination planet and that the times between encounters yield a reasonable stay time on the destination and provide for both routine and emergency return on a",
"id": "10292609"
},
{
"contents": "2007 in spaceflight\n\n\nin the Centaur upper stage, resulting in a premature cutoff at the end of its second burn. This resulted in the USA-194 satellites being delivered into a lower orbit than planned. The spacecraft were able to correct the orbit using their manoeuvring engines. The fifth GSLV was launched on 2 September, with the INSAT-4CR satellite. This was the first GSLV launch since the failure in July 2006. The rocket underperformed, and placed the satellite into an orbit with a lower apogee and greater inclination than planned. This required the spacecraft to",
"id": "6091478"
},
{
"contents": "USA-212\n\n\nBased on data collected by amateur observers, the following orbital characteristics were calculated by amateur skywatcher Ted Molczan. After completing its mission, the X-37B was deorbited, entered the atmosphere, and landed at Vandenberg Air Force Base on 3 December 2010. The X-37B is the second reusable spacecraft to perform an automated landing after returning from orbit, the first being the Soviet Buran spacecraft in 1988. As the mission of USA-212 and the X-37B program are classified, public commentary on the program is speculation. James Oberg speculated that the concurrent launch",
"id": "16103918"
},
{
"contents": "USA-273\n\n\nUSA-273, also known as SBIRS-GEO 3, is an American military satellite and part of the Space-Based Infrared System. It was launched on January 21, 2017 from Cape Canaveral, atop an Atlas V rocket. The SBIRS satellites are a replacement for the Defense Support Program early warning system. They are intended to detect ballistic missile launches, as well as various other events in the infrared spectrum, including nuclear explosions, aircraft flights, space object entries and reentries, wildfires and spacecraft launches. SBIRS-GEO 3",
"id": "10238907"
},
{
"contents": "USA-241\n\n\nUSA-241, also known as SBIRS-GEO 2, is an American military satellite and part of the Space-Based Infrared System. It was launched on March 19, 2013 from Cape Canaveral, atop an Atlas V rocket. The SBIRS satellites are a replacement for the Defense Support Program early warning system. They are intended to detect ballistic missile launches, as well as various other events in the infrared spectrum, including nuclear explosions, aircraft flights, space object entries and reentries, wildfires and spacecraft launches. SBIRS-GEO 2",
"id": "14663261"
},
{
"contents": "USA-230\n\n\nUSA-230, also known as SBIRS-GEO 1, is an American military satellite and part of the Space-Based Infrared System. It was launched on May 7, 2011 from Cape Canaveral, atop an Atlas V rocket. The SBIRS satellites are a replacement for the Defense Support Program early warning system. They are intended to detect ballistic missile launches, as well as various other events in the infrared spectrum, including nuclear explosions, aircraft flights, space object entries and reentries, wildfires and spacecraft launches. SBIRS-GEO 1",
"id": "15447386"
},
{
"contents": "USA-282\n\n\nUSA-282, also known as SBIRS-GEO 4, is an American military satellite and part of the Space-Based Infrared System. It was launched on January 20, 2018 from Cape Canaveral, atop an Atlas V rocket. The SBIRS satellites are a replacement for the Defense Support Program early warning system. They are intended to detect ballistic missile launches, as well as various other events in the infrared spectrum, including nuclear explosions, aircraft flights, space object entries and reentries, wildfires and spacecraft launches. SBIRS-GEO 4",
"id": "20292143"
},
{
"contents": "The Lover (2016 film)\n\n\nFestival, LA, USA., Aug 2016 7 - Feel the Reel International Film Festival, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Sep 2016 6 - 17th Woodstock Museum International Film Festival, in Woodstock, NY, USA, Sep 2016 5 - IndieWise Virtual International Film Festival, Miami, Florida, USA, Sept 2016 4 - Indigo Moon International Film Festival, Fayetteville, NC, USA, Oct 7-9, 2016 3 - Davis International Film Festival, Davice, California, USA, October 2016 2 - 10th El Ojo Cojo",
"id": "11870171"
},
{
"contents": "Boeing X-37\n\n\n7 May 2017 shortly before 12:00 UTC. The fifth X-37B mission, designated USA-277 in orbit, was launched on 7 September 2017 at 14:00 UTC, just before the arrival of Hurricane Irma. The launch vehicle was a Falcon 9 rocket flying from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A, and number of small satellites also shared the ride. The spacecraft was inserted at a higher inclination orbit than previous missions, further expanding the X-37B's envelope. During the flight, the spacecraft modified its orbit, using an on-board propulsion system",
"id": "12510897"
},
{
"contents": "Project Mercury\n\n\nfor a second to separate it from the launch vehicle. Just before orbital insertion and sustainer engine cutoff, g-loads peaked at 8 g (6 g for a suborbital flight). In orbit, the spacecraft automatically turned 180°, pointed the retropackage forward and its nose 14.5° downward and kept this attitude for the rest of the orbital phase to facilitate communication with the ground. Once in orbit, it was not possible for the spacecraft to change its trajectory except by initiating reentry. Each orbit would typically take 88",
"id": "20422766"
},
{
"contents": "Soyuz TMA-2\n\n\nSoyuz TMA-2 was a Soyuz (Russian Союз ТМА-2, \"Union TMA-2\") mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle. The spacecraft docked with the ISS 2003-04-28 and undocked 2003-10-27.Soyuz TMA-2 was the second flight for the \"TMA\" modification of the Soyuz spacecraft, and the 6th Soyuz to fly to the ISS. The commander is Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko (Russia), and flight engineer Edward Tsang Lu (USA), and after docking with",
"id": "3026197"
},
{
"contents": "Apollo (spacecraft)\n\n\nthe S-IVB stage could leave the crew stranded in orbit, the separation system used multiple signal paths, multiple detonators and multiple explosive charges where the detonation of one charge would set off another even if the detonator on that charge failed to function. Once in space, the astronauts pressed the 'CSM/LV Sep' button on the control panel to separate the CSM from the launch vehicle. Detonating cord was ignited around the flange between the SM and SLA, and along the joints between the four SLA panels, releasing",
"id": "18788495"
},
{
"contents": "Fuji (spacecraft)\n\n\nFuji () was a crewed spacecraft of the space capsule kind, proposed by Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA) Advanced mission Research center in December 2001. The Fuji design was ultimately not adopted. In Japan, human spaceflight prior to 2001 had depended on the USA Space Shuttle program, and independent development of spacecraft was not adopted as a short to mid-term goal. Instead, NASDA chose to recommend use of Reusable launch systems with wings such as the US Space Shuttle and HOPE. However, after the",
"id": "2806833"
},
{
"contents": "USA-205\n\n\nUSA-205, also known as Space Tracking and Surveillance System Advanced Technology Risk Reduction (STSS-ATRR), and previously as Block 2010 Spacecraft Risk Reduction is a satellite formerly operated by the United States Missile Defense Agency. It was launched to demonstrate new technology for missile detection early warning systems. The technology demonstrated on STSS-ATRR will be used in the development of the Space Tracking and Surveillance System part of the Space-Based Infrared System. It was launched on a Delta II 7920-10C rocket from Space Launch Complex 2W",
"id": "12779562"
},
{
"contents": "USA-233\n\n\nUSA-233 or WGS-4 is an American military communications satellite which was launched in 2012. The fourth Wideband Global SATCOM spacecraft, it is the first WGS Block II satellite to be launched. USA-233 can transmit data with approximately 3.6 gigabits per second bandwidth. It can point 19 individual beams at different points on the Earth, operating at x band and ka band frequencies. Built by Boeing around the BSS-702 bus, the satellite is expected to operate for 14 years. Propulsion is provided by an R-4D apogee motor, and four XIPS-25 ion thrusters",
"id": "19938661"
},
{
"contents": "Indian Space Research Organisation\n\n\nwhich recommended the budget, an uncrewed flight will be launched after sevenyears from the final approval and a crewed mission will be launched after 7 years of funding. If realised in the stated time-frame, India will become the fourth nation, after the USSR, USA and China, to successfully carry out crewed missions indigenously. Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, announced in his Independence Day address of August 15, 2018 that India will send astronauts into space by 2022 on the new \"Gaganyaan\" spacecraft. After the",
"id": "16380094"
},
{
"contents": "Fire by Nite\n\n\nSay Suicide (Rick Cua) Mar-88 #019 Conquering Temptation (Petra) Apr-88 #020 If God Be For Us (Mylon LeFevre) May-88 #021 The Call of God (Stephen Wiley) Jun-88 #022 Discipline to Win (Ruscha) (03-243) Jul-88 #023 Satanism Unmasked I (Mike Warnke) Aug-88 #024 Satanism Unmasked II (Lauren Stratford, etc.) Sep-88 #025 Are We All Not Missionaries? (Rich Mullins) Oct-88 #026 The Prayer Zone (aka The Power of Prayer)",
"id": "21699240"
},
{
"contents": "RS-88\n\n\nWith NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the support of local, state and federal governments, we hope to develop a safe, affordable and reusable spaceplane by integrating established technologies, such as the RS-88 engine,\" said Bob Seto, Rocketplane's vice president of engineering systems and analysis. According to Seto, the craft completed a preliminary design review in March 2005, and it was in the detail design phase. Rocketplane filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and liquidation in 2010. The launch escape system for Boeing's CST-100 spacecraft",
"id": "2797698"
},
{
"contents": "Spacecraft\n\n\n, which is the height required by the international organization Fédération Aéronautique Internationale to count as a spaceflight. This altitude is called the Kármán line. In particular, in the 1940s there were several test launches of the V-2 rocket, some of which reached altitudes well over 100 km. As of 2016, only three nations have flown crewed spacecraft: USSR/Russia, USA, and China. The first crewed spacecraft was Vostok 1, which carried Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit.",
"id": "17110627"
},
{
"contents": "USA-204\n\n\nUSA-204, or Wideband Global Satcom 2 (WGS-2) is an American military communications satellite which is operated by the United States Air Force as part of the Wideband Global Satcom programme. Launched in 2009, it was the second WGS satellite to reach orbit, and operates in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 60° east. Built by Boeing, WGS-2 is based on the BSS-702 satellite bus. It had a mass at launch of , and was expected to operate for at least fourteen years. The spacecraft is equipped with two solar",
"id": "11317902"
},
{
"contents": "2011 Scottish Conservative Party leadership election\n\n\nto the UK Conservative Party. This prompts mixed reactions from senior party figures. 4 Sep – Ruth Davidson formally announces that she will stand in the contest. 5 Sep – Murdo Fraser launches his campaign in Edinburgh. 8 Sep – Ruth Davidson launches her campaign in Edinburgh. 11 Sep – Lord Forsyth, at one point a suggested leadership candidate, declares his backing for Ruth Davidson. 23 Sep – Nominations for leadership close. Margaret Mitchell confirms she will stand in the election. 2 Oct – David Mundell MP declares his backing",
"id": "10722174"
},
{
"contents": "MightySat-1\n\n\nMightSat-1 was a small spacecraft developed by the U.S. Air Force's Phillips Laboratory (now part of the Air Force Research Laboratory Space Vehicles Directorate) to test technology for small satellites, including advanced dual-junction solar cells, a composite structure, a micrometeorite and debris detector, low-power electronics and a low-shock release device. The 140-pound satellite was launched from the Space Shuttle \"Endeavour\" in December 1998, during the 12th day of the STS-88 mission and performed robustly in orbit, with no spacecraft anomalies during its",
"id": "14205491"
},
{
"contents": "Button Moon\n\n\nDance (10 min) 75 6-10 10/Mar/87 Bobbing Bottle (10 min) 76 6-11 17/Mar/87 Cows On Button Moon (10 min) 77 6-12 24/Mar/87 Cinders And The Magic Beans (10 min) 78 6-13 31/Mar/87 Queenie Jelly Loses Her Cherries (10 min) Series 7 (1988) 79 7-01 08/Sep/88 Button boat Race (10 min) 80 7-02 15/Sep/88 Vacuum Cleaner For Sale (10 min) 81",
"id": "19692796"
},
{
"contents": "USA-229\n\n\nspacecraft had been discontinued. Whilst details of the satellites and their missions are officially classified, amateur observers have identified that the Atlas V deployed two satellites, one of which has officially been catalogued as debris. The two spacecraft have been identified as being a pair of third or fourth generation Naval Ocean Surveillance System satellites. Amateur observations have located the spacecraft in an orbit with a perigee of and an apogee of , inclined at 64.4 degrees to the plane of the equator. Current generation NOSS satellites are always launched and operated in pairs",
"id": "5845319"
},
{
"contents": "Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit\n\n\n. On March 13, 2010, the first stage engines successfully underwent a 3.5 second static test firing, having failed a previous attempt the day before. SpaceX announced in September 2009 that the Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit would be the payload for the first Falcon 9 launch. At the time, launch was scheduled to occur no earlier than November 2009. The launch date had been delayed several times for various reasons, The spacecraft was launched and entered orbit on June 4, 2010. The first actual launch attempt targeted a four-",
"id": "616394"
},
{
"contents": "USA-207\n\n\nUSA-207, international COSPAR code 2009-047A, also known as PAN, officially meaning \"Palladium At Night\", or P360 is a classified American SIGINT satellite, which was launched in September 2009. The US government has not confirmed which of its intelligence agencies operate the satellite. The spacecraft was constructed by Lockheed Martin, and is based on the A2100 satellite bus, using commercial off-the-shelf components. The contract to build PAN was awarded in October 2006, with the satellite initially scheduled to launch 30 months later",
"id": "8077424"
},
{
"contents": "USA-165\n\n\nallow the spacecraft to maneuver autonomously. USA-165 was built by Lockheed Martin and weighed 125 kg with an excess of 600 m/s delta-v. USA-165 was launched into Low Earth Orbit on April 11, 2005 on a Minotaur rocket and remained in its primary orbit for over eighteen months, but then in December 2006 it was maneuvered into a disposal orbit and lost to satellite spotters. USA-165 was later rediscovered by amateur satellite watcher Kevin Fetter. The satellite re-entered the atmosphere on November 11, 2013. The NASA",
"id": "19811813"
},
{
"contents": "Milstar\n\n\nthe form of a precision machined aluminum block to maintain the weight and balance characteristics of the satellite. Both Block I satellites (USA-99 and USA-115) are still operational as of August 2016, over 20 years since they were launched. The four later satellites were Block II spacecraft, which featured an additional medium data-rate payload. The first Block II satellite (DFS-3m, a hybrid mix of largely Block I support systems and LDR payload and a MDR (Medium Data Rate) Block II payload) was launched on 30",
"id": "14957723"
},
{
"contents": "Asteroid Redirect Mission\n\n\nthat pushes the spacecraft forward. The spacecraft concept would have a dry mass of 5.5 tons, and could store up to 13 tons of xenon propellant. Each thruster would have a 30- to 50-kilowatt power level, and several thrusters can be combined to increase the power of an SEP spacecraft. This engine, which is scalable to 300 kilowatts and beyond, is being researched and developed by Northrop Grumman with Sandia National Laboratories and the University of Michigan. NASA Glenn Research Center is managing the project. Even at a destination, the",
"id": "17356108"
},
{
"contents": "Expedition 1\n\n\nduring STS-88, and was looking forward to returning. Yuri Gidzenko was designated commander and pilot of the two-day Soyuz mission to the station, had one previous spaceflight, which was a 180-day stay aboard \"Mir\". Shepherd was only the second U.S. astronaut to be launched in a Russian spacecraft, the first being Norman Thagard, who launched on Soyuz TM-21 to visit \"Mir\" in 1995. Shepherd expected one of the biggest challenges for the ISS would be the compatibility of technologies, such as that between Russian and",
"id": "17566347"
},
{
"contents": "Interplanetary spaceflight\n\n\nreaction products (propellant) on the Solar System body until such time as a vehicle needs to be loaded for launch. SpaceX is currently developing a system in which a reusable first stage vehicle would transport a manned interplanetary spacecraft to earth orbit, detach, return to its launch pad where a tanker spacecraft would be mounted atop it, then both fueled, then launched again to rendezvous with the waiting manned spacecraft. The tanker would then transfer its fuel to the manned spacecraft for use on its interplanetary voyage. The SpaceX \"Interplanetary",
"id": "15258553"
},
{
"contents": "TKS (spacecraft)\n\n\nBugayskiy (the FGB block) as a manned spacecraft launched with Proton rocket alternative to the Soyuz spacecraft for use with \"Almaz\" space stations. Development began in 1965; the \"Almaz programme\" had been abandoned by the time the first TKS spacecraft flew in 1977. The VA spacecraft (\"\"Vozvrashaemiy Apparat\"\") was flown separately on four test missions with two craft per launch to test the design, as well as one \"all-up\" test mission and three resupply missions. The project had further",
"id": "2352649"
},
{
"contents": "USA-206\n\n\nrocket, using the 7925-9.5 configuration, on 17 August 2009 at 10:35 GMT. It was the last spacecraft to launch from Space Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, a launch pad which was first used in August 1957 for test flights of the PGM-17 Thor missile. It is also the final flight of an AS-4000 bus, the final GPS launch on a Delta II, and the final Delta II launch to be overseen by the US Air Force. Following separation from its carrier rocket, GPS IIR-21",
"id": "3421833"
},
{
"contents": "McDonnell Douglas DC-X\n\n\nEarth orbit takes about 90 to 120 minutes, the Earth will rotate to the east about 20 to 30 degrees in that time; or for a launch from the southern United States, about . If the spacecraft is launched to the east this does not present a problem, but for the polar orbits required of military spacecraft, when the orbit is complete the spacecraft overflies a point far to the west of the launch site. In order to land back at the launch site, the craft needs to have considerable cross-range",
"id": "15420682"
},
{
"contents": "USA-226\n\n\nfor the first flight. The Air Force stated only that the spacecraft would \"demonstrate various experiments and allow satellite sensors, subsystems, components, and associated technology to be transported into space and back.\" OTV-2 was launched aboard an Atlas V rocket, tail number AV-026, on 5 March 2011 from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. It was scheduled to launch on the previous day, 4 March, but weather prevented the launch on that day, forcing the reschedule to 5 March. The",
"id": "12436131"
},
{
"contents": "USA-242\n\n\nUSA-242, also known as GPS IIF-4, GPS IIF SV-5, Navstar-68 and Vega, is an American navigation satellite which was launched on 15 May 2013 and became operational on 21 June 2013. The fourth Block IIF GPS satellite, it forms part of the Global Positioning System. USA-242 is a spacecraft, built by Boeing with a design life of 15 years. It operates from a semi-synchronous medium Earth orbit, at an altitude of an inclination of 55 degrees, in slot 5 of plane C of the GPS constellation.",
"id": "10720091"
},
{
"contents": "MiTEx\n\n\nThe Micro-satellite Technology Experiment (MiTEx) is a microsatellite-based mission launched into geosynchronous orbit June 21, 2006 aboard a Delta II rocket. The US Air Force described the mission as a \"technology demonstration\" for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy. MiTEx consists of three spacecraft; two inspection satellites, designated USA-187 and USA-188, and an experimental upper stage, designated USA-189. The two inspection satellites were initially used to inspect each other; however,",
"id": "3354298"
},
{
"contents": "USA-212\n\n\nof a NASA Space Shuttle, but following the \"Columbia\" accident, it was transferred to a Delta II 7920. It was subsequently transferred to the Atlas V following concerns over the X-37B's aerodynamic properties during launch. The launch was the first flight of the Atlas V 501 configuration, and the first in four years to use a payload fairing. Prior to the installation of the spacecraft, the Atlas rocket was moved to the launch pad and performed a wet dress rehearsal on 2 April 2010. It was returned to the",
"id": "16103913"
},
{
"contents": "ST-2\n\n\n\"ST-2\" is a telecommunications satellite made by Mitsubishi Electric. It was launched on May 20, 2011 atop an Ariane 5 ECA rocket from ESA's Guiana Space Centre in a dual-launch mission with GSAT-8. a ST-2 is a replacement for the ST-1 satellite. It is built around the DS2000 spacecraft bus. It is in geosynchronous orbit at 88 deg. East, and is operated by the ST-2 Satellite Ventures joint company of Singapore Telecommunications(SingTel) and Chunghwa Telecom. It provides relay services over the Middle East, Central Asia",
"id": "10540138"
},
{
"contents": "Pressurized Mating Adapter\n\n\nThe Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA) is a spacecraft adapter that converts the Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) used on the US Orbital Segment to APAS-95 docking ports. There are three PMAs located on the International Space Station (ISS). The first two PMAs were launched with the \"Unity\" module in 1998 aboard STS-88. The third was launched in 2000 aboard STS-92. All the PMAs on the ISS are identical but used slightly differently, and all three perform the same basic function of connecting a Common Berthing Mechanism port of",
"id": "19157311"
},
{
"contents": "Japanese space program\n\n\ndevelopment, M-3SII again in 1997 after two years from the last flight of the rocket M-V was completed. Was born during a space launch vehicle for spacecraft Mars Nozomi was to postpone the launch of two years. Japan was thus advanced the development of a rocket, [1990] (1990) and the USA trade policy, \"Section 301\" is applied, Japan international competitive bidding had to be practical for use in domestic satellites. This is useful for satellite launches, a lot to bring the US-made",
"id": "6891706"
},
{
"contents": "Sakigake\n\n\n, known before launch as MS-T5, was Japan's first interplanetary spacecraft, and the first deep space probe to be launched by any country other than the USA or the Soviet Union. It aimed to demonstrate the performance of the new launch vehicle, test the schemes of the first escape from the Earth gravitation for Japan on engineering basis, and observe space plasma and magnetic field in interplanetary space. \"Sakigake\" was also supposed to get references for scientists. Early measurements would be used to improve the mission of the",
"id": "9056196"
},
{
"contents": "Progress M-16M\n\n\nProgress M-16M (), identified by NASA as Progress 48 or 48P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station during 2012. The sixteenth Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft, it has the serial number 416 and was built by RKK Energia. It was the 126th launch to the ISS and the fifteenth Russian space launch in 2012. It was also the seventh mission for the Soyuz family of rockets since the beginning of the year. The spacecraft was launched on time at 19:35:13 GMT from the Baikonur",
"id": "15248003"
},
{
"contents": "Progress M-27M\n\n\nto be fully controlled. The spacecraft was deemed to be a total loss. On 8 May 2015 at 02:20 UTC, the spacecraft was confirmed to have undergone destructive reentry over the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Progress M-27M was the 27th Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft, with the serial number 426. It was built by RKK Energia and was operated by the Russian Federal Space Agency. This was the second time the upgraded Soyuz-2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch. The spacecraft was launched on 28 April 2015 at",
"id": "18685709"
},
{
"contents": "Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station\n\n\nFlorida, USA, has been operational since 1950; with its first orbital launch occurring in 1958. All of NASA's crewed Mercury and Gemini missions were launched from the Cape, along with some of the earlier Apollo missions. Cape Canaveral is adjacent to the Kennedy Space Center, where the majority of Apollo missions and all the Space Shuttle missions were launched from. Under contract with NASA, SpaceX launches the Dragon spacecraft to resupply the American portion of the ISS. The Dragon can transport of pressurized and unpressurized cargo and can return",
"id": "2626041"
},
{
"contents": "USA-200\n\n\nlaunch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, flying from Space Launch Complex 3E. Liftoff occurred at 10:02 UTC (03:02 PDT) on 13 March 2008. It was identified as NRO Launch 28, and was the thirteenth flight of an Atlas V. The rocket had the tail number AV-006. The satellite's orbit and mission are officially classified, however like most classified spacecraft it has been located and tracked by amateur observers. It is in a Molniya orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , and 63.5 degrees of inclination. In addition",
"id": "10890644"
},
{
"contents": "Tianzhou 1\n\n\nbraking maneuvers under ground control. It uses the first flight model of the Tianzhou. It is a Chinese automated cargo spacecraft developed from the Tiangong-1 to resupply its future modular space station. Tianzhou 1 launched successfully on 20 April 2017 at 7:41pm local time, from the Wenchang space center. This marked the second time a Long March 7 has been used, and the first one for a mission. Tianzhou-1 became the heaviest Chinese spacecraft ever launched, at that time. This mission demonstrated the Tianzhou spacecraft and its capabilities. It critically",
"id": "19789700"
},
{
"contents": "Shenzhou 1\n\n\nShenzhou 1 () launched on November 19, 1999, was the first unmanned launch of the Shenzhou spacecraft. The spacecraft used was not equipped with a life support system or an emergency escape system. After orbiting the Earth 14 times, the command for retrofire was sent by the \"Yuanwang 3\" tracking ship off the coast of Namibia at 18:49 UTC. After a successful reentry it landed about 415 km east of its launch pad and 110 km north-west of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia. The first Shenzhou spacecraft was different",
"id": "15520820"
},
{
"contents": "Progress M-25M\n\n\nProgress M-25M (), identified by NASA as Progress 57 or 57P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2014. Progress M-25M was launched on a 6-hours rendezvous profile towards the ISS. The 25th Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft to be launched, it had the serial number 424 and was built by RKK Energia. The spacecraft was launched on 29 October 2014 at 07:09 GMT from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. This was the first time the upgraded Soyuz-2.1a rocket was",
"id": "5753093"
},
{
"contents": "Karu Esselle\n\n\nKaru Esselle is a Professor of Electronic Engineering from Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for his contributions to resonance-based antennas. He was the leader of the design team that designed the high-gain antenna system on board the world's first entirely Ka-band CubeSat spacecraft - Audacy Zero. The space craft was made by Audacy, USA, and launched to space and deployed in December 2018 by SpaceX (USA) Falcon",
"id": "1507217"
},
{
"contents": "Eddie Gordon\n\n\n. Hed Kandi Party. Eddie moderated a panel at the first USA Billboard Magazine Summit in Las Vegas 20 September 2006 titled 'Across The Pond' \"The iPod is the Elvis revolution but the iPod plus the phone will be the Beatles revolution.\" EG quote at Billboard Magazine Conference, Las Vegas. Sep 2006 June 2003 Eddie Gordon launched the world's first online digital promotion system for DJs with DJinTheMix which had an exclusive link to the then newly formed iTunes from Apple Inc. The following year \"DJinTheMix\" was nominated",
"id": "11019843"
},
{
"contents": "Soyuz TM-2\n\n\nSoyuz TM-2 was the spacecraft used to launch a long duration crew to the Soviet space station Mir, which was unmanned at the time. TM-2 was launched in February 1987, and it was first manned spaceflight of the Soyuz-TM spacecraft, and the second manned spaceflight to Mir (the first being Soyuz T-15). The crew of the long duration expedition, Mir EO-2, who were launched by TM-2 consisted of Soviet cosmonauts Yuri Romanenko and Aleksandr Laveykin. The spacecraft remained docked to Mir, functioning as a lifeboat for the",
"id": "12031756"
},
{
"contents": "Superbird-C2\n\n\ncompanies dissolved. Thus, by the time of launch, Superbird-7 was a JSAT spacecraft. Superbird-7 was successfully launched along AMC-21 by an Ariane 5 ECA on August 14, 2008, at 20:44 UTC. It separated from the spacecraft at 21:09 UTC and less than an hour later, at 22:03 UTC, it had already spread its solar panels. After the successful launch, Superbird-7 was renamed as Superbird-C2. On October 17, 2008 MELCO announced that they had performed the final handover of the spacecraft to JSAT. They had",
"id": "13969011"
},
{
"contents": "Deep Impact (spacecraft)\n\n\nintegrated by Ball Aerospace & Technologies in Boulder, Colorado. Developing the software for the spacecraft took 18 months and the application code consisted of 20,000 lines and 19 different application threads. The total cost of developing the spacecraft and completing its mission reached . The probe was originally scheduled for launch on December 30, 2004, but NASA officials delayed its launch, in order to allow more time for testing the software. It was successfully launched from Cape Canaveral on January 12, 2005 at 1:47 pm EST (1847 UTC) by a",
"id": "14657501"
},
{
"contents": "Progress M-19M\n\n\nProgress M-19M (), identified by NASA as Progress 51 or 51P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station during 2013. Progress M-19M was launched on a standard 2-day rendezvous profile towards the ISS. The 19th Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft to be launched, it had the serial number 419 and was built by RKK Energia. The spacecraft was launched on time at 10:12 UTC on 24 April 2013 by a Soyuz-U carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan",
"id": "20140428"
},
{
"contents": "DAVE (CP-7)\n\n\nwas launched into a high-inclination orbit as a secondary payload on the final flight of the Delta II launch vehicle as part of the ELaNa-18 ride-share mission with NASA's ICESat-2 primary payload. The launch occurred out of Vandenberg Air Force Base, California on September 15 at 6:02 AM local time. DAVE was deployed alongside three other CubeSat spacecraft: University of Central Florida's SurfSat, and two ELFIN spacecraft from University of California, Los Angeles. As of November 2018, the spacecraft is active and in good health.",
"id": "7307406"
},
{
"contents": "Advanced Gemini\n\n\nproposal for a manned spacecraft for astronomical or solar observation. It would have used the larger reentry module which was also proposed for the Big Gemini spacecraft, and would have been launched on a Saturn IB. The enlarged reentry module was also considered for a spacecraft proposed at the same time, which would have been used to rescue the crews of manned spacecraft that were stranded in low Earth orbit. It would have launched atop a Titan IIIC, once in orbit it would have maneuvered by means of a Transtage integrated into the equipment",
"id": "13312534"
},
{
"contents": "Progress M-66\n\n\nProgress M-66 (), identified by NASA as Progress 32 or 32P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station. It was the penultimate flight of the Progress-M 11F615A55 spacecraft, using the spacecraft with the serial number 366. Progress M-66 was launched at 05:49 GMT on 10 February 2009, by a Soyuz-U carrier rocket flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. This was the first time Site 31 had been used for a Progress launch since Progress M-15 in 1992. The spacecraft docked with",
"id": "8075857"
},
{
"contents": "Asteroid Redirect Mission\n\n\n-site check-out of critical systems before the crew departs. Not only would the solar electric propulsion (SEP) technologies and designs be applied to future missions, but the ARRM spacecraft would be left in a stable orbit for reuse. The project has baselined any of multiple refueling capabilities; the asteroid-specific payload is at one end of the bus, for possible removal and replacement via future servicing, or as a separable spacecraft, leaving a qualified space tug in cislunar space. The robotic and crewed missions would demonstrate",
"id": "17356102"
},
{
"contents": "ASTRO (satellite)\n\n\n, from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch was contracted by the Space Test Program to launch the STPSat-1 spacecraft, and was named STP-1. It also deployed NEXTSat; as well as FalconSAT-3, CFESat and MidSTAR-1. The launch marked the first time United Launch Alliance had launched an Atlas V, the type having previously been operated by International Launch Services. ASTRO was a spacecraft, which was built by Boeing. It was operated in low Earth orbit. On 9 March 2007, it had",
"id": "13729328"
},
{
"contents": "NEXTSat\n\n\nfrom Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch was contracted by the Space Test Program to launch the STPSat-1 spacecraft, and was named STP-1. It also deployed ASTRO; as well as FalconSAT-3, CFESat and MidSTAR-1. The launch marked the first time United Launch Alliance had launched an Atlas V, the type having previously been operated by International Launch Services. NEXTSat is a spacecraft, which was built by Ball Aerospace around the RS-300 satellite bus. It was operated in low Earth orbit; on 9",
"id": "14097207"
},
{
"contents": "Gemini 9A\n\n\nunknown reason, and the 40 second launch window opened and closed without launch. This earned Tom Stafford the title of \"Mayor of Pad 19\". The second launch attempt on June 3 went perfectly, with the spacecraft entering into orbit. With this launch, Stafford could say that he had been strapped into a spacecraft six times for only 2 launches. Launch vehicle performance was very close to nominal. Two small roll transients were evident at liftoff and pogo effects were the lowest yet recorded on a Gemini launch. Stafford made",
"id": "7328995"
},
{
"contents": "Antares A-ONE\n\n\nAntares A-ONE was the maiden flight of Orbital Sciences' Antares rocket with a boilerplate payload, the Cygnus Mass Simulator, which was launched 21 April 2013. It was launched from Pad 0A at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Virginia, USA. The boilerplate payload simulates the mass of the Cygnus cargo spacecraft. This dummy payload was sent into an orbit of \"approximately 150 by 160 miles\" (240 km x 260 km) with an inclination of 51.6 degrees. Four Spaceflight Inc.",
"id": "12452474"
},
{
"contents": "Soyuz TMA-3\n\n\nSoyuz TMA-3 was a Soyuz (Russian Союз ТМА-3, \"Union TMA-3\") mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle which was the third flight for the \"TMA\" modification of the Soyuz spacecraft, and the 7th Soyuz to fly to the ISS. The commander of the Soyuz was Alexander Kaleri (Russia). The flight engineer was Michael Foale (USA), and Pedro Duque from Spain served as the second flight engineer. After docking with the ISS they exchanged the current",
"id": "20969368"
},
{
"contents": "Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station\n\n\nto Earth. It is the only uncrewed resupply vehicle capable of returning a payload. The Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, located at Wallops Island, Virginia, USA, is the launch site for the Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft for resupplying the American portion of the ISS. This is a list of uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station. \"Assembly flights are indicated in bold text\". \"Note\": Russia has delivered cargo via the uncrewed missions of Progress since the launch of the ISS, while the U.S. had used",
"id": "2626042"
},
{
"contents": "Luna 1\n\n\nLuna 1, also known as Mechta ( , \"lit.\": \"Dream\"), E-1 No.4 and \"First Lunar Rover \", was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Earth's Moon, and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit. Intended as an impactor, \"Luna 1\" was launched as part of the Soviet Luna programme in 1959, however due to an incorrectly timed upper stage burn during its launch, it missed the Moon, in the process becoming the first spacecraft to",
"id": "3607446"
}
] |
Juan José Quesada [SEP] military rank | 13a5226f-7485-4e83-98c3-f2c059baa498 | [{"answer": "colonel", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "38681610", "title": "Juan Jos\u00e9 Quesada", "start_paragraph_id": 1, "start_character": 84, "end_paragraph_id": 1, "end_character": 112, "bleu_score": 0.5169731539571706, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::Abstract."}]}] | [
{
"contents": "Juan Nepomuceno de Quesada\n\n\nJuan Nepomuceno de Quesada y Barnuevo Arrocha (1738–1798) was a military officer who served as Governor and intendant of Honduras between 1783 and 1789, and Governor of East Florida from July 1790 to March 1796. De Quesada was born in 1738 at Jaén, Spain. He joined the Spanish Royal Army in his youth, attaining the ranks of Brigadier of the Infantry of the Royal Armies and Commander General of the \"presidio\" of St. Augustine. De Quesada was appointed Governor and intendant of Honduras in 1783, and remained in this",
"id": "13516204"
},
{
"contents": "Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada\n\n\nQuesada was chosen by De Lugo to command an expedition without any military experience to explore into the interior of New Granada, hoping to discover the dreamed El Dorado. A land party under De Quesada, with Hernán Pérez de Quesada (his brother), Juan San Martín, Juan del Junco (as second in command) Lázaro Fonte and Sergio Bustillo, struck south from Santa Marta, crossed the Cesar River, and arrived at Tamalameque on the Magdalena River. A support fleet of 6 (or 5) ships had also sailed",
"id": "18465339"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Medina Lamela\n\n\nJuan José Medina Lamela is the 19th Puerto Rico Adjutant General, and the commanding officer of the Puerto Rico National Guard. Medina was born in Quebradillas, Puerto Rico, was a Boy Scout of the troop 92 of Quebradillas and currently held the rank of brigadier general. His military education includes the Academy of military sciences at McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base in Tennessee; the squadron officers school at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama; the air command and State College, correspondence; and the Inter-American Defense College in Fort",
"id": "8710298"
},
{
"contents": "José Gabriel García\n\n\nJosé Gabriel García was also cousin of , co-founder of La Trinitaria along with Juan Pablo Duarte as well as cousin, twice removed, of Dr. Juan Vicente Moscoso. In 1848, at only 14 yrs old, José Gabriel García joined the army and was assigned artillery brigade of the Plaza of Santo Domingo, commanded by Colonel . In 1849, he took part of the maritime expedition of Jean-Charles Fagalde during the War of Independence. As a military, he came to perform various administrative functions and reached the rank",
"id": "5839197"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Rafael Elvira Quesada\n\n\nto serve in the military with Maj. Gen. Juan Felipe. He has served as president of the Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park Trust (1997–98), as a Delegate of the Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection in Michoacán (2001–03), as Director-General of the Primary Sector and Renewable Natural Resources (2003–04), as Undersecretary for Environmental Promotion and Regulations (2004–05) and as Assistant Attorney for Industrial Inspection at the Office of the Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection (2005–06). In November 2011 Elvira Quesada was awarded with",
"id": "1051281"
},
{
"contents": "Guillermo Portabales\n\n\nGuillermo Portabales (born \"José Guillermo Quesada Castillo\", Rodas, Cuba, 6 April 1911 – San Juan, Puerto Rico, 25 October 1970) was a Cuban singer-songwriter and guitarist who popularized the \"guajira\" style of Cuban music from the 1930s through the 1960s. His languid, melancholy, intensely lyrical \"guajiras\" and his elegant, stylish singing made him popular throughout Latin America, where he is still revered. His father was Josè Quesada y Perez from Casteiro Oreste Spain and his mother was Marcela Estefania",
"id": "7692991"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José de Estrada\n\n\nJuan José de Estrada was a military leader who served as the Governor of East Florida from 1811-1812 and again from 1815-1816. Both of his terms were overwhelmed with tension from the Patriot War between the United States and Spain. In 1816 de Estrada was promoted and left Florida for Havana, Cuba. Juan José de Estrada's father, Pedro de Estrada, was one of the senior military leaders defending Havana from British attack and occupation in 1762. Juan José and his brother Ignacio both joined the military like his",
"id": "8215304"
},
{
"contents": "José María Sánchez-Verdú\n\n\n51-52. -Fernández García, Rosa: “La ópera El viaje a Simorgh de José María Sánchez-Verdú”, \"Revista de Musicología\", 31/1 (2008), p. 199-237. -Gan Quesada, Germán: “De altitudine temporis”, \"Sibila\", 18 (2005), p. 51. -Gan Quesada, Germán: José M. Sánchez-Verdú. Músicas del límite, \"Festival de Música de Canarias\", 2006. -Gan Quesada, Germán: “Sánchez-Verdú, José María",
"id": "19432600"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Castro Blanco National Park\n\n\nJuan Castro Blanco National Park is a National Park, part of the Arenal Huetar Norte Conservation Area, in the northern part of Costa Rica about 100 km north of San José, to the east of Ciudad Quesada in Alajuela Province. It contains the active Platanar Volcano, the dormant Porvenir Volcano, and the inactive El Viejo Volcano. It was created in 1992 and covers an area of both rain and cloud forest. There is an extensive trail system that winds through the park and offers visitors the chance to see an array of",
"id": "21911955"
},
{
"contents": "José Antonio Vizcarra\n\n\nJosé Antonio Vizcarra (or Viscarra) was a Mexican soldier who served as Governor of New Mexico from 1822 to 1823. While conducting an expedition against the Navajos in 1823, he was to first to record the ruins of Chaco Canyon. José Antonio Vizcarra was the son of Don Juan José Viscarra and Doña Gertrudis Alvarado, and was born in Cuencamé, Durango. Entering the army, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and was appointed military chief of New Mexico in October 1822. Vizcarra was governor of New Mexico",
"id": "11591967"
},
{
"contents": "Lorenzo Domínguez\n\n\nactress and theater director Galina Tolmacheva and the actress Niní Gambier; the folklorist and narrator Juan Draghi Lucero; the journalist Miguel Gómez Echea; the editor Gildo D'Accurzio; the photographer Antonio D'Elia; the lawyer Juan Carlos Silva; and the architects Daniel Ramos Correas, Samuel Sánchez de Bustamante, and Arturo and Manolo Civit. Among his students, four young artists worked with him for an extended period: Beatriz Capra, Mariano Pagés, José Carrieri and . Other students included: Luis Quesada, , Orlando Pardo, Leonor Rigau, Miguel",
"id": "1236687"
},
{
"contents": "José Selva Mergelina\n\n\nin their rural Xàtiva estate. Villores' younger brother, Juan Selva Mergelina, who was also a Carlist activist, served in the Spanish army; he commenced military service as of infantry in Mallorca in 1910, to be soon promoted to and to pass to reserva territorial de Canarias. He resumed military service in Spanish Morocco during a rather calm period of the Rif War, assigned to the Tetuán regiment. In 1914, following meritorious service, Juan Selva was nominated infantry captain. His final rank was this of a Commandant.",
"id": "18913633"
},
{
"contents": "José María Quesada\n\n\nJosé María Quesada (ca. 1778 – ca. 1858) was Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, from 1 October 1848 to 31 December 1848. Quesada was a Spaniard who migrated to Puerto Rico from Venezuela in 1819, establishing himself in Ponce. His wife was Maria del Rosario Perez, and they had three children, Jose Maria (Jr.), Eustaquio and Eustaquia. In 1826, Quesada and his two male children formed a business corporation in Ponce and established it as a financial services company focused on money lending.",
"id": "5167506"
},
{
"contents": "David Masnata y de Quesada\n\n\nDavid Masnata y de Quesada, Marquis of Santa Ana y Santa María, was a Cuban lawyer, professor, historian, and founder of the Instituto Cubano de Genealogía y Heráldica. Masnata was born on September 11, 1926. He was the first child of Emilio Masnata y Azcue and Aurora de Quesada y Miranda, grandson of Gonzalo de Quesada, an associate of Cuban revolutionary hero José Martí, and great-grandson of Dr. Ramón L. Miranda, the family physician of José Martí. Masnata’s interest in genealogy and history developed",
"id": "792592"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Torres\n\n\nJuan José Torres González (5 March 1920 – 2 June 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader. He served as President of Bolivia from October 7, 1970 to August 21, 1971. He was popularly known as \"J.J.\" (Jota-Jota). Juan José Torres was murdered in 1976 in Buenos Aires, in the frame of Operation Condor. Torres was born in Cochabamba to a poor family of Mestizo heritage with mainly Aymara ancestry and joined the army in 1941. He served as military attache to",
"id": "3013846"
},
{
"contents": "José Castro\n\n\nRamona\" (1884). She began writing her famous novel about Spanish California while living in San Juan Bautista in the early 1880s. The Breen family owned the house until 1935, when the State of California bought the property and it became part of the San Juan Bautista Plaza Historic District. Castro never surrendered his Mexican citizenship nor military rank. In February 1860, Castro was assassinated by the bandit Marguez. The Jose Castro House in San Juan Bautista is now a National Historic Landmark. Castro Street and the Castro District in",
"id": "1560449"
},
{
"contents": "Dieter Lehnhoff\n\n\nTokyo, and New York City. His Piano Concerto No. 1 (2005), dedicated to the Russian pianist and teacher, Alexandr Sklioutovski, was premiered in June, 2006 at the National Theatre in Guatemala City by José Pablo Quesada as soloist and the Millennium Orchestra, the composer conducting. In 2007, it was performed to critical acclaim and great enthusiasm at the National Theatre in San José, Costa Rica, again with pianist Quesada and the composer conducting the National University Symphony Orchestra. Quesada also performed it at the 15th",
"id": "17589896"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Flores\n\n\nJuan José Flores y Aramburu (July 19, 1800 – October 1, 1864) was a Venezuelan military general who became Supreme Chief, and later the first President of the new Republic of Ecuador. He later served two more terms from 1839 to 1843 and from 1843 to 1845, and is often referred to as \"The Founder of the Republic\". Juan José Flores' contemporaries described his physical appearance as proud man in military uniform, slender and short but well proportioned, with a handsome countenance that radiates quick intelligence and",
"id": "5708861"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Flores\n\n\nmilitary school and hospital. Since the poor yet sagacious Juan José Flores did not know what to do with his life at age 15 he enlisted as a private in the Spanish Royalist army of Spanish General Pablo Morillo, whose job it was to fight and destroy the patriot armies that were fighting for Spanish American independence in South America. During a short period of time Juan José Flores distinguished himself in Spain's Military for his loyalty, discipline, courage, heroism, and sagacity. However, as a sergeant, he was taken",
"id": "5708864"
},
{
"contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Quesada\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Quesada (erected 25 July 1995) is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of San José de Costa Rica, located in the city of Ciudad Quesada (or, more simply, Quesada; alternatively known as San Carlos). Ciudad Quesada is the capital of the District of Ciudad Quesada, and of the larger Canton of San Carlos, which is in turn part of Alajuela Province. On New Year's Eve, Monday, 31 December 2012, Pope Benedict XVI accepted the resignation of Bishop Oswaldo",
"id": "18602025"
},
{
"contents": "Juan de Céspedes Ruiz\n\n\nCundiboyacense. The encomiendas of Ubaque and Quetame were passed on to his son Lope de Céspedes. In 1539, the brother of the founder of Bogotá, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, Hernán Pérez de Quesada had taken the governance of the New Kingdom of Granada. In this year, the conquistadors, among which De Céspedes, asked the King of Spain to construct a hospital in Bogotá. Under the command of Pérez de Quesada, De Céspedes and Juan de Sanct Martín tortured the last \"zipa\" of the Muisca, Sagipa,",
"id": "1435056"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Navarro, 1st Marquess of Victoria\n\n\nunder the Marquis of Lede, and took part in their conquest as part of the Spanish Navy Marines. Navarro was also an important author of several books on military theory. Under protection of José Patiño, he rose through the ranks. In 1732, he participated in the conquest of Oran under the Duke of Montemar and played an important role in covering the landing troops by the use of his naval guns. In the War of Austrian Succession he won his greatest victory in beating a British fleet in the Battle of Toulon (",
"id": "6513828"
},
{
"contents": "José Joaquín Calvo\n\n\nJosé Joaquin del Calvo Lopez (January 16, 1798 in Cuba – February 28, 1838 in Chihuahua, Mexico) was a Mexican soldier. He was born in Havana, Cuba, on January 16, 1798 being his parents Thomas and Clara López Calvo. He joined the Spanish military in 1812 and when the Independence of Mexico, arrived in 1818 on the orders of the Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca, with the rank of second lieutenant. He fought insurgents in Veracruz and Michoacan, until in 1821 decides to join the independence",
"id": "8195509"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Rafael Elvira Quesada\n\n\nJuan Rafael Elvira Quesada (born 11 April 1956 in Mexico City) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party who served as Secretary of the Environment and Natural Resources in the cabinet of Felipe Calderón. He is also a former Municipal President of Uruapan, Michoacán. Elvira Quesada graduated with a bachelor's degree in Agricultural Engineering from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and received a master's degree in Agricultural Engineering from the Cranfield Institute of Technology (nowadays Cranfield University) in Bedfordshire, England. He used",
"id": "1051280"
},
{
"contents": "Battle of Tocarema\n\n\nhe left the reign of the New Kingdom of Granada in the hands of his brother. Hernán Pérez de Quesada threatened Sagipa to give up his valuables to the Spanish invaders and when the \"zipa\" did not comply in the eyes of the Europeans, De Quesada ordered Juan de Céspedes and Juan de Sanct Martín to torture the Muisca leader by cutting and burning the soles of his feet. The Panche continued to pose resistance to the Spanish Crown and new conquest expeditions into their territories were organised by Pérez de Quesada. He sent",
"id": "10859725"
},
{
"contents": "2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads\n\n\nHead coach: John Obuh Head coach: Marco Pezzaiuoli Head coach: Emilio Umanzor Head coach: José Luís Brown Head coach: Lucho Head coach: Yutaka Ikeuchi Head coach: José Luis González China Head coach: Dany Ryser Head coach: Ali Doustimehr Head coach: Tariq Saigy Head coach: Ramiro Viafara Head coach: Albert Stuivenberg Head coach: Abdullah Ercan Head coach: Rainer Willfeld Head coach: Juan Diego Quesada Head coach: Stephen Cain Head coach: Ali Ebrahim Head coach: John Kaputa Head coach: Ginés Meléndez Head coach",
"id": "8077869"
},
{
"contents": "Military career of José de San Martín in Spain\n\n\n, he participated in the Spanish American wars of independence. José de San Martín was born in Yapeyú, Corrientes, son of Juan de San Martín and Gregoria Matorras del Ser. The exact year of Martín's birth is unknown, and historians are divided between 1777 and 1778. An officer in the military, Juan de San Martín requested a new deployment, and in 1781, he moved his family from Yapeyu to Buenos Aires. In 1783, the family moved to Madrid, where Juan made several requests for military promotion.",
"id": "14813676"
},
{
"contents": "Alfredo De Quesada\n\n\nAlfredo De Quesada is a Puerto Rican film, television and theatre actor. Born in San Juan, Puerto Rico to Cuban immigrants who resettled in Puerto Rico, De Quesada was raised in San Juan where he attended Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola and went on to graduate with double major in General Management and Theatre Arts from the Carroll School of Management of Boston College (Chestnut Hill, MA). During college he was part of the oldest college improv comedy troupe My Mother's Fleabag, and, upon graduation, moved to New",
"id": "8570951"
},
{
"contents": "WindSled\n\n\n) scientific base at NEGIS, the Dark Snow Project and other relevant scientific institutions. In parallel to these external improvements, the interest of polar scientists has increased. Among the most relevant, the American glaciologist Jason Box, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), and the Spaniards, Antonio Quesada, Autonomous University of Madrid and Spanish Polar Program manager, Ignacio López Moreno, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC) and Juan José Blanco, University of Alcalá. With this vehicle drilling has been carried out in the interior",
"id": "12324888"
},
{
"contents": "Costumbrismo\n\n\nwas a politically passionate Romantic writer whose work has strong \"costumbrista\" aspects; his \"El Matadero\" (\"The Slaughterhouse\") is still widely read. Juan Bautista Alberdi (1810–84) and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811–1888) both wrote at times in the genre, as did José Antonio Wilde (1813–83), in \"Buenos Aires desde setenta años atrás\" (\"Buenos Aires from seventy years ago\"); Vicente G. Quesada (1830–1913), in \"Recuerdos de un viejo\" (\"Memories of an",
"id": "4819913"
},
{
"contents": "José Riquelme y López Bago\n\n\nJosé Riquelme y López-Bago (Tarragona, August 31, 1880 - Paris, 28 January 1972) was a Spanish soldier noted for his involvement in the Second Moroccan War and the Spanish Civil War. He opposed the dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera. In 1987 he was honoured posthumously by King Juan Carlos who restored to him the rank of Lieutenant general. Riquelme spent most of his military career in Africa, during the Rif War. In 1921 he was Colonel and Chief of the Indigenous Police. After the Battle of",
"id": "17136190"
},
{
"contents": "Luis de Quintanar\n\n\nJosé Luis de Quintanar Soto y Ruiz (born December 22, 1772, San Juan del Río, Querétaro - November 16, 1837, Mexico City) was a Royalist military officer in colonial New Spain, and a politician after the 1821 independence of Mexico. Quintanar began his military career in 1801 as a lieutenant the Provincial Regiment of Dragoons of Querétaro. His entire royalist military career was with this unit, where he reached the rank of brigadier. He fought the insurgents until 1821, when he joined the Plan of Iguala.",
"id": "20508346"
},
{
"contents": "Battle of Tocarema\n\n\nHis brother Hernán Pérez de Quesada and other Spanish soldiers, Juan de Céspedes, Juan de Sanct Martín, Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela, Lázaro Fonte, Antonio de Lebrija, Juan de(l) Junco, Gonzalo Suárez Rendón, Gonzalo Macías, Martín Galeano, Hernán Venegas Carrillo, Juan Tafur, Ortún Velázquez de Velasco, Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano and around 700 others, left the relative safety of the coast for what would become the hardest expedition of the main conquests of the Americas. Jiménez de Quesada organised two groups; one ascending the Magdalena",
"id": "10859715"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Estrada\n\n\nJuan José Estrada Morales (1 January 1872 in Managua – 11 July 1967 in Managua) was the President of Nicaragua from 29 August 1910 to 9 May 1911. Juan José Estrada Morales was a Nicaraguan military and political who acted as President of Nicaragua from August 29, 1910 to May 9, 1911. Estrada was a member of the Liberal Party of Nicaragua. In 1909 he began a rebellion against the liberal government of José Santos Zelaya, who soon resigned, and in August 1910 the unstable liberal government that succeeded him fell",
"id": "19473880"
},
{
"contents": "Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada\n\n\nQuesada and his troops marched over land on the bank of the river. Names of the captains in the army of De Quesada are given as \"San Martín\" (Juan de Sanct Martín), \"Céspedes\" (Juan de Céspedes), \"Valençuela\" (Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela), Lázaro Fonte, \"Librixa\" (Antonio de Lebrija), Juan de(l) Junco and \"Suarex\" (Gonzalo Suárez Rendón). The captains heading the brigs are named as \"Corral\" (Francisco Gómez del Corral)",
"id": "6113612"
},
{
"contents": "Eduardo Vañó Pastor\n\n\nof serialized novels for the Valenciana Editorial and also in the KKO magazine. After the war, together with the owner of the company, Juan Bautista Port, he created the series \"Roberto Alcazar y Pedrín\", who became one of the most successful comic book titles of postwar Spanish. Vañó collaborated with many writers: in addition to Puerto, he drew scripts for José Jordán Jover, Federico Amoros, Vicente Tortajada and Pedro Quesada, and even some of his own making. Vañó drew all the 1219 numbers that make up",
"id": "16488916"
},
{
"contents": "José Mancisidor\n\n\nClavijero\" School, and later went to learn a trade at the vocational school of the Secretariat of the Navy, located at the San Juan de Ulúa Fortress, until his third year reaching the rank of sergeant. In April 1914 he got engaged in the defense of the port of Veracruz against the occupation by United States Marine Corps. He escaped to join the Constitutionalist Army of General Cándido Aguilar who incorporated him to the First Regiment of Artillery of the First Eastern Division with the rank of lieutenant. His military career continued till",
"id": "19951684"
},
{
"contents": "Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas\n\n\ndivergent ones. Quesada did not thought Rosas to be a skilled politician, while Irazusta did think so. Neither Saldías nor Quesada considered the battle of Caseros a turning point in the history of Argentina, while Irazusta considered it a lost chance to become a global power. There were many works about Rosas written at the end of the 1930 decade and beginning of the 1940s: \"Vida de Juan Manuel de Rosas\" () by Manuel Gálvez in 1940, the first volume of \"Vida política de Juan Manuel de Rosas a",
"id": "8856597"
},
{
"contents": "Hernán Pérez de Quesada\n\n\nof Hernán Pérez de Quesada has been provided by his brother Gonzalo and scholars Pedro de Aguado, Juan Freyle, Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita, Joaquín Acosta and Liborio Zerda. Hernán Pérez de Quesada was born around the year 1500 in the Andalusian city of Granada as second son of Luís Jiménez de Quesada and Isabel de Rivera Quesada. His family was catholic, but descended from marranos (Sephardi Jews). His elder brother was conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez and he had four other siblings; brother Melchor, Francisco, who also was conquistador in",
"id": "4581766"
},
{
"contents": "Quesada Cigars\n\n\nthem to prospective customers. This lead Manolo to become interested in the art of tobacco blending and the idea of becoming a manufacturer of cigars himself. Manolo Quesada became close to a small scale customer of his family's, Juan Sosa, who worked as a cigar manufacturer in Miami, producing a brand called Antillian Cigars. Due to an aging population of experienced cigar-rollers (\"torcedores\") and an increasingly unfavorable employment tax situation, the Sosa operation was joined with Quesada's brokerage, with Quesada handling manufacturing in the",
"id": "21994625"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José de Sámano y Uribarri\n\n\nJuan José Francisco de Sámano y Uribarri de Rebollar y Mazorra (1753 in Selaya, Cantabria – July 1821 in Panama), was a Spanish military officer and viceroy of New Granada from 1818 to 1819, during the war of independence. Sámano was a member of a distinguished family with a long tradition in the militia. In 1771 he entered the military as a cadet, and by 1779 he was a lieutenant. He was also professor of mathematics at the Military Academy of Barcelona, where he remained five years. In 1780",
"id": "18386201"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Castelli\n\n\nJuan José Castelli (July 19, 1764 – October 12, 1812) was an Argentine lawyer. He was one of the leaders of the May Revolution, which started the Argentine War of Independence. He led an ill-fated military campaign in Upper Peru. Juan José Castelli was born in Buenos Aires, and went to school at the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires and Monserrat College in the city of Córdoba, Argentina. He graduated as a lawyer from the University of Charcas, in Upper Peru. His",
"id": "18595893"
},
{
"contents": "One Rank, One Pension\n\n\nand 85 Indian Military Academy; and officers from the 14 Army Education Course; and twenty five officers and their families came from Jaipur. The movement continues to gain momentum, and perceptible increase in support and participation by former high-ranking officers of the armed forces, from Lt generals, Admirals, air marshals, Group Captains, and Colonels. Old veterans included Sep Ram Kishan, 93 years, Armoured Corp veteran of World War II; Sep Ram Bharose Yadav, 85 years, a blind veteran of 72 Medium Artillery;",
"id": "8649907"
},
{
"contents": "Honduras\n\n\nU.S. officials through the region. The most renowned Honduran painter is . Other important painters include Carlos Garay, and Roque Zelaya. Some of Honduras' most notable writers are Lucila Gamero de Medina, Froylán Turcios, Ramón Amaya Amador and Juan Pablo Suazo Euceda, Marco Antonio Rosa, Roberto Sosa, Eduardo Bähr, Amanda Castro, Javier Abril Espinoza, Teófilo Trejo, and Roberto Quesada. The José Francisco Saybe theater in San Pedro Sula is home to the Círculo Teatral Sampedrano (Theatrical Circle of San Pedro Sula) Honduran cuisine is",
"id": "13004000"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Almonte\n\n\nMexican Legation Extraordinary in 1831. His new job was to represent Mexico in the Republics of South America and the Empire of Brazil. Almonte married María Dolores Quesada on March 1, 1840 in Mexico City and they had a daughter named María de Guadalupe Anastacia Aleja Brígida Saturnina. In 1834 Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías appointed Almonte and Col. José María Díaz Noriega to make an inspection tour of Texas and write a status report on what they witnessed. In late January 1836 Almonte was appointed aide-de-camp to Antonio López",
"id": "16618612"
},
{
"contents": "Gaspar de Quesada\n\n\nexplanations have been offered for why the \"San Antonio\" fell into Magellan's lap, including: Following the Easter mutiny, Magellan held a court martial, sentencing Quesada to death (the other surviving Spanish captain, Juan de Cartagena, was sentenced to be marooned). Unable to find a volunteer executioner, Magellan offered to commute the sentence of Quesada's squire, Luis Molino, if he would perform the duty. Molino agreed, and on April 7 1520, Quesada was beheaded. His and Mendoza's bodies were quartered",
"id": "17532393"
},
{
"contents": "Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad\n\n\nby Mexico, and carries out actions directed towards conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in Mexico. The President of the commission is the head of the Federal Executive, C. Enrique Peña Nieto. The Technical Secretary is the head of the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), C. Juan José Guerra Abud and the heads of the following secretariats also participate: Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), Social Development (SEDESOL), Economy (SE), Public Education (SEP),",
"id": "3511630"
},
{
"contents": "2010 Tour of Qatar\n\n\na final sprint to the line with Heinrich Haussler coming in second, and Juan José Haedo arriving third. Like the previous stages, breakaways occurred and most were quickly reeled in. Sep Vanmarcke from made a break from the peloton and was away for much of the stage. At the to go mark, the gap was just below two minutes as was contributing the majority of the pace setting preserving the leader’s golden jersey for Wouter Mol. For the next , the gap hovered around the 1 minute and 45 second mark with",
"id": "5647912"
},
{
"contents": "Julián Castro (Venezuelan politician)\n\n\nJulián Castro Contreras (c. 1810 – 12 June 1875) was a Venezuelan military officer and President of Venezuela between 1858 and 1859. He was presumably born in Petare \"circa\" 1810, although this date is not certain. His parents were Juan Manuel Castro and Margarita Contreras. He had a brother, Castro. He joined the Army and in 1830 held the rank of Alférez (Second Lieutenant in modern military hierarchy). In 1835, as Captain, he took part in the Revolution of Reforms which withdrew President José María",
"id": "20179896"
},
{
"contents": "Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas\n\n\nthat explained history through social, mental, cultural or economic factors. José María Ramos Mejía tried to explain key biographies, specially Rosas', through a phrenologist analysis. Vicente Fidel López and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento praised his original approach, but López pointed out the lack of clinical records from the period being studied, and Sarmiento that Mejía trusted too much on libelles from that time (even by Sarmiento himself) which were more concerned with the political conflicts than with historical accuracy. Another author from this period was Ernesto Quesada, who",
"id": "8856584"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Álvarez\n\n\nover debts with a Spanish official. At the outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810, troops of insurgent priest José María Morelos came through Juan's remote village of Atoyac. Juan joined the insurgency. In November 1810, at the a. ge of 20, Alvarez joined the fight for Mexican independence as a private under the command of José María Morelos y Pavón. He fought in the battles of Aguacatillo, , Arroyo del Moledor, Tonaltepec and La Sabana, soon rising to the rank of captain. Before the year",
"id": "21351698"
},
{
"contents": "José Comas Quesada\n\n\nrainy days, etc. Seascapes where the form becomes evanescent, treatments of blue, white and golden exquisites which remind of one of the great masters of watercolour of all times, of Turner. He joined to the tenets of the so-called \"experimental watercolour\", name that opened two exhibitions in 1966 and 1971 respectively in La Laguna (Tenerife). This trend advocated for experimentation, surpassing the traditional molds that dominated the genre and offering a renewed vision in keeping with the style of the moment. José Comas Quesada",
"id": "7281636"
},
{
"contents": "Gaspar de Quesada\n\n\nas \"a servant of the Archbishop [of Seville]\". Charles I of Spain wrote that he had been \"informed about his reputation and abilities\". Quesada was appointed as captain by the archbishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca (leader of the \"Casa de Contratación\"), along with the expedition's other two Spanish captains, Juan de Cartagena and Luis Mendoza. These three captains despised Magellan, the expedition's Portuguese captain-general, and would go on to be the architects of the Easter mutiny. The expedition",
"id": "17532386"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Nepomuceno de Quesada\n\n\noffice until 1789, when he was replaced in the Honduran government by Alejo García Conde. In 1790 De Quesada was appointed Governor of East Florida by Charles IV of Spain. to replace Vicente Manuel de Céspedes He assumed the governorship in July 1790, during the Nootka Sound Crisis. Upon his appointment, de Quesada wrote to George Washington informing the president of his new position in Florida and offering his diplomatic friendship to the United States. After his arrival at Saint Augustine, as a consequence of the Nootka Crisis, De Quesada revamped",
"id": "13516205"
},
{
"contents": "Gonzalo Quesada\n\n\nGonzalo Quesada (born 2 May 1974) is a retired Argentine rugby player who presently works as a coach. Quesada was born May 2, 1974 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He played for amateur club Hindú alongside the Fernández Miranda brothers Nicolas and Juan. Quesada won 39 caps playing at fly-half for the Argentine rugby union side between 1996 and 2003. He made his test debut at the age of 22 against the United States on the 14th of September 1996, winning 29:26. He won his final cap on the",
"id": "2621756"
},
{
"contents": "José Comas Quesada\n\n\nJosé Comas Quesada (3 February 1928 – 14 January 1993) was a Canarian painter born in the Puerto de la Luz, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. He is considered one of the greatest exponents of watercolour painting, both in the Canaries and Spain, of the last quarter of the 20th century. Comas started in the art of painting at the early age of 15. His interest in it already exceled in the subject of drawing of the old high school, spending many hours to practice with pencil and charcoal. In",
"id": "7281618"
},
{
"contents": "Cordelia Urueta\n\n\nher to Alma Reed, owner of Delfic Studios art gallery and noted promoter of Mexican art. Reed invited Urueta to participate in a collective exhibition along with José Clemente Orozco and Rufino Tamayo, but after this her health forced her to temporarily retire from painting. However, Orozco commented favorably on her work. In 1932 she returned to the fine arts as an art teacher with the Secretaría de Educación Pública . Through the SEP, she began to meet a number of prominent Mexican artists including Leopoldo Méndez, Juan Soriano, Carlos Mérida",
"id": "2182643"
},
{
"contents": "José del Carmen Quesada del Río\n\n\nJosé del Carmen Quesada del Río (1833-1885) was a Chilean lawyer and magistrate. He was born in Concepción, Chile in 1833. He studied humanities at the Instituto Nacional and studied law at the University. He qualified as a lawyer on January 14, 1858. A lover of classical literature and the physical sciences and mathematics, he studied Greek and Latin under the direction of the orientalist Vendel Heyl. Established in his hometown, was appointed interim judge in April 1862. Later he settled in the city of Los",
"id": "3019850"
},
{
"contents": "Gaspar de Quesada\n\n\nThey seized control of the \"San Antonio\", with Quesada stabbing and mortally wounding Juan de Elorriaga, the ship's boatswain, who resisted the mutineers. Quesada declared himself captain of the \"San Antonio\", with Cartagena returning to command the \"Concepción\". With the \"Victoria\" commanded by Mendoza, the mutineers controlled three of the fleet's five ships. Magellan successfully fought back against the mutineers, first by having Mendoza killed and taking control of the \"Victoria\", then blocking the harbor to prevent the",
"id": "17532391"
},
{
"contents": "Juan del Junco\n\n\n1538 by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada; and Tunja on August6, 1539 by Gonzalo Suárez Rendón. Juan del Junco is noted as one of the captains of the newly founded New Kingdom of Granada to hand back the weapons of the earlier dismissed Lázaro Fonte, lover of Zoratama. His companions in this task were Gonzalo Suárez Rendón, Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela and Diego Paredes. Fonte was imprisoned but released when he informed De Quesada of the arrival of two other conquest expeditions on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, by Nikolaus Federmann from the east and",
"id": "16447761"
},
{
"contents": "Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)\n\n\nyears of experience in Tierra Firme, de Lebrija joined the expedition in search of \"El Dorado\", which was led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and left Santa Marta in April 1536. In 1538, on the Bogotá savanna, De Quesada sent De Lebrija, along with Juan de Céspedes, Juan de San Martín, and Gómez del Corral ahead to locate the most favourable site to found the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada. They selected a location in Teusaquillo, where Santa Fe de Bogotá was founded on August6,",
"id": "18290494"
},
{
"contents": "Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada\n\n\nLlanos, where a course was set for east-southeast (by the guide Pedro Soleto), and maintained for the following two years. After a year or so some men returned with Juan Maldonado, reaching San Juan after six months with few survivors. De Quesada eventually reached (San Fernando de) Atabapo at the confluence of the Guaviare and the Orinoco (in December 1571), any further movement requiring the construction of ships. He therefore dejectedly returned to Bogotá, arriving in December 1572 with only 25 Spaniards, 4",
"id": "18465347"
},
{
"contents": "José de Iturrigaray\n\n\nenrichment. In accordance with custom, the unanticipated vacancy in the office of viceroy was filled with the oldest and highest-ranking military officer in the colony, Marshall Pedro de Garibay, an octogenarian controlled by the Audiencia. Primo Verdad y Ramos and Melchor de Talamantes were imprisoned, and died in jail. Also imprisoned were Lic. Cristo, Juan Francisco Azcárate and French general Octaviano d'Alvímar. On September 21, 1808, Iturrigaray was sent as a prisoner to Spain. He was brought to trial in Cádiz for disloyalty. The",
"id": "3824409"
},
{
"contents": "Nicolás del Campo\n\n\nEconomic Society of Friends of the Country, and later joined the Spanish Army. He rose to the rank of Brigadier General and participated in the Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) and the Great Siege of Gibraltar (1779). The Marquis of Loreto was appointed Viceroy of the Río de la Plata, and served from March 7, 1784, to December 4, 1789; he succeeded Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo after the latter's resignation. As with other viceroys, he was a professional military officer but did not",
"id": "7625980"
},
{
"contents": "José María Sánchez-Verdú\n\n\nMadrid, Madrid, 2006, p. 117-120. -Gan Quesada, Germán: “Música, lugar de encuentros”, en CD “Libro del destierro”, \"harmonia mundi\" [HMI 987068]. -Gan Quesada, Germán: “Propuestas sonoras para el nuevo milenio”, en CD “Alqibla”, \"Documentos Sonoros del Patrimonio Musical de Andalucía\", Centro de Documentación Musical de Andalucía, 2007. -Gan Quesada, Germán: “Sánchez-Verdú, al aire de su vuelo”, \"Sibila\"",
"id": "19432602"
},
{
"contents": "Quesada, San Carlos\n\n\nareas produces 65% of all the milk that the nation of Costa Rica utilizes. Ciudad Quesada lies at an elevation of 656 meters above sea level at the foot of the Cordillera Central (Central Mountain Range) on the southern edge of the San Carlos Plain, an expansive lowland that forms a major part of the Caribbean slope in northern Costa Rica. It is 79 km. north-west of the provincial capital city of Alajuela and 90.9 km. from the national capital city of San José. The district of Quesada has",
"id": "9837203"
},
{
"contents": "José Castro\n\n\nJosé Antonio Castro (1808 – February 1860) was a Californio politician, statesman, and military leader who served as acting governor of Alta California in 1835, and military commander under governor Juan Bautista Alvarado after November, 1836. He was also Commandante General in northern California during the Bear Flag Revolt. José Castro was a \"Californio\", born in Monterey, California when it was under Spanish colonial rule. His father José Tiburcio Castro was a soldier, member of the \"Diputación\" (territorial legislature), mayordomo (",
"id": "1560442"
},
{
"contents": "Juan de Albarracín\n\n\nWorld, arriving in January 1536 in Santa Marta. De Albarracín taught the men under his command to fish for pearls, near Cabo de la Vela in northernmost present-day Colombia. De Albarracín joined the expedition in search of \"El Dorado\", the journey led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada which left Santa Marta in April 1536. Juan de Albarracín was one of the three captains of the brigs that De Quesada sent up the Magdalena River; the other two were Gómez del Corral and Antonio Díaz de Cardoso. During the",
"id": "17770434"
},
{
"contents": "Gaspar de Quesada\n\n\n31 at a natural harbor they called Saint Julian, located in modern-day Argentina. There they planned to wait out the winter before resuming their search for a strait. Along with Juan de Cartagena and Luis Mendoza, Quesada was one of the principle architects of the Easter mutiny at St. Julian which took place from April 1 to 2. The mutiny began around midnight of April 1, when Quesada and Cartagena covertly led thirty armed men aboard the \"San Antonio\", moving from the \"Concepción\" in a skiff.",
"id": "17532390"
},
{
"contents": "Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada\n\n\nhim. In 1569, at the age of 63, De Quesada received a commission to conquer the Llanos to the east of the Colombian cordillera. From Bogotá in April 1569 with 500 mounted soldiers, 1500 natives, 1100 horses and pack animals, 600 head of cattle, 800 pigs, a large number of negro slaves and 8 priests, he first descended to Mesetas on the upper Guejar River. There most of the livestock was destroyed by a grass fire. De Quesada's expedition then moved to nearby San Juan de los",
"id": "18465346"
},
{
"contents": "Military history of Ecuador\n\n\nas was the country's first president, Juan José Flores. The army of 2,000 men consisted of three infantry battalions and one cavalry regiment. Even as late as 1845, when Juan José Flores was forced from his second term of office, only four of fifteen general officers were Ecuadorian. Non-Ecuadorians comprised most of the officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs) in the elite cavalry units as well. Upon taking office as president in 1851, General José María Urbina freed the black slaves and recruited many of them",
"id": "20928339"
},
{
"contents": "José Mota (comedian)\n\n\nJosé Sánchez Mota (born June 30, 1965), better known as José Mota, is a Spanish comedian and actor. He was member, with Juan Antonio Muñoz, of the comedy duo Cruz y Raya between 1989 and 2007 and later he made a solo career as a comedian. In 1985, while he was serving in the military, Mota met Juan Antonio Muñoz, whom he began his career as a comedian. The two started performing shows at small theaters in Madrid, such as \"Cien personajes en busca de",
"id": "7875943"
},
{
"contents": "José Castro House\n\n\nHistoric District. José Antonio's father José Tiburcio Castro was a soldier, member of the \"diputacion\" (Alta California legislature), administrator of Mission San Juan Bautista after it was secularized, and grantee of Rancho Sausal. The elder Castro used his position to obtain land grants for relatives and friends. His son was granted land on the San Juan Bautista plaza, where he built an adobe house in 1841. Jose Antonio Castro used the house as an administrative base for his military operations (soldiers' barracks were next door",
"id": "9980592"
},
{
"contents": "Early life of José de San Martín\n\n\nI apologize if this categoric statement may contradict in something the biography of San Martín, but things are like this, and we must stick to the factual things\"\". Besides, the San Martín family stayed in Madrid for a single year, between 1784 and 1785, while Juan expected an answer to his request of retirement or a new military destiny. José María Garante Córdoba considers it unlikely that Juan would send his children to school under such circumstances, and even Juan himself regrets in one of those requests that he could",
"id": "18604263"
},
{
"contents": "Third Carlist War\n\n\n, however, which launched another offensive in the summer of 1875. This time, the central government's force, advancing into Navarre under General Jenaro de Quesada's orders, encountered a Carlist army led by General José Pérula at Treviño on July 7. General Tello, Quesada's subordinate, won a decisive victory over the Carlist army, forcing it to retreat in disarray. Soon afterwards, Quesada entered Vitoria unopposed and triumphant. Government forces continued their offensive during summer and fall, with two armies encroaching on Carlist territory, one",
"id": "13300609"
},
{
"contents": "José María Morales\n\n\nJosé María Morales (August 14, 1818 – October 23, 1894) was a military officer and Afro-Argentine legislator who fought in the Argentine civil war and the Paraguayan War. José María Morales was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the son of a military patriot who fought in the British invasions. He also followed a military career and was part of the troops of Manuel Oribe until aged 20 he emigrated to Montevideo. On 2 July 1839 he joined the Freedom Legion that, under the orders of Juan Lavalle,",
"id": "19699052"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Perón\n\n\nStaff Headquarters. Perón married his first wife, Aurelia Tizón (\"Potota\", as Perón fondly called her), on 5 January 1929. Perón was recruited by supporters of the director of the War Academy, General José Félix Uriburu, to collaborate in the latter's plans for a military coup against President Hipólito Yrigoyen. Perón, who instead supported General Agustín Justo, was banished to a remote post in northwestern Argentina after Uriburu's successful coup in September 1930. He was promoted to the rank of Major the following year",
"id": "13970613"
},
{
"contents": "Federico Ochando\n\n\nchange of José Rizal's guard. On 16 May 1893, Ricardo Carnicero was replaced by Juan Sitges as district governor. There were rumors that Ochando gave orders to Sitges for tightening Rizal's security and to shoot the prisoner if he escaped. Soon enough, Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquis of Peña Plata assumed office as the new Governor-General of the Philippines in the same year. After his return to Spain due to illness, he was appointed military governor of Madrid in 1894 and promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in",
"id": "20561942"
},
{
"contents": "Fructuoso Rivera\n\n\narmy of José Gervasio Artigas in 1810. Eventually he rose to the rank of general. When Banda Oriental was occupied by Portuguese and the defeated Artigas forced into exile in 1820, Rivera stayed in the newly created Cisplatina province. When in 1825 the Thirty-Three Orientals led by Juan Lavalleja and their Argentine supporters, began their fight against the Empire of Brazil, Rivera joined the Argentinians. It's not clear if he joined voluntarily or was forced to join. He soon became important military commander during the Cisplatine War and participated",
"id": "20568059"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Modesto\n\n\nfall of Catalonia to the rebel army, Negrín named Modesto general and head of the Central Army on March 2, 1939. After Casado's coup's, on 6 March Modesto left Spain in an airplane. Then he went to the Soviet Union, whose government recognized his military rank. During World War II, he served with the Red Army and the Bulgarian Communist forces. Defeated in the struggle with José Díaz for control of the PCE, he went to Prague. Modesto wrote a book about his experience during the war",
"id": "4866998"
},
{
"contents": "Don (honorific)\n\n\ncalled Don Luís Muñoz Marin instead of \"Governor\" Muñoz Marin. In the same manner, \"Don\" Miguel Ángel Ruiz is an M.D. Same happens in other Latin American countries. For example, despite having a doctoral degree in Theology, the Paraguayan regent José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia was usually styled as \"Don\". Likewise, despite being a respected military commander with the rank of Brigade General, Argentine Ruler Juan Manuel de Rosas was formally and informally styled \"Don\" as a more important title. Prior to the",
"id": "5728012"
},
{
"contents": "Estela Quesada\n\n\nJune 1924 in Alajuela, Costa Rica to Augusto Quesada Cabezas and Eneida Hernández Sanabria She attended schools first at Escuela Bernardo Soto and then the Instituto de Alajuela, before attaining her teaching license from Escuela Normal de Heredia. She was one of the first two teachers who taught at the Escuela Juan Chavez Rojas in the rural areas of what is now Ciudad Quesada which was in such a remote part of San Carlos at the time that she had to travel via river and horseback. There was no secondary education opportunity in the area,",
"id": "14017004"
},
{
"contents": "Apolinar de Jesús Soto Quesada\n\n\nApolinar de Jesús Soto Quesada (July 23, 1827 - July 13, 1911) was a Costa Rican politician and soldier. He was born on 23 July 1827 in Alajuela, Costa Rica, to Bernardo Soto Herrera and Josefa Quesada González. He married Joaquina Alfaro Muñoz on 23 April 1849 in Alajuela, with whom he had two children: Bernardo Soto Alfaro, President of the Republic from 1885 to 1890, and José María Soto Alfaro, presidential candidate in 1919. He followed a career in the army and rose to the",
"id": "15450665"
},
{
"contents": "Óscar Miró Quesada de la Guerra\n\n\nÓscar Miró Quesada de la Guerra (1884–1981) also known as Racso, was a prominent Peruvian scientific journalist. He was born in Lima on July 30, 1884 and died in 1981. He was the son of José Antonio Miró Quesada and Matilde de la Guerra Gorostidi. He completed his studies at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, which were oriented towards the humanities and social disciplines. He was a member of several academies in Peru. From the age of fifteen he began to write popular science articles in the \"",
"id": "16434636"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Nepomuceno de Quesada\n\n\nhe left his post. De Quesada banned the recognition of runaway slaves who had fled from the British colonies to Florida seeking freedom. He had corresponded with Thomas Jefferson in 1791 on the matter of fugitive slaves coming from the southern United States. Through commissioner James Seagrove of Georgia, De Quesada wrote a letter initiating the agreement that stated any American slaveowner immigrating to Florida simply had to swear that they were the legitimate owners of the enslaved person for their ownership to be recognized. He became ill in February 1796, and continued to",
"id": "13516207"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Viamonte\n\n\nJuan José Viamonte González (February 9, 1774 – March 31, 1843) was an Argentine general in the early 19th century. Viamonte was born in Buenos Aires and entered the army in his youth following in his father's footsteps. He fought in the First British Invasion with the rank of lieutenant, and after his participation in the Second Invasion, having distinguished himself in the defense of the Colegio de San Carlos, was promoted to captain. He took part on the Buenos Aires Cabildo of May 22, 1810 and after",
"id": "12350332"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Omella\n\n\nJuan José Omella y Omella (; born 21 April 1946) is a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been the Archbishop of Barcelona since the end of 2015. On 28 June 2017, Pope Francis raised him to the rank of cardinal in 2017. Omella was born in the village of Cretas in the province of Teruel, Aragon, where both Castillian and Catalan are spoken. One of his sisters still lives there, while the other died at a young age. The village priest prepared him to enter the seminary",
"id": "14177849"
},
{
"contents": "Juan María Atutxa\n\n\nestablishing the possibility of a future use of electronic voting and leaving the actual date of implementation to the Parliament. Furthermore, the Department of Interior introduced many technological advances during his tenure, greatly increasing the pace of the scrutiny and offering election night-data over the Internet, a first in Spain. In the 1998 election the Basque Nationalist Party renewed its ranks, dropping incumbent Lehendakari José Antonio Ardanza in favour of the younger, more nationalist-oriented Juan José Ibarretxe. The Presidency of the Parliament was also affected by this renovation",
"id": "7516767"
},
{
"contents": "José Figueroa Agosto\n\n\n2009 one of his many apartments was raided, and police found $4 million in cash and $1 million in watches. A car chase followed, but he managed to elude the police by fleeing his vehicle and hiding in a sewer. Eventually, he managed to return to Puerto Rico, allegedly by paying 1 million dollars to unnamed high-ranking military personnel. He was able to hide in San Juan, Puerto Rico for 10 months, until July 2010, when DEA, FBI, US Marshals and Puerto Rican police",
"id": "3640789"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Bautista Quirós Segura\n\n\ngranddaughter of then head of state Manuel Aguilar Chacón, and on November 4, 1900 he married Clementina Quirós Fonseca (1880–1953), daughter of José Quirós Montero and Florinda Fonseca Guzmán. He pursued a military career and achieved the rank of General in the Costa Rican army. He was also a farmer and entrepreneur, and eventually earned a large capital. During Rafael Yglesias Castro's second administration he was designated second in line to the presidency and secretary of commerce, war, and navy as well as treasurer. He later served",
"id": "5227921"
},
{
"contents": "Antonio Díaz de Cardoso\n\n\nparents were Diego Díaz and Marquesa Cardoso. Díaz de Cardoso joined the expedition in search of \"El Dorado\", the journey led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada which left Santa Marta in April 1536. Antonio Díaz de Cardoso was one of the captains of the three brigs that De Quesada sent up the Magdalena River; the other two were Gómez del Corral and Juan de Albarracín. From La Tora, present Barrancabermeja, De Quesada sent troops ahead to investigate routes towards the then unknown Andes. Díaz de Cardoso and De Albarracín found",
"id": "17770431"
},
{
"contents": "Juan Antonio Sotillo\n\n\ncavalry squadron, under the orders of general José Tadeo Monagas. On 27 September 1816, he participated, still under general Monagas' orders, in the battle of El Juncal, against the Spanish royalist general Francisco Tomás Morales. In 1824, Sotillo reached the rank of general, after fighting in several important campaigns during Venezuela's emancipation war. Later, after the withdrawal of Spanish royalists from Venezuelan territory, he became an important military leader in the recently created Republic of Colombia. After the failure of Gran Colombia, Venezuela became",
"id": "20238985"
},
{
"contents": "José Domingo Molina Gómez\n\n\n. In his early career, José Domingo married Delina del Carmen Botana in Choya, Santiago del Estero. He was appointed as Director General of the National Gendarmerie Argentina from 1945 to 1947. He was then appointed as the Commander and Chief of the Argentine Army. The Revolución Libertadora began on September 16, 1955. On September 19, 1955 President Juan Perón wrote what appeared to be a resignation letter. A military junta composed of general José Domingo Molina and other military officers, was created with Molina at \"the reins of",
"id": "952320"
},
{
"contents": "José Vasconcelos\n\n\nfor my race), an influence of Rodó's \"arielismo\". An eagle and a condor with a background of the volcanic mountains in central Mexico. Vasconcelos is said to have declared \"I have not come to govern the University but to ask the University to work for the people.\" When Álvaro Obregón became president in 1920, he created the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) in 1921 and named Vasconcelos as its head. Under Obregón, the national budget had two key expenditures; not surprisingly the military was",
"id": "21210739"
},
{
"contents": "Episcopal Conference of Spain\n\n\nAntonio Cañizares Llovera, Cardinal Archbishop of Valencia. Secretary General: Fr. José María Gil Tamayo. Members: Carlos Osoro Sierra, Cardinal Archbishop of Madrid, Juan del Rio Martin, Archbishop Military, Juan José Asenjo Pelegrina, Archbishop of Sevilla, Julián Barrio Barrio, Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela. The Episcopal Commissions are bodies established by the Conference, the service of the Plenary Assembly for the study and treatment of some problems in a particular field of common pastoral activity of the Church in Spain, in accordance with the general",
"id": "13643475"
},
{
"contents": "May Revolution\n\n\ncomposed of Juan José Castelli and Martín Rodríguez to request that Cisneros convene an open cabildo to decide the future of the Viceroyalty. During the night of May 19 there were further discussions at Rodríguez Peña's house. Saavedra, called by Viamonte, joined the meeting, which involved military and civilian leaders. They arranged that Belgrano and Saavedra would meet with Juan José de Lezica, the senior alcalde (municipal magistrate), while Castelli would meet with the procurator Julián de Leiva, to ask for their support. They asked the Viceroy",
"id": "1815055"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Flores\n\n\nprisoner on October 31, 1817, and at this point he was convinced that freeing his homeland from Spain's domination was a just cause and joined the patriot army of Simón Bolívar. In the Patriot army he became loyal and acquainted with Simon Bolivar, who at an early stage recognized Juan José Flores' outstanding heroism and military talents especially at the victory at the Battle of Carabobo (1821), that at age 23 he was promoted to Colonel and then to Commandant General of the recently freed anti-patriotic royalist city of",
"id": "5708865"
},
{
"contents": "José Canaveris\n\n\nJuan José Canaveris (1780–1837) was an Argentine jurist and politician, who served as military man, lawyer, notary, prosecutor and accountant of Buenos Aires. In 1809 he was honored by the , for his heroic participation in the defense of Buenos Aires, during the English invasions in the Río de la Plata. He was born in Buenos Aires, the son of Juan Canaveris and Catalina Bernarda de Esparza, belonging to a distinguished family. He completed his primary and secondary studies in Buenos Aires, and possibly obtained his law",
"id": "9973027"
},
{
"contents": "Juan José Estrada\n\n\n, and on Aug. 29 Estrada became president after his brother José Dolores Estrada Morales transferred the command to him, with his new Conservative government supported by the United States. During the conservative regime that followed his presidency for over 15 years, US Marines had a presence in Nicaragua. Estrada was born and died in Managua. He came from a humble family of handcrafters of liberal ideology that produced four military men, a colonel and three generals, who became outstanding in Nicaraguan military history. These were José Dolores Estrada Morales, Aurelio",
"id": "19473881"
},
{
"contents": "Flight officer\n\n\n. Flight officer was a United States Army Air Forces rank used during World War II, from 1942 to 1945; the rank being created on Sep 10, 1942 On 5 November 1942 military glider pilots were commissioned flight officers after the completion of their training. The new rank insignia was nicknamed \"the blue pickle\". The rank is equivalent to Warrant Officer Junior Grade (WOJG) which is today's Warrant Officer (NATO grade: W-1). Enlisted and aviation cadet trainees who successfully passed air qualification training were appointed as",
"id": "18437829"
}
] |
Shi Jingtang [SEP] spouse | c9d7aef3-7d7f-4f32-9e5b-b0805c92bc96 | [{"answer": "Empress Li", "provenance": [{"wikipedia_id": "7606574", "title": "Shi Jingtang", "start_paragraph_id": 7, "start_character": 464, "end_paragraph_id": 7, "end_character": 591, "bleu_score": 1.0, "meta": {}, "section": "Section::::Service during Jin.\n"}]}] | [
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nShi Chong'ai (石重乂). As another son of Shi Jingtang's, Shi Chonggao (石重杲), had died in childhood, all that were left of Shi Jingtang's sons at this point, other than Shi Chonggui, was Shi Chongrui (石重睿). Later in 937, Shi Jingtang summoned Shi Chonggui to then-capital Kaifeng, and made him an imperial guard general. In 938, he made Shi Chonggui the mayor of Kaifeng and created him the Prince of Zheng. In late 941, Shi Jingtang, in",
"id": "11439312"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nwas skeptical of this account of Shi Jingtang's ancestry, and instead merely gave Nieliji's name, further stating that it was unclear when or how he received the surname of Shi. Shi Jingtang was born in 892, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, in Taiyuan. His mother was stated to be a Lady He, and it was not stated whether she was Shi Shaoyong's wife or concubine. (However, after he later became emperor, Shi Jingtang honored Shi Shaoyong's concubine Lady Liu, first as",
"id": "7263465"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\ngovernor (\"Jiedushi\") of a number of circuits during the time of Jin's successor state Later Tang, Shi Jingtang took him to the various circuits and gave him responsibilities. It was said that his appearance was similar to Shi Jingtang, but he was shorter in stature. Other than Shi Chonggui, Shi Jingtang had six other sons, five of whom were biological. After Shi Jingtang received the command of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered at Taiyuan) in 932, late in the reign of Li Siyuan as Later",
"id": "11439306"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\n) During the subsequent siege of Taiyuan by the Later Tang general Zhang Jingda, Shi Chonggui personally helped to guard Shi Jingtang. Subsequently, a relief army from Khitan Empire's Emperor Taizong came to Shi Jingtang's aid and crushed Zhang's army, allowing the siege on Taiyuan to be lifted. Emperor Taizong subsequently declared Shi Jingtang to be the emperor of central China (as the founder of a new state of Later Jin). Shortly after Shi Jingtang's being proclaimed emperor, the Later Tang army, trapped by the Khitan",
"id": "11439309"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nAt the advice of the chancellor He Ning, Shi Jingtang left a number of signed, blank edicts, so that Shi Chonggui could react quickly if An Congjin did rebel. When An Congjin did rebel after Shi Jingtang left Kaifeng, Shi Chonggui was thus able to commission the necessary generals, with Gao Xingzhou in overall command, to attack An Congjin. Shortly after, Shi Jingtang summoned Shi Chonggui to Yedu and made the defender of Yedu, Li Dechong (李德珫), the defender of Kaifeng. After Shi Chonggui arrived at",
"id": "11439314"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nJingtang rose in rebellion against then-Later Tang emperor Li Congke (Li Siyuan's adoptive son and Shi Jingtang's brother-in-law). As a result, a number of Shi Jingtang's relatives, including two sons, were executed by Li Congke. (The two sons were recorded in the \"New History of the Five Dynasties\" as Shi Chongying (石重英) and Shi Chongyin (石重胤), and in the \"Zizhi Tongjian\" as Shi Chongyin (石重殷) and Shi Chongyi (石重裔).",
"id": "11439308"
},
{
"contents": "Zhao Yanshou\n\n\nLiao cause. Shi Jingtang died in 942, and was succeeded by his nephew Shi Chonggui. Shi Chonggui immediately took a more confrontational stance toward Liao, as opposed to the submissive stance that Shi Jingtang took. (In particular, while Shi Jingtang submitted petitions to Emperor Taizong (showing himself to be a subject), he also referred to himself as \"subject\" and \"son\" when communicating with Emperor Taizong, whom he referred to as \"father,\" while Shi Chonggui wrote letters (i.e., not as a",
"id": "2369449"
},
{
"contents": "Consort Dowager An\n\n\nintended that his only surviving son Shi Chongrui (石重睿) inherit the throne and had entrusted Shi Chongrui to the senior chancellor Feng Dao, but Feng, in consultation with the imperial guard general Jing Yanguang, believed that the state needed an older emperor, and therefore supported Shi Chonggui, then the Prince of Qi, to succeed Shi Jingtang. Shi Chonggui honored Shi Jingtang's wife Empress Li as empress dowager (and Shi Jingtang's mother or stepmother Empress Dowager Liu as grand empress dowager), but did not immediately honor his",
"id": "12951598"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nDaliang, Shi, under the advice of He Ning, left his nephew Shi Chonggui in charge of Daliang with authority to immediately commission generals to act against An Congjin. In winter 941, hearing that Shi Jingtang had left Daliang for Yedu, An Congjin rebelled. Shi Conggui immediately, under authority previously given to him by Shi Jingtang, commissioned the general Gao Xingzhou to assume overall command against An Congjin. Upon hearing of An Congjin's rebellion, An Chongrong also rebelled, and Shi sent Du Chongwei against him. Gao quickly",
"id": "7263511"
},
{
"contents": "Sang Weihan\n\n\nCircuit (晉昌, headquartered in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi). In 942, Shi Jingtang fell seriously ill. He initially entrusted his young (and only surviving) son Shi Chongrui (石重睿) to the chancellor Feng Dao, intending to have Shi Chongrui succeed him. After Shi Jingtang's death, Feng, in consultation with the imperial guard general Jing Yanguang, decided to declare Shi Jingtang's adoptive son and biological nephew Shi Chonggui the Prince of Qi as emperor, because they believed that the state needed an older emperor.",
"id": "10371467"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\n/Later Jin forces, surrendered after Zhang Jingda's deputy Yang Guangyuan assassinated Zhang. Emperor Taizong and Shi Jingtang prepared to advance south, toward the Later Tang capital Luoyang. Shi Jingtang was prepared to leave one son at Taiyuan to serve as the titular defender, and he called out all of his sons for Emperor Taizong to choose. Emperor Taizong chose Shi Chonggui, stating, \"This large-eyed child can be it.\" Shi Jingtang thereafter left Shi Chonggui in charge at Taiyuan, giving him the titles of defender",
"id": "11439310"
},
{
"contents": "Liu Zhiyuan\n\n\nfailed. At this time, Shi Jingtang was very ill. He intended to have his only surviving biological son, Shi Chongrui (石重睿), succeed him, and have Feng be the chief chancellor for Shi Chongrui in the coming administration. As part of what he planned, he also drafted an order summoning Liu from Hedong to assist. However, Shi Jingtang's biological nephew and adoptive son Shi Chonggui the Prince of Qi suppressed that order and did not have it actually issued. When Shi Jingtang died shortly after, Feng",
"id": "9441401"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nof the northern capital (i.e., Taiyuan), mayor of Taiyuan, and military governor of Hedong. Subsequently, as the joint Khitan/Later Jin forces approached Luoyang, Li Congke, finding the situation hopeless, committed suicide with his family, ending Later Tang. Shi JIngtang then entered Luoyang unopposed. Still, the realm was not calmed, and in one of the rebellions against Shi Jingtang in 937, the general Zhang Congbin (張從賓) killed two more sons of Shi Jingtang's, Shi Chongxin (石重信) and",
"id": "11439311"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nconsort dowager, and then as empress dowager, suggesting the possibility that Lady He was Shi Shaoyong's wife and Shi Jingtang's \"legal\" mother, but that Lady Liu was his birth mother.) In his youth, Shi Jingtang was said to be quiet and stern. He studied the military strategies and particularly tried to take after Li Mu and Zhou Yafu. The region that Li Keyong ruled subsequently became the state of Jin after Tang's fall in 907 (as Li Keyong carried the Tang-bestowed title of Prince",
"id": "7263466"
},
{
"contents": "Consort Dowager An\n\n\n, Shi Jingtang. In 936, Shi Jingtang, then a Later Tang general, rebelled against Later Tang's final emperor Li Congke and founded Later Jin. He, with aid from Later Tang's northern rival Khitan Empire's Emperor Taizong, then destroyed Later Tang and took over its territory. In 938, he created Shi Chonggui the Prince of Zheng. At some point (presumably around that time), Lady An was created the Lady of Qin. In 942, Shi Jingtang died. Before his death, he had",
"id": "12951597"
},
{
"contents": "Empress Dowager Liu (Later Jin)\n\n\nEmpress Dowager Liu (劉太后, personal name unknown) (d. August 24, 942) was an empress dowager of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Jin. Little is known about her background, including her birth date, location, or ethnicity. She was a concubine of Shi Shaoyong (石紹雍), the father of Later Jin's founding emperor Shi Jingtang. She was not stated to be Shi Jingtang's mother, as Shi Jingtang's mother was described to be a Lady He, although it is",
"id": "9517987"
},
{
"contents": "Empress Feng (Later Jin)\n\n\nLady Zhang, who had carried the title of Lady of Wei.) Sometime after Shi Jingtang died in 942, he married her — even before Shi Jingtang was buried, displeasing Shi Jingtang's wife Empress Dowager Li, but who could do nothing about it — even though he claimed to have married her with the empress dowager's agreement. In 943, he created her empress. After Empress Feng became empress, she was substantially involved in Shi Chonggui's governance. Further, her older brother Feng Yu was elevated to be",
"id": "13072871"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nthe Fenyang Neighborhood (汾陽里) of Taiyuan, during the rule of Li Cunxu the Prince of Jin. His father was Shi Jingru (石敬儒), and his mother was Lady An, likely Shi Jingru's wife. Shi Jingru served as a cavalry officer under Li Cunxu, but died early, so Shi Jingru's brother Shi Jingtang, a son-in-law of Li Cunxu's adoptive brother and major general Li Siyuan, adopted Shi Chonggui as a son. During later times when Shi Jingtang served as a military",
"id": "11439305"
},
{
"contents": "Du Chongwei\n\n\n. Shi Jingtang died later in 942, and was succeeded by his adoptive son and biological nephew (biological son of his older brother Shi Jingru (石敬儒)) Shi Chonggui — who was therefore a nephew by marriage of Du Chongwei's. (During Shi Chonggui's reign, Du Chongwei became known as Du Wei, to observe naming taboo for Shi Chonggui.) Instead of the submissive stance that Shi Jingtang took toward Khitan (which had renamed its state Liao by this point), Shi Chonggui, at the advice of",
"id": "15499117"
},
{
"contents": "Jing Yanguang\n\n\nson Shi Chongrui (石重睿) to the senior chancellor Feng Dao, intending that Feng support Shi Chongrui in succeeding to the throne. However, after Shi Jingtang died shortly after, Feng discussed the matter with Jing, and they decided that as the realm was troubled at the time, the state needed an older emperor. They thus supported Shi Jingtang's biological nephew and adoptive son Shi Chonggui the Prince of Qi as emperor. It was said that Jing Yanguang considered Shi Chonggui's ascension to the throne to be his doing,",
"id": "12514281"
},
{
"contents": "Empress Li (Later Jin)\n\n\nsaid that Shi Chonggui served both Empress Dowager Li and Consort Dowager An diligently, often attending to them at their meals. However, he displeased her by marrying the widow of his uncle/brother Shi Chongyin (石重胤) (Shi Jingtang's biological brother and therefore Shi Chonggui's biological uncle, but whom Shi Jingtang adopted at his own son (as he did Shi Chonggui) and therefore was an adoptive brother), Lady Feng, as his wife and empress. Empress Feng became quite powerful in Shi Chonggui's administration,",
"id": "9271013"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nto Chengde's capital Zhen Prefecture (鎮州). In spring 942, an officer of An Chongrong's opened up the city and surrendered; the imperial forces then entered and put An Chongrong to death. (An Congjin, however, would not be defeated until after Shi Jingtang's death.) Meanwhile, Shi fell ill. He entrusted his young (and only surviving, by this point) son Shi Chongrui to Feng Dao, wanting Feng to support Shi Chongrui in succeeding to the throne. After his death in summer",
"id": "7263513"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nYedu, Shi Jingtang made him the defender of Yedu and changed his princely title to Prince of Qi. Both An Chongrong and An Congjin were subsequently defeated; An Chongrong was killed by his subordinates, while An Congjin committed suicide. In summer 942, Shi Jingtang fell seriously ill. He summoned the senior chancellor Feng Dao, and then had Shi Chongrui come out to bow to Feng, and then put Shi Chongrui into Feng's lap, intending to show that he wanted Shi Chongrui to inherit the throne with Feng guiding the",
"id": "11439315"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nmourning period for Shi Jingtang, married his deceased biological uncle/adoptive brother Shi Chongyin (石重胤)'s widow, Lady Feng, as his wife. He subsequently created Lady Feng empress. As Jing Yanguang was considered instrumental in Shi Chonggui's ascending to the throne, Jing, who was made a chancellor, became highly influential early in his administration. Under Jing's advocacy, Shi Chonggui abandoned Shi Jingtang's respectful subservience to the Khitan (whose state had since been renamed Liao) and took a more defiant stance. As",
"id": "11439317"
},
{
"contents": "Du Chongwei\n\n\nDu Chongwei (杜重威) (d. March 13, 948), known as Du Wei (杜威) during the reign of Shi Chonggui, was a major general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Jin, as a brother-in-law to its founding emperor Shi Jingtang and uncle to Shi Jingtang's successor (adoptive son and biological nephew) Shi Chonggui. He, however, would betray Shi Chonggui and surrender to Later Jin's rival, the Khitan state Liao's Emperor Taizong, hoping that",
"id": "15499104"
},
{
"contents": "Zhang Yanze\n\n\nin noble title, while Zhang Shi's father, brothers, and sons were given commissions, and the people of Zhangyi who fled and returned were given tax relief. Shi Jingtang died later in 942, and was succeeded by his adoptive son (biological nephew) Shi Chonggui. Instead of the submissive attitude that Shi Jingtang showed toward the Khitan (whose state had been renamed Liao by this point), Shi Chonggui took a confrontational attitude, leading to a breakdown in relationship and frequent Liao incursions thereafter. Apparently at the behest",
"id": "2164460"
},
{
"contents": "Liu Xu\n\n\n, the general Zhang Congbin (張從賓) rose at Luoyang (which was no longer capital at that point — Kaifeng was) in support of Fan and killed Shi's sons Shi Chongxin (石重信) the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan) and Shi Chong'ai (石重乂) the acting defender of Luoyang, whom Shi Jingtang left in charge of the region. After Zhang's rebellion was suppressed shortly after, Shi Jingtang made Liu Xu the defender of Luoyang and the acting mayor of Henan",
"id": "4482784"
},
{
"contents": "Consort Dowager Wang\n\n\nJingtang died in 942, and was succeeded as emperor by his nephew Shi Chonggui. After Shi Chonggui's succession, Consort Dowager Wang and Li Congyi returned to Luoyang and took up residence there. In contrast to Shi Jingtang's view of Khitan's Emperor Taizong (who had changed the name of his state to Liao by this point) as a benefactor — going as far as referring to himself as \"Son Emperor\" and \"subject\" while honoring Emperor Taizong as \"Father Emperor\" — Shi Chonggui, at the advice",
"id": "14463158"
},
{
"contents": "Feng Yu\n\n\nShi Jingtang to rebel.) In fall 946, there were rumors that Zhao Yanshou, a major general of Later Jin's northern neighbor Liao — whose Emperor Taizong had been instrumental in Shi Jingtang's success in overthrowing Later Tang but with whom Shi Chonggui had engaged in wars — was planning to defect to Later Jin. Feng and Li Song (who was by this point also chief of staff) believed the rumors, and had Shi Chonggui's uncle-by-marriage Du Wei the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄",
"id": "15201805"
},
{
"contents": "Dou Zhengu\n\n\nmourning period was over, he was made an assistant to Shi Jingtang the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). Shi considered Dou to be an honest official, and thus viewed him highly. In 936, Shi Jingtang, with aid from the Khitan Empire, rebelled against then-Later Tang emperor Li Congke (Li Siyuan's adoptive son and Shi's brother-in-law) and established Later Jin. In his nascent government, he made Dou",
"id": "17015707"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Hongzhao\n\n\nable to cover 200 \"Li\" in a day. Toward the end of Later Liang, there was a conscription where every seven households were to contribute one soldier. Shi Hongzhao was conscripted at that time. He was later placed in the Kaidao Corps (開道) of Zheng Prefecture (鄭州), which Yingze belonged to, and yet later made a soldier of the Later Liang imperial guards. During the time of the subsequent Later Tang, he once served under the general Shi Jingtang, and Shi Jingtang kept him as",
"id": "7169298"
},
{
"contents": "Empress Cao (Li Siyuan's wife)\n\n\n. Empress Dowager Cao continued to be empress dowager. After what had occurred, Shi Jingtang remained at Luoyang for some time and did not dare to speak of returning to Hedong, because there had a long-time rivalry previously between Li Congke and Shi when both were serving under Li Siyuan, and because Li Congke knew that Shi had initially intended to support Li Conghou. However, both Empress Dowager Cao and Shi Jingtang's wife the Princess of Wei often spoke in defense of Shi. Li Congke's associates who came to",
"id": "13447891"
},
{
"contents": "Empress Feng (Later Jin)\n\n\nbecame the defender of Yedu in 928, he became friendly with Feng Meng, and decided to take Feng Meng's daughter as the wife for his younger brother Shi Chongyin, whom he had adopted as a son. Shi Chongyin died early, however, and Lady Feng became widowed. (Two of Shi Jingtang's sons were executed by Later Tang's final emperor Li Congke (Li Siyuan's adoptive son) when Shi Jingtang rebelled against Li Congke in 936, but the historical sources are in discord as to the identities of",
"id": "13072868"
},
{
"contents": "Feng Yu\n\n\nthe director of salt and iron monopolies. (It is unclear whether Feng Yu's progression of offices would be still during Later Tang, or after Shi Jingtang had overthrown Later Tang and founded Later Jin as its emperor.) In 942, Shi Jingtang died and was succeeded as emperor by his adoptive son (biological nephew) Shi Chonggui. Shi Chonggui had long been attracted to Feng Yu's sister Lady Feng, and married her shortly after succeeding to the throne. In 943, he further created her empress. She soon",
"id": "15201798"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nLiao's adopted son (even though he was 10 years older) but also yielding the strategically crucial Sixteen Prefectures to Liao after his rise to power — an event that would shape the Chinese political landscape for the next 200 years. Shi Jingtang was likely of Shatuo descent. The official history \"Old History of the Five Dynasties\" stated that his family was originally descended from Shi Que (石碏), an official of the Spring and Autumn period state Wey, through the Han prime minister Shi Fen (石奮), and",
"id": "7263462"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nof Jin), and after Li Keyong's death in 908, Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin, in rivalry with Tang's main successor state Later Liang. Li Cunxu subsequently made his adoptive brother (Li Keyong's adoptive son) Li Siyuan, a major general, the prefect of Dai Prefecture (代州, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). While Li Siyuan served as the prefect of Dai, he became impressed with Shi Jingtang and gave his Empress Li to Shi in marriage. Shi subsequently served under",
"id": "7263467"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nWei, while Shi himself and his followers continued on to Luoyang (to offer their allegiance to Li Congke). Shi's mother-in-law Empress Dowager Cao issued an edict deposing Li Conghou and ordering Li Congke to take the throne, and Li Congke did. He then sent an emissary to force Li Conghou to commit suicide; when Li Conghou refused, he was strangled to death. Li Congke's quick victory over Li Conghou left Shi Jingtang in a precarious spot – because it was obvious that he was initially",
"id": "7263486"
},
{
"contents": "Jing Yanguang\n\n\nthem himself. Even though Sang Weihan (who negotiated the original alliance between Shi Jingtang and Emperor Taizong) repeatedly suggested that Shi Chonggui revert to subservience to Liao to avoid a war, Jing repeatedly stopped Shi from doing so. Meanwhile, while Shi Jingtang was alive, he had lent 300 horses from the imperial guards corps to Yang Guangyuan the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong). Jing demanded them back. Yang became angry and believed that the imperial government was suspecting him, and",
"id": "12514287"
},
{
"contents": "Zhang Yanze\n\n\n's son-in-law Shi Jingtang, as suggested by the \"New History of the Five Dynasties\"; the \"Zizhi Tongjian\" suggested, instead, that the political alliance by marriage was with the family of another general, Yang Guangyuan.) In 936, Shi Jingtang, with military support from Khitan Empire's Emperor Taizong, overthrew then-ruling Later Tang emperor Li Congke and established his own state of Later Jin. Shi made Zhang Yanze the prefect of Cao Prefecture (曹州, in modern Heze, Shandong",
"id": "2164452"
},
{
"contents": "Yang Guangyuan\n\n\ngeneral. Shi Jingtang died later in 942 and was succeeded as emperor by his nephew Shi Chonggui the Prince of Qi, who was supported in the succession by the general Jing Yanguang and the chancellor Feng Dao. As a result, early in his reign, Jing became powerful. Late in 943, there was an occasion when Jing ordered Yang Guangyuan to return 300 horses that Shi Jingtang had lent from the imperial guard corps to the Pinglu army. Yang believed that this move was targeting him and became angry. He secretly summoned",
"id": "3240738"
},
{
"contents": "Li Gu (Later Zhou)\n\n\nimperial censor with the title of \"Jiancha Yushi\" (監察御史). When Shi Chonggui, the nephew of the founding emperor Shi Jingtang (Li Siyuan's son-in-law), served as the mayor of then-capital Kaifeng, Li Gu served as an assistant to him, as well as \"Taichang Cheng\" (太常丞), the secretary general of the ministry of worship. Subsequently, when Shi Jingtang himself took up residence at Yedu (鄴都, in modern Handan, Hebei) for some time and",
"id": "6094962"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nthe rest of the Shatuo people under Zhuye, in Tang territory. Shi Jingtang's father Nieliji (臬捩雞), who was referred to by the Han Chinese name Shi Shaoyong (石紹雍), was said to be a successful general under Zhuye Zhiyi's grandson Li Keyong, who was an important late-Tang warlord, and Li Keyong's son Li Cunxu, who ruled the independent state of Jin after Tang's fall. The other official history for the period, the \"New History of the Five Dynasties\", apparently",
"id": "7263464"
},
{
"contents": "Consort Dowager An\n\n\nConsort Dowager An (安太妃, personal name unknown) (died 949) was the mother of Shi Chonggui, the second and final emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Jin. As he inherited his throne from his uncle (Lady An's brother-in-law) Shi Jingtang, he honored Shi Jingtang's wife Empress Li empress dowager, leaving Lady An with the lesser title of consort dowager. After Later Jin's destruction by the Khitan state Liao, she followed him into exile deep in",
"id": "12951595"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nin which Li Siyuan played a prominent role. Shi Jingtang and Li Congke both had battlefield accomplishments during the campaign, but Shi did not receive prominent honors as his contributions were not well-known — according to traditional accounts, because he did not like to brag about them. Li Siyuan, however, was aware of his contributions. By 926, however, Li Cunxu's state, which had also destroyed and annexed Former Shu, was thrown into chaos due to his misrule — as, while a fierce general, he",
"id": "7263469"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nserving as military governor), but died before Li Conghou arrived at Luoyang. Li Conghou subsequently arrived and took the throne. Upon Li Conghou's assumption of the throne, he gave Shi Jingtang the greater honorary chancellor title of \"Zhongshu Ling\" (中書令). As Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun considered themselves responsible for Li Conghou's succession to the throne, they retained power as chiefs of staff after he took the throne. As both Shi and Li Congke had great battlefield accomplishments under Li Siyuan, they were apprehensive of",
"id": "7263481"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nlive) and a number of officers still loyal to him, and committed suicide by immolation on Xuanwu Tower (玄武樓) inside the palace. Shi subsequently entered Luoyang and assumed control over the Later Tang realm. The local military governors throughout the Later Tang realm initially all formally submitted to Shi Jingtang. Among them was Fan Yanguang, who, however, felt insecure in his position as the military governor of Tianxiong, and who also had ambitions to be emperor, and therefore was considering rebelling. Realizing that Fan was considering doing",
"id": "7263503"
},
{
"contents": "Li Congyi\n\n\nDowager Cao, Li Congke, Li Congke's immediate family members, and a number of officers loyal to him committed suicide by fire. Shi arrived at Luoyang shortly after and took over the realm. After Later Jin's takeover of Later Tang territory, Shi Jingtang created Li Congyi's sister, the Later Tang Princess of Jin, empress. The empress took Li Congyi and Consort Dowager Wang into the palace, personally raised Li Congyi, and honored Consort Dowager Wang like a mother. In 939, Shi Jingtang created Li Congyi",
"id": "14632544"
},
{
"contents": "Taiyuan\n\n\n, Li Cunxu, son of Li Keyong, founded Later Tang with capital of Daming, and soon conquered most of North China, and ended Later Liang. Afterwards, Li Cunxu moved the capital from Daming to Luoyang, and Taiyuan was set as a provisional capital, titled \"Beijing\" (\"Northern Capital\"). In 936, Shi Jingtang established Later Jin in Taiyuan with the help from Khitan Liao dynasty. The next year, Shi Jingtang moved the capital from Taiyuan to Luoyang, and then to Kaifeng, and",
"id": "15470261"
},
{
"contents": "Five Dynasties\n\n\nby the Liao dynasty in a rebellion against the dynasty. In return for their aid, Shi Jingtang promised annual tribute and the Sixteen Prefectures (modern northern Hebei and Beijing) to the Khitans. The rebellion succeeded; Shi Jingtang became emperor in this same year. Not long after the founding of the Later Jin, the Khitans regarded the emperor as a proxy ruler for China proper. In 943, the Khitans declared war and within three years seized the capital, Kaifeng, marking the end of Later Jin. But while they",
"id": "7612985"
},
{
"contents": "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period\n\n\nrebellion against the Later Tang. In return for their aid, Shi Jingtang promised annual tribute and the Sixteen Prefectures (modern northern Hebei and Beijing) to the Khitans. The rebellion succeeded; Shi Jingtang became emperor in this same year. Not long after the founding of the Later Jin, the Khitans came to regard the emperor as a proxy ruler for China proper. In 943, the Khitans declared war and within three years seized the capital, Kaifeng, marking the end of Later Jin. But while they had conquered vast",
"id": "12897194"
},
{
"contents": "Liao dynasty\n\n\nEmperor Mo of Later Tang). Prince Bei, who was still an honored guest at the Tang court at the time, wrote to his brother Emperor Taizong (Yelü Deguang), advising him to invade the Tang. Instead, Taizong lent military support to a rebellion led by Shi Jingtang, a Tang governor and son-in-law of the former Emperor Mingzong. With Khitan help, in 936 Shi Jingtang succeeded in replacing the Later Tang with his own Later Jin. After some negotiation with the more powerful Khitans,",
"id": "14422942"
},
{
"contents": "Yelü Bei\n\n\n-law Shi Jingtang the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) might rebel and enlist Khitan aid in doing so, had his officials Li Song and Lü Qi (呂琦) draft a plan under which such an alliance would occur — but then abandoned the plan. Later in the year, Shi Jingtang did rebel, and Later Tang forces was initially successful in advancing to Hedong's capital Taiyuan Municipality and putting it under siege. However, they were thereafter crushed by aid troops that Emperor",
"id": "17739212"
},
{
"contents": "Military history of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms\n\n\nof Qi submitted to Later Tang in 923. In 925, Later Tang conquered Former Shu. Li Cunxu was killed in the next year during a rebellion by one of his officers, and his adopted son Li Siyuan succeeded him. In 936, Li Cunxu's son-in-law, Shi Jingtang, rebelled with the aid of the Khitans and overthrew Later Tang, forming his own Later Jin dynasty. In return for their aid in toppling the Later Tang dynasty, Shi Jingtang turned over Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitans.",
"id": "20985828"
},
{
"contents": "Nanjing (Liao dynasty)\n\n\nthe Khitan leader Yelü Abaoji declared himself emperor in Shangjing (modern-day Baarin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia) in 918 and began to expand southward. In 936, his son, Yelü Deguang renamed their dynasty, Liao, and in 938 helped Shi Jingtang, a Shatuo Turk general overthrow the Later Tang dynasty and found the Later Jìn dynasty. In exchange for Liao military assistance, Shi Jingtang ceded the Sixteen Prefectures along the Great Wall to the Liao. The Liao then made the two principal cities acquired, Youzhou (modern",
"id": "21278861"
},
{
"contents": "Li Jinquan\n\n\n), cried out before his execution: \"If you, commander, contravene imperial rescripts to kill surrendering soldiers, then you may not escape peril yourself!\" Even though Shi Jingtang heard about Li's disobedience, he could not do anything. Instead, to appease Li, he appointed him military commissioner of Anyuan on 11 October 937. In Anyuan, Li Jinquan entrusted a greedy and immoral man named Hu Hanyun (胡漢筠) with the day-to-day operations of the military and government. After Shi Jingtang heard",
"id": "5940790"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nand claimed the title of regent. Li Siyuan appeared to be initially hesitant to take the throne himself, as at that time, Li Cunxu's son Li Jiji the Prince of Wei, who had been the commander of the army that destroyed Former Shu, was returning from the Shu lands and heading toward Luoyang with his army, and he initially signaled support for Li Jiji. However, after apparently concluding that he would not be tolerated if Li Jiji became emperor, he sent Shi Jingtang and Li Congke to take up defensive",
"id": "7263472"
},
{
"contents": "History of Beijing\n\n\nThe nomadic Khitan people were united under Yelü Abaoji, who founded the Liao dynasty in 907 and, from 917 to 928, tried seven times to take Youzhou. In 936, a rift in the Later Tang court allowed Yelü Abaoji to help another Shatuo Turk general Shi Jingtang found the third of the Five Dynasties, the Later Jin. Shi Jingtang then ceded sixteen prefectures across the northern frontier including Youzhou, Shunzhou (modern Shunyi), Tanzhou (modern Changping) and Ruzhou (modern Yanqing) to the Khitans' Liao dynasty",
"id": "7843197"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\n石重英) and Shi Chongyin (石重胤), and in the \"Zizhi Tongjian\" as Shi Chongyin (石重殷) and Shi Chongyi (石重裔).) In 935, there was an incident in which, when the imperial envoy was at the front to review Shi's army and to deliver the imperially-bestowed supplies to the army, the soldiers began to chant, \"May you live 10,000 years!\" at Shi — a chant that should be reserved for the emperor. Shi became fearful, and under the advice",
"id": "7263492"
},
{
"contents": "Wang Jianli\n\n\n), referring to his executing people so much that the bodies stacked up. Later, when he heard that Li Congke was near defeat when his brother-in-law (Li Siyuan's son-in-law) Shi Jingtang rebelled against him, he took the chance to kill his deputy military governor Wang Yanyun (王彥贇) and a secretary, both of whom he disliked. This caused people to view him even more negatively. After Shi Jingtang successfully overthrew Li Congke and established his own Later Jin as its emperor",
"id": "20402791"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nShi Jingtang (石敬瑭) (30 March 892 – 28 July 942), also known by his temple name Gaozu (高祖), was the founding emperor of imperial China's short-lived Later Jin during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 936 until his death. Likely of Shatuo descent ethnically, he was an important military general for the Later Tang before rebelling in 936. To overthrow Later Tang he enlisted the help of the Khitan-ruled Liao state, not only humiliating himself as Emperor Taizong of",
"id": "7263461"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nEmperor Taizong as \"father emperor\" while referring to himself as \"son emperor.\" He also fostered relationships with high level Khitan generals and officials by giving them gifts and using humble words toward them. This caused the Later Jin officials and commoners to both feel humiliated, but was also credited by historians as what preserved the peace between Later Jin and Liao during his reign. In summer 940, when Shi Jingtang tried to have Li Jinquan the military governor of Anyuan Circuit (安遠, headquartered in modern Xiaogan, Hubei)",
"id": "7263507"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nTang's emperor, he had one Wang Zhen (王震) teach Shi Chonggui about the \"Book of Rites\", but Shi Chonggui was unable to understand it, stating to Wang, \"This is not relevant to my family's business.\" While Shi Jingtang held the Hedong command, he had Shi Chonggui marry the oldest daughter of the general Zhang Congxun (張從訓). (Lady Zhang would pass away sometime before Shi Chonggui eventually became emperor, but it is not otherwise clear when.) In 936, Shi",
"id": "11439307"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nthe military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing). As Shi had recently been ill and appeared frail, Li Congke decided that he needed not be concerned with Shi as a potential threat, and therefore thereafter agreed to let him return to Hedong, stating, \"Master Shi is not only a close relative, but had also shared all difficulties of mine when we grew up. Now I am the Son of Heaven; who else can I depend on but Master Shi?\" (Shi, and",
"id": "7263489"
},
{
"contents": "Consort Dowager An\n\n\ndefeating and forcing the surrender of the Later Jin general Du Wei (the husband of a sister of Shi Jingru's and Shi Jingtang's), advanced on then-Later Jin capital Kaifeng. Shi Chonggui surrendered, ending Later Jin. Emperor Taizong then prepared to send him and his family into exile, deep in desolate Liao proper. Consort Dowager An was said to be old and blind at that point, but was sent into exile with him, Empress Dowager Li, his wife Empress Feng, Shi Chongrui, and Shi",
"id": "12951600"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\n. As Shi was still apprehensive that Li Congke might be suspicious of him, Shi maintained an information network at Luoyang to keep himself informed of the emperor's actions — the network included two of Shi's own sons, who served in the imperial guards (whose names were variously recorded, and one of whom might have been a brother whom he adopted as a son), and the servants of Empress Dowager Cao. (The two sons were recorded in the \"New History of the Five Dynasties\" as Shi Chongying (",
"id": "7263491"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nShi Chonggui sent the general Li Shouzhen against Yang, and subsequently, faced with certain defeat but with Yang unwilling to surrender, Yang's son Yang Chengxun (楊承勳) forcibly put Yang Guangyuan under arrest and surrendered. (Yang Guangyuan was subsequently secretly killed on Shi Chonggui's orders.) In late 944, Liao again made a major invasion, advancing all the way to the Yedu region, but soon withdrew again. Shi decided to have his uncle by marriage, Du Wei (husband of Shi Jingtang's and Shi Jingru",
"id": "11439322"
},
{
"contents": "Empress Feng (Later Jin)\n\n\nthose two sons. The \"Old History of the Five Dynasties\" and the \"New History of the Five Dynasties\" gave their identities as Shi Chongyin and Shi Chongying (石重英), thus indicating that was when Shi Chongyin was killed, widowing Lady Feng; the \"Zizhi Tongjian\" gave their identities as Shi Chongyin (石重殷, note different character) and Shi Chongyi (石重裔), which, if accurate, makes it unclear when Lady Feng was widowed.) Regardless, after Shi Jingtang subsequently (with aid from",
"id": "13072869"
},
{
"contents": "Li Shouzhen\n\n\nmilitary governorship was moved to Guide Circuit (歸德, headquartered in modern Shangqiu, Henan). In late 945, Shi stationed Li Shouzhen and his army at Chan Prefecture (澶州, in modern Puyang, Henan), to defend against another potential Liao attack. Meanwhile, still resentful of Sang, Li Shouzhen, along with Shi's close associates Feng Yu (the brother of Shi's wife Empress Feng) and Li Yantao (李彥韜), falsely accused Sang of plotting to have Shi replaced with Shi Jingtang's son Shi",
"id": "14004884"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nLiu Zhiyuan and Sang Weihan advocated resistance. Accepting Liu and Sang's suggestion, Shi issued a declaration calling for Li Congke, whom he claimed to be an inappropriate person to be emperor as merely an \"adoptive\" son, to abdicate the throne and pass it to Li Siyuan's youngest biological son Li Congyi the Prince of Xu. Li Congke, in anger, stripped Shi of his titles and declared a general campaign against Shi. He also arrested Shi's sons, as well as his younger brother Shi Jingde (石敬德",
"id": "7263497"
},
{
"contents": "Sang Weihan\n\n\nIn 942, Shi Chonggui recalled Sang Weihan from Jinchang to again be chancellor, with the title of \"Shizhong\". Sang was also put in charge of editing the imperial history. Because of his being instrumental in Shi Chonggui's becoming emperor, Jing was very powerful early in Shi Chonggui's reign as both chancellor and the commander of the imperial guards, and under his advocacy, Shi Chonggui turned away from Shi Jingtang's submissive posture toward Liao, and took a confrontational stance, taking the position that while personally, he",
"id": "10371468"
},
{
"contents": "Consort Dowager An\n\n\nChonggui's adoptive sons (Shi Jingtang's biological grandsons) Shi Yanxu (石延煦) and Shi Yanbao (石延寶). (Emperor Taizong extended Empress Dowager Li an offer not to be exiled, but she declined, choosing to share Shi Chonggui's fate; Consort Dowager An was not said to have been given such an offer.) In 949, by which time Liao was ruled by Emperor Taizong's nephew Emperor Shizong, the Shi household had settled at Liaoyang (遼陽, in modern Liaoyang, Liaoning), but was",
"id": "12951601"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nso, in spring 937, under Sang Weihan's advice, Shi moved the capital from Luoyang to Daliang, as Daliang was closer to Tianxiong's capital (which Shi had renamed Guangjin (廣晉)) and, upon the expected revolt by Fan, he would be able to react much more quickly. Fan rebelled in summer 937. Shi mobilized his army against Fan, with the main armies under Yang Guangyuan and Shi's brother-in-law Du Chongwei. The central Later Jin realm was, for a time,",
"id": "7263504"
},
{
"contents": "Empress Li (Later Jin)\n\n\nShi Chongrui to the senior chancellor Feng Dao, intending to have Feng support Shi Chongrui to succeed him. After he died shortly after, however, Feng and the general Jing Yanguang, believing that the state needed an older emperor, supported Shi Jingtang's adoptive son (and biological nephew, as the biological son of his older brother Shi Jingru (石敬儒)) Shi Chonggui the Prince of Qi as emperor. Shi Chonggui honored Empress Li as empress dowager, and his mother Lady An of Qin as consort dowager. It was",
"id": "9271012"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nof their powerful northern neighbors was vital in the formation of the Later Jin, and the cession of the Sixteen Prefectures led to their derision as being the servants of the Khitan. However, after the death of his biological uncle/adoptive father Shi Jingtang (Later Jin's founding emperor) in 942, Shi Chonggui defied Liao's Emperor Taizong, which led to the latter invading the territory of the Later Jin in 946 and 947, resulting in the destruction of the Later Jin. Shi Chonggui was born in 914, at",
"id": "11439304"
},
{
"contents": "Sang Weihan\n\n\nthere happened to be an occasion where Sang had sent a maidservant to greet Shi Jingtang's wife Empress Dowager Li, and part of the greeting stated, \"Has the Emperor's younger brother, Chongrui, been studying well?\" Shi Chonggui heard of this and discussed this with Feng Yu, and Feng Yu thereafter accused Sang of considering deposing Shi Chonggui and replacing him with Shi Chongrui. As the imperial general Li Shouzhen also disliked Sang, he, Feng Yu, and Li Yantao thereafter suggested that Shi Chonggui remove Sang.",
"id": "10371477"
},
{
"contents": "An Chongrong\n\n\nhis soldiers and join Shi's army. Shi was pleased, and promised him that he would be made a military governor. An subsequently served under Shi's general Liu Zhiyuan in defending Hedong's capital Taiyuan against the siege by the Later Tang general Zhang Jingda, whom Li Congke sent to attack Shi. Shi Jingtang sought aid from Later Tang's northern rival Khitan Empire, promising to cede 16 prefectures to the north to the Khitan if the Khitan would support him as the emperor of China. Khitan's Emperor Taizong agreed and",
"id": "14742227"
},
{
"contents": "He Ning\n\n\n) Shi Chonggui the Prince of Zheng, whom Shi left in charge of Kaifeng, so that when An Congjin did rebel, Shi Chonggui could react quickly and commission appropriate generals to counterattack. Shi Jingtang agreed. Subsequently, when An Congjin did rebel, Shi Chonggui was quickly able to mobilize a number of generals to command the imperial army against him, with Gao Xingzhou in overall command. An Congjin was quickly defeated and forced to return to Shannan East's capital Xiang Prefecture (襄州) to defend it, and later committed",
"id": "15767816"
},
{
"contents": "Li Tao (Five Dynasties)\n\n\nwhile also serving as an assistant to the director of salt and iron monopolies specifically dealing with salt monopoly. In 941, there was an infamous incident where Zhang Yanze the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu) executed his secretary Zhang Shi (張式) cruelly and, after Zhang Shi's death, took Zhang Shi's wife as a concubine. After Zhang Shi's father Zhang Duo (張鐸) went to Shi Jingtang's then-location Yedu (鄴都, i.e., Tianxiong's capital",
"id": "17339474"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Hongzhao\n\n\na personal guard. After Shi Jingtang later became emperor of the succeeding state of Later Jin, Shi Hongzhao became an officer in the imperial guard's Konghe Corps (控鶴). When the major general Liu Zhiyuan became the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) in 941, he requested that Shi Hongzhao be assigned to him, and he promoted Shi Hongzhao to be an officer of his headquarter guards. Later, when he established the two Wujie Corps (武節",
"id": "7169299"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Hongzhao\n\n\nJin's emperor Shi Chonggui (Shi Jingtang's nephew and successor), whom Liao troops were delivering to Liao proper, and he had Shi Hongzhao gather them and inform them of that. The soldiers wanted Liu to take the throne immediately, but Liu declined at that time. Shortly after, Liu declared himself emperor — and while he did not initially declare a name for his state, it would later be known as Later Han. He sent Shi to attack Dai Prefecture (代州, in modern Xinzhou, Shanxi),",
"id": "7169301"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\n), and put them to death. Shi's cousin Shi Jingwei (石敬威) committed suicide. Li Congke commissioned Zhang Jingda to lead the imperial troops against Shi, and Zhang quickly put Taiyuan under siege, but was unable to capture it quickly, with Liu defending the city capably. Shi had Sang write a letter requesting aid from Khitan's Emperor Taizong, promising that if Emperor Taizong agreed to support him as emperor, he would cede 16 prefectures to the north (the entire Lulong Circuit and the northern prefectures of Hedong",
"id": "7263498"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nan initial sign of that defiance, Shi Chonggui's did not submit a \"report\" to Emperor Taizong of his succession, but instead wrote a \"letter\" (indicating equal status and not subservience) in which he referred to himself as \"grandson\" (as Shi Jingtang had earlier honored Emperor Taizong as \"father\") but not as \"your subject.\" This angered Emperor Taizong, who sent emissaries to rebuke Shi Chonggui, but to whom Jing responded insolently. The major Khitan general Zhao Yanshou, who had",
"id": "11439318"
},
{
"contents": "Liu Zhiyuan\n\n\nYellow River that Li Cunxu was trying to enlarge. During the battle, Li Siyuan's son-in-law Shi Jingtang, who served as one of the commanders under him, was stricken by a Later Liang soldier, and his horse's armor was broken. Liu Zhiyuan, who was near Shi at that time, gave Shi his own armored horse, while taking Shi's horse and moving gradually, such that the Later Liang soldiers in pursuit believed that he was leading them into a trap, and broke off the",
"id": "9441378"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nprefect of Wei, Wang Hongzhi (王弘贄), who advised Shi that Li Conghou's cause was hopeless. When Li Conghou's guards Sha Shourong (沙守榮) and Ben Hongjin (奔弘進) heard of this, they cursed Shi for being faithless, and Sha tried to assassinate Shi, but he and Shi's guard Chen Hui (陳暉) ended up killing each other in mutual combat. Ben committed suicide. Liu Zhiyuan then slaughtered all of Li Conghou's guards, leaving Li Conghou alone at the imperial messenger station at",
"id": "7263485"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\n, he became increasingly arrogant and extravagant in collecting expensive items and building palace halls, as well as awarding his favored actors, despite Sang's attempts to discourage him. At one point in 945, Shi fell seriously ill. During that time, there happened to be an occasion where Sang had sent a maidservant to greet Shi Jingtang's wife Empress Dowager Li, and part of the greeting stated, \"Has the Emperor's younger brother, Chongrui, been studying well?\" Shi Chonggui heard of this and discussed this with",
"id": "11439327"
},
{
"contents": "Jing Yanguang\n\n\nand used that to become involved in the key decisions in Shi's administration. Shortly after Shi took the throne, he was made the commander of the imperial guards, as well as chancellor (with the designation \"Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi\" (同中書門下平章事). He was also apparently given the military governorship of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), but remained at Daliang. One of the immediate diplomatic decisions was how Shi Jingtang's death and Shi Chonggui's ascension was to be reported to Khitan",
"id": "12514282"
},
{
"contents": "Li Song (politician)\n\n\n)) later in the year, as Shi was then anticipating a rebellion by An Chongrong the military governor of Chengde. Apparently while Li was at Yedu, his father died, and he left governmental service briefly to observe a mourning period, but Shi immediately recalled him to the imperial government without a lengthy mourning period. Shi Jingtang died in summer 941 and was succeeded as emperor by his nephew Shi Chonggui the Prince of Qi. One immediate question was how the Later Jin court would report this news to Emperor Taizong (who",
"id": "1637346"
},
{
"contents": "Li Tao (Five Dynasties)\n\n\npromising life to Zhang Yanze. But, where is Fan Yanguang's iron certificate [(i.e., promise of life)]?\" (This was a reference to how Fan had rebelled against Shi but was induced into surrendering by promise of an iron certificate guaranteeing his life, but Shi had later subsequently implicitly permitted Yang to have Fan killed.) In anger, Shi walked away. Li subsequently returned to Luoyang and wrote a poem lamenting this incident. When Shi Jingtang died later in the year and was succeeded by his",
"id": "17339477"
},
{
"contents": "Fu Yanqing\n\n\n. While Shi then issued an edict stating that Fu Yanrao's brothers would not also be punished, Fu Yanqing nevertheless submitted a resignation, which Shi declined. However, he did recall Fu Yanqing to serve as a general of the imperial guards, but later sent him back out of the capital to serve as the military governor of Baoda Circuit (保大, headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi). In 942, Shi Jingtang died, and Shi Chonggui succeeded him as emperor. Having been friendly with Fu since their youth,",
"id": "19659261"
},
{
"contents": "Shulü Ping\n\n\nShi Jingtang's death and succession by his nephew Shi Chonggui, Shi Chonggui took a confrontational stance against Khitan — now known as Liao — refusing to submit to Emperor Taizong as a subject, only referring to himself as \"grandson.\" He also had Liao merchants arrested, and their assets seized. As a result, war erupted between the states. Empress Dowager Shulü was not in favor of waging war against Later Jin. As a result, Emperor Taizong entered into some peace negotiations with Shi Conggui in 945 that, however",
"id": "3230692"
},
{
"contents": "Fan Yanguang\n\n\n's chief of staff (\"Shumishi\"), and subsequently continued to serve as a general. After the Later Tang's final emperor Li Congke (Li Siyuan's adoptive son) was overthrown by Li Siyuan's son-in-law Shi Jingtang, who founded Later Jin, Fan initially formally submitted, but later rebelled against Shi. His rebellion, however, was not successful, and after Shi promised to spare him, he surrendered. He was, nevertheless, later killed by Shi's general Yang Guangyuan, probably",
"id": "4953326"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nWhen Li Siyuan subsequently sent An to the front to monitor the campaign, Shi took the opportunity to write to Li Siyuan, explaining his misgivings from the campaign, and Li Siyuan began to be convinced. Li Siyuan subsequently forced An into retirement and then killed An, and then recalled Shi's army (although Shi already began to retreat before receiving the retreat orders). Li Siyuan subsequently again made him the deputy commander of the imperial guards (by this point, serving as the deputy to another biological son of Li Siyuan",
"id": "7263477"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\nWhy do you not stay longer? You wanted to return so quickly. Is it that you are about to rebel with Master Shi?\" When she returned to Taiyuan and informed Shi, Shi became even more apprehensive. The imperial scholars Li Song and Lü Qi (呂琦) believed that the solution was to ally with the Khitan Empire. They suggested that certain previously-captured Khitan officers be released back to the Khitan; and that a certain amount of money be given to the Khitan each year. The chancellor Zhang Yanlang",
"id": "7263495"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Jingtang\n\n\n. He also continuously provoked Liao by intercepting its emissaries and killing them. In summer 941, he issued a declaration in which he called on Shi to renounce the peace agreement with Liao and attack it to recapture the territories and peoples that Liao had previously captured, but was not yet openly breaking with Shi. In response, Shi, under Sang Weihan's advice, headed to Guangjin — since then renamed back to Yedu — to prepare for a potential campaign against An Chongrong. Anticipating that An Congjin might rebel when he left",
"id": "7263510"
},
{
"contents": "Shi Chonggui\n\n\nyoung emperor. However, after Shi Jingtang subsequently died, Feng, in consultation with the imperial guard general Jing Yanguang, concluded that as the realm was not calm yet, an older emperor was needed, so they supported Shi Chonggui, who then took the throne. Shi Chonggui honored his adoptive mother Empress Li as empress dowager, and his biological mother Lady An as consort dowager. It was said that he served both of them with filial piety. However, he displeased Empress Dowager Li when he, even while observing a",
"id": "11439316"
},
{
"contents": "Feng Yu\n\n\nbenefit, such that those who wanted posts all went to his mansion to bribe him, leading to a degradation of the Later Jin governance. (Yin, as a close associate of Feng's, also took many bribes.) In winter 945, after Feng accused Sang of wanting to use Shi's then-illness to replace him with Shi Jingtang's biological son Shi Chongrui (石重睿) and Sang's other political enemies Li Yantao and Li Shouzhen compounding the accusations, Shi Chonggui deposed Sang and made him the mayor of",
"id": "15201803"
},
{
"contents": "Du Chongwei\n\n\n936, Shi Jingtang, then the military governor of Hedong, rose against then-Later Tang emperor Li Congke (Li Siyuan's adoptive son) and, with aid from Khitan Empire's Emperor Taizong, was able to defeat Later Tang troops, causing Li Congke to commit suicide and ending Later Tang. Shi became emperor of a new state of Later Jin, formally subordinate to the Khitan. Du Chongwei's activities during the war between Li Congke and Shi were unclear, but after Shi's victory, he made Du an",
"id": "15499108"
},
{
"contents": "Fu Yanqing\n\n\n/Hedong army. Several times Fu and Gao tried to fight out of the encirclement, but could not. Eventually, Zhang's deputy Yang Guangyuan assassinated Zhang and surrendered the Later Tang army to the Liao/Hedong army, the control over which Emperor Taizong then transferred to Shi. Thereafter, Emperor Taizong created Shi the emperor of a new Later Jin. Fu became a subject of Later Jin's. Shortly after, with Shi's army approaching Luoyang, Li Congke committed suicide, ending Later Tang. Early in Shi Jingtang",
"id": "19659259"
},
{
"contents": "Li Gu (Later Zhou)\n\n\nleft Shi Chonggui in charge at Kaifeng, Li Gu was given the additional title of \"Yubu Yuanwailang\" (虞部員外郎), a low-level official at the minister of public works (工部, \"Gongbu\"). When Shi Chonggui was subsequently made the mayor of Guangjin (廣晉, i.e., Yedu), Li followed him to Guangjin and continued to serve as his assistant. In 942, Shi Jingtang died, and Shi Chonggui succeeded him as emperor. He made Li \"Zhifang Langzhong\" (職方郎中),",
"id": "6094963"
},
{
"contents": "Li Chongmei\n\n\n), Shi Jingtang the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), rebelled with aid from the Khitan Empire. When the main Later Tang forces Li Congke sent to attack Shi, commanded by Zhang Jingda, was defeated and surrounded by the combined Khitan/Hedong forces, Li Congke's high-level officials were all pushing for him to personally lead the imperial army against Shi. Li Chongmei volunteered to go in his stead, stating: Li Congke, who was hesitant to face Shi",
"id": "7153702"
}
] |
Verde River [SEP] mouth of the watercourse | ead82a0c-adaa-416c-89f1-7e0fb5a26f88 | "[{\"answer\": \"Salt River\", \"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"764617\", \"title\": \"Verde Ri(...TRUNCATED) | [{"contents":"Garonne\n\n\nmost distant point (along watercourses from the river mouth) in the drain(...TRUNCATED) |
Eleanor of Anjou [SEP] spouse | 72129bde-a52b-49db-a47f-5e77256809fe | "[{\"answer\": \"Frederick III of Sicily\", \"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"9481998\", \"title(...TRUNCATED) | [{"contents":"Eleanor of Anjou\n\n\nEleanor of Anjou (August 1289 – 9 August 1341) was Queen of Si(...TRUNCATED) |
Staffora [SEP] mouth of the watercourse | 5f81bf9f-37fe-4a83-8245-cf7190eceeba | "[{\"answer\": \"Po\", \"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"7285432\", \"title\": \"Staffora\", \"s(...TRUNCATED) | [{"contents":"Oltrepò Pavese\n\n\nand Monte Penice (1460 m). The main watercourse is the Staffora; (...TRUNCATED) |
The Man Who Fights Alone [SEP] production company | 1a5fa42b-bed1-430e-8679-5e95c0c3cbdd | "[{\"answer\": \"Famous Players-Lasky\", \"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"34940211\", \"title\"(...TRUNCATED) | [{"contents":"Magic Cellphone\n\n\nMagic Cellphone () is a 2016 South Korean web series that aired o(...TRUNCATED) |
Loisach [SEP] mouth of the watercourse | a2dc5b58-221c-4306-aca0-191368cd569f | "[{\"answer\": \"Isar\", \"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"1493860\", \"title\": \"Loisach\", \"(...TRUNCATED) | [{"contents":"Loisach\n\n\nThe Loisach is a river that flows through Tyrol, Austria and Bavaria, Ger(...TRUNCATED) |
Piner Creek [SEP] mouth of the watercourse | 1eff56d1-17a4-4028-ab7f-efb6de0f92f1 | "[{\"answer\": \"Santa Rosa Creek\", \"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"9149896\", \"title\": \"P(...TRUNCATED) | [{"contents":"Piner Creek\n\n\nvalues scored by Colgan Creek. Most of the watercourse has been modif(...TRUNCATED) |
Beerfest [SEP] production company | cdd5eee9-4fb8-4687-a781-a2e64d562426 | "[{\"answer\": \"Broken Lizard\", \"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"4326127\", \"title\": \"Beer(...TRUNCATED) | [{"contents":"REO Town\n\n\nand REO Town Recording. Art & Craft Beerfest is a celebration of art, be(...TRUNCATED) |
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