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"Using Wordless Books to Improve Reading Skills\nJuly 29, 2010\nHave you ever listened to a child tell you about something that happened during the day and it made no sense? One of the Every Child Ready to Read (ECRR) skills that I demonstrate during storytime is Narrative Skills. This skill refers to the ability to describe things and events, and tell stories. Children who master this skill learn to put things in sequence (i.e. what happened first, next, and last) and re-tell it to others.\nMCPL has a collection of wordless books that can be used to improve or enhance this skill in your young children. As they gaze at the pictures, you can encourage them to tell you what’s happening in the story by asking questions about it. This is a great way for children to interact with you and with books.\nTo find wordless books in the card catalog, use the “Advanced Search” feature and choose the options shown in the example below:\nIf you want to search all branches, leave the Location set to ALL.\nHere are the first five books you are likely to find on your list if you perform the search shown above:\nThe ECRR Narrative Skill and Vocabulary skill go hand-in-hand, so while your children are describing things they see, they are reinforcing or learning new words and ideas, too! If you would like to know more about the six ECRR skills, keep checking our blog or come visit a weekly story-time. We meet every Thursday in the Children’s area from 10-11:00.\nDebbie A.Tags: Books"

"If you enjoy birding, you know how important it is to see the native species in a country, in real life. Sometimes this means taking a tour, as a specific tour to see the Usambara Eagle Owl where it lives, especially when the endemic areas of the threatened species are not prolific.\nWe take a look today at some of the birding facts of the Usambara Eagle Owl, which is an endemic species to Northern Tanzania.\n10 Facts about the Usambara Eagle Owl\n1. The ‘East African Nduk eagle-owl‘ or ‘Vosseier’s eagle-owl‘ are other names for the Usambara Eagle Owl.\n2. It is a native species to Tanzania.\n4. The family group is Strigidae, and the Genus is Bubo.\n5. The Usambara Eagle Owl is strongly built with powerful talons and recognised for its size. It has tawny brown upperparts which are heavily barred with darker brown and creamy white underparts. The Usambara Owl has brown blotches on the breast and irregular black bars on the belly.\n6. The breeding season is November to February and the owl is likely to nest in tree holes. There are usually two chicks produced, but rarely three or four will be born.\n7. The natural habitat for the Usambara Eagle Owl is between 900 and 1,500 m (3,000 and 4,900 ft) above sea level, in the montane and submontane forests.\n8. Its diet seems to be exclusively small mammals, for example rodents, insectivores and possibly dwarf bushbabies.\n9. This owl has prominent tawny brown tufted ears.\n10. Due to habitat loss, the species is classified as threatened.\nNow that you have the identifying characteristics and potential whereabouts of the Usambara Eagle Owl, you can safely say that when you visit its habitat, you will be able to identify it with ease."

"Learning a second language is a little different. There are two main types of language in SLA, which are BICS and CALP (theorized by Jim Cummins).\n- BICS, or basic interpersonal communication skills, is the type of language that ELLs will easily pick up on by interacting with friends at school, people in the community, and seeing them on television. Some examples include talking on the phone, singing songs, and slang words that are popular in the area/culture. On average, BICS proficiency can be achieved anywhere from 6 month to 2 years.\n- CALP, or cognitive academic language proficiency, is academic language specific to content area studies that must be learned for success in school but will not be picked up through day to day conversations. Many of these words are vocabulary words for specific content areas like math or science.\nIt is important for teachers to really understand which level their ELLs are in when they come into the classroom in order to give them the best education possible. Another important thing is to respect the silent period, as most ELL students will take time to get adjusted in the first place, especially if they are new to the country or the school.\nNow, another viral aspect of SLA is reaching fluency in academic language, or the CALP aspect from above. Many teachers do not realize that it may take as many as 7-10 years to reach fully academic language fluency. But, what is academic language anyways? Academic language is the content area language and vocabulary needed for students to be successful in each subject. Some examples are theme and irony in English language arts, hypotenuse and function in mathematics, and democracy in social studies. Academic language usually needs to be explicitly taught, and the instruction and explanation of these content area words may even benefit the mainstream students as well. Who doesn't need a refresher on the difference between mood and tone or communism and socialism every year??\nSome methods/activities for achieving academic language proficiency are:\n- Flash cards (or Quizlet)\n- Reading different types of texts (in or out of class)\n- Conversation practice or stimulated dialogues with peers and teacher\n- Language learning software (Rosetta Stone, or the app DuoLingo are great ones!)\n- Teaching grammar/giving grammatical explanations before students use it\n- Activating background/cultural knowledge\n- Providing quick, easy to understand, and constructive feedback\n- Creating graphic organizers or handouts with visuals, pictures, explanations, and more.\nTake a look at this video to see what Dr. Cynthia Lundgren from Hamline University has to say about social vs. academic language!! (3:23 minutes long)"

"Chandra Captures Venus in a Whole New Light\n29 Nov 2001\n(Source: NASA Headquarters)\nMarshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.\nChandra X-ray Observatory Center, Cambridge, Mass.\nScientists have captured the first X-ray view of Venus using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. The observations provide new information about the atmosphere of Venus and open a new window for examining Earth's sister planet.\nVenus in X-rays looks similar to Venus in visible light, but there are important differences. The optically visible Venus is due to the reflection of sunlight and, for the relative positions of Venus, Earth and Sun during these observations, shows a uniform half-crescent that is brightest toward the middle. The X-ray Venus is slightly less than a half-crescent and brighter on the limbs.\nThe differences are due to the processes by which Venus shines in visible and X-ray light. The X-rays from Venus are produced by fluorescence, rather than reflection. Solar X- rays bombard the atmosphere of Venus, knock electrons out of the inner parts of the atoms, and excite the atoms to a higher energy level. The atoms almost immediately return to their lower energy state with the emission of a fluorescent X-ray. A similar process involving ultraviolet light produces the visible light from fluorescent lamps.\nFor Venus, most of the fluorescent X-rays come from oxygen and carbon atoms between 120 and 140 kilometers (72 to 87 miles) above the planet's surface. In contrast, the optical light is reflected from clouds at a height of 50 to 70 kilometers (30 to 42 miles). As a result, Venus' Sun-lit hemisphere appears surrounded by an almost-transparent luminous shell in X-rays. Venus looks brightest at the limb since more luminous material is there.\n\"This opens up the exciting possibility of using X-ray observations to study regions of the atmosphere of Venus that are difficult to investigate by other means,\" said Konrad Dennerl of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany, leader of an international team of scientists that conducted the research.\nThe Chandra observation of Venus was also a technological tour de force. The angular separation of Venus from the Sun, as seen from Earth, never exceeds 48 degrees. This relative proximity has prevented star trackers and cameras on other X- ray astronomy satellites from locking onto guide stars and pointing steadily in the direction of Venus to perform such an observation.\nVenus was observed on Jan. 10, 2001, with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) detector plus the Low Energy Transmission Grating and on Jan. 13, 2001, with the ACIS alone. Other members of the team were Vadim Burwitz and Jakob Engelhauser, Max Planck Institute; Carey Lisse, University of Maryland, College Park; and Scott Wolk, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Mass. These results were presented at this week's \"New Visions of X-ray Universe in the XMM-Newton and Chandra Era\" symposium in Noordwijk, Netherlands.\nThe Low Energy Transmission Grating was built by the Space Research Organization of the Netherlands and the Max Planck Institute, and the ACIS instrument was developed for NASA by The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program. The Smithsonian's Chandra X-ray Center controls science and flight operations from Cambridge, Mass.\nMore information on Chandra and images associated with this release are available at:"

"How Did the Cherries, Magnolias, and Other Plants Handle the Snowstorm?\nDespite the unusually late snowstorm and cold snap, most of Brooklyn Botanic Garden’s cherries are in pretty good shape right now. Some of the early-blooming magnolias suffered, but most of that collection’s blooms are still safely in their bud cases. Time will tell how extreme weather like this might affect plants long term.\n“Only three cherry trees were in bloom when the storm came, and those lost about half their flowers. But even those still have some buds that will blossom,” says Brian Funk, curator of the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden and Cherry Walk.\nThe cherries in bloom were the earliest-blooming cultivars. Most of BBG’s collection of more than 200 trees blooms later. There are 26 different ornamental cherry cultivars and species in the Garden. Prunus ‘Okame’ usually signals the start of the spring season with blossoms in late March, and the rest of the collection blooms in succession over the next month. The P. ‘Kanzan’ blossoms along Cherry Esplanade and Cherry Walk provide the finale.\n“The buds of a few of the ‘Okame’ had started to swell, so there could be some slight damage, but there are still plenty of flowers left. For the rest of the collection, most buds were still tight. The ‘Kanzan’ and other later-blooming cherries should be perfectly fine as long as the weather stays stable,” says Funk.\nThe ongoing cold will likely keep further blooms on hold, but once the temperature starts to rise, they will pick up where they left off. The cherries, and many other plants, had already started responding to an unusually warm February. “We’re still likely to see an early peak bloom, because they already got a head start,” says Funk.\nMagnolias, in general, start to bloom a bit earlier than the cherries. The collection blooms from mid- to late March through April and into June. Several of the earliest-blooming species had already broken out of dormancy and started blooming when the storm and subfreezing temperatures hit.\n“The star magnolias, some of the saucers, and the 'Leonard Messel' magnolias were damaged—maybe up to a tenth of the buds on some trees,” says Wayken Shaw, curator of Magnolia Plaza and Lily Pool Terrace. “The unopened buds on those trees definitely show signs of stress too, particularly the saucers. You can see a different coloration in the buds, with the darker ones desiccated when cut open,” says Shaw.\nBut the buds of the later-blooming magnolias were still tightly contained inside their bud cases. “Our native magnolias are safer since they bloom much later in May and early June,” says Shaw. “Since the majority of our BBG hybrids are bred with Magnolia acuminata, those specimens should be much better off since they bloom later than their Asian counterparts.” Most bulbs are adapted to early-spring weather fluctuations and should also be fine.\nStill, this year’s weather whiplash was highly unusual, so it’s somewhat hard to predict the effects. “An extreme hot-cold winter like this will stress flowering trees, but how they bounce back in the short and long terms depends on the overall health of the plant. If it’s battling disease or, say, the effects of our last two seasons of drought, it will have fewer resources to deal with additional stresses,” says Shaw.\nIn many plants, some of the consequences might not appear until later. Several peonies, for instance, had started to leaf out prematurely in response to the late-winter warm spell. “They had buds the size of dimes…it doesn’t look good for them,” says Funk.\nAnd though the Garden is a cultivated space, it still functions as an ecosystem, with a variety of interrelated factors affecting the plants and animals that live here. Some are more obvious, and immediate, than others.\nEarly bloom times and other changes in plant life cycles can have an impact on insects and other wildlife that feed on them and pollinate them, as well as on potential pests—or their natural predators. “For whatever reason, it seems like pathogenic insects always seem to adapt better than beneficial ones,” says Chris Roddick, foreman of the grounds. “If you look at the big picture, new weather patterns throw off natural phenological cycles. We don’t really know how this will play out when it happens year after year,” says Roddick."

"Plastic parts of older computers become yellow or brown over time, so you end up with a computer that looks yellow or brown instead of white or gray. In this tutorial, we will show you how to restore old plastic parts to their original color by using a homemade peroxide-based solution called Retr0bright.\nFirst of all, we must explain that we are not the inventors of this solution; we are giving full credit to the original group that developed it. Also, on their website, you can see the original recipe and alternative recipes for this solution. We won’t repeat what is already written there; we will show you some results we got from using this solution and some tips.\nYou will have to disassemble the computer on which you want to use Retr0bright, and remove the plastic parts that you want to restore. You can’t leave the computer assembled, since you will need to wash the plastic parts several times, and obviously, you don’t want water touching the electronics of the computer.\nYou need to clean the plastic parts very well before starting the process. We recommend that you clean them in a utility sink using a sponge and detergent.\nBasically, after creating the solution, you must apply it to the plastic part you wish to brighten up with a paintbrush (don’t forget to wear safety goggles and gloves while handling the solution), and put the plastic part under ultra violet light (a.k.a. “black light”) for a couple of hours. (Some users report that placing the parts under sunlight works just fine.) After this time has elapsed, you should check the result, washing the parts in a utility sink with a sponge and detergent.\nIf the parts are already the way you want them to be, great. Otherwise, you should apply more Retr0bright and repeat the process for two more hours. From our experience (at least where we are located, which has very dry weather), the solution dries after about two hours, and that is why we recommend the two-hour cycle.\nSome parts will clear in just one two-hour cycle. Others will require several cycles. We will give you some real examples on the next pages.\nIn Figure 1 you can see some of our plastic parts under ultra violet light. We had so many old computers in our collection that we created a box with four UV light bulbs in it and applied a reflective foil around the inside panels of the box.\nBefore using Retr0bright for the first time, we recommend that you test the procedure with an old plastic part that is yellowed and that does not belong to your computer, so you can better understand the process and fine-tune it, especially because of the caveats (see last page)."

"In film, theatre and video, live-action refers to works that are acted out by human actors, as opposed to by animation. As it is the norm, the term is usually superfluous, but it makes an important distinction in situations in which one might normally expect animation, as in a Pixar film, a video game or when the work is adapted from an animated cartoon, such as The Flintstones or Josie and the Pussycats films, or The Tick television program. Use of puppets in films such as The Dark Crystal is also considered to be live-action, provided that stop-motion is not used to animate them.\nThe term is also used within the animation world to refer to non-cartoon characters: in a live-action/animated film such as Who Framed Roger Rabbit or Mary Poppins, in which humans and cartoons co-exist, \"live-action\" characters are the \"real\" actors, such as Bob Hoskins and Julie Andrews, as opposed to the animated \"actors\", such as Roger Rabbit himself.\nLive-action can also mean that a film or a show is adapted from comics. Adaptations from comics include live-action film versions of Marvel Comics' Spider-Man and X-Men, DC Comics' Superman and Batman, or manga such as Death Note and Great Teacher Onizuka."

"Paul Homewood ranks the data from NOAA/NCDC in a pragmatic way, and comes up with this graph.\nAn Alternative Look\nWe often hear today’s climate described as “post-normal”, but what was so normal about climate 50 or 100 years ago? The bottom line is that the climate of the last couple of decades or so is what we have all lived through, and adapted to. Bearing this fact in mind, and putting more emphasis on what most people would regard as extreme weather, I have come up with my own index, based on:-\n- Cold temperatures in winter – the colder it is, the more “extreme”.\n- Hot temperatures in summer – the hotter it is, the more “extreme”. (I appreciate Minnesota might like a warmer summer, but I have to draw the line somewhere!)\n- Annual precipitation variation, compared with the 1981-2010 mean, (both higher and lower).\n- Tropical storms/hurricanes, as calculated in NOAA’s index.\nRather than using the “percent of area affected” system that NOAA have adopted. I have chosen a ranking system. Each year since 1910 is given a ranking for each category, with “1” being the least extreme, and “103” most extreme. The four individual rankings are then averaged together, to give the overall ranking.\nThe results are shown in Figure 8. (above)\n2012 finishes with a ranking of 54, making it an unremarkable 46th most extreme, out of 103. The individual rankings are:-\n|Winter Mean Temperature||3|\n|Summer Mean Temperature||101|\nUnder my ranking system, the worst years for extreme weather were:-\n|1936||2nd coldest winter, as well as 4th hottest summer and drought.|\n|1933||5th worst for hurricanes, hot summer, dry.|\n|1910||4th coldest winter, driest year on record.|\n|1988||8th driest year, 9th hottest summer|\n|1955||Cold winter, very dry, hurricanes.|\n|1918||7th coldest winter, dry|\nMy system does have one drawback – based on national data, regional variations could be missed. For instance, a wet East Coast could cancel out a dry West Coast! However, I think it is fair to say, that in 2012 the warm and dry weather was pretty well distributed.\nSee his full post here."

"Arthur Rylah Institute\nWelcome to the Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research (ARI) home page. ARI is a leading centre for applied ecological research, located in Heidelberg, Melbourne.\nWe are the biodiversity research base for the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) in Victoria.\nSee our pages for information on the Institute, research projects and publications, including reports available to download and links to journal articles. Subscribe to our eNews.\nRemoving trout for Barred Galaxias conservation\nTrout are a major predator of the threatened Barred Galaxias. ARI undertook a review to determine how effective relocating trout from above instream barriers is in preventing them from becoming established in Barred Galaxias habitat.\nEvaluating native vegetation management\nARI has conducted a major review of past programs that have monitored the outcomes from investment in native vegetation management. An approach has now being developed to improve how success of these management activities can be monitored and evaluated."

"The starting as well as the central point of any healing is the faith that the patient has for the doctor. This faith implies that the patient believes that the best is being done to heal the disease he (or she) is suffering from. When the patient is content about this, he is prepared to wait for the disease to improve. He accepts whatever hurdles or delays that may occur during the process of recovery. The reassuring words from the physician strengthen his faith.\nThis faith that the patient has, can also involve faith in the institution or hospital where he is undergoing treatment. He believes that the place where he has come seeking relief would finally turn out to be good for him. Faith also matters in the case of a child who believes that his parent or guardian is taking care of him. Faith is a deep seated feeling that leads to contentment and soothes the questioning mind.\nFaith is essential for healing to take place regardless of the kind of treatment that is actually given. Without faith the mind is active and restless. This has repercussions on the immune system. The new field of psychoneuroimmunology [1 2 3 4 5] has validated the reality of mind-body-spirit medicine [6 7 8 9]. Where there is faith, the feeling is positive and this helps the body's built-in mechanisms of healing.\nTherefore a basic requirement for a successful health outcome would be to ensure that the care given at the healthcare setting strengthens the faith of the patient. Whatever facilities that are available to the patient become meaningful in this context. Hi-tech facilities may attract the patient but may not strengthen the inner feeling of faith; thus such facilities need not always mean better health outcome.\nThe physician should live up to the faith reposed in him by arriving at the cause of the disease process just as the archer aims at the \"bull's eye'. He needs to use his medical knowledge and clinical acumen to zero-in on the cause as soon as possible and start the appropriate treatment. The rest of the healing should be left to the body's built-in mechanisms; or in lay-man's term left to \"nature'. It is unnecessary as well as virtually impossible to understand every mechanism underlying \"nature'.\nHealth Care by Ask Jeeves\nThe central role of faith has implications on how medicine is taught to students. The young medico needs to learn the bio-medical aspects by acquiring a sound knowledge of the basic sciences - anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, micro-biology and pharmacology. Even as he learns the basics of clinical examination, he needs to learn the art of dealing with the patient and his concerns. He needs to understand the central role of faith in healing and that his own medical knowledge and skill only help to supplement the body's built-in mechanisms of healing.\nPost-graduate learning in medicine should concentrate on the student's ability to manage various disease conditions and lead to perfection of clinical acumen. Acquiring more and more theoretical knowledge without physician-patient interaction is of little use and would only serve to distract the budding physician from targeting the \"bull's eye'. Sir William Osler's emphasis on bedside medicine acquires a new dimension in the context of the new-found validity of mind-body-spirit medicine.\nPresently modern medicine does not recognize the role of faith and the reality of mind-body-spirit medicine. Relying purely on the bio-medical aspects has led to a mechanical approach to diseases. Consequently, there is lack of clarity regarding the extent to which physician should intervene while managing the disease processes. There is uncertainty, in the face of rapid scientific advances, on how medicine is to be taught and how budding doctors are to be evaluated.\nThe quality of health care would eventually depend on how well the roles of the health care professional, the health care setting, medical advances, medical education and research are synchronized to supplement and support the central nature of faith and the hidden reality of mind-body-spirit medicine. One reason for the world wide rise in health care costs is an approach to health care that is almost exclusively from without, while matters concerning health and health care become greatly simplified if they are viewed from within.\nReferences: (All references accessed on 17th April, 2011)\n1. Mausch K. The Psyche, the Immunological system and the problems of Health and Disease. Psychiatr Pol. 1995 Jul-Aug;29(4):435-41.\n2. Lutgendorf SK, Costanzo ES. Psychoneuroimmunology and health psychology: an integrative model. Brain Behav Immun. 2003 Aug; 17(4): 225-32.\n3. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, McGuire L, Robles TF, Glaser R. Emotions, morbidity and mortality: new perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annu Rev Psychol. 2002; 53:83-107.\n1 | 2"

"|Home | Articles | Forum | Glossary | Books|\nThe electrical insulation of equipment is usually made up of many different components selected to withstand the widely different electrical, mechanical, thermal, and environmental stresses occurring in different parts of the structure.\nThe level of maintenance required for electrical equipment will depend on the effectiveness of the physical support for the insulation, the severity of the forces acting on it and the insulating materials themselves, and the service environment. Therefore, the length of useful life of the insulation depends on the arrangement of individual components, their interactions upon one another, contribution of each component to the electrical and mechanical integrity of the system, and the process used in manufacturing the equipment. Historically, functional evaluation of insulation was based primarily on thermal stresses.\nHowever, with many types of equipment, other aging stresses or factors, such as mechanical, electrical, and environmental may be dominant and significantly influence service life. The following are the major causes of insulation degradation and eventual failure.\nMechanical stress: Mechanical stress can be caused by power frequency transient currents such as when switching on power equipment, such as a motor or a transformer, that give rise to transient power frequency cur rents. In the case of a motor, this transient current may be as high as six times the normal frequency current. In the case of a transformer, the power frequency current may be as high as 10-12 times the normal cur rent. The magnetically induced mechanical forces in the equipment are the square of the transient current, therefore a motor experiences mechanical forces 36 or more times and a transformer experiences 100 or more times stronger than normal service . If these transient occur frequently, such as frequent starting of motors or energizing of transformers and these forces cannot be withstood it would eventually lead to mechanical damage. Also, insulation can be damaged by mechanical vibration and expansion and contraction at power frequency operation. For example, when current is applied, the end turns of motor windings are twisted.\nIf the twisting force is strong enough to break the bond of insulating varnish, the turns of magnetic wire will wear against each other and cause a turn-to-turn short. Once the turns are shorted, localized heating is caused by the current induced onto the closed loop. This heat rapidly degrades the surrounding insulation and over time destroys the groundwall insulation. A similar example may be applied to a transformer inrush current or through fault currents that can begin as mechanical damage in the turns and eventually manifest as winding faults.\nTemperature hot spots: The value of temperature coefficient of resistance of an insulating material is negative and relatively large. Therefore, even a small increase in temperature will cause a large decrease in the insulation resistance.\nThe current distribution over a given insulation is not uniform, therefore the weak part of the insulation carries more current and heated more than other parts, as long as the insulation or adjacent structures can conduct the heat away as fast as it is generated, the temperature will remain stable. However, if the heat is not dissipated as fast as it is generated the weaker spots in the insulation will become increasingly hotter until thermal breakdown occurs.\nEnvironmental (moisture, chemicals, dirt, and oils): The environmental factors that degrade insulation over time are moisture, dirt, dust, oils, acids, and alkalies. Moisture is conductive because it contains impurities. When insulation absorbs or is laden with moisture it decreases the insulation resistance.\nThe moisture penetrates the cracks and pores of the insulation, especially older insulation, and provides low resistance paths for creepage currents and potential sources of dielectric failure. Chemical fumes such as acids and alkalies often found in the industrial environment directly attack insulation and permanently lower its insulation resistance. Similarly, oil films will cover the internal surfaces of insulation of a machine. The oil may come from the environment or a leaking bearing seal. It will tend to lower the insulation resistance, reduce the ability to dissipate heat, and promote thermal flagging and eventual failure. Dirt and dust in combination with moisture can become conductive and therefore cause creepage currents and insulation degradation as well as reduce the ability of the insulation to dissipate heat. The life of equipment is dependent to a considerable extent upon the degree of exclusion of oxygen, moisture, dirt, and chemicals from the interior of the insulating structure. At a given temperature, therefore, the life of equipment may be longer if the insulation is suitably protected than if it were freely exposed to industrial atmospheres.\nElectrical stresses (corona, surges, and partial discharges): Electrical equipment is always subjected to internally generated or external voltage and current surges. A physical rupture of insulation with the destruction of molecular bonds might occur during a voltage surge due to switching of a large inductive load or lightning. This transitory overpotential stresses the molecular structure of the insulating material causing ionization and failure of the insulating material itself. Corona is defined as the form of electrical discharge that occurs when the critical (corona inception) voltage is reached, thus causing air to breakdown. Corona by itself is not harmful to insulation however corona produces ozone which accelerates the oxidation of the organic materials of insulation. Further, the nitrogen oxides produced by the ionization of air form acids when combined with moisture also degrade the insulation. The voids in the cable-extruded insulation once electrified begin to conduct and grow larger. This phenomenon is known as partial discharge in the cable insulation and over time makes the void to grow larger and eventually cause cable to fail. Electrical stresses will be more significant with high-voltage apparatus or with equipment exposed to voltage transients.\nThermaflaging: The temperature at which an insulation operates determines its useful life. Thermal stress is the single most recognized cause of insulation degradation. Insulation does not always fail when reaching some critical temperature, but by gradual mechanical deterioration with time at an elevated temperature. The time-temperature relationship determines the rate at which the mechanical strength of organic material decreases.\nThereafter, electrical failure may occur because of physical disintegration of the insulating materials. Typical thermaflaging mechanisms include (a) loss of volatile constituents, (b) oxidation that can lead to molecular cross-linking and embrittlement, (c) hydrolytic degradation in which moisture reacts with the insulation under the influence of heat, pressure, and other factors to cause molecular deterioration, and (d) chemical breakdown of constituents with formation of products that act to degrade the material further, such as hydrochloric acid. The electrical and mechanical properties of insulating materials and insulation systems may be influenced in different ways and to different degrees as a function of temperature and with thermaflaging. Thermaflaging progressively decreases elongation to rupture so that embrittlement finally leads to cracking and that may contribute to electrical failure. Thus, how long insulation is going to last depends not only upon the materials used, but also upon the effectiveness of the physical support for the insulation and the severity of the forces tending to disrupt it. Even though portions of insulation structures may have become embrittled under the influence of high temperature, successful operation of the equipment may continue for years if the insulation is not disturbed.\nBecause of the effect of mechanical stress, the forces of thermal expansion and contraction may impose temperature limitations on large equipment even though higher temperature limits proved satisfactory in small equipment when similar insulating materials were used. The rate of physical deterioration of insulation under thermaflaging increases rapidly with an increase in temperature. The oxidation of the insulating materials is a chemical reaction in which the rate of reaction is given by Arrhenius law.\nIn his paper, \"Electrical insulation deterioration treated as a chemical rate phenomenon,\" AIEE Transaction, 67 (Part 1) (1948) 113-122, T.W. Dakin realized the relationship between the thermaflaging phenomenon and the Arrhenius law of chemical reaction rates. The life of insulation is related to temperature and can be expressed by:\nLH = Ae -E/RT\nLH is life in hours (or the specific reaction rate)\nA is the frequency of molecular encounters\nE is the activation energy (constant for a given reaction)\nR is the universal gas constant\nT is the absolute temperature (K)\nThe above equation can be simplified as\nLH = Ae B/T\nwhere A and B are constants.\nAn approximation of the above equation states that life of insulation will be reduced by half for every 10°C rise in temperature. From the above equation, it is apparent that higher the temperature, the shorter the expected life of the insulation.\n__8.1 Failure Modes-Electrical Power Equipment\nFailures can occur in any electrical equipment at any time. The major power equipment considered for discussion are transformers, switchgear breakers, switchgear buses, electromechanical relays, cables, and rotating machines.\nThe insulation systems makeup of the above referenced equipment contains dielectric materials which are the key components for gauging its reliability.\nA failure in insulation, or an insulation system, is failure of the power equipment. Therefore, we will briefly review the insulation systems of major electrical equipment and apparatus for an understanding why and how power equipment fails. A better understanding of the failure modes and effects will help broaden the understanding in the care and servicing of electrical power equipment.\nMajor components that make up a transformer are primary winding, secondary winding, magnetic iron core, coolant (air, gas, oil, or synthetic fluid), bushings, and tank. The insulating materials used in the makeup of transformer insulation system are enameled conductors (wire), kraft paper, glass, thermoplastic insulating tape, presswood, glass fabric, wood, resins, porcelain, cements, polymer coatings, gasket materials, internal paints, and mineral oil or synthetic fluid. The iron core with its clamping structure, the primary and secondary windings with their clamping arrangement, and leads and tapping from windings together with their supporting structure complete the construction components of a transformer. Insulating materials used in the manufacturing of bushing are porcelain, glass, thermosetting cast resins, paper tape, and oil. The paper used in bushing is usually oil- impregnated paper, resin-impregnated paper, or resin-bonded paper.\nThe feed-through lead conductor with its insulation system is enclosed in porcelain or glass housing. Bushings are constructed as condenser bushing or noncondenser bushing (see Section 3.6.2 for more detail). The condenser bushings are used in transformers with primary voltage rating above 50 kV whereas the noncondenser type bushings are used below 50 kV applications.\nTransformer failures, while infrequent, are usually the culmination of a series of events: unusual loading, impressed surges (from protective circuitry failure or local switching), or improper maintenance. Nearly always, incipient failures can be determined by testing, and PM performed to correct the condition. If, however, the transformer does fault, other connected or adjacent equipment is protected by the sensing elements and circuit breakers.\nAny fluid spill or fire activates the fire extinguishing system if installed.\nThere is very little probability that even a major transformer fault will mechanically damage any equipment other than itself. The mechanical damage will largely be confined to nearby piping, support structures, or electrical connections. The possible spill of flaming transformer oil into a trench carrying either oil-filled cables, hydrogen supply lines, or the transformer oil-filtering piping could easily involve areas and elements of equipment not electrical in nature. There is, of course, a small chance that projectiles from the bushings could impact on ceramic supports or feed through of other nearby equipment and contribute to their failure. If the transformer fault involves arcing between the high- and low-voltage windings, the physical damage resulting from the fault may well extend into the low-voltage bus work and connections.\nCause of Failure; % Failures (1998 study)\nInsulation failure 13.0 Design/materials/ workmanship 2.9 All others 24.2 Overloading 2.4 Line surge/thru faults 21.5 Improper maintenance/ operation 11.3 Loose connection 6.0 Lightning 12.4 Moisture 6.3\nAge at Failure; Number of Failure\n0-5 years 9 6-10 years 6 11-15 years 9 16-20 years 9 21-25 years 10 Over 25 years 16 Age unknown 35\nTABLE 3 displays results of Harford Steam Boiler Insurance Company (HSB) 1998 study on the causes of transformer failures. TABLE 4 displays the results of HSB 2003 study on distribution of transformer failures. For the causes of failures reported line surge/through faults are the number one cause for all types of failures. Insulation failure was the second leading cause of trans former failures and these failures were attributed to defective installation, insulation deterioration, and short circuits. For failures due to aging, the winding insulation looses mechanical and dielectric withstand strength over time and therefore is weakened to the point where it can no longer sustain the high radial and compressive forces induced by a line surge, or an internal or through fault. Also, as the load increases due to system expansion, the operating stresses increase in a transformer.\nLarge power transformers used in the medium-voltage electrical distribution system are typically of liquid-immersed type. The primary and secondary coils are immersed in oil, which acts to insulate as well as cool the coils.\nThe coils are wrapped on an iron core, which is enclosed in a tank and filled with oil. A dedicated cooling system consisting of finned radiators with temperature-controlled cooling fans will be provided to remove heat from the internals. In addition, some cooling systems include one or more circulating pumps to increase the flow of oil through the heat exchanger and provide more efficient core cooling. The insulating oil is circulated through the trans former tank and heat is rejected via the heat exchanger. The power for the circulating pumps and cooling fans is typically 480V AC. Smaller power transformers, such as those found in load center switchgear, may be either oil filled or dry-type units. Dry-type transformers may be air-cooled with natural circulation alone, or more typically, forced-air-cooled with temperature- controlled cooling fans. Power connections to electrical buses and cables are routed through insulated bushings to the interior transformer windings.\nAge-related degradation of transformers is primarily associated with the coils and the electrical connections. Degradation of the coils can occur due to continual exposure to elevated temperature, or degradation of the insulating oil. When the oil starts to degrade, gas is generated, which will accumulate inside the transformer tank. Checking for gas content in the oil is one method of transformer condition monitoring. Moisture intrusion is also a concern since entrained moisture can cause the formation of bubbles in the insulating oil during transformer operation. Formation of bubbles can degrade the performance of the transformer. Some examples of failure causes of power transformers are the following:\nTo develop and implement a rigorous PM program, an understanding of trans former failure modes is necessary. The transformers can fail from any combi nation of electrical, mechanical, and thermal factors. Actual transformer failures as listed above involve breakdown of the insulation system which may result from any of the factors (failure modes) just mentioned above. TABLE 5 summarizes the stressors, failure modes and effects of power transformers.\nTABLE 5 Failure Modes, Stressors, and Effects of Transformers\nComponent Material Stressors Failure Mode Effects Enclosure Structural steel Moisture/humidity Corrosion Loss of structural integrity Mechanical stress Oxidation Dirt/moisture intrusion Cracking of welds Oil leakage Seismic/vibration-induced damage Coils Cellulosic insulation Elevated temperature Embrittlement/cracking of insulation Loss of dielectric integrity Fiberglass Ohmic heating Corrosion/oxidation of wire Turn-to-turn shorts Epoxies Moisture/humidity Wear of insulation Short circuit to ground Varnish Electromagnetic cycling Copper wire Electrical transients Core Iron Humidity/moisture Corrosion Degraded operation of transformer Electromagnetic cycling Oxidation Electrical transients Delamination Electrical connections Copper, aluminum, phenolic, ceramic insulators Elevated temperature Corrosion Degraded transformer operation\nOhmic heating Oxidation Fault to ground Moisture/humidity Cracking of welds and insulators Loss of transformer function Vibration Seismic/vibration-induced damage Loosening of parts Insulating oil Mineral oil, synthetic transformer oil (silicone and others) Moisture/humidity Oxidation/contamination of oil Loss of dielectric strength Dirt/contamination Degradation of insulating oil properties Loss of cooling properties Sludge formation in tank Generation of gas in oil Moisture in oil Degraded due to moisture Terminals Aluminum, copper conductors, porcelain insulators Moisture/humidity Oxidation/corrosion Arcing Dirt/contamination Cracking/mechanical damage to insulators Fault to ground Vibration/mechanical stress Tap changer Aluminum, copper, porcelain insulators, phenolic Moisture/humidity Oxidation/corrosion of the conductors Arcing Dirt/contamination Cracking/mechanical damage to insulators Fault to ground Vibration/mechanical stress\nElectrically induced failures: These involve transient or sustained overvoltage conditions, lightning and switching surges, partial discharges, and static electrification. The partial discharges may be caused by poor insulation system design, by manufacturing defects or by contamination of the insulation system (both oil and solid insulation).\nMechanically induced failures: A mechanically induced failure is due to deforming of a transformer's windings that eventually results in the abrasion or rupturing of its paper insulation. Transformer winding deformation happens in either during shipping or during magnetically induced electromechanical forces. When a transformer experiences an internal or heavy through fault, the windings are subjected to electromechanical forces that are beyond their design capability. When this happens, it can cause hoop (inward radial) buckling of the innermost windings, conductor tipping, conductor telescoping, spiral tightening, end ring crushing, and/or failure of the coil clamping system.\nThermally induced failures: Thermal degradation causes the paper insulation of the windings to loose its physical strength to the point where it can no longer withstand the vibration and mechanical movement that occur inside a transformer. The thermally induced failures are due to overloading beyond its design capability for long period of time, failure of the cooling system to dissipate heat, blockage of axial oil duct spaces, operating the transformer in an overexcited condition, and/or excessive ambient temperature conditions.\nRefer to Section 126.96.36.199 for more details on causes of transformer failures.\nAn anatomy of a transformer failure is illustrated in FIG. 10 based on a root cause analysis of a station service transformer that failed in service catastrophically. The transformer was about 7 years old when it failed as a result of through fault because it had an incipient turn-to-turn fault in one of the phase winding. Because of lack of preventive and/or predictive maintenance testing over the 7 years, the fault went undetected until one day the transformer failed with dire consequences. As illustrated in FIG. 10a, the original fault was a minor fault and was inconsequential to normal operation of the transformer.\nHowever, as the current dramatically increased under a through fault condition, the minor fault developed into a major fault ( FIG. 10b and c).\n__8.1.2 Switchgear and Circuit Breakers\nThe insulating materials used for bus bar insulation and mechanical support in switchgear and circuit breakers are ceramics, epoxy resins, epoxy resin bonded glass fiber, polyester resins, vulcanized fiber, and synthetic resins bonded paper. In low-voltage breakers, synthetic resin moldings are used as insulating materials for the metallic parts. The modern practice is to use thermosetting plastics for bus bar mounting in switchgear to better withstand electromechanical and electrodynamic forces arising out of system faults.\nThe thermosetting compounds are known as dough molding compounds (DMCs) and sheet molding compounds (SMCs). These compounds are basically made up of fiber- or glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics that posses good physical and thermal stability, high mechanical strength, and excellent electrical properties. These compounds have essentially replaced the older insulating materials such as bakelite (phenol formaldehyde) and veneered impregnated wood used in switchgear applications.\nThe SF6 gas, air, vacuum, and oil are used as arc-quenching medium in circuit breakers. The mechanisms vary depending on voltage rating, the type, and vintage of circuit breakers. For breakers, the reliability concerns extend to not only insulation but also to the correct functioning of the operating mechanism, protective devices, and control that are integral to the breaker.\nUnlike transformers that are a quiescent element, switchgear breakers are active elements that can fail by acting spuriously or by not functioning (either to open or close) upon command. These incorrect functions can create problems in the connected circuits that are quite different from those that result directly from any fire, explosion, or spread of possibly toxic insulating fluids. If a breaker fails to clear upon signal or becomes overloaded for any reason, then the circuit will be subjected to further damage until an upstream breaker (usually larger and set at a higher current rating) can sense and clear the overload. If, on the other hand, a breaker fails to close, this normally means that all circuits that receive power from this feed point cannot perform their intended functions. Fortunately, most breakers are located in enclosed segregated areas, which provide containment and fire protection capabilities, as well as in their own cabinets, which help limit any physical damage to immediately adjacent equipment. However, switchgear fires can be catastrophic and incidents have occurred where complete line up of switchgear has burned down due to breaker failing to clear a fault. An example of switchgear burn-down is shown in FIG. 11.\nPieces/Parts Number of Events Bearing 1 Circuit board/command circuit (diodes) 1 Closing mechanism (in general) 9 Coil (undervoltage coil, shunt coil, trip coil) 11 Contacts 5 Digital trip unit 1 Enclosure (case, frame, casket) 2 Fuse 2 Latching mechanism 21 Limit switches 3 Lockout/interlock mechanism 1 Opening mechanism (in general)/trip device 10 Protection systems (instrumentation: sensors) 9 Relays 12 Spring 3 Switch (cell, cutoff) 3 Timer 1 Wires 4 Other (breaker in general) 1 Other (other component) 4 Total 104\nCircuit breakers in the medium-voltage electrical system are typically of the metal-clad type, and are commonly part of a switchgear assembly. The switchgear assembly comprises of the following:\nThe circuit breakers are constructed of a number of different mechanical and electrical subsystems, all of which are contained in a metal enclosure. Typically, switchgear and circuit breakers are located in a mild environment such as a switchgear room therefore, they would not be exposed to harsh environment.\nHowever, space heaters are always installed in circuit breaker cubicles to pre vent moisture and condensation when it is not carrying load. The predominant stressors are expected to be operational stressors, such as mechanical wear of the moving parts and electrical cycling, as well as exposure to contaminants such as dust and dirt. Operation of the circuit breakers requires a number of mechanical, as well as electrical systems. Mechanical linkages, together with springs and latches are used to open and close the breaker. Repeated operation of the breaker can lead to wear of these components over time. Electrical transients can generate substantial electromagnetic forces that act on circuit breaker components and supports. Powerful vibrations are produced when a circuit breaker mechanism opens to interrupt an electrical arc. This can result in misalignment, bending, twisting, binding, or even breakage of the various mechanical component s resulting in degraded performance or los s of function.\nElectrical cycling of the power path in the breaker can also lead to degradation of the various electrical components, such as the contacts and arc extinguishing components. When the contacts arc during breaker operation, small amounts of metal are vaporized and deposited on the arc chutes. As these deposits build up over time, they can increase the conductivity of the chutes and diminish their ability to extinguish the arcs. Another electrical system that can lead to breaker failure is the control power system. Typically, 125 V DC control power is used for a line up of switchgear breakers for tripping, closing, and to operate the peripheral equipment such as the spring charging motor. The closing and peripheral control power circuit normally includes a fuse. Degradation of this circuit, as well as the fuse and fuse holder can lead to loss of control power to the breaker and, thus, loss of breaker function.\nFailure modes for medium-voltage circuit breakers are the following:\nIn a recent study of medium- and low-voltage circuit breakers used in nuclear power plants world wide, 104 events were identified with respect to failure modes as shown in TABLE 6. The following failure symptom categories were identified as being important:\nMovement of the breaker mechanism is impeded by insufficient or inadequate lubrication Movement of the breaker mechanism is impeded by broken, bent, or loose parts, friction, binding, resulting from excessive stress, wear, or faulty installation Operation of the breaker is impeded by incorrect adjustment of set points/limit switches Various electrical problems caused, e.g., by defective coils, defective command circuits, wiring faults, loose wires, poor contacts, and blown fuses Others (e.g., dirt, pollution, and corrosion)\nAs result of this investigation two principal categories of failure causes were identified. They are:\nDeficiencies in operation: This group comprises all events that involve human errors, expressed by a human error related root cause.\nThree failure cause categories were identified as being important in this group:\nDeficiencies in design, construction, and manufacturing: This group comprises all events with hardware related root causes. Two failure cause categories were defined for this group as being important:\nMany breakers sit in open or closed position for long periods of time without having to change their state. Therefore, it is difficult to assess whether a breaker is trouble free and will respond correctly when called upon to perform its intended function. It is imperative that a clear understanding exists on how and what fails within a circuit breaker. Once the failure modes are identified then a method can be developed that can detect these failures modes before an actual failure occurs. The level of monitoring (maintenance and testing) for a particular type of circuit breaker is dependent on the circuit breaker age, type, application, and the risks associated with the loss of function of the circuit breaker including its associated power or protection and control support components ( TABLE 7). The circuit breaker failure modes are discussed as follows:\nInsufficient or inadequate lubrication: Movement of the breaker mechanism is impeded by lack of lubrication, more than half of them affecting the latching mechanism. This suggests that improvements in the maintenance practices should be concentrated upon checking the status of lubrication more regularly.\nMechanical wear: Movement of the breaker mechanism is impeded by wear, broken, bent, or loose parts, friction, binding, resulting from excessive stress, or faulty installation. Mechanical wear is the dominant failure mechanism in this failure symptom/manifestation category. Wear mostly affected the latching mechanism, coils, and relays. Besides deficient maintenance/test procedures and practices, insufficient awareness of aging of breaker piece parts also contributes significantly to this category.\nVarious electrical problems: This failure cause could be defective coils and command circuits, wiring faults, loose wires, blown fuses, and poor contacts. Defective coils and defective command circuits are the dominant failure mechanisms in this category. The events are mostly caused by deficiencies in design, construction, and manufacturing.\nTABLE 7 Failure Modes, Stressors, and Effects of Circuit Breakers\nFails to open: The breaker does not open the circuit when commanded manually or by automatic signal or by protective device. The failure cause probably could be inadequate lubrication of the trip latch or trip mechanism, control circuit failure, open and shorted coil, mechanism linkage failure between operating mechanism and interrupters, trip latch surface wear, deteriorated bearings, deformation of trip latch l at surfaces, or external circuit failure including wiring and battery.\nOpens but fails to interrupt circuit: The breaker opens but is unable to interrupt the current and/or open contacts. For vacuum type breakers, the cause could be loss of vacuum in the vacuum bottle. For stored energy type breakers, the cause could be failure of arc chutes, puffer failure, or mechanical failure. For oil type breakers, it could be contaminated or bad oil. For SF6 breakers, it may be low gas pressure or density. It could be altogether misapplication of the breaker. In the case of when the breaker fails to maintain the required dielectric isolation of contacts after opening operation, the failure cause could be the voltage exceeds the circuit breaker capability, lightning, loss of gas pressure, loss of vacuum, or the mechanism did not travel complete distance.\nNuisance tripping: In this case, the breaker trips unintentionally and interrupts the circuit. The failure cause could be trip latch not secure, ground on the trip circuit, stray current in the trip circuit, inadequate protective relay settings, or relay malfunction.\nFails to close: The breaker does not close the circuit to conduct current when commanded manually or by automatic signal or by protective device. The failure cause could be defective closing coil or solenoid, loss of stored energy, inappropriate lubrication, control circuit failure, contacts burned away, mechanical linkage to contacts broken, or loss of overtravel full contact closing.\nDegraded or lack of dielectric: The breaker does not have sufficient insulation for the circuit either for three-phase or line-to-ground voltage. The failure cause could be loss of or degraded dielectric medium, such as oil, moisture in gas, vacuum, wear generated particles in interrupter, lightning, flashover due to system transient, damage to the insulation of the breaker, excessive overvoltage, or water/moisture infiltration."

"Windows 10 is loaded with lots of powerful features and one of the most important features is hardware virtualization. Virtualization is a technology that enables other programs to emulate hardware in order to run other operating system, in their own respective containers. This is essentially another computer you can make, but inside your own computer in which it is emulating that hardware. You can run different operating systems and programs. You can test new features without risking the current system. You can install anything as you wish, you can test software compatibility without harming up the main system of your computer.\nSetting up such virtual machine needs advanced technology and not all computers can support it. First enable virtualization on Windows 10, then we can proceed.\nWhat Is Hyper - V?\nYou can enable virtualization on Windows 10 with the help of a virtualization platform called Hyper-V. It lets you create and run a software version of a computer called virtual machine. Hyper-V or hypervisor should be activated in your computer to use virtual machine. You can also use it for server virtualization. You can do the following things with the help of Hyper-V:\n- Use your hardware more effectively\n- You can do this by using powerful computers to use less power and physical space.\n- It can help you to improve business continuity by minimizing the impact of downtime of your workload.\n- You can use it to make development in your computing environment and test more efficiently.\nHardware Virtualization System Requirements\nCheck Hardware Virtualization support on Your PC\nAs a first step, you need to ensure that your computer supports hardware virtualization. Follow these steps:\nStep 1 – Run a command prompt\nStep 2 – The command should be\nStep 3 – Let the command gather information about your system. It may take few seconds.\nStep 4 – Under the heading Hyper-V Requirements\nStep 5 – Under the command Virtualization Enabled In Firmware reads Yes.\nStep 6 – In an alternative way, you can check if virtualization is enabled under the Performance tab of the Task Manager.\nOn the CPU performance screen, check if the virtualization status is enabled. If not, enable by going in the BIOS or UEFI setting.\nEnable Virtualization on PC BIOS Setting\nFollow these steps on how to enable virtualization in bios windows 10\nStep 1 – Restart your computer\nStep 2 – Press that specific key that lets you enter BIOS. Most commonly the key is F10, Delete or the F2 key\nStep 3 – After entering the BIOS, you can enable Windows 10 virtualization\nStep 4 – Exit once you’re done and restart your PC\nTo enable virtualizations on windows 10, here is another way to do it from the Windows 10 Settings. Follow below steps:\nStep 1 – In your Windows, go to your Settings\nStep 2 – Click on Update & Security from the drop-down list\nStep 3 – Select Recovery and click on it\nStep 4 – Under the Advanced startup, select and click Restart now.\nStep 5 – Select Troubleshoot option\nStep 6 – From there select Advanced Options\nStep 7 – Select UEFI Firmware Settings and click on it\nStep 8 – And click on Restart\nTo make sure this method, be sure you have UEFI-boot. It can also be changed from the BIOS. Do not worry, Windows PCs have UEFI boot enabled by default.\nEnable Hyper-V Virtualization in Windows 10\nLet’s learn on how to activate virtualization on Windows 10, after setting up the virtualization support in the BIOS.\nStep 1 – Go to the Windows key to obtain the Search box\nStep 2 – In search box, type “turn windows features on or off” and select the option.\nStep 3 – On clicking it, you will see varied options. Scroll down and check the box next to Hyper-V.\nStep 4 – Select on ‘OK’\nStep 5 – Windows will run action and install the necessary files to enable virtualization\nStep 6 – You’ll be prompted to restart your computer\nStep 7 – Select the Restart now option\nUsing Hyper-V to Create a Virtual Machine\nAfter you’ve installed Hyper-V, create a virtual machine in your Windows 10. Follow these simple steps:\nStep 1 – Go to Enter Panel and select the option Administrative Tools\nStep 2 – In the Administrative Tools folder, you will see the Hyper-V Manager, click on it\nStep 3 – When the folder starts running, there will be name of your computer displayed on the left-side of the application. Select that option.\nStep 4 – On the top left bottom, see the Action menu, select first option New and further go to Virtual Machine\nOn the right-side of the application on the sidebar, go in Actions\nStep 5 – There will be dialog box displayed on your screen the New Virtual Machine Wizard, this option will help you in setting up a virtual machine. You will see a following command, ‘Click Next to create a virtual machine with a custom configuration.’ Further select ‘Next’ and follow steps to create a virtual machine.\nStep 6 – Finally you will see the virtual machine in the Hyper-V window\nWhy Should You Enable Virtualization On Your PC?\nWe’ve already stated the exceptional feature about virtualization. That is, to run test and software compatibility in an isolated environment. It is called Windows Sandbox, a built-in feature in the new Windows 10 May 2019 update.\nSome of the benefits of implementing virtual machines are:\n- Virtual machine lets you have more than one or multiple operating system environments on the same computer.\n- Through virtual machine you can get ISA or instruction set architecture. The ISA acts as an interface between software and hardware.\n- A virtual machine is like a virtual computer with its own hard disk. Anything you do will be saved on your virtual hard disk. If anything on your actual system crashes, you’ll still be able to find it on the host machine.\n- Virtual machines guards your activity. It is like a security system. If you want to run a confidential software, you can take the advantage of a guest operating system. In case, you face damage while running a software test, it is just on a temporary basis.\nSo now that you are fully aware of everything on how to enable virtualization in windows 10. It’s more up to you whether you want your computer with operating system windows 10 enabled virtualization or not. It has been a very impactful and useful feature none the less. Now with the help of the information provided in this article on how to enable vt on windows 10 you can definitely enjoy the benefits and make the most of them."

"Based on art from millennia past, the Celts spread across Northwestern Europe. We commonly think of this as an Irish art form, and the students mostly just saw this as a visual challenge. They needed to work out how to create the over/under pattern to successfully complete this project. We started by practicing with the trinity knot. Then students practiced in their sketchbook with 10 overlaps. Only then did we move on to the radial design.\nIn one quadrant, students needed to make a design with 20 overlaps. They needed to make sure that some components went off the edges to other squares to make the lines rotate all around.\nThe image is transferred from side to side by coloring in the lines dark and pressing on the back with something hard. we used hand pencil sharpeners.\nOnce the design is transferred, its time to color.\nShading should be used to make the \"Over/under\" pattern really stand out.\nHere is our grading scale.\n20 successful \"over/under\" paths in 1 section. 30 points\nDesign is repeated correctly in all 4 sections 30 points\nUse shading to show depth 30 points\nTotal 100 points"

"Can we develop new techniques to detect life on exoplanets? Previous studies have assessed the likelihood of detecting life through signs of biogenic gases in the atmosphere or a red edge. Biogenic gases and the red edge could be signs of either single or multi-cellular life. We propose a technique to determine whether tree-like multi-cellular life exists on extra-solar planets using BRDF, or shadows at different sun angles. BRDF arises from the changing visibility of the shadows cast by objects, and the presence of tree-like structures is clearly distinguishable from flat ground with the same reflectance spectrum.\nWe just received a NASA Habitable Worlds grant to continue this work. See the proposal here. We are looking for a PhD student to work on the project. If interested please contact me.\nDoughty, C.E. and Wolf, A. (2010) Detecting Tree-like Multicellular Life on Extrasolar Planets. Astrobiology, 10(9): 869-879. PDF\nPopular press on our Astrobiology work\nAstrobiology Magazine: Seeing the Planets for the Trees.\nNew Scientist: Could we detect trees on other planets?"

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"Yu Gong Moves the Mountains-JoyOrange\niOS Universal Books\nA good story is better than a teacher.\nThis story is one of the many life stories a child needs to learn. The story tells us of the idiom “Yu Gong Moves the Mountains” , it is used to state that one is determined to overcome any obstacle and has the courage to surmount every difficulty.\nThe application tells a vivid story from ancient China, it takes you into the wonder land of Chinese culture, language and wisdom. The morals and examples of these stories provide excellent role models for your children.\n★Chinese parables: interesting, educative and enlightening.\n★Bilingual education: story is taught in both Chinese and English .\n★Exquisite pictures: the pictures are colourfule, cartoon-like, and easy to understand and remember.\n★Interactive exercises: there are many interactive activities such as new words cards, repeat after me and sentence making ,it is fun.\n★Professional recording: The text is recorded both by native Chinese and American.\n★Pages can be turned automatically and manually.\nDon’t miss it, download it now!\nAny questions, please contact us:"

"Extreme weather is not limited to the US, and with our mature (and well-funded) emergency infrastructure in place, we are fortunate for the safety it provides. Unfortunately, with limited infrastructure combined with the increased frequency of severe weather, least developed countries (LDCs) in particular are still very much vulnerable to the impacts of these events.\nEarth Networks, WeatherBug’s parent company, entered into a public-private partnership with the National Directorate of Meteorology of Guinea (DNM) to demonstrate our advanced forecasting and severe weather warnings in the African country of Guinea.\nThis Early Warning System (EWS), implemented in just weeks, is enabling real-time weather observations and forecasts, exclusive Dangerous Thunderstorm Alerts (DTA) and radar-like visibility to precipitation, which can then be used to assess the possibility of floods and drought.\nThe EWS provides real-time resolution and maximum reliability to help Guinea officials observe,inform and alert the public and other government agencies to impending dangerous weather! Here’s a breakdown of how we are providing this invaluable insight:\n- Observation: Twelve lightning sensors and weather stations, interconnected via the Internet, report a wide range of weather conditions, and provide information on total lightning discharges. Sensors follow both lightning that strikes the ground (cloud-to-ground) and, most importantly, the vast majority of lightning that remains in the sky (in-cloud) and above extreme weather conditions. To maximize existing infrastructure, these sensors have been installed on mobile towers, in partnership with Cellcom. Reliability is enhanced through the public-private partnership in which Earth Networks supports the Direction Nationale de la Meteorologique by managing the backend IT infrastructure.\n- Information: Total lightning data powers a proxy radar tool called PulseRadSM, a patented, algorithm-driven visualization tool that provides radar-like visibility to highlight areas threatened by heavy rain, high winds, flooding and other extreme conditions. Just 12 sensors enabled proxy radar coverage for most of Guinea and hundreds of kilometers beyond for inbound storm tracking. Additionally, real-time lightning and surface weather data gathered from the sensors is used in ENcast, a forecasting product that provides very detailed short- to long-term high-quality weather forecasts.\n- Alerting: Direction Nationale de la Meteorologique can issue automated Dangerous Thunderstorm Alerts (DTAs), which are based on total lightning. In the U.S., DTAs are issued automatically to millions of consumers, organizations and government agencies, providing them with the fastest warnings to oncoming severe weather. DTAs have been shown to alert 50% faster than warnings based on other technology currently available, providing 27 minutes, on average, of lead time.\n“Within a few weeks, it has become possible to actively track thunderstorms, monitor precipitation and issue alerts to severe weather across the country by utilizing innovative technology and the country’s existing cell tower infrastructure,” says Dr. Mamadou Lamine BAH, Director DNM and President of Regional Association 1 (Africa) for the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). “Deployment and initial maintenance of traditional radar in a country like Guinea would require upwards of 10 million U.S. dollars, which makes the new technology from Earth Networks a viable and exciting alternative for developing countries.”\nThe demonstration project in Guinea is modeled after public-private partnership agreements that Earth Networks has established globally with organizations such as the U.S. National Weather Service and INPE (National Institute for Space Research) in Brazil.\nStay Safe. Know Before™.\n-The WeatherBug – Earth Networks Team"

"Honduras is the third poorest nation in the Americas. One-third of the population lives below the poverty line and 1.5 million Hondurans or 20% of the population, face hunger on a daily basis.\nHowever, malnutrition is especially problematic for children.\n- In rural Honduras, the problem is especially acute with 48% of the population suffering from malnutrition.\n- 10% of infants born in Honduras are underweight as a result of malnutrition in the country.\n- One out of two children in the poorest communities suffers from stunted growth.\n- 50% of children between the ages of 2 and 6 suffer from anemia.\n- 29% of Honduran children younger than 5 years old suffer from slow growth rates.\nFortunately, several organizations are providing funding to the country to alleviate malnutrition.\nWorld Bank and the United Nations\nThe growing rates of malnutrition in Honduras have prompted the World Bank and the United Nations to act. Currently, the organization is supporting a program called the AIN-C with the United States and investing $20 million into Honduras.\nThe money will be divided among nearly 1,000 Honduran communities and benefit 16,000 children.\nWorld Food Programme\nIn addition, the World Food Programme (WFP) implemented the School Meals Programme in Honduras, which has provided 1.2 million children in primary school with food aid.\nThe program targets the very poorest communities in the country and provides the children with daily meals in order to encourage school enrollment. In addition to the program, the WFP has implemented the Purchase for Progress (P4P) program.\nThe P4P is a program that buys products from small farmers in order to help support the community. In partnership with other buyers, they have purchased $60 million in food from local Honduran communities.\nHopefully, as the international community continues to support poverty reducing programs in Honduras, the rate of malnutrition will decrease throughout the country.\n– Robert Cross"

"It is vital to label allergens on food or fragile packaging. Failure to do so is not only illegal but can cause death. Some people are allergic to certain types of food and ingredients. If they become exposed to these substances, it could make them ill. The results could even be life-threatening. There is currently no known cure for food allergies. The only way to manage them is to avoid contact with certain food types.\nAllergic reactions range from mild to severe, and even the most minor exposure can prove fatal. Allergens are proteins found in food and, there is usually more than one that can make you ill. The slightest exposure to an allergen is enough to cause severe illness. If there is even a fragment of a known allergen in the food you prepare, you must label it.\nThe Fourteen Major Allergens\nAround ten people a year die from food allergies in the UK. Under the EU’s Food Information for Consumers Regulations, fourteen allergens must be displayed on all food packaging.\nThese allergens are:\n- Cereals including gluten\n- Milk (Cows)\n- Sesame seeds\n- Sulfur dioxide (sometimes known as sulfites)\nHow Allergens Should Be Labelled\nWithin the ingredients list for prepackaged foods, you must declare the presence of allergens. The method you choose for highlighting the allergen in the ingredient list will depend on your preference. You can highlight them or list them in bold or contrasting colours.\nYou may also choose to include an allergy advice statement on the product label to explain how you highlight allergens in the ingredients list. How you decide to do this will be your preference. One example might be, Allergy Advice: for allergens, see ingredients in bold.\nSuppose you produce foods containing allergens that do not need to have an ingredients list, for example, a bottle of wine. You should display labels such as contains sulphites.\nWhen labelling allergens on ingredients lists, it is a legal requirement to declare the ingredient and the allergen, for example, tahini paste (Sesame). If a product contains more than one allergen, each one must be listed individually. Every ingredient containing an allergen must be identifiable on food labels.\nFood labels are not voluntary and must adhere to the EU FIC standards and Regulations. It is no longer enough to place a voluntary statement on the packaging that declares, may contain milk and nuts.\nIt is a legal necessity to declare each allergen in the ingredient list. The same is true if you sell prepackaged food online or via mail order. Consumers must be made aware of ingredients in foods they intend to buy before they complete the sale, just as they would in a brick and mortar shop.\nPrecautionary Labels and Cross-Contamination\nAs a responsible food manufacturer, you are likely to take cross-contamination very seriously. Even the most diligent producers can sometimes fall short and, cross-contamination can happen during the manufacturing process or in transit and delivery.\nThe EU FIC standards do not set out any regulations on precautionary statements. Still, as a manufacturer, you may choose to add a label to your products, such as “May contain nuts” if you think there is even the slightest chance of cross-contamination.\nFree From Food Labels\nIf you are a specialist food producer, the chances are that you are making prepackaged food that excludes certain allergenic foods. There is legislation that governs gluten-free food labelling. It is unclear what standards govern other allergens and are free from labels.\nIf you plan to use a free from the label, you must carry out rigorous and thorough checks on everything that comes into contact with that food during the manufacturing process and packaging. You must do a risk assessment on your ingredients and know where they are sourced and how they are prepared before they reach you.\nIt’s equally important to know that the plastics or packaging you use don’t contain any contaminants or allergens that you are claiming to be free of.\nFoods Packaged On-Premises and Natashas Law\nLikewise, food made on-site, such as sandwiches, salads, pies or cakes, must be labelled with allergen information. Whether pre-packed or homemade, there should be adequate signage. Customers should have the opportunity to ask the person who made or packed the food for accurate and detailed advice about potential allergens.\nIn October 2021, new legislation known as Natashas Law came into effect. Natasha Ednan-Laperouse died on a flight to Nice after consuming a Pret a Manger baguette that contained sesame seeds. It is now a legal requirement that all food prepared on-site displays clear allergen information.\nWhat Could Happen To Your Business?\nAround 200 000 people in the UK suffer some form of food allergy. Over five thousand people a year are admitted to hospital for food allergy treatment each year and around ten people a year still die from contaminated food. If you would like more information on how to ready food allergy labels check out our blog on the topic.\nFailure to comply with food labelling legislation has real-world consequences for your customers and consumers and could have a detrimental impact on your business too. Before Natashas Law, the fine for failure to comply with labelling laws was capped at £20000. Since October, the cap has been lifted. There is no upper limit to the fine so, what you pay will depend on the severity of your negligence and the size of your company.\nAlong with fines, your business will suffer adverse publicity and may never fully recover. Food labelling may feel like yet more red tape in your ever-growing to-do list but keeping your consumers safe and healthy has to be your top priority. In addition to allergy stickers here at Price Stickers, we are proud to offer general food stickers, and feedback stickers among others. If you would like advice on the right option for you or would like to learn more about us, contact us today."

"The Holy month of Ramadan is observed by about 1.6 billion Muslims all over the world. Ramadan is the 9th month of the Islamic lunar calendar and is a very special time in Islam. The holy book of Quran was revealed to Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) during the month of Ramadan, hence the month is known as month of Quran.\nMuslims observe the month by fasting from dawn to sunset, abstaining from food and drinking (even water). Islam has 5 main pillars, and fasting is one of them. Because the Quran was revealed during the month of Ramadan, this month witnesses heightened worship and spirituality by increasing prayers, reading the Holy Quran, charitable giving, connecting with family, friends and community members, in addition to fasting. Fasting is an act of worship and showing submission to Allah. It is a way to strengthen will power, purify the soul and body, get closer to God, and feel for others who are less fortunate.\nThe month is very festive, with many communal activities. These activities can include mealtime, breaking the fast (Iftar), prayer, or general gatherings for religious or social purposes. Families, friends, neighbors, and community members gather around the table for “Iftar” to celebrate the break of the fast. Miles and miles of tables are extended throughout the streets of most Muslim countries, where meals are donated and served for the less fortunate, or those who do not have family members to congregate with during these special times. Everyone is welcomed, no questions asked\nThe meal is followed by group extended prayers at the mosque. This is known as “Tarawih Prayers” and can last for a few hours. Mosques are packed with worshipers gathered for these special prayers. These communal acts of worship are held in the belief that there is greater reward for prayers made in congregation.\nAll these festivities are going to be interrupted this year by COVID! The doors of mosques have closed all across the world. The call of prayer has changed from “Come for Prayer” to “Pray at home”! Communal festivities and gatherings over mealtime will now be limited to members of the same household or virtual meals over video chat. As this brings enormous change to rooted traditions and practices, we all reflect and try to find peace and comfort through the chaos.\nWe are blessed to be able to look at technology from a different perspective and employ it to bring people together. Many mosques will offer online alternatives, such as video conference platforms or live streaming, as a substitute for traditional congregation for prayer. Study circles have been set up virtually via several video conferencing platforms. Fundraising efforts have significantly increased in preparation for the Holy month to make available meals and resources for families in need.\nThis year, I count my numerous blessings! I am blessed to have my immediate family around and be able to have quality time with them. I will not be cooking for hours and hours to entertain friends and extended community members but will rather focus on my immediate family. I am blessed to be working from home, saving over an hour each way on my commute to the office. I am blessed to have more time to pray, worship, and get closer to the essence of Ramadan. I am blessed to have supportive co-workers and an employer focused on people, celebrating their differences and embracing them. I am blessed that I have avenues to share resources with less fortunate and make sure I am able to partake in the greater good.\nWritten by Mai Hegazy, CAI’s Manager of Global Destination Services"

"Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by intermittent\ncomplete and partial airway collapse, resulting in frequent episodes of apnea\nand hypopnea.1 The breathing pauses cause acute\nadverse effects, including oxyhemoglobin desaturation, fluctuations in blood\npressure and heart rate, increased sympathetic activity, cortical arousal,\nand sleep fragmentation.1 The condition has\nreceived increasing attention during the past 3 decades. Until 1981, the only\neffective treatment for OSA was tracheostomy.2 The\nadvent of continuous positive air pressure therapy, an effective noninvasive\ntreatment, was a turning point, and clinical interest began to increase in\ntandem with the accumulation of research linking OSA to cognitive, behavioral,\ncardiovascular, and cerebrovascular morbidities (Figure 1).2,3\nSome tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.\nDownload citation file:\nWeb of Science® Times Cited: 229\nCustomize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.\nMore Listings atJAMACareerCenter.com >\nEnter your username and email address. We'll send you a link to reset your password.\nEnter your username and email address. We'll send instructions on how to reset your password to the email address we have on record.\nAthens and Shibboleth are access management services that provide single sign-on to protected resources. They replace the multiple user names and passwords necessary to access subscription-based content with a single user name and password that can be entered once per session. It operates independently of a user's location or IP address. If your institution uses Athens or Shibboleth authentication, please contact your site administrator to receive your user name and password."

"- Development & Aid\n- Economy & Trade\n- Human Rights\n- Global Governance\n- Civil Society\nFriday, February 23, 2024\nHAVANA, Nov 12 2010 (IPS) - Valuing and sharing common people’s knowledge and experience, awakening critical consciousness and finding paths for effective social participation are the processes used by more than 1,000 people in Cuba working in Popular Education, a liberating approach to education developed by Brazilian educator Paulo Freire in the 1960s.\n“The deepest form of participation is when people come together, sharing their own thoughts and feelings, with a strong sense of commitment and full awareness of what they are doing,” José Ramón Vidal, head of the Popular Communication Programme at the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Centre (CMMLK), told IPS. Combining true dedication and horizontal ways of organising to ensure everyone’s opinion was included, the Fourth National Popular Education Encounter was held Nov. 9-12 in the Cuban capital. Cuba has appropriated this educational approach since 1995, when the first workshop was organised.\nThis philosophy of critical awareness began to find followers in Cuba during the severe economic crisis suffered by the Cuban population in the 1990s. “The hardship we have endured for so many years creates despair and disillusion,” said Vidal, a psychologist.\nIn Vidal’s view, people who train in the methodology of popular education experience “re-enchantment” with values and emotions that are denied by the competitive and individualistic culture of free market societies. “They fall in love again with a social project, with what they do, with service, solidarity and sharing,” he said.\nIn the 15 years since the movement arrived in Cuba and the birth of the National Network of Popular Educators, which has about 1,500 members, Freire’s precepts have reached community groups and institutions around the country.\nIn Granma province in southeastern Cuba, “local bodies like the People’s Councils are adopting, timidly as yet, this way of doing, learning and organising,” Yordenis Monge, coordinator of the Food Sovereignty and Local Development Project in the eastern city of Bayamo, told IPS.\nSome authorities have recognised the benefits of this way of doing things. According to Mario Cruz Díaz, a member of the local legislature in the province of Holguín, which borders Granma, the method “is a great help in the work of directing, planning, forecasting and coordinating.”\nIn his province, which has a population of more than 300,000, distribution of the few resources available is difficult, and they must be used to the best effect. “When a person receives aid as welfare, without consciously participating, he or she is incapable of really valuing the cost of what they are given,” Cruz said.\nFreire’s educational goal was to encourage people to become critical subjects who were capable of collectively solving their problems, managing their lives and transforming their surroundings. Community and environmental groups and neighbourhoods facing difficulties like poverty and high levels of violence are taking up Popular Education.\nNeighbourhood Transformation Workshops in the Cuban capital, the Promotion and Education Centre for Sustainable Development (CEPRODESO) in the western province of Pinar del Río, the La Marina social and cultural project in Matanzas province, and some small farmers’ cooperatives are adopting the methodology.\nAt present, CMMLK is participating in the work of the National Network of Popular Educators in 17 Cuban provinces and municipalities. Most of the network’s members are women, according to María Isabel Romero, the coordinator of CMMLK’s Popular Education and Participating in Local Experiences Programme. CMMLK also has connections with similar partners abroad, mainly in Latin America, and with social movements. The Cuban centre offers training and promotes Freire’s approach for the work of civil society groups in Latin America, Vidal said.\nBrazilian theologian Frei Betto contributed to introducing this educational perspective in Cuba, and has closely followed its development. At the meeting, Betto said he brought “this contribution to the (Cuban) Revolution, out of conviction of the political importance of Popular Education methodology.”\nLatin American activists like Messilene Gorete, of Brazil’s Landless Workers Movement (MST), Honduran activist Salvador Zúñiga of the Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organisation (COPINH), a member of the coalition of groups opposed to the June 2009 coup d’etat, and Dolores Iveth Velasco of Equipo Maíz, a Salvadoran political education group, also attended the meeting.\nVelasco is part of an education project working with a wide range of groups in El Salvador. In her view, “Popular Education is that knowledge that we have and build on, but when we organise it, it frees us from the bonds created by the consumer society.”\nAs a result of this liberating methodology, “a person takes up the reins of their own life,” she said. According to her social work experience, it is vital to bring women to this kind of learning, so that they “take power over their own bodies and do not allow others to make decisions for them.”\nIPS is an international communication institution with a global news agency at its core,raising the voices of the South\nand civil society on issues of development, globalisation, human rights and the environment\nCopyright © 2024 IPS-Inter Press Service. All rights reserved. - Terms & Conditions\nYou have the Power to Make a Difference\nWould you consider a $20.00 contribution today that will help to keep the IPS news wire active? Your contribution will make a huge difference."

"Investing in land or real property may be the most expensive investment you’ll make in your lifetime. Thus, it is wise to learn a little more about real estate and be aware of the significance of boundary surveying before making such investments.\nBoundary Survey Defined\nLet’s first define boundary surveying. Boundary surveying is the verification of property lines of a parcel of land as detailed in the description in the deed. It may also show all the structures found on the property including any easements and encroachments, and also the restrictions imposed by local governing authorities.\nTo avoid unnecessary expenses and free you from frustrations brought by unexpected lawsuits, it is vital to conduct a boundary survey in the Lafayette area before purchasing or selling a parcel of land. A survey is also required before subdividing a lot, building structures or improving the property to make sure that you don’t end up having to move a building or resolve a boundary dispute with your neighbors.\nOther Uses of a Boundary Survey\nA boundary survey may also help you identify whether you are located in a floodplain, which would mean you are required to obtain flood insurance. A boundary survey in Lafayette is also very helpful in completing the requirements for a mortgage loan from a lending institution, which includes checking the accuracy of the description of the property in the deed and the presence of improvements, easements, and any encroachments.\nThe cost of a Lafayette boundary survey depends on several factors, some of which can only be determined once the work has begun. Some factors are size of the lot, the terrain, the vegetation type, the season of the year (which greatly affects the growth of vegetation). The work begins with the deed research that can be started with the deeds or abstracts that the landowner may possess and can extend as much as going to the courthouse and putting together the pieces of the deed. The job could get more complex if the property involved has been passed on through several owners over the years. Some may have sold off a portion of the parcel or may have added to adjacent lots. The more of these additions and subtractions can significantly impact the complexity of the work to be done, which consequently adds to the survey cost.\nBoundary Survey Drawing\nAfter the boundary survey is done, a landowner should expect to get a survey drawing that contains a sketch of the survey findings and the legal description of the property. It is also expected that proper markings of the property lines and corners have been placed, which are usually bright-colored ribbons or paint, wooden stakes, or concrete monuments. Others survey projects may or may not include a drawing or report, depending on the services agreed upon."

"Sunday, August 1, 2010\nThe South Korean “Ethernet” Technology\nHave you heard of the term “Ethernet?” Not Internet, mind you, but Ethernet. Well, I suppose it’s not exactly in our everyday vocab list.\nEthernet, stemming from the physical concept of the “ether,” refers to the computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs). In simpler words, it is a system where multiple computers scattered far and wide can form a network and share information. This system is widely used in the banking or trading industry that operates hundreds of branch stores.\nTraditionally, the Ethernet market has been dominated by advanced countries such as the US, Japan, and Germany. But recently, Korean industrial Ethernet technology has been adopted as an international standard, marking a milestone for advancing into the world market.\nLet’s learn a bit about this Korean Ethernet technology.\nFaster and Easier to Fix\nAccording to the Ministry of Knowledge Economy of Korea, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) approved of 5 RAPIEnet (Real-time Automation Protocols for Industrial Ethernet) technologies developed by Korea’s LS Industrial Systems. They passed the Final Draft International Standard (FDIS), which means that it is almost at its last step in becoming the international standard (IS).\nLS Industrial Systems has developed RAPIEnet as a new industrial communications bus for use with its PLC (Power Line Communication) systems. The company says that in so doing the design has avoided the complications of hubs and switches and the accompanying excessive cabling required by established Ethernet technology.\nRAPIEnet, while still compatible with the preexistent Ethernet standards, transmits data at a 1 GB-per-second speed and in case of a communications failure can repair the error 30 times as faster. It can be utilized in a variety of fields operated by automation systems such as semi-conductor and automobile manufacturing, or nuclear energy development.\nKorea, the Forerunner of the Industrial Automation Technology\nRAPIEnet is the fruit of the collaborative efforts between LS Industrial Systems and Hanyang University – corporation and academia. The volume of tangible and intangible profit generated by this technology’s approval as an international standard is incredibly huge. It laid the groundwork for Korea to advance into the global market of USD 10 billion’s scale. Also, the domestic market, worth of KRW 150 billion, which has so far been dominated by the USA, Germany, and Japan, is expected to be finally claimed back by the Korean technology.\nIt is also important to note the significance of the collaborative R&D efforts between corporations and schools, backed up by the government support. Korea will surely continue its endeavors to generate world-acknowledged brand-new technologies."

"We're often asked how natural gas, which occurs in great abundance in western Canada, can be extracted with minimal impact on land and water. This animation shows the steps involved.\nThis article from JWN Energy was so informative, we just had to create an animated version. Share it to spread the knowledge!\nBased on actual practices at a Seven Generations Energy \"super pad\" in the Montney shale region of western Canada."

"Medard Boss and the Dasein Philosophy\nMedard Boss was one of the most important psychoanalytic psychiatrists of the 20th century. Heavily influenced by Heidegger's philosophical thinking, Boss was convinced of there being an existential 'something'.\nMedard Boss was a Swiss psychoanalytic psychiatrist who developed a form of psychotherapy known as Daseinsanalysis. This analysis worked with the psychotherapeutic side of psychoanalysis and Heidegger’s phenomenological and existential philosophy.\nThe term Dasein is a common philosophical term; it has Germanic roots and it means “being there”. Many German authors use this philosophical term, but it’s usually linked to Heidegger.\nThe idea of combining psychology and philosophy seems the opposite of psychology as a science. However, you should remember the historical role philosophy had in developing sciences. In a way, psychology is a science of the mind that began with the theory of knowledge. Likewise, the relationship between the mind and ideas is very important in psychological studies.\nIn this article, you’ll discover the influence Daseinanalysis had on Medard Boss’ psychology and studies.\nMedard Boss’ early life\nMedard Boss was born in St. Gallen, Switzerland, on October 4th, 1903. Afterward, he moved and grew up in Zurich, which at the time was the hotspot for psychological studies.\nHe graduated as a Doctor in 1928 and went on to study in Paris and Vienna and was psychoanalyzed by Sigmund Freud himself. Later on, he continued these sessions with Swiss psychoanalyst Hans Behn Eschenburg.\nAfter returning to Zurich, Boss continued studying at the Burghölzli Hospital, under the guidance of psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler. Afterward, he began psychoanalytic studies in the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute (BPI), under the supervision of Karen Horney. Hanns Sachs, Otto Fenichel, Wilhelm Reich, and Kurt Goldstein were among his fellow students.\nLater on, he moved to London and worked closely for six months with Ernest Jones in the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases.\nHaving moved to Zurich after this, from 1938 onwards, Carl Jung invited Boss to join other doctors in a workshop to study analytic psychology. This experience with Jung extended for almost ten years and it most certainly helped Boss see that psychoanalysis shouldn’t be limited to Freudian interpretations.\nDuring the 1930s, Boss met Ludwig Binswanger. Through Binswanger, Boss learned about Martin Heidegger’s work. This played an important role in his career development.\nThanks to Heidegger’s influence, Boss became fascinated and studied existential psychology. Boss’ impact on existential therapy was so great that he’s often considered its cofounder, along with Ludwig Binswanger.\nAfter four years at the Burghölzli Hospital, he continued his studies between Berlin and London. His teachers included people close to Freud, such as Karen Horney and Kurt Goldstein.\nThe Daseinanalysis theory\nTo Boss, the existential point of the world isn’t something we interpret, it’s something that goes beyond any explanation. Thus, his theory states that something is revealed through Dasein’s light.\nBoss believed that the Dasein was a means to open your mind, to attract light to a situation. Light’s symbolism played an important role in Boss’ work, which is why he used expressions such as “coming out of the darkness”, “illuminating and idea”, or “enlightenment”.\nBesides, Boss stated that mood played a decisive role in the way people interacted with their environment. For example, an angry person would focus on elements of anger.\nHis travels to India in 1956, 1958, and 1966 influenced his philosophy and medical practice. There, he met Swami Gobind Kaul.\nMedard Boss’ studies on dreams\nBoss studied dreams more than any other existentialist and considers them important to therapy. However, he doesn’t interpret dreams as Freudians or Jungians do; he allows them to reveal their meanings by themselves.\nThus, Boss stated that dreams created their messages instead of showing symbols of deeper feelings. According to Boss, your dreams can show you how you’re enlightening your life. For example, if you’re feeling trapped, your feet will be bound in your dreams. On the other hand, if you feel free, you’ll fly.\nIn 1971, Boss was honored with the Great Therapist Award by the American Psychiatric Association. For nearly two decades, he presided over the International Society of Psychosomatic Medicine.\nHe was also an accomplished author. His works include Existential Foundations of Medicine and Psychology (English translation, 1979), Psychoanalysis and Daseinsanalysis (English version, 1963), and The Analysis of Dreams (English Translation, 1958).\nMedard Boss died on December 21st, 1990. His life was filled with academic success and left an interesting legacy in psychology."

"Mindset and Reading Strategy Intervention for MFL\nMasters in Learning and Teaching research which aimed to improve students self efficacy in learning German through intervention training in mindset and in reading strategies.\nHOW THE RESEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT\nFINDINGS – IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHERS\nRESULTS OF THE MINDSET INTERVENTION\nThe results indicate that, as Dweck (1999) has previously demonstrated; targeted intervention can influence students Intelligence Theories in both the short term and the longer term. Whilst some students do move gradually along the continuum from Fixed to Incremental, it was shown that some students can be persuaded to make more radical Mindset shifts. The fact that the second “top-up” Mindset Intervention appeared to result in a second wave of students altering their ideas suggests that, as one might sensibly predict, a scheme of work spanning multiple lessons and reinforcing an Incremental theory may be more effective than a single session.\nRESULTS OF THE READING STRATEGY INTERVENTION\nSelf-reported strategic classroom behaviours increased significantly for all of the intervention groups. (No increase in the control group). There was a sharp decrease in maladaptive, non-strategic classroom behaviours for the Mindset Intervention groups. (A corresponding decrease was not seen in the Reading Strategy or Control groups). Conclusion: the combination of Mindset and Reading Strategy Interventions appears to have had a significant effect on student attributions and in particular, on the ways in which students explain failure.\nIMPORTANT TO NOTE\nLaura Molway, Cherwell School and University of Oxford."

"All of our hearts are hurting, but as we have seen through the past few days, we will recover together through perseverance and compassion for others. As our community comes to terms with the aftermath of the recent floods, here are a few safety tips:\n- Open wounds and rashes exposed to flood waters can become infected. Be sure your tetanus shot is current (given within the last 7 years).\n- There are many other micro-organisms in flood water, including Aeromonas, E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus. Aeromonas is bacteria that can lead to wound and skin infections, particularly if there are breaks in the skin exposed to flood water. This can be treated with an antibiotic. If you have an infected wound and you were exposed to muddy waters, please see your doctor immediately.\n- Molds and mildew may affect asthmatics. If you need to be around it, wear a mask to help filter inhalants.\n- Eating or drinking anything contaminated by flood water can cause serious disease. Consider all water to be unsafe until local authorities announce that the public water supply is safe. Throw out all food and other supplies that you suspect may have become contaminated or come into contact with floodwater. Do not use contaminated water for anything.\n- Flood waters have displaced animals, including insects and reptiles. Seek immediate medical care for all animal bites.\n- Always practice good hygiene (handwashing with antibacterial soap) after contact with flood waters. Practice safety ABOVE ALL ELSE.\nDue to the magnitude of this natural disaster, we know that even if your home was not directly affected, you have family, friends, and coworkers who lost a lot. Our thoughts and prayers are with all of you. We are open and here to help you if you have any questions or concerns. Please contact your physician if you have any medical concerns."

"Health Literacy Month is a national health observance, which is, according to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), “a time to recognize the importance of making health information easy to understand and the health care system easier to navigate.” Health literacy is perhaps more important than ever, given the proliferation of medical misinformation and disinformation online in recent years.\nNot sure how health literate you are? Test you skills with this quiz from Pew Charitable Trusts!\nThere are many great online resources available to aid you in boosting your health literacy — including on our website, as well as this article from GoInvo. There are several books about health literacy and healthcare available in the library, including these titles:\n- The 60 Minute Guide to Health Literacy: A Common Sense Approach to Informed Medical Decision Making by Jo Kline, JD\n- Never Pay the First Bill: And Other Ways to Fight the Health Care System and Win by Marshall Allen\n- Afraid of the Doctor: Every Parent’s Guide to Preventing and Managing Medical Trauma by Meghan L. Marsac and Melissa J. Hogan\n- Great Courses – Medical Myths, Lies, and Half-Truths: What We Think We Know May Be Hurting Us Audio lectures by Steven Novella\n- An American Sickness: How Healthcare Became Big Business and How You Can Take it Back by Elizabeth Rosenthal\n- Health Literacy from A to Z by Helen Osborne\n- Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion edited by Lynn Nielsen-Bohlman, Alison M. Panzer, and David A. Kindig\nAdditionally, we have a variety of pamphlets — covering topics from aging to healthy eating — available in the library for free. Health literacy is what we’re all about at Herrick, so really any resource you utilize from the library helps empower you and your community to take charge of your health!"

"Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum\nTeacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum\nSpecial Web Site Features\nInteractive Practice: Respond to Student Writing\nThe following drafts give you an opportunity to evaluate authentic samples of student pieces written in three different genres. Each time you identify a strength or weakness in one of the samples, you will be able to compare your assessment with detailed comments from another teacher.\nThese comments also indicate how the teacher might respond to a particular issue: with written or oral observations or questions, with targeted instruction, or—in some cases—by choosing to ignore the issue in favor of more pressing instructional concerns.\nThe criteria listed on each paper's evaluation grid were discussed, modeled, and practiced in the student's classroom. Such explicit expectations provide a basis for teacher and peer response and prepare students to think independently about their writing.\nThe scoring system for the rubrics comes from Kentucky's state-assessed Writing Portfolio.\n\"Cell Phones in Our Schools...Would They Be So Bad?\"\nResponding to Student Writing (pdf)"

"The unusually charming Berlin Kiez of the Nikolaiviertel, with its cobbled streets, jaunty Plattenbau, and imposing twin-spired Nikolaikirche, bears the distinction of being one of the oldest areas of the city’s central Mitte district. Dating back to the early 1200s, when the settlement of Alt-Berlin was recognised here – on the northern bank of the meandering river Spree.\nThe medieval settlement of Cölln, situated on the opposing southern bank of the river would come to be considered the birthplace of the city – dating as it does back to 1237 – seven years older than its sister settlement across the water. The site of the grandiose Stadtschloss occupied by the Hohenzollern royal family, Cölln would unite with the more residential Alt-Berlin in 1710 to form the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia.\nWhile the Nikolaiviertel can boast of a long and colourful history, it is an area that suffered greatly during the bombardment of Berlin by the Anglo-American forces in WWII – situated as it was in the heart of the then Nazi capital. What is visible today is a reconstructed district, an emulation of this medieval quarter courtesy of the East German government – referred to by locals as the “Disneyland of the East’. Rebuilt in 1987 in a distinctly kitsch postmodernist style – with the deconsecrated Nikolaikirche, the oldest church in Berlin, at its centre.\nOriginally a late-Romanesque basilica, the Nikolaikirche – as with all churches in the area – was conceived as a Roman Catholic place of worship. At the time of the construction of the church – before this region was known as Germany, or Prussia – or even the city of Berlin recognised – it would lie in the territory of the Margraviate of Brandenburg. An area simultaneously ruled over by two brothers – John I and Otto III – allied with the powers in Rome. During their joint-reign; John and Otto would increase the power of this region, from a seemingly insignificant sandy backwater settlement, to acquire the indisputable right to vote in the election of the King of the Germans, consolidating their joint role within the Holy Roman Empire.\nWhen this region officially embraced the ideas of the Protestant Reformation in 1539, the Nikolaikirche would be converted for use by a Lutheran congregation. It would serve in this capacity for a further 399 years – when in 1938, five years after the Nazi takeover, it was deconsecrated due to the declining number of parishioners in the area. The industrialisation of Berlin and the commercialisation of the centre of the city had driven many people into the suburban districts, leaving the church largely isolated in the centre of the capital.\nWhen the Second World War in Europe ended in May 1945, the Nikolaiviertel fell into the hands of the Soviet administration, eventually becoming part of East Berlin – and the German Democratic Republic, in 1949. As a result of the damage inflicted on the area during the war – the Nikolaikirche was reduced to the solitary stump of the tower circled by a few surviving surrounding walls. Until eventually, in 1981, the East German regime began to reconstruct the building based on old plans.\nThe oldest remaining room in Berlin is to be found inside the Nikolaikirche - the Beyer crypt. Located at ground level, as it was when the city was founded, and now containing a unique treasure trove of coins that Berliners amassed between 1514 and 1734 to pay for the Nikolaikirche steeple ball.\nStepping inside the Nikolaikirche today, visitors are greeted with an exhibition maintained by the Museum der Stiftung Stadtmuseum Berlin – which has been responsible for the use of the church as an exhibition space since 1995. A permanent display tracing the origin and use of the church over the past 800 years, under the title ‘From City Ground to Double Head’ (in reference to the two church spires), has been in place since 2010, when it was opened by then Berlin mayor, Klaus Wowereit.\nBeyond serving as an exhibition space, the church has also fulfilled other duties. Following the reunification of Germany, and Berlin, in 1990, the first constituent meeting of the newly elected Berlin House of Representatives took place here on January 11th 1991. Its central hall is also used as an auditorium for musical performances, with space for around 250 people.\nWhile the interior of the church maintains its mixed Gothic and Baroque style, the structural changes to the exterior of the church do much more to clarify the story of the many different construction periods of the building. Although, it is considered the oldest church in the city – the church’s current appearance is nothing like it would have looked back in 1230.\nIt was only fitting in the 13th century that when constructed the Nikolaikirche would be named after Saint Nicholas of Myra, the patron saint of sailors and merchants – due to its locations in the maritime centre of old Berlin. While the use of the area has changed drastically since that time, the church still stands as evidence of the many eras it has endured. With its exterior form capable of being read like the pages of a book.\nThe distinctive two spires that tower over the red brick base of the building – the oldest part of this structure dating back to the Romanesque period – were not originally included in the first form of the building. Instead there was a single spire, as is typical of most churches, to the right side. The Gothic hall was added behind this section of the building, following a fire, in 1470 – and financed by the sale of a 40-day indulgence to anyone who contributed to its construction – while the Berlin Bakers Guild donated the church altar.\nWhen reconstruction work was carried out in the 1980s by the East German government, a collection of graves (around 150) were found beneath the Nikolaikirche – providing important insight into the founding of Berlin. These West-East orientated graves, identifiably Christian, would suggest that rather than being conjured into existence by a single legal decree that Berlin evolved around this site – with the area surrounding the Nikolaikirche as the epicentre of what would grow to be recognised as medieval Berlin.\nHave questions? We have answers.\nArrange a totally free 30 minute video call (Zoom/Skype/WhatsApp) to discuss your time in Berlin and how we can help make it exceptional.\nNo booking necessary."

"Cold-blooded animals that spend part of their time on land and part in the water, amphibians are able to breathe through their skin. (This permeable skin makes them particularly vulnerable to environmental disturbances, from chemical pollution to the thinning ozone layer and global climate change.) The first major groups developed about 400 million years ago, from fishes similar to modern coelocanths that were about 15 feet long. Later amphibians moved up the food chain, eating insects on land and fish in the water. By about 250 million years ago, amphibians were competing with proto-crocodiles, pushing their distribution north and south from the equator and causing a reduction in amphibian size in temperate zones.\nMore than 2063 species of frogs, toads and salamanders — more than 31 percent of the world's amphibians — are at risk of dying out. And scientists lack sufficient information to even assess the status of more than 20 percent of the world's herps. These species are slipping away faster than we can study them."

"Posted on June 16th, 2012, by essay\nNowadays sociology deals with decentralized society. In the course of time it became more complex and problematic to define it. According to typical structure there are four main characteristics of modern society: political, social, spiritual and economic. Each of these spheres regulates relations between different social groups and communities. People tend to think that modern society has two fundamental values: power and money. In this way only rich people are full-fledged members of society. People use money to gain power and vice versa. Such world is too tight for normal people. There's no place for love and family, professional and personal dignity. Businessmen try to establish harmony among themselves in their own plain world. All other people remain outsiders. Their activity is suppressed, corrupted and has no perspectives. What is more, most people can't find way out of these limitations. People tend to consider it normal feature of any society. Because of one-sided view on society, people face so many difficulties. Spiritual crisis of society is caused by the very collapse of multidimensional life, which began to develop recently. But it always turns to one sphere: money. This collapse is often disregarded because people can't understand the complex nature of modern society.\nEach person possesses a system of fundamental values. Money and power are the most simple ones, and in this way quite common. But it's hard to find a person who would change love and harmony for wealth. In recent decades millions of people experienced personal tragedy, being forced to immigrate to other countries in search of better life. And in spite of person's multidiversity, no one can embrace all the variety of necessary activities and appropriate values. That's why modern society is a system of different social groups with own values, roles and knowledge. Officers, sportsmen, scientists, doctors, artists, politicians have different outlook. Some people manage to combine features suitable for different social statuses. But the vast majority still turns out to be one-sided. People should equally possess numerous characteristic features in order to create an efficient society.\nA multidimensional view of society means compromise between individual and social needs and desires. In such a society people would be able to choose one or another social group according to their abilities and up-bringing. Although each group has its own laws, in a free society people have wide choice of life way, which gives an opportunity to find harmony in human values.\nIn comparison with modern society, ancient one was more stable and didn't change so fast. Ancient person inherited social role and all human values related to it. Despite the fact that most groups are socially important, their principles can't be combined in one personality. It doesn't mean that one can't radically change activity. I just want to say that in the first place it is important to change the system of values in order to succeed. It shows contradictions between social groups. Human history numbers many desperate attempts to achieve equal, right and harmonic system of values for everybody. It is not right to accept only one system of values, because it would inevitably lead to destruction. For example, a complete victory of businessmen would mean complete concentration of property in their sphere. It would lead to destruction of working class, consumers and the whole country.\nBalance between social groups defines great variety of ideas and activities. In one-dimensional society people are distinguished by lower and higher strata. Some of them have more opportunities to promote, others are suppressed. Such society doesn't let people find decent place for themselves. It inevitably leads to degradation. Totalitarianism for example is a nice example of one-sided society. Only technological and scientific development managed to overcome it and modify society in order to develop all dimensions of human activity. That's why I consider it so important to seek a multidimensional view on society.\nPosted in Sample essay papers | Tagged Multidimensional View of Society | Leave a comment"

"What follows is a paper that I originally wrote for a class called simply, The American South\n. I am adding this brief introduction to explain my motivation\ns for writing on such a controversial topic and also so that people will have no chance to misconstrue my words and thereby label me some sort of white-supremacist apologist\n. I wrote this paper in order to accurately explain a set of data\nappearing on page 158 of Major Problems in the History of the American South, Volume 2: The New South.\nSaid data reveals in short a sharp decline in lynching during the period 1893-1928. I felt that the simple explanation, i.e.\n, that white people became less racist over that time period, would not accurately explain what I saw in the data, mostly because I don't believe that racism experienced a decline during that period. I also wanted to dispel a mistake that I'd seen made many times, namely the conflation\nattitudes and discriminatory behavior like lynching and the Jim Crow laws\n. In short, I wanted to make sure that people knew that simply because a society doesn't make a certain group of people feel afraid for their lives or feel like second class citizens\nin an overt and/or official manner doesn't mean that that society is treating that group properly or that it intends to do so in the future. So, without further ado, here's the paper I wrote.\nAn Explanation of Observed Lynching Behavior in the U.S.\nOne major error committed by many a scholar is the ascription of complex phenomena such as lynchings and rioting to relatively simple causes, the overused term racism being chief among them. While there is no argument that race played some role in these events, one must look deeper than the oversimplification of racism if one is to come to a full understanding of the forces that caused them. Take, for instance, the especially large amount of racial violence committed from around 1880 to 1940. This paper will argue that this period of violence, and the change in frequency within it, is more indicative of the attitudes of people concerning death than concerning race.\nMany large-scale changes were taking place throughout this time, both in the South and in the world at large. The medical profession was gradually discovering effective means of saving lives. The average life expectancy at birth rose substantially over the course of this period, as well, partially because of the newfound effectiveness of medicine, but more likely because of generally more sanitary conditions and improvements in infrastructure, both physical and social. Both of these changes can be seen in Nate Shaw's narrative, All God's Dangers. For instance, when talking about the deaths of his mother and brother, he says, \"Well, the country wasn't full of doctors at that time... (p.10),\" implying that more doctors existed in the 1960's when Nate was narrating than in the first decade of the twentieth century, the period about which Nate was talking. With less access to doctors comes less access to health care and higher mortality from disease and accident, as further evidenced by the fact that one third of Nate's mother's children were dead by the time that she died (p.11). The doctors to whom the people had access apparently were relatively ineffective, as well: \"he (the doctor) was a nice, kind man, but as far as his practiceship, I don't know whether he was on the dot or not (p.12).\" Nate's lack of faith in this doctor seems to be fairly well founded, since at least two of his patients that Nate knew of died of diseases that would now be considered annoyances at best. Keep in mind, too, that this was the state of relative advancement of the medical profession forty years after the civil war, during which such antiquated techniques as amputations without anesthesia and the use of leeches were commonplace. By the end of the period, medicine had seen a substantial advance, though, since what we now know as modern medicine became relatively widespread before the end of the Great Depression.\nThe reason that this is important is because society historically has placed a premium on human life according to the amount of resources that it percieves to be invested in that life. The lynching data (pp.158-159) in Problems in the History of the American South reflects this tendency. If one looks at the data for black lynchings versus white lynchings over time, black lynchings are invariably higher. This is a symptom of a thought process that accomplishes a social fact over time stating that blacks, being generally poorer than whites, invest less resources in themselves and are therefore less valuable to society. Approximately the same phenomena can be seen in action any time one person is considered to be important when considered in contrast to another. The phenomenon of importance is one of perception of invested resources. There is no other explanation for the social success of Roark's \"planter's revolution\" (as explained in his book, Masters Without Slaves) in an environment where \"the majority of Southerners were, after all, nonslaveholders (p.21),\" according to a secessionist prior to the war. The planters, whose station in society was indicative of the amount of resources invested in them, were considered more important than nonslaveholders and their opinions and ideas were therefore accorded more respect and were acted upon. This tendency to value individuals whose in whose being were invested more resources than most carries over to death, as well. Speaking of some officers from her own planter class, a Georgia woman said, \"Their deaths have brought the war home to me more forceably (sic) than could the deaths of a regiment of soldiers... (p.86).\" So more invested resources in a human life implies greater societal value placed upon that life.\nWith that having been established, let us look again at the aforementioned hanging data from 1882-1930 again. Although it is obvious from the higher number of black hangings throughout the period that race was a motivator in many of the events, one cannot explain the reductions in rate and number simply by saying that either people were becoming less racist or that black people were somehow becoming less black. Anti-black discrimination remained strong enough in the South to inspire the backlash of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's of which Lillian Smith was a key proponent, and the continuation of social definitions of blackness through the end of the period show the continued distinctiveness, if not necessarily by choice, of blacks from whites. The reduction is therefore not a racial phenomenon. Also telling in this data is the much sharper drop in white lynchings. Both drops are symptomatic of the same change in overall societal feeling toward life and its general value. With the increase in investment in individuals, both by society and by themselves, that occurs after the end of the transition to lower overall mortality comes the establishment of a social fact that life is more important and that the taking of it is an event to be embarked upon with more thought than had previously been used. White lynchings were all but eliminated due to the fact that there was not as much potential incentive to practice vigilante justice against white men. Black hangings continued because they served ends other than simple murder. They were also a tool to keep blacks in check, as well as an outlet for the social rage felt by whites. As such, when other, more legitimate outlets for these feelings eventually began to arise in the form of official discrimination in the more widespread public sphere afforded by greater governmental presence, lynchings were virtually eliminated since there was no reason to lynch a man who could just as easily be put in jail, like Nate Shaw, or otherwise legitimately disposed of, like his friends (p.317). So vigilante violence, because of its dependence on certain cultural attitudes regarding the relatively low worth of human life, ended when those attitudes changed and other avenues for the expression of racial anger opened.\nWith the rise of the social fact of the worth of human life, more legitimate means of expression of racial animosity opened up for whites, a fact which ironically opened the way for the black civil rights movement of later years by moving the majority of overt racial conflict from rural forest clearings to federal courtrooms."

"Give2Asia and the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) have partnered to connect private sector philanthropy to effective community-based programs that mitigate disasters in Asia’s most vulnerable countries. This post comes as the last in a series of six outlining the vulnerability of countries selected for the program. Learn more about the NGO Disaster Preparedness Program or read more about Myanmar’s vulnerability to disasters.\nAccording to the UN Risk Model, Myanmar ranks as the ‘most at risk’ country for natural disasters. Coastal regions, particularly in the Rakhine State and the Irrawaddy Delta Region, are at high risk for cyclones, storm surges, and tsunamis. Much of the country is exposed to flooding and landslides during rainy season in addition to drought and fire during dry season. As Myanmar falls on one of the two main earthquake belts in the world, much of the country is also prone to earthquake.\nAn estimated 70 percent of the population resides in rural areas, most subsisting on agricultural productivity. However, village-level agriculture can cause deforestation, over-cultivation, and poor resource management, causing increased vulnerability to flood, drought, and landslides. Moreover, weak infrastructure and poor housing conditions contribute to Myanmar’s vulnerability.\nFire is the most frequently reported natural disaster (73 percent) in Myanmar with approximately 900 cases per year. The high incidences of fire result from climatic conditions including temperature, use of flammable construction materials, unplanned development, and other social factors.\nSecond to fires, flooding is one of the major hazards in Myanmar, given the country’s intricate system of rivers which sustain local economies and transportation of goods. Many cities and towns are located alongside these rivers, particularly the largest: the Irrawaddy, Chindwin, Sittaung, and Thanlwin. The Irrawaddy River basin alone exposes over two million people to flood.\nMyanmar is in dire need of long-term international support and flexible funding in order to adequately respond to natural hazards. Immediate local responses to natural disasters come predominantly from family members and faith groups. Faith groups often have the facilities and networks to distribute aid in a timely manner, but they lack the technical capacity and knowledge of disaster risk reduction to engage in activities beyond first response.\nDonors have the opportunity to support activities that engage communities in mitigating the impact of cyclones:\n- Identification or construction of safe shelters (religious buildings and monuments in communities often can serve this purpose)\n- Tree plantation around the village to reduce impact of wind\n- Mangrove planting in waterfront and rivers\n- Community education for storm resistant housing\n- Ensuring residential areas are situated a safe distance from the water front\n- Community cyclone awareness trainings\n- Volunteers should be trained on disaster management\nOther opportunities for donors include:\n- Flood forecasting and warning systems\n- Supporting research that identifies climate change influences on flooding and appropriate responses.\n- Improving watershed drainage systems and\n- Strengthening infrastructure in rural and mountainous areas,\n- Building the capacity of landslide warning systems.\n- Training faith groups and other first responders in disaster response best practices and implementation."

"FORMS OF RINGS AND MATERIALS OF WHICH THEY ARE MADE\nAMONG ancient gold rings, one of Egyptian workmanship is especially noteworthy for its size and weight as well as for its design. It is 1/2 inch in its largest diameter, and bears an oblong plinth, which turns on a pivot; it measures 6/10 inch at its greatest, and 4/10 inch at its least breadth.\nOn one of the four faces is the name of the successor of Amenhotep III, Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), who lived about 1400 B.c.; on another is figured a lion, with the inscription ” lord of strength ” ; the two remaining sides show a scorpion and a crocodile respectively. The weight of this massive ring is stated to be about five ounces and its intrinsic gold value nearly a hundred dollars. (1)\nSome remarkably fine finger-rings were among the ornaments found by Ferlini, an Italian physician, when he unearthed the treasure of one of the queens of Meroë. These rings are now in the Berlin Royal Museum. Some of them are plain hoops to which movable plates are attached; others are signet rings. In a few specimens of the first-named class the plate is so large as to extend over three figures, the inconvenience to which this could give rise being partly obviated by joints in the plate, so that the fingers might be moved with greater facility.\n1 Sir John Gardner Wilkinson, ” Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians,” vol, iii, p. 373\nWe hardly think that a design of this type is ever likely to become popular in our times. Scarabs strung on wire so as to be worn on the finger were found at Dahshur by De Morgan. These belonged to the Twelfth Dynasty, to the time from Usertasen III to Amenemhat III (ab. 2660-2578 B.C.).\nStronger wire was used at a later time, the ends being thrust into perforations on the sides of the scarabs. In all these cases the scarab and the circlet, more or less well formed, were separate parts loosely put together. It was not until the Golden Age of the ancient Egyptian civilization that complete metal rings were made, in which both circlet and chaton formed one piece.\nRings of the Egyptian type, although strongly modified by Ionic or Phœnician art, were introduced into Etruria at a very early period, and probably thence into Latium. (2) At an even earlier date, at least 1200 B.C., scarab rings were worn in Cyprus, several examples having been found in sepulchres there, the scarab being made of porcelain strung on a gold-wire hoop.\nThe ancient rings in the British Museum offer examples of nearly all the different types favored in early times. (3) Some, from the Mycenœan period, exhibit a long shield-shaped bezel, convex above and concave beneath, across the direction of the hoop; others have a flat band decorated with plaited or twisted wire on which is set a bezel holding a paste.\nPhœnician rings of the period from 700 to 500 B.C. present a variety of forms, some being swivel rings, the extremities of the rounded hoops passing into beads, in which are inserted the pivots of a scarab-setting; another type has elliptical hoops, either plain or ornamental, the scarab being in a filigree-decorated bezel; in still another, the lower part of the hoop is twisted into a loop, so that the ring can be worn suspended; there are also some plain, flat or rounded hoops, sometimes with the ends overlapping.\n2 F. H. Marshall, Catalogue of the Finger Rings Greek, Etruscan and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum, p. 50, Nos. 278-281 ; pi. vii, No. 281.\n3 See F. H. Marshall, ” Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum,” London, 1907, pp. xxxvii—xlix.\nThe Greek and Hellenistic periods, from the sixth to the second century B.C., furnish a large variety of forms, some copied or adapted from earlier ones and then independently developed. A rounded hoop tapering upward, with ornamental extremities, occasionally appears in fine examples, the ends of the hoop representing the lions’ masks ; the bezels are frequently of oval shape, and the shoulders of the hoop are often nearly straight; in another type while the outside of the hoop is rounded, the inside is facetted; sometimes there is a high convex bezel, bevelled underneath.\nThere are still a few swivel rings with scaraboids. In the Hellenistic period appear massive gold rings with square-cut shoulders and raised oval settings, in which a convex stone is placed. Still another type is an expanding hoop formed of two overlapping ribbons and with a convex bezel.\nEtruscan rings assume various characteristic and peculiar forms, many of which are found among the Roman rings of a later period, indicating the derivation from the Etruscans of ring-wearing among the Romans.\nOne of these in the British Museum has a broad hoop ending in convex shields, a scarab being pivoted in the terminals; in others, the hoop is hollow, terminating in cylindrical ornaments, between these a scarab revolves on a wire swivel. A peculiar example has a grooved hoop, the ends being convex disks, in which is pivoted a scarab.\nOne of these Etruscan rings has a very large convex oval bezel, around the slope of which run a series of embossed figures. As an example of Roman art found in Egypt, we have a spiral ring of serpent form, either extremity terminating in a bust, of Isis and Serapis respectively.\nThe conjecture has been made that this ring, and others of the type, may have been intended to figure the reigning emperor and empress of Rome under the types of Isis and of Serapis, the latter a Grœco-Egyptian divinity as worshipped in Alexandria and in the Roman world, though having a distinctly Egyptian form in the national pantheon as Asar-Hapi, or Osiris-Apis.\nThe rings of the type described have the advantage of being easily adapted to a finger of any size, since pressure at both extremities would enlarge the girth of the single spiral. (4) In his Etymologias, Isidore of Seville defines three of the types of rings worn in ancient times, the ungulus, the Samothracius and the thynnius. (6)\nThe ungulus was set with a gem and owed its designation to the fancy that the stone was as closely attached to the gold of the ring as a human nail (ungulus) was to the flesh of the finger. The Samothracian ring was of gold, but had an iron setting. Lucretius in the sixth book of his great philosophic and scientific poem, ” De Natura Rerum,” in speaking of the magnet to which he attributes negative and positive powers, of repulsion and of attraction, relates that when, in an experiment, Samothracian rings were placed in a brazen dish beneath which a piece of magnetic iron was moved to and fro, he had seen the rings leap up, as though to flee from an enemy.\nThe third type of ring was the thynnius, the name indicating, according to Isidore, that it was made in Bithynia, called at an earlier time, Thynna.\n(4) Figured in Caylus, ” Receuil d’antiquités,” vol. ii, p. 310.\n(6) Sancti Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi, ” Opera Omnia,” vol. iv, col. 702, Etymologias, lib. xix, cap. 32; vol. Ixxxii of Migne’s Patrologia Latina, Paris, 1850."

"Throughout human history, societies have generally consisted of several classes, distinct to some degree or other and societies have always supported kings or other rulers and their institutions. Why does that seem to be a natural order for people?\nthere are conflicts in mind of people about good or bad, healthy and unhealthy, positive and negative.\nAs we , humans grow,realized some principles in life that only strong people can exist: Survival of the fittest. There still existed hope of cooperation That's why you are here to ask and i am here to say my point\nYou can help the HubPages community highlight top quality content by ranking this answer up or down."

"Fun Facts About Canada Day\n1-The name Canada derives from an Iroquoian word for\n“village,” kanata, that French explorers heard used to refer to the\narea near present-day Quebec City.\n2-On June 20, 1868, Governor General the Viscount Monck issued a\nroyal proclamation asking for Canadians to “celebrate the\nanniversary of the confederation.\n3-This holiday was given the statutory value on 1879 and was\ndesignated as the Dominion Day.\n4-Canada was known as officially as Dominion Day until October\nHowever, many ordinary Canadians have considered it as Canada\nDay long before the official name change.\n5-The year 2011 marks the 144rd celebration of Canada Day which\ncommemorates the day that Canada became a nation.\n6-Canada Day kicks off, what Canadians call, “those two months\nbefore winter starts”\n7- Canada Day and the cold one go together like Bob and Doug\nMcKenzie, In British Columbia resident’s guzzle 1.2 million liters\nof beer over country’s birthday long weekend-and that’s just from\ngovernment -run liquor stores.\nHappy Canada Day!"

"Femoral-Tibial Bypass Surgery for Peripheral Arterial Disease\nFemoral-tibial bypass surgery (also known as infra-popliteal reconstruction) is used to bypass diseased blood vessels in the lower leg or foot.\nTo bypass the blocked blood vessel, blood is redirected through a healthy blood vessel that has been transplanted or through a man-made graft material. This vessel or graft is sewn above and below the diseased artery so that blood flows through the new vessel or graft. Before surgery, the doctor determines what type of material is best suited to bypass the blood vessel.\nWhenever possible, the surgeon will choose to use an existing piece of vein taken from either leg. Man-made graft materials (such as polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE] or Dacron) are more likely to become narrowed again. But they may still be effective and are used when a vein is not available.\nThe section of vein or man-made blood vessel is sewn onto the small vessels of the lower leg or foot so that blood can travel through the new graft vessel and around the existing blockage(s).\nGeneral anesthesia or an injection in the spine (epidural) is used for this surgery. General anesthesia will cause you to sleep through the procedure. An epidural prevents pain in the lower part of the body.\nWhat To Expect After Surgery\nYou will need to stay in bed for 1 to 2 days after surgery. You will need to stay in the hospital for 3 to 5 days.\nYou will have some pain from the cuts (incisions) the doctor made. The pain usually gets better after about 1 week. Your doctor will give you pain medicine. You can expect your leg to be swollen at first. This is a normal part of recovery and may last 2 or 3 months.\nYou will need to take it easy for 2 to 6 weeks at home. It may take 6 to 12 weeks to fully recover. You will probably need to take at least 2 to 6 weeks off from work. It depends on the type of work you do and how you feel.\nYou will need to have regular checkups with your doctor to make sure the graft is working.\nWhy It Is Done\nThis surgery is used for people who have narrowed or blocked tibial or peroneal arteries, which are near the surface of the legs. Most of the time, people also have blocked femoral and popliteal arteries too. Usually, the blockage must be causing severe symptoms or be limb-threatening before bypass surgery is considered.\nHow Well It Works\nWhen a vein is used, the bypass remains open in 74 to 80 out of 100 people 5 years after surgery. But man-made (prosthetic) grafts are less effective for this type of surgery. When a man-made graft is used, the graft remains open in about 25 out of 100 people 3 years after surgery.1\nAll surgeries carry a certain amount of risk. These risks include:\nSpecific risks for this bypass surgery include:\nWhat To Think About\nSome people want to try lifestyle changes before having this surgery. Making these changes could help you walk without pain. And lifestyle changes don't have the risks of bypass surgery.\neMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise\nTo learn more visit Healthwise.org\n© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated."

"Although prevalence estimates vary, there is consensus that high percentages of justice-involved women and men have experienced serious trauma throughout their lifetime. The reverberating effects of trauma experiences can challenge a person’s capacity for recovery and pose significant barriers to accessing services, often resulting in an increase risk of coming into contact with the criminal justice system.\nTo raise awareness about trauma and its effects among criminal justice professionals, SAMHSA’s GAINS Center developed a training curriculum, How Being Trauma-Informed Improves Criminal Justice System Responses.\nHow Being Trauma-Informed Improves Criminal Justice System Responses is a half-day training for criminal justice professionals to:\n- Increase understanding and awareness of the impact of trauma,\n- Develop trauma-informed responses, and\n- Provide strategies for developing and implementing trauma-informed policies.\nTrauma-informed criminal justice responses can help to avoid re-traumatizing individuals, and thereby increase safety for all, decrease recidivism, and promote and support recovery of justice-involved women and men with serious mental illness. Partnerships across systems can also help to link individuals to trauma-informed services and treatment for trauma.\nThis highly interactive training is specifically tailored to community-based criminal justice professionals including:\n- Community corrections (probation, parole, and pre-trial services officers)\n- Court personnel\nFor more information about this training, including details about making this training accessible in your community, contact the GAINS Center.\nNational Database of GAINS Center Trauma-Informed Responses Trainers\nTo find a GAINS Center trainer in your area, please use our database."

"Saudi Solar: Oil Giant to Invest in Renewable Energies Project\nSaudi Arabia intends to host the world’s largest solar project. “It’s a huge step in human history,” says Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman. “It’s bold, risky and we hope we succeed in doing that.”\nSolar power is a logical choice for the country. Its capital, Riyadh, averages 8.9 hours of sunshine a day. The nation is also projected to be severely impacted if climate change raises global temperatures 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. According to Climate Action Tracker, if the global temperature rises 3 to 4 degrees Celsius, 75 percent of the country would be excessively arid by the end of the century.\nAccording to the most recent data available from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Saudi Arabia produces 13 percent of the world’s oil and currently obtains 60 percent of its electric energy from petroleum.\nThis article appears in the October 2018 issue of Natural Awakenings."

"Unlocking the Wonders of Sensory Development in Preschoolers\nThe world is a vibrant tapestry of sensory experiences, and for preschoolers, it is an awe-inspiring journey of discovery. Sensory development plays a pivotal role in shaping their perception, cognition, and overall growth. From the gentle touch of a mother’s hand to the captivating melodies of nature, every sensation molds their understanding of the world around them. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of sensory development in preschoolers, exploring how their senses lay the foundation for learning, emotional well-being, and future success.\nI. The Power of Touch: Nurturing a Tactile World\nThe sense of touch serves as a gateway to the world, providing preschoolers with essential information about their surroundings and fostering emotional connections. Through the sensation of touch, they develop an understanding of texture, temperature, pressure, and the physical boundaries of objects. Encouraging tactile exploration and play can enhance their fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, and cognitive abilities. From finger painting to playing with sand or water, these experiences stimulate their imagination and creativity, allowing them to develop a deep sense of self-expression.\nII. The Magic of Sight: Visual Stimulation and Cognitive Growth\nThe visual sense holds a captivating allure for preschoolers, as they embark on a visual journey filled with colors, shapes, and patterns. Their visual development plays a crucial role in shaping their cognitive abilities, such as memory, attention, and perception. Engaging them in activities that promote visual exploration, such as puzzles, picture books, and nature walks, not only enhances their visual acuity but also instills a sense of curiosity and observation. By honing their visual skills, preschoolers develop a solid foundation for future learning, including reading and problem-solving.\nIII. The Symphony of Sound: A World of Auditory Wonder\nPreschoolers possess an innate fascination with sound. From the soothing lullabies that drift them to sleep to the joyous melodies that make them dance, auditory experiences are deeply intertwined with their emotional well-being. Developing their auditory sense fosters language acquisition, listening skills, and the ability to discern different sounds in their environment. Engaging them in activities like singing, playing musical instruments, or listening to audiobooks not only enhances their auditory discrimination but also nurtures their emotional intelligence and self-expression.\nIV. The Aromas of Life: Exploring the Sense of Smell\nPreschoolers have an extraordinary ability to detect and remember scents, making the olfactory sense a powerful tool for sensory exploration. By introducing them to various smells, such as flowers, fruits, or spices, we enhance their olfactory discrimination and memory skills. The olfactory sense is also closely linked to emotional experiences, as certain scents can evoke memories and trigger positive or negative emotional responses. Encouraging them to engage with aromatic playdough, scented stickers, or simple cooking experiences can enrich their sensory world and nurture their emotional well-being.\nV. The Flavors of Exploration: Taste and Palate Development\nTaste is an integral part of the sensory experience, offering preschoolers a gateway to explore different flavors, textures, and cultural culinary delights. As they embark on their journey of taste exploration, they develop preferences, learn about nutrition, and refine their oral motor skills. By introducing a wide array of healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and grains, we not only cultivate their palate but also promote their physical well-being. Engaging them in simple cooking activities and family meals fosters a sense of togetherness and appreciation for diverse tastes and textures.\nVI. The Multidimensional World: Proprioception and Vestibular Senses\nWhile the five traditional senses often take the spotlight, preschoolers’ sensory development encompasses two lesser-known senses: proprioception and the vestibular sense. Proprioception refers to the sense of body position and movement, allowing preschoolers to navigate their physical environment with ease. Engaging them in activities that involve climbing, jumping, or carrying objects promotes body awareness and motor skills. Similarly, the vestibular sense, responsible for balance and spatial orientation, can be nurtured through activities like swinging, spinning, or dancing. These experiences contribute to their overall physical coordination, confidence, and spatial reasoning.\nThe Power of Touch: Nurturing a Tactile World\nI. Tactile Exploration and Fine Motor Skills Development\nPreschoolers are naturally drawn to tactile experiences, as they revel in the joy of feeling different textures beneath their fingertips. Encouraging tactile exploration through activities like finger painting, sensory bins, and playdough molding not only captivates their imagination but also enhances their fine motor skills. As they manipulate and engage with various materials, their hand-eye coordination, dexterity, and finger strength improve, laying a strong foundation for future tasks that require precise control, such as writing or using scissors.\nII. Sensory Play and Cognitive Development\nSensory play, with its focus on tactile experiences, holds tremendous cognitive benefits for preschoolers. Engaging them in activities that involve pouring, scooping, sorting, or stacking objects stimulates their problem-solving skills, spatial reasoning, and cognitive flexibility. For instance, playing with sensory bins filled with different materials allows them to explore cause-and-effect relationships, practice counting, and develop categorization skills. Sensory play engages their senses in a holistic manner, enhancing their cognitive abilities through hands-on exploration.\nIII. Emotional Well-being and Self-expression\nThe power of touch extends beyond physical development—it profoundly influences preschoolers’ emotional well-being. Touch is a primary means of communication and connection, allowing them to express affection, seek comfort, and establish trust. Hugs, gentle caresses, and holding hands provide a sense of security and belonging. Engaging in tactile activities like massage, soft toy play, or cuddling promotes emotional regulation, reduces stress, and fosters a deep sense of connection between Preschoolers and their caregivers.\nIV. Sensory Integration and Body Awareness\nTactile experiences play a crucial role in sensory integration—the seamless processing and integration of multiple sensory inputs. Engaging preschoolers in activities that stimulate different senses simultaneously, such as playing with textured toys or engaging in messy play, supports their ability to integrate sensory information effectively. As they explore tactile sensations in conjunction with other sensory inputs, their body awareness improves, helping them develop a better understanding of their physical selves and enhancing their overall sensory processing abilities.\nV. Enhancing Language and Communication Skills\nThe sense of touch also contributes to the development of language and communication skills in preschoolers. Exploring tactile experiences provides rich vocabulary-building opportunities as they describe the sensations they feel—soft, rough, smooth, or bumpy. Sensory-rich activities, such as storytelling with props, textured books, or puppetry, foster language acquisition, creativity, and narrative skills. Through tactile exploration, Preschoolers can express their thoughts, ideas, and emotions, further enriching their communication abilities.\nVI. Fostering Creativity and Imagination\nTactile experiences ignite the spark of creativity and imagination in preschoolers. Engaging with different textures, materials, and sensory stimuli stimulates their imagination, encourages role-play, and supports divergent thinking. From creating textured artwork to building imaginative worlds with sensory materials, such as sand or water, they develop a sense of wonder and self-expression. Tactile exploration nurtures their innate curiosity, encourages open-ended play, and allows their imaginations to soar.\nThe Magic of Sight: Visual Stimulation and Cognitive Growth\nI. Developing Visual Acuity and Perception\nPreschoolers are naturally drawn to vibrant colors and intriguing shapes, and their visual development is a cornerstone of their cognitive growth. By providing them with opportunities to engage in visual stimuli, such as picture books, puzzles, and art activities, we enhance their visual acuity and perception. As they differentiate between colors, identify shapes, and recognize patterns, their visual discrimination skills sharpen, forming a solid foundation for future learning.\nII. Visual Memory and Attention\nThe ability to remember visual information and sustain attention is crucial for academic success. Visual stimulation aids in the development of visual memory, enabling preschoolers to remember and recall images, letters, and numbers. Engaging them in memory games, matching activities, and visual puzzles enhances their memory skills and strengthens their attention span. These activities also cultivate their ability to focus on details, an essential skill for reading, problem-solving, and critical thinking.\nIII. Exploring the World through Visual Observations\nPreschoolers possess a natural curiosity to explore and observe their environment. Visual experiences play a significant role in expanding their knowledge and understanding of the world. Taking nature walks, visiting museums, and exploring different environments expose them to a variety of visual stimuli, fostering their observational skills. Encouraging them to notice and discuss details, patterns, and changes in their surroundings nurtures their ability to make connections and develop a keen sense of curiosity about the world around them.\nIV. Cultivating Creativity and Visual Expression\nThe sense of sight is closely tied to creativity and visual expression. Engaging preschoolers in art activities, such as drawing, painting, and collage-making, allows them to communicate their thoughts, emotions, and ideas visually. These experiences foster their imagination, creativity, and self-expression.\nBy providing them with a diverse range of art materials and encouraging them to explore different visual mediums, we empower them to develop their unique artistic voice and cultivate their visual storytelling abilities.\nV. Developing Visual-Spatial Skills\nVisual-spatial skills are fundamental for understanding relationships between objects and the ability to navigate in physical and mental spaces. Engaging preschoolers in activities that involve puzzles, building blocks, and spatial reasoning games hones their visual-spatial skills. These experiences enhance their ability to perceive and understand shapes, sizes, and spatial relationships, which are essential for later mathematical concepts and problem-solving abilities.\nVI. Promoting Visual Literacy\nIn the digital age, visual literacy is becoming increasingly important. Preschoolers need to develop skills to interpret, analyze, and understand visual information effectively. Introducing them to diverse forms of visual media, such as picture books, photographs, and age-appropriate videos, helps cultivate their visual literacy skills. By discussing the visuals, asking open-ended questions, and encouraging critical thinking, we empower them to navigate and comprehend the visual world around them.\nThe Symphony of Sound: A World of Auditory Wonder\nI. Language Acquisition and Listening Skills\nThe auditory sense plays a crucial role in language development during the preschool years. By exposing preschoolers to a rich auditory environment filled with conversations, stories, and songs, we nurture their language acquisition. Listening to the rhythmic patterns, intonations, and nuances of speech helps them understand and imitate language sounds, vocabulary, and sentence structures. Engaging in interactive activities like rhymes, tongue twisters, and storytelling enhances their listening skills, comprehension, and expressive language abilities.\nII. Discriminating Sounds and Auditory Sensitivity\nPreschoolers have the remarkable ability to discriminate between different sounds and tones. Through exposure to various auditory stimuli, such as musical instruments, environmental sounds, and animal noises, their auditory discrimination skills develop. They learn to differentiate between high and low pitches, soft and loud sounds, and recognize patterns in auditory sequences. This heightened auditory sensitivity lays the foundation for music appreciation, auditory memory, and the ability to follow instructions.\nIII. Emotional Intelligence and Sound\nSound has a profound impact on preschoolers’ emotional well-being. From the soothing sounds of nature to the cheerful melodies of music, auditory experiences evoke emotions, create moods, and foster self-expression. Music, in particular, has the power to uplift, calm, or energize their spirits. Engaging preschoolers in singing, dancing, and playing musical instruments allows them to connect with their emotions, express themselves creatively, and develop a deeper understanding of the emotional content conveyed through sound.\nIV. Sound Localization and Auditory Spatial Awareness\nThe auditory sense also contributes to spatial awareness and the ability to locate sounds in the environment. Preschoolers learn to identify the direction from which sounds originate, which enhances their spatial orientation and helps them navigate their surroundings effectively. Engaging them in activities that involve sound localization, such as playing “sound detective” or following sound trails, hones their auditory spatial awareness and strengthens their auditory-motor coordination.\nV. Auditory Processing and Cognitive Skills\nAuditory processing skills are essential for preschoolers’ cognitive development. The ability to process and make sense of auditory information supports their attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities. Engaging them in activities that involve auditory sequencing, memory games, and auditory discrimination tasks sharpens their auditory processing skills. This, in turn, enhances their cognitive flexibility, auditory memory, and the ability to follow directions.\nVI. Exploring Music and Sound Diversity\nMusic, with its vast array of rhythms, melodies, and harmonies, offers preschoolers a world of auditory exploration. Introducing them to different genres, musical instruments, and cultural sounds expands their musical horizons and fosters an appreciation for diversity. Encouraging them to experiment with making their own music, listening to a variety of musical styles, and engaging in music-related activities develops their sense of rhythm, fosters creativity, and cultivates an understanding and appreciation for the power of sound."

"From Elizabeth George’s Write Away: “You can begin the story just before the beginning; you can begin it right at the beginning; or you can begin it after the beginning” (65).\n- What are some other ways to start?\n- How is it possible to start before the beginning? After?\n- What are the benefits of each of these three strategies? Disadvantages?\n- Which of these strategies do you think you might use and why?"

"Everyone experiences feelings of anxiety, nervousness, tension, and stress from time to time. This includes children. Individuals and children can learn to effectively deal with their anxiety by implementing 5 easy tips.\nBelow are 5 tips to help manage anxiety:\n- Become a relaxation expert. Relaxation is an important stress-management skill. Many people confuse various activities with relaxation. For instance, chilling out in front of the TV or computer is not necessarily true relaxation. Depending on what you are watching or doing, it could even make you more tense and you may not even recognize it. The same is true for substance use such as alcohol, drugs, or tobacco. They may seem to relieve anxiety or stress temporarily, as they exacerbate any stress you may have and create additional long-term problems. What truly relaxes the body and calms the mind is a relaxation technique — such as deep diaphragmatic breathing, tai chi, or yoga — that has a physical effect on the mind. For example, deep breathing helps to relax a major nerve that runs from the diaphragm to the brain, sending a message to the entire body to let go and relax. It is a proven physiological method that creates balance and a sense of relaxation to the mind and body.\n- Get enough sleep, nourishment, and exercise. In order for your mind and body to experience a sense of peace and feel strong enough to handle life’s inevitable stressors, restorative sleep, healthy nutrition and adequate exercise are key. Attain the amount and quality of sleep that is psychological and physically restorative. The aphorism, “you are what you eat” is accurate. Our brain chemicals are made from the foods and liquids we consume. When our diet is healthy, our brain produces chemicals that allow us to stay mentally, emotionally and physically balanced. Eat nutritious foods such as fruit, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains for long-term energy instead of the short bursts that are derived from excess sugar or caffeine. Exercise is vital to send oxygen to every cell in the body so your brain and body can be rejuvenated and replenished so we can operate at our most optimum levels.\n- Connect with others. Spend time with friends or family. Organized activities are great and hanging causally is as beneficial. Spending time with those we feel close and connected to deepens our bonds, allowing us to feel supported and secure. In addition, the fun, enjoyment and sharing that naturally occurs allow us to feel happier and less upset about various challenging or demanding aspects of our lives. If you feel worried or anxious about something, talking about it with someone who listens and cares can help you feel more understood and boost your ability to cope. You will be reminded that everyone has these feelings sometimes and that you are not alone.\n- Connect with nature. Heading out for a walk in the park or a hike in the woods can help cultivate feelings of peace and being centered. Choose a place where you feel safe so you can relax and enjoy your surroundings. Walking, hiking, or trail biking offer the additional benefit of exercise. Invite a friend or two — or a family member — along and enjoy feeling connected to people as well.\n- Think positive. A great way to keep our minds off the worry track is to focus our thoughts on aspects that are good, positive and that we are grateful for. We can also practice being hopeful and expect positive results.\nNote: When anxiety or worry feels extreme, it may be a sign of an anxiety disorder. For someone who has an anxiety disorder, getting proper care from a health professional is important, click here to buy CBD bud on Observer as a treatment is the best way to address an anxiety disorder.\nSource: Teen Health\nA.C.T. will provide free resource information for individuals and families to help promote education. For more information, please contact Dr. Drecun at [email protected] or (858) 792-3541. You may also visit us online at www.a4ct.com. ACT serves the Del Mar 92014 and Rancho Santa Fe 92067 area."

"Guide on Creation a Research Essay\nEssays on the conducted research represent a type of assignment that is extremely often performed by the students. In the high school, you have also written a great number of essays, but the college is another level that requires some sophisticated efforts from your side. The research essay is exactly one of them. For this assignment you do not only need to retell some novel or express your mind regarding some topic, but you also need to do actual research.\nMany students got puzzled when they hear about the research. In fact, they are often afraid by this word and consider that they will not cope with the task. However, everything is not so bad; you just need to know some important aspect and algorithm of the research procedure and essay writing mechanism.\nOpt for a Topic\nIf you are free to choose a topic, you need to take this aspect seriously. It is better to avoid wide-spread topics that are thoroughly studied as it will be really difficult for you to reveal something new within your research. At the same time do not select those themes which are very rare and will cause a lot of issues with finding the information on them. You can outline several suitable topics and consult with a teacher.\nWork out a Plan\nTo avoid chaotic and useless actions with your paper, one needs to outline his or her activities. Create a to-do list and stick to it during your work over the paper. The plan will help you to organize your work and to be in time with the ready paper. Do not neglect the planning phase as this is one of the main factors of success.\nConduct a Research\nThis stage is effort-consuming and requires commitment from your side. You need to process a large amount of information, analyze and consider. Research activities will represent the core point of your paper and you need to make it with a comprehensive approach. When conducting research, make notes, write down all important aspects and make drafts.\nSet to Paper\nHere you need to use actively all drafts and notes that you have made during the research. It is important to consider all details and do not miss important factors. Keep in mind that research paper presupposed using facts and actually obtained information. You need to minimize rhetorical suppositions and assumptions. Be precise and try to convince your readers that you know what you are writing about and can provide facts.\nDo Not Neglect Works on Refining and Improvement\nFollowed by the active thinking process you can omit a lot of other important aspects. Thus, you need to take care of the logical structure and consistency. Stick to structure and reasoned content formulation to avoid puzzling of your readers. Moreover, you need to take care of grammar and words spelling. Try to check the punctuation, word order and make your paper pleasant for reading."

"The renowned story Of Mice and Men, based on the 1937 novel by John Steinbeck, is returning to the Broadway stage in April 2014. Of Mice and Men (which is required reading in many schools) is based on Steinbeck’s own experiences as a migrant worker during the 1920s. The story is set during the Great Depression in California. Two migrant ranch hands, George Milton and Lennie Small (who is mentally disabled), are moving place to place searching for new job opportunities. Relying on each other for support and love, they dream of acquiring their own piece of land one day. The two friends find work on a ranch and begin saving money for their future. When the Boss’ son, Curley (an abusive superintendent), bullies Lennie, it results in Curley’s broken hand. Curley’s power trip over Lennie sparks the interest of Curley’s coquettish wife. Lennie, however, accidentally kills her. Now that Lennie has caused major trouble, George must choose between protecting his friend or pursuing his dream. He decides to shoot Lennie before his companion is the target of revenge, and therefore, he loses all hopes and aspirations for living the American Dream.\nOne major theme Steinbeck emphasizes in Of Mice and Men is the theme of the American Dream. Over the years, Americans have begun to place more and more value on ideals such as wealth and freedom. People flock to America from all over searching for this American Dream, but it is unattainable for most. Almost every character in Of Mice and Men has an American Dream of their own, but they never achieve it. Through these characters, the story’s setting, and symbolization, Steinbeck portrays the impossibility of the American Dream. For instance, George dreams of being self-sufficient and having his own land. He wants to be his own boss and not work for somebody else. At the same token, he also wants Lennie by his side. Likewise, Lennie dreams of being with George on his land so he can satisfy his desire to pet animals all day long. George and Lennie both desire to live with one another’s best interests in mind. They want to protect each other and be protected.\nThe supporting characters are all inspired by George’s and Lennie’s ideals and share similar grandiose dreams. For example, Candy, the elderly ranch handyman, lost his hand in an accident and he fears that this makes him disposable (along with his old age). He also lost his dog and therefore, he is lonely. He longs for security and support, so he offers his life’s savings to George and Lennie if he can join them in owning the land. Crooks, the black stable-hand with a crooked back, is isolated from the other ranch hands because of his skin color. Although he is a bit cynical about George’s and Lennie’s dream, he also longs for security and fantasizes about living in a place where he is accepted. Curley’s wife, a beautiful woman not trusted by her husband, aspires to be a famous actress.\nBy the end of the novel, everyone has lost all hope of attaining their American Dream. Curley’s wife is accidentally murdered by Lennie. Candy is condemned to remain at the ranch. When George chooses to shoot Lennie as an act of protection from an angry crowd, he loses his only true companion and he ends up giving up on his dream. Since George and Lennie were the inspiration for the rest of the ranch workers, they also give up on their fantasies.\nEducators should discuss with their students dream symbols in the story. The future farm is a major symbol as this is where almost all of the characters long to be. Steinbeck uses the descriptions of the farm to depict the unrealistic concept of the American Dream. He seduces the characters (as well as the readers) with these enticing descriptions.\nIn Part 2, I will provide more topics for discussion that educators may want to delve into with their students before seeing this poignant play on stage."

"Solar Orbiter is a medium-class mission of ESA’s Science Programme. The mission is dedicated to solar and heliospheric physics. ESA’s Solar Orbiter mission is conceived to perform a close-up study of our Sun and inner heliosphere – the uncharted innermost regions of our Solar System – to better understand, and even predict, the unruly behaviour of the star on which our lives depend.\nSolar Orbiter will address the central question of heliophysics: How does the Sun create and control the heliosphere? This primary, overarching scientific objective can be expanded into 4 interrelated top-level scientific questions:\n- What drives the solar wind and where does the coronal magnetic field originate from?\n- How do solar transients drive heliospheric variability?\n- How do solar eruptions produce energetic particle radiation that fills the heliosphere?\n- How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere?\nSolar Orbiter spacecraft was already completed, including scientific payload, and is now under testing in IABG (Industrieanlagen-Betriebsgesellschaft GmbH), a German analysis and test engineering company based in Ottobrunn near Munich. If the testing campaign will be successful, the probe will be dispatch in autumn this year to Kennedy space centre, from where its launch is planned for February 2020.\nThe Czech participation on Solar Orbiter supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports so far exceeds 6,5 MEUR. The participation on Solar Orbiter is the most important Czech participation on space projects from the era of Interkosmos programme. The estimated costs of the Solar Orbiter mission are 780 MEUR, excluding scientific payload.\nSolar Orbiter will carry 10 scientific instruments. Czech institutes and companies participated on 4 of these instruments through 5 projects:\nSTIX (Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays)\nSpectrometer – a telescope for X-ray imaging, enabling the study of physical processes in solar flares and other energy phenomena in the solar atmosphere. The Czech Republic developed and manufactured power supply unit (low and high voltage) as well as the flight software for the STIX instrument. The Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences together with companies CSRC and Evolving Systems Consulting participated in the project.\nMulti Element Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy (METIS)\nThe contribution of the Czech Republic to the METIS instrument was focused on delivering the main optical components: mirrors M1 and M2. These optical elements are crucial in METIS optical system because they provide an image of the solar corona, which will be recorded by METIS detectors. Therefore, the requirements for the quality of these mirrors were very high. Czech participation on METIS is coordinated by the Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, the mirrors were developed and manufactured in TOPTEC, which is part of the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences.\nDetector Electronics for the Proton/Alpha Sensor of Solar Wind Plasma Analyser\nThe Czech contribution consisted of development and supply of boards of the proton block of proton and alpha PAS alpha spectrometer block from the SWA instrument family. Solar Wind Plasma Analyser Complex – its 3 sensors will measure the density, velocity and temperature of solar wind ions and electrons at high time resolution and collect data on ionic composition and key heavier features. The Czech participation on this project was coordinated by the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University.\nRadio and Plasma Waves – Time Domain Sampler (RPW-TDS)\nThe project covered the manufacturing and testing of the TDS module for the RPW (Radio and Plasma Waves) instrument. TDS is a digital wave analyser implemented as a single circuit board integrated in the RPW instrument. TDS will digitize signals from electric and magnetic antennas and ensure on-board pre-processing of measured data. The science target of TDS is the study of plasma waves at the electron plasma frequency in the inner heliosphere. The Czech participation was coordinated by the Institute of Physics of Atmosphere of the Czech Academy of Sciences.\nRadio and Plasma Waves – Low Voltage Power Supply (RPW-LVPS)\nAnother Czech contribution to the RPW device was the development and production of Low-Voltage Power Supply (LVPS), a power supply unit that will power the RPW instrument. The aim of LVPS is to ensure the supply of electricity from solar panels, its regulation, and measurement of telemetric data on power consumption and filtration of harmful interference. The Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences together with company CSRC participated in the project.\nMore recent photos from Solar Orbiter testing can be found on the ESA websites.\nAn up-to-date overview of opportunities for participation in ESA Science Programme missions and on support of instrumentation projects through PRODEX."

"This course focuses on how Jews and Muslims have thought about each other and lived together, both in medieval and in modern times. Along the way the course also offers an introduction to Islamic texts, covers a variety of Islamic views of Jews and Judaism, analyzes stories of Muslims and Jews interacting in different times and places, looks at the lives of Jewish women under Islam, and explores the modern period in some detail. In the modern period we examine the roots of the distinctively nineteenth and twentieth century phenomenon of “radical Islamism” and its unfortunate perspective on Jews. We also study Jewish-Muslim relations in the context of the Zionist settlement of the land of Israel/Palestine.\nThe course will answer questions like these: What was it like to be a Jew living under Islam in the medieval period? How did this vary in different eras and in different locations? How was this experience different for Jewish men and for Jewish women? How did the history of Islam, its theologies, its religious laws, and its social and political institutions shape the overall context within which Jews found themselves? What are some of the enduring consequences and questions that Jews and Muslims today have inherited from this fateful period of coexistence?\nThis 10-session class begins on October 18 and meets Wednesdays, 7:00 p.m. – 9:30 p.m. Members of Temple B’nai Abraham, Temple Ner Tamind and Temple Tiferet Shalom receive a discount on the course.\nFor more information and to register: http://www.hebrewcollege.edu/meahselect-fall-2017#Beverly or contact Sara Riedner Brown, associate director of Me’ah at 617-559-8708 or [email protected].+ More... - Less..."

"As parents, we tend to have a lot of opinions about what is “right” and what is “wrong” when it comes to many aspects of raising children.\nBreastfeeding is one of the most hotly debated topics across the globe. While in some nations “extended breastfeeding” is providing a baby with breastmilk beyond the first six months, for other countries breastfeeding well into toddler-hood and preschool age is the norm.\nToday we’re going to celebrate the many differences in cultures and their take on breastfeeding. Let’s start with the leading breastfeeding nation in the developing world: Mongolia.\nMongolia tops the list as being the developing nation with the most breastfeeding initiatives, exclusively breastfeeding until the child is six months of age, and breastfeeding their young ones into the preschool years. Mongolian mums and their little ones receive a lot of support from not only families but their community.\nUnlike many other nations, Mongolians value the nutritional value of breastmilk highly. It’s not uncommon for it to be shared freely beyond families, with it sometimes being used for trade and barter.\nUnited Arab Emirates\nRecognising the importance of breastfeeding, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) made it a law in 2014 for mothers to breastfeed their babies until the age of two. Despite the law’s good intentions, it was met with a lot of push back from mothers who feared they might have difficulty feeding or who believed husbands might sue them for not nursing their little ones.\nBefore the 1970s breastfeeding was typical in China. The aggressive push for formula within the nation’s borders has now made the country home of the largest market of formula and other breastmilk substitutes in the world.\nFormula has become a large part of the feeding and child-rearing culture in China. But that doesn’t mean that breastfeeding is unheard of.\nDespite declining feeding rates, many mums follow the practice of Zuo Yue Zi, or the “sitting month” where they are confined to the home to bond and breastfeed their babies. Mums who follow this practice have the quiet time needed to establish breastfeeding with their babies and are often supported by other caretakers like their mothers, sisters, and aunts.\nOf the developed nations, the United Kingdom comes in last when it comes to breastfeeding. One Lancet report showed that a mere 0.5 per cent of mums continued to breastfeed their babies at the age of one (this is in comparison to 28 per cent of Aussie mums who breastfeed until their bubs’ first birthday.\nLack of support and miseducation about breastfeeding are largely to blame. Then there is also the misconception that breastfeeding is only for “poor mums” as well as the pressure women feel to get their babies on a regular schedule so that they can return to work.\nBreastfeeding has been heralded as one of the reasons why Brazil’s infant mortality rate has declined more than two-thirds over the past twenty years. The government and health organisations have implemented massive widespread campaigns supporting breastfeeding, which is one of the reasons why more than half of Brazilian mothers continue to feed their babies until they are at least half a year old.\nAnother reason why Brazilian mums may be choosing the “boob over the bottle” is that the country outright banned all infant formula advertising in 2015. Businesses also face substantial fines if they are found guilty of discriminating against breastfeeding mums.\nIraq has a complex relationship with breastfeeding. Intense conflict and war can make access to clean water and infant formula difficult for lengthy periods. Then there are religious laws from the Qur’an which further complicates matters.\nAccording to the Qur’an, infants are to be breastfed until the age of two. If both parents agree, however, the baby may be weaned sooner, or the baby could be fed by a wet-nurse.\nRepublic of Congo\nResiding within this central-African nation is a nomadic pygmy tribe called “Aka”. This tribe of 20,000 people values gender equality, so mothers and fathers take equal part in the rearing of their children.\nChildren are with one or the other parent at all times, and babies are held 100 per cent of the time until they reach the age of one. Fathers bond so closely with their babies that they will even “breastfeed” their babies as a form of comfort.\nHere in Australia, breastfeeding rates vary widely. One study showed that university-educated mums were more twice as likely to feed for a child’s first six months than those without a university education, showing that socioeconomic status could play a role in breastfeeding habits.\nAnother interesting finding from the study was that Aussie mums were far more likely to breastfeed their youngest child for a shorter period than earlier children. Researchers suspect this may be due to increased financial pressures with mums needing to return to the workforce sooner and wean prematurely.\nDespite cultural differences, one thing is for certain – our goal as parents is to do what is best for our babies and for our health. Whether formula feeding, breastfeeding, or both, Peachymama is proud to support mums of all cultures, needs, and lifestyles as we all continue along our unique parenting journey.\nPhoto by: petalandvinephotography.com"