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The Yuin people of the south-east coast of New South Wales were traditionally made up of 13 major tribal groups, encompassing the area from Botany Bay west to Campbelltown, then following and including the eastern mountains of the Great Dividing Range to south of what we now know as the New South Wales and Victoria border. The 13 major traditional tribal groups were, from north to south: Dharawal of Sydney Allowrie of Wollongong Wodi Wodi of Nowra Jerrinja of Orient Point Wandiwondian of Wandandian Murramurrang of Ulladulla Walbunja of Batemans Bay/Mogo Munkata-Yuin of Braidwood Brinja-Yuin of Moruya Arralyin of Araluen Djirringanj of Wallaga/Bega Wathargadarls/Wallagadarns of Bermagui Dhawa of Eden Collectively we are the Black Duck people, ‘Umbarra’ (wambaara) being the totem of the Yuin people. Water birds feature strongly in our tribe and clan group totems and are reflected in several Dreamtime stories. In today’s climate of Native Title, misrepresentation in official documents and media and the loss of traditional Aboriginal knowledge-holders, these definitions are contentious. The most common term used on the South Coast is Yuin people. This is broadly accepted by the Aboriginal community. According to language archival material collected by various people from Aboriginal informants between the years 1834 and 1902, the traditional languages or the New South Wales south-east coast are: Dharrawal The southern parts of Sydney and Botany Bay to Nowra Dhurga South of Nowra to Narooma inclusive of Braidwood and Araluen Djirringanj Narooma to Bega inclusive of Wallaga Lake and Bermagui Dhawa Eden to the north-eastern parts of Victoria A dialect called Dharumba was spoken around Wandandian where the Dharrawal and Dhurga languages merged. At the time of publication of this dictionary, the names of other dialects are unknown. 7 2 / YUIN PEOPLE AND THE SOUTH-EAST COAST LANGUAGES The south coast languages belong to the Pama–Nyungan languages, the most wide-spread family of Australian Aboriginal languages that – prior to 1788 – covered 90% of the continent. It was made up of more than 300 languages. The name ‘Pama– Nyungan’ is derived from the names of the two most widely separated groups, the Pama languages of the north-east and the Nyungan languages of the south-west. All of these languages are descended from a single ancestor language that spread across the continent. The 10% of non–Pama-Nyungan languages includes those spoken in the Kimberley and the Top End. As a result of adverse government policies over the past 200 years the majority of Aboriginal Language is the road people were forced to live on missions and reserves, creating a mixture of different lanmap of a culture, it guage groups. In addition, Aboriginal people tells you where its were actively discouraged from speaking their languages. Due to fear of punishment and the people come from intermingling of languages over several generations, it can be unclear how a language and where they are might have been spoken before colonisation going. without linguistic expertise. RITA MAE BROWN A common myth perpetuated by some scholUS AUTHOR ars is that the South Coast languages are spoken by very few, mainly the elderly, or are on the verge of extinction. This misconception continues even today, when the evidence strongly suggests otherwise. It is true that some South Coast Aboriginal people cannot speak their languages fluently, and likely never will. We are all possessively cling-ing to knowledge of words and phrases in our traditional languages handed down through the generations, despite efforts to stifle and deny that. We are forever indebted to the handful of people who persisted through adversity and recorded from reliable informants the remnants of our languages. In more recent years the work done by linguists has allowed for the differentiation of our languages, the revival and renewal of our native tongue, and has contributed beyond belief to the empowerment of Aboriginal communities and individuals. 8 3 / USING THIS DICTIONARY 3 / USING THIS DICTIONARY ELEANOR JORGENSEN The Dhurga Dictionary and Learner’s Grammar has been designed for Yuin people to use as a resource to help learn their language, increase their vocabulary, and develop literacy in Dhurga. It contains information about Dhurga and the Yuin people, how to use the dictionary and understand the entries, and the dictionary itself. This includes guides on how to pronounce and spell Dhurga words, information on what ‘parts of speech’ are, details on how to form a sentence and other grammatical information, and instructions for finding the original written source of the words in this dictionary. There are three ways the dictionary is organised: an alphabetical (B– Y) list of Dhurga words with English definitions, an alphabetical (A–Z) list of English words and their Dhurga translations, and an English list of categories (e.g. birds, body parts, tools and toys) in which there are the Dhurga words that fall into that category. The Dhurga Dictionary contains 728 words. Each entry includes a head word, its part of speech, definition, and a source code which indicates by which linguist and in which publication the term is attributed to Dhurga. Some words have been given a colour. This helps you remember what part of speech they are. Each word might also have a picture, and/or an example sentence to show you how to use the word in a sentence. We hope that you will find the Dhurga Dictionary useful and enjoyable to read. Walawaani! 9 4 / DHURGA PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING 4 / DHURGA PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING Understanding the sounds of Dhurga will help you pronounce and learn the words in this dictionary. The pronunciation of each of the sounds is listed below, written using a standard spelling system (orthography). Dhurga has some sounds that English has, but also some that are not in English. To help learn the pronunciation, we have provided English words that have a similar sound or given instructions on how to position your tongue to form the sound. The spelling used in this dictionary is based on those used in Jutta Besold’s PhD thesis, and is generally similar to how many Indigenous Australian languages are written. VOWELS Dhurga has six vowels. These can be paired up into ‘short’ and ‘long’ vowels. To a speaker of Australian English, long vowels might seem very similar to their short counterparts. Think of it like you are holding the sound longer, like it is stretched out. a as in bus aa as in past i as in bit ii as in bee u as in put uu as in too CONSONANTS Some Dhurga consonants are hard to tell apart for English speakers. For instance, d and dh are very similar, as are n and nh. The spelling helps you remember the difference between sounds. When you see an h in the spelling, your tongue should be to your teeth, like for the dh and nh sounds. When you see a j in the spelling, it sounds like there is a y sound following the consonant, like for the dj and nj sounds. b as in book d as in dog dh like dog but with tongue under top teeth dj as in judge or dew g as in good l as in look m as in many n as in no ng as in song, not as in finger nh like n but with tongue under top teeth nj as in new r as in rain 10 4 / DHURGA PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING rd as in bird — say this with an American accent so you really pronounce the r sound rl as in swirl — say this with an American accent so you really pronounce the r sound rn as in corn — say this with an American accent so you really pronounce the r sound rr as in purr — roll your tongue w as in well y as in yell FULL STOPS IN WORDS Some entries in this dictionary have a full stop (.) in them (e.g. yabin.gi ‘lean, thin’). This full stop tells you to pronounce the n and g as two separate sounds, rather than the single sound ng. CAPITAL V IN WORDS Some entries in this dictionary have a capital V in them (e.g. mayarmVga ‘fly’). This is because it is not clear what the vowel sound should be, and to stay as accurate as possible to the Dhurga language we did not want to just choose a vowel. For these entries check the variants for possible pronunciations. These are always ordered i, a, u (e.g. mayarmiga, mayarmaga, mayarmuga). This is the only time you will see capitals in Dhurga. We do not use capital letters at the start of a sentence or for proper nouns. STRESS IN WORDS Stress is a term for which part of the word has emphasis. Dhurga has an easy stress pattern to remember, you should always emphasise the first syllable of a word (e.g. duraya ‘river’). 11 5 / GUIDES TO PARTS OF SPEECH 5 / GUIDE TO PARTS OF SPEECH All words have a ‘part of speech’, a category they belong to that determines what can be attached to them and what role they have in a sentence. Some of the parts of speech in Dhurga may be familiar to English speakers — most if not all languages have verbs (actions) and nouns (things and people). Below is the complete list of parts of speech referred to in this dictionary, their abbreviations, and a brief explanation of each of them. To make using the dictionary easier, we have colour coded the Dhurga words based on their part of speech. In this guide we have colour coded the name of the part of speech in the same way. Adjective (adj.) is a describing word. It gives more information about the noun (e.g. big dog). Adjectives in this dictionary are brown. Conjunction (conj.) is a joining word. It connects sentences or parts of a sentence (e.g. I ran to the door and opened it). Demonstratives (dem.) ‘point’ to something around the speaker. In English demonstratives include ‘this, that, these, those’. Often in languages there are two kinds of demonstratives, one kind points to things close to the speaker (English ‘this, these’), another kind points to things further away (English ‘that, those’). Demonstratives in this dictionary are yellow. Exclamation (excl.) expresses surprise, strong emotion, or pain (e.g. ow!). Interrogative (inter.) is a question word (e.g. who, what, where). Interrogatives in this dictionary are purple. Kin (kin) is a member of a family, a relative, someone who is connected to you by blood or marriage (e.g. mother, father’s brother (uncle)). Noun (n.) is a word for a person, place, or thing. Nouns can be classified as ‘common nouns’ which are general things (e.g. chair, tree, house) and ‘proper nouns’ (see below) which are things which have a specific name (e.g. Australia, Sydney, John). Nouns in this dictionary are red. Proper Noun (nprop.) is a thing which has a specific, often one of a kind name. They include personal names, place names, and constellations. In English, proper nouns always begin with a capital letter no matter where they are in a sentence. Number (num.) counting words (e.g. one, four). Numbers in this dictionary are green. Particle (part.) is a word that only has meaning when used with other words. Phrase (phr.) is a sequence of two or more words that often go together, it is a unit that is larger than a word but smaller or equal to a sentence (e.g. ‘let’s go’, ‘safe journey’). Pronoun (pro.) is a word that can replace a noun, most often a person (e.g. I hit the ball, she hugged me). Pronouns in this dictionary are pink. 12 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY -ndjali suf. Indicates that the action is done to each other or that it is done to myself/ourselves/himself/hersel 5 / G f/the UI mD sel EvS TO P es et A c. ReRcTS O iproc F S al/rPeEflEeCxiH ve. — ngama-ndjali-wang waranganj-bara. — Let’s swap boomerangs. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.2.2-148. -ng pro. you (one person) and I (first person dual inclusive subject). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. Spatial (spat.) is a word relating to space (e.g. far, near). Spatial and temporal words (see b -nel gow a)i pnt ro. his diction wa e try a hre re o e o ra rmn or g e e. , but NOT you (first person plural exclusive subject). Suffix SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. (suf.) is a unit less than a word that cannot stand alone and must be attached to the end of another word. Most grammatical information in Dhurga is given by suf-ngal pro. our (first person dual exclusive possessive). fixes. All suffixes in this d SO i Uc Rti Co E: n Aa -r P. y b 292 Jeg Be i snw . ith a hyphen (-) (e.g. -dhuga ‘my’). Temporal (temp.) is a word relating to a time (e.g. yesterday). Spatial (see above) -ngala pro. he/she/it and I, but NOT you (first person dual exclusive subject). and temporal words in t Sh O is d URC ic E: t A i-o P. n 2a 3r 3Jya Bes re o . range. Intransitive Verb (vi.) is an action which something does, that does not involve -ngalangga pro. he/she/it and I, but NOT you (first person dual exclusive object). doing it to something else (e.g. run, sleep, travel, die). Intransitive verbs in this dic-SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. tionary are light blue. -ngamba Transitive Ver sb uf. Negates the action, indicating it did not happen or will not happen. (vt.) is an action that is done to something else (e.g. build, destroy). This attaches to the verb AFTER a tense marker. Transitive verbs in this dictionary are dark blue. — djama-ngamba-ga. — I’m not talking. SOURCE: A-P.275 JBes. -ngana pro. us three or more, including you (first person plural inclusive object). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -ng DHURG anang A HEADW ga us three or more, but NOT you (first person plural exclusive object). ORD: p THE C ro. OLOUR INDICATES SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. PART OF SPEECH PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION -ngga pro. me (first person singular object). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -nggul suf. Belonging to. Genitive case marker. VARIANT: -ngal OTHER PRONUNCIATIONS — birriiwa-y ngayaga-nggul DHURGA EXAMPLE SENTENCE — the spear belongs to me. ENGLISH TRANSLATION SOURCE: A-P.207/B-P.202 JBes. U-M.2.2-51. -ngu pro. Your (second person singular possessive). VARIANT: -djung SOURCE: A-P.292 J SOURCE C Bes ODE . -ngul pro. our (first person dual inclusive possessive). SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. 32 13 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE This section of the dictionary provides detailed explanations on the grammar of Dhurga, including word order, what to include on a noun or a verb, the order of parts of speech that modify a noun, and forming more complex sentences like questions and commands. WORD ORDER Dhurga is very different from English in the way it conveys information about who is doing what in a sentence. English has a strict word order that tells you what the subject (person/thing doing the action) is, and what the object (person/thing the action is being done to) is. In Dhurga, word order is much more flexible. There are three main ways you can form a sentence, from most common to least common: Subject, Object, Verb yuwinj-dju djaruga-mbara dhabaga-l-ul man-subject wallaby-two catch-past-them A man caught a couple wallabies. Verb, (Subject), Object djirabu-ga madbu-dhuga bunbal-dha hang.up-I bag-my tree-on I’ll hang my bag on the tree. Subject, Verb, Object wadhangarr-a badha-l njiinj gungara dog-subject bit-past that possum The dog bit that possum. Subject Verb Object is the least common and may be due to the influence of English. Though word order is very variable, there is a general rule that the object does not go before the subject. However, you can get sentences without a stand-alone subject. When a person is the subject of a sentence, often there is no standalone subject and these sentences tend to be Verb Object sentences, as seen above. Object Verb sentences without a stand-alone subject seem to be used to emphasise the object as the important part of the sentence. Object Verb ngadju ngundha-ga njiinj water drink.present-I this I am drinking water (and not some other drink). The main thing to remember is that whatever is the topic (the main thing being focused on, or the most important piece of information), you put that first. 14 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE BUILDING A NOUN Dhurga is very helpful because it tells us what is a subject and what is an object regardless of what order they are in. Dhurga shows this information by attaching what is called a ‘case marker’ to the nouns in a sentence. The most important case marker is the ergative case marker. The ergative case marker is attached to the noun that is the subject of a sentence. But it is only used when the subject is acting on something else (only used to mark the subject of a sentence with both a subject AND object). If the sentence has a subject and verb but no object (nothing which an action is being done to), then no marker is put on the noun. There are two ergative markers in Dhurga: -dju and -ngga. We don’t have enough information about them to say with certainty when one should be used over the other. You can choose. These two markers each have two forms, depending on what sound they follow. -dju becomes -u if the last sound of the noun it is attached to is rr or r. ngga becomes -a if the last sound of the noun it is attached to is rr or r. There are seven other case markers in Dhurga that each describe a different relation-ship between nouns in a sentence. The locative case marker -dha is put on a noun to indicate something else is on/at/ in that noun. dhugan-dha camp-at at camp The locative case marker -dha becomes -a if the word it attaches to end in r, rr or l. yuwinj njindjilan bunbal-a man this side tree-at The man is on this side of the tree. -dha is also the allative case marker, which is put on a noun to indicate motion towards that noun. bunbal-dha tree-to to the tree To tell if -dha means ‘at/on’ or ‘towards’ depends on what verb is being used. -dha means ‘towards’ only if the verb is describing motion like ‘go’, ‘go down’, ‘go up’ etc. The instrumental case marker is also -dha. It is put on a noun to indicate the noun is a tool that is used for something. 15 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE waranganj-dha gambadja-la-ga boomerang-with kill-past-I I killed it with a boomerang. You can tell when -dha is the instrumental case marker because it will be put on nouns that can be used as tools. The ablative case marker -din is put on a noun to indicate motion away from that noun. It is often used on ngarn ‘place’ as a general term after the more specific place is marked with a locative marker: dhugan-dha ngarn-din camp-at place-from from the camp The genitive case marker -nggul is put on a noun or pronoun to indicate that this noun possesses another noun in the sentence. The possessor follows the possessed in the sentence. birriiwa ngayaga-nggul spear I-belong The spear belongs to me. The benefactive case markers -gul, -lul and -mu are put on a noun or interrogative pronoun (who or what) to indicate the verb is being done for them/on their behalf. -gul is used after a consonant and -lul is used after a vowel. It is unclear if there are any rules about when -mu should be used. wananga-lul njiinj who-for this Who is this for? The purposive case markers -buran and -wuran are put on a noun to indicate that the verb is done for the purpose of that noun, it is the goal of the action. -buran is used after a consonant and -wuran is used after a vowel. biyan birribanj-buran waba-n father emu-for go-nonpast Father is going for that emu. You can add the diminutive -yanga to a noun to indicate it is small and / or cute. You may recognise it from the word gubidja-yanga ‘little toe’. Nouns may also be marked for number; that is, how many of the noun there are. 16 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE Dhurga makes a distinction between singular, dual, and plural forms. The dual markers -bara, -wara or -mbara indicates there are two. For example, waranganj-bara means ‘two boomerangs’ or ‘both boomerangs’. -bara is used after consonants, except rr and ng. -wara is used after vowels and rr. -mbara is used after vowels and ng. The plural markers -baraga, -waraga, and -mbaraga show that there are three or more. They have the same rules for when to use them as their dual counterparts. For example, waranganj-baraga ‘many boomerangs’. We have no examples of both number marking and case marking both attached to a noun. This may or may not be possible. Nouns may also mark possession with possessive pronouns that attach to the end of the noun to indicate who it is owned by. Possessive pronouns attach to the noun after number marking: waranganj-bara-dhuga boomerang-two-my both of my boomerangs These number and possession markers do not seem to occur with case markers. ORDER OF PARTS RELATED TO THE NOUN Across languages, nouns are usually modified by other parts of speech. Adjectives describe some quality of the noun like its size, colour, texture etc. (e.g. ‘big, blue, bumpy’). Demonstratives point out where the noun is in relation to the speaker (e.g. ‘this, that’). Numbers and plural marking tell you how many of that noun there are (e.g. ‘three cats’). There is some flexibility in the order of these. Most commonly, the order is: (ADJECTIVE) NOUN CASE MARKER (POSSESSIVE/NUMBER) (DEMONSTRATIVE) gubidja waranganj-dha njiinj small boomerang-with this with this small boomerang However, adjectives can also go after the noun. djaruga biraga wallaby big a big wallaby 17 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE There are no examples of nouns modified by both numbers and case marking, or both possessives and case marking — it is unclear if they can occur on the same noun and, if so, what order they attach to the noun in. There are also no examples of any stand-alone numbers such as dhawa ‘ten’ or djiriba ‘two’ or any other numbers. We do not know if they should go before or after the noun in Dhurga. USING PRONOUNS There are two types of pronouns in Dhurga: ones that can exist by themselves; and ones that must be attached to other words (possessive pronouns attach to nouns, all other bound pronouns attach to verbs). Bound pronouns are much more commonly used than stand-alone pronouns. Pronouns are different from nouns in that they do not take the ergative marker. This is because you can use a pronoun as the subject of a sentence regardless of whether there is an object in the sentence or not. These pronouns might be a bit confusing at first because many of them translate to exactly the same word in English. Like with the nouns, Dhurga makes a distinction between singular, dual, and plural forms of pronouns, while English only has singular and plural forms. Dual means two, plural means three or more. For example, yindiwu is translated as ‘you two’ because it is specifically about two people, not more or less. If you’re referring to more than two people, you would use yindiwan. Dhurga also pays attention to whether the person/people listening to the speaker is included or excluded from the pronoun. For example, there is a distinction between ngayawung ‘we two (which includes you)’, where the two people are the speaker and the listener, and ngayawangala ‘we two (not including you)’ where the two people are the speaker and someone else, but not the listener. There are two ways to say ‘my / mine’ in Dhurga: -dha and -dhuga. dha is used when the thing or person that relates to you is ‘inalienable’. This means that it will always belong to you and cannot be given away or lost, like body parts and family members (e.g. minga-dha ‘my mother’). -dhuga is used if the thing is ‘alienable’. This is something that can be given away or lost, like a book, car or piece of clothing (e.g. yaraman-dhuga ‘my horse’). This distinction between alienable and inalienable possession is only for ‘my / mine’. Another thing to pay attention to is whether the pronoun is a subject or an object in the sentence. The stand-alone pronouns that we have in this dictionary are subject pronouns; we sadly do not have any examples of object pronouns. However, we do have examples of both subject and object forms of bound pronouns, which must be attached to a verb. Use the subject forms for the person or people who are doing the action. For instance, -ng ‘we’ means ‘you and I’ and in the example bundha-la-ng ‘we two bit it’ tells you who is doing the biting. Use the object forms for the person or people who the action is being done to. For instance, ngal ‘we’ means ‘you and me’ and in the example bundha-la-ngal ‘it bit us two’ tells you who is being bitten. It is important to make sure you are using the right pronoun in your sentence. This may 18 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE be confusing but just remember English also makes distinctions between subject and object pronouns; for example, ‘I’ is used only as a subject and ‘me’ is used only as an object. Finally, some third person bound pronouns do not exist in Dhurga. There is no form for ‘he/she/it’, ‘him/her/it’, ‘them two’ or ‘them three or more’. This means that where you would normally have to attach a subject or object pronoun to the verb, you attach nothing. Because this is the only situation when it is not necessary to attach these bound pronouns, if you see a verb that does not have a subject pronoun attached to it, you can assume it is a third person singular subject ‘he/she/it’. If a verb does not have an object pronoun attached, it will be a third person object (either ‘him/her/it’, ‘them two’ or ‘them three or more’). BUILDING A VERB In Dhurga, verbs give information not only about the action and when it happened, but also restate who did the action, and to whom, by attaching bound pronouns to the verb. Think of the verb in Dhurga like a form you have to fill out, where specific information has to go in specific places. The form is not complete until the necessary information is there. The order of information that attaches to a verb is given below. (Note that explanations for the words in brackets appear on pages 21, 22 and 23.) (ASPECT/ (REFLEXIVE/ SUBJECT OBJECT VERB (CAUSATIVE) TENSE (NEGATION) MODAL) RECIPROCAL) MARKER MARKER All the information in brackets is optional and can be left out. Everything without brackets (tense, subject marker and object marker) needs to be attached to the verb if possible, otherwise the verb does not make sense. Some verbs cannot have the object marker attached to them. Think about the English word ‘fall’ — is it possible to fall something? No! The noun itself is doing the falling, rather than acting on something else. Verbs that cannot have an object marker are called intransitive verbs. In the dictionary these verbs have the part of speech ‘vi’. For a verb that must have an object, the most basic verb you can form is verb — tense — subject — object. dhambamu-la-ga-lu see-past-I-you two I saw you two. A more complex sentence would look like the example below, but usually verbs will not be this complicated. 19 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE dhana-ma-mba-la-ngamba-ga-nji eat-cause-continuous-past-not-I-you I was not feeding you. Tense means the time the action took place. In Dhurga, events either took place in the past, or in the ‘non-past’. Non-past covers the present, the future, and ongoing actions. The past tense marker is usually -la, but sometimes it is just -l. There is only one situation when the past tense marker is -l: when the past tense marker is the last thing attached to the verb. This happens when the subject of the action is ‘he/she/it’ and the verb does not have an object (e.g. maru-l ‘he/she/it ran’). It also happens if both your subject and object are third person: ‘he/she/it/they/them’ (e.g. bundha-l ‘it bit her’). When a second person singular ‘you’ is the subject of the verb then this combines with the past tense marker (-la plus -nji) to make -li ‘you in the past’. dhambamu-li-ngga see-you.past-me You saw me. The non-past marker is usually -n. However, as with the past tense marker, if you have a second person singular ‘you’ as the subject of the verb then this combines with the non-past tense marker (-n plus nji) to make -ni. Verbs with first person (I/we) subjects also do not use -n. Instead they change the last vowel of the verb. Changing the vowel to -a indicates the action is occurring in the present. Changing the vowel to -u indicates a future event. Other information about the time when actions occurred is given with stand-alone words like bugiya ‘yesterday’ and gaway ‘soon’. These words go after the verb and any noun that is stand-alone and the object of the sentence or is involved in some way with the action. Subject markers are listed below. They are the bound pronouns discussed above. -ga I -ni you (one person) (in the present or future NOT past)* -li you (one person) (in the past) * -ng we two (you and I) -ngala we two (that person and I, but NOT you) -(w)u you two 20 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE -wara those two -nj we three or more, including you -nga we three or more, but NOT you -n you three or more -waraga they three or more * These are the forms mentioned above that have combined with the tense marker. Object markers are listed below, they are the bound pronouns discussed above. -ngga me -nji you (one person) -ngal us two (you and me) -ngalangga us two (that person and me, but NOT you) -lu you two -ngana us three or more, including you -nganangga us three or more, but NOT you -nhurr you three or more There is one ending that describes both subject and object, but is a single ‘fused’ ending: -gun I (do something to) you marra ngama-wa-gun fish give-will-I>you I will give you fish. Reciprocity describes actions that things/people do to each another at the same time. In English we use ‘each other’ to indicate this (e.g. ‘we saw each other’). Reflexivity describes doing an action to oneself. In English we use ‘myself’, ‘yourself’, ‘herself’, ‘ourselves’ etc. Both reciprocity and reflexivity are indicated the same way in Dhurga, using the suffix -ndjali. This suffix is put before the subject marker. There won’t be any object marker because when an action is reflexive or reciprocal the person/thing doing the action is the same person/thing that it is being done to. Reflexive djamu-ndjali-ga talk.future-myself-I I will talk to myself. 21 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE Reciprocal djama-ndjali-ngala give-each.other-we We give each other (boomerangs). Aspect markers tell us whether an action is finished or not or gives more information about how long the action is taking. This can be easily confused with tense but is a different thing. Compare the English ‘I was walking’ with ‘I had walked’, which both describe past actions but one action is ongoing and one is completed. The aspect marker -mba is used for continuous action. ganji mudhuga-mba-la-ga fire make-continuous-past-I I was making a fire. There is also a stand-alone word gabi that is an aspectual marker. It is put before the verb to indicate the action is complete. It only seems to co-occur with the past tense marker. wadhungurr gabi bundha-l gungara dog complete bite-past possum The dog killed the possum. We only have two examples of the causative marker -ma in Dhurga, so its exact use is uncertain. This marker indicates that something is causing someone to do something. For example, dhana ‘eat’ becomes dhana-ma ‘feed’. The causative is put before the tense marker. waranj-dha dhana-ma-n-ga child-my eat-cause-nonpast-I I am feeding my child. Modal markers tell us about the speaker’s perception of the action being carried out, information like expectation, desire, or their knowledge about the event. We do not have many examples of modals in Dhurga. The irrealis marker -wa indicates that the action is a possibility, imagined or hypothetical. It can be used to express intent to do something in the future or discuss possible or probable events. yiribu-wa-ga buran njun enter.future-will-I cave that I’m going to go inside that cave. 22 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE Just as there is a purposive marker that attaches to a noun, there is one that attaches to a verb. The modal marker -ri indicates that the action is occurring for a purpose or is the goal of a previous action. It attaches to the verb after the tense marker but before the subject marker. ngadju dawandha-ri-ga water want-for-I I want for water (I am thirsty). This may also be used to make polite requests ‘could I/you please (do this)’. The hortative marker -ya is used to suggest or ask to be allowed to do something. Think of English sentences ‘Let’s go to the beach’ or ‘Let them go to the movies’. -ya goes between the tense marker and the subject marker. To use it when talking about the first person (I/we) you have to change the last vowel of the verb to a ‘u’ e.g. wanain wanu-ya-ng ‘let’s leave’. There is also a stand-alone word wanda that means ‘perhaps’ or ‘maybe’. This is put before the verb in the one example we have of it in Dhurga: bunbal ganji wanda djamaru-ga tree wood maybe collect-I Maybe I will collect some wood. NEGATION The negation marker -ngamba indicates that the sentence or action did not happen. It follows tense marking in Dhurga: binga-la-ngamba-ga throw-past-not-I I did not throw (it). FORMING QUESTIONS There are two ways of asking a question in Dhurga. The first way is to use a question word like wananga ‘who’, minja ‘what’, wandung ‘when’, wadha ‘where’, mali ‘why’ or yuga ‘how’. These are used if you want information about something. They are put at the start of the sentence. wadha wadhangarr where dog Where is the dog? 23 6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE These question words can have case markers attached to them: wanangga-lul njiinj who-for this Who is this for? There is also a way of forming a question if the answer is ngay ‘yes’ or dhagayil ‘no’. These are formed just like a statement but have a rising intonation at the end. This is the same questioning tone we use in English questions. FORMING COMMANDS In Dhurga, if you want to tell someone to do something, you have to alter the verb. First you change the final vowel of the verb to -u, like the future tense marker. Next you add -r, -ru, or -ran. -r is used if you are telling one person to do something, -ru is used if you are telling two people to do something, and -ran is used if you are telling more than two people to do something. djamu-r talk.future-command Talk! Unlike with normal verbs, commands do not need any subject or object markers to make sense. LINKING SENTENCES TOGETHER We have evidence for two ways of linking sentences in Dhurga. They both translate to ‘and’. Use ya if the subjects of the two sentences are different and have already been introduced, or if you are listing things ‘this and this and this and this etc.’ If the subject of the two sentences is the same (done by the same person or thing) then use ba. nangu-l ya (mambi) ganama-l sleep-past and (eel) burn-past They slept and the eel burned. yuwinj yana-l dhugan-dha ba yiriba-l man come-past hut-to and enter-past The man came to the hut and entered. 24 7 / HOW TO FIND THE SOURCES OF WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY 7 / HOW TO FIND THE SOURCES OF WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY Each word in this dictionary has a source code (e.g. U-M.1.1.). This code tells you where you can find the original mention of the word in other papers, books, and word lists. The source codes used here have been taken from Jutta Besold’s PhD thesis ‘Language Recovery of the New South Wales South Coast Aboriginal Languages’ . A word might have more than one source code if it appears in several of the sources below. Some of these sources are online, but many are held by libraries and must be requested. A source code provides some or all of the following information: 1. Name of place of collection or name of language 2. Name of language collector 3. Whether the material is in published (1) or unpublished (2) 4. Year of publication, if applicable 5. Page number, if applicable 6. Name of informant, if applicable 7. Name of social group informant belongs to, if applicable PLACENAME AND LANGUAGE CODES A Dharrawal B Bega BB Batemans Bay DM Dharumba JB Jervis Bay MY Moruya SCL South Coast Languages U Dhurga ULL Ulladulla Y Yuin LANGUAGE COLLECTOR CODES AH Alfred Howitt AM Andrew Mackenzie C Edward Curr CCU Continuous Community Use E Diana Eades G Joseph Gaimard HH Horatio Hale JBes Jutta Besold JL James Larmer M Robert Hamilton Mathews RD Richard Dawsey For the sources relating to Jutta Besold’s thesis, the letter ‘A’ or ‘B’ and page number (P.XXX) written before the source code tells you where a word is found: ‘A’ stands for 25 7 / HOW TO FIND THE SOURCES OF WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY Part A and ‘B’ stands for part B, e.g. B-P.217 JBes. indicates the word is found on page 217 of Part B. If you want to find the original source of a word, check the source code and use the table below to find the corresponding written source. So, in the source code U-M.2.2–76: U tells you that the language is Dhurga M tells you that Robert Hamilton Mathews collected the word 2.2 is the term for this unpublished document By looking at the table below we find that U-M.2.2 is the ‘Thurga and Jirringany Notebook’ stored at the National Library of Australia. 76 tells us the word should be on page 76 of this notebook. Code Source A/U-E or U-E Eades, Diana Kelloway 1976, The Dharawal and Dhurga Languages of the New South Wales South Coast, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. BB-JL or U-BB-JL Larmer, James 1898, ‘Native vocabulary of miscellaneous New South Wales Objects’, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales Vol. 32, pp. 223–229. CCU. Not recorded but has continued community use. DM-AM-1874 or Mackenzie, Andrew 1874, ‘Specimen of Native Australian Languages’, DM-AM.1 Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 3 London: Turner & Co, pp. 247–261. DM-AM-1877 Mackenzie, Andrew 1877, ‘Guayamin’ [and other stories], Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol 7 London: Turner & Co., pp. 269–274. DM-AM-1878 Mackenzie, Andrew 1878. ‘Australian languages and traditions’, Journal of the Anthropological Institute Vol. 7 No. 3, 125, 232–274. DM-M.1.8 Mathews, Robert Hamilton 1902, ‘The Murawarri and other Australian Languages’, Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, Queensland Vol. 18, pp. 52–68. DM-M.2.6 Mathews, Robert Hamilton n.d., ‘Thooru˘mba’ Notebook 4’, Mathews Collection MS 8006, National Library of Australia, pp. 27–31. JB-C Curr, Edward 1887, The Australian Race — its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia, and the routes by which it spread itself over that continent, Melbourne: John Ferrer, Government Printer. JB-G Gaimard, Joseph Paul 1834, ‘Vocabulaire de la Langue des Habitans de la Baie Jervis (Australie)’ in D. D’Urville, Voyage de découvertes de l’Astrolabe philologie, Paris: Le Ministere de la Marine, pp. 11–13. 26 7 / HOW TO FIND THE SOURCES OF WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY Code Source JB-RD Dawsey, Richard 1887, ‘No.194. – From Jervis Bay to Mount Dromedary – additional words’ in Curr 1887 Vol. 3, pp. 420–421. JBes. Besold, Jutta 2013, ‘Language recovery of the New South Wales South Coast Aboriginal languages’, Australian National University. MY-HH or U-HH Hale, Horatio 1846, Ethnography and Philology United States Exploring Expeditions during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. SCL-M-1904 Mathews, Robert Hamilton 1904, ‘Ethnological Notes on the Aboriginal tribes of New South Wales and Victoria’, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW Vol. 38, pp. 203–381. U-AH Howitt, Alfred n.d., ‘Pieces of Information on the tribe of Aborigines inhabiting the country between Mallagoota Inlet & Shoalhaven N.S.W.’, Howitt Collection, State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. U-AM Mackenzie, Andrew 1874, ‘Specimen of Native Australian Languages’, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 3, pp. 247–261 London: Turner & Co. U-C Curr, Edward 1887, The Australian Race — its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia, and the routes by which it spread itself over that continent, Melbourne: John Ferrer, Government Printer. UL-JL-226 Larmer, James September 1832, ‘Notebook of Australian Aboriginal vocabularies, 1832–1853’ Larmer Collection MLMSS 7213 Mitchell Library, Sydney. U-M.2.2 or DMMathews, Robert Hamilton n.d., ‘Thurga and Jirringany Notebook’. M.2.2 Mathews Collection MS 8006, National Library of Australia. Y-AH1054 or Howitt, Alfred n.d., ‘Kinterms in Yuin and Yuin sentences’. Howitt Collection, Y-AH.1-54 State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. 27 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY SUFFIXES -abul pro. Their (third person dual possessive). SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -bara suf. Dual marker (two things/people, a couple of, use after a consonant). VARIANT: -wara (after a vowel or rr), -mbara (after a vowel or ng) — ngama-ndjali-wang waranganj-bara. — Let’s swap boomerangs. SOURCE: B-P.211/B-P.214 JBes. U-M.2.2-148. -baraga suf. Plural marker (three or more things/people, use after a consonant). VARIANT: -waraga (after a vowel or rr), -mbaraga (after a vowel or ng) — waranganj-baraga yili-g-in. — I carry several boomerangs. SOURCE: B-P.211/B-P.218 JBes. U-M.1.2-104. -bul pro. Your (second person dual possessive). SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -buran suf. Use of, for the purpose of (used after a consonant). Purposive on nouns. VARIANT: -wuran (after a vowel) — biyan birribanj-buran waba-n. — Father went for that emu. SOURCE: A-P.158 JBes. -dha pro. My/mine (inalienable – use when the thing cannot be given away or taken). SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -dha suf. In/at/on (locative case). VARIANT: -a (when the word it attaches to ends in r, rr or l) SOURCE: A-P.292JBes. — waranganj yuna-la-ga dhugan-dha — I kept a boomerang at the camp. SOURCE: B-P.185.JBes. DM-M.1.8-60. -dha suf. Towards/to (allative case). — yana-la-ga dhugan-dha-dha — I came to my camp. SOURCE: A-P.191JBes DM-AM.1-248. DM-AM-1874-256-UI /Bu1. UM.1.1. U-RD-423. 29 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y -dha suf. With/using (instrumental case). — waranganj-dha bayi-la-ga — I kil ed it with a boomerang. SOURCE: B-P.197JBes. U-M.2.2-41. -dhuga pro. My/mine (alienable — use when the thing can be given away or taken). SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -din suf. Motion away from a place or object. Ablative case. VARIANT: di — wabu-n ngarn-din. — We will go away from that place. SOURCE: A-P.158 JBes. -djan pro. Their (third person plural possessive). SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -dju suf. Subject of an action that is done to something else. Subject of transitive verb. Ergative case marker. VARIANT: -u — yuwinj-dju djaruga dhabaga-mili-l. — A man caught a wal aby for himself. SOURCE: A-P.158 JBes. -djur pro. Your (second person plural possessive). SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -ga pro. I (first person singular subject). VARIANT: -g (if followed by a vowel) — djinjama-ga waranganj yabandja-ga njiinj. — I will make a boomerang SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -gudha suf. Having the highest amount of a quality e.g. best, biggest, fastest. Superlative construction. — biragang-gudha djiin-da. — That’s the biggest one [boomerang]. SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-17. -gudhu suf. Having more of a quality than another thing or person e.g. better, bigger, faster. Comparative construction. — dhambamu-la-ga biragang-gudhu buru djingandi ban.guri-dji nhaway. — I saw a bigger kangaroo on the hill today. SOURCE: B-P.193/A-P.208 JBes. U-M.2.2-16 U-M.2.2-17. 30 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY -gul suf. For, on behalf of (after a consonant). Benefactive case marker. VARIANT: -lul (after a vowel) -mu — dhabaga-la-ga mara njiinj ngayagang-gul. wananga-lul njiinj. — I caught this fish for myself. Who is this for? SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-139 U-M.1.1-56. -gun pro. I (do something to) you. Describes both subject and object in a single ‘fused’ ending. — mara ngama-wu-gun. — I will give you fish. SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -gunda suf. Very. Intensifier. — djabadj wari-gunda wabu-l. — djabadj [King Merriman] travelled a long way. SOURCE: B-P.196 JBes. U-M.2.2-40. -in pro. Them three or more (third person plural object). — buru-waraga dhambamu-la-g-in. — I saw a lot of kangaroos. SOURCE: B-P.205/B-P.218 JBes. U-M.2.2-35 U-M.1.2-104. -la suf. Past tense, attached to a verb to show the action occurred in the past. VARIANT: -l if a third person singular subject (he/she/it) is the actor of an intransitive verb (a verb that is not done to anything) OR if the verb has no other suffixes after the past tense suffix. Use -li if the person doing the action is second person singular ‘you (one person)’ because it is a shortened way of saying la-nji. — manawar-ngala ngama-la-ga birdhulay. — I gave our daughter a bandicoot. SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-16. -li pro. You (one person). Use only for actions in the past. (second person singular subject). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -lu pro. You two (second person dual object). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -ma suf. Indicates that the actor has made something happen or made someone do something. Causative marker. — yidhala-ma-ga. — I am hungry. SOURCE: B-P.190 JBes. U-M.2.2-8. 31 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y -mba suf. Indicates the action it is attached to is ongoing, continued action. — ganji mudhuga-mba-la-ga. — I was making a fire some time ago. SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.2.2-7. -mbu suf. Put on a noun or adjective to turn it into a verb. Verbalizer. — bulwal-mbu-la-ga. — I was strong (yesterday). SOURCE: A-P.282 JBes. -n pro. You three or more (second person plural subject). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -ndjali suf. Indicates that the action is done to each other or that it is done to myself/ourselves/himself/herself/themselves etc. Reciprocal/reflexive. — ngama-ndjali-wang waranganj-bara. — Let’s swap boomerangs. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.2.2-148. -ng pro. You (one person) and I (first person dual inclusive subject). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -nga pro. We three or more, but not you (first person plural exclusive subject). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -ngal pro. Our (first person dual exclusive possessive). SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -ngala pro. He/she/it and I, but not you (first person dual exclusive subject). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -ngalangga pro. He/she/it and I, but not you (first person dual exclusive object). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -ngamba suf. Negates the action, indicating it did not happen or will not happen. This attaches to the verb after a tense marker. — djama-ngamba-ga. — I’m not talking. SOURCE: A-P.275 JBes. -ngana pro. Us three or more, including you (first person plural inclusive object). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -nganangga Us three or more, but not you (first person plural exclusive object). pro. SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -ngga pro. Me (first person singular object). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. 32 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY -nggul suf. Belonging to. Genitive case marker. VARIANT: -ngal — birriiwa-y ngayaga-nggul. — the spear belongs to me. SOURCE: A-P.207/B-P.202 JBes. U-M.2.2-51. -ngu pro. Your (second person singular possessive). VARIANT: -djung SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -ngul pro. Our (first person dual inclusive possessive). SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -nhurr pro. You three or more (second person plural object). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -ni pro. You (one person). Use only for actions in the present or future not past. (second person singular subject). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -nj pro. We three or more, including you (first person plural inclusive subject). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -nji pro. You (one person) (second person singular object). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -njin pro. Our (first person plural inclusive possessive). — njin-dju-waraga Dhalbu Dhalbu ngarn-din yabu-la. — These people came from Tilba. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48. -njinungga pro. Our (first person plural exclusive possessive). SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -r suf. Turns the verb into a demand or order addressed towards ‘you’ (second person singular). Also involves changing the final vowel of the verb to ‘u’. Imperative construction. — djamu-r. — You two will talk. SOURCE: A-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1-57. -ran suf. Turns the verb into a demand or order addressed towards ‘you’ (three or more) (second person plural). Also involves changing the final vowel of the verb to ‘u’. Imperative construction. — djamu-ran — All of you will talk. SOURCE: A-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1-57. 33 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y -ri suf. In order to. Would you please (do this). Purposive marker on verbs. SOURCE: A-P.267 JBes. -ru suf. Turns the verb into a demand or order addressed towards ‘you two’ (second person dual). Also involves changing the final vowel of the verb to ‘u’. Imperative construction. — wabu-ru dhugan-dul. — You two go to your camp. SOURCE: A-P.265 JBes. U-M.2.2-145. -u pro. Her/his/its. Used after a consonant (third person singular possessive). VARIANT: -nu used after a vowel or rr/r SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes. -wa suf. Put on a verb to indicate the action is a possibility, imagined or hypothetical. Also used to suggest an action ‘let’s’. Irrealis tense marker. — ganji mudhuga-wa-ga. — I will make a fire. SOURCE: B-P.187 JBes. U-M.2.2-7 U-M.2.2-148. -wara pro. They two (third person dual subject). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -waraga pro. They three or more (third person plural subject). SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes. -wu pro. You two (second person dual subject). Use after a vowel. VARIANT: -u (after a consonant) — bulawal-mbu-l-u. — You two were strong. SOURCE: B-P.195/P.216 JBes. -ya suf. Used to urge someone to let/allow someone else to do something. Also used to suggest an action ‘let’s’. Hortitive marker. — dyamu-ya-wara. — Let them two talk. SOURCE: A-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1-57. -yanga suf. Little. Diminutive marker. — gubidja-yanga. — little toe. SOURCE: A-P.200/210 JBes. 34 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY b ba conj. And; or. Used to join sentences when they have the same subject. SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. CCU. Loanword from Dharrawal. baaba kin. Father. — baaba-dha gulaminji n dhugan-dha. — Father is running around the hut. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48. U-RD-422. MY-HH-480. baabirr n. Honeysuckle. SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.1.1. baadja nprop. True Valley (place name?). SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.1.1. baanga kin. Father. SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.1.1. Y-AH.1-54. baba n. Stingray. SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-RD-421. babadhal n. Geebung. SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.1.1. badba- vt. Go over, climb over the top of something. SOURCE: B-P.201/P.182 JBes. U-M.2.2-48. badha n. Creek, waterhole. VARIANT: badhay. — yuwinj yili-n ngadju badha. — The man brings water from the waterhole. SOURCE: B-P.206 JBes. U-M.2.2-44. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-139. U-M.2.2146. U-M.1.2-106. badha- vt. Bite. — wadhangarr-a badha-l njiinj gungara. — The dog bit the possum. SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.2.2-14. DM-M.2.6-30. badhaalima n. Wallaby or pademelon. SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. badhawal n. Fighting boomerang; fighting hook. SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.2.2-39. U-M.1.1. 35 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y bagan n. Earth; ground. SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. DM-AM.1-255. U-RD-423. DM-AM-1878-271WAND/No-Tu. bagaranj n. Sun; heat. — bagaranj yiriba. — sunset. SOURCE: B-P.197 JBes. U-M.2.2-46. MY-HH-481. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.240.U-M.2.2-43. BB-JL-225. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. bagiindj n. Clever man or women. SOURCE: CCU. bala temp. Near, close, sometime in the near future, by and by. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.2.2-150. balawu- vi. Go along, move along the side of something. — balawu-wa-ga — I’m going along the side. SOURCE: B-P.211 JBes. U-M.2.2-147. balirr n. Dust. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-AH/JH. baliya n. North-east wind. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-RD-421. U-M.1.1. bambara n. Venereal; sexual organs, private parts. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1. bana n. Rain. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-C-17 U-RD-423. MY-HH-481. BBJL-225. DM-AM-1878-271-WAND/NO-TU. banabi nprop. Name for Wall Street to Waterworks (place name). SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.2-106. bandjiwug n. Shoe, shoes. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-E. banga- vt. Paddle, push through the water with a paddle/oar. — banga-la-ga ngadju-dha madjari. — I paddled a canoe in the water. SOURCE: B-P.209 JBes. U-M.2.2-147. bangadjan n. Stick used for killing people, club. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U/A-E. bangawu n. Lizard. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-RD-421. 36 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY banggaada n. Wombat. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. banggawu n. Burrawang; plant of the Macrozamia genus. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1. banggu n. Sugar glider; flying fox. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.2.105. BB-JL-226. U-M.1.1. bangguri n. Mountain. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-16. U-M.2.2-148. bangli n. Cup. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-E. banhung adj. Male; used to identify sex in birds only. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.2.105. banjawal spat. Other side, opposite side. — waba-ga banjawal gudjarr gumbawurr-wuran. — I’m going over the other side of the lagoon for koalas. SOURCE: B-P.208 JBes. U-M.2.2-146. baraal n. Rock wallaby. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. BB-JL-226. baraang n. Rug; ground cover. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U/A-E. bardju n. Footprint. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-RD-422. U-BB-JL-226. bardju- vi. Swim. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-RD-422. U-BB-JL-226. baridbu- vt. Cross something towards the speaker, come across, traverse. — baridbu-la-ga madjari gudjarr-a. — I came across the lagoon in a canoe. SOURCE: B-P.209 JBes. U-M.2.2-146 U-M.2.2-147. barimu- vt. Cover up, conceal. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. bariwariganyan Echo. n. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1. barlaa adj. Short (in distance/height/time). SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1. 37 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y barlga n. Back, the back of, behind. — mayi-n barlga-dha. — He is sitting behind me. SOURCE: B-P.207 JBes. U-M.1.1. barra n. Eel; both freshwater and saltwater. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1. barra barra n. Sea, salt water. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-RD-421. barraar n. Shrub, scrub land, bush. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-RD-420. barraaran n. Snapper (fish). SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1. barrumbarra n. Native peppermint. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1. barrunda n. Male koala. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1. baru spat. Middle, in the middle of. — baru dhugan-da. — In the middle of the camp. SOURCE: B-P.213 JBes U-M.2.2-149. baruwalwa One who knows everything; Aboriginal proper name. nprop. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-AH/JH. bawanyu n. Picture, rock or bark painting. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1. bawarr n. Wattle; species not known. SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-RD-421. bayandha- vt. Say. SOURCE: B-P.193 JBes. U-M.2.2-21. bayi- vt. Strike; beat; hit; kill. — waranganj bayi-la-ga gungara-ra waranganj bayi-la-ga njiinj. — I kil ed a possum with a boomerang. SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.2.2-14 DM-M.2.6-29. U-M.2.2-79. UM.1.1. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.1.8-60. U-M.2.2-44. baying kin. Father. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-RD-422. 38 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY bayunga kin. Grandmother, mother’s mother. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-RD-421. biburnungga n. Brown hawk. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. bidhanga n. Oyster. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-RD-421. bidhu n. Mountain range. — badba-ga bidhu. — I go over the mountains. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.2.2-48. DM-AM.1-248. BB-JL-226. bidhudhu n. Wattle (generic). SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. bidjaya n. Old man. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. BB-JL-225. biidja n. Blanket/cloak. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-E. biinda- vi. Rise, get up, stand up. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.2.2-77. bila n. Forest oak. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. bilima n. Turtle. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. bilwurr adj. Flat. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. bilyaguwin- vt. Kill. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-RD-420. bimbaya n. Shield for spears. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-C.1-35. U-RD-423. U-M.2.2-40. bindjaringaring Plover. n. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. bindji n. Stomach, front, in front of. VARIANT: bindhi SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. B-G-12. BB-JL-225. bindjilaan adj. Pregnant. SOURCE: CCU. 39 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y binga-vt. Throw, toss. — binga-ngamba-ga. — I didn’t throw it. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1-73. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. DMAM-1874:248. U-M.2.6-28. bingal n. Chest/torso of a human or animal. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH-480. binin.gala n. Light; sunlight, moonlight. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. binyaaru n. Cormorant. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. biraawara n. Shag. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. biraga adj. Large; big. — biraga-mbara ngayaga dhambamu-la-ga. — I saw a bigger one. SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-423. U-M.2.2-135. BB-JL226. biraga yuludha Big toe. n. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. biraya n. War spear. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-RD-423. birdhuulay n. Bandicoot. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.2.2-16. biriin n. Sleeping lizard; shingleback. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. birimbamin n. Translated as ‘Fisherman Jack’; most likely a fish. SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-AH/JH. birrabirra adj. Light in weight. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1. birribanj n. Emu. — biyan birribanj-buran waba-n. — Father is going after an emu. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. DM-AM.1-254. U-M.2.2-45. BB-JL-225. 40 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY birriiwa n. Hunting spear. — birriiwa ngayaga-nggul — The spear belongs to me SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1. birruwa n. Crayfish. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-RD-422. biryuula n. Spear made from reed. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-RD-423. biwaawa n. Cold east wind. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. biwan n. Animal fat, grease. SOURCE: A-P.103 U-M.1.1. U-RD-423. biyan kin. Father. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48 U-M.2.2-46. biyanhung adj. Male; used for animals. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1. biyay n. Bag. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-E-89. bubandhan adj. Round. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1. bubugurning n. Death adder (snake). SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1. bubul n. Sore, scab, blister. VARIANT: bubuu SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-E. budjan n. Bird (generic). SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1. bugaali n. Ring-tailed possum. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1. bugiya temp. Yesterday. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. U-RD-423. DM-AM.1-253. BBJL-226. buguri n. Ring-tailed possum. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-RD-421. 41 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y bulambii-vt. Lean, rest against, lean something against something else. — bulambii-wa-ga birriiwa-dhuga bunbal-a. — I’ll rest my spear against the tree. SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.2.2-148. bulumu- vi. Wash, clean, bathe. SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. bulwal adj. Strong. — bulwal-wu-ga. — I am strong. SOURCE: B-P.195 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-22. U-M.2.2-23. bumawa n. Thunder. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. BB-JL-225. bumulaga n. Morning. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-47. bun.gali n. Coolamon. Bark container used for carrying water. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-RD-421. U-M.1.1. bun.garri n. Hill. VARIANT: ban.guri — gawalga biraga djinganda ban.guri-dji nhaway dhambamu-laga. — I saw a big wal aby over there on the hill today. SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-16. bunaan n. Corroboree; initiation ritual. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-E. bunbal n. Tree (generic), wood, stick, waddy. — yuwinj njiindji-lan bunbal-a. — The man is on this side of the tree. SOURCE: B-P.208 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2. UL-JL-266. bunbun n. Tree bark. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. bunda n. Thigh. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-E. U-M.1.1. JB-C.1-31. JB-RD-423. MYHH-480. DM-AM.1-255. bundha- vt. Bite. — wadhungur yuwinj bundha-l. — The dog bit a man. SOURCE: B-P.196 JBes. U-M.2.2-38. 42 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY bundhi n. Club, waddy. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-41. bundja- vi. Remember. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. bundjala- vi. Think. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1-72. bungala n. Swamp yam. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. bura n. Rock; stone. VARIANT: burra SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-BB-JL-225. U-RD-423. U-HH-481. UM.1.1. buraadja temp. Tomorrow. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. U-BB-JL-225. buraagawalin Day after tomorrow. temp. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. buraali- vi. Answer, respond. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. buran n. Cave. — yiribu-wa-ga buran njun. — I’m going inside that cave. SOURCE: B-P.211 JBes. U-M.2.2-148. burawara adj. Black. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. burdulu- vt. Kick, hit with foot. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. burlgunj adj. Dirty, unclean, murky water. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. burnaaga n. Goanna; ‘tree iguana’. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-36. burnda n. Penis. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. burra n. Semen. SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-RD-423. U-HH-481. U-M.1.1. 43 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y burrburran n. Native quail; possibly endangered ‘plains wanderer’. VARIANT: burrburr SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. buru n. Kangaroo; most likely eastern grey kangaroo. — dhambamu-la-ga biraga buru. — I saw a large kangaroo. SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-16 U-M.1.2.105. DM-AM-1877-272Wand/Hu-TuPu. DM-M.2.6-30. DM-AM.1-254. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422. UAH/JH. BB-JL-225. UL-JL-266. burumayal n. Bream (fish). SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-RD-420. U-M.1.1. U-AH/JH. burunga- vt. Shake, rattle. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. buubundhaaga Lump, mound, natural surroundings. n. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1. buwambay adj. Fast, quick. SOURCE: B-P.199 JBes. U-M.2.2-45. buwarla n. Teatree. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1. buyi adj. Quick, fast. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-BB-JL-226. buyu n. Shin bone. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-38. U-C.1-33. 44 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY d daarlawan n. Great white shark. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1. JB-G-12. dadha n. Clothes, clothing. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U/A-E. dandala adj. Small, little. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-BB-JL-226. dawandha- vi. Want. — ngadju dawandha-ri-ga. — I want water; I am thirsty. SOURCE: B-P.187 JBes. U-M.2.2-6. dulagaal n. Yowie, hairy man. SOURCE: CCU. dundhun n. Firestick. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U/A-E. dunggul n. Heel. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1. duraya n. River. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. BB-JL-226. durun.gadja Three. num. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.2.2-55. BB-JL-226. duruuwa n. Smoke (from a fire). SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-RD-423. U-M.1.1. 45 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y dh dhaadjar n. Centipede. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1. dhaaga n. Mouth. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. MY-HH-480. BB-JL-225. U-M.1.1-68. dhaaligir n. Toy canoe; a child’s play canoe. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1. dhaawarri n. Porpoise. VARIANT: dawaray SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. dhaba temp. Before, to do an action before another action. — dhambamu-li dhaba njunga. — Did you ever see him before? SOURCE: A-P.314 JBes. dhabaga- vt. Catch, hunt (an animal). — dhabaga-la-ga mara njiinj ngayagang-gul. wananga-lul njiinj. — I caught this fish for myself. who is this for? SOURCE: B-P.206 JBes. U-M.2.2-139 U-M.1.1-58. dhadha kin. Elder brother; father’s brother’s son; mother’s sister’s son. SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-RD-422. U-M.2.2-39. U-M.1.1. Y-AH.1-54. dhagadj n. Frost. SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-225. dhagala n. Flathead (fish). SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. JB-G-13. dhagarr n. Cold (weather), winter. SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-147. U-M.2.2-150. BB-JL225. dhagayil part. No; nothing; ‘I don’t know’. SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. JB-C.1-39 JB-RD-423. U-M.2.2-150. UL-JL226. BB-JL-225. dhalanj n. Tongue. SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. MY-HH-480. dhalibawa- vi. Go up, ascend, move upwards. — dhalibawa-ga bun.garri. — I go up the hil . SOURCE: B-P.218 JBes. U-M.1.1-59. dhambamu- vt. See. — dhambamu-la-ga biraga buru. — I saw a large kangaroo. SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-16. 46 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY dhana n. Foot, feet. SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH-480. BB-JL-225. DM-AM.1255. dhana- vi. Eat. — gungara-ngga djirawara dhana-n. — The possum is eating leaves. SOURCE: B-P.216 JBes. U-RD-421. U-RD-423. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-76. JB-C.1-43. JB-G-12. dhanadha n. Sole of foot. SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. dhanama n. Wife. VARIANT: dhagur SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. dhanga n. Non–meat-based food, bread. SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-420. U-RD-423. BB-JL-226. UL-JL-266. dhangga- vt. Hang up on something, put on a branch. SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. dharaganja- vt. Cut, chop (tree). SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.1.1-72. dhari- vi. Stand, stand up, be on your feet. — yuwinj dhari-n njiinj-a gudjarr-a. — A man stands this side of the lagoon. SOURCE: B-P.208 JBes. U-M.2.2-146 U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-79. dharraani n. Spotted gum. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. dharrawa n. Cabbage tree. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. dhawa num. Ten. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-55. dhawamalanj A lot, many. num. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-55. dhawara n. Moon; night. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. MY-HH-481. U-RD-423. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-225. BB-JL-226. dhudbandhul Full, full of something. adj. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. dhuduga- vt. Touch. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. 47 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y dhugan n. Camp; hut; home. — wala-ya-n dhugan-a djalung. — He is running to the hut over there. SOURCE: B-P.200 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-226. UL-JL-266. dhuladhula n. Branch, branches (of a tree). — gungara mayi-n dhuladhula — The possum is sitting among the branches. SOURCE: B-P.202 JBes. U-M.2.2-48. dhumbaa n. Charcoal. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. dhumbama- vt. Look at, observe. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1-72. dhunbanga- vt. Lose (something). SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. dhunbunyil adj. Shallow, not deep. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1-71. dhundala n. Hail, frozen rain. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. dhurga spat. Right, on the right of. — dhurga-njung djiin. — This one on your right. SOURCE: B-P.215 JBes. U-M.2.2-152. dhuri- vi. Grow up, grow (of plants). SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1-72. dhuril n. Crab. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-RD-421. dhurliing n. Elbow. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. dhuula n. Fish hook. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-E. 48 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY dj djaadjawan n. Sand. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. djaadjularan adj. Angry. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. djaadjurna n. Throwing stick. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. djabadj n. Black duck, totem of the Yuin people, King Merriman’s (Elder’s) name. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-8. DM-M.2.2-27. djabag phr. ‘Throw the fishing line.’ SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-AH/JH. djabur n. Calf of leg. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. djagula n. Lyrebird. SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. BB-JL-225. BB-JL-226. djama- vi. Talk, speak. — djama-ndjali-ngala. — We are talking to each other. SOURCE: B-P.204 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-M.2.6-30. djamaga adj. Good. — djamaga ngayaga. — I am good. SOURCE: B-P.187 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-47. U-M.2.2-17. RD-423. MY-HH-481. U-M.2.2-76. BB-JL-226. DM-M.2.6-27. djamaru- vt. take, collect, gather. VARIANT: djamari djamara — bunbal ganji wanda djamaru-ga — Perhaps I will take some wood. SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.2.2-7. djambi kin. Brother-in-law; man married to one’s sister. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. DM-AM-1874257-Ul /Th-Bu2. U-WR.4. djanbabu- vi. Be silent. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1. djaraagar n. Jew lizard. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1. 49 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y djarambaadhi Spear (generic). n. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1. djarambu- vi. Be quiet. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. djarraranj adj. Sharp, sharp edge (blade). SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1. djaruga n. Wallaby. — yuwinj-dju djaruga dhabaga-l. — A man caught a wal aby. SOURCE: B-P.217 JBes. U-M.1.1-58. djawur n. Head hair. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH. BB-JL-225. djibVr n. Kidney. VARIANT: djibir, djibar, djibur etc. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-E. djiibarra n. Small mullet (fish). SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1. djiin.ga adj. Sweet. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1. djiinj dem. There; that; it also. — biragang-gudha djiinj-da. — That’s the biggest one [boomerang]. SOURCE: A-P.296 JBes. djilawa n. Urine, pee. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1. djilawaray adj. Grey. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.2-106. djinaabli n. Blanket. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U/A-E. djinadha spat. That thing, person, or location which is over there, in the distance. — bulwal-wu-l wanggan djinadha. — That woman was strong. SOURCE: B-P.195 JBes. U-M.2.2-46. djinalibura spat. Far, further away, a long way away. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.2.2-46. 50 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY djinama- vt. Make, create. SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. U-M.2.2-42. djinganda dem. That place, a place/location in the distance. — gawalga biraga djinganda ban.guri-dji nhaway dhambamu-laga. — I saw a big wal aby over there on the hill today. SOURCE: A-P.228/B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-16. djinggi n. Star (generic). SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1. JB-C.1-25/JB-RD-423. BB-JL-225. djingiya n. Dew. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1. djinjama- vt. Make, complete, produce, or build something. — djinjama-ga waranganj yabandja-ga njiinj. — I will make a boomerang. SOURCE: B-P.202 JBes. U-M.2.2-42. U-M.2.2-75. djinug n. Echidna. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U/A-E. djiraali n. Blood. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1. djiraama n. Paddle, oar. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-E. djirabard n. Water dragon, water goanna. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1. djirabu- vt. Hang up on something, put on a branch. — djirabu-ga madbu-dhuga bunbal-a. — I’ll hang my bag on the tree. SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.2.2-148. djirangara n. Tree fern. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1. djirawara n. Leaves (of a plant). — gungara-ngga djirawara dhana-n. — The possum is eating leaves. SOURCE: B-P.216 JBes. U-M.2.2-44. U-M.1.1. djiriba num. Two. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.2.2-55. 51 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y djiriibawal Four. djiriibawal num. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.2.2-55. djiriilbun n. Toad fish. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1. djirindjiring n. East wind. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1. djungga n. Octopus. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1. 52 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY g gaaga n. Yamstick (for digging up yams). SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-39. gaandi n. Money, smoke, tobacco. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. UL-JL-266. gaanga n. Woman that has lost at least one of her children. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.2.2-38. gaariin adj. Late (in the day). SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.2.2-46. gabaanu n. Head, egg. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH. DM-AM.1-255. gababa n. Bad spirit. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. BB-JL-225. gabamanga n. My head. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-RD-420. gabi part. Indicates actions were completed in the past. Completitive marker. — wadhungurr gabi bundha-l gungara. — The dog kil ed the possum. SOURCE: B-P.196 JBes. U-M.2.2-41. gabudbandhaninga- Thirsty. vi. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. gabugubal n. Youth; uninitiated boy. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.1.2-102. U-RD-421. gabun adj. Very good. SOURCE: CCU. gadagadabalin n. Masturbation. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. gadhu n. Rough sea. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. U-RD-421. UAH. U-M.1.1. gadjigung n. Armpit. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. A/U-E. gagurr n. Hole, gully. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. BB-JL-226. U-M.1.1. 53 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y gala n. Vulva; vagina. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. galaa n. Summer, warm weather. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.2.2-150. BB-JL-225. galaabawan adj. Weak. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. galawa- vi. Climb; go up; ascend. SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-RD-420. U-M.2.2-75. galu n. Slate-coloured crane. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-RD-421. galungara n. Lillypilly tree. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1. gama n. Jagged spear. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. U-M.1.1. gamara n. Old man. — gamara-njun dhagur. — The old man’s wife. SOURCE: B-P.198 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-44. gamba n. Bone marrow. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-AH/JH. gambadja- vt. Fight; kill. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.2.2-14. U-M.1.1-72. gambambara n. Spring; season. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.2.2-147. gambanj n. Silver bream (fish). SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1. gambugalag n. Bullock, ox. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. UL-JL-266. gambuladja- vt. Break, smash. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-75. gami n. Neck, throat. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. JB-G-13 JB-G-12 MY-HH-480. ganagubadh n. Echidna. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1. 54 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY ganama- vt. Burn; cook. SOURCE: B-P.253 U-M.1.3-279. U-M.2.2-75. ganandhimila- vt. Learn. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. ganaya- vt. Ask, request. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. gandidjaalinba n. Sexual intercourse. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. MY-HH-480 U-M.1.1. ganggul n. Flank, rump, side of an animal. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1. ganggulwara adj. Crooked, bent. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1. gangwari n. Dog (rare generic). SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-AH/JH. ganji n. Fire. Firewood. — ganji mudhuga-la-ga. — I made a fire just now. SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.2.2-43. U-RD-423. MY-HH-481. ganundhu- vt. Taste. SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. garaambu- vi. Drown. — wanggan garaambu-l badha nguna. — A woman drowned in the creek. SOURCE: B-P.197 JBes. U-M.2.2-43. garaangalirr- vi. Turn away, turn back on. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. garal n. Fog. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. garalu n. Monkey. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. BB-JL-226. garamunda n. Flying fox. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. garanga- vt. Steal, pillage. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. 55 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y garangadada n. Alcohol, grog. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. BB-JL-226. garanganganj n. Knife made from shell or stone. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. garawad n. Fish spear. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. gardira- vt. Tear, rip. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. garganga- vt. Hold, carry in hands. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. gari n. Snake (generic). — wanggan-dha waranj-u gari dhana-n. — The woman’s child is eating snake. SOURCE: B-P.216 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422. gariba n. Flat-tailed mullet. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. garidba- vt. Lift, pick up. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. garidja n. Canoe. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-RD-423. U-M.1.1. garindja n. Youth. SOURCE: CCU. garn.ga n. Old woman. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. garnina adj. Bad. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH-481. BB-JL-226. JB-RD423 JB-G-12. garragadj adj. Slow. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. garragalambiwan adj. Empty. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. garraywaa nprop. Milky Way. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. garri n. Belly button. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. 56 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY garrurr n. Bull ant. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. garu n. Snot. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-E. garudhan adj. Greedy. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. garuga- vt. Call out, shout. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-RD-420. garun n. Back of the neck, nape of the neck. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U/A-E. garungguba n. Pelican. SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. gawalgang n. Male; used for animals, not birds. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.2.105. gawan n. Bad spirit. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. BB-JL-225. gawanggal n. Honey. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. gaway temp. Soon, by and by. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-RD-423. gaygan n. Arm. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM.1-255. gilwa n. Darkness. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. gimbanya n. Blackfella man, Aboriginal man. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-RD-422. gubaa n. Stringybark. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. gubar n. Red ochre. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-RD-421. gubi n. Small guard fish. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. gubidja adj. Small; little. — gubidja waranganj njiinj. — That’s a small boomerang. SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-17 U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-135. U-M.1.2103. 57 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y gubidjayanga n. Little toe. VARIANT: gubidja yuludha SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. gudjarr n. Lagoon, small lake. — waba-ga banjawal gudjarr gumbawurr-wuran. — I’m going over the other side of the lagoon for koalas. SOURCE: B-P.208 JBes. U-M.2.2-147. U-M.2.2-146. DM-AM-1874-248. gudjaru n. Club, waddy. VARIANT: gudjaaru SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-RD-420. gugawal n. Wood. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. gugiwan n. Disabled person, injured animal. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-RD-421. gugu n. Shoulder. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.1.3-276. gugunyal n. Kookaburra. VARIANT: gugunyaaru SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. gula- vt. Spear, impale with a spear, kill with a spear. — birriiwa gula-la-ga gungara njiinj. — I speared a possum. SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.2.2-14. gulaminjiin- vi. Run around. — baaba-dha gulaminji n dhugan-dha — Father is running around the hut. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48. gulungulu n. Thumb. SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. gumbaawar n. Koala. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gumbaraga n. Teal duck. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gumbari n. Shadow (of a tree). SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. 58 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY gumbiira n. Spear, reeds. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gumburruuga n. Male possum. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gunama n. Snow; cold west wind. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-225. gunarug n. Wood duck. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gundhagundha adj. Clear; sparkling. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gundja n. Sore, blister. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gundja- vi. Roast (over fire). SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-RD-420. gundjama- vi. Sick, ill. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gundjiran n. Sirius, the constellation Canis Major. Also called the Greater Dog; which represents Orion’s larger hunting dog; and as such is commonly referred to as the ‘Dog Star’. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gundu n. Forehead. VARIANT: ngulu SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-225. gungaba- vi. Fall, fall down, drop. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1-72. U-M.2.2-76. gungala spat. The side of, next to, beside. — yuwinj gungala-dha mayi-n. — The man is sitting beside me. SOURCE: B-P.209 JBes. U-M.2.2-147. gungara n. Possum. — mara ngama-wu-gun gungara ngama-wu-yi-ngga. — I will give you fish and you will give me possum. SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.2.2-148 U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2. BB-JL-226. guni n. Faeces, anus, bowels, intestines. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. 59 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y gunjung n. Black swan. VARIANT: gunju SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422. gunungama n. Alpha Orionis, Betelgeuse. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. guraaman n. Kurrajong, Illawarra flame tree. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. guraamanj n. Land yam. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. guraban n. Koala. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurabarr n. White box (tree). SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurabungari- vt. Frighten, scare. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. gurad n. Ground, dirt, soil. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. CCU. guradhu n. Brolga crane. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. guragura adj. Quick, fast. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. guragurr n. Short-nosed bandicoot. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. guranguran n. Lightning. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurarayga n. Brolga crane. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurawari n. Swan; likely to be white. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-RD-422. gurbungama n. Ribs of canoe. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurdgard n. Big frog. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. 60 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY gurgul n. Bloodwood. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurgun n. Intestines, guts, bowels. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. guri n. Ear. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. MY-HH-480. BB-JL-225. U-RD-422. gurimbaga n. Magpie. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurlanj n. Locust. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurnamunya adj. Wrong. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurndiira n. Ironbark eucalyptus. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurngamba- vi. Sorry, be regretful. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. guruba- vi. Be afraid, be scared. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurubangamba- vi. Brave, courageous, ‘don’t be afraid’. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1. gurugama n. West wind. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-RD-421. U-RD-423. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-225. gurugundha- vt. Be afraid of, be scared of. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. gurumbu- vi. Go around, circle, orbit. — gurumbu-wa-ga bunbal-a. — I’m going round the tree. SOURCE: B-P.211 JBes. U-M.2.2-147. gurungadj n. Mythical character; large aquatic monster. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. SCL-M-1904-345. gururu adj. Female, used for animals. — gururu gunawur waranj-u dhana-ma-n djirawara. — The female koala’s young is eating leaves. SOURCE: B-P.198 JBes. U-M.2.2-44 U-M.1.1. 61 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y guwinj n. Ghost, spirit of the dead. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. CCU. guwinjma- vt. Twist, wring. SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. guya n. South. SOURCE: B-P.138 JBes. guyangal n. Southerner, ‘south belonging’. SOURCE: A-P.207 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-ULL/Bi-Bu1. guyari n. Brolga crane. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-RD-422. guyudu adj. Cold. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-423. gwiyaala n. Stingaree (a species of stingray). SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1. gwiyirrwurrwurr n. Curlew (bird). SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1. 62 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY m ma n. Fish. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-RD-422. maaran n. Seagull. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. mabara n. Eye. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1. mabumban spat. Nearby, close. SOURCE: B-P.120/B-P.258 JBes. U-M.2.2-46. madbu n. String bag; net bag. — djirabu-ga madbu-dhuga bunbal-a. — I’ll hang my bag on the tree. SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-44. madhang adj. Strong. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-RD-421. madhawarn n. Swamp mahogany. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-RD-421. U-M.1.1. madjari n. Canoe. — baridbu-la-ga madjari gudjarr-a. — I came across the lagoon in a canoe. SOURCE: B-P.209 JBes. U-M.2.2-147 BB-JL-226. DM-AM-1874-256Ul /Bi-Bu1. U-BB-JL-225. maga n. Carpet snake. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. BB-JL-225. mali inter. Why. — mali wabu-l-i. — Why did you go? SOURCE: B-P.200 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. malyan n. Eaglehawk. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.2.106. mama kin. Elder sister. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.2.2-39. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422. mamaadja n. Native cherry tree. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1. mamang kin. Mother; mother’s sister; father’s brother’s wife. SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.2.2-39. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422. 63 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y mambi n. Eel. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. mana n. Hand (commonly used). SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH-480. BB-JL-225. DM-AM.1255. manalinga num. Four. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. BB-JL-226. manawal num. Ten (commonly used). SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. BB-JL-226. mandarlu n. Boil, infected sore. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-RD-421. mandha n. Jaw. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. mandidja n. Meat. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. BB-JL-226. manduga n. Maggot. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-RD-421. mangara adj. Bad. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. BB-JL-225. mangga n. Fern. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. mani kin. Mother. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-RD-422. manjamanja adj. Red. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. maraba n. Kangaroo. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. BB-JL-226. marandi- vt. Bring, carry along. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-75. marga n. Shield. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-C.1-35. U-RD-423. marindamu- vt. fetch, bring back something for someone. SOURCE: B-P.197 JBes. U-M.2.2-43. marlugudhaaga- Desire sexually. vt. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. 64 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY marra n. Fish (generic). SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-226. UL-JL-266. JB-G-12. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. marrarr n. Spider. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. marriya n. Emu. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. maru- vi. Run. — wananga maru-l njalung. — Which of them ran here? SOURCE: B-P.194 JBes. U-M.2.2-22. maruga- vi. Live, be alive. SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. mawaradj n. Squeaking tree. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-51. maya- vi. Sit. — wanggana manyanga nguna-ng dhugan-dha maya-ndu. — The she-eaglehawk is sitting on her nest. SOURCE: B-P.198 JBes. U-M.2.2-44. mayaaga kin. Younger brother. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1. mayanda kin. Mother. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-RD-422. P.262 MY-HH-480. mayarmVga n. Fly. VARIANT: mayarmiga, mayarmaga, mayarmuga etc. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-RD-422. JB-C.1-15. mayawar kin. Son. SOURCE: CCU. mayi- vi. Sit; stay; live. — gungara mayi-n dhuladhula — The possum is sitting among the branches SOURCE: B-P.202 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-79. U-RD-423. BB-JL-226. midandhal num. One. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.2.2-36. U-M.2.2-55. BB-JL-226. midbawanj adj. Blind. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1. 65 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y midhagani n. Quoll, native cat. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. miigurn n. Clitoris. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1. miingga n. Grasstree. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1. milidhu n. Boomerang shield. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1. milumba adj. Sparkle, shine, shimmer. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-79. mina n. Finger. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-RD-420. mina- vt. Hold. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. minga n. Mother. SOURCE: A-P.125 JBes. U-M.1.1. minja inter. What. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.2.2. U-M.1.1-56. BB-JL-226. minmirgun n. Eyebrow. SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1. mirdandhagu num. Once only, not repeated. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. miridjiga n. Long-nosed bandicoot, also the name of Canopus found in the constellation Carina ‘The Keel’. — yidhungurr-u murnawar-nu miridjiga nguma-n. — A woman gives a bandicoot to her daughter. SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-AH/JH. U-M.2.2-15. mirigang n. Dog (generic). SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-AM1. U-RD-422. U-C.1-11. BB-JL-226. miringama n. South wind. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-RD-421. MY-HH-481. U-M.1.1. mirribi n. Thunder. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1. 66 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY mirriwarr n. Sky. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1. mubura- vi. Die. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-75. mudhuga- vt. Make, create. — ganji mudhuga-la-ga. — I made a fire just now. SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.2.2-7. mudj n. Friend. VARIANT: mudji SOURCE: CCU. mudjingaal nprop. Friend; spirit protector and guide. VARIANT: mudj mudji SOURCE: CCU. mula n. Louse. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1. muladha n. Old woman. SOURCE: B-P.198 JBes. BB-JL-225. mumaga n. A smelly hairy short mythological creature with white fur. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-RD-422. SCL-M-1904-345. mundha n. Black snake. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.2.106. U-RD-421. DM-AM-1874-255. mundji n. Bum, rump. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1. mundu- vt. Drink. — njinduwangala ngadju mundu-li-ngala. — He and I are drinking water. SOURCE: B-P.195 JBes. U-M.2.2-23. munduba n. Tomahawk made from stone. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-226. mundur adj. Heavy. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1. mungala n. Cloud. VARIANT: munguru SOURCE: B-P.261/262 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. BB-JL-225. 67 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y mungandhawara Two. num. SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.2.2-36. U-M.2.2-55. munggura n. Home. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. munjamunja adj. Red. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. munyunga n. Eaglehawk. VARIANT: manyanga SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM1 DM-AM.1-255. mura n. Stone, testicle. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-RD-423. murandjanyan n. Shadow (of a man). SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. murawan- vi. Alive. VARIANT: muraawan SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. murdubura adj. Blunt. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. muriyira n. Whale. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. murnawal n. Hand. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.2.2-55. murnawar kin. Daughter. — yidhungurr-u murnawar-nu miridjiga nguma-n. — A woman gives a bandicoot to her daughter. SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.2.2-15. U-M.2.2-16. U-M.2.2-53. murnunggan kin. Younger sister. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. murrurn n. Bee. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. muru n. Abdomen. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. muruda n. Footprint. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-RD-422. 68 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY muruguru n. Pubic hair. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. murumba n. Brown snake. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-RD-421. murun n. Blow-fly. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-RD-421. muryan n. Mist. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. muyulu n. Clever man. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. 69 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj wyn naaga n. Fly. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. naaraa- vt. Bind, tie. SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. nadba n. Knife, blade. VARIANT: nadhba, nadjba SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. A/U-E-91. nadjung kin. Grandmother, father’s mother. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. Y-AH1054/6a+b. naga- vt. See. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-RD-423. nambadja- vt. Catch. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.1.1-72. nanbanggara-ga Lame, disabled, injured. adj. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.1.1. nangga- vi. Sit, sit down. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. nangu- vi. Sleep, rest. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-RD-423. nanilu n. Musk duck. VARIANT: naniilu SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-RD-421. nanuma- vt. Know. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.2.2-72. naraawanj n. Helper, assistant for the Elders. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.1.1. narum n. Meat-based food. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-RD-423. nawa n. Heat, sun, day. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-C.1-37. U-M.1.1. U-C.1-25 U-RD-423. JBC.1-27. nawan- adj. Hot. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.1.1. 70 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY niluga n. Mosquito. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-RD-422. niraguwin adj. Deaf. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-RD-421. nirini- vt. Come down, climb down, head down. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-RD-420. nugurr n. Nose, beak. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-C.1-21. U-RD-422. JB-G-11. numbula- vt. Kiss. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. nunga- vi. Weep, cry. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. U-RD-420. DM-AM-1878:269JB-GY. nunganung adj. Female, used for animals. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.2.105. nunggurr n. Back of the neck, nape of the neck. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. nurridj n. Umbilical cord. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. 71 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y ng ngabunaa n. Female breast. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.1.1-68. ngadjili- vi. Laugh. SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. U-M.1.1-72. ngadju n. Water or fresh water. VARIANT: ngadjung — njinduwangala ngadju mundu-li-ngala. — He and I are drinking water. SOURCE: B-P.195 JBes. U-C.1-7 U-RD-420/423. U-HH-481. BB-JL225. ngalaga spat. Left, on the left of. SOURCE: B-P.215 JBes. U-M.2.2-152. ngama- vt. Give. — mara ngama-wu-gun gungara ngama-wu-yi-ngga — I will give you fish and you will give me possum. SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.1.1-58. U-M.2.2-76. U-M.2.2-16. DM-AM253. DM-AM-265. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. DM-AM-1878:271WAND/NO-TU. ngaminjang n. Female breast, breastmilk. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. DM-AM.1-255. U-M.1.1. U-RD-423. JB-C.1-7. JB-G-12. nganayu n. Tooth, teeth. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-C.1-23. U-RD-423. ngandhawar n. Mountain ash tree. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.1.1. nganing n. Neck. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. ngara- vi. Hear. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. U-M.1.1-72. ngaral n. Black cockatoo. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-RD-421. ngarambilil- vt. Drop out of hand, scatter. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. ngaranggal n. Woman. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.1.2-106. U-M.1.2-105. ngarawan n. East, distant sea. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM-1878-271-WAND/NO-TU. 72 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY ngarn n. Place, location. — dhugan-da ngarn-din wabi-wa-nga. — We are going from the camp. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48 U-M.2.2-41. ngarri n. Leg. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. BB-JL-225. ngarri n. Shin. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. BB-JL-225. ngawal n. White cockatoo. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422. ngawu n. Blood. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U/A-E. ngay part. Yes. SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-C.1-39/U-RD-423. U-M.2.2-150. BB-JL225. JB-G-12. UL-JL-226. ngayaga pro. I (first person singular subject). — djamaga ngayaga. — I am good. SOURCE: A-P.187 U-RD-423. DM-M.2.6-29. U-M.2.2-7. DM-AM1878:269-JB-GY. DM-AM-1878-271-WAND/NO-TU. ngayawanga pro. We three or more, not including you (first person plural exclusive subject). VARIANT: ngaywinga SOURCE: A-P.226 JBes. ngayawangala We two, not including you (first person dual exclusive subject). pro. SOURCE: A-P.226 JBes. ngayawanj pro. We three or more, including you. (first person plural inclusive subject). — djamaga-mbanj ngayawanj. — We are all good. SOURCE: A-P.226/B-P.188 JBes. U-M.2.2-7. ngayawung pro. We two, including you. (first person dual inclusive subject). SOURCE: A-P.226 JBes. ngaylugu n. Mosquito. SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-42. nginbaga phr. I don’t know. SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-RD-423. 73 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y ngubulinj n. Heat. SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. ngudba- vi. Go into, be submerged in (e.g. water). — ngadju ngudba-ga. — I’m going into the water. SOURCE: B-P.211 JBes. U-M.2.2-148. nguma- vt. Give. — yidhungurr-u murnawar-nu miridjiga nguma-n. — A woman gives a bandicoot to her daughter. SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.1.1-72. U-M.2.2-75. ngumbudhaa- vt. Like, love. SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1-72. ngumung n. Knee. SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM-1878-271-WAND/NO-TU. JB-G-12. nguna spat. In, between, in among. — buru nguna bunbal-wara. — The kangaroo is between two trees. SOURCE: B-P.197/B-P.218 JBes. U-M.2.2-43 U-M.1.1-59. ngunarungura- Be jealous. vi. SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1. ngundaga adj. Thirsty. SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-RD-423. ngundhu- vt. Drink, suck. — ngadju ngundhu-lu-ga. — I am going to drink it. SOURCE: B-P.203 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.1.1. DM-AM253. U-M.2.2-46. U-M.2.2-42. ngura n. Camp, nest, hut. SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.2.106. ngurdu ngurdu n. Nostril. SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1. ngurlwan n. Droplet (of liquid). SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. ngurnda adj. Black. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. ngurungaru n. Day. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.1.1. 74 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY nh nhaga- vi. Fly, soar. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. nhaway temp. Today. — dhambamu-la-ga biragang-gudhu buru djingandi ban.guri-dji nhaway. — I saw a bigger kangaroo on the hill today. SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. U-M.2.2-17. nhuruubabaa n. Mud. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.1.1. 75 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y nj nja- vt. See. — nja-la-ga wanggan djiin. — I saw a woman. SOURCE: B-P.193/B-P.266 JBes. U-M.2.2-22. U-M.2.2-77. njaagarn adj. Sharp, pointy. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.1.1. njama- vt. Give. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.1.8-60. njanadha dem. There; that. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.2.2-46. njariwang n. Thunder. SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-AH/JH. njiindjilan spat. This side of, on the side closest to the speaker. — yuwinj njiindji-lan bunbal-a. — The man is on this side of the tree. SOURCE: B-P.208 JBes. U-M.2.2-146 U-M.2.2-147. njiinj dem. This; here. — gubidja waranganj njiinj. — That’s a small boomerang. SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-46. DM-M.2.6-27. njinmula- vt. Pinch, squeeze. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. njirinj n. Grass cuttings. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. njirra n. Fish hawk. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. njiru- vi. Go down, descend, move downwards. — njiru-wa-ga bun.garri. — I am going down the hil . SOURCE: B-P.218 JBes. U-M.1.1-59. njun dem. There; that. — gungara njun ngayaga-nggul. — That is my possum. SOURCE: B-P.190 JBes. U-M.2.2-14 U-M.2.2-148. njungga- vi. Cry, sob. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. 76 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY njunil dem. This place/location. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. njurgun n. Bullrush. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. 77 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj wyw waadhu n. Skin. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-423. MY-HH-480. waagura n. Crow. — yuwinj-dji waagura binga-la waranganj-dji. — A man threw a boomerang at a crow. SOURCE: B-P.183 JBes. U-RD-422. U-M.2.2-36. U-M.1.1. U-AH/JH. waanhal adj. Ripe. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. waari n. Paddle, oar. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. waba- vi. Go. — biyan birribanj-buran waba-n — Your father is going after an emu. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-226. U-M.2.2-48. UL-JL-226. wabandi- vt. Take, go away with. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. wadha inter. Where. SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. DM-AM.1-248. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. DM-AM.1. U-M.2.2-46. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. DM-AM-1878-271-WAND/NOTU. DM-AM-B#1. DM-AM-B#2. wadhan n. Grass (generic). — wanggan-a buru warranj-u wadhan dhana-n. — The she-kangaroo’s young one is eating grass. SOURCE: B-P.196 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-43. BB-JL-225. wadhanagarr Female dog (bitch). wangganmaaru SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.2.2. n. wadhangarr n. Dog. — wadhangarr-a badha-l njiinj gungara. — The dog kil ed the possum. SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2. U-M.2.2-14. U-M.2.2-38. UM.2.2-41. U-M.1.1-52. U-M.2.2-45. U-M.2.2-46. wadhiin nprop. King Merriman’s name, meaning ‘point of land’. SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-AH/JH. wagal n. Black bream. SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.1.1. 78 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY wagurr n. Carpet snake. SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-RD-421. wala- vi. Run, jog. — wala-ya-n dhugan-a djalung. — He runs wel . SOURCE: B-P.200 JBes. U-M.2.2-77. U-RD-420. U-M.2.2-45. U-M.2.246. U-M.2.2-48. U-M.1.1. walarr n. Head. SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.1.2-106. walawaani phr. ‘Safe journey.’ A greeting used in meeting and/or parting. SOURCE: CCU. wali- vi. Return, come back, give back. — wali-mba-wa-nj njalundjil. — We will come back here. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. U-M.2.2-48. walimbura n. Shark. SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.1.1. wambaara n. Black duck. SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-RD-422. U-AH/JH. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-226. wambur adj. Stupid. SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.1.1. wana- vi. Leave, exit, leave something be, drop a topic of conversation. SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. DM-AM-1877:269-JB-GY. DMAM-1874:256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. wananga inter. Who. — wananga-lul njiinj. — Who is this for? SOURCE: A-P.196 DM-M.2.2-8. DM-M.2.6-28. DM-M.1.8-60. U-RD-423. U-M.2.2-22. U-M.1.1-56. wanda part. Perhaps, maybe. — bunbal ganji wanda djamaru-ga — Perhaps I will take some wood. SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.2.2-7. wandaya n. Bark vessel for carrying water. SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-RD-421. 79 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y wandhu-vi. Crawl, move around on hands and knees. — wandhu-wa-n bidhu. — He will crawl up the mountain. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48. wandung inter. When. SOURCE: A-P.220 JBes. wanggaadi nprop. Pleiades; a star cluster also known as the Seven. Sisters and Messier 45. SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.1.1. wanggaali n. Kangaroo rat; potoroo. SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.1.1. wanggan n. Aboriginal woman, young woman. — wanggan-dha dhugan-u njiinj. — There is the woman’s hut. SOURCE: A-P.195 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422. U-M.2.2-17. U-M.2.2-43. U-M.2.2-44. U-M.2.2-48. wangganmana Female, used for animals. adj. SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.1.1. wara adj. Dead. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM-B#2. DM-AM-1878:269. UM.2.2-75. U-RD-423. wara vi. Die. SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM-B#2. DM-AM-1878:269. UM.2.2-75. U-RD-423. wara- vi. Jump, leap. SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-RD-420. waraawara n. String; fishing line. SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.1.1. waradaga- vi. Jump, leap. SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. U-RD-420. waragadhaan adj. Deaf. SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.1.1. waram kin. Husband’s son; husband’s brother’s son; sister’s son; wife’s son. SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. Y-AH1054/6ab. 80 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY waranganj n. Boomerang. — wananga-gal waranganj njiin. — Whose boomerang is that? SOURCE: A-P.207 U-M.1.1. U-RD-423. U-M.2.2-135. U-M.2.2-22. DMM.2.6-28. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. U-M.2.2-14. waranj n. Small child, small boy, baby (human or animal). — gururu gunawur waranj-u dhana-ma-n djirawara. — The female koala’s young is eating leaves. SOURCE: A-P.197 U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-44. U-RD-422. U-M.2.2-45. BBJL-225. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. DM-AM-B#1. U-M.2.2-43. U-M.2.246. U-M.2.2-47. U-M.1.1-53. U-M.2.2-148. DM-M.2.6-28. warawandjar- vi. Spread. SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. wardaalimala- vt. Seek, look for. SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.2.2-77. wari n. Old man. SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-RD-422. waridba- vi. Play, do an entertaining activity. SOURCE: B-P.210 JBes. U-M.2.2-147. warigal n. Wild dog; dingo. SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-AH/JH. Loanword from Wiradjuri or other language. warigala n. Mullet (fish). SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-420. U-AH/JH. warigamban temp. Distant, long time in past or future. SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1. warlu n. Chin, beard. SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1-68. MY-HH-480. warnadha phr. Let go. SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. warrabugan n. Whiting (fish). SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1. warri adj. Grey. SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1. 81 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y wayalad n. Black cockatoo. SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1. wiling n. Lip. SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH-480. BB-JL-225. wulaga n. Tree bark. SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-RD-423. wulimbura n. Shark. SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-RD-421. wumbalwara n. River oak. SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1. wumura n. Spear thrower; woomera. SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1. wuraambin n. Guard fish. SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1. wurawura adj. White. VARIANT: wuurawuura, warrawarra SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.1.1. 82 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY y ya conj. And. Used to join sentences when they have different subjects. SOURCE: B-P.305 JBes. CCU. Loanword from Dharrawal. yaala n. Red gum. SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1. yabandjaaga- Make, create. vt. SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1. yabin.gi adj. Lean, thin, skinny. SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1. yabu- vi. Inquire, ask. — njin-dju-waraga Dhalbu Dhalbu ngarn-din yabu-la. — These people came from Tilba. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-RD-420. yabuda n. Calf of leg. SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-RD-420. yabundja- vt. Cut out, carve (boomerangs). SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.2.2-42. U-M.2.2-76. yagun temp. Then, introduces an action that occurs after another action. SOURCE: A-P.228 JBes. yagunadha adj. Right. SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1. yalangbaradha Five. num. VARIANT: yaalangbaradha SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. BB-JL-266. yambagan n. Fern tree. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-RD-421. yana- vi. Walk, go, come. VARIANT: yanaga, yanuga — yana-la-ga dhugan-dha-dha. — I came to the camp. SOURCE: A-P.191 DM-AM.1-248. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. UM.1.1. U-RD-423. yandabal n. Girl. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.1.2-102. U-RD-421. yangan- vi. Swim. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. 83 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y yangga-vi. Sing. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. yara- vt. Throw, throw a spear or boomerang. SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48. yaradba- vi. Fly over (of birds). fly over a place. — waagura yaradba-n ngungay. — A crow flies over the flat. SOURCE: B-P.210 JBes. U-M.2.2-147. yaradirawal The day after the day after tomorrow; in three days. temp. VARIANT: yaradi rawal SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. yaraman n. Horse. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. BB-JL-226. DM-AM.1-255. yaran n. Beard. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1. yaranbul n. Platypus. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-RD-421. yarin n. Chin. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. MY-HH-480. yarungarn adj. Long. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1. yawa- vi. Speak, talk. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-79. yaway phr. ‘Come here!’ SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. BB-JL-226. U-RD-423. yawiya n. Myrtle. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1. yiburr n. Nut of the burrawang. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1. yidbu- vi. Be tired. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1. yidhalama- vi. Hungry. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1. 84 b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY yidhungurr n. Woman that has children. — yidhungurr-u murnawar-nu miridjiga nguma-n. — A woman gives a bandicoot to her daughter. SOURCE: A-P.300 JBes. U-M.2.2-15. U-M.2.2-43. U-M.1.1-5. yidjima- vt. Do it, do something. SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.2.2-148. yilaga- vi. Rejoice, be happy. SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. yili- vt. Carry. — yuwinj yili-n ngadju badha. — The man brings water from the waterhole. SOURCE: B-P.206 JBes. U-M.1.1. yimar adj. Female, used for kangaroo. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1. yinal narawan n. Plains, flat country. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. BB-JL-226. yindiga pro. You singular, used after a consonant (second person singular subject). VARIANT: njindiga (after a vowel) SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-WR.4. JB-C.1-41. U-RD-423. yindiwan pro. You three or more, used after a consonant (second person plural subject). VARIANT: njindiwan (after a vowel) SOURCE: A-P.226 JBes. yindiwu pro. You two, used after a consonant (second person dual subject). VARIANT: njindiwu (after a vowel) SOURCE: A-P.226 JBes. yinul n. Lining of canoe. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1. yira n. Tooth, teeth. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-C.1-23. U-RD-423. MY-HH-480; BB-JL225. yiragala n. Seal. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-RD-421. yiriba- vi. Go inside, enter (an enclosed space). Set, go down (of the sun). VARIANT: yiribu — yiribu-wa-ga buran njun. — I’m going inside that cave. SOURCE: B-P.197/P.211 JBes. U-M.2.2-43 U-M.2.2-148. 85 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y yiribini n. Evening, night. SOURCE: A-P.273 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. yiridbu- vt. Go through, pass through. — yiridbu-la-ga dhumul-a. — I went through the scrub. SOURCE: B-P.209 JBes. U-M.2.2-147. yirimbaagun n. Jew fish. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1. yirinbul n. Wood duck. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-RD-422. yiringga- vi. Be glad, be happy. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1. yuga inter. How, I don’t know. — yuga nanama-n-i — How do you know? SOURCE: A-P.200 U-M.2.2-48. yulu n. Finger, fingernail. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1. yuna- vt. Keep. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. yuraga n. Sun. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. UL-JL-266. yurang n. Young man. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. BB-JL-225. yurdubaaga n. Erect penis. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1. yuri- vt. Hit, kill. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.2-106. yuwindja nprop. Orion’s Belt, the stars Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka in the constellation of Orion. SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1. yuwinj n. Man, Aboriginal people of NSW South Coast. — djamu-ga djiin yuwinj — I’m going to speak to that man SOURCE: B-P.200 JBes. U-M.1.2.105 U-M.2.2-42. DM-M.2.6-29. DMAM.1-254. JB-C.1-9. 86 9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER big frog n. gurdgard. a big toe n. biraga yuludha. abdomen n. muru. bind vt. naaraa-. afraid vi. guruba-. bird n. budjan (generic). afraid of vt. gurugundha-. bitch (female dog) n. wadhanagarr alcohol n. garangadada. wangganmaaru. alive vi. murawan-, maruga-. bite vt. badha-, bundha-. allow suf. -ya (attaches to the verb). black adj. ngurnda, burawara. Alpha Orionis nprop. gunungama. black bream n. wagal. and conj. ba (used to join sentences when black cockatoo n. ngaral, wayalad. they have the same subject), ya (used to black duck n. djabadj, wambaara. join sentences when they have different black snake n. mundha. subjects). black swan n. gunjung. angry adj. djaadjularan. blanket n. djinaabli, biidja. answer vi. buraali-. blind adj. midbawanj. arm n. gaygan. blister n. gundja, bubul. armpit n. gadjigung. blood n. djiraali, ngawu. ask vt. ganaya-. bloodwood n. gurgul. assistant n. naraawanj. blow-fly n. murun. at suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that blunt adj. murdubura. something or someone is in/at/on it). boil n. mandarlu. away from suf. -din (motion away from a boomerang n. waranganj, badhawal. place or object). bottom of the foot n. dhanadha. branch n. dhuladhula. brave vi. gurubangamba-. b break vt. gambuladja-. back n. barlga. bream n. burumayal. bad adj. mangara, garnina. breast n. ngabunaa. bad spirit n. gababa, gawan. breastmilk n. ngaminjang. bag n. biyay. bring vt. marandi-. bandicoot n. birdhuulay. bring back vt. marindamu-. beak n. nugurr. brolga (slate crane) n. guradhu, galu, beard n. yaran, warlu. gurarayga, guyari. bee n. murrurn. brother in law kin. djambi. before temp. dhaba. brown hawk n. biburnungga. behind spat. barlga. brown snake n. murumba. belly button n. garri. build vt. djinjama-. belong to suf. -nggul (attaches to a noun). bull ant n. garrurr. between spat. nguna. bullrush n. njurgun. big adj. biraga. bum n. mundji. 87 9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER burn vt. ganama-. continue to suf. -mba (attaches to the verb to burrawang n. banggawu. indicate continued action). burrawang nut n. yiburr. cook vt. ganama-. bush n. gabi, barraar. coolamon n. bun.gali, wandaya. by suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that cormorant n. binyaaru. something or someone is in/at/on/near it). corroboree n. bunaan. cover up vt. barimu-. crab n. dhuril. c crawl vi. wandhu-. crayfish n. birruwa. cabbage tree n. dharrawa. creek n. badha. calf (of leg) n. djabur, yabuda. crooked adj. ganggulwara. call out vt. garuga-. crow n. waagura. camp n. dhugan (common use), ngura. cry vi. njungga-, nunga-. canoe n. madjari (common use), garidja. cup n. bangli. carpet snake n. maga, wagurr. curlew n. gwiyirrwurrwurr. carry vt. yili-, garganga-. cut vt. dharaganja-. catch vt. nambadja-, dhabaga- (catch an animal). cave n. buran. d centipede n. dhaadjar. charcoal n. dhumbaa. dad kin. baaba (common use), baying, biyan, child n. waranj. baanga. chin n. yarin, warlu. darkness n. gilwa. cigarette n. bunda. daughter kin. murnawar. clear adj. gundhagundha. day n. ngurungaru, nawa. clever man n. bagiindj. day after tomorrow temp. buraagawalin. clever woman n. bagiindj. dead adj. wara. climb vi. galawa-. deaf adj. niraguwin, waragadhaan. clitoris n. miigurn. death adder n. bubugurning. close (in space) spat. mabumban. desire (sexually) vt. marlugudhaaga-. close (in time) temp. bala. dew n. djingiya. clothing n. dadha. die vi. mubura-, wara-. cloud n. mungala. dingo, wild dog n. warigal. club n. bundhi, gudjaru, bangadjan. dirt n. gurad, bagan. cold n. dhagarr. dirty adj. burlgunj. cold east wind n. biwaawa. disabled adj. nanbanggaraga. cold west wind n. gunama. disabled person n. gugiwan. collect vt. djamaru-. do vt. yidjima-. come vt. yana-. dog n. wadhangarr (common use), mirigang come across vt. baridbu- (cross something in (generic), gangwari (rare generic), warigal the direction of the speaker). (wild dog). come down vt. nirini-. dog (female, bitch) n. wadhangarr, come here phr. yaway. wangganmaaru. 88 9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER drink vt. ngundhu-, mundu-. female dog, bitch n. wadhanagarr drop vt. gungaba-. wangganmaaru. droplet n. ngurlwan. fern n. mangga. drown vi. garaambu-. fetch vt. marindamu-. dust n. balirr. fight vt. gambadja-. fighting hook n. badhawal. e finger n. mina, yulu. fingernail n. yulu. each other suf. -ndjali. fire n. ganji. eaglehawk n. malyan, munyunga. firestick n. dundhun. ear n. guri. firewood n. ganji. earth n. bagan. fish n. marra (common use), ma, mina. east n. ngarawan. fish hawk n. njirra. east wind n. djirindjiring. fish hook n. dhuula. eat vi. dhana-. fisherman jack n. birimbamin. echidna n. djinug, ganagubadh. fishing line n. waraawara, djabag (a phrase echo n. bariwariganyan. meaning ‘throw the fishing line’). eel n. barra, mambi. fishing spear n. garawad. egg n. gabaanu. elbow n. dhurliing. five num. mana (common use), murnawal, elder brother kin. dhadha. yalangbaradha. elder sister kin. mama. flank n. ganggul. empty adj. garragalambiwan. flat adj. bilwurr. emu n. birribanj (common use), marriya. flat country n. yinal narawan. evening n. yiribini. flat tailed mullet n. gariba. eye n. mabara. flathead n. dhagala. eyebrow n. minmirgun. fly n. mayarmVga, naaga. flying fox n. garamunda. f fog n. garal. footprint n. bardju, muruda. faeces n. guni. for suf. -buran (for the purpose of, put on a fall vi. gungaba-. noun), -gul (on behalf of, put on a noun). far away spat. djinalibura. forehead n. gundu. fast adj. buwambay, buyi, guragura. forest oak n. bila. fat n. biwan. four num. djiriibawal djiriibawal (common father kin. baaba (common use), baying, use), manalinga. biyan, baanga. friend n. mudj, mudjingaal. father’s brother’s son kin. dhadha. frighten vt. gurabungari-. father’s brother’s wife kin. mamang. frost n. dhagadj. feet n. dhana. female (animal) adj. gururu, wangganmana, full adj. dhudbandhul. nunganung. further away spat. djinadha (over there, in the female (kangaroo) adj. yimar. distance). 89 9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER hear vi. ngara-. g heat n. bagaranj, ngubulinj, nawa. geebung tree n. babadhal. heavy adj. mundur. get up vi. biinda-. heel n. dunggul. girl n. yandabal. her (bound possessive) pro. -u. give vt. ngama- (common use, VARIANT: here dem. njiinj. nguma-), njama-. hill n. bun.garri. go vi. waba-, yana-. his (bound possessive) pro. -u. go along vi. balawu-. hit vt. bayi- (common use), yuri-. go around vi. gurumbu-. hold vt. mina-, garganga- (carry in hands). go down vi. njiru-. hole n. gagurr. go inside vi. yiriba- (enter, also used to home n. munggura. mean set e.g. sunset). honey n. gawanggal. go into vi. ngudba-. honeysuckle n. baabirr. horse n. yaraman. go over vt. badba-. hot adj. nawan-. go through vt. yiridbu-. how inter. yuga. go up vi. dhalibawa-. hungry vi. yidhalama-. goanna n. burnaaga. hunting spear n. birriiwa. good adj. djamaga. husband’s brother’s son kin. waram. grandmother kin. bayunga (mother’s husband’s son kin. waram. mother), nadjung (father’s mother). hut n. dhugan (common use), ngura. grass n. wadhan (generic). grass cuttings n. njirinj. grass tree n. miingga. i great white shark n. daarlawan. greedy adj. garudhan. I (bound subject) pro. -ga. grey adj. djilawaray, warri. I (stand-alone) pro. ngayaga. ground n. gurad, bagan. I don’t know phr. nginbaga, dhagayil, yuga. grow vi. dhuri-. impale vt. gula-. guard fish n. wuraambin. in suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that gully n. gagurr. something or someone is in/at/on it). in front spat. bindji. in order to suf. -ri (attaches to the verb). h intestines n. gurgun (common use), guni. ironbark eucalyptus n. gurndiira. hail n. dhundala. its (bound possessive) suf. -u. hair n. djawur. hairy man (mythical creature) n. dulagaal, mumaga. j hand n. mana (common use), murnawal. hang up vt. djirabu- (common use), jagged spear n. gama. dhangga-. jaw n. mandha. happy, rejoice vi. yilaga-, yiringga-. jealous vi. ngunarungura-. head n. gabaanu (common use), walarr. jew fish n. yirimbaagun. 90 9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER jew lizard n. djaraagar. like, love vt. ngumbudhaa-. jump vi. waradaga- (common use), wara-. lillypilly tree n. galungara. lining of canoe n. yinul. lips n. wiling. k little toe n. gubidjayanga. kangaroo n. buru (most likely eastern grey), live vi. mayi-, maruga-. maraba. lizard n. bangawu (generic). kangaroo rat n. wanggaali. location n. ngarn. keep vt. yuna-. locust n. gurlanj. kick vt. burdulu-. long adj. yarungarn. kidney n. djibVr. long-nosed bandicoot n. miridjiga. kill vt. gambadja- (common use), bayi-, yuri-, long time ago temp. warigamban. bilyaguwin-. look at vt. dhumbama-. King Merriman nprop. wadhiin. look for vt. wardaalimala-. kiss vt. numbula-. lose vt. dhunbanga-. knee n. ngumung. louse n. mula. knife n. nadba, garanganganj (made from love, like vt. ngumbudhaa-. shell or stone). lumpy ground n. buubundhaaga. know vt. nanuma-. lyrebird n. djagula. koala n. gumbaawar, guraban. kookaburra n. gugunyal. kurrajong (Illawarra flame tree) n. m guraaman maggot n. manduga. magpie n. gurimbaga. l make vt. djinjama-, djinama-, mudhuga(used with ganji to mean ‘make a fire’), lagoon n. gudjarr. yabandjaaga-. land yam n. guraamanj. make (a boomerang) vt. yabundja-. late adj. gaariin. make happen suf. -ma (attaches to the laugh vi. ngadjili-. verb to indicate that someone is causing learn vt. ganandhimila-. someone else to do the action). leave vi. wana- (leave, exit, but also drop a male (animal) adj. biyanhung. topic in conversation), waba-. male (bird) adj. banhung. leaves n. djirawara. male animal n. gawalgang. left spat. ngalaga. male cousin kin. dhadha. leg n. ngarri (also shin), buyu (shine bone). male koala n. barrunda. let suf. -ya (attaches to the verb). male possum n. gumburruuga. let go of vt. ngarambilil-. let go! phr. warnadha. man n. gimbanya. light n. binin.gala (both sunlight and many num. dhawamalanj moonlight). many suf. -baraga (plural marker, attaches light (weight) adj. birrabirra. to a noun to indicate there are more than lightning n. guranguran. two of them, used only after a consonant), 91 9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER -waraga (after a vowel or rr), -mbaraga my (bound possessive) pro. -dha (if (after a vowel or ng) possessed thing cannot be given away e.g. marrow n. gamba. body parts or kin), -dhuga (if possessed masturbation n. gadagadabalin. thing can be given away e.g. tools or maybe part. wanda. shelter). me (bound object) pro. -ngga. my head n. gabamanga. meat n. mandidja. myrtle n. yawiya. meat-based food n. narum. middle spat. baru. n Milky Way nprop. garraywaa. mine (bound possessive) pro. -dha (if native cat n. midhagani. possessed thing cannot be given away e.g. native cherry tree n. mamaadja. body parts or kin), -dhuga (if possessed native peppermint n. barrumbarra. thing can be given away e.g. tools or native quail n. burrburran. shelter). neck n. nganing, gami, garun (back of neck), mist n. muryan. nunggurr (back of neck). money n. gaandi. nest n. ngura. monkey n. garalu. never suf. -ngamba (attaches to the verb). moon n. dhawara. next to spat. gungala. more of suf. -gudhu (attaches to an adjective night n. yiribini, dhawara. to describe having more of a quality than no part. dhagayil. another thing or person). non–meat-based food n. dhanga. morning n. bumulaga. north east wind n. baliya. Moruya nprop. place name, said to mean nose n. nugurr. ‘where the water is crossable by foot’. nostril n. ngurdu ngurdu. mosquito n. niluga, ngaylugu. most suf. -gudha (attached to an adjective o to describe the highest amount of that quality). octopus n. djungga. mother kin. minga (common use), mamang, old man n. gamara (common use), bidjaya, mani, mayanda, gaanga (woman who has wari. lost children), yidhungurr (woman that had old woman n. muladha (common use), children). garn.ga. mother’s sister kin. mamang. on suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that mother’s sister’s son kin. dhadha. something or someone is in/at/on it). mountain n. bangguri (common use), bidhu. once num. mirdandhagu (once, not mountain ash tree n. ngandhawar. repeated). mountain range n. bidhu. one num. midandhal. mouth n. dhaaga. or conj. ba. mud n. nhuruubabaa. Orion’s Belt (Betelgeuse) nprop. yuwindja. mullet n. warigala. other side of spat. banjawal. mum kin. mamang. our (bound possessive) pro. -ngul (us two, musk duck n. nanilu. including the listener), -ngal (use, not 92 9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER including the listener), -njin (us lot, including ring-tailed possum n. bugaali, buguri. the listener), -njinungga (us lot, not including ripe adj. waanhal. the listener). river n. duraya. over there dem. djinganda. river oak n. wumbalwara. ox n. gambugalag. roast vi. gundja-. oyster n. bidhanga. rock n. bura. rock wallaby n. baraal. rough sea n. gadhu. p round adj. bubandhan. paddle n. waari, djiraama. rug n. baraang. pelican n. garungguba. rump n. mundji (bum), ganggul (flank). penis n. burnda, yurdubaaga (erect penis). run vi. maru-, wala-. pick up vt. garidba-. run around vi. gulaminjiin-. picture n. bawanyu. pinch vt. njinmula-. place n. ngarn. s platypus n. yaranbul. safe journey phr. walawaani. play vi. waridba-. sand n. djaadjawan. Pleiades (Seven Sisters) nprop. wanggaadi. say vt. bayandha-. plover n. bindjaringaring. scab n. bubul. porpoise n. dhaawarri. scare vt. gurabungari-. possum n. gungara. scared vi. guruba-. pregnant adj. bindjilaan. pubic hair n. muruguru. scared of vt. gurugundha-. sea n. barra barra (also salt water), ngarawan (distant sea), gadhu (rough sea). q seagull n. maaran. seal n. yiragala. quick adj. buwambay, buyi, guragura. season n. gambambara. quiet vi. djarambu-. see vt. dhambamu-, nja-, naga-. semen n. burra. r sexual intercourse n. gandidjaalinba. sexual organs n. bambara. rain n. bana. shadow (of a man) n. murandjanyan. red adj. munjamunja (VARIANT: manjamanja). shadow (of tree) n. gumbari. red gum n. yaala. shag n. biraawara. red ochre n. gubar. shake vt. burunga-. reed spear n. biryuula, gumbiira. shallow adj. dhunbunyil. reeds n. gumbiira. shark n. wulimbura (generic, VARIANT: remember vi. bundja-. rest against vt. bulambii-. walimbura). return vi. wali-. shark (great white) n. daarlawan. ribs of canoe n. gurbungama. sharp adj. njaagarn, djarraranj (sharp right spat. dhurga (on the right side of). edged). 93 9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER shield n. marga (generic), milidhu southerner n. guyangal. (boomerang shield), bimbaya (spear sparkle adj. milumba. shield). sparkling adj. gundhagundha. shimmer adj. milumba. speak vi. yawa-, djama-. shin n. ngarri (also entire leg), buyu (shin spear n. djarambaadhi (generic), gumbi ra. bone). spear thrower n. wumura. shin bone n. buyu. spider n. marrarr. shine adj. milumba. spirit of the dead n. guwinj. shingleback, sleeping lizard n. biriin. spirit protector nprop. mudjingaal. shoes n. bandjiwug. spotted gum n. dharraani. short adj. barlaa. spread vi. warawandjar-. short-nosed bandicoot n. guragurr. spring n. gambambara. shoulder n. gugu. squeaking tree n. mawaradj. shrub n. barraar, gabi. stand vi. dhari-. sick vi. gundjama-. star n. djinggi. silent vi. djanbabu-. steal vt. garanga-. silver bream n. gambanj. stingaree n. gwiyaala. sing vi. yangga-. stingray n. baba (generic), gwiyaala. Sirius nprop. gundjiran. stomach n. bindji. sister’s son kin. dhadha. stone n. mura, bura. sit vi. maya- (common use), mayi-, nangga-. stone tomahawk n. munduba. skin n. waadhu. string n. waraawara. skinny adj. yabin.gi. string bag n. madbu (net bag). sky n. mirriwarr. stringybark n. gubaa. slate crane n. gurarayga, guyari, guradhu, strong adj. bulwal (common use), madhang. galu. stupid adj. wambur. sleep vi. nangu-. suck vi. ngundhu-. sleeping lizard, shingleback n. biriin. sugar glider n. banggu. slow adj. garragadj. summer n. galaa. small adj. gubidja (common use), dandala. sun n. yuraga, bagaranj (only found with small guard fish n. gubi. yiribu to mean ‘sunset’), nawa. small mullet n. djiibarra. swamp mahogany n. madhawarn. smoke n. duruuwa. swamp yam n. bungala. snake n. gari (generic). swan n. gurawari (most likely white swan). snapper n. barraaran. sweet adj. djiin.ga. snot n. garu. swim vi. bardju-, yangan-. snow n. gunama. soil n. gurad, bagan. son kin. mayawar. t soon temp. gaway. sore n. bubul, mandarlu, gundja. take vt. djamaru- (collect), wabandi- (take sorry vi. gurngamba-. away). south n. guya. talk vi. djama- (common use), yawa-. south wind n. miringama. taste vt. ganundhu-. 94 9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER teal duck n. gumbaraga. torso n. bingal (chest of a human or animal). tear vt. gardira-. touch vt. dhuduga-. teatree n. buwarla. toward/to suf. -dha. teeth n. yira (common use), nganayu. toy canoe n. dhaaligir. ten num. manawal (common use), dhawa. tree n. bunbal (generic). testicles n. mura. tree bark n. bunbun, wulaga. that dem. djiinj, njun, njanadha (that person/ tree fern n. djirangara, yambagan (most thing). likely these are specific kinds of fern tree, but three days time temp. yaradirawal (the day unknown what). after the day after tomorrow). True Valley nprop. baadja (unknown place The Keel (constellation) nprop. miridjiga. name). their (bound possessive) pro. -abul (those turn away vi. garaangalirr-. two’s), -djan (that lot’s). turtle n. bilima. them (bound object) pro. -in (them lot). twist vt. guwinjma-. then temp. yagun (introduces an action that two num. djiriba (common use), occurs after another action). mungandhawara there dem. djiinj, njun, njanadha (that place). two suf. -bara (dual marker, attaches to a they (bound subject) pro. -wara (those two), noun to indicate there are two of them, -waraga (that lot). used only after a consonant), -wara (after a thigh n. bunda. vowel or rr), -mbara (after a vowel or ng) think vi. bundjala-. thirsty adj. ngundaga. u this dem. njiinj. this place dem. njunil. umbilical cord n. nurridj. this side of spat. njiindjilan. urine n. djilawa. three num. durun.gadja. us (bound object) pro. -ngal (you and throw vt. binga- (common use), yara- (throw a me), -ngalangga (us two, not including weapon), nanuma-. listener), -ngana (us lot, including listener), throwing stick n. djaadjurna. -nganangga (us lot, not including listener). thumb n. gulungulu. thunder n. bumawa, mirribi, njariwang. tie vt. naaraa-. v tired vi. yidbu-. vagina n. gala. to herself suf. -ndjali. very suf. -gunda. to himself suf. -ndjali. very good adj. gabun. to myself suf. -ndjali. to ourselves suf. -ndjali. to themselves suf. -ndjali. w toad fish n. djiriilbun. tobacco n. gaandi. walk vi. yana-. today temp. nhaway. wallaby n. badhaalima (generic), djaruga, tomorrow temp. buraadja. baraal (rock wallaby). tongue n. dhalanj. want vt. dawandha-. tooth n. yira (common use), nganayu. war spear n. biraya. 95 9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER warm weather n. galaa. y wash vt. bulumu-. water n. ngadju (generic, or fresh water in yamstick n. gaaga. contrast to salt water). yes part. ngay. yesterday temp. bugiya. water goanna n. djirabard. you (bound object) pro. -nji (you, one water monster n. gurungadj. person), -lu (you two), -nhurr (you lot). waterhole n. badha. you (bound subject) pro. -ni (you, one wattle n. bidhudhu (generic), bawarr. person, used only in present or future tense), we (bound subject) pro. -ng (you and I), -li (you, one person, used only in past tense), -ngala (we two, not including listener), -nj -wu (you two, use if the verb it attaches to (we lot, including listener), -nga (we lot, not ends in a vowel, if it ends in a consonant use including listener). -u), -n (you lot). we (stand-alone) pro. ngayawung (you and you (stand-alone) pro. yindiga (you, one I), ngayawangala (we two, not including the person, VARIANT: njindiga), yindiwu (you listener), ngayawanj (we lot, including the two, VARIANT: njindiwu), yindiwan (you lot, listener), ngayawanga (we lot, not including VARIANT: njindiwan). the listener). young man n. yurang. young woman n. wanggan. weak adj. galaabawan. younger brother kin. mayaaga. west wind n. gurugama. younger sister kin. murnunggan. whale n. muriyira. your (bound possessive) pro. -ngu (your, one what inter. minja. person), -bul (you two’s), -djur (you lot’s). when inter. wandung. youth n. garindja (generic), gabugubal where inter. wadha. (uninitiated). white adj. wurawura. Yuin People n. yuwinj. white box n. gurabarr. white cockatoo n. ngawal. whiting n. warrabugan. who inter. wananga. why inter. mali. wife n. dhanama. wife’s son kin. waram. winter n. dhagarr. with suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to say that the noun was used to do the verb). woman n. ngaranggal. wombat n. banggaada. wood n. gugawal. wood duck n. gunarug, yirinbul. would you please suf. -ri (attaches to a verb to make a request). wrong adj. gurnamunya. 96 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES female (kangaroo) adj. yimar. ADJECTIVES angry adj. djaadjularan. flat adj. bilwurr. bad adj. mangara, garnina. big adj. biraga. full adj. dhudbandhul. blind adj. midbawanj. blunt adj. murdubura. clear adj. gundhagundha. cold adj. guyudu. good adj. djamaga. greedy adj. garudhan. heavy adj. mundur. crooked adj. ganggulwara. dead adj. wara. deaf adj. niraguwin, waragadhaan. dirty adj. burlgunj. disabled adj. nanbanggaraga. hot adj. nawan-. empty adj. garragalambiwan. late adj. gaariin. fast adj. buwambay, buyi, guragura. light (weight) adj. birrabirra. female (animal) adj. gururu, wangganmana, long adj. yarungarn. nunganung. 97 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES male (animal) adj. biyanhung. slow adj. garragadj. male (bird) adj. banhung. small adj. gubidja (common use), dandala. pregnant adj. bindjilaan. sparkle adj. milumba. quick adj. buwambay, buyi, guragura. right adj. yagunadha (correct, done well). sparkling adj. gundhagundha. ripe adj. waanhal. strong adj. bulwal (common use), madhang. round adj. bubandhan. stupid adj. wambur. shallow adj. dhunbunyil. sweet adj. djiin.ga. sharp adj. njaagarn, djarraranj (sharp thirsty adj. ngundaga. edged). very good adj. gabun. shimmer adj. milumba. weak adj. galaabawan. shine adj. milumba. wrong adj. gurnamunya. short adj. barlaa. skinny adj. yabin.gi. 98 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES crow n. waagura. BIRDS beak n. nugurr. bird n. budjan (generic). black cockatoo n. ngaral, wayalad. curlew n. gwiyirrwurrwurr. eaglehawk n. malyan, munyunga. emu n. birribanj (common use), marriya. black duck n. djabadj, wambaara. black swan n. gunjung. brolga (slate crane) n. guradhu, galu, gurarayga, guyari. fish hawk n. njirra. kookaburra n. gugunyal. brown hawk n. biburnungga. cormorant n. binyaaru. lyrebird n. djagula. 99 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES magpie n. gurimbaga. CLOTHING & SHELTER blanket n. djinaabli, biidja. camp n. dhugan (common use), ngura. clothing n. dadha. musk duck n. nanilu. native quail n. burrburran. pelican n. garungguba. plover n. bindjaringaring. seagull n. maaran. shag n. biraawara. home n. munggura. swan n. gurawari (most likely white swan). teal duck n. gumbaraga. white cockatoo n. ngawal. hut n. dhugan (common use), ngura. nest n. ngura. rug n. baraang. shoes n. bandjiwug. wood duck n. gunarug, yirinbul. 100 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES COLOURS ENVIRONMENT black adj. ngurnda, burawara. cave n. buran. grey adj. djilawaray, warri. charcoal n. dhumbaa. cloud n. mungala. red adj. munjamunja (VARIANT: manjamanja). cold n. dhagarr. cold east wind n. biwaawa. cold west wind n. gunama. creek n. badha. darkness n. gilwa. white adj. wurawura. dew n. djingiya. dirt n. gurad, bagan. droplet n. ngurlwan. dust n. balirr. earth n. bagan. east wind n. djirindjiring. echo n. bariwariganyan. evening n. yiribini. CRUSTACEANS & MOLLUSCS fire n. ganji. crab n. dhuril. crayfish n. birruwa. flat country n. yinal narawan. oyster n. bidhanga. fog n. garal. 101 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES frost n. dhagadj. mountain n. bangguri (common use), bidhu. ground n. gurad, bagan. gully n. gagurr. mountain range n. bidhu. hail n. dhundala. heat n. bagaranj, ngubulinj, nawa. hill n. bun.garri. mud n. nhuruubabaa. night n. yiribini, dhawara. north east wind n. baliya. hole n. gagurr. place n. ngarn. lagoon n. gudjarr. rain n. bana. light n. binin.gala (both sunlight and moonlight). lightning n. guranguran. red ochre n. gubar. river n. duraya. rock n. bura. rough sea n. gadhu. sand n. djaadjawan. sea n. barra barra (also salt water), ngarawan (distant sea), gadhu (rough sea). season n. gambambara. shadow (of tree) n. gumbari. sky n. mirriwarr. location n. ngarn. smoke n. duruuwa. lumpy ground n. buubundhaaga. snow n. gunama. mist n. muryan. soil n. gurad, bagan. morning n. bumulaga. 102 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES south wind n. miringama. FISH spring n. gambambara. stone n. mura, bura. black bream n. wagal. summer n. galaa. thunder n. bumawa, mirribi, njariwang. bream n. burumayal. warm weather n. galaa. water n. ngadju (generic, or fresh water in contrast to salt water). eel n. barra, mambi. fish n. marra (common use), ma, mina. fisherman jack n. birimbamin. flat-tailed mullet n. gariba. flathead n. dhagala. great white shark n. daarlawan. guard fish n. wuraambin. jew fish n. yirimbaagun. mullet n. warigala. waterhole n. badha. octopus n. djungga. west wind n. gurugama. winter n. dhagarr. shark n. wulimbura (generic, VARIANT: walimbura). shark (great white) n. daarlawan. silver bream n. gambanj. small guard fish n. gubi. small mullet n. djiibarra. snapper n. barraaran. stingaree n. gwiyaala. toad fish n. djiriilbun. whiting n. warrabugan. 103 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES FOOD HUMAN BODY egg n. gabaanu. abdomen n. muru. honey n. gawanggal. arm n. gaygan. marrow n. gamba. armpit n. gadjigung. back n. barlga. meat n. mandidja. beard n. yaran, warlu. belly button n. garri. big toe n. biraga yuludha. blister n. gundja, bubul. blood n. djiraali, ngawu. boil n. mandarlu. bottom of the foot n. dhanadha. breast n. ngabunaa. meat-based food n. narum. non–meat-based food n. dhanga. breastmilk n. ngaminjang. bum n. mundji. calf (of leg) n. djabur, yabuda. chin n. yarin, warlu. clitoris n. miigurn. ear n. guri. elbow n. dhurliing. eye n. mabara. 104 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES forehead n. gundu. eyebrow n. minmirgun. hair n. djawur. hand n. mana (common use), murnawal. faeces n. guni. fat n. biwan. feet n. dhana. head n. gabaanu (common use), walarr. finger n. mina, yulu. heel n. dunggul. intestines n. gurgun (common use), guni. fingernail n. yulu. flank n. ganggul. footprint n. bardju, muruda. jaw n. mandha. kidney n. djibVr. knee n. ngumung. legs n. ngarri (also entire leg), buyu (shin bone). 105 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES lips n. wiling. shin n. ngarri (also entire leg), buyu (shin little toe n. gubidjayanga. bone). masturbation n. gadagadabalin. mouth n. dhaaga. my head n. gabamanga. neck n. nganing, gami, garun (back of neck), nunggurr (back of neck). shin bone n. buyu. shoulder n. gugu. nose n. nugurr. skin n. waadhu. snot n. garu. sore n. bubul, mandarlu, gundja. stomach n. bindji. teeth n. yira (common use), nganayu. testicles n. mura. thigh n. bunda. nostril n. ngurdu ngurdu. thumb n. gulungulu. penis n. burnda, yurdubaaga (erect penis). tongue n. dhalanj. pubic hair n. muruguru. tooth n. yira (common use), nganayu. rump n. mundji (bum), ganggul (flank). torso n. bingal (chest of a human or animal). scab n. bubul. umbilical cord n. nurridj. semen n. burra. urine n. djilawa. sexual intercourse n. gandidjaalinba. vagina n. gala. sexual organs n. bambara. shadow (of a man) n. murandjanyan. 106 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES horse n. yaraman. MAMMALS (LAND) bandicoot n. birdhuulay. dingo n. warigal. kangaroo n. buru (most likely eastern grey), maraba. dog n. wadhangarr (common use), mirigang (generic), gangwari (rare generic), warigal (wild dog). echidna n. djinug, ganagubadh. kangaroo rat n. wanggaali. koala n. gumbaawar, guraban. long-nosed bandicoot n. miridjiga. female dog n. wadhanagarr male animal n. gawalgang. wangganmaaru. male koala n. barrunda. male possum n. gumburruuga. flying fox n. garamunda. monkey n. garalu. native cat n. midhagani. ox n. gambugalag. 107 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES possum n. gungara. MEASUREMENTS OF TIME, DISTANCE & LOCATION before temp. dhaba. behind spat. barlga. between spat. nguna. close (in space) spat. mabumban. close (in time) temp. bala. ring-tailed possum n. bugaali, buguri. day n. ngurungaru, nawa. rock wallaby n. baraal. day after tomorrow temp. buraagawalin. short-nosed bandicoot n. guragurr. east n. ngarawan. sugar glider n. banggu. far away spat. djinalibura. wallaby n. badhaalima (generic), djaruga, further away spat. djinadha (over there, in the baraal (rock wallaby). distance). here dem. njiinj. wombat n. banggaada. in front spat. bindji. left spat. ngalaga. long time ago temp. warigamban. middle spat. baru. next to spat. gungala. other side of spat. banjawal. over there dem. djinganda. right spat. dhurga (on the right side of). soon temp. gaway. south n. guya. that dem. djiinj, njun, njanadha (that person/ thing). 108 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES three days time temp. yaradirawal (the day NAMES OF PEOPLE AND PLACES after the day after tomorrow). then temp. yagun (introduces an action that occurs after another action). King Merriman nprop. wadhiin. there dem. djiinj, njun, njanadha (that place). this dem. njiinj. this place dem. njunil. this side of spat. njiindjilan. Moruya nprop. place name, said to mean ‘where the water is crossable by foot’. True Valley nprop. baadja (unknown place name). today temp. nhaway. tomorrow temp. buraadja. NUMBERS yesterday temp. bugiya. five num. mana (common use), murnawal, yalangbaradha. four num. djiriibawal djiriibawal (common use), manalinga. many num. dhawamalanj once num. mirdandhagu (once, not repeated). one num. midandhal. ten num. manawal (common use), dhawa. three num. durun.gadja. two num. djiriba (common use), mungandhawara 109 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES male cousin kin. dhadha. PEOPLE & KINSHIP man n. gimbanya. brother-in-law kin. djambi. child n. waranj. dad kin. baaba (common use), baying, biyan, mother kin. minga (common use), mamang, baanga. mani, mayanda, yidhungurr, gaanga daughter kin. murnawar. (woman who has lost children) disabled person n. gugiwan. mother’s sister kin. mamang. elder brother kin. dhadha. mother’s sister’s son kin. dhadha. elder sister kin. mama. mum kin. mamang. father kin. baaba (common use), baying, old man n. gamara (common use), bidjaya, biyan, baanga. wari. father’s brother’s son kin. dhadha. old woman n. muladha (common use), garn. father’s brother’s wife kin. mamang. ga. friend n. mudj, mudjingaal. sister’s son kin. dhadha. girl n. yandabal. son kin. mayawar. grandmother kin. bayunga (mother’s southerner n. guyangal. mother), nadjung (father’s mother). wife n. dhanama. husband’s brother’s son kin. waram. wife’s son kin. waram. husband’s son kin. waram. 110 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES woman n. ngaranggal. PHRASES & PARTICLES and conj. ba (used to join sentences when they have the same subject), ya (used to join sentences when they have different subjects). come here phr. yaway. young man n. yurang. young woman n. wanggan. younger brother kin. mayaaga. I don’t know phr. nginbaga, dhagayil, yuga. younger sister kin. murnunggan. let go! phr. warnadha. youth n. garindja (generic), gabugubal maybe part. wanda. (uninitiated). no part. dhagayil. or conj. ba. safe journey phr. walawaani. yes part. ngay. Yuin People n. yuwinj. 111 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES forest oak n. bila. PLANTS geebung tree n. babadhal. bloodwood n. gurgul. branch n. dhuladhula. bullrush n. njurgun. grass n. wadhan (generic). grass cuttings n. njirinj. grass tree n. miingga. honeysuckle n. baabirr. ironbark eucalyptus n. gurndiira. burrawang n. banggawu. kurrajong (Illawarra flame tree) n. guraaman burrawang nut n. yiburr. land yam n. guraamanj. bush n. gabi, barraar. leaves n. djirawara. cabbage tree n. dharrawa. lillypilly tree n. galungara. fern n. mangga. mountain ash tree n. ngandhawar. myrtle n. yawiya. 112 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES native cherry tree n. mamaadja. PRONOUNS her (bound possessive) pro. -u. his (bound possessive) pro. -u. I (bound subject) pro. -ga. I (stand-alone) pro. ngayaga. me (bound object) pro. -ngga. mine (bound possessive) pro. -dha (if possessed thing cannot be given away e.g. body parts or kin), -dhuga (if possessed thing can be given away e.g. tools or shelter). my (bound possessive) pro. -dha (if possessed thing cannot be given away e.g. body parts or kin), -dhuga (if possessed thing can be given away e.g. tools or native peppermint n. barrumbarra. shelter). red gum n. yaala. our (bound possessive) pro. -ngul (us reeds n. gumbiira. two, including the listener), -ngal (us, not river oak n. wumbalwara. including the listener), -njin (us lot, including shrub n. barraar, gabi. the listener), -njinungga (us lot, not including spotted gum n. dharraani. the listener). squeaking tree n. mawaradj. their (bound possessive) pro. -abul (those stringybark n. gubaa. two’s), -djan (that lot’s). swamp yam n. bungala. them (bound object) pro. -in (them lot). swamp mahogany n. madhawarn. they (bound subject) pro. -wara (those two), teatree n. buwarla. -waraga (that lot). tree n. bunbal (generic). us (bound object) pro. -ngal (you and tree bark n. bunbun, wulaga. me), -ngalangga (us two, not including tree fern n. djirangara, yambagan (species’ listener), -ngana (us lot, including listener), unknown). -nganangga (us lot, not including listener). wattle n. bidhudhu (generic), bawarr. we (bound subject) pro. -ng (you and I), white box n. gurabarr. -ngala (we two, not including listener), -nj wood n. gugawal. (we lot, including listener), -nga (we lot, not including listener). we (stand-alone) pro. ngayawung (you and I), ngayawangala (we two, not including the POST CONTACT listener), ngayawanj (we lot, including the listener), ngayawanga (we lot, not including alcohol n. garangadada. the listener). cigarette n. bunda. you (bound object) pro. -nji (you, one money n. gaandi. person), -lu (you two), -nhurr (you lot). picture n. bawanyu. tobacco n. gaandi. 113 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES you (bound subject) pro. -ni (you, one REPTILES person, used only in present or future tense), -li (you, one person, used only in past tense), black snake n. mundha. -wu (you two, use if the verb it attaches to brown snake n. murumba. ends in a vowel, if it ends in a consonant use carpet snake n. maga, wagurr. -u), -n (you lot). death adder n. bubugurning. you (stand-alone) pro. yindiga (you, one person, VARIANT: njindiga), yindiwu (you goanna n. burnaaga. two, VARIANT: njindiwu), yindiwan (you lot, VARIANT: njindiwan). your (bound possessive) pro. -ngu (your, one person), -bul (you two’s), -djur (you lot’s). QUESTIONS jew lizard n. djaraagar. lizard n. bangawu (generic). how inter. yuga. sleeping lizard, shingleback n. biriin. what inter. minja. when inter. wandung. snake n. gari (generic). where inter. wadha. who inter. wananga. why inter. mali. water goanna n. djirabard. SOLAR SYSTEM Alpha Orionis (Betelgeuse) nprop. gunungama. Milky Way nprop. garraywaa. moon n. dhawara. Orion’s Belt nprop. yuwindja. Pleiades (Seven Sisters) nprop. wanggaadi. Sirius nprop. gundjiran. star n. djinggi. sun n. yuraga, bagaranj (with yiribu to mean ‘sunset’), nawa. The Keel nprop. miridjiga. 114 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES SPIDERS, INSECTS AND BUGS SUFFIXES bee n. murrurn. allow suf. -ya (attaches to the verb). blow-fly n. murun. at suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that bull ant n. garrurr. something or someone is in/at/on it). centipede n. dhaadjar. away from suf. -din (motion away from a fly n. mayarmVga, naaga. place or object). locust n. gurlanj. belong to suf. -nggul (attaches to a noun). louse n. mula. by suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that maggot n. manduga. something or someone is in/at/on/near it). mosquito n. niluga, ngaylugu. continue to suf. -mba (attaches to the verb to spider n. marrarr. indicate continued action). each other suf. -ndjali. for suf. -buran (for the purpose of, put on a noun), -gul (on behalf of, put on a noun). SPIRITUAL BELIEFS, CEREMONY in suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that AND RITUAL something or someone is in/at/on it). in order to suf. -ri (attaches to the verb). assistant n. naraawanj. its (bound possessive) suf. -u. bad spirit n. gababa, gawan. let suf. -ya (attaches to the verb). clever man n. bagiindj. make happen suf. -ma (attaches to the clever man n. muyulu. verb to indicate that someone is causing clever woman n. bagiindj. someone else to do the action). corroboree n. bunaan. many suf. -baraga (plural marker, attaches hairy man (mythical creature) n. dulagaal, to a noun to indicate there are more than mumaga. two of them, used only after a consonant), spirit of the dead n. guwinj. -waraga (after a vowel or rr), -mbaraga spirit protector nprop. mudjingaal. (after a vowel or ng) water monster n. gurungadj. more of suf. -gudhu (attaches to an adjective to describe having more of a quality than another thing or person). most suf. -gudha (attached to an adjective to describe the highest amount of that quality). never suf. -ngamba (attaches to the verb). on suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that something or someone is in/at/on it). small suf. -yanga (attaches to nouns to describe a small or cute version of it). to herself suf. -ndjali. to himself suf. -ndjali. to myself suf. -ndjali. to ourselves suf. -ndjali. 115 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES to themselves suf. -ndjali. TOOLS, WEAPONS AND TOYS toward/to suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to say motion toward/to that place or thing). bag n. biyay. two suf. -bara (dual marker, attaches to a boomerang n. waranganj, badhawal. noun to indicate there are two of them, canoe n. madjari (common use), garidja. used only after a consonant), -wara (after a club n. bundhi, gudjaru, bangadjan. vowel or rr), -mbara (after a vowel or ng) coolamon n. bun.gali, wandaya. very suf. -gunda. cup n. bangli. with suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to say that fighting hook n. badhawal. the noun was used to do the verb). firestick n. dundhun. would you please suf. -ri (attaches to a verb firewood n. ganji. to make a request). fish hook n. dhuula. fishing line n. waraawara, djabag (a phrase meaning ‘throw the fishing line’). fishing spear n. garawad. hunting spear n. birriiwa. jagged spear n. gama. knife n. nadba, garanganganj (made from shell or stone). lining of canoe n. yinul. paddle n. waari, djiraama. reed spear n. biryuula, gumbiira. ribs of canoe n. gurbungama. shield n. marga (generic), milidhu (boomerang shield), bimbaya (spear shield). spear n. djarambaadhi (generic), gumbi ra. spear thrower n. wumura. stone tomahawk n. munduba. string n. waraawara. string bag n. madbu (net bag). throwing stick n. djaadjurna. toy canoe n. dhaaligir. war spear n. biraya. yamstick n. gaaga. 116 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES do vt. yidjima-. VERBS drink vt. ngundhu-, mundu-. afraid vi. guruba-. afraid of vt. gurugundha-. alive vi. murawan-, maruga-. answer vi. buraali-. ask vt. ganaya-. ask vi. yabu-. bind vt. naaraa-. bite vt. badha-, bundha-. brave vi. gurubangamba-. break vt. gambuladja-. drop vt. gungaba-. drown vi. garaambu-. eat vi. dhana-. fall vi. gungaba-. fetch vt. marindamu-. fight vt. gambadja-. fly vi. yaradba-, nhaga-. frighten vt. gurabungari-. get up vi. biinda-. give vt. ngama- (common use, VARIANT: nguma-), njama-. bring vt. marandi-. go vi. waba-, yana-. bring back vt. marindamu-. go along vi. balawu-. build vt. djinjama-. go around vi. gurumbu-. burn vt. ganama-. go down vi. njiru-. call out vt. garuga-. go inside vi. yiriba- (enter, also used to mean carry vt. yili-, garganga-. set e.g. sunset). catch vt. nambadja-, dhabaga- (catch an go into vi. ngudba-. animal). go over vt. badba-. climb vi. galawa-. go through vt. yiridbu-. collect vt. djamaru-. go up vi. dhalibawa-. come vt. yana-. grow vi. dhuri-. come across vt. baridbu- (cross something in hang up vt. djirabu(common use), the direction of the speaker). dhangga-. come down vt. nirini-. happy (be), rejoice vi. yilaga-, yiringga-. cook vt. ganama-. hear vi. ngara-. cover up vt. barimu-. hit vt. bayi- (common use), yuri-. crawl vi. wandhu-. hold vt. mina-, garganga- (carry in hands). cry vi. njungga-, nunga-. hungry vi. yidhalama-. cut vt. dharaganja-. impale vt. gula-. desire (sexually) vt. marlugudhaaga-. jealous vi. ngunarungura-. die vi. mubura-, wara-. 117 10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES jump vi. waradaga- (common use), wara-. scared of vt. gurugundha-. see vt. dhambamu-, nja-, naga-. shake vt. burunga-. sick vi. gundjama-. silent vi. djanbabu-. sing vi. yangga-. sit vi. maya- (common use), mayi-, nangga-. sleep vi. nangu-. sorry vi. gurngamba-. speak vi. yawa-, djama-. spread vi. warawandjar-. keep vt. yuna-. stand vi. dhari-. kick vt. burdulu-. steal vt. garanga-. kill vt. gambadja- (common use), bayi-, yuri-, suck vi. ngundhu-. bilyaguwin-. swim vi. bardju-, yangan-. kiss vt. numbula-. take vt. djamaru- (collect), wabandi- (take know vt. nanuma-. away). laugh vi. ngadjili-. talk vi. djama- (common use), yawa-. learn vt. ganandhimila-. taste vt. ganundhu-. leave vi. wana- (leave, exit, but also drop a tear vt. gardira-. topic in conversation), waba-. think vi. bundjala-. let go of vt. ngarambilil-. thirsty vi. gabudbandhaninga-. like vt. ngumbudhaa- (like or love). throw vt. binga- (common use), yara- (throw a live vi. mayi-, maruga-. weapon), nanuma-. look at vt. dhumbama-. tie vt. naaraa-. look for vt. wardaalimala-. tired vi. yidbu-. lose vt. dhunbanga-. touch vt. dhuduga-. love vt. ngumbudhaa-. turn away vi. garaangalirr-. make vt. djinjama-, djinama-, mudhuga- (with twist vt. guwinjma-. ganji ‘make a fire’), yabandjaaga-. walk vi. yana-. make (a boomerang) vt. yabundja-. want vt. dawandha-. paddle vt. banga-. wash vt. bulumu-. pick up vt. garidba-. pinch vt. njinmula-. play vi. waridba-. WATER ANIMALS quiet vi. djarambu-. remember vi. bundja-. big frog n. gurdgard. rest against vt. bulambii-. platypus n. yaranbul. return vi. wali-. porpoise n. dhaawarri. roast vi. gundja-. seal n. yiragala. run vi. maru-, wala-. stingaree n. gwiyaala. run around vi. gulaminjiin-. stingray n. baba (generic), gwiyaala. say vt. bayandha-. turtle n. bilima. scare vt. gurabungari-. whale n. muriyira. scared vi. guruba-. 118