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[ "Vice Admiral of the Blue William Bligh (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817) was an officer of the British Royal Navy and a colonial administrator. He is best remembered for the historic mutiny which occurred during his command of HMS Bounty in 1789; Bligh and his loyal men made a remarkable voyage to Timor, 3618 nmi, after being set adrift in Bounty's launch by the mutineers.", "Vice Admiral William Bligh, FRS, RN (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817) was an officer of the British Royal Navy and a colonial administrator. A notorious mutiny occurred during his command of HMAV Bounty in 1789; Bligh and his loyal men made a remarkable voyage to Timor, after being set adrift in the Bounty's launch by the mutineers. Fifteen years after the Bounty mutiny, he was appointed Governor of New South Wales in Australia, with orders to clean up the corrupt rum trade of the New South Wales Corps, resulting in the so-called Rum Rebellion.", "Fletcher Christian and the mutineers put The Bounty's captain William Bligh and many crewmen on a launch which eventually reached Timor. The mutineers first sailed to Tahiti, dropping off 16 of their number.", "Bligh had confidence in his navigational skills, which he had perfected under the instruction of Captain Cook . His first responsibility was to survive and get word of the mutiny as soon as possible to British vessels that could pursue the mutineers. Thus, he undertook the seemingly impossible 3,618 nautical miles (6,701 km; 4,164 mi) voyage to Timor. In this remarkable act of seamanship, Bligh succeeded in reaching Timor after a 47-day voyage, the only casualty being the crewman killed on Tofua. Several of the men who survived this ordeal with him soon died of sickness, possibly malaria, in the pestilential Dutch East Indies port of Batavia, the present-day Indonesian capital of Jakarta, as they waited for transport to Britain. [4]", "Bligh had confidence in his navigational skills, which he had perfected under the instruction of Captain Cook. His first responsibility was to survive and get word of the mutiny as soon as possible to British vessels that could pursue the mutineers. Thus, he undertook the seemingly impossible 3,618 nautical mile (6,701 km) voyage to Timor. In this remarkable act of seamanship, Bligh succeeded in reaching Timor after a 47-day voyage, the only casualty being the crewman killed on Tofua. Several of the men who survived this ordeal with him soon died of sickness, possibly malaria, in the pestilential Dutch East Indies port of Batavia, as they waited for transport to Britain.", "Bounty left Tahiti on April 4, 1789. On April 28, in the Friendly Islands, Fletcher Christian led the famous mutiny. Of the 42 men on board aside from Bligh and Christian, 11 joined Christian in mutiny while 31 remained loyal to Bligh. The mutineers ordered Bligh, the ship's master, two midshipmen, and the ship's clerk into Bounty's launch. Several more men voluntarily joined Bligh rather than remaining aboard. In all, 18 of the loyal crew were in the launch with Bligh; the other 13 were forced to stay and man the ship with the mutineers. The mutiny took place about 30 nautical miles (56 km) from Tofua. Equipped only with a sextant and a pocket watch -- no charts or compass -- Bligh navigated the 23 foot (7 m) launch first to Tofua and then on an epic 41 day open-boat voyage to Timor. He recorded the distance as 3,618 nautical miles (6710 km). He passed through the difficult Torres Strait along the way and landing on June 14.1 The only casualty of his voyage was a crewman who was stoned to death by the natives of the first island they tried to land on.", "Bligh and eighteen loyal sailors were set adrift in a 23-foot open boat. According to Captain Bligh's diary, the mutineers threw breadfruit after him as he was forced off the Bounty, and yelled, \"There goes the Bounty bastard, breadfruit Bligh!\" Miraculously, Bligh and his loyalists survived the seven-week, 3,600-mile voyage in the cramped boat, finally reaching the island of Timor .", "Bligh had confidence in his navigational skills, which he had perfected under the instruction of Captain Cook. His first responsibility was to bring his men to safety. Thus, he undertook the seemingly impossible 3618 nmi voyage to Timor, the nearest European settlement. In this remarkable act of seamanship, Bligh succeeded in reaching Timor after a 47-day voyage, the only casualty being the crewman killed on Tofua. From 4 May until 29 May, when they reached the Great Barrier Reef, the 18 men lived on of bread per day. The weather was often stormy, and they were in constant fear of foundering due to the boat's heavily laden condition. On 29 May they landed on a small island off the coast of Australia, which they (appropriately) named Restoration Island, 29 May 1660 being the date of the restoration of the British monarchy. Over the next week or more they island-hopped north along the Great Barrier reef—while Bligh, cartographer as always, sketched maps of the coast. Early in June they passed through the Endeavour Strait and sailed again on the open sea until they reached Coupang, a settlement on Timor, on 15 June 1789. Several of the men who survived this ordeal with him soon died of sickness, possibly malaria, in the pestilential Dutch East Indies port of Batavia, the present-day Indonesian capital of Jakarta, as they waited for transport to Britain. ", "In May 28th 1789 Captain Bligh, an experienced mariner who had been on James Cook's voyages to the Pacific of the HMS Bounty was set adrift in a small boat by his own crew mates led by Fletcher Christian.", "      On 04 April 1789, the Bounty departed Tahiti with its store of breadfruit saplings. On 28 April, near the island of Tonga, Christian and 25 petty officers and seamen seized the ship. Bligh, who eventually would fall prey to a total of three mutinies in his career, was an oppressive commander and insulted those under him. By setting him adrift in an overcrowded 7-meter-long boat in the middle of the Pacific, Christian and his conspirators had apparently handed him a death sentence. By remarkable seamanship, however, Bligh and his men reached Timor in the East Indies on 14 June 1789, after a voyage of about 5800 km. Bligh returned to England and soon sailed again to Tahiti, from where he successfully transported breadfruit trees to the West Indies.", "1817 The death of William Bligh, rear-Admiral who was captain of the HMS Bounty at the time of the mutiny.", "January 1591 - Queen Elizabeth appoints Sir Walter Raleigh vice admiral of a naval expedition to the Azores but does not allow him to go. Sir Richard Grenville takes his place and is killed by the Spanish. Later in the year, Raleigh publishes Report of the Truth of the Fight about the Isles of the Azores.", "Captain James Cook (27 October 1728 â 14 February 1779) was a English seaman who was the first of the really scientific navigators. Captain Cook spent several years surveying the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland. He observed a solar eclipse on 5 Aug 1766 near Cape Ray, Newfoundland. On the first of three expeditions into the Pacific (1768) he took Joseph Banks as the ship's botanist to study the flora and fauna discovered. (This practice of carrying a naturalist took place some 75 years before Charles Darwin's famous voyage.) Cook observed the transit of Venus on this voyage from the island of Tahiti on 3 Jun 1769. This would help scientists plot the distance between the sun to the earth. His geographical discoveries made him the most famous navigator since Magellan. He was killed by cannibal natives in Hawaii.", "As part of a series of events on the bicentenary of his death, a memorial was dedicated in Westminster Abbey on 9 July 2014. In the service the Dean of Westminster, Very Reverend Dr John Hall, described Phillip as: \"This modest, yet world-class seaman, linguist, and patriot, whose selfless service laid the secure foundations on which was developed the Commonwealth of Australia, will always be remembered and honoured alongside other pioneers and inventors here in the Nave: David Livingstone, Thomas Cochrane, and Isaac Newton.\"", "Louis-Antoine, Comte de Bougainville (12 November 1729 – 31 August 1811) was a French admiral and explorer. A contemporary of the British explorer James Cook, he took part in the Seven Years' War in North America and the American Revolutionary War against Britain. Bougainville later gained fame for his expeditions, including circumnavigation of the globe in a scientific expedition, the first recorded settlement on the Falkland Islands, and voyages into the Pacific Ocean. Bougainville Island of Papua New Guinea was named for him.", "The series of voyages by which the discovery of the continent by sea was completed centres around the person of Matthew Flinders. This celebrated navigator came out to Australia as a midshipman on the RELIANCE, the vessel commissioned to convey Governor Hunter to New South Wales in 1795. The ship's surgeon, George Bass, was animated by an eager spirit, and his intellectual interest in the geographical problems which then awaited solution was very keen. Flinders and Bass, both Lincolnshire men, became close friends during the voyage, and laid their plans for pursuing a course of discovery together.", "The muntiny on the Bounty was led by Fletcher Christian, who later named his son Thursday October Christian because he was born on the second Thursday of October 1790. What date was this?", "Famous for his circumnavigation of the world in the sixteenth century, Sir Francis Drake was an English privateer, navigator, slave trader, politician and civil engineer of the Elizabethan era. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588. He died of dysentery after unsuccessfully attacking San Juan, Puerto Rico in 1596.", "1815. January 15.  \"HMS Endymion\" (Capt. Hope), the \"Pomona\", and the \"Tenedos\" both at sea off the city of New York engaged the US Navy warship USS \"President\" - one of the US Navy's six great frigates - forcing the latter's surrender. The \"President\", Capt Stephen Decatur, was brought to Murray's Anchorage, Bermuda.  For a fuller account of the action see http://1812privateers.org/NAVAL/president.html . During the action, Midshipman Richard Sutherland Dale, Jr, of the President, oldest son of Commodore Richard Dale (1756-1826) from Philadelphia, was shot by a British marksman and had to have his leg amputated. As a severely wounded prisoner-of-war he was brought by litter with his colleagues to St. George's but five weeks later he died (see below). ", "(born c. 1480, Sabrosa, or Porto?, Port. — died April 27, 1521, Mactan, Phil.) Portuguese navigator and explorer. Born to the nobility, Magellan from 1505 served in expeditions to the East Indies and Africa. Having twice asked King Manuel I for a higher rank and been refused, he went to Spain in 1517 and offered his services to King Charles I (later Emperor Charles V), proposing to sail west to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) to prove that they lay in Spanish rather than Portuguese territory. In 1519 he left Sevilla with five ships and 270 men. He sailed around South America, quelling a mutiny on the way, and discovered the Strait of Magellan. With three ships left, Magellan crossed the \"Sea of the South,\" which he later called the Pacific Ocean because of their calm crossing. He was killed by natives in the Philippines, but two of his ships reached the Moluccas, and one, the Victoria, commanded by Juan de Elcano (1476? – 1526), continued west to Spain, accomplishing the first circumnavigation of the world in 1522. For more information on Ferdinand Magellan, visit Britannica.com.", "Richard Bolitho is a fictional Royal Navy officer who is the main character in a series of novels written by Douglas Reeman (using the pseudonym Alexander Kent). Bolitho was born in 1756 in Falmouth, Cornwall, in Great Britain, the second son of a prestigious naval family. He joined the navy in 1768. He served in the wars against France and the United States. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1774, captain in 1782, and admiral in 1812. He died in action against the French in 1815. He played a significant role in driving the Americans back to Brooklyn Heights in 1776, helping to secure a decisive British victory in the largest battle of the entire American Revolution.", "Among the Portuguese who served during America's founding years were sailors who fought with John Paul Jones. During the War of 1812, Portuguese served under Andrew Jackson during the Battle of New Orleans. John Phillips, born in the Azores, received a Congressional award for his 1866 heroic, 236-mile ride through a blinding snowstorm to take news of an Indian massacre from Fort Kearney to Fort Laramie, Wyoming.", "    Although Blackbeard’s career as a pirate lasted only about two years, he is perhaps history’s most famous pirate. Historians think he may have intended to end his high-seas plundering when he ran the Queen Anne’s Revenge aground in 1718. The pirate, whose real name may have been Edward Teach or Edward Thatch, lived briefly in Bath, one of North Carolina’s colonial capitals. He curried favor with the colonial governor and residents of Bath by generously spending his loot in the town. But colonial officials outside North Carolina were determined to bring him to justice, and he was killed in a battle with the British navy off Ocracoke Island, North Carolina in November 1718.", "Edward Teach or Edward Thatch (c. 1680 – November 22, 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was a notorious English pirate operating in the Caribbean Sea and western Atlantic during the early 18th century, a period referred to as the Golden Age of Piracy. His best known vessel was the Queen Anne's Revenge, which is believed to have run aground near Beaufort Inlet in the Inner Banks of North Carolina in 1718.", "Bass left Sydney on 3 December 1797 in an open whaleboat, about 8.5 metres in length. With a crew of six he sailed south, tracing the coast as far as present-day Westernport, Victoria. Reduced provisions forced a reluctant return but Bass was convinced by the tides and swells that they were in a strait. Dogged by foul weather, this heroic voyage was duly celebrated at the time.", "Portuguese sailor whose ships/crew completed the first successful expedition around the world (1519). He himself was killed in the Philippines (1522).", "76. This navigator and explorer made a name for himself fighting Muslims along the coast of India. His ships passed through the strait at the southern tip of South America that bears his name. What Portuguese explorer died in the Philippines in 1521 before one of his ships completed circling the globe?", "Edward Teach or Edward Thatch (c. 1680 – 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was a notorious English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of the American colonies during the early 18th century.", "I forget his name, but wasn't there a British admiral who was executed via firing squad on a ship, for failure in battle?", "On this day in 1718, off the coast of North Carolina, British pirate Edward Teach (\"Blackbeard\") was killed fighting a Royal Navy boarding party led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard.   Maynard had Blackbeard�s head hung from the bowsprit as a trophy.", "November 22, 1718 - Blackbeard the pirate (Edward Teach) was killed off the coast of North Carolina after a long and prosperous career. Lt. Govenor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia had sent two sloops to put an end to him. The sailors encountered Blackbeard and Lt. Robert Maynard killed him in the fight that followed.", "1875 CDRE James Goodenough, RN, commander of the Australia Squadron 1873-75, died from wounds sustained from poisoned arrows, fired by Santa Cruz Islanders." ]

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[ "Poseidon (Roman equivalent is Neptune) is one of the twelve Olympian deities of the pantheon in Greek mythology, brother of Zeus and Hades (Pluto). His main domain is the ocean, and he is called the \"God of the Sea\". Additionally, he is referred to as \"Earth-Shaker\" due to his role in causing earthquakes, and has been called the \"tamer of horses\". He is usually depicted as an older male with curly hair and beard.", "Poseidon (Roman equivalent is Neptune) is one of the twelve Olympian deities of the pantheon in Greek mythology, brother of Zeus and Hades (Pluto). His main domain is the ocean, and he is called the 'God of the Sea'. Additionally, he is referred to as 'Earth-Shaker' due to his role in causing earthquakes, and has been called the \"tamer of horses\". He is usually depicted as an older male with curly hair and beard.\"", "In Greek myth, Poseidon used his trident to create water sources in Greece and the horse. Poseidon, as well as being god of the sea, was also known as the \"Earth Shaker\" because when he struck the earth in anger he caused mighty earthquakes and he used his trident to stir up tidal waves, tsunamis and sea storms. Parallel to its fishing origins, the trident is associated with Poseidon, the god of the sea in Greek mythology, the Roman god Neptune.", "Struve  came out in favour of the name Neptune on December 29, 1846, to the  Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences . [37]  Soon Neptune became the internationally accepted name. In  Roman mythology ,  Neptune  was the god of the sea, identified with the Greek  Poseidon . The demand for a mythological name seemed to be in keeping with the nomenclature of the other planets, all of which, except for Earth, were named for  Greek  and  Roman mythology . [38]", "Poseidon: Poseidon was the famous Greek god of the sea who presided over the oceans, tempests, storms and earthquakes. He was commonly called the 'Earth-Shaker'. He was also revered as the father of rivers and fountains. He was the son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea and the father of the merman Triton, Proteus and the sea Nymphs Rhode and Benthesicyme.", "[12] Neptune was the Roman god of fresh water. He was later identified with Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea. See “Neptune” in Leeming, Oxford Companion to World Mythology, 283.", "Poseidon – The god of the sea, earthquakes, and horses. In The Lightning Thief, he is suspected of having stolen Zeus's master bolt but is proven innocent after Percy recovers it.[5] Poseidon fights Oceanus in the underwater front of the Titan war. He remains there in The Last Olympian while the other Olympians fight Typhon, until Percy convinces him that his power is necessary to defeat Typhon. He was last seen fishing for giant sea serpents on Long Island Sound outside Camp Half-Blood.[10] In the film adaptation of The Lightning Thief, Poseidon is played by Kevin McKidd. Though he is referred to as Neptune in later books, he has yet to appear in Roman form.", "After its discovery in 1846, it was suggested that Neptune be named after the Roman god of the sea. In the early 20th century, this name was confirmed after astronomers learned of Neptune’s watery interior. Poseidon, the Greek counterpart of Neptune, who is pictured as a bearded and majestic male holding a trident, was the brother of Zeus (Jupiter) and Hades (Pluto). After defeating their father Cronos (Saturn) in the Trojan War, the brothers divided the world into three parts. Zeus took command of the sky, Hades the underworld, and Poseidon rulership of the sea. Poseidon built a grand palace under the sea, yet spent as much time on land in Olympus as in his palace. This accounts for his importance on dry land as well as the sea. He came to rule not only the oceans and seas that lap at the shore, but also the rivers that moisten the land. Mythology reveals Poseidon as having a violent temper as well as a savage and unpredictable nature. When angered, his rage often displayed itself through storms and earthquakes on land and at sea, making them much feared especially by seafarers. Floods and droughts were also common results of his wrath. Yet, he also brought tranquility and stillness to the waters as he skimmed over the waves on his chariot.", "Poseidon, a brother of Zeus, was lord of the sea and a god of horses. A wrathful, moody god, he carried a trident and traveled in the company of sea nymphs and monsters of the deep. His Latin name was Neptune.", "Poseidon, in Greek religion , god of the sea (and of water generally), earthquakes, and horses. He is distinguished from Pontus, the personification of the sea and the oldest Greek divinity of the waters. The name Poseidon means either “husband of the earth” or “lord of the earth.” Traditionally, he was a son of Cronus (the youngest of the 12 Titans ) and of Cronus’s sister and consort Rhea , a fertility goddess. Poseidon was a brother of Zeus , the sky god and chief deity of ancient Greece , and of Hades , god of the underworld. When the three brothers deposed their father, the kingdom of the sea fell by lot to Poseidon. His weapon and main symbol was the trident, perhaps once a fish spear . According to the Greek poet Hesiod , Poseidon’s trident, like Zeus’s thunderbolt and Hades’ helmet, was fashioned by the three Cyclopes .", "According to Ancient Greek mythology the very first sea god was a primeval deity called Pontus. All of the gods of the oceans were descended from his line. The Titan sea god was called Oceanus. The most famous sea god of all was the Olympian god Poseidon (his Roman counterpart was Neptune. The following family tree provides an instant overview of the different generations of Ocean gods.", "Neptune, Roman god of the oceans. Antique bust of Neptune, known as Poseidon in the Greek pantheon.", "Poseidon -  The brother of Zeus and god of the sea. Poseidon holds a long-standing grudge against the Trojans because they never paid him for helping them to build their city. He therefore supports the Achaeans in the war.", "\"Poseidon was the Greek god of the sea and earthquakes. Poseidon was depicted as a bearded man with long hair, holding a trident and accompanied by dolphins and fish. He had the reputation for having a very bad temper. The symbol of Poseidon's power was the three pronged spear known as the trident.", "The name of the sea-god Nethuns in Etruscan was adopted in Latin for Neptune in Roman mythology; both were sea gods analogous to Poseidon. Linear B tablets show that Poseidon was venerated at Pylos and Thebes in pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece as a chief deity, but he was integrated into the Olympian gods as the brother of Zeus and Hades. According to some folklore, he was saved by his mother Rhea, who concealed him among a flock of lambs and pretended to have given birth to a colt, which was devoured by Cronos. ", "Poseidon was god of the sea. He was the most powerful god except for his brother, Zeus. He lived in a beautiful palace under the sea and caused earthquakes when he was in a temper. His symbols include the horse and the trident (a three-pronged pitchfork).", "Neptune, Latin Neptunus, in Roman religion , originally the god of fresh water; by 399 bce he was identified with the Greek Poseidon and thus became a deity of the sea. His female counterpart, Salacia, was perhaps originally a goddess of leaping springwater, subsequently equated with the Greek Amphitrite.", "Poseidon was god of the sea, earthquakes, storms, and horses and is considered one of the most bad-tempered, moody and greedy Olympian gods. He was known to be vengeful when insulted – for example when he brutally blinded the Cyclops Polyphemus because his father, Odysseus, had insulted him.", "Poseidon - God of the sea. His weapon was a trident, which could shake the earth, and shatter any object. He was second only to Zeus in power amongst the gods. Under the ocean, he had a marvelous golden palace. Poseidon was the husband of Amphitrite, one of the Nereids, by whom he had a son, Triton. Poseidon had numerous other love affairs. At one point he desired Demeter. To put him off Demeter asked him to make the most beautiful animal that the world had ever seen. To impress her Poseidon created the first horse. In some accounts his first attempts were unsucessful and created a varity of other animals in his quest. By the time the horse was created his passion for Demeter had cooled.", "Neptune’s festival ( Neptunalia) took place in the heat of the summer (July 23), when water was scarcest; thus, its purpose was probably the propitiation of the freshwater deity. Neptune had a temple in the Circus Flaminius at Rome; one of its features was a sculptured group of marine deities headed by Poseidon and Thetis. In art Neptune appears as the Greek Poseidon, whose attributes are the trident and the dolphin.", "Neptune’s festival ( Neptunalia) took place in the heat of the summer (July 23), when water was scarcest; thus, its purpose was probably the propitiation of the freshwater deity. Neptune had a temple in the Circus Flaminius at Rome; one of its features was a sculptured group of marine deities headed by Poseidon and Thetis . In art Neptune appears as the Greek Poseidon, whose attributes are the trident and the dolphin.", "Zeus was the king and leader of the 12. His symbol was the thunder and in many of his statues he appears holding one. Poseidon, god of the sea and earthquakes, was most at home in the depths of the Aegean where he lived in a sumptuous golden palace. When he became angry (which was often) he would use his trident to create massive waves and floods. Ever intent upon expanding his domain, he challenged Dionysos for Naxos, Hera for Argos and Athena for Athens.", "Neptune () was the god of freshwater and the sea in Roman religion. He is the counterpart of the Greek god Poseidon.Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia, The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215. In the Greek-influenced tradition, Neptune was the brother of Jupiter and Pluto; the brothers presided over the realms of Heaven, the earthly world, and the Underworld. Salacia was his consort.", "Poseidon was known in various guises, denoted by epithets. In the town of Aegae in Euboea, he was known as Poseidon Aegaeus and had a magnificent temple upon a hill. Poseidon also had a close association with horses, known under the epithet Poseidon Hippios, usually in Arcadia. He is more often regarded as the tamer of horses, but in some myths he is their father, either by spilling his seed upon a rock or by mating with a creature who then gave birth to the first horse. He was closely related with the springs, and with the strike of his trident, he created springs. Many springs like Hippocrene and Aganippe in Helikon are related with the word horse (hippos). ", "\"Poseidon was the Greek god responsible for natural and supernatural events, mainly the ones associated to the sea world and was the savior of ships. He possessed a trident which was so powerful that it could shake the earth. Poseidon was able to cause tempests and earthquakes, drown lands, shatter rocks and had the ability to finally bring back peacefulness.\"", ", in Greek religion and mythology, god of the sea, protector of all waters. After the fall of the Titans, Poseidon was allotted the sea. He was worshiped especially in connection with navigation; but as the god of fresh waters he also was worshiped as a fertility god.", "Poseidon, who won the right to rule the seas, was also the god of horses and of earthquakes. His domain actually extended beyond the oceans to include the freshwater rivers, even though the rivers gods were the sons of Oceanus and Tethys.", "Neptune was the Roman god of the seas and water. He was designated as the god of springs, lakes and rivers before becoming a god of the sea and venerated by the Romans as the father of all living beings on Earth through the fertilising power of rainwater. He was represented in art as a god of the sea, with black or dark hair wearing garments of an azure or sea-green color and seated in a large shell chariot drawn by whales, horses or sea-horses. He is always pictured with with his trident in his hand and is usually attended by sea gods and sea goddesses and a retinue of Tritons and sea-nymphs. On ancient some coins and medals he is depicted mounted on the beak of a ship as a clear indication that he presided over the seas. Neptune was also the patron of horse racing, and was believed by the ancients to have been the creator of the horse. A temple dedicated to him was situated near the Circus Flaminius which was a Roman racetrack. The Circus Flaminius was the venue for horse races with one rider and his horse going around the turning posts, unlike the Circus Maximus which was the venue for chariot races in Rome.", "[[#|Astma]]__, Aaron. \"Poseidon, Greek God and Lord of the Sea.\" The Myths of the Greek Gods: Greek Mythology and Archetypes. Men of Myths, Web. 14 Dec 2009. < http://www.men-myths-minds.com/Poseidon-greek-god.html >.", "Saunders, Chas, and Peter J. Allen, eds. \"POSEIDON - the Greek God of the Sea (Greek mythology).\" <em>Godchecker</em>. Godchecker.com / CID, 27 Aug. 2015. Web. 18 January 2017.", "In Greek mythology, Proteus (; ) is an early sea-god or god of rivers and oceanic bodies of water, one of several deities whom Homer calls the \"Old Man of the Sea\". Some who ascribe to him a specific domain call him the god of \"elusive sea change\", which suggests the constantly changing nature of the sea or the liquid quality of water in general. He can foretell the future, but, in a mytheme familiar to several cultures, will change his shape to avoid having to; he will answer only to someone who is capable of capturing the beast. From this feature of Proteus comes the adjective protean, with the general meaning of \"versatile\", \"mutable\", \"capable of assuming many forms\". \"Protean\" has positive connotations of flexibility, versatility and adaptability.", "Hercules is the Roman name for the Greek demigod Heracles, who was the son of Zeus (Roman equivalent Jupiter) and the woman Alcmene. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures.The Romans adapted the Greek hero's iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name Hercules." ]

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[ "A band of tough, fibrous, inelastic tissue that connects a muscle to a bone. Tendons are made chiefly of collagen.", "A tendon or sinew is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.", "Muscles are connected to the bones by tough fibrous bands called tendons. Tendons begin on a muscle and end on a bone. A good example is the Achilles tendon, which connects the muscle of the lower rear limb (calf) to the bones forming the ankle.", "a cord or band of strong white fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to a bone. When the muscle contracts it pulls on the tendon, which moves the bone. Tendons are extremely tough and are seldom torn, even when an injury is severe enough to break a bone or tear a muscle. One of the most prominent tendons is the achilles tendon .", ":  a tough cord or band of dense white fibrous connective tissue that unites a muscle with some other part, transmits the force which the muscle exerts, and is continuous with the connective-tissue epimysium and perimysium of the muscle and when inserted into a bone with the periosteum of the bone", "Most muscles are attached to bones by connecting tendons. Tendons are thick, tough cords of tissue that firmly attach to both the muscle and the bone, connecting the two. A few muscles attach directly to the bone without a connecting tendon.", "Several layers of fibrous connective tissue called Fascia (fay-sha) cover muscles. Fascia extends beyond the muscle to become the tendon that attaches the muscle to bone.", "Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bone. A tendon is the tough, white, cordlike tissue that is formed when the layers of connective tissue that bundle the various parts of a muscle converge or come together at the end of the muscle. Tendons contain fibers of the tough protein collagen, but they cannot stretch as much as ligaments. Tendons are much stronger than muscle tissue. As muscles are used, the tendons are able to withstand the constant pulling and tugging of the muscles on the bones.", "Skeletal muscles are held to the bones with the help of tendons (say: TEN-dunz). Tendons are cords made of tough tissue, and they work as special connector pieces between bone and muscle. The tendons are attached so well that when you contract one of your muscles, the tendon and bone move along with it.", "Tendons are similar to ligaments, except these tension-withstanding fibrous tissues attach muscle to bone. Tendons consist of densely packed collagen fibers.", "/ten·don/ (ten´don) a fibrous cord of connective tissue continuous with the fibers of a muscle and attaching the muscle to bone or cartilage.", "a bunch of parallel COLLAGEN fibres making up a band of CONNECTIVE TISSUE which serves to attach a muscle to a bone. The fibres become continuous with the collagen sheath around the muscle fibres and with the connective tissue covering the bone surface, making a strong cord with no weak connections.", "a cord or band of white inelastic collagenous tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or some other part; sinew", "3. A band of fibrous connective tissue connecting bones, cartilages, and other structures and serving to support or attach fascia or muscles.", "1. Band or sheet of fibrous tissue connecting two or more bones, cartilages, or other structures, or serving as support for fasciae or muscles.", "Tendon – Fibrous connective tissue serving for the attachment of muscles to bones and other parts", "1. A band or sheet of strong fibrous connective tissue connecting the articular ends of bones, binding them together to limit motion.", "Commonly, the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the fleshy part of the muscle, the belly or gaster, to form a thick ropelike tendon or a broad, flat sheet-like aponeurosis. The tendon and aponeurosis form indirect attachments from muscles to the periosteum of bones or to the connective tissue of other muscles. Typically a muscle spans a joint and is attached to bones by tendons at both ends. One of the bones remains relatively fixed or stable while the other end moves as a result of muscle contraction.", "About 98 percent of the calcium and 90 percent of the phosphorus in the body are stored in bones and teeth. Although mature bones consist largely of calcium, most bones in the human skeleton begin as cartilage. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that contains collagen and elastin fibers, which make it tough and elastic. In a developing fetus, cells in the cartilage skeleton begin to break down. They are replaced by osteoblasts, which begin producing bone matrix around the outer portion of the cartilage. For a while, the fetus has cartilage \"bones\" enclosed by \"bony\" bones. This bone formation process, known as ossification, continues until almost all the cartilage", "Ligament – Fibrous connective tissue connecting the articular ends of bones serving to bind them together and to facilitate or limit motion", "Tendons are composed of dense collagenous tissue. At the site that attaches to the bone, a tendon gradually transforms to fibrocartilaginous tissue. Woven bone can sometimes be seen at tendinous insertions. Chondroid metaplasia is also observed in tendons that are subjected to compression as they pass over bone.", "The femur, or thighbone, is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body. The femur and pelvis form the hip joint at the proximal end. At the distal end, the femur, tibia, and patella form the knee joint. The patella, or kneecap, is a triangular bone that lies anterior to the knee joint; it is embedded in the tendon of the femoral extensors (quadriceps). It improves knee extension by reducing friction. The tibia, or shinbone, is a large bone of the leg that is located directly below the knee. The tibia articulates with the femur at its proximal end, with the fibula and the tarsal bones at its distal end. As the second largest bone in the human body it is responsible for transmitting the weight of the body from the femur to the foot. The fibula, or calf bone, parallels and articulates with the tibia. It is not weight-bearing, but acts as a site for muscle attachment while forming the lateral part of the ankle joint.", "A fibrous band forming the thickened lower border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle between the anterosuperior spine of the ilium and the", "Which of the following types of connective tissue fastens muscle to bone? A. cartilage B. ligament C. synovium D. tendon", "In human anatomy, the clavicle or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone. There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the right. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally. Together with the shoulder blade it makes up the shoulder girdle. It is a palpable bone and in people who have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible, as it creates a bulge in the skin. It receives its name from the (\"little key\") because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted.", "The sternum, also called the breastbone, is a long, flat bone in the center of the chest. It is connected to the ribs with cartilage. Together with the ribs, it helps to protect important organs in the chest, such as the heart and lungs , from damage.", "it articulates medially with the manubrium of the sternum and laterally with the acromion process of the scapula; it forms a strut that supports the upper limb; it is frequently fractured; it is the first bone to begin ossification during development (Latin, clavicula = little key, this term was used to refer to the catch that fastens a window as well as to keys. Curved window fasteners resemble the shape of this bone)", "(Biochemistry) any of a class of extracellular proteins abundant in higher animals, especially in the skin, bone, cartilage, tendon, and teeth, forming strong insoluble fibers and serving as connective tissue between cells, yielding gelatin when denatured by boiling.", "a fibrous membrane that connects the interosseous borders located on the shafts of the radius and the ulna", "long bone , os longum - in limbs of vertebrate animals: a long cylindrical bone that contains marrow", "It is an atypical connective tissue since it does not bind, connect, or network with any body cells. It is made up of blood cells and is surrounded by a nonliving fluid called plasma.", "1. In the human body, which joint is formed at the junction of the tibia and femur?" ]

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[ "One very important tool used by a doctor is an ophthalmoscope, which examines the interior portion of the eye including the retina, optic nerve and lens.", "Ophthalmoscopy, also called funduscopy, is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the fundus of the eye and other structures using an ophthalmoscope (or funduscope). It is done as part of an eye examination and may be done as part of a routine physical examination. It is crucial in determining the health of the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor.", "/oph·thal·mo·scope/ (of-thal´mo-skōp) an instrument containing a perforated mirror and lenses used to examine the interior of the eye.", "But sadly, most of this Islamic scholarship in the field of ophthalmology (from the Greek ὀφθαλμός = eye) was lost to Western physicians, and as a distinct medical specialty in the West, ophthalmology dates its origins only  from the appointment by St Bartholomew's Hospital of the first eye surgeon in 1727, from the founding of the ophthalmological hospital i London (later Moorfields Eye Hospital ) in 1805, and from the founding of the American Ophthalmological Society in 1864. Ten years earlier, in 1854, Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) had (re)invented the ophthalmoscope making direct observation of the interior of the eye again possible..", "Although some credit the invention of the ophthalmoscope to Charles Babbage in 1847, it was not until it was independently reinvented by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1851 that its usefulness was recognized - it was to revolutionize ophthalmology. ", "a device for examining the interior of the eye. It includes a light, a mirror with a single aperture through which the examiner views, and a dial holding several lenses of varying strengths. The lenses are selected to allow clear visualization of the structures of the eye at any depth. If the patient or the examiner ordinarily requires extensive correction of a refractive error, the examination may require that the corrective lenses should be worn for the examination. Also called funduscope .", "The BIO is an instrument which is either mounted on the doctors head or in a spectacle-type mounting like a virtual reality goggle. It has a separate light source and optical system and is used along with a condensing lens placed in front of the eye. The doctor is positioned in front of the patient usually at a distance of 40-70cm (16-30 inches). Drops are most often used to dilate the pupil. This allows for a stereoscopic (3-D) view of the back of the eye. The image is somewhat reduced in size relative to the MO, but the field of view is far wider, allowing the examination of parts of the eye inaccessible with the MO. The stereoscopic ability also allows for the detection of elevated lesions that might not be apparent with the MO.", "In 1915, Francis A. Welch and William Noah Allyn invented the world's first hand-held direct illuminating ophthalmoscope, precursor to the device now used by clinicians around the world. This refinement and updating of von Helmholtz's invention enabled ophthalmoscopy to become one of the most ubiquitous medical screening techniques in the world today. The company Welch Allyn started as a result of this invention.", "A slit lamp is a specially developed, low-power microscope with an intense thin-beam light source. This lamp allows the doctor to look at the outside of the eyes and the eyelids while the patient's head is held steady by resting the chin and forehead against supports.8", "(EN-doh-skope) is a tool for looking inside parts of the body. It consists of a lighted tube and optical fibers and/or lenses.", "53-13 The interior of the larynx may be viewed in vivo either indirectly through a laryngeal mirror or directly through a laryngoscope (see figs. 53-11 C and D and 53-12 ). During the nineteenth century, the stethoscope, ophthalmoscope, laryngoscope, gastroscope, cystoscope, rectoscope, and bronchoscope were invented, in that order.", "The ophthalmoscope has been an invaluable tool in many medical fields including cardiology, hematology, genetics, neurosurgery, family medicine, internal medicine, diabetes, medical genetics, rheumatology, neurology, pediatrics and geriatrics.", "inasmuch as many organs have a fundus, a more precise term for the instrument used in ophthalmoscopy is ophthalmoscope", "The discovery of X rays enabled 20th-century physicians to examine deep-lying organs and tissues, thus significantly improving the quality of surgical diagnosis. Another contributing factor was the development of endoscopy, which made it possible to examine such organs as the urinary tract, the rectum, and the esophagus.", "Slit-Lamp: Ophthalmic instrument producing a slender beam of light used to illuminate and examine the external and internal parts of the eye.", "The powerful political position of France in the first thirty years of the nineteenth century finds medicine in an especially high state of development in that country. After this period followed the golden period of the Vienna school and in a wider sense, of German medicine. The development of modern medicine is the work of all civilized nations; yet all will regard Rudolf Virchow unqualifiedly as the chief worker. Not to encroach upon the domain of the special articles, let us summarize in a few brief words the most important achievements of recent times: in anatomy , theory of tissues Bichat; in pathological anatomy and pathology cellular, pathology Virchow; in physiology Johannes Müller, in practical medicine, auscultation - Laënnec, Skoda ; in surgery, treatment of wounds Joseph Lister; narcosis Jackson, Simpson; obstetrics, cause of puerperal fever Semmelweiss; in ophthalmology Albrecht von Grafe and (speculum oculi) Helmholtz; in bacteriology and serotherapy Pasteur , Koch, and Behring. The subject of skin diseases was most ingeniously elaborated by Ferdinand Hebra.", "Laryngoscopy. The doctor may choose to visually examine the vocal cords using a tiny mirror and a light in order to look down into the back of the throat. This process is called laryngoscopy. Alternatively, the doctor may employ fiber-optic laryngoscopy, which instead involves inserting a thin and flexible tube called an endoscope that has a tiny camera and a light. It is inserted through the mouth and nose and down into the back of the throat. This makes it possible to watch how the vocal cords move during speech.", "Hamilton Bailey wrote a famous textbook devoted to signs, Demonstrations of Physical Signs in Clinical Surgery. He included many of the signs of the human body that he could describe and/or photograph. He became strangely poetic when he wrote that \"every time an abdomen is examined, the eyes of the clinician, almost instinctively, rest momentarily upon the umbilicus. How innumerable are the variations of this structure!\"", "Viewing the inside of a body cavity (e.g., colon) with an endoscope, a device using flexible fiber optics.", "Gall published The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular, with Observations upon the possibility of ascertaining the several Intellectual and Moral Dispositions of Man and Animal, by the configuration of their Heads in 1819. Thispublication outlined the following fundamental tenets of cranioscopy (Lyons, 2009):", "Gonioscopy of the normal eye if glaucoma is suspected. This uses an optical instrument called a gonioscope to examine the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye.", "endoscopy in which, following sedation, a thin flexible tube with a light and a tiny camera on the end (endoscope) is passed down your oesophagus and into your stomach. This is to check for varices in the oesophagus or stomach which may rupture and suddenly bleed.", "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (a.k.a., Roentgen) (1845-1923), the first Nobel winner in Physics, was the first to produce X-rays, known originally as Röntgen rays. The facts of his early biography offer hope for those who fail in their initial educational efforts. A childhood act of solidarity excluded him from many subsequent schools. However, he went on not only to complete his education but to achieve a full professorship. His discovery of the effect of the invisible but powerful rays that revealed the bones inside bodies has made possible many elements of modern medicine.", "Isaac Newton invents and builds the reflecting telescope; Francesco Redi (an Italian physician) argues against spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not develop in meat; Antony Van Leeuwenhoek is the first to describe red corpuscles in the blood.", "The German astronomer Johannes Kepler described the use of a camera obscura in his Paralipomena in 1604. The term is based on the Latin camera, \"(vaulted) chamber or room\", and obscura, \"darkened\" (plural: camerae obscurae). The English physician and author Sir Thomas Browne speculated upon the interrelated workings of optics and the camera obscura in his 1658 discourse The Garden of Cyrus thus:", "Adolf Kussmaul, a German physician, developed the gastroscope in 1868, using a sword swallower to help develop the diagnostic process.", "Galileo Galilei soon improved upon the compound microscope design in 1609. Galileo called his device an occhiolino, or \"little eye.\"", "N.C. Morse. “Modern Empirical Inventions.” The Journal of the American Medical Association. Volume 35, part 2. December 1, 1900. Hathi Trust Digital Library.", "RICHARD BRIGHT. Reports of Medical Cases, selected with a view of illustrating The Symptoms and Cure of Diseases, by a reference to Morbid Anatomy. London, 1827-31.", "1861 – Samuel Goodale of Cincinnati, OH patented the moving picture peep show machine. He called the machine a Mutoscope which was operated by hand and gave a stereoscopic image.", "In 1836 Charles Dickens published the first installment of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. In this novel he introduces the reader to a character, Joe, the Fat Boy who is obese, sleepy, difficult to arouse, snores, and has peripheral edema. This description so intrigued the medical field that many hypotheses about the symptoms were examined, but it was not until 120 years after the novel was published that physicians started to interrelate these features and a new field of medicine emerged. Although he is best known for this description, Dickens impacted medicine and medical care in many ways. Besides his brilliant clinical descriptions (many of which were unrecognized in his day) and his activities as a social reformer, he was instrumental in facilitating the development of homeless shelters for women, the first pediatric hospital in the United Kingdom, and the development of orthopedics.", "Dr. William Hyde Wollaston, the London chemist and physicist, invents the 'Camera Lucida'. This is an optical device that projects the virtual image of an object onto a screen." ]

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[ "President Theodore Roosevelt said that his foreign policy was to “speak softly and carry a big stick.” President Barack Obama’s foreign policy is to speak loudly and carry a little stick. They say talk is cheap, but loose talk by a President of the United States can be very expensive in both blood and treasure.", "Big Stick ideology, Big Stick diplomacy, or Big Stick policy refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy: \"speak softly, and carry a big stick.\" Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as \"the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis\". ", "President Theodore Roosevelt used the phrase \"speak softly and carry a big stick\" to describe his foreign policy philosophy.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt. October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919 was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated; and Roosevelt became President at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power; and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in any field.", "1901 – U.S. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt first uttered the famous phrase \"speak softly and carry a big stick\" at the Minnesota State Fair, describing his philosophy of negotiating peacefully while simultaneously threatening to use military force.", "Teddy Roosevelt was a weak and asthmatic child who grew up to be one of the most robust and ambitious U.S. presidents ever. A former New York City police commissioner (1895-97), author, and hero of the Spanish-American War (1898), he reluctantly accepted an offer to become William McKinley 's vice president upon McKinley's re-election in 1900. When McKinley was assassinated in 1901, Roosevelt became the youngest man ever to become president. (He was 42.) He served two terms, built up the Navy, used \"battleship diplopmacy\" to create an independent Panama and then build the Panama Canal, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for helping to end the Russo-Japanese War, designated dozens of national forests, parks, and monuments, and strengthened the executive branch through his progressive agenda and the sheer force of his personality. He is often remembered for his policy pronouncement, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick.\" He was succeeded in 1909 by William Howard Taft . Roosevelt ran for president again in 1912, as a candidate of the National Progressive (or \"Bull Moose\") Party; he beat Taft but came in second to the next president, Democrat Woodrow Wilson . In the last years of his life he traveled widely, explored Brazil, supported America's entry into World War I, and published several books including Theodore Roosevelt - An Autobiography in 1913.", "One hundred years ago, at our Minnesota State Fair, Theodore Roosevelt spoke his famous words: ``Speak softly, and carry a big stick.'' Today is a day to speak softly and briefly. Words can barely describe our reactions, our revulsion, and our resolve.", "The office of Vice President was a powerless sinecure, and did not suit Roosevelt's aggressive temperament. Roosevelt's six months as Vice President (March to September 1901) were uneventful. On September 2, 1901, Roosevelt first publicized an aphorism that thrilled his supporters at the Minnesota State Fair: \"Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.\"", "Theodore Roosevelt may have been the youngest president to ever take office, but he quickly made a name for himself by transforming the office of the presidency and the foreign policy of the country. \"Walk softly and carry a big stick,\" became Roosevelt's legacy that continues today.", "Roosevelt liked to repeat an old African saying: \"Speak softly, and carry a big stick. You will go far.\" In Panama, Teddy proved to the world that he was willing to use his big navy as a stick to further American interests.", "* Walk softly but carry a big stick. Theodore Roosevelt 1900 in letter relating an old African proverb ", "Roosevelt spoke softly during his first months as president. He would use the big stick later. When the blow came, it was against big business.", "Describe Roosevelt's foreign policy and the meaning of the proverb, \"Speak softly, and carry a big stick\"", "The meaning of “carry a big stick” is more obvious. If you want to change another country’s behavior in ways it might not initially desire, you need to have a credible threat to back up your demand for change. Roosevelt primarily thought in military and specifically naval terms—the U.S. economy was not yet large enough for economic sanctions to be a credible threat. During Roosevelt’s presidency, the U.S. added eleven new battleships and almost doubled the size of the navy. Roosevelt was intent, Frederick Marks wrote in his study of Roosevelt’s foreign policy Velvet on Iron , on “tailoring policy to power.” He rejected the idea that conflicts of national interest could be settled through good will—or in contemporary terms, by sitting adversaries down in a room and insisting that they come to an agreement. Roosevelt described that kind of diplomacy as “slop,” and designated “Thou shalt not slop over” as the Eleventh Commandment.", "What did Roosevelt’s “speak softly and carry a big stick” mean? It’s not as obvious as it might seem. “Speak softly” draws an implicit distinction between the public space of, say, a domestic political campaign or a courtroom drama and the public space of international relations. In a political campaign, candidates often say nasty things to each other. They want to rouse supporters and discredit their opponents. After the campaign is over, these accusations are often forgotten. But in international relations, the very success of a negotiation can depend upon adjusting one’s rhetoric so that, if an opponent does concede, he still saves face and maintains his nation’s honor. If the goal of the negotiation is to change another country’s behavior, putting the country’s ruler down publicly may make success less likely and also imperil cooperation in areas that don’t directly pertain to what is immediately at issue. ", "In the 20th century the powers and responsibilities of the presidency were transformed. President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–09) regarded the presidency as a “bully pulpit” from which to preach morality and rally his fellow citizens against “malefactors of great wealth,” and he wheedled from Congress a generous fund for railroad travel to put his pulpit on wheels. Other presidents followed Roosevelt’s example, with varying results. Woodrow Wilson (1913–21) led the United States into World War I to make the world “safe for democracy,” though he failed to win congressional approval for American membership in the League of Nations . Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to use the medium of radio effectively, and he raised the country’s morale dramatically during the Great Depression . Ronald Reagan (1981–89), known as the “Great Communicator,” employed televised addresses and other appearances to restore the nation’s self-confidence and commit it to struggling against the Soviet Union , which he referred to as an “evil empire.”", "Roosevelt increased his support of Great Britain with passage of the Lend-Lease Act in March 1941 and met with Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August aboard a battleship anchored off Canada. In the resulting Atlantic Charter , the two leaders declared the “Four Freedoms” on which the post-war world should be founded: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, freedom from want and freedom from fear. On December 8, 1941, the day after Japan bombed the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor , Roosevelt appeared before a joint session of Congress, which declared war on Japan. The first president to leave the country during wartime, Roosevelt spearheaded the alliance between countries combating the Axis, meeting frequently with Churchill and seeking to establish friendly relations with the Soviet Union and its leader, Joseph Stalin . Meanwhile, he spoke constantly on the radio, reporting war events and rallying the American people in support of the war effort (as he had for the New Deal).", "His conservative stance on issues such as taxes, affable manner, and campaign manager Harry Daugherty 's 'make no enemies' strategy enabled Harding to become the compromise choice at the 1920 Republican National Convention . During his presidential campaign, in the aftermath of World War I , he promised a return to \" normalcy \". In the 1920 election , he and his running-mate, Calvin Coolidge , defeated Democrat and fellow Ohioan James M. Cox , in what was then the largest presidential popular vote landslide in American history since the popular vote tally began to be recorded in 1824: 60.36% to 34.19%.", "In April 1921, speaking before a joint session of Congress, Harding called for peacemaking with Germany and Austria , emergency tariffs , new immigration laws, regulation of radio and trans cable communications retrenchment in government, tax reduction, repeal of wartime excess profits tax, reduction of railroad rates, promotion of agricultural interests, a national budget system, a great merchant marine and a department of public welfare.[citation needed] He also called for measures to bring an end to lynching , but he did not want to make enemies in his own party and with the Democrats, and did not fight for his program. [12] Harding was the first president to take questions from reporters and enter them into a pool to answer at press conferences. [13] He would time the sessions so that reporters could meet morning deadlines. [13]", "President after Roosevelt died, put the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan into affect, entered US into the Korean War, dropped the atomic bomb on Japan, \"Fair Deal\"", "This policy of Reagan’s, the same principle invoked by Ford and disregarded by LBJ, was by 1985 known as “peace through strength.” As former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher would say at Reagan’s funeral, it was a policy that enabled him to win the Cold War “without firing a shot.”", "By the time Roosevelt took office in early March 1933, the American economy had declined to desperate levels, with banks in failure, industrial production crippled and more than 13 million people unemployed. In his first inaugural address, Roosevelt sought to impart a new sense of confidence for the struggling nation, declaring that “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” During its first several months, famously labeled “The Hundred Days,” Roosevelt’s administration presented a broad array of measures to Congress aimed at jumpstarting America’s economic recovery–these would become the building blocks of his revolutionary New Deal . One of his earliest actions as president was to declare a “bank holiday,” or a period during which all banks would be closed until they were determined to be solvent through federal inspection.", "Franklin Pierce became President at a time of apparent tranquility. The United States, by virtue of the Compromise of 1850, seemed to have weathered its sectional storm. By pursuing the recommendations of southern advisers, Pierce--a New Englander--hoped to prevent still another outbreak of that storm. But his policies, far from preserving calm, hastened the disruption of the Union.", "He took over the presidency during World War II with the death of Roosevelt. He was called by many the \"average man's average man\" for his appearance and personality, and he was one of the only presidents without a college education. He was an artillery officer in World War One. He was responsible for the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan to end World War II.", "Coolidge’s well-deserved nickname was \"Silent Cal.\" Some acquaintances wagered whether they could make him say more than two words. His answer: \"You lose.\" During the 1924 presidential race, reporters asked him whether he had any statement about the campaign. \"No,\" he replied. He was then asked whether he had anything to say about the world situation. \"No,\" he answered. Did he have anything to say about Prohibition? \"No.\" Then he told the reporters, \"Now remember, don't quote me.\" At the end of his presidency, he was asked whether he had a farewell message for the American people, he paused and said, \"Good-bye.\"", "In 1912, Wilson won the Democratic nomination for president and coasted to victory in the general election on the back of a bitterly divided GOP. Almost immediately, the new president began governing the way he thought a president should govern: through use of the bully pulpit, by enforcing greater discipline on Capitol Hill, and by skillfully using the media to insure that the White House -- and not the Congress -- was responsible for setting the national agenda. Wilson used these tactics, among others, to secure passage of many of his \"New Freedom\" proposals, including tariff reform, the creation of the Federal Reserve system and the Federal Trade Commission, the abolishment of child labor, the enactment of the eight-hour workday, and the imposition of a modest income tax.", "William Howard Taft, former governor of the Philippines, followed Roosevelt into the White House. Taft believed in economic expansion, and he introduced a policy called \"dollar diplomacy.\" This policy used diplomacy to advance and protect American businesses in other countries. Taft employed Roosevelt's corollary in Nicaragua and other Latin American countries to protect American investments.", "            The American people remained staunchly isolationist although the president tried to rouse them with the famously cautionary \"Quarantine speech\" of 1937.  Meantime, facing equally ant-war public sentiment, the governments of Britain and France charted a diplomatic path of appeasement in order to keep peace with Hitler.  The low point of this policy of appeasement arrived with the   Munich Peace Conference with Hitler, 1938", "the president of the United States during the Great Depression and World War II whose social and economic policies helped to end the Depression.", "President Cleveland, whose administrations were split into two separate terms, was a rigid, self-righteous, haughty individual and thus did not inspire affection. However, he was honest, courageous, and possessed integrity. He had fought the New York City Tammany Hall machine and had become famous as the “veto mayor” of Buffalo and later the “veto governor” of New York State. His stalwartness was both a blessing and a shortcoming once he was in office. People said of him, “We love him for the enemies he has made.”", "33. First and last name answer required. This man delivered his speech \"The Leader & the Cause\" after being shot in the chest. Another speech offered Americans a \"square deal,\" while a third alluded to a character from Pilgrim's Progress, the Man with the Muck Rake. Name this American president nicknamed the \"Bull Moose.\"", "History has offered a variety of presidents to the United States. Some were strong fighters and generals, some were calm and peaceful, and others were known" ]

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[ "The story is owned by The Rudolph Company, L.P. and has been adapted in numerous forms including a popular song, a television special and sequels, and a feature film and sequel. Character Arts, LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company, L.P. In many countries, Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore. Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Montgomery Ward. The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money. May considered naming the reindeer \"Rollo\" and \"Reginald\" before deciding upon using the name \"Rudolph\". In its first year of publication, 2.5 million copies of Rudolph's story were distributed by Montgomery Ward. The story is written as a poem in the meter of \"'Twas the Night Before Christmas\". Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson Plc.", "In 1939, as part of a Christmas promotional campaign, staff copywriter Robert L. May created the character and illustrated poem of \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer.\" The store distributed six-million copies of the storybook in 1946 and actor and singer Gene Autry popularized the song nationally.", "Robert L. May (1905-1976), a copywriter for Montgomery Ward in Chicago, created Rudolph in 1939 as a poem, adding the character to the list of Santa's reindeer given in Clement C. Moore's famous \"A Visit from St. Nicholas.\" The store had traditionally had a coloring book give-away at the holiday season and wanted to save money by offering their own production. May rejected the names Rollo and Reginald for the reindeer, and the store initially had some reservations about the red nose implications, but the character became popular and spawned a 9-minute cartoon in 1948.", "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a character created in a story and song by the same name. The story was created by Robert L. May in 1939 as part of his employment with Montgomery Ward.", "Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Montgomery Ward. The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money. In its first year of publication, 2.4 million copies of Rudolph's story were distributed by Montgomery Ward. The story is written as a poem in the meter of 'Twas the Night Before Christmas .", "One of Ward's most successful promotions began in 1939 when Robert L. May, a copywriter for the company, created the storybook, \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer,\" as a giveaway for Ward's store Santas. Rudolph's story later became the popular Christmas song composed by Johnny Marks and recorded by Gene Autry.", "This first edition of Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer, bottom, and original layout, top, are from the estate of Robert May, who wrote the famous story in 1939 as part of a Montgomery Ward marketing campaign", "Rudolph, “the most famous reindeer of all,” was born over a hundred years after his eight flying counterparts. The red-nosed wonder was the creation of Robert L. May, a copywriter at the Montgomery Ward department store.", "What I can't tell you for certain is whether Robert L. May , the Montgomery Ward ad man who created \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer,\" borrowed the revision from the New York Times or came up with it independently. Whatever the case, it appears in his original 1939 poem on which the song (which was composed by May's brother-in-law, by the way) was based:", "Robert May’s parents were hard hit by the Great Depression (1929) and lost their wealth. Sometime in the 1930s, May moved to Chicago and took a job as a low-paid in-house advertising copywriter for Montgomery Ward. In early 1939, May’s boss at Montgomery Ward asked him to write a “cheery” Christmas book for shoppers and suggested that an animal be the star of the book. Montgomery Ward had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money and be a nice good-will gesture.", "Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward.", "Robert L. May worked as a catalog advertising copywriter for Montgomery Wards & Company when the company, recognizing his skills in poetry, asked him for ideas on a booklet of illustrated poems as a promotional give away.", "I remember as a kid getting excited for JcPenney, Sears, and Montgomery Ward's Christmas Catalogs in the mail and circling the things I had hoped Santa Claus would bring.", "Montgomery Ward ( and Wards) are brands currently owned by an online and catalog-based merchant, Montgomery Ward, Inc., based in Monroe, Wisconsin, that carries the same names as the former American department store chain, founded as the world's #1 mail order business in 1872 by Aaron Montgomery Ward, and which went out of business in 2001. At its height, the original Montgomery Ward company (Wards) was one of the largest retailers in the United States, but declining sales in the late 20th century forced the original Montgomery Ward to close all of its retail stores and catalog operations by early 2001. Montgomery Ward was revived in late 2004 online.", "Rudolph was actually conceived by a department store, Montgomery Ward, as a marketing gimmick to get kids to buy *** ��", "CL-2404/CS-9204 - Jimmy Dean's Christmas Card - Jimmy Dean [9-65] Blue Christmas/Jingle Bells - Robert Dean & Friend/Silver Bells/Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas/My Christmas Room/White Christmas//Yes, Patricia, There Is A Santa Claus/Medley: O Little Town Of Bethlehem; God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen; The First Noel; Joy To The World; We Wish You A Merry Christmas/The Cowboy's Prayer (Poem)/It Came Upon The Midnight Clear/Silent Night, Holy Night/Jimmy's Christmas Card", "In addition to recording the changing scene in America, the catalogs represent the work and efforts of thousands of Americans. Edgar Rice Burroughs, who later wrote the Tarzan series, worked for Sears. Lauren Bacall, Susan Hayward, Gloria Swanson, Susan Dey, Cheryl Tiegs, and Stephanie Powers all appeared on the pages of Sears catalogs as models. The catalogs also featured Roy Rodgers, Ted Williams, Al Unser, and Gene Autry. Because the catalogs accurately reflect the styles and furnishings popular through the years, producers of Broadway shows and Hollywood movies frequently refer to them. Of particular interest to people studying the history of early fraternal organizations are the pages offering pins for such organizations as the freemasons and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. For sports or recreation historians the section on sporting goods provides a chronology for when items first appeared.", "Montgomery Ward opened its first retail stores in 1926. By 1930 there were 556 of them across the country, and retail sales exceeded catalog sales. In 1968 Montgomery Ward merged with Container Corporation of America; the resultant holding company was named Marcor Inc. In 1974 Mobil Oil Corporation bought 54 percent of the voting shares of Marcor, and two years later Marcor merged into the new Mobil Corporation. In 1985 Montgomery Ward ended its 113-year-old mail-order catalog business in order to concentrate on its retail operations. Mobil Corporation sold Montgomery Ward in 1988, and, although the latter attempted to again became an independent corporation, it was purchased by a subsidiary of General Electric .", "The characters have been featured on Hallmark Cards since 1960, [32] and can be found adorning clothing, figurines, plush dolls, flags, balloons, posters, Christmas ornaments, and countless other bits of licensed merchandise. [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]", "In 1938, when Harman met publisher/comic syndicator Slesinger, he headed toward happier trails. Slesinger brought Harman to New York and worked with him for a year before Red Ryder was ready to be syndicated. Slesinger then embarked on a successful campaign of merchandising and licensing with a seemingly endless parade of comic books, Big Little Books, novels, serial chapters, radio programs, events, rodeos, powwows, commercial tie-ins, and licensed products such as the Daisy Red Ryder BB Gun, which remains the longest-continuous license in the history of the global licensing industry. The appeal of the Daisy Red Ryder BB Gun to youngsters was depicted in the Christmas classic film A Christmas Story, adapted from the autobiographical fiction of Jean Shepherd, by permission of Red Ryder Enterprises, Inc., which owns the Red Ryder trademarks and copyrights.[http://books.google.com/books?id", "i. In 1931, the Coca Cola Corporation contracted the Swedish commercial artist Haddon Sundblom to create a coke-drinking Santa. Sundblom modeled his Santa on his friend Lou Prentice, chosen for his cheerful, chubby face. The corporation insisted that Santa’s fur-trimmed suit be bright, Coca Cola red. And Santa was born – a blend of Christian crusader, pagan god, and commercial idol.", "Thomas Nast immortalized Santa Claus with an illustration for the 3 January 1863 issue of Harper's Weekly. Santa was dressed in an American flag, and had a puppet with the name \"Jeff\" written on it, reflecting its Civil War context.", "Hereâs a nice view of a Montgomery Ward store, all decked out for the holidays in 1965. This Wards store is just...", "CPK Figurines- vinyl 3″ high figures with painted on clothing and shoes, either bald or with yarn hair. Special Christmas releases and McDonald’s released Christmas and Hallowe’en sets.", "1944 — On December 27, 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure control of goods belonging to Montgomery Ward company consequent of its failure to comply with three collective labor agreement bargaining agreements negotiated by the National War Labor Board created in 1942.", "File:1962 Entrance Hall (Official White House) Christmas tree - Jack and Jacqueline Kennedy.jpg|President John Kennedy popularised the blue two-button business suit, less formal than the suits of his predecessors. (1961)", "It took many years for authors and illustrators to agree that Father Christmas's costume should be portrayed as red - although that was always the most common colour - and he could sometimes be found in a gown of brown, green, blue or white. Mass media approval of the red costume came following a Coca-Cola advertising campaign that was launched in 1931.", "In 1862, the R. H. Macy Co. was the first department store to have an in-store Santa at Christmas time. Soon after, Mr. Macy began decorating his large windows with huge displays that would attract the attention of passers-by and prompt them to come in and browse or purchase some of his top-quality items. Macy also made headlines in 1866 when he promoted a female retail executive to the position of store manager.", "Although this practice has been used by Meccano (Dinky Toys) as far as 1934, during the 1960s various companies began to use diecast vehicles as promotional items for advertising. The idea that children can play a large part in a family's decision as to what products to buy came into wide circulation. In addition, by the 1980s it was apparent that many diecast vehicles were being purchased by adults as collectibles, not as toys for children. Companies such as McDonald's, Sears Roebuck, Kodak and Texaco commissioned toymakers to produce promotional models featuring their names and logos or licensed their use. One early example was an American Airlines London bus produced by Matchbox, an idea some other airlines quickly copied.", "During the 1960s various companies began to use diecast vehicles as promotional items for advertising. The idea that children can play a large part in a family's decision as to what products to buy came into wide circulation. In addition, by the 1980s it was apparent that many diecast vehicles were being purchased by adults as collectibles, not as toys for children. Companies such as McDonald's, Sears Roebuck, Kodak, and Texaco commissioned toymakers to produce promotional models featuring their names and logos, or licensed their use. One early example was an American Airlines London bus produced by Matchbox, an idea other some airlines quickly copied.", "In the 1950s, Florence Kroger was a successful commercial illustrator in the United States. Her work appeared on the cover of The", "1941 Bruce Murrie, the President of Hershey Chocolates, joins forces with Forrest Mars and opens a company called M&M Ltd" ]

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[ "\"A Visit from St. Nicholas\", more commonly known as \"The Night Before Christmas\" and \"Twas the Night Before Christmas\" from its first line, is a poem first published anonymously in 1823 and later attributed to Clement Clarke Moore, who claimed authorship in 1837. Some commentators now believe the poem was written by Henry Livingston, Jr. ", "On December 23, 1823, The Troy Sentinel was the first publisher of the world-famous Christmas poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" (also known as \"The Night Before Christmas\" or \"Twas the Night Before Christmas\"). The poem was published anonymously. Its author has long been believed to have been Clement Clarke Moore, but its author is now regarded by a few to have been Henry Livingston, Jr. ", "\"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" was first published in the Troy Sentinel on December 23, 1823 by Mr. Orville Holley. Given to Mr. Holley anonymously, the poem immediately became a Christmas favorite. Only nine days after its debut in the Troy Sentinel, it appeared in the New York Spectator. Two years later it reappeared in New Jersey and Pennsylvania almanacs. In 1826, it appeared in the literary magazine The Casket. It also appeared in the Poughkeepsie Journal in 1828, which came just six weeks before the death of Henry Livingston Jr. Although the poem continued to be reprinted, the authorship was unknown for quite some time. It is commonly believed that Clement Clarke Moore wrote \" A Visit from St. Nicholas \" on December 24, 1822, while doing some Christmas shopping. When he arrived home, he copied the poem down and recited it at the Christmas feast. A guest who heard the poem then copied it and delivered it to Mr. Orville Holley. This story may be fact or fiction, for Mr. Holley never confirmed who delivered the poem, although Moore did finally take credit for the poem in 1844.", "The figure of Santa Claus had originated in the USA, drawing at least partly upon Dutch St Nicolas traditions. In 1821, an illustrated poem entitled A New-Year’s Present, to the Little Ones from Five to Twelve had been published in New York. The poem described 'Old Santeclaus' on a reindeer sleigh, bringing presents for good children and a \"long, black birchen rod\" for use on the bad ones. In 1823 came the famous poem A Visit from St. Nicholas, usually attributed to the New York writer Clement Clarke Moore, which developed the character further. Moore's poem became immensely popular and Santa Claus customs, initially localized in the Dutch American areas, were becoming general in the United States by the middle of the century. ", "In 1823 the famous poem 'A Visit from St. Nicholas' or 'T'was the Night before Christmas', was published. Dr Clement Clarke Moore later claimed that he had written it for his children. (Some scholars now believe that it was actually written by Henry Livingston, Jr., who was a distant relative of Dr Moore's wife.) The poem describes St. Nicholas with eight reindeer and gives them their names. They became really well known in the song 'Rudolph the Red nosed Reindeer', written in 1949. Do you know all eight names? Click on Rudolph's nose to find out!", "In 1821, the book A New-year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve is published in New York. It contains Old Santeclaus, an anonymous poem describing an old man on a reindeer sleigh, bringing presents to children. Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly became canon after the publication of the poem \"A Visit From St. Nicholas\" (better known today as \"The Night Before Christmas\") in the Troy, New York, Sentinel on December 23, 1823 anonymously; the poem was later attributed to Clement Clarke Moore. Many of his modern attributes are established in this poem, such as riding in a sleigh that lands on the roof, entering through the chimney, and having a bag full of toys. St. Nick is described as being \"chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf\" with \"a little round belly\", that \"shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly\", in spite of which the \"miniature sleigh\" and \"tiny reindeer\" still indicate that he is physically diminutive. The reindeer were also named: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem (Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning, which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen).", "Author Stephen Nissenbaum (The Battle for Christmas), analyzes \"A Visit From St. Nicholas\" with the assumption that Clement Clarke Moore wrote the poem. He uses the poem to explain its significance and how it has shaped past and present Christmas traditions.", "In 1821, the book A New-year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve was published in New York. It contained Old Santeclaus, an anonymous poem describing an old man on a reindeer sleigh, bringing presents to children. [28] Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly became canon after the anonymous publication of the poem \" A Visit From St. Nicholas \" (better known today as \"The Night Before Christmas\") in the Troy, New York , Sentinel on December 23, 1823; the poem was later attributed to Clement Clarke Moore . [8] Many of his modern attributes are established in this poem, such as riding in a sleigh that lands on the roof, entering through the chimney, and having a bag full of toys. St. Nick is described as being \"chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf\" with \"a little round belly\", that \"shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly\", in spite of which the \"miniature sleigh\" and \"tiny reindeer\" still indicate that he is physically diminutive. The reindeer were also named: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem (Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning, which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen). [29]", "The poem commonly referred to as \"The Night Before Christmas\" was originally titled \"A Visit From Saint Nicholas.\" This poem was written by Clement Moore for his children and some guests, one of whom anonymously sent the poem to a New York newspaper for publication.", "The American idea of Santa Claus largely comes from a poem called \"A Visit from St. Nicholas.\" Clement Clarke Moore wrote the poem in 1822, but he did not put his name on it. Some say it is the most famous poem ever written by an American.", "1823. The poem had been submitted anonymously, and over the next thirteen years it was reprinted without attribution in various newspapers, magazines, and almanacs. Eventually word spread that the poem had been penned by Clement Clarke Moore, a Bible professor at New York's General Theological Seminary; an 1836 reprint of \"A Visit from Saint Nicholas\" finally credited Moore, and the notion of Moore as the true author of \"A Visit from Saint Nicholas\" was cemented when he included it in a volume of his own poetry published in 1844. However, rumors have long persisted that \"A Visit from Saint Nicholas\" was written not by Moore, but by a different New Yorker of Dutch descent named Henry Livingston", "The modern image of Santa Claus took shape in part to Clement Clark Moore, whose Christmas poem “An Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas” (also known more popularly as ‘’Twas the Night Before Christmas’) described the saint as a “right jolly old elf” with a paunch.", "Although Henry Livingston Jr. never accepted credit for \"A Visit From St. Nicholas\", many of his decendants, such as [ Mary Van Deusen|http://www.iment.com/maida/familytree/henry], are determined to prove that he wrote the poem. Some of Livingston's other works have been promoted by those who want to prove his authorship.", "Clement Clarke Moore (1779-1863) is described in this portion of Nickell's book as both a pious and creative man. Moore was a biblical study professor as well as a father. Moore's claim to the authorship of the poem, \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\", is that he wrote it for his children at Christmas time. Those who argue against Moore, and therefore against Joe Nickell's thesis in The Case of The Christmas Poem, often use the argument that Moore's religious background would have prevented him from ever writing such a secular poem. Others defend Moore's position as a father and also use the apparent religious connections to \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\".", "“‘Twas the night before Christmas” is the opening line of a poem believed to have been written by Clement C. Moore in 1822. The poem was actually titled “A Visit from St. Nicholas”, but the opening line has caught on and is used by many as the title of the poem.", "Clement Clarke Moore was born on July 15, 1779, in New York City.  He received a BA from Columbia College in 1798 and an MA in 1801. Moore was the author of Poems (Barlett & Welford, 1844), which included the poem “A Visit from St. Nicholas.” Popularly known as “The Night before Christmas,” this iconic children’s poem was first published anonymously in the Troy Sentinel in 1823. Moore also published several academic works, including A Compendious Lexicon of the Hebrew Language (Collins & Perkins, 1809). He taught at the General Theological Seminary in New York City from 1821 to 1850.  He died on July 10, 1863, in Newport, Rhode Island.", "At Christmas , the Doctor and Sarah travelled to 1822 New York , where they met Santa Claus . As they talked, they did not realise that they were being watched by Clement C. Moore , who then settled down to write \" Twas the Night Before Christmas .\" ( PROSE : A Visit from Saint Nicholas )", "21.   Which poem written by Clement Moore was originally titled A Visit from Saint Nicholas? The Night Before Christmas", "Percy Bysshe Shelley (; 4 August 1792 - 8 July 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets, and is regarded by some as among the finest lyric, as well as epic, poets in the English language. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not see fame during his lifetime, but recognition for his poetry grew steadily following his death. Shelley was a key member of a close circle of visionary poets and writers that included Lord Byron; Leigh Hunt; Thomas Love Peacock; and his own second wife, Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein.", "Although \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" is universally known today, it does not seem to have acquired instant popularity. As already stated, it was occasionally used as a newspaper carriers' address, its appearance in 1830 being made memorable by a wood engraving executed by Myron King, of Troy, in which the children's patron saint and his \"eight tiny reindeer\" were depicted levitating over the house-tops. In 1849 Griswold published a second edition of his anthology of American poetry in which the poem was included, with credit to Dr. Moore; and a reprint also appeared in \"The Cyclopaedia of American Literature,\" published by the Duyckincks in 1855. In 1862 it was issued in a separate volume with illustrations by F. O. C. Darley, since which time it has found a place in nearly every school reader, with annual publication as a Christmas feature in a large number of newspapers.", "A magazine article from 1853, describing American Christmas customs to British readers, refers to children hanging up their stockings on Christmas Eve for 'a fabulous personage' whose name varies: in Pennsylvania he is usually called 'Krishkinkle' but in New York he is 'St. Nicholas' or 'Santa Claus'. The author quotes Moore's poem in its entirety, saying that its descriptions apply to Krishkinkle too. ", "The portrayal of Santa Claus as a jolly old elf began with a famous poem originally known as \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\". What other title is the poem also known by? | Poll Everywhere", "He became a well-known and respected scholar and, typical for an educated person of his period, Moore's publications related to a wide variety of topics such as religion, languages, politics, and poetry. When he wrote A Visit from St. Nicholas in 1822, Moore was a Professor of Oriental and", "Readers relying on translations usually think of Russian literature almost exclusively in terms of prose, but for Russians their tradition is also, and perhaps equally, one of poetry. The 19th century began with the “Golden Age” of Russian poetry. An aristocratic sensibility, the culture of salons, an aura of friendly intimacy, and genres suitable to this ethos marked the poetry of this period. The romantic poet Vasily Zhukovsky is celebrated for several translations or adaptations that are major poems in their own right, including versions of the English poet Thomas Gray’s An Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard (1802 and 1839), Homer’s Odyssey (completed 1847), and Lord Byron’s “The Prisoner of Chillon” (1822). His “Svetlana” (1813) reworks the German poet Gottfried August Bürger’s “Lenore.” Konstantin Batyushkov was noted for playful and erotic as well as melancholy verse and for the elegy Umerayushchy Tass (1817; “The Dying Tasso”). The “Pushkin Pleiad,” consisting of poets of Pushkin’s generation and closely associated with him, included Anton Delvig, Prince Pyotr Vyazemsky, and, most important, Yevgeny Baratynsky, who was a superb philosophical “poet of thought.”", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a romantic poet and the first to introduce the vampire theme to British poetry, was born in Ottery St. Mary, the son of a minister in the Church of England. His father died when Coleridge was nine, and he was sent to Christ’s Hospital, London, as a charity pupil. In 1790 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge. He left college briefly in 1793, but returned the following year. There he met fellow poet Robert Southey, who would become his lifelong friend. Through Southey he met Sara Fricker, his future wife, and got his first contract to prepare a book of poetry.", "Next to Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, who personifies Romanticism , is probably Russia’s most frequently anthologized poet. His celebrated lyrics often recycle lines from his own and others’ poems. “Smert poeta” (1837; “Death of a Poet”), which first earned him fame, deals with Pushkin’s death shortly after a fatal duel in 1837. Among his narrative poems, Demon (1841; The Demon) describes the love of a Byronic demon for a mortal woman; Pesnya pro tsarya Ivana Vasilyevicha, molodogo oprichnika i udalogo kuptsa Kalashnikova (1837; A Song About Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, His Young Bodyguard, and the Valiant Merchant Kalashnikov) is a stylized folk epic. Also an accomplished prose stylist, Lermontov wrote Geroy nashego vremeni (1840; A Hero of Our Time ), which in form is something between a novel and a complexly framed cycle of stories about a single hero, a Byronic superfluous man. This work ranges from sketches of philosophical brilliance (“The Fatalist”) to episodes of near puerility (“Princess Mary”). The theme of the superfluous man finds another important rendition in Aleksandr Griboyedov’s classic work, Gore ot uma (completed 1824; Woe from Wit).", "The poem seems straight forward enough: in 28 rhyming couplets of anapestic tetrameter, it tells the story of Santa Claus’s Christmas Eve visit to one particular family’s home. Because the man of the house hears Santa’s approach, he gets to observe his arrival, reindeer, attire, manner, actions, and departure. Each of these elements of the narrative is given significant attention and the poem nicely renders the whole incident as both real and magical. It is just detailed enough to be easy to render visually (the first illustrated edition was published in 1848 and since then there have been hundreds, if not thousands; the first film version appeared as early as 1905) and just suggestive enough of other worlds to have made its way into generations of children’s imaginations. In short, it was, and continues to be, the perfect Christmas poem for a nation that values quasi-historical myths, the home as a place of warmth and safety, and unanticipated acts of benevolence.", "In 1820, hearing of John Keats's illness from a friend, Shelley wrote him a letter inviting him to join him at his residence at Pisa. Keats replied with hopes of seeing him, but instead, arrangements were made for Keats to travel to Rome with the artist Joseph Severn. Inspired by the death of Keats, in 1821 Shelley wrote the elegy Adonais.", "\"St. Nicholas Speaks\" (My 11th Christmas Poem) My name is St. Nicholas; and from the 4th century I do hail; I was Bishop of Myra, on the southwestern coast of Turkey. I spent time in the Holy Land, and also in Diocletian's jails; Fought the Arian heretics at Nicaea, but my history is murky. I was most known for helping the poor, under cover of night; Dropping gifts down a chimney, landing in stockings drying. I loved children and sailors: by grace aiding all whom I might; Once multiplied wheat, to save many in a famine from dying. My feast day is December 6th: the day I departed this earth; My relics still exude sweet myrrh-like rose water every year. Christians around the world celebrate the day with great mirth; Lots of stories of my life, young and old alike do annually hear. I was named Nikolaos the Wonderworker due to many prayers Answered often through my intercession, with miracles as well. The Dutch called me Sinterklaas, adding on legends by layers; They say I leave coins in wooden shoes; maybe s ...", "Then, during the early decades of the 19th century, all that changed thanks to a series of poets and writers who strove to make Christmas a family celebration—by reviving and remaking St. Nicholas.", "\"The Eve of St. Agnes\" is a poem (42 stanzas) by John Keats, written in 1819 and published in 1820. It is widely considered to be amongst his finest poems and was influential in 19th century literature. The poem is in Spenserian stanzas.", "\"The Eve of St. Agnes\" is a poem (42 stanzas) by who, written in 1819 and published in 1820?" ]

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[ "Dr. Simon Bar Sinister is the main antagonist in the Underdog cartoon show. Simon was the wickedest man in the world, and it was his ambition to rule the world, but each time, Underdog defeated him.", "Dr. Simon Bar Sinister was the main antagonist in the Underdog cartoon show. Simon is the wickedest man in the world, and it was his ambition to rule the world, but each time, Underdog defeated him.", "Dr. Simon Bar Sinister was the main antagonist in the Underdog cartoon show. Simon was the wickedest man in the world, and it was his ambition to rule the world, but each time, Underdog defeated him.", "Simon Bar Sinister is a mad scientist. He has an assistant named Cad Lackey. A \"bend sinister\", sometimes, inaccurately, called a \"bar sinister\", is a diagonal line in heraldry that can indicate that the person is a bastard by birth. ", "I seem to recall something about Simon Bar Sinister haveing a HUGE ROBOT MONSTER that he used to fight Underdog with (& also tried to destroy much of underdog's hometown using, not to mention capturing Polly Purebred with it), &  I seem to recall that the same aforementioned monster was featured in the opening title sequence. Any clues about the episode in question?", "Nelson Muntz is the quinary antagonist of The Simpsons series and film. He is the bully and archrival of Bart Simpson who is known for bullying Bart and his laugh.", "Judge Doom (also known in his Toon form as Baron von Rotten) is the much-feared judge of Toontown and the main antagonist in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Despite presiding over a city of Toons, Doom is totally without mirth and passes capital punishment on Toons who break the law, placing them in a vat of mixed chemicals consisting of turpentine, acetone, and benzene (paint thinner) which he calls \"The Dip\". This concoction will dissolve Toons, permanently killing them when submerged. Judge Doom employs the Toon Patrol to assist him in hunting down Roger for the murder of Marvin Acme.", "Dr. Evil (b. Douglas Powers) is a fictional character, played by Mike Myers in the Austin Powers film series. He is the antagonist of the movies, and Austin Powers ' nemesis. He is a parody of James Bond villains, primarily Donald Pleasence 's Ernst Stavro Blofeld (as featured in You Only Live Twice ). Dr. Evil routinely hatches schemes to terrorize and take over the world, and is typically accompanied by his cat Mr. Bigglesworth and his sidekick Mini-Me , a dwarf clone of himself.", "Some of Blofeld's characteristics have become supervillain tropes in popular fiction and media, including the parodies Dr. Claw (and his pet, M.A.D. Cat) from the Inspector Gadget animated series (1983–86) and Dr. Evil (and his cat Mr. Bigglesworth) from the Austin Powers film series (1997–2002). The 1999 The Powerpuff Girls episode \"Cat Man Do\" also features a supervillain with a cat, though it is the feline that turns out to be the criminal mastermind. In The Penguins of Madagascar, the recurring villain Dr. Blowhole, is a parody homage to Blofeld. The main antagonist in CBBC Children's spy comedy M.I. High is a character called \"The Grandmaster\" whose face is always obscured by shadows or a scarf - he has a pet white rabbit called \"General Flopsy\".", "Skeletor — The main antagonist of the series, Skeletor is the most evil being and most dangerous threat to Eternia. His only goal is power, and to that end he will not rest until he possesses the secrets of Castle Grayskull, whereby he could become master of the universe. This places him in direct conflict with the only man powerful enough to stop him, He-Man.", "Dr. Evil is a fictional character, played by Mike Myers in the Austin Powers film series. He is the antagonist of the movies, and Austin Powers ' nemesis with aspirations of world domination . He is a parody of any number of villains, primarily Donald Pleasance 's Ernst Stavro Blofeld of SPECTRE . Dr. Evil routinely hatches schemes to terrorize and take over the world, and is typically accompanied by his cat Mr. Bigglesworth and his side-kick Mini-Me , a dwarf clone of himself.", "Douglas Powers, better known as Dr. Evil, is the incredibly dimwitted nemesis of Austin Powers, and the main antagonist of the series. He is the leader of an evil organization, Virtucon, with many henchmen as his allies. He concocts ridiculous schemes in every film, with Austin attempting to stop him from his doings. However, he never wins, often because his plans are always ridiculously overcomplicated; he is far too stupid to realize how much easier they can be. Other times, it is because something happens that interferes.", "Cartman from South Park . He either serves as The Dragon for an even greater evil, or IS the Big Bad in most episodes. Occasionally though, he functions as a Nominal Hero .", "*The Simpsons features Hugo in Treehouse of Horror VII, who is Bart Simpson's conjoined twin. They were separated at birth by Dr. Hibbert, and Hugo was imprisoned in the Simpsons' attic.", "Count Duckula is a British animated comedy-drama dark fantasy television series created by British studio Cosgrove Hall as a spin-off from Danger Mouse, a series in which the Count Duckula character was a recurring villain. Count Duckula premiered for four series from 6 September 1988 to 16 February 1993, and was produced by Thames Television. In all, 65 episodes were made, each about 22 minutes long, have been released on DVD in the U.K.", "Dick Dastardly (Full Name Richard Milhous Dastardly) is one of Hanna-Barbera 's most recognized villains, known for his evil laugh and famous catchphrase: \"Drat, Drat and Double Drat!\" and occasionally \"Triple Drat!\" he is voiced by original Paul Winchell and later Jim Cummings impersonating Jack Lemmon on the movies Disney's Winnie the Pooh.", "He is the judge of toontown he has a gang odf weasels called the toon patrol and a deadly toxic called dip that can kill toons and is also the only man who found a way to kill toons  in the end though it turns out he is a toon and is also the one who killed eddies brother but is then melted by his own dip machine and the weasels ending up laughing dead. Formely known as Baron Von Rotten is the villain from the hybrid film: Who Framed Roger Rabbit. He is evil, murderous, fearsome, greedy, abusive, cruel. He wears a black jacket, under it he has a white shirt.", "The blue-smocked, wild-haired Hugo A-Go-Go (Frank Buxton) is the main villain of the series. He is referred to as \"the world's maddest scientist\" and spends his time in his \"secret\" laboratory creating weird and wacky inventions (including a robot bride, complete with robot mother-in-law) to defeat Batfink and dominate the world. He always manages to escape jail to antagonize the hero in a later episode. He often breaks the fourth wall and has conversations with the narrator.", "In the Inspector Gadget cartoon series, the villain, Dr. Claw, shares many characteristics with Ernst Stavro Blofeld , including a cat (Mad Cat) and an underground criminal network (M.A.D.).", "Sonic's nemesis is Dr. Ivo Robotnik (aka Dr. Eggman), an evil scientist who seeks nothing less than world domination. Though Dr. Robotnik is an unparalleled genius, he is often stubborn and childish when it comes to his constant defeat at the hands of Sonic.", "is a video game character and the main antagonist of the Sonic the Hedgehog series, created by Sega. He is a rotund mad scientist who plans to conquer the world in order to build his own Eggman Empire, and is the archenemy of Sonic the Hedgehog. His original character designer was Naoto Ohshima, and while he has gone through several major and minor appearance changes throughout the series, his in-game designs retain several basic characteristics, such as his egg-shaped body, red-black-yellow clothing, pince-nez sunglasses, and large mustache.", "Later episodes of this series were re-titled Masters of the Universe vs. the Snake-Men, and sidelined Skeletor as chief villain in favor of King Hiss, leader of the reptilian Snake Men. Hordak and The Evil Horde were to be the main antagonists for the third season if the show had continued. ", "The Thing (Benjamin \"Ben\" Grimm) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is a founding member of the Fantastic Four. The character is known for his trademark rocky orange appearance, sense of humor, blue eyes, and famous battle cry, \"It's clobberin' time!\". The Thing's speech patterns are loosely based on those of Jimmy Durante. ", "Claude Frollo (voiced by Tony Jay ) – The main antagonist of the film. A ruthless and powerful judge who is Quasimodo's reluctant guardian. He also lusts after Esmeralda for which he feels shame but is willing to kill her if she rejects him. Frollo generally does not see any evil in his deeds as he does them in honor of God, even though the Archdeacon often disapproves of his actions, which would make him more of an anti-hero than a villain. However, at one point during the song \"Hellfire\", the priests singing the Confiteor manifest as his conscience, chanting the Latin words \"mea culpa\" (\"my fault\"), to reveal that Frollo ultimately knows the truth of his actions.", "Cruella de Vil is the main antagonist of the 101 Dalmatians franchise, and Anita 's boss. She constantly schemes to steal the Dearly Farm or get richer. In 101 Dalmatians: The Series , she lives next door to Roger and Anita in Villa De Vil. Like her character played by Glenn Glose in the 1996 live action film , she is also owner of the House of DeVil , a fashion house where Anita works. Cruella is Anita's former schoolmate. As a couple of running gags throughout the series, she reminds herself of random things by making memos to herself via a tape recorder, and always calls Roger other names that start with an \"R\".", "Stewart Gilligan “Stewie” Griffin, voiced by Seth MacFarlane. Stewie is the youngest Griffin member. A sociopathic one-year-old, hell-bent on killing his mother and taking over the world, Stewie originally served the anti-hero of the show. Though he was originally an evil child-genius, in more recent episodes he is a more friendly yet flamboyant (possibly homosexual) character. Despite always having a rivalry with the family dog, Brian, he and Brian share a very close friendship, and they admitted that they loved each other, in the episode \"Brian & Stewie\". Stewie is considered to be the show's breakout character. Wizard magazine rated him the 95th greatest villain of all time. ", "The show takes place on the fictional planet of Eternia, a planet of magic, myth and fantasy. Its lead character is Prince Adam, the young son of Eternia's rulers, King Randor and Queen Marlena. Whenever Prince Adam holds the Sword of Power aloft and proclaims \"By the Power of Grayskull!\" he is endowed with \"fabulous secret powers\" and transformed into He-Man, the most powerful man in the universe. Together with his close allies, Battle Cat (who undergoes a similar transformation from being Adam's cowardly pet tiger Cringer), The Sorceress, Teela, Man-At-Arms and Orko, He-Man uses his powers to defend Eternia from the evil forces of Skeletor. Skeletor's main goal is to conquer the mysterious fortress of Castle Grayskull, from which He-Man draws his powers. If successful, Skeletor would have enough power to rule Eternia and possibly the entire universe. ", "* The animated series Minoriteam features a parody of Solomon Grundy and Frankenstein's monster called Racist Frankenstein who a member of the White Shadow, a villainous racist organization that opposes Minoriteam.", "Sylvester Shyster is a crooked lawyer and evil criminal mastermind who generally teams up with Peg-Leg Pete. The character has been described by some as a weasel or a rat (the latter being Gottfredson's own interpretation), but his ears suggest that he is rather an anthropomorphic canine.", "* Will Arnett as Mr. Henry Perkins, the President of the Bank of Evil and Vector's father", "In Fantasy Flight Games Grimm RPG of twisted fairy tales he features as Humpty Dumpty aka. \"The Rotten King\". A smelly ruler over an evil kingdom of monsters who enjoys nothing more than pitting children against each other in cruel games.", "A rapist who is a frequent villain on the series. He and Scrappy Doo were caught \"behind closed doors\" in at least two episodes." ]

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[ "The Infamy Speech was a speech delivered by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a Joint Session of Congress on December 8, 1941, one day after the Empire of Japan's attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The name derives from the first line of the speech: Roosevelt describing the previous day as \"a date which will live in infamy\". The speech is also commonly referred to as the \"Pearl Harbor Speech.\"", "At 12:30 p.m. on December 8, 1941, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt stood before Congress and gave what is now known as his \"Day of Infamy\" or \"Pearl Harbor\" speech.", "One speech he is famous for delivering was his State of the Union Address in 1941. This speech is also known as the Four Freedoms Speech. His address to Congress and the nation on December 8, 1941 following the attack on Pearl Harbor entered history with the phrase, \"December Seventh, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy.\" ", "1941 — President Franklin D. Roosevelt makes his now famous declaration that December 7 will be \"a date which will live in infamy\" as the U.S. declares war on Japan.", "“Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.” — Franklin Delano Roosevelt", "In his famous speech to Congress, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called December 7, 1941, “a date which will live in infamy.” Early that Sunday morning, the Empire of Japan unleashed 183 planes from carriers 230 miles north of Oahu, Hawaii. The first wave of surprise attacks hit the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor just before 8:00 a.m., targeting airfields and battleships. A second wave attacked other ships and shipyard facilities. When the air raid was over by 9:45 a.m., the casualties included more than 2,300 Americans killed, 188 aircraft destroyed, five battleships sunk, and a total of nine light cruisers, destroyers, and smaller vessels lost. However, the Japanese failed to damage any U.S. aircraft carriers, which had not been in the harbor that morning, and those carriers would prove to be the strength behind America’s response in the coming war.", "\"...yesterday, December 7th, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.\" - Franklin D. Roosevelt", "Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt officially pronounced 7 December 1941, as \"a date which will live in infamy\" and asked for a declaration of war on Japan before a joint session of Congress on 8 December 1941. The motion passed with only one vote against it, in both chambers. Just three days later, on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States, and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that \"We can't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years\". ", "On December 8, 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt addressed the Nation on ``America's Answers to Japan's Challenge.'' His words ring true nearly six decades later: ``When we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well against immediate evil. We Americans are not destroyers, we are builders..... . We are", "There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan. However, the lack of any formal warning, particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941, “a date which will live in infamy”. [ Source ]", "When Lisa searches for the radio station Bart was on, she runs into Roosevelt's Pearl Harbor speech in 1941 \"A date which we'll live in infamy\". [6]", "President Franklin Roosevelt declared that day a 'date which will live in infamy.' The following day he declared war on Japan.", "The President's description of December 7 as \"a date which will live in infamy\" was borne out; the date very quickly became shorthand for the Pearl Harbor attack in much the same way that September 11 became inextricably associated with the 2001 terrorist attacks. The slogans \"Remember December 7th\" and \"Avenge December 7\" were adopted as a rallying cry and were widely displayed on posters and lapel pins. Prelude to War (1942), the first of Frank Capra's Why We Fight film series (1942–45), urged Americans to remember the date of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, September 18, 1931, \"as well as we remember December 7th 1941, for on that date in 1931 the war we are now fighting began.\" The symbolism of the date was highlighted in a scene in the 1943 film Bombardier, in which the leader of a group of airmen walks up to a calendar on the wall, points to the date (\"December 7, 1941\") and tells his men: \"Gentlemen, there's a date we will always remember—and they'll never forget!\" ", "There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan. However, the lack of any formal warning, particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President  Franklin D. Roosevelt  to proclaim December 7, 1941, \"a date which will live in infamy\".", "FDR - December 7th - 1941 - A date which will live in Infamy -- Declares War against Japan", "President Roosevelt said of the attack that “it was a date which will live in infamy” and “no matter how long it may take for us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.”", "One of the most famous political speeches on freedom in the twentieth century was delivered by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in his 1941 State of the Union message to Congress. The address is commonly known as the \"Four Freedoms\" speech, and an excerpt is available through the EDSITEment-reviewed website POTUS—Presidents of the United States . In the relevant part of the speech, President Roosevelt announced:", "++++DECEMBER 7th, 1941 - A DATE WHICH WILL LIVE IN INFAMY++++ | Police & Law Enforcement Discussions and Forums - PoliceLink", "The revisionists have always been drawn to items that appear to cast Roosevelt in an unfavorable light—for example, a few lines in Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson's diary for November 25, 1941. 6 The President is not quoted directly, but Stimson says that FDR \"brought up the event that we were likely to be attacked perhaps next Monday [December 1], for the Japanese are notorious for making an attack without warning, and the question was what we should do. The question was how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves.\" 7", "In order to set the scene for the \"Four Freedoms\" speech, first remind students of the date of the speech: January 6, 1941. You may want to note that the speech was delivered almost exactly 11 months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, at a time when the United States was officially neutral in World War II. If desired, distribute copies of the World War II timeline from the FDR page of the PBS American Experience: The Presidents website.", "To read President Roosevelt's Address to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War on December 8, 1941, click here .", "FDR was re-elected president for the fourth time in nineteen forty-four. Most Americans believed the country should not change its leader in the middle of a war. When he was sworn in, President Roosevelt's speech lasted only six minutes. He declared that America had learned \"that we cannot live alone at peace, that our own well-being is dependent on the well-being of nations far away.\"", "Roosevelt's Presidential campaign in 1932 saw the New York governor committing himself to battling the Great Depression, promoting a platform with \"Three R's - relief, recovery and reform.\" He coined the term \" New Deal \" when he stated: \"I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people.\" On February 15 , 1933 after his victory in the 1932 election, President-elect Roosevelt was nearly assassinated in Miami, Florida (the assassin did manage to kill Chicago, Illinois Mayor Anton J. Cermak ). In reference to the Great Depression, Roosevelt proclaimed \"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself\" in his inauguration speech on ( March 4 , 1933 ). Roosevelt's first weeks in office were called The Hundred Days, as during the first part of his administration he authored and approved a flurry of Congressional acts to institute immediate change and keep the nation's economy from destabilizing. He insituted a four-day \"banking holiday\" two days after he took office: a four-day period in which all banks in the country closed, allowing the institutions a brief period to recover and reorganize. During this time of crisis Roosevelt addressed the nation for the first time as President on March 12, 1933 in the first of many \" Fireside Chats.\" ", "In October 1937, Roosevelt gave the Quarantine Speech aiming to contain aggressor nations. He proposed that warmongering states be treated as a public health menace and be \"quarantined.\" Meanwhile, he secretly stepped up a program to build long-range submarines that could blockade Japan. ", "FDR realized Hitler must be stopped yet knew the value of consensus rule. Publicly, Roosevelt promised that America would not fight unless attacked. He condemned the fascists and suggested that the way to keep the peace was to create a strong national defense. Privately, he prepared America for battle.", "20.01.1941: President States Faith In Democracy - Roosevelt Tells Presidential Electors No Dictator Would Dare Risk Free Ballot [Berlin conducts the Navy Band performing “God Bless America”]", "On this day in 1933, eight days after his inauguration, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gives his first national radio address or “fireside chat,” broadcast directly from the White House.", "On February 15, 1933, just over two weeks before Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States, FDR arrived at the Bayfront Park in Miami, Florida around 9 p.m. to give a speech from the back seat of his light-blue Buick.", " We Shall Fight To the Beaches “We shall fight on the beaches, we... shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender”, exclaimed Winston Churchill in a speech during World War II in June 4, 1940. That is just an excerpt of the passion filled speech given in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Churchill was your typical British speaker: a stiff upper lip which is the ability...", "1933 - U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt presented his first presidential address to the nation. It was the first of the \"Fireside Chats.\"", "On March 12, 1933, Roosevelt broadcast the first of 30 \"fireside chats\" over the radio to the American people. The opening topic was the Bank Crisis . Primarily, he spoke on a variety of topics to inform Americans and exhort them to support his domestic agenda, and later, the war effort. During Roosevelt`s first year as president, Congress passed laws to protect stock and bond investors.", "How are these four freedoms foreshadowed in FDR's 1934 fireside chat on economic freedom and security for all Americans? How is the 1934 speech different?" ]

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[ "This American Life (TAL) is an American weekly hour-long radio program produced by WBEZ and hosted by Ira Glass. It is broadcast on numerous public radio stations in the United States and internationally, and is also available as a free weekly podcast. Primarily a journalistic non-fiction program, it has also featured essays, memoirs, field recordings, short fiction, and found footage. The first episode aired on November 17, 1995, under the show's original title, Your Radio Playhouse. The series was distributed by Public Radio International until June 2014, when the program became self-distributed with Public Radio Exchange delivering new episodes to public radio stations. ", "Ira Jeffrey Glass (, born March 3, 1959) is an American public radio personality and the host and producer of the radio and television show This American Life.", "Originally titled Your Radio Playhouse, a local show on WBEZ, the program's name was changed beginning with the March 21, 1996 episode. It was picked up nationally by PRI in June 1996. The reference to each segment of the show as an \"act\" is a holdover from its original \"playhouse theme\". The program helped launch the literary careers of many, including contributing editor Sarah Vowell and essayists David Rakoff and David Sedaris.", "Glass is the first cousin once removed of Ira Glass , host of the nationally syndicated radio show This American Life . Philip Glass's cousin is Ira Glass's father. [74]", "Glass is the first cousin once removed of Ira Glass, host of the nationally syndicated radio show This American Life. Ira interviewed Glass onstage at Chicago's Field Museum; this interview was broadcast on NPR's Fresh Air. Ira interviewed Glass a second time at a fundraiser for St. Ann's Warehouse; this interview was given away to public radio listeners as a pledge drive thank you gift in 2010. Ira and Glass recorded a version of the composition Glass wrote to accompany his friend Allen Ginsberg's poem \"Wichita Vortex Sutra.\" Glass's cousin is Ira Glass's father. [100]", "On April 25, 2008, Glass again appeared on The Late Show. On April 22, 2009, Glass appeared as the featured guest on The Colbert Report. He also was on TBTL on September 18, 2009. Glass served as the monologist for ASSSSCAT at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York on February 21, 2010. He appeared in a green motion capture suit in a John Hodgman segment on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart on Thursday, November 4, 2010, where he acted as the main character of the Grand Theft Auto: Vice City video game. Glass appeared on the June 24, 2011 edition of Adam Carolla's podcast, where they discussed The Adam Carolla Podcast, claiming the title of \"Most Downloaded Podcast\" from the Guinness Book of World Records. On September 17, 2011, Glass participated in the Drunk Show at the Eugene Mirman Comedy Festival, during which Glass became so drunk he blacked out and vomited backstage. On September 19, 2011, Glass appeared on WTF Live with Marc Maron, which aired as Episode 213 of WTF with Marc Maron,\" on September 26, 2011. Ira Glass guest co-hosted Dan Savage's sex-advice podcast, \"Savage Love,\" on January 31, 2012. He also lent his voice to The Simpsons in Season 22 in the episode entitled \"Elementary School Musical.\"", "LONDON -- The longest-running radio program in the world came to an end Tuesday when Alistair Cooke , 95, announced his retirement from BBC Radio 4's 58-year-old Letter from America on doctor's orders. \"I can no longer continue my 'Letter From America, '\" Cooke said in a statement released by the BBC. \"Throughout 58 years, I have had much enjoyment in doing these talks and hope that some of it has passed over to the listeners, to all of whom I now say thank you for your loyalty, and goodbye.\" Transplanted Englishman Cooke, who typed his weekly Letter from a Manhattan apartment overlooking Central Park since 1946, became famous in America as the host of Masterpiece Theatre on PBS from 1971-1992, introducing British dramatic series with his distinctive voice. »", "Out on the Wire: Uncovering the Secrets of Radio's New Masters of Story with Ira Glass Jessica Abel", "Ketzel Lavine is the \"funny gardener\" on the Weekend program. Charles Mayer is \"one of the new members of NPR, a young producer.\" [JULIAN, S., 6-6-2000] Michael Feldman hosts Whad'ya Know? Terry Gross is host of NPR's Fresh Air (co-producer: Naomi Person). Even Ray Suarez, of Puerto Rican heritage, has a Jewish mother. For six and a half years he hosted NPR's Talk of the Town program until he recently moved to PBS television as a \"senior correspondent\" for the News Hour with Jim Lehrer. [DIAZ, K., 10-28-99] (The director of the Lehrer news hour is David Deutch.) Likewise, David Brancaccio, host of NPR's Marketplace, is of Jewish/Italian descent.", "These include original series such as Imagination Theatre and a radio adaptation of The Twilight Zone, as well as rerun compilations such as the popular daily series When Radio Was and USA Radio Network's Golden Age of Radio Theatre. One of the longest running radio programs celebrating this era is The Golden Days of Radio, which was hosted on the Armed Forces Radio Service (later Armed Forces Radio and Television Service) for more than 20 years and overall for more than 50 years by Frank Bresee, who also played \"Little Beaver\" on the Red Ryder program as a child actor.", "When radio presenter Roy Plomley came up with the idea for Radio 4 ‘s Desert Island Discs on a cold November night in 1941, on his way to bed and already in his pyjamas, he envisaged a series of six programmes. They began on 27 January the following year, 70 years ago this weekend. The show, which bases interviews with public figures around eight musical choices, a book and a luxury, is now the world’s longest-running factual radio programme.", "In September 1999, Glass collaborated on a comic book, Radio: An Illustrated Guide, with Jessica Abel. The book shows how This American Life is produced, and how to produce your own radio program.", "� Radio produced many interesting adult adventure series. Perhaps one of the best came to radio near the end of the forties. Escape contained a great opening that put the listener in the mood for the wonderful adventure that was to follow. The series began its run with classic adventure stories from the likes of Rudyard Kipling, Robert Louis Stevenson and F. Scott Fitzgerald (yes, he wrote a few adventures). But over time, original stories were written for the series some full of high adventure, others outright horror. One of the classic horror stories was first heard on this series - Three Skeleton Key told the story of three men trapped in a lighthouse overrun with rats. Some of the finest theatre of the mind came from this series. Beginning on CBS as a sustained program in July, 1947, some of early television's stars were heard on this series including Jack Webb and William Conrad. The producer/director for much of the series was the great Norman MacDonnell, who later created the radio series Gunsmoke. The series came to a close in September, 1954 as regular radio drama was winding to an untimely demise.", "also: Bon Voyage, Ship of Dreams [ close for “This Is the Cocoanut Grove” radio program ]", "He was also known in the US as a host of Masterpiece Theatre on the Public Broadcasting System, for his work on the Omnibus TV series in the 1950s and for the BBC-produced \"America: A Personal History of the United States\" programme that ran in the early 1970s and won four Emmy Awards.", "* ''Radio/APrairieHomeCompanion'' (radio variety show, running since 1974 with two very similar shows running during the breaks from 1987-89 and 1989-92. Garrison Keillor has been hosting this show, but not the very similar ones that ran during its breaks)", "* ''Fresh Air'' (interview show, locally on WHYY Philadelphia since 1975, nationally on NPR since 1987)", "This book is basically a collection of monologues that were originally aired on the Prairie Home Companion radio show, as Garrison's \"News from Lake Wobegon\" segment. Listening to Garrison tell these stories on the air can be both riveting and hilarious. And the stories in this collection don't disappoint--from the monologues that I remember, these are nearly word for word copies of what was originally an oral story.", "Barred from feature films, Clift turned to voice work. Early in his career Clift had participated in radio broadcasts, though, according to one critic, he hated the medium. On May 24, 1944, he was part of the cast of Eugene O'Neill's Ah, Wilderness! for The Theatre Guild on the Air. In 1949, as part of the promotional campaign for the film The Heiress, he played Heathcliff in the one-hour version of Wuthering Heights for Ford Theatre. In January 1951 he participated in the episode \"The Metal in the Moon\" for the series Cavalcade of America, sponsored by the chemical company DuPont Company. Also in 1951 Clift was for the first time cast as Tom in the radio world premiere of Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie, with Helen Hayes (Amanda) and Karl Malden (the Gentleman Caller), for The Theatre Guild on the Air. The recording of this broadcast is now available at : https://archive.org/details/TheaterGuildontheAir So, having become unemployable for the film industry, in 1964 he recorded for Caedmon Records The Glass Menagerie, with Jessica Tandy, Julie Harris and David Wayne (the recording is now available as a downloadable app). In 1965 he gave voice to William Faulkner's writings in the TV documentary William Faulkner’s Mississippi, airing on April 1965. ", "The hour-long show first aired on WPFW-FM radio in Washington, D.C., where it ran, live on a weekly basis, for 20 years without interruption. After the show was retired from WPFW in 1998, the Witter Bynner Foundation funded an annual series from the Library, with seven one-hour programs recorded per year, which are fed by satellite to public radio stations.", "Blackstone Audio Productions - In 2008, Stacy Keach reprised the role of Mike Hammer in the first of a series of radio-style dramas entitled The New Adventures of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer. Keach refers to the production style, that is somewhere between an audiobook and and radio drama, as a \"radio novel.\" The Audie-nominated inaugural production features the episodes, Dangerous Days and Oil and Water. Both were written exclusively for audio by M. J. Elliott and produced with a full cast, music and sound effects in radio drama style by Carl Amari of Falcon Picture Group, who personally selected Elliott to script the Audie Award-nominated dramas. Volume 2 of the series was released in 2009, featuring a 2.5 hour story entitled The Little Death. The story was written exclusively for audio by Max Allan Collins from a story by Mickey Spillane and Max Allan Collins. Volume 3, Encore for Murder, was released in March 2011. All three volumes have been released by Blackstone Audio and star Keach in the title role. Keach also arranges and performs the music featured in the productions and his wife, Malgosia Tomassi, portrays yoga instructor Maya Ricci.", "Blackstone Audio Productions - In 2008, Stacy Keach reprised the role of Mike Hammer in the first of a series of radio-style dramas entitled The New Adventures of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer. Keach refers to the production style, that is somewhere between an audiobook and radio drama, as a \"radio novel.\" The Audie-nominated inaugural production features the episodes, Dangerous Days and Oil and Water. Both were written exclusively for audio by M.J. Elliott and produced with a full cast, music and sound effects in radio drama style by Carl Amari of Falcon Picture Group, who personally selected Elliott to script the Audie Award-nominated dramas. Volume 2 of the series was released in 2009, featuring a 2.5 hour story entitled The Little Death. The story was written exclusively for audio by Max Allan Collins from a story by Mickey Spillane and Max Allan Collins. Volume 3, Encore for Murder, was released in March 2011. All three volumes have been released by Blackstone Audio and star Keach in the title role. Keach also arranges and performs the music featured in the productions and his wife, Malgosia Tomassi, portrays yoga instructor Maya Ricci.", "Looking back Nelson Olmsted said: \"Dramatic shows cost money and there were no budgets. The cheapest drama for radio I could think of was good literature, read aloud. Especially the work of that great dramatist who never wrote a play -- Edgar Allan Poe. WBAP gave me some time with which to experiment. That was way back in 1939 -- and it worked. By 1940, the storytelling show was on NBC for a ten-year run.\" (Source: wikipedia)", "Serling returned to radio late in his career with The Zero Hour (also known as Hollywood Radio Theater) in 1973. The drama anthology series featured tales of mystery, adventure and suspense, airing in stereo for two seasons. Serling hosted the program and wrote some of the scripts.", "Cooke's U.S. fame evolved during his nine seasons of hosting the erudite \"Omnibus\" in the 1950s. He was shooting his \"America\" documentary series in 1970 when he agreed to host a new series that was to be produced by WGBH-TV in Boston and draw upon the best of British TV. It was called \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" and the rest is delicious history.", "Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco.", "He was the Wednesday night host for CBS Radio's \"Sears Mystery Theater\" (1979). He was still Wednesday's host when it became \"The Mutual Radio Theater\" on Mutual Radio (1980).", "*The Mercury Theatre on the Air presented a radio adaptation of Around the World in 80 Days on October 23, 1938, one week before its famous production of The War of the Worlds. Orson Welles played Fogg.", "Mr. Cooke became a familiar fixture to American audiences in the 1950s as host of the network television program \"Omnibus,\" a much-honored show that aired news documentaries and literary adaptations. He narrated the BBC-produced series \"America: A Personal History of the United States\" in 1972 and 1973. The program, a wise and witty exploration of American culture and history, won four Emmy Awards and provided the basis for his best-selling written account, \"Alistair Cooke's America\" (1973).", "On December 1, 1935, during the Broadway run, Todd Duncan and Anne Brown performed \"Summertime\", \"I Got Plenty o' Nuttin'\" and \"Bess, You Is My Woman Now\" on NBC's The Magic Key of RCA radio program. Duncan and Brown also appeared on the 1937 CBS Gershwin memorial concert on September 8, 1937, broadcast from the Hollywood Bowl less than two months after the composer's death, along with several other members of the Broadway cast, including John W. Bubbles and Ruby Elzy. They performed several selections from the opera.", "This classic performance of Garrison Keillor's American Radio Company was broadcast live from the Mark Twain Memorial in Hartford Connecticut. The Hartford house is where Twain wrote many of his works.", "Mr. Rooney entered television shortly after World War II, writing material for entertainers like Arthur Godfrey, Victor Borge, Herb Shriner, Sam Levenson and Garry Moore. Beginning in 1962, he had a six-year association with the CBS News correspondent Harry Reasoner, who narrated a series of Everyman “essays” written by Mr. Rooney." ]

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[ "is the name bestowed on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish-American War and the only one of the three to see action. The United States Army was weakened and left with little manpower after the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior. As a result, President William McKinley called upon 1,250 volunteers to assist in the war efforts. It was also called \"Wood's Weary Walkers\" after its first commander, Colonel Leonard Wood, as an acknowledgment of the fact that despite being a cavalry unit they ended up fighting on foot as infantry. Wood's second in command was former assistant secretary of the United States Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, a man who had pushed for American involvement in Cuban independence. When Colonel Wood became commander of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade, the Rough Riders then became \"Roosevelt's Rough Riders.\" That term was familiar in 1898, from Buffalo Bill who called his famous western show \"Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World.\" The Rough Riders were mostly made of college athletes, cowboys, and ranchers.", "Wood's second in command was former Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, a man who had pushed for American involvement in the Cuban War of Independence. When Colonel Wood became commander of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade, the Rough Riders then became \"Roosevelt's Rough Riders.\" That term was familiar in 1898, from Buffalo Bill who called his famous western show \"Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World.\" The Rough Riders were mostly made of college athletes, cowboys, ranchers, miners, and other outdoorsmen.", "The Spanish–American War did occur, but Oakley's offer was not accepted. Theodore Roosevelt, did, however, name his volunteer cavalry the \"Rough Riders\" after the \"Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World\" where Oakley was a major star.", "Over time, various Wild West shows were developed. They were started by people with generally flamboyant names such as Dr. W.F. Carver, Pawnee Bill, \"Buckskin Joe\" Hoyt, and Mexican Joe. Blacks (such as Bill Pickett - the famous bulldogger from the 101 Ranch Wild West Show - his brothers, and Voter Hall - billed as a \"Feejee Indian from Africa\" ), Mexicans (such as the Esquivel Brothers from San Antonio), Native Americans (including the illustrious war leader Red Cloud), and women also tried their hand in the business, with such names headlining as Calamity Jane, Luella-Forepaugh Fish, the Kemp Sisters, May Lillie, Lucille Mulhall, Annie Oakley, and Lillian Smith. Tillie Baldwin also made a name for herself as a performer, as did Texas Rose as an announcer. Of all the shows, the first, most famous and most successful was Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World; this was the show that started it all.", "Bill Show - A Wild West show. Probably derived from the names of the two leading show promoters - William Frederick \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody and Gordan William \"Pawnee Bill\" Lillie.", "As the Wild West toured North America over the next twenty years, it became a moving extravaganza, including as many as 1200 performers. In 1893 the title was changed to Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World. The show began with a parade on horseback, with participants from horse-culture groups that included US and other military, American Indians, and performers from all over the world in their best attire. There were Turks , Gauchos , Arabs , Mongols and Cossacks , among others, each showing their own distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors to this spectacle could see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows. Many authentic western personalities were part of the show. For example Sitting Bull and a band of twenty braves appeared. Cody's headline performers were well known in their own right. People like Annie Oakley and her husband Frank Butler put on shooting exhibitions along with the likes of Gabriel Dumont . Buffalo Bill and his performers would re-enact the riding of the Pony Express , Indian attacks on wagon trains, and stagecoach robberies. The show typically ended with a melodramatic re-enactment of Custer's Last Stand in which Cody himself portrayed General Custer.", "Buffalo’s Bill’s Wild West show continued to captivate audiences and tour annually for a total of 30 years (1883–1913). After opening on May 19, 1883 in Omaha, Nebraska, the show was on what seemed to be a perpetual tour all over the east of America. The show “hopped the pond” in 1887 for the American Exhibition, and was then requested for a command performance at Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee in 1887 at Windsor Castle, in England. The whole troupe including 200 passengers plus 97 Natives, 18 buffalo, 181 horses, 10 elk, 4 donkeys, 5 longhorns (Texas steers), 2 deer, 10 mules, and the Deadwood Concord stagecoach crossed the Atlantic on several ships. They then toured England for the next six months and the following year returned to tour Europe until 1892. With his tour in Europe, Buffalo Bill established the myth of the American West overseas as well. To some Europeans, the Wild West show not only represented the west, but all of America. He also created the cowboy as an American icon. He gave the people of England, France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany a taste of the wild and romantic west.", "In 1893, Cody changed the title to Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World. The show began with a parade on horseback, with participants from horse-culture groups that included US and other military, cowboys, American Indians, and performers from all over the world in their best attire. Turks, gauchos, Arabs, Mongols and Georgians displayed their distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors would see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows. Many historical western figures participated in the show. For example, Sitting Bull appeared with a band of 20 of his braves.", "100 Series of Eight Candid Photographs of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show Performers in England Lot of 8 photographs, each a silver gelatin print on a 3.125 x 4.25 in. gilt-edged mount with the recto and verso stamp of W.H. Stone, Photographer, 40 St. Andrews Terrace, Richmond Road, Taunton. The photos are candid shots of the performers before their show, including children approaching Cody while he reads in a carriage, Indians and Cossacks milling about and talking to fans, children and adults checking out the tepees of the Indian camp and examining the horse, and a view of the Deadwood stage. $600 - $800", "The Rough Riders began as a motley group of hunters, college athletes, miners, cowboys and other volunteers mostly from Arizona, Texas, New Mexico and Oklahoma. The Rough Riders were very well supplied, thanks to the influence that Roosevelt, who had been Assistant Secretary of the Navy, wielded among the nation's military elite. Therefore, unlike many other volunteer units in the Spanish-American War, the Rough Riders actually saw action. The unit departed for Cuba in June 1898, where they joined up with other units. They first saw action in the Battle of Las Guasimas, a Spanish outpost. The victory there, despite disadvantageous positions and difficult terrain, confirmed the group's ability to fight. This courage under fire also displayed itself at the famous Battle of San Juan Hill. At that battle, the Rough Riders, assisted by the Buffalo Soldiers, charged up Kettle Hill in the face of a strong Spanish attack, taking the Spanish fortifications and helping to secure the victory for the United States. This attack filled the newspapers at home, bringing fame to Roosevelt and his scrappy group of volunteers. After helping at the Siege of Santiago, the Rough Riders came home. The group was officially disbanded on September 15, 1898.", "The most famous of all the units fighting in Cuba , the \"Rough Riders\" was the name given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt . Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry. The original plan for this unit called for filling it with men from the Indian Territory, New Mexico, Arizona, and Oklahoma. However, once Roosevelt joined the group, it quickly became the place for a mix of troops ranging from Ivy League athletes to glee-club singers to Texas Rangers and Indians.", "Buffalo Bill was born William Frederick Cody in Iowa Territory, 1846. At age 11, after the death of his father, he began working. He became a Pony Express rider at age 14. During the Civil War, he served in the Union army from 1863 to 1865, then as a civilian scout to the army. After the war, he was hired to supply bison meat for the Kansas Pacific Railway. Cody and hunter William Comstock competed in an eight-hour buffalo-shooting match over the exclusive right to use the name �Buffalo Bill�, in which Cody won by killing 68 bison to Comstock�s 48. He started �Buffalo Bill�s Wild West� show in 1883. The show had several successful tours of Europe. Cody died in Denver in 1917.", "The Rough Riders was a nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish–American War and the only one of the three to see action. The United States Army was small and understaffed in comparison to its status during the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior. As a measure towards rectifying this situation President William McKinley called upon 1,250 volunteers to assist in the war efforts. The regiment was also called \"Wood's Weary Walkers\" in honor of its first commander, Colonel Leonard Wood. This nickname served to acknowledge that despite being a cavalry unit they ended up fighting on foot as infantry.", "The town was named after — and founded by — William F. Cody, who imagined that tourists would flock here because of its proximity to the park entrance. It was one of his few schemes that eventually succeeded. But even at its incorporation in 1902, Cody (the town) had a fighting chance only because Cody (the man) was Buffalo Bill — perhaps the most renowned celebrity of his time. His cowboy-and-Indian variety show, “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West,” had been seen across the country and in Europe. From 1883 to 1913, it toured (according to the history center) a quarter of a million miles, touching down in Paris, London and Brooklyn.", "24 Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show Performers at a Washington, DC, Performance, 1898, by J.D. Givens (1 of 2) 8 x 10 in. silver gelatin print on a 10 x 12 in. mount with the verso hand stamp of J.D. Givens of Washington, DC. Also credited to Givens in the negative and dated 1898. Cody is posed on horseback at left, alongside Congress of Rough Riders of the World performers and VIPs. Probably taken after his return from Cuba. Note the Rough Rider at far right, who is missing his left arm a wears a medal on his chest. $800 - $1,000", "Today is the birthday of Gordon William Lillie (1860-1942) better known as Pawnee Bill. Lillie was an actual frontiersman working at the Pawnee Indian Agency in Indian Territory when he was hired as a Pawnee interpreter by Buffalo Bill Cody for his wild west show in 1883.   In 1886 the newly rechristened Pawnee Bill branched off into his own show with his wife May Manning, “The Champion Girl Horseback Shot of the West.” “Pawnee Bill’s Historic Wild West” flourished for over 20 years as Buffalo Bill’s principle competition, bedevilling Cody with the similarity of their names, until the two shows (which were both ailing) merged in 1908. The combined show went bankrupt a few months later. For more about  Wild West shows  go  here.", "Before long, Cody ended up starring as himself in Buntline’s play. Soon after, he started his own theatrical troop. It wasn’t until 1883 when Cody first got his idea for a Wild West show. That same year, he launched Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show in Omaha, Nebraska. With his Wild West show in hand, nobody could deny Buffalo Bill’s fame. “At the turn of the twentieth century, William F. Cody was known as ‘the greatest showman on the face of the earth’”. Cody had full domination of the Wild West show business.", "Dramatic scenes of life in the untamed West were played out - a bison hunt, an Indian attack on the Dead wood Stage involving real Indians, and a Pony Express ride - with each performance ending with a dramatic re-enactment of Custer's Last Stand. Some of the Lakota Sioux who had taken part in the real battle were involved in the restaging, while all the cowboys and cowgirls in the show were equally authentic. What was more, the cowgirls were paid the same as their male counterparts, almost unheard of at that time. A champion of equal opportunities, Cody called for women to be given the vote. Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show was as much a history lesson as it was entertainment. It satisfied the audience's cravings for sensation while at the same time stirring nostalgic feelings for the old days. By the end of the 19th century the West had been largely settled. Anyone who had never seen the country when it was still 'wild' and 'uncivilised' turned to Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show to find out what it had been like.", "The most often-portrayed western heroes on screen have been (in descending order): William Frederick Cody (\"Buffalo Bill\"), William Bonney (\"Billy the Kid\"), Jesse James, Wild Bill Hickok, Gen. George A. Custer, and Wyatt Earp.", "Cody, William F. American buffalo hunter, U.S. Army scout, Pony Express rider, Indian fighter, actor, and impresario who dramatized the facts and flavour of the American West through fiction and melodrama. His colourful Wild West show, which came to be known as Buffalo...", "in the nineteenth century, painted a portrait of Buffalo Bill on Sultan, when he brought his Wild West Show to", "Colonel Roosevelt and the Rough Riders after capturing San Juan HillUpon the 1898 Declaration of War launching the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt resigned from the Navy Department. With the aid of U.S. Army Colonel Leonard Wood, Roosevelt found volunteers from cowboys from the Western territories to Ivy League friends from New York, forming the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. The newspapers called them the \"Rough Riders.\"", "William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody  Buffalo Bill’s Wild West program.  The show's first opening was on May 19, 1883 at Omaha, Nebraska.  Sitting Bill did not join the show until 1885 and performed for only one season.", "The newly created national park came under the jurisdiction of the United States Army's Troop I of the 4th Cavalry on May 19, 1891, which set up camp in Wawona with Captain Abram Epperson Wood as acting superintendent. By the late 1890s, sheep grazing was no longer a problem, and the Army made many other improvements. The cavalry could not intervene to ease the worsening condition of Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove. The cavalry left another legacy in the park, the ranger hat. From 1899 to 1913, cavalry regiments of the Western Department, including the all Black 9th Cavalry (known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\") and the 1st Cavalry, stationed two troops at Yosemite and brought with them the trooper's campaign hat with its distinctive Montana Peak we recognize today as the \"ranger hat.\" This peak had been formed into the trooper's stetson by veterans of the 1898 Spanish–American War to better shed tropical rain.", "After twenty years of service on posts in the southwest, the regiment, now under the command of Colonel John K. Mizner, was transferred to the Department of Dakota in 1891 [8] The regiment served at various posts in Montana and Dakotas until 1898. [9] During this time, a young white lieutenant, J. Pershing (later known as \"Blackjack\" for his time with the unit) commanded a troop from Fort Assinniboine in north central Montana. Pershing commanded an expedition to the south and southwest that rounded up and deported a large number of Cree Indians to Canada. [8]", "The 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments — the famed \"Buffalo Soldiers\" so called by the indigenous peoples for the similarity to the short curly haired buffalo that roamed the plains — have been stationed at Fort Riley several times during their history. Shortly after their formation in 1866, the 9th Cavalry passed through here en route to permanent stations in the southwest. They returned during the early 1880s and the early part of this century before being permanently assigned as troop cadre for the Cavalry School during the 1920 and 30s.", "William \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody (1846 - 1917) Pony Express rider, cavalry scout, buffalo hunter, and showman in the late 1800s; born in LeClaire.", "From 1866 to the early 1890s, these regiments served at a variety of posts in the Southwest and Great Plains regions. They participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas, including the Apache Wars, and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars . In addition to military campaigns, the \"buffalo soldiers\" served a variety of roles along the frontier from building roads to escorting the U.S. mail .", "African Americans moved West as soldiers, as well as cowboys, farm hands, saloon workers, cooks, and outlaws. The Buffalo Soldiers were soldiers in the all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry regiments, and 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments of the U.S. Army. They had white officers and served in numerous western forts. ", "Rank and organization: Private, Company E, 4th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: Near Red River, Tex., 26-September 28th, 1874. Entered service at: ——. Birth: South Wales. Date of issue: 13 October 1875, Citation: Gallantry in attack on a large party of Cheyennes.", "In 1896 Pershing was assigned to the frontier with the Tenth Cavalry, Buffalo Soldiers of the Tenth Cavalry, Troop A, c. 1902.", "Rank and organization: Corporal, Company M, 5th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: Near Republican River, Kans., 8 July 1869. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Cincinnati, Ohio. Date of issue: 24 August 1869. Citation: This soldier and 2 others were attacked by 8 Indians, but beat them off and badly wounded 2 of them." ]

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[ "PERUGIA, Italy –  American college student Amanda Knox was found guilty of murdering her British roommate and sentenced to 26 years in prison early Saturday after a year-long trial that gripped Italy and drew intense media attention.", "Amanda Marie Knox (born July 9, 1987) is an American woman who spent almost four years in an Italian prison following the 2007 murder of Meredith Kercher, one of the women who shared her apartment, before being definitively acquitted by the Supreme Court of Cassation. Knox, then a twenty years old student, had raised the alarm after returning from spending the night with her boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito. Following an interrogation, the conduct of which is a matter of dispute, Knox implicated herself and an employer. Knox and Sollecito were initially a ... (展开) ccused of murdering Kercher while acting with the employer, but he was released and substituted for Rudy Guede after Guede's bloodstained fingerprints were found on Kercher's possessions. Pre-trial publicity in Italian media portrayed Knox in a negative light, leading to complaints that the prosecution was using character assassination tactics. A guilty verdict at Knox's initial trial and her 26-year sentence caused international controversy, as U.S. forensic experts thought evidence at the crime scene was incompatible with her involvement. A prolonged legal process, including a successful prosecution appeal against her acquittal at a second-level trial, continued after Knox was freed in 2011. On March 27, 2015, Italy's highest court—the Supreme Court of Cassation—definitively exonerated Knox and Sollecito. Knox's conviction for Calunnia against her employer was upheld by all courts. On January 14, 2016 Ms. Knox was acquitted of Calunnia for saying she had been struck by policewomen during the interrogation.", "SEATTLE — Amanda Knox says in an interview that what happened to her was “surreal, but it could have happened to anyone.” The Seattle native told ABC News’ Diane Sawyer in an interview aired Tuesday night that she wants to be reconsidered as a person and wants “the truth to come out.” Last month, Italy’s highest criminal court overturned Knox’s acquittal in the 2007 slaying of British student Meredith Kercher and ordered a new trial. Italian law cannot compel Knox to return for the new legal proceeding. Knox told Sawyer the high court’s decision was “incredibly painful” and she felt as if she had to crawl through yet another field of barbed wire after reaching what she thought was the end. Her memoir, Waiting to Be Heard, was released Tuesday.", "Amanda Marie Knox (born July 9, 1987) is an American woman who spent almost four years in an Italian prison following the 2007 murder of Meredith Kercher, one of the women who shared her apartment, before being definitively acquitted by the Supreme Court of Cassation. Knox, then a twenty-year-old student, had raised the alarm after returning from spending the night with her boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito. Following an interrogation, the conduct of which is a matter of dispute, Knox implicated herself and an employer. Knox and Sollecito were initially accused of murdering Kercher while acting with the employer, but he was released and substituted for Rudy Guede after Guede's bloodstained fingerprints were found on Kercher's possessions.", "Amanda Knox makes remarks after arriving in Seattle a day after her release from prison in Italy on Oct. 4, 2011. She was acquitted of murder and sexual assault by an Italian appeals court after spending four years in custody over the killing of her British housemate, Meredith Kercher. At left is her father, Kurt Knox.", "October 5, 2016 -- Twice convicted and twice acquitted by Italian courts of the brutal killing of her British roommate Meredith Kercher, Amanda Knox became the subject of global speculation as non-stop media attention fed the public&#39;s fascination through every twist and turn of the nearly decade-long case. In a world that remains strongly divided on the legal findings, <em>Amanda Knox</em> goes beyond guilt or innocence to shed new light on the events and circumstances of the past nine years. Featuring unprecedented access to key people involved and never-before-seen archival material, the film shifts between past to present, exploring the case from the inside out in exclusive interviews with Amanda Knox, her former co-defendant and ex-boyfriend Raffaele Sollecito, Italian prosecutor Giuliano Mignini and Daily Mail reporter Nick Pisa.", "Amanda Knox cries after hearing the verdict that overturned her conviction and acquits her of murdering her British roommate Meredith Kercher, at the Perugia court on Monday, Oct. 3. The Italian appeals court threw out Amanda Knox's murder conviction and ordered the young American freed after nearly four years in prison.", "U.S. Student Delivers Appeal at End of Italian Trial New York Times, December 3, 2009 – In a trembling voice the day before a jury is expected to begin deliberating her fate, the student, Amanda Knox, 22, thanked her family and friends, the jurors and even the prosecutors. “They are trying to do their work even if they don’t understand,” she said in Italian nearly perfected during her time in prison. “It plays like a great crime story, like a television series,” said Gianluca Nicoletti, a cultural commentator for Il Sole 24 Ore radio. “But in the end, years have gone by and what are we talking about? Who killed her? With what? With what motive?”", "On this day in 2009, 22-year-old American exchange student Amanda Knox is convicted of murdering her British roommate, Meredith Kercher, in 2007 in Perugia, Italy. Knox received a 26-year prison sentence, while her 25-year-old Italian ex-boyfriend, Raffaelle Sollecito, who also was convicted in the slaying, was sentenced to 25 years behind bars. The sensational, high-profile case raised questions in the United Statesabout whether Knox, who always maintained her innocence, received a fair trial. Then, in October 2011, in a decision that made international headlines, an Italian court reversed the murder convictions of both Knox and Sollecito and they were freed from prison.", "Are you people serious? Just because this woman is from Seattle doesn’t make her innocent! Everyone is so sad about the verdict, what about Meridith Kercher? and her family? Amanda Knox was found guilty by a jury, period! The evidence was there, period! Is it so inconcievable that someone from Seattle is unable to be guilty of murder? Please??", "Meredith Susanna Cara Kercher (28 December 1985 – 1 November 2007) was a British student on exchange from the University of Leeds who was murdered at the age of 21 in Perugia, Italy, on 1 November 2007. Kercher was found dead on the floor of her bedroom. By the time the bloodstained fingerprints at the scene were identified as belonging to Rudy Guede, police had charged American Amanda Knox and her Italian boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito. The subsequent prosecutions of Knox and Sollecito received international publicity, with American forensic experts and jurists taking a critical view of the evidence supporting the initial guilty verdicts. Knox and Sollecito were released after almost four years following their acquittal at a second-level trial, and in 2015 they were exonerated by the Supreme Court of Italy. Guede was tried separately in a fast-track procedure and in October 2008 was found guilty of the sexual assault and murder of Kercher. He subsequently exhausted the appeals process and is currently serving a 16-year sentence.", "The current trial is Knox's third for the alleged murder of British roommate Meredith Kercher while both were students in Perugia, Italy, in 2007. Knox was convicted in 2009 and spent nearly four years in an Italian prison before she and ex-boyfriend Raffaele Sollecito were acquitted on appeal and released on Oct. 4, 2011. In March of last year, the Italian Supreme Court ordered a new trial for Knox, rejecting the appeals court ruling.", "As Amanda Knox remained at her home in the United States, her appeal was heard in absentia, in Florence, Italy. On 30 January 2014 her guilty verdict was re-instated for the murder of Kercher and her sentence set at 28 years and six months imprisonment. ", "Francesco Maresca, lawyer for the family of Meredith Kercher, talks to reporters as he arrives for the start of Amanda Knox's second appeals trial in Florence, Italy, Monday, Sept. 30, 2013. Italy's highest court ordered a new trial for Knox and her former Italian boyfriend, overturning their acquittals in the 2007 slaying of Kercher.", "Amanda Knox: ‘She-Devil’ or Victim of Anti-Americanism?  by Melinda Henneberger, Politics Daily. December 6, 2009 – “But I think it would be hard to argue that the six members of the Knox jury who came to court draped, literally, in the colors of the Italian flag, were unbiased arbiters of the facts of the case.”", "Knox has remained at her home in Seattle during the proceedings in Italy. She has suggested that she will not leave there even if the Italian court finds her guilty again, telling La Repubblica, “In that case, I will become, what do you call it? A fugitive.”", "The long legal saga of Amanda Knox, an American student accused of the violent death of her roommate, British student Meredith Kercher, has made headlines around the world since it began in Perugia, Italy, in late 2007.", "Amanda Knox Acquitted of 2007 Murder by Italy’s Highest Court New York Times, March 2015 – Supporters of Ms. Knox and Mr. Sollecito reacted with joy. “It’s Over!” an advocacy group said via its Twitter account, @Justice4Knox.", "In the U.S., the verdict was widely viewed as a miscarriage of justice. American lawyers expressed concern about pre-trial publicity, and statements excluded from the murder case being allowed for a contemporaneous civil suit heard by the same jury. Knox's defense attorneys were seen as, by American standards, passive in the face of the prosecution's use of character assassination. Although acknowledging that Knox might have been a person of interest for American police in similar circumstances, journalist Nina Burleigh, who had spent months in Perugia during the trial while researching a book on the case, said that the conviction had not been based on solid proof and there had been resentment at the Knox family which amounted to \"anti-Americanism\". ", "^ \"Amanda Knox murder conviction overturned by Italy's highest court\". Associated Press. March 27, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.", "Through the bars of holding cells, a view of the courtroom in Perugia on Sept. 6, 2011, before the resumption of the appeal trial of Amanda Knox and her Italian ex-boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito.", "After returning to the United States, Knox completed her degree and worked on a book about her case. She was often followed by paparazzi photographers. Her family incurred large debts from the years of supporting her in Italy and are reportedly broke (the proceeds from Waiting to Be Heard: A Memoir having gone to pay legal fees to Italian lawyers). In 2014 Amanda Knox started working as an occasional freelance writer for a local weekly newspaper, the West Seattle Herald. Knox has stated her intention to become an advocate for others who were wrongfully convicted, and she attends events related to the Innocence Project and related organizations.", "^ Mirabella, Julia Grace, Scales of Justice: Assessing Italian Criminal Procedure Through the Amanda Knox Trial January 5, 2012). Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2012. p 234", "^ a b c Mirabella, Julia Grace, Scales of Justice: Assessing Italian Criminal Procedure Through the Amanda Knox Trial January 5, 2012). Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2012.", "Image caption In April, Amanda Knox revealed she was considering returning to Italy from the US to clear her name", "^ Stephanie Kirchgaessner. \"Meredith Kercher murder: Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito acquitted\". the Guardian. Retrieved March 28, 2015.", "Omicidio Meredith, Amanda assolta dall’accusa di aver calunniato la polizia di Perugia  Umbria24 January 14, 2016 – “Amanda Knox was today acquitted by the judge of the court of Florence on the charge of slander against the police officers at the Flying Squad in Perugia.”", "When will they stop hounding Amanda Knox? by Nigel Scott. Spiked Online, March 2015 – “For Knox and Sollecito, the presumption of innocence never existed. A fair trial was not going to be allowed to happen, an attractive but demonical female suspect is far more newsworthy than an innocent girl who was framed.”", "*Amanda Knox, tried in absentia and convicted in 2013 latercleared, for the 2007 murder of Meredith Kercher", "^ Guardian, January 31, 2014, Why did Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito have their convictions upheld?", "Knox 'inflicted knife wound that killed Meredith after explosive row': Italian court reveals reasons for second conviction of American", "Amanda Knox is an exoneree, ... Amanda is currently working to spread awareness of wrongful conviction issues through public speaking, VR, TV, and print media." ]

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[ "Each position is assigned a number for scoring purposes:- Pitcher - 1, Catcher - 2, First Baseman - 3, Second Baseman - 4, Third Baseman - 5, Shortstop - 6, Left Fielder - 7, Centre Fielder - 8, Right Fielder - 9. For example, if the short stop fields the ball and throws to first base to tag out the runner it'll be referred to as a \"6-3 out\".", "There are 9 fielding positions in baseball. Each position conventionally has an associated number, which is used to score putouts: 1 (pitcher), 2 (catcher), 3 (first baseman), 4 (second baseman), 5 (third baseman), 6 (shortstop), 7 (left fielder), 8 (center fielder), and 9 (right fielder). ", "The squad in the field is the defensive team; they attempt to prevent the baserunners from scoring. There are nine defensive positions, however, only two of the positions have a mandatory location (pitcher and catcher), the locations of the other seven fielders is not specified by the rules, except that at the moment the pitch is delivered they must be positioned in fair territory and not in the space between the pitcher and the catcher. These fielders often shift their positioning in response to specific batters or game situations, and they may exchange positions with one another at any time. The nine positions most commonly used are: pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, third baseman, shortstop, left fielder, center fielder, and right fielder. Note that, in rare cases, teams may use dramatically differing schemes, such as switching an outfielder for an infielder. Scorekeepers label each position with a number starting with the pitcher (1), catcher (2), first baseman (3), second baseman (4), third baseman (5), shortstop (6), left fielder (7), center fielder (8), right fielder (9). This convention was established by Henry Chadwick . The reason the shortstop seems out of order has to do with the way fielders positioned themselves in the early years of the game.", "In the numbering system used to record baseball plays, the catcher is assigned the number '2'. (See Baseball scorekeeping.)", "Learn the battery position numbers. On a baseball scorecard, each position is represented by a number. For the battery, meaning the pitcher and catcher, those numbers are 1 and 2. 1 being the pitcher and 2 being the catcher.", "1 - Pitcher; 2 - Catcher; 3 - 1st Base; 4 - 2nd Base; 5 - 3rd Base; 6 - Shortstop; 7 - Left Field; 8 - Center Field; 9 - Right Field", "In baseball, the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher's mound toward the catcher to begin each play, with the goal of retiring a batter, who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the pitcher is assigned the number 1. The pitcher is often considered the most important defensive player, and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum. There are many different types of pitchers, such as the starting pitcher, relief pitcher, middle reliever, lefty specialist, setup man, and closer.", "There are nine players on the defensive team and each has an important role in helping to get outs and to prevent the other team from scoring runs. The nine players are pitcher, catcher, first base, second base, shortstop, third base, right field, center field, and left field. Of these nine defensive baseball players, only two have locations that are defined by the rules. These are the pitcher and the catcher. The rest of the players can be located most anywhere on the field, however, there are typical locations and names for each position that have become standard over the years. Players will shift or move around depending on the batter, the pitcher's style, and the game situation.", "Please note the numbering system when coming around the infield skips over or past the shortstop over to third base then comes back and numbers the shortstops as the number six (6) fielding position in baseball.", "The four infielders are the first baseman , second baseman , shortstop , and third baseman . Originally the first, second and third basemen played very near their respective bases, and the shortstop generally played \"in\" (hence the term), covering the area between second, third, and the pitchers box, or wherever the game situation required. As the game evolved, the fielding positions changed to the now-familiar \"umbrella\", with the first and third baseman generally positioned a short distance toward second base from their bases, the second baseman to the right side of second base standing farther away from the base than any other infielder, and the shortstop playing to the left of second base, as seen from the batter's perspective, filling in the gaps.", "At the beginning of each half-inning, the nine players on the fielding team arrange themselves around the field. One of them, the pitcher, stands on the pitcher's mound. The pitcher begins the pitching delivery with one foot on the rubber, pushing off it to gain velocity when throwing toward home plate. Another player, the catcher, squats on the far side of home plate, facing the pitcher. The rest of the team faces home plate, typically arranged as four infielders—who set up along or within a few yards outside the imaginary lines between first, second, and third base—and three outfielders. In the standard arrangement, there is a first baseman positioned several steps to the left of first base, a second baseman to the right of second base, a shortstop to the left of second base, and a third baseman to the right of third base. The basic outfield positions are left fielder, center fielder, and right fielder. A neutral umpire sets up behind the catcher.Porterfield (2007), pp. 16–18, 25, 34, 35; Other umpires will be distributed around the field as well, though the number will vary depending on the level of play, amateur or children's games may only have an umpire behind the plate, while as many as six umpires can be used for important Major League Baseball games.", "third baseman and caused the force out of the runner. This system prevents confusion by avoiding terms such as “1B” or “3B”, because those abbreviations are commonly used to denote singles and triples. It is often asked why the shortstop is designated with a 6 and not a 5, which would make logical sense in a counterclockwise progression. Some have suggested that it originated from early opinion that the shortstop was more of a short outfielder, since he was not designated a base. This shorthand is the foundation to scorekeeping, making it simple for anyone to jot down a play with great detail and little effort. Being comfortable with the abbreviations for players and actions on the field is crucial for effective scorekeeping.", "Second base is the second of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a base runner in order to score a run for that player's team. Second base is typically defended by the second baseman and the shortstop. Second base is also known as the keystone sack. A runner on second base is said to be in \"scoring position\", owing to the high likelihood of reaching home plate and scoring a run from second base on most base hits. Since second is the farthest base from home plate, it is the most common target of base stealing. The runner can not be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body.", "There is no system for numbering players in baseball, though in the very early years some teams did employ their own systems. The 1929 New York Yankees handed out uniform numbers based on a player's position in the batting order; which is why Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig wore their famous numbers 3 and 4; they batted third and fourth respectively that season. Numbers 1–8 were assigned to the regular starters at their respective batting order positions, numbers 9 and 10 were assigned to the Yankees two backup catchers, while pitchers and backup fielders were assigned higher numbers. Today there is no rhyme or reason to a player's uniform number, players may pick their own number for personal reasons, or accept a number assigned by the team.", "The First and Third Basemen have one base they are responsible for; the Shortstop and Second Basemen have two bases they are responsible for; one to their Left and one to their Right.  These two players, positioned in the middle of the field, follow this simple rule:  If the ball is hit to your Left and you aren’t playing the ball, SPRINT to the base on your Left; If the ball is hit to your Right and you aren’t playing the ball, SPRINT to the base on your Right.", "and become more absorbed in the sport. Nearly every sportscaster keeps score as they call each game. Though there are a wide range of scorekeeping techniques and systems, there are several shared devices between them. Position players are designated a number, corresponding to the position they play, making it easy to keep track of who was responsible defensively for outs made in the field. For example, a groundout to the third baseman is designated 5-3, five for the third baseman, who fielded the ball, and 3 for the first baseman, who received the throw from the", "The second baseman plays in between the first baseman and the gap at second. If the ball is hit to the left side of the field, second covers second base. If the ball is hit on their side of the field, they back up the fielder, cover first, or field the ball depending on where it is hit.The second baseman also is the cut off on balls hit to the right side of the outfield. The second baseman also throws directly to the catcher to prevent runners from scoring. Mostly, when the ball is hit to the left side of the field, the second basemen plays second for shortstop. Also, in the case of a bunt, the second baseman must cover second as the shortstop runs to cover third base, since the third baseman is running up for the bunt. [22]", "* 3rd batter, #25 Barry Bonds (the Giants' left fielder, incorrectly noted as a right fielder (\"RF\") on this scorecard) struck out (K) on a 1-ball, 2-strike count. At some point during Bonds' at-bat, Mueller, the runner on 1st base, stole 2nd base. This advancement was recorded in Mueller's cell by writing the notation \"SB\" next to the upper-right edge of the diamond.", "Runners in Scoring Position: This would mean runners are on 2nd or 3rd base or both. This is called scoring position because theoretically a runner can USUALLY score on a hit from 2nd base.", "* If in another inning, a baserunner is caught stealing second base, the basepath between first and second is filled-in halfway, then ended with a short stroke perpendicular to the basepath. It is then noted CS, with some scorers adding the uniform number or batting position of the batter to indicate when the runner was put out. Then the defensive combination of the put out, normally 2–4 or 2–6 for a catcher-to-second-base play, is written.", "second base , second - the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the second of the bases in the infield", "Baseball is played between two teams of nine players each on a baseball field, under the authority of one or more officials, called umpires. There are usually four umpires in major league games; up to six (and as few as one) may officiate depending on the league and the importance of the game. There are four bases. Numbered counter-clockwise, first, second and third bases are cushions (sometimes informally referred to as bags) shaped as 15  in (38  cm) squares which are raised a short distance above the ground; together with home plate, the fourth \"base,\" they form a square with sides of 90  ft (27.4  m) called the diamond. Home base (plate) is a pentagonal rubber slab known as simply home. The field is divided into two main sections:", "Baseball is played between two teams of nine players each on a baseball field , under the authority of one or more officials, called umpires . There are usually four umpires in major league games; up to six (and as few as one) may officiate depending on the league and the importance of the game. There are four bases . Numbered counter-clockwise , first, second and third bases are cushions (sometimes informally referred to as bags) shaped as 15 in (38 cm ) squares which are raised a short distance above the ground; together with home plate , the fourth \"base,\" they form a square with sides of 90 ft (27.4 m ) called the diamond . Home base (plate) is a pentagonal rubber slab known as simply home. The field is divided into two main sections:", "When a runner advances due to a following batter, it can be noted by the batting position or the uniform number of the batter that advanced the runner. This kind of information is not always included by amateur scorers, and there is a lot of variation in notation. For example:", "Players names are written in throwing order across the top of the scoreboard. The numbers 1 through 9 are written vertically down the board. Vertical lines may be drawn to divide the board into columns for each player.", "Next, find where you'll be entering player data. This will be a grid with inning numbers and other designations running across the top and spaces for the players' names, numbers and positions down the side. Fill these in when the batting order is announced. Before entering the player positions, you should be aware of one standard way of recording them. Instead of alphabetic abbreviations, most people assign numbers to the positions. The standard position numbers are shown below.", "baseball pocket-billiards game, named for the similarity in its scoring system to the American game played with bat and ball, in which players attempt to score runs by pocketing 21 consecutively numbered object balls, the number of runs scored corresponding to...", "Note that the sum of the positions for each team is 27. Also, the “Span Diagram” for any of these “special” solutions, will have parallel horizontal lines for the chords connecting player positions to form teams.", "Which positions are represented by which numbers? Did you ever wonder “What do the numbers before a double or triple play mean?” or “What is a 6-4-3 double play”? Or the what the “3-4 hole” refers to?", ". 17 Jul 2012 Switch Pitcher Nicknames. A baseball player who can pitch with both arms is", "Usually a running total is kept with the current inning's score being added to the current total. This way, players can see how far ahead or behind they are and saves a lot of time not having to add all nine innings at the end of the game.", "1968 - Cesar Tovar became the second major league baseball player to play all nine positions in one game." ]

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[ "Almost half of the United States presidents to date — 21 in all — have served more than one term as president. They were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison , James Monroe , Andrew Jackson , Ulysses S. Grant, Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton, George Washington, Harry Truman , George W. Bush, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Richard M. Nixon, Lyndon B. Johnson, William McKinley, and Abraham Lincoln , and Barack Obama .", "John Adams; John Quincy Adams; Samuel Adams; Jane Addams; John Brown; Grover Cleveland; Dwight D Eisenhower; Davy Crockett; Millard Fillmore; Benjamin Franklin; James A Garfield; Ulysses S Grant; Alexander Hamilton; John Hancock; Benjamin Harrison; Andrew Jackson; Thomas Jefferson; William Henry Harrison; Andrew Johnson; Abraham Lincoln; Little Turtle; James Madison; James Monroe; William Penn; Franklin Pierce; Franklin D Roosevelt; Eleanor Roosevelt; Theodore Roosevelt; Upton Sinclair; Alexander H Stephens; Harry S Truman; Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, prince de Bénévent; John Tyler; Martin Van Buren; George Washington; Woodrow Wilson; John Winthrop; Levi Woodbury; Joseph A Wright; John Adams; John Quincy Adams; Samuel Adams; Jane Addams; John Brown; Grover Cleveland; Davy Crockett; Dwight D Eisenhower; Millard Fillmore; Benjamin Franklin; James A Garfield; Ulysses S Grant; Alexander Hamilton; John Hancock; Benjamin Harrison; William Henry Harrison; Andrew Jackson; Thomas Jefferson; Andrew Johnson; Abraham Lincoln; Little Turtle; James Madison; James Monroe; William Penn; Franklin Pierce; Eleanor Roosevelt; Franklin D Roosevelt; Theodore Roosevelt; Upton Sinclair; Alexander H Stephens; Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, prince de Bénévent; Harry S Truman; John Tyler; Martin Van Buren; George Washington; Woodrow Wilson; John Winthrop; Levi Woodbury; Joseph A Wright", "Abraham Lincoln Benjamin Franklin George Washington Thomas Jefferson Andrew Jackson Alexander Hamilton Ulysses S. Grant Andrew Lincoln United States Martin Luther King Thomas Edison Republican Party Ulysses Grant Legislative Assembly Bharat Ratna Magsaysay Award", "Abraham Lincoln ( February 12 , 1809 – April 15 , 1865 ) was an American politician who was elected the 16th President of the United States (serving from 1861 to 1865), and was the first president from the Republican Party . Today, he is best known for ending slavery and preserving the Union through his supervision of the Federal (i.e., Northern) forces during the American Civil War . He selected the generals and approved their strategy; selected senior civilian officials; supervised diplomacy, patronage, and party operations; and rallied public opinion through messages and speeches. Lincoln's influence was magnified by his powerful rhetoric; his Gettysburg Address rededicated the nation to freedom and democracy and remains a core component of the American value system.", "For one hour each evening, Mount Rushmore, The Presidents’ Mountain, is illuminated with steadily increasing lights that make this carving glow in brilliant splendor. The four presidential faces shown on this 1989 postcard are from left to right: George Washington, the father of our country; Thomas Jefferson, principal author of the Constitution, and instrumental in the Louisiana Purchase; Theodore Roosevelt, champion of conservation; and Abraham Lincoln, leader during the Civil War.", "Abraham Lincoln (1809 – 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through a great constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union, while ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial modernization. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was mostly self-educated. He became a country lawyer, a Whig Party Illinois state legislator, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives, but failed in two attempts to be elected to the United States Senate as a new Republican Party.", "Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery. Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president, Lincoln had been a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate. As an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States, [1] [2] Lincoln won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year. His tenure in office was occupied primarily with the defeat of the secessionist Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. He introduced measures that resulted in the abolition of slavery, issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoting the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. As the civil war was drawing to a close, Lincoln became the first American president to be assassinated.", "It was decided to sculpt faces of four Presidents of the United States, namely George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln, on Mt. Rushmore. Each represented a specific role in the preservation and expansion of their territory. Washington brought democracy to America, Thomas Jefferson came up with the concept of having a 'government by the people', Abraham Lincoln was monumental in ending slavery in America while Theodore Roosevelt brought in business reforms.", "Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, and served as the 16th President of the United States. Although his presidential term was cut short when he was assassinated in 1865, he led the country through the Civil War and was successful in ending slavery in the country. His Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 abolished slavery, and he also promoted passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. In speaking of the Civil War, Lincoln stated, \"A house divided against itself cannot stand.\"", "John Hancock (president of the Continental Congress), Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry, Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery, Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott, William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris, Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross, Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean, Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton, William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn, Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton.", "John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Pat Henry, and Thomas Paine were all not there.", "George Washington, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, James Polk, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, James Garfield, William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, Warren Harding, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan and George Bush were all Masonic Presidents of the U.S.A.", "With the dissolution of the Federalist Party, there were no organized political parties for the 1824 presidential election, and four Democratic-Republicans vied for the office. The Tennessee legislature and a convention of Pennsylvania Democratic-Republicans had nominated General-turned-Senator Andrew Jackson for president in 1822 and 1824. The Congressional Democratic-Republican caucus selected Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice president. Secretary of State John Q. Adams, son of the former President Adams, and House Speaker Henry Clay also joined the contest. Crawford might have won had he not suffered a debilitating stroke during the course of the election.", "But instead, the nation healed, and entered into a period of political and economic stability, as evidenced by the election of three consecutive two terms presidents (Jefferson, Madison and James Monroe). And Thomas Jefferson is now widely recognized as one of the greatest American Presidents ever.", "1853-1857 Franklin Pierce, 14th. President of the United states (D) Confirmed Mason. (Masonic Edition, Holy Bible 1951 Edition) Also a member of the Knights Of The Garter. Order of the Garter is the core leader of the Committee Of 300. Vice President, William R. King, 1853. Unknown Mason status. Franklin Pierce was a cousin to Presidents James Garfield and Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison. (Everything is Under Control. Conspiracies, Cults, and Cover-Ups by Robert Anton Wilson pg 39-40) August Belmont, the U.S. representative of Britain's Rothschild banks, paid for Pierce's 1852 election campaign. Though this blatant foreign intrusion caused a flare-up of resentment among the voters, Pierce was elected the 14th President, and his foreign and domestic backers took over. Caleb Cushing became U.S. attorney general. Jefferson Davis became secretary of war. Banker August Belmont became ambassador to Holland. The Scottish Rite's KKK Project", "Explanation:George Washington served as president of the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Jefferson was Minister to France at that time. Jefferson did however serve in Virginia's House of Burgesses, as governor of Virginia during the Revolutionary War, as the first Secretary of State, and as vice-president to political enemy John Adams. Jefferson's greatest skills were probably not as a politican or diplomat, however, but as a political philosopher and visionary. He penned the Declaration of Independence and following his terms as president, planned the curriculum and designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. At a dinner of Nobel Prize winners in the White House in 1962, President John Kennedy ad libbed \"I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent and of human knowledge that has ever been gathered together at the White House – with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.\"", "James Buchanan, Jr. (; April 23, 1791 - June 1, 1868) was the 15th President of the United States (1857–61), serving immediately prior to the American Civil War. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives and later the Senate, then served as Minister to Russia under President Andrew Jackson. He was named Secretary of State under President James K. Polk, and was the last former Secretary of State to serve as President of the United States. After Buchanan turned down an offer to sit on the Supreme Court, President Franklin Pierce appointed him Ambassador to the United Kingdom, in which capacity he helped draft the Ostend Manifesto.", "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three timesin 1884, 1888, and 1892and was one of the three Democrats (with Andrew Johnson and Woodrow Wilson) to serve as president during the era of Republican political domination dating from 1861 to 1933. He is the only President in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office.", "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as T.R., and to the public (but never to friends and intimates) as Teddy, was the twenty-sixth President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Party, he was a Governor of New York and a professional historian, naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier. He is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his \"cowboy\" personality. Originating from a story from one of Roosevelt's hunting expeditions, Teddy bears are named after him.", "After leaving the White House in March 1877, Ulysses Grant and his family embarked on a two-year trip around the world, during which they met with dignitaries and cheering crowds in many of the countries they visited. At the 1880 Republican National Convention, a group of delegates voted to nominate Grant for president again; however, James Garfield (1831-1881), a U.S. congressman from Ohio, ultimately earned the nomination. He would go on to win the general election and become the 20th U.S. president.", "Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century.", "George Washington William Wilberforce Eric Liddell Dietrich Bonhoeffer Jackie Robinson Pope John Paul II Charles W. Colson", "John Quincy Adams (; July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American statesman who served as the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He also served as a diplomat, a Senator and member of the House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties.", "Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd President, was the grandson of President William Henry Harrison (�Old Tippecanoe�), the first president to die in office. Benjamin Harrison, son of a U.S. Congressman, moved to Indianapolis to practice law with the brother of General Lew Wallace (of 'Ben Hur' fame) and was more associated with Indiana than Ohio. He commanded the 70th Indiana Volunteers and distinguished himself at the battle of Peach Tree Creek outside Atlanta in 1864 against Hood. He won the Republication nomination in 1888 over the U.S. Senator from Ohio, John Sherman, the general�s brother. He defeated incumbent Grover Cleveland, who had been the first Democratic president elected since the Civil War, even though he had received fewer popular votes. He was defeated in his re-election bid in 1892 by his predecessor Grover Cleveland. Curiously, Harrison�s granddaughter by his second wife would marry the great grandson of President James Garfield.", "1865 – Civil War: A plan by John Wilkes Booth to abduct U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was ruined when Lincoln changed his plans and did not appear at the Soldier’s Home near Washington, DC.", "* 2015 had Harry S Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson", "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 - October 8, 1869) was the 14th President of the United States (1853–57). Pierce was a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation. His polarizing actions in championing and signing the Kansas–Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act failed to stem intersectional conflict, setting the stage for Southern secession.", "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857.", "James Buchanan was a senator from Pennsylvania from (1834 - 1845) and the 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He took office immediately prior to the American Civil War. He was the only president who never married.", "* Millard Fillmore, became president in 1850 when Zachary Taylor died in office, did not seek election in 1852, lost election in 1856.", "Many people are not aware that America has a president, who was the grandson of another president. This president was Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States. He was the grandson of William Henry Harrison, the ninth president of the United States.", "Benjamin Harrison became the country's twenty-third president. His grandfather was president too. He was William Henry Harrison, the ninth president." ]

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[ "Barack Obama is not the only one. The other US Presidents who have won the Nobel Peace Prize are, in chronological order, Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , and Jimmy Carter . (You can watch President Obama's remarks here ).", "Theodore Roosevelt was the first President in history to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for drafting to treaty to end the Russo-Japanese War. Three other American Presidents also received the Nobel Peace Prize: Woodrow Wilson in 1919 for establishing the League of Nations; Jimmy Carter in 2002 for his post Presidency work on promoting democracy, human rights, economic and social development; Barack Obama in 2009 for strengthening international diplomacy.", "Our story starts in 1906 when Theodore Roosevelt became the first President to win a Nobel Peace Prize. Since then, three other Presidents and one Vice President have received the honor.", "In addition to Teddy Roosevelt, only three other U.S. Presidents received the Nobel Peace Prize.   I found it interesting that overall, just four U.S. Presidents have received this coveted prize:  Woodrow Wilson in 1919, Jimmy Carter, Jr. in 2002 and Barack Obama in 2009.", "Obama was the fourth U.S. President to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, after Theodore Roosevelt (1906) and Woodrow Wilson (1919)—both of whom received the award during their terms—and Jimmy Carter (2002), who received the award 21 years after leaving office. In addition, then-sitting Vice President Charles Dawes was a co-winner with Austen Chamberlain (1925), and former Vice President Al Gore was a co-winner with the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007)", "Incumbent Presidents have quite frequently been recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize. US Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were Laureates while in office, as for instance, were Presidents Mikhail Gorbachev of the USSR and Kim Dae-jung of South Korea. There have also been current Prime Ministers ( Yitzhak Rabin of Israel) and Chancellors ( Willy Brandt of the Federal Republic of Germany), but never before has anyone been made a Peace Laureate so early into their term of office. Barack Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize a little under 10 months after he took up residence in the White House. Nominations for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize closed just 11 days after he took office.", "In 1906, Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, for helping to negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War. Roosevelt was the first of four American Presidents to win a Nobel Prize.", "1895 Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards philanthropist inventor Alfred Nobel. The prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901. Peace prize awarded to Teddy Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Barack Obama.", "Obama is the fourth President of the United States to have been awarded a Nobel Prize (after Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Jimmy Carter, with Carter's honor happening after leaving office).", "(CNN) -- In winning the Nobel Peace Prize, President Obama joins an elite group of U.S. presidents. He is the fourth to win the prize, the third to win it while in office and the first to receive it during his first year in office.", "Jimmy Carter is the only president to have won the Nobel following his time in office. His was awarded in 2002, for “his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development,” in the words of the Norwegian Nobel Committee .", "Zero Hedge - Back in 2009, just months after his swearing in, president Barack Obama was crowned with an unexpected glory: he won the Nobel Peace Prize for 2009 due to \"his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.\"� earlier today, in what France24 dubbed an \"in an unprecedented move\", the controversial head of Norway's Nobel Peace Prize committee was removed Tuesday and demoted to the rank of mere member.", "In 1906 became the first American to win a Nobel prize. He was awarded the Peace Prize for his efforts in concluding the peace treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese war. The medal he received is on permanent display in the Roosevelt Room in the West Wing of the White House.", "US President Mr. Barack Hussein Obama was sworn in tor a second term as the President of the US on January 20, 2013. In the elections, he defeated his Republican rival Mr. Mitt Romney. Earlier, he won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize on October 9, 2009. He was honoured tor his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and co-operation between peoples. He is the third sitting US President to be awarded the Prize. Democratic candidate Mr. Obama had become the first-ever Black President of USA when he convincingly defeated his Republican rival Mr. John McCain (364-174) on November 4, 2008. The 44th US President is a biracial man with an African father, an American mother, an Indonesian stepmother and having a family in Kenya.", "1. President Woodrow Wilson (1919). Wilson was honored for his role in peace talks after World War I concluded. He actually received his award in 1920 after the committee waited for year to find a candidate that met the conditions of Alfred Nobel’s will.", "As Barack Obama is announced as the winner of the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, we look back at ten of the most famous - and infamous - past winners.", "The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2009 is to be awarded to President Barack Obama for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples. The Committee has attached special importance to Obama's vision of and work for a world without nuclear weapons.", "The 2009 prize went to Barack Obama \"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\". The award, given in the first year of Obama's presidency, received criticism that it was undeserved, premature and politically motivated. Obama himself said that he felt \"surprised\" by the win and did not consider himself worthy of the award, but nonetheless accepted it. [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] Obama's peace prize was called a \"stunning surprise\" by The New York Times . [85] Much of the surprise arose from the fact that nominations for the award had been due by 1 February 2009, only 12 days after Obama took office. [86] In an October 2011 interview. Thorbjørn Jagland , chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, defended the award on narrow grounds: [87]", "On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize \"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\". [256] Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with \"deep gratitude and great humility.\" [257] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures. [258] [259] Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.", "On October 9, 2009, Corrigan expressed disappointment with the choice of President Barack Obama as the winner of the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, stating, \"[g]iving this award to the leader of the most militarized country in the world, which has taken the human family against its will to war, will be rightly seen by many people around the world as a reward for his country's aggression and domination.\"", "A Prize for What? Early in the presidency of Barack Obama, he was given attention that some see as being premature. The Norwegian... Nobel Committee saw it fit to reward Obama with the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize. At this point, not much had changed in America during Obama’s time as president. Many people saw the award as a strict political act by the Committee. Others simply see the award as something that Obama has not done anything to deserve. The awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Barack Obama...", "2009-President Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize \"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.\"", "President Obama, the Dalai Lama, the guy who got the 1935 award for fighting to stop the rearmament of Germany. Not all the winners achieved peace at the time of the award . . . or ever.", "Since the creation of the Nobel Peace Prize, four U.S. Presidents and one Vice President have received the award, which is presented each year on December 10.", "As we reminisce on our rich history here at the White House, this post is unique -- as we are looking back at not just one but five separate years. Since the creation of the Nobel Peace Prize, four U.S. Presidents and one Vice President have received the award, which is presented each year on December 10. Keep reading to find out more about the history of Nobel Peace Prizes here at the White House.", "This Day in History: Four Presidents – and a VP – Received the Nobel Peace Prize | whitehouse.gov", "The 2009 prize was awarded to Barack Obama “for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples”. The award, given in the first year of Obama’s presidency, received criticism that it was undeserved, premature and politically motivated. Obama himself said that he felt “surprised” by the win and did not consider himself worthy of the award, but nonetheless accepted it.[81][82][83 Sony  VAIO PCG-5K1L Battery", "Up to 1960, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded almost exclusively to Europeans and Americans. In retrospect, the horizon of the Norwegian Nobel Committee may seem too narrow. Gandhi was very different from earlier Laureates. He was no real politician or proponent of international law, not primarily a humanitarian relief worker and not an organiser of international peace congresses. He would have belonged to a new breed of Laureates.", "Only person to receive a Nobel Peace Prize and a (USA) Medal of Honor. He received the Nobel Prize during his lifetime, while the Medal of Honor was not awarded until 2001, approximately 82 years after his death.", "Barack Obama: Obama, who began his term in 2009, was awarded the prize just months later \"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.\" He donated a large portion of the $1.4 million award to charities including Fisher House, Clinton-Bush Haiti Fund, College Summit, The Posse Foundation, The United Negro College Fund and others.", "\"Throughout history, the Nobel Peace Prize has not just been used to honor specific achievement; it's also been used as a means to give momentum to a set of causes,\" Obama said. \"And that is why I will accept this award as a call to action — a call for all nations to confront the common challenges of the 21st century.\" He said those common challenges included the goal of eliminating nuclear weapons (which he said might not occur in his lifetime), nuclear proliferation, climate change, tolerance \"among people of different faiths and races and religions\", peace between and security for Israelis and Palestinians, better social conditions for the world's poor, including \"the ability to get an education and make a decent living; the security that you won't have to live in fear of disease or violence without hope for the future.\" The United States, he said, is \"a country that's responsible for ending a war and working in another theater to confront a ruthless adversary that directly threatens the American people and our allies.\"", "The award comes as a mixed blessing and is more about the promise the president brings rather than any concrete achievements. It presents the opportunity to further the dialogue with countries like Iran and North Korea, but it also turns up the pressure on Obama to present more results. Obama is the first U.S. president to win the prize in his first year in office." ]

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[ "The Packers play their home games at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The stadium is named after the team’s first head coach and general manager Curly Lambeau. Lambeau Field, opened in 1957, is the NFL’s oldest stadium and the third oldest in professional sports behind MLB stadiums Wrigley Field and Fenway Park. “The Frozen Tundra” has a capacity of more than 73 thousand screaming fans. Special to Lambeau Field is the famous Lambeau Leap, started by LeRoy Butler in 1993 when he jumped into the stands following a score to celebrate with the Packer faithful. The Green Bay Packers home bench is on the Lambeau Field sideline with sections 112-128, so grab Green Bay Packers tickets in this section to sit near your team. Lambeau Field parking information is covered in our Packers event guide.", "The Green Bay Packers are an American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are members of the National Football League (NFL) as part of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the NFC North division. Established in 1919, the Packers have played home games at Lambeau Field since 1957.", "When one of the NFL's most storied franchise teams, the Green Bay Packers, needed a furniture manufacturer to help upgrade its stadium facilities at legendary Lambeau Field, it selected KI furniture. Together, the Packers and KI were able to create a once-in-a-lifetime experience for fans, players and coaches, with innovative furniture solutions for luxury suites, conference rooms, lounge areas and more. Learn more at www.ki.com.", "Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports: football, baseball, and basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green Bay, Wisconsin, is home to the National Football League's Green Bay Packers. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's second season in 1921 and hold the record for the most NFL titles, earning the city of Green Bay the nickname \"Titletown USA\". The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL and the only one owned by shareholders statewide. The franchise was founded by \"Curly\" Lambeau who played and coached for them. The Green Bay Packers are one of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 13 NFL championships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II), Super Bowl XXXI and Super Bowl XLV. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the 81,000-person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field. ", "The Chicago Bears , one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships , including Super Bowl XX . The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals , also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals . The Bears have won more games in the history of the NFL than any other team, and only the Green Bay Packers , their longtime rivals, have won more championships. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field , named after \"The men and women of the armed forces\". It is located next to the shores of Lake Michigan, on Lake Shore Drive. Soldier Field was an aging stadium and was in dire need of renovation by the end of the 20th century. In 2003, the stadium re-opened after an extensive renovation, which increased the number of luxury boxes and dramatically improved the game day experience for Bears fans. However, because of this renovation, the stadium lost its National Historic Landmark designation on February 17, 2006.", "Metlife Stadium in East Rutherford, Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Soldier Field in Chicago and Superdome in New Orleans are just a few iconic NFL stadiums in the US.", "The Second AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional American football, later known as Super Bowl II, was played on January 14, 1968 at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. The National Football League (NFL) champion Green Bay Packers defeated the American Football League (AFL) champion Oakland Raiders by the score of 33–14.", "The Coliseum is the first stadium to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice, in 1932 and 1984 and has been proposed to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The stadium was the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball from 1958 to 1961 and was the host venue for games 3, 4, and 5 of the 1959 World Series. It was the site of the First AFL-NFL World Championship Game, later called Super Bowl I, and Super Bowl VII. Additionally, it has served as a home field for a number of other teams, including the Los Angeles Raiders of the NFL, and UCLA Bruins football. It was declared a National Historic Landmark on July 27, 1984, the day before the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics.", "* January 14 – The Green Bay Packers defeat the Oakland Raiders by the score of 33-14 in Super Bowl II at the Miami Orange Bowl.", "On January 26th, 1997 Mike Holmegren's Green Bay Packers beat Bill Parcells' New England Patriots, 35-21, in Super Bowl 31 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. Brett Favre ran for a score and threw touchdowns to Antonio Freeman and Andre \"Bad Moon\" Rison, but Heisman Trophy Winner Desmond Howard took home the MVP after returning a kickoff for 99 yards and piling up a Super Bowl record 244 return yards. Brian Williams, Doug Evens, Craig Newsome, and Mike Prior each intercepted a Drew Bledsoe pass, as Reggie White and Gilbert Brown caused havoc in the Patriot backfield. Ty Law, Otis Smith, Willie McGinest, Lawyer Milloy and the rest of the Pats couldn't stop Favre's Super Bowl Thirty-One Champion Packers.", "Today, after four decades of existence, Arrowhead Stadium remains one of the finest stadiums in the NFL. The history of the club begins in Dallas when they were known as the Texans. Owner Lamar Hunt moved the team to Kansas City in 1963, renaming them the Chiefs. For nearly a decade, the Chiefs shared an aging Municipal Stadium with the Athletics and Royals (MLB). By the mid 1960s the City of Kansas City began exploring sites to build a new stadium, but failed, leading to the establishment of the Jackson County Sports Complex Authority to acquire land, design, construct and obtain funding for a new stadium. Original plans were for a multipurpose stadium, but were scrapped because of design and seating capacity issues. Unlike many other cities that built multipurpose stadiums, the county decided to build two new stadiums, one for baseball and one for football. In June 1967, a $102 million bond was issued for construction of two sports stadiums. Construction on the Truman Sports Complex began on July 11, 1968. A rolling roof was part of the original design for both stadiums, but did not materialize because of cost overruns and project delays it would cause.", "1997 Event - Super Bowl XXXI, Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, Green Bay Packers beat New England Patriots 35-21", "The NFC Green Bay Packers defeated the AFC Pittsburgh Steelers 31–25 in Super Bowl XLV in Arlington, Texas, on Feb. 6, 2011, winning their first NFL championship in 14 years and their league-record 13th title—9 of which came before the Super Bowl era. Quarterback Aaron Rodgers captured the Super Bowl MVP award after completing 24 of 39 passes for 304 yd and three touchdowns without an interception as the Packers became just the second number six seed to win the Super Bowl.", "On January 14th, 1968 the Oakland Raiders met the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl 2 in Miami, Florida's Orange Bowl. The game drew over 75,000 people, the first $3 million gate. Super Bowl Two was no different than Super Bowl One for Bart Starr and Green Bay. Starr was named MVP and the Packers won easily for the second straight year, 33-14. Kicker Don Chandler added four field goals, and All-Pro cornerback Herb Adderley had a 60 yard interception return for a touchdown. Daryle Lamonica threw to Bill Miller for both of Oakland's touchdowns. This was Vince Lombardi's last Championship.", "The Green Bay Packers were founded on August 11, 1919 by former high-school football rivals Earl \"Curly\" Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun. Lambeau solicited funds for uniforms from his employer, the Indian Packing Company. He was given $500 ($ today) for uniforms and equipment, on the condition that the team be named for its sponsor. The Green Bay Packers have played in their original city longer than any other team in the NFL.", "Three Rivers Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1970 to 2000. It was home to the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL).After its closing, Three Rivers Stadium was imploded in 2001, and the Pirates and Steelers each moved into newly built stadiums: PNC Park and Heinz Field, respectively.", "The Packers have won 13 league championships (more than any other team in the NFL) including nine NFL Championships prior to the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowl victories during the seasons of 1966 ( Super Bowl I ), 1967 ( Super Bowl II ), 1996 ( Super Bowl XXXI ), and 2010 ( Super Bowl XLV ). The team has a historic rivalry against the Chicago Bears , whom they have played in over 180 games. The Packers also share a fierce rivalry with the Detroit Lions , who have been rivals since the 1930s, and the Minnesota Vikings who also reside in the NFC North.", "Today, they rank as the third oldest team in pro football. The long and storied history of the Green Bay team is one of struggle, until comparatively recent, for financial survival off the field and playing stability on the field. The Packers' record has been punctuated with periods of both the highest success and the deepest depths of defeat.", "Favre led the Packers to their best season in 30 years in the 1996 season, winning his second consecutive MVP award in the process. The Packers led the NFL in points scored (456) as well as fewest points allowed (210), joining only the 1972 Dolphins as the only two teams to ever accomplish this. The defense also set a then NFL record for least amount of touchdowns allowed in a 16-game season with 19. Favre threw for 3,899 yards, a career high 39 touchdown passes (third highest ever at the time), only 13 interceptions, and passer rating of 95.8 (the third highest of his career). Green Bay tied the Denver Broncos for the NFL's best regular season record, 13–3, defeated the San Francisco 49ers (35-14) and Carolina Panthers (30-13) at Lambeau Field in the playoffs. The Packers advanced to Super Bowl XXXI at the Louisiana Superdome, a short drive from Favre's hometown.", "CenturyLink Field is a multi-purpose stadium in Seattle, Washington, United States. It serves as the home field for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL) and Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). Originally called Seahawks Stadium it became Qwest Field on June 23, 2004, when telecommunications carrier Qwest acquired the naming rights. It received its current name in June 2011 after the acquisition of Qwest by CenturyLink. The complex also includes the Event Center with the WaMu Theater, a parking garage, and a public plaza. The venue hosts concerts, trade shows, and consumer shows along with sporting events. Located within a mile (1.6 km) of Seattle's central business district, the venue is accessible by multiple freeways and forms of mass transit.", "In that historic first game–played before a non-sell-out crowd of 61,946 people–Green Bay scored three touchdowns in the second half to defeat Kansas City 35-10. Led by MVP quarterback Bart Starr, the Packers benefited from Max McGee’s stellar receiving and a key interception by safety Willie Wood. For their win, each member of the Packers collected $15,000: the largest single-game share in the history of team sports.", "* The former Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome domed stadium in Minneapolis which was home to the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League and the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball. ", "In that historic first game--played before a non-sell-out crowd of 61,946 people--Green Bay scored three touchdowns in the second half to defeat Kansas City 35-10. Led by MVP quarterback Bart Starr, the Packers benefited from Max McGee's stellar receiving and a key interception by safety Willie Wood. For their win, each member of the Packers collected $15,000: the largest single-game share in the history of team sports.", "The Green Bay Packers were founded on August 11, 1919 by Earl \"Curly\" Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun . Lambeau solicited funds for uniforms from his employer, the Indian Packing Company . He was given $500 for uniforms and equipment, on the condition that the team be named for its sponsor. In turn, Lambeau and Calhoun called the club \"Packers\". Today, \"Green Bay Packers\" is the oldest team-name still in use in the NFL, both by its nickname and by virtue of remaining in its original city.", "The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders following the 1966 and 1967 seasons, respectively. The Packers were led by quarterback Bart Starr, who was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) for both games. These two championships, coupled with the Packers' NFL championships in , , and , amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History; five championships in seven years.", "Lombardi's hard work paid off, and the Packers improved to a 7-5 regular season record in 1959. Then, they surprised the league during the following year by making it all the way to the NFL Championship Game. Although the Packers lost the game, 17-13, to the Philadelphia Eagles, they had sent a clear message that they were no longer losers. Green Bay went on to win NFL Championships in 1961, 1962, 1965, and 1966, earning them the nickname \"Titletown, USA\".", "The Packers have been World Champions a record 13 times, topping their nearest rival, the Chicago Bears, by four. The first three were decided by league standing, the next six by the NFL Title Game, and the final four by Super Bowl victories. The Packers are also the only team to win three consecutive NFL titles, having accomplished this twice, 1929-30-31 under Lambeau, and 1965-66-67 under Lombardi.", "Green Bay wins its second straight Super Bowl title. Bart Starr again was chosen the game's most valuable player. The game marked the last for Vince Lombardi as Packers coach, ending nine years at Green Bay in which he won six Western Conference titles, five NFL championships and two Super Bowls. The game became the first to draw in a $3-million gate in football history.", "Individually, Lambeau, Lombardi and 20 long-time Packers players are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Hall of Fame players from the early years include Don Hutson, history's first great pass receiver, Arnie Herber, Clarke Hinkle, Cal Hubbard, John (Blood) McNally, Mike Michalske and Tony Canadeo. The great Packers elevens of the 1960s produced Jim Taylor, Forrest Gregg, Bart Starr, Ray Nitschke, Herb Adderley, Willie Davis, Jim Ringo, Paul Hornung, Willie Wood and Henry Jordan for the Hall. More recent Packers who've earned election to the Hall of Fame include wide receiver James Lofton, defensive lineman Reggie White and linebacker Dave Robinson.", "Contrary to common opinion, the “G” on the Green Bay Packers helmet doesn’t stand for Green Bay. Rather, it stands for “Greatness.”[15]", "After a near-miss in 1927, Lambeau's squad claimed the Packers' first NFL title in 1929 with an undefeated 12–0–1 campaign, behind a stifling defense which registered eight shutouts. Green Bay would repeat as league champions in 1930 and 1931, bettering teams from New York, Chicago and throughout the league, with all-time greats and future Hall of Famers Mike Michalske, Johnny (Blood) McNally, Cal Hubbard and Green Bay native Arnie Herber. Among the many impressive accomplishments of these years was the Packers' streak of 30 consecutive home games without defeat, an NFL record which still stands. ", "There are also over a dozen streets named after former Packers in Green Bay, and that's not even including other civic entities such as the Ray Nitschke Bridge or Vince Lombardi Middle School. Granted, it's not like Green Bay is known for much else. Without the Packers, they'd be just another Dying Town in the Rust Belt." ]

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[ "On December 7, 1787, Delaware, became the first state to ratify the United States Constitution. Before that, it was the only colony to be claimed by Sweden, Holland and England. And before that, there is some evidence that Egyptian explorers found their way to the state.", "Delaware was the first state to ratify the United States constitution. It did so on December 7, 1787.", "The First State: Delaware is known by this nickname due to the fact that on December 7, 1787, it became the first of the 13 original states to ratify the U.S. Constitution.", "September 17th has been designated Constitution Day because it is the anniversary of the signing of the U.S. Constitution in 1787. The Constitution was written by delegates from twelve states to a convention held in Philadelphia from May 25 to September 17, 1787. The Constitution was sent to the states for ratification on September 28, 1787. On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution. The ninth state needed for ratification was obtained on June 21, 1788, when New Hampshire ratified. After Virginia (June 25, 1788) and New York (July 26, 1788) ratified the Constitution, the Confederation Congress passed a resolution on September 13, 1788, to put the new Constitution into effect on March 4, 1789.", "Delaware is known by this nickname due to the fact that on December 7, 1787, it became the first of the 13 original states to ratify the US Constitution. \"The First State\" became the official State nickname on May 23, 2002.", "Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century, Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans, including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south. It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael, near the present town of Lewes, in 1631. Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution. On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, thereby becoming known as The First State.", "Delaware declared its independence from Great Britain on June 15, 1776.  It thereby also became independent of Pennsylvania with which it had been connected since 1682.  It is known as the \"First State\" because on December 7, 1787, it became the first to ratify the U.S. Constitution.", "Delaware was the first state to ratify the United States Constitution in 1787. There is only one First State and Delaware is it.", "On this day in 1787, Delaware becomes the first state to ratify the Constitution, doing so by a unanimous vote.", "Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Delaware, December 7, 1787. Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution. Delaware's ratification message was short and to the point. The following text is taken from the Library of Congress's copy of Elliot's Debates.", "It took 10 months for the first nine states to approve the Constitution. The first state to ratify was Delaware, on December 7, 1787, by a unanimous vote, 30 - 0. The featured document is an endorsed ratification of the federal Constitution by the Delaware convention. The names of the state deputies are listed, probably in the hand of a clerk. The signature of the President of Delaware's convention, Thomas Collins, attests to the validity of the document, which also carries the state seal in its left margin. Delaware's speediness thwarted Pennsylvania's attempt to be first to ratify in the hope of securing the seat of the National Government in Pennsylvania.", "The Dates — 1704, the year that Delaware established its General Assembly; 1776, the year that our independence from Great Britain was declared; and 1787, the year that Delaware became \"the First State\" by being the first colony to ratify the United States Constitution.", "Original Manuscript Journal of the First Session of the Senate of the United States, viz; New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia  being the Eleven States that have respectively ratified the Constitution of Government for the United States proposed by the Convention held at Philadelphia on the 17th.  September 1787 - ", "Delaware became the 1st state in 1787. The Delaware quarter features Caesar Rodney on horseback (signer of the Declaration of Independence and president of Delaware during most of the American Revolution), and the state nickname: \"The First State\" ( public domain image on Wikipedia )", "In September 1787, the US Constitution was signed in Philadelphia and on December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania, one of the thirteen colonies, became the second state.", "On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey, as it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging and keeping tariffs on goods imported from Europe. On November 20, 1789, the state became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights.", "James Madison, known as the Father of the Constitution, set to work to get a document created that would still be flexible enough to ensure that states retained their rights yet created a strong enough national government to keep order among the states and meet threats from within and without. The 55 framers of the Constitution met in secret to debate the individual parts of the new Constitution. Many compromises occurred over the course of the debate including the Great Compromise . In the end, they had created a document that would need to be sent to the states for ratification. In order for the Constitution to become law, at least nine states would have to ratify the Constitution. The ninth state, New Hampshire, ratified it on June 21, 1788, and the new Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789. ", "During the summer of 1787, fifty-five men attended the constitutional convention in Philadelphia that drafted the Constitution of the United States. In less than a year after the convention finished, New Hampshire, on June 21, 1788, became the ninth state to have ratified the Constitution that was drafted. As a result, Congress declared the Constitution to be in force beginning March 4, 1789, because ratification by only nine of the thirteen states was required for the Constitution to be considered adopted by the ratifying states. The Constitution thus replaced the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union as the law of the land. Under the Articles, which had been in effect only since 1781, the American political system consisted of a loose confederation of largely independent states with a very weak central government. Under the Constitution, the Articles were replaced with a political system that consisted of a powerful central government with, ultimately, little state sovereignty.", "1788: Massachusetts became the 6th state of the Union, and ratified the Constitution of the United States.", "The \"good effect\" was soon evident. By June 21, 1788, New Hampshire, became the decisive ninth state to ratify. Delaware had led the way in making the United States Constitution the law of the land.", "In 1787, a convention of major political leaders (the Founding Fathers of the United States) drafted a new national Constitution in Philadelphia. After ratification by a supermajority of the states, the new Constitution went into effect in 1791 and enabled the establishment of the strong federal government that has governed the United States ever since. George Washington, the commanding general of American forces during the Revolutionary War, was elected as the first President of the United States under the new Constitution. By the turn of the 19th century, a national capital had been established in Washington, D.C. .", "1788 - The U.S. Constitution went into effect when New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify it.", "The answer is yes; Massachusetts enacted its state constitution in 1780. That means it was adopted seven years before the U.S. Constitution was written.", "* By custom, the first 13 states are recognized in the order of their ratification of the U.S. Constitution. They effectively formed the country together on 4 July 1776 with the signing of the Declaration of Independence.", "Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. Georgia was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. It is named after King George II, of Great Britain. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870. (wikipedia.org.  Accessed August 4, 2011.)", "1791 - State admitted to the Union after the ratification of the Constitution was Vermont on March 4, 1791.", "On March 4, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into effect as the first Federal Congress met in New York. (The lawmakers then adjourned for lack of a quorum.)", "The United States (U.S.) Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787 with 39 signatures before being distributed to the States for ratification.", "in U.S. history, the 1787 meeting in which the Constitution of the United States was drawn up. The Road to the Convention", "Completed and sent to the States in 1787, the Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789.", "8. When the Constitution was approved by the original colonies, how many states had to ratify it in order for it to be in effect? _________________________________________", "The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17 and went into effect on March 4 of 1789" ]

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[ "The youngest president was Teddy Roosevelt who became president at age 42 when McKinley (1843-1901) was assassinated. JFK was the youngest president elected at the age of 43.[10]", "Youngest President of the United States, being sworn in at age 42 years, 322 days. Second youngest was John F. Kennedy , who was sworn in at age 43 years, 236 days.", "THE OLDEST president inaugurated was Reagan (age 69); the youngest was Kennedy (age 43). Theodore Roosevelt, however, was the youngest man to become president——he was 42 when he succeeded McKinley, who had been assassinated.", "Barack Obama is sworn in as President by John Roberts, the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court; his wife Michelle is holding the Bible that was used at Abraham Lincoln's inauguration; their two children, Sasha and Malia, watch their father officially become the first African-American President of the United States. Also looking on is Dianne Feinstein, Senator from the state of California.", "President Barack Obama is sworn in during the public ceremony as first lady Michelle Obama and daughters Sasha Obama and Malia Obama look on during the presidential inauguration on the West Front of the U.S. Capitol January 21, 2013, in Washington.", "The first inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States took place on Tuesday, January 20, 2009. The inauguration, which set a record attendance for any event held in Washington, D.C., marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Barack Obama as President and Joe Biden as Vice President. Based on the combined attendance numbers, television viewership, and Internet traffic, it was among the most-observed events ever by the global audience.", "Obama and others paid homage to Lincoln in the form of tributes and references during several of the events, starting with a commemorative train tour from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Washington, D.C. on January 17, 2009. The inaugural events held in Washington from January 18 to 21, 2009, included concerts, a national day of community service on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, the swearing-in ceremony, luncheon and parade, inaugural balls, and the interfaith inaugural prayer service. The presidential oath as administered to Obama during his swearing-in ceremony on January 20 strayed slightly from the oath of office prescribed in the United States Constitution, which led to its re‑administration the next day.", "He announced his candidacy for the United States presidency in February 2007 and defeated Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primary before defeating John McCain in the presidential election in 2008. He was sworn in as the first African-American president on January 20, 2009. Obama then ran for re-election in 2012, defeating Mitt Romney . He was sworn in for his second term on January 21, 2013. [2]", "US President Barack Obama greets his daughter Malia as his wife Michelle(R) and duaghter Sasha(L) look on as he arrives to take the oath of office during the 57th Presidential Inauguration ceremonial swearing-in at the US Capitol on January 21, 2013 in Washington, DC. The oath is to be administered by Chief Justice John Roberts. Looking on at left hi Malia Obama. AFP PHOTO / Stan HONDA (Photo credit should read STAN HONDA/AFP/Getty Images)", "President Barack Obama delivers his inaugural address after being sworn in by Chief Justice John Roberts as the 44th president of the United States as the 44th President of the United States of America at the Capitol January 20, 2009 in Washington, DC. (Jim Bourg-Pool/Getty Images) #", "The inauguration of Barack Obama as the forty-fourth President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. The theme of the inauguration was \"A New Birth of Freedom,\" commemorating the 200th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln.[131]", "President Barack Obama's years of public service are based around his unwavering belief in the ability to unite people around a politics of purpose. Born in Hawaii, the son of a Kenyan father and a white Midwestern mother, Obama wrote about his difficult upbringing in his bestselling book Dreams Of My Father. He went on to attend Harvard Law School where he edited the prestigious Harvard Law Review. Working for a Chicago law firm he met his future wife Michelle Robinson. He later became an Illinois State Senator before being elected to the United States Senate. On the 45th anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have A Dream” speech, Sen. Obama accepted the Democratic nomination for president. He was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4, 2008, and sworn in on January 20, 2009, becoming the first African-American President in U.S. history. Now serving his second term, Obama has been working to reform gun laws and became the first President to openly support same sex marriage.  He and Michelle have two daughters, Malia and Sasha.", "With his wife, Michelle, holding the Bible, Mr. Obama, the 47-year-old son of a white mother from Kansas and a black father from Africa, was sworn in by Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr.a few minutes after noon, a little later than planned, and spoke immediately afterward.", "The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq. He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee into the U.S. or to other countries. Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records. He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of President Ronald Reagan's Mexico City Policy prohibiting federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. ", "*Mary Robinson was the youngest president to take office when she was inaugurated, aged 46, and she was the youngest to leave office, aged 53. Her successor Mary McAleese, also 46 when inaugurated, was 58 days younger than Robinson, becoming the youngest president.", "Obama's swearing in capped a remarkable, two-year personal journey that catapulted the 47-year-old Illinois politician â the son of a black Kenyan father and white mother from Kansas â out of the junior ranks of the U.S. Senate and into the Oval Office.", "The inauguration of the president of the United States is a ceremonial event marking the commencement of a new four-year term of a president of the United States. The day a presidential inauguration occurs is known as \"Inauguration Day\" and occurs on January 20 (or 21st if the 20th is a Sunday). Prior to the Twentieth Amendment, the date was March 4, the day of the year on which the Constitution of the United States first took effect in 1789; the last inauguration to take place on the older date was Franklin D. Roosevelt's first one on March 4, 1933. The most recent public presidential inauguration ceremony, the swearing in of President Barack Obama to begin his second four-year term in office, took place on Monday, January 21, 2013.", "He won election to the U.S. Senate with 70% of the vote. On February 20, 2007 he announced his candidacy for President and clinched the Democratic nomination on June 3, 2008, after a tense primary battle with Hillary Clinton . Obama is married to Michelle née Robinson , with whom he has two daughters.", "Clinton was sworn in as president on January 20, 1993. At 46 years of age, he was the youngest president since john f. kennedy. Entering office at a time of economic recession, he immediately set to work on domestic agenda calling for economic stimulus, long-term public investments, and a deficit-reduction plan. Key aspects of this plan involved health care reform, reduction of tariffs, tax increases for the wealthy, tax cuts for the poor, spending increases for job training, and programs to increase the efficiency of the federal government.", "Own a piece of American history as Barack H. Obama takes the Oath of Office, January 21, 2013, on the steps of The United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. to become The 44th President of the United States of America. Celebrate this historic Inauguration with one of our fine collectibles that will serve as proud memories for years to come.", "Before his inauguration as the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama wrote a letter to his daughters for Parade Magazine. This letter was intended for his daughters and every other child in America.", "In 2008, Barack Obama was elected President of the United States and sworn in the following year, making him the first black man to do so.", "By definition, the inauguration marked the formal culmination of the presidential transition of Barack Obama that began when he won the United States presidential election on November 4, 2008 and became the President-elect. In accordance with Article I, Section 6 of the United States Constitution, Obama resigned from the United States Senate effective November 16, 2008. He was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 15, 2008. The results were certified by a joint session of Congress on January 8, 2009. ", "Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008. His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video \"Yes We Can\", which was viewed 10 million times on YouTube in its first month and received a Daytime Emmy Award. In December 2008 and in 2012, Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year. The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which Time described as \"the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments\". On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the UK Parliament in Westminster Hall, London. This was only the 5th occurrence since the start of the 20th century, of a head of state being extended this invitation, following Charles de Gaulle in 1960, Nelson Mandela in 1996, Queen Elizabeth II in 2002 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2010. ", "44.  Barack Obama:  Born to a father from Kenya and a mother from Kansas, Obama worked his way through college, aided also by student loans and scholarships.  He attended Occidental College and Columbia University, and went on to attend law school and became the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review.  He later taught law at the University of Chicago.  Obama became President of the United States on November 4, 2008.  He does not like ice cream as a result of working at an ice cream shop as a teenager.  Collects Spiderman and Conan the Barbarian comic books.", "WASHINGTON, DC - APRIL 07: U.S. President Barack Obama walks with his daughter Malia toward Marine One while departing the White House April 7, 2016 in Washington, DC. President Obama was scheduled to speak at the University of Chicago Law School, where he was expected to urge senate Republicans to hold hearings on his Supreme Court nominee, Merrick Garland. (Photo by Mark Wilson/Getty Images)", "Although Robert Gibbs, White House press secretary, indicated at first that President Obama did not plan to retake the oath, Chief Justice Roberts agreed to re-administer the oath at the request of White House counsel Greg Craig. The second oath ceremony took place on the evening of January 21, 2009 in the Map Room of the White House before a small audience of presidential aides, reporters and a White House photographer. Craig said that the White House ultimately decided to re-administer the oath out of an abundance of caution. Craig added that \"the oath of office was administered effectively and ... the President was sworn in appropriately ... But the oath appears in the Constitution itself.\" No Bible was present during the retake of the inauguration.", "Buy this book! Ward Room blogger Edward McClelland's book, Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President , is available Amazon. Young Mr. Obama includes reporting on President Obama's earliest days in the Windy City, covering how a presumptuous young man transformed himself into presidential material. Buy it now !", "U.S. President-elect Senator Barack Obama (D-IL) embraces his daughters Sasha (C) and Malia (R) during his election night rally in Chicago November 4, 2008. REUTERS/Jason Reed (UNITED STATES)", "President elect Barack Obama stands on stage along with his wife Michelle and daughters Malia (2nd R) and Sasha during an election night gathering in Grant Park, Nov. 4, 2008, in Chicago.", "Although Obama was confirmed as president-elect by Congress on January 8, 2009, and sworn in as President on January 20, litigation continued into his presidency. Numerous individuals and groups have filed state or federal lawsuits seeking to have Obama disqualified from standing or being confirmed for the Presidency, or to compel him to release additional documentation relating to his citizenship. By mid-December 2008, at least 17 lawsuits had been filed challenging Obama's eligibility in states including North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Hawaii, Connecticut, New Jersey, Texas and Washington. No such suit has resulted in the grant of any relief to the plaintiffs by any court; all of the cases have been rejected in lower courts. Three post-election suits were dismissed by the Supreme Court of the United States. ", "Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review. He worked as a community organizer, and practiced as a civil rights attorney in Chicago before serving three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. He also taught Constitutional Law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, Obama was elected to the Senate in November 2004. Obama delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004." ]

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[ "The largest city in Canada by population is Toronto, home to 2,615,060 people at the time of the 2011 census, and an estimated 2.8 million in 2016. The wider Toronto metropolitan area is over twice as populous, containing around 6 million people in total.", "The largest city in Canada is Toronto. It is the capital of the Canadian province called Ontario . Toronto has the highest population in Canada . The total area of Toronto is 630 square kilometers. Toronto is situated in southern Ontario, on Lake Ontario�s northwestern shore. It ranks fifth amongst the most populous municipalities in North America. Toronto is actually in the heart of the area called Greater Toronto and also belongs to an area in southern Ontario called Golden Horseshoe. The Golden Horseshoe area contains 25% of Canada�s total population. Toronto has a continental climate with humid, warm summers, and chilled winters.", "Canada’s population is over 30 million with the vast majority (77%) living in cities and towns. The largest cities in Canada are: Toronto (4.44 million), Montréal (3.33 million), Vancouver (1.89 million), Ottawa-Hull, the National Capital Region (1.03 million).", "Toronto - As the largest city in Canada, Toronto is economic and cultural capital of Canada (particularly Anglophone Canada). Toronto prides itself on its diversity and is famous for landmarks like the CN Tower. But Toronto is also a very eclectic city, home to endless neighbourhoods that offer quality shopping, cuisine, and cultural amenities. The city is also home to the third largest live theatre scene in the world (after New York and London).", "Toronto is Canada's largest city, the fourth largest in North America, and home to a diverse population of about 2.8 million people. It's a global centre for business, finance, arts and culture and is consistently ranked one of the world's most livable cities.", "Already the largest city in Canada, Toronto's new population estimate is 2.79 million — beating Chicago's 2.7 million people. The numbers are based on the cities proper and do not include the surrounding metropolitan areas.", "Canada's second largest city is Montreal in Quebec, where 1,649,519 people live, followed in third place by Calgary in Alberta with 1,096,833. Calgary is growing at almost twice the Canadian average, so if current trends continue it will no doubt overtake Montreal in the future. Ottawa is Canada's fourth largest city – 883,391 people live in the capital city.", "On the shores of Lake Ontario, Toronto is Canada’s largest city, the fourth largest in North America. It’s the capital of Ontario, a sprawling province with the highest total number of aboriginal people in the country—more than 300,000.", "Sitting on the shores of Lake Ontario just across the water from New York State, Toronto is well-known as the Canadian city with the largest population. According to the City of Toronto website, the city has a population of over nearly 2.8 million people, with 5.5 million total in the Greater Toronto Area (compare this with roughly 1.6 million in Montreal, 1.1 million in Calgary, and eight-hundred and eighty-three thousand in the City of Ottawa).", "The capital of Ontario is Toronto, the largest city in Canada. Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is located in Ontario as well. The 2011 Census counted 12,851,821 residents in Ontario, which accounted for 38.5% of the national population.", "Montreal [1] ( French : Montréal) is the metropolis of the province of Quebec. Quebec City is the political capital but Montreal is the cultural and economic capital of Quebec and the main entry point to the province. The second largest city in Canada , it is a city rich in culture and history and a well-deserved reputation as one of the liveliest cities in North America. Montreal is the second-largest French-speaking (as a mother language) city in the world, behind Paris . The population of Montreal is about 1.9 million, with 4 million in the metro area. Montreal is sometimes referred to as The Paris of Canada.", "Toronto, Canada's largest city, is clean, hip and very diverse. It hugs the shore of Lake Ontario, providing a scenic backdrop to the modern downtown area. The soaring CN Tower is an eye-catching landmark and you’ll surely want to take the glass elevator to the top of this 1,640-foot tall wonder for a spectacular view of the city and lake. The most populous city of Canada has a bold mix of culture, architectural diversity and nightlife. It hums with the excitement of a modern cosmopolitan center, yet its history dates to the late 1700s. Head downtown to explore the financial district’s modern architecture. While there, do not miss the PATH, a unique underground shopping area consisting of more than 1,200 businesses.", "Toronto (,) is the most populous city in Canada, the provincial capital of Ontario, and the centre of the Greater Toronto Area, the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. In the 2011 census, Toronto had a population of 2,615,060, making it the fifth largest city in North America. A population estimate from a city report released in 2013 shows the city is now the fourth most populous city in North America, after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and is widely recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world. ", "The capital of Canada, Ottawa, is found in Ontario and is home to the parliament and many other political buildings. The capital of Ontario is Toronto, which is the largest city in both Ontario and Canada, with over 5 million people in the metro area. The city’s population is among the largest in North America.", "Statistics Canada defines a census metropolitan area (CMA) as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the metropolitan area must have a population of at least 100,000, at least half within the urban core. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuter flows derived from census data. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. ", "Although moving up, the \"centre of the universe\" is still a far cry from Mexico City (the largest in North America) and its massive population of 8,851,080. Montreal is the only other Canadian city to crack the top ten.", "Megacity is a general term for metropolitan areas that usually have a total population in excess of ten million people. In Canada, \"megacity\" can also refer informally to the results of merging a central city with its suburbs to form one large municipality. A Canadian \"megacity\", however, is not necessarily an entirely urbanized area, since many of its named \"cities\" have both rural and urban portions. Also, 10 million inhabitants is an unreasonably high number for Canada. Moreover, Canadian \"megacities\" do not constitute large metropolitan areas in a global sense. For example, Toronto has a metropolitan population of about five million people, but is part of a much larger metropolitan region called the Golden Horseshoe, which has about eight million people.", "(mŏn'trēôl`), Fr. Montréal (môNrāäl`), city (1991 pop. 1,017,666), S Que., Canada, on Montreal island, surrounded by St. Lawrence River and Rivière des Prairies. Montreal is the second largest metropolitan area in Canada, after Toronto, and is a cultural, commercial, financial, and industrial center. It is one of the largest French-speaking cities in the world, though most of its inhabitants also speak English.", "Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Its varied cultural institutions, which include numerous museums and galleries, festivals and public events, entertainment districts, national historic sites, and sports activities, are key attractions to the over 25 million tourists that visit the city each year. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the CN Tower. As Canada's commercial capital, the city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks, and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations. Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology, design, financial services, life sciences, education, arts, fashion, business services, environmental innovation, food services, and tourism.[http://www.toronto.ca/ City of Toronto] (2007) – [http://www.toronto.ca/invest-in-toronto/tor_overview.htm Toronto economic overview], [http://www.toronto.ca/invest-in-toronto/clusteroverview.htm Key industry clusters]. Retrieved March 1, 2015. ", "Toronto, city, capital of the province of Ontario , southeastern Canada . It has the most populous metropolitan area in Canada and, as the most important city in Canada’s most prosperous province, is the country’s financial and commercial centre. Its location on the northern shore of Lake Ontario , which forms part of the border between Canada and the United States , and its access to Atlantic shipping via the St. Lawrence Seaway and to major U.S. industrial centres via the Great Lakes has enabled Toronto to become an important international trading centre. Since the second half of the 20th century the city has grown phenomenally, from a rather sedate provincial town—“Toronto the Good”—to a lively, thriving, cosmopolitan metropolitan area. In 1998 Toronto amalgamated with East York , Etobicoke , North York , Scarborough , and York to form the City of Toronto. Area city, 244 square miles (632 square km); metropolitan area, 2,266 square miles (5,868 square km). Pop. (2006) city, 2,503,281; metropolitan area, 5,113,149.", "Located in northern Canada, the territory borders Canada’s two other territories, Yukon to the west and Nunavut to the east, and three provinces: British Columbia to the southwest, Alberta and Saskatchewan to the south. It has a land area of 1,140,835 square kilometres (440,000 sq mi) and a population of 41,464 as of the 2006 census, an increase of 11.0% from 2001 In 1967 Yellowknife became the capital as a result of recommendations by the Carrothers Commission.", "Edmonton, the capital city of Alberta, is located near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada's crude oil and also oil sands (Athabasca Oil Sands) and other northern resource industries. Approximately 290 km (180 mi) south of the capital is Calgary, Alberta's largest city. Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta's two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding one million, while the province has agglomerations. Notable tourist destinations in the province include Banff, Canmore, Drumheller, Jasper and Sylvan Lake.", "Victoria is the capital city of British Columbia, Canada and is located on the southern region of Vancouver Island off Canada's Pacific coast. The city has a population of about 80,017 within the metropolitan area of Greater Victoria, which has a population of 344,615, making it the 15th most populous Canadian urban region.", "A few large urban areas, including Ontario's capital city (Toronto), are located on the Canadian shoreline.", "Edmonton AB, the most northerly city on this list, had a 2006 population of 730,000 and comes in as number two and 8th overall. The Hudson’s Bay Company had trading posts in the Edmonton area in the late 1700s. The city was incorporated in 1904 and became the capital of Alberta in 1906. In 1947, oil was discovered near the city and now the economy is focused on energy and government.", "The Hub City: the city of Moncton, New Brunswick, the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and the city of Nanaimo, British Columbia", "10. What is the name of the large Canadian city that is on the shores of Lake Ontario? _______________________________", "Capital of Manitoba , Canada , and the largest city in the province, located in southern Manitoba.", "This vibrant hospitable city of 13,000 boasts a wide array of accommodations, conference and meeting facilities and recreational amenities. Attractions include the national award-winning Island of Lights, Fort la Reine Museum, Splash Island and Island Park. Fort la Reine Museum and Pioneer Village depicts life in the 1800s. Includes a replica of the original fort built in 1738 by the French-Canadian explorer Pierre Gaultier de la Vérendrye, a railway caboose, 1882 official superintendent car of William Van Horne, builder of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. Canada's only Allis Chalmers Museum houses unique farm equipment.", "Just over 30 cities and their surrounding urban areas account for about two-thirds of Canada's population. As of Canada's census from 2011, the country is comprised of 33 Census Metropolitan Areas and 114 census agglomerations. Breaking these numbers down even further, there were a total of 1,137 municipalities throughout the country that were classified as cities, towns or villes, according to the census data.", "city (1991 pop. 46,466), provincial capital, S central N.B., Canada, on the St. John River. It is a commercial, administrative, and academic center with some light manufactures.", "There are many cities in Canada, all of which are distinctive, welcoming to tourists, and well worth visiting. Just NINE of these are:" ]

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[ "One of the original projects sponsored by Earth Island Institute is the International Marine Mammal Project (IMMP), dedicated to making the oceans safe for whales, dolphins, seals, sea otters, and all marine mammals, as well as the marine ecosystems on which they depend. IMMP is leading the global effort to stop the slaughter of dolphins, to end commercial whaling, to end the use of drift nets and other destructive fishing practices, and to protect key whale and dolphin habitats. IMMP led the successful return of the orca whale Keiko (star of the hit film \"Free Willy\") to his native habitat in Iceland.", "Keira Christina Knightley ( born 26 March 1985) is an English actress.[4] She began acting as a child on television and made her film debut in 1995. She had a supporting role as Sabé in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999) and her first significant role came in the psychological horror film The Hole (2001). She gained widespread recognition in 2002 after co-starring in the film Bend It Like Beckham and achieved international fame in 2003 after appearing as Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series.", "A tremendous amount of money and public support was raised around the efforts to rehabilitate and release Keiko, the star of the movie Free Willy. This would not have been possible if people believed that aquariums were the right place for orcas.", "Theresa Demarest’s film Keiko, the Untold Story of the Star of Free Willy documents the great effort, commitment and perseverance from several organizations, most notably Earth Island and the Humane Society, to strike a deal with the Mexican amusement park that owned Keiko to donate the whale to the Foundation. Donations came from WB, New Regency, The McCaw Foundation and the public and UPS to fly Keiko to his new rehab facility in Oregon and eventually Keiko was flown home to Iceland in a U.S. Air Force carrier! Life imitating art, indeed.", "Twenty years ago, Warner Bros. released the family film, Free Willy and millions of children and adults fell in love with Keiko, the orca whale starring in the movie. Children were mesmerized by the relationship of a troubled 12-year-old boy and the 2000-pound captive whale that needed his help to return to the ocean to join his family. Little did we know… but life was about to imitate art.", "Keira Christina Knightley;[1] born 26 March 1985) is an English[2] actress and model. She began acting as a child and came to international prominence in 2002 after co-starring in the films Bend It Like Beckham and Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl.", "Keira Christina Knightley (born 26 March 1985) is an English actress and model. She began acting as a child on television and made her film debut in 1995. Knightley had a supporting role as Sabé in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999) and her first significant role came in The Hole (2001). She gained widespread recognition in 2002 after co-starring in the film Bend It Like Beckham and achieved international fame from 2003 as a result of her appearances in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series (2003--07). In 2008, Forbes claimed Knightley to be the second highest-paid actress in Hollywood, having reportedly earned $32 million in 2007, making her the only non-American on the list of highest-paid actresses.", "The killer whale or orca is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family, of which it is the largest member.", "Free Willy Makes A Splash For 20 Year Anniversary / Story Of Keiko The Killer Whale And His Ties To Michael Jackson", "The orca is beloved by many. Many Americans, in particular, came of age watching the \"Free Willy\" films and attending the popular Shamu Shows at SeaWorld. Killer whales have long been the subject of fascination. In recent years, however, they have also become the subject of much debate, as news reports and critically acclaimed documentaries examine the potentially averse effects of captivity on these majestic animals.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is a 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film based on the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at Disney theme parks. It was directed by Gore Verbinski and produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer. The story follows pirate Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) and blacksmith Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) as they rescue the kidnapped Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) from the cursed crew of the Black Pearl, captained by Hector Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush), who become undead skeletons at night.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is a 2003 American adventure fantasy film, based on the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at the  Disney theme parks . It was directed by Gore Verbinski and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer . The story follows blacksmith Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and pirate Captain Jack Sparrow  ( Johnny Depp ) as they rescue the kidnapped Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) from the cursed crew of the Black Pearl , captained by Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ).", "In 1997, just off the Farallon Islands, a group of whale watchers watch an Orca prey upon a great white shark. Wild: The Whale That Ate Jaws : http.", "Yesterday afternoon, experienced whale trainer, 40-year-old Dawn Brancheau, was attacked and killed by 30-year-old male orca, Tilikum (also spelled as “Tillikum”), during the afternoon show at SeaWorld, in Orlando, Florida. The 12,300 pound male orca, Orcinus orca, apparently grabbed his trainer and thrashed her to death in front of the horrified audience, including patrons of the popular “Dine with Shamu” show. This animal has killed two other humans during his lifetime.", "Shamu is the name used for several SeaWorld orca (killer whale) shows and is the stage name given to the \"star\" of those shows, beginning with the original Shamu in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The orca Shamu died in 1971, but the name Shamu was trademarked by SeaWorld (as well as the names \"Namu\" and \"Ramu\") and has been given to different orcas at different times when performing in Shamu shows.", "Dolphin Tale, directed by Charles Martin Smith, starring Nathan Gamble, Ashley Judd, Harry Connick Jr., Morgan Freeman, Cozi Zuehlsdorff and Kris Kristofferson, is based on the real-life story of the dolphin Winter, who was rescued from a crab trap in December 2005 and lost her tail, but has learned to swim with a prosthetic one. Dolphin Tale 2, a sequel to the 2011 film, featured another dolphin named Hope and an appearance by Bethany Hamilton. The sequel was released on September 12, 2014. ", "Keira was the fourth most popular name search on the Internet Movie Database in 2004. Considering the database has 51,000 names and 20 million users, that's quite a feat. Interestingly, three of the Top 4 are all cast members of Pirates of the Caribbean - I'm sure that will be music to Jerry Bruckheimer's ears, and Disney's too.", "This article was first published on July 15 2013. In March 2016, it was reported that captive killer whale Tilikum, the subject of Gabriela Cowperthwaite's 2013 documentary Blackfish, was dying after contracting a bacterial lung infection. Cowperthwaite described his story as \"profoundly tragic in every way\".", "In Hollywood, Curtis has played a range of different roles and ethnicities in films. He plays a Colombian in Blow , an Arab in Three Kings and The Insider , a Latino in Training Day and Runaway Jury , and a drug dealer of ambiguous ethnicity in Bringing Out the Dead . However, he is probably best known for his role as Paikea's father Porourangi, in Whale Rider .", "* Jada Pinkett Smith (Gloria the Hippo from Madagascar and its sequel, and Toki from Princess Mononoke)", "She landed the lead role in the 2009 film Half-Life and played the role Pamela Wu. The film premiered in the 2008 Sundance Film Festival and went on to win the Gen Art Acura Grand Jury Prize 2008, the Asian American International Film Festival Best Feature Film Award, the San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival Best Narrative Feature Award, and the Visionary Award at Calgary's Fairy Tales International. It was also nominated for the Tokyo Grand Prix at the Tokyo International Film Festival. Sanoe Lake surfing Padang Padang 2009", "* Assault On the Pacific - Kamikaze (2007), directed by Taku Shinjo. Original title : \"俺は、君のためにこそ死ににいく\" \"Ore wa, Kimi no Tame ni Koso Shini ni Iku\"", "A series of massive tidal waves decimate the entire East Coast, leading a renegade expert on man made ecological disasters and weapons of mass destruction to suspect that a force far more human than Mother Nature is at work in this terrifying mini-series starring Angus Macfayden, Tom Skerritt, and Karin Vanasse. The first wave hit the East Coast without warning, with subsequent tsunamis following in quick succession. Before long towns all along the coast have been destroyed, and scientists are at a loss to explain just where these gigantic waves originated. When top scientists fail to find a conventional explanation for the waves, renegade ecological expert John McAdams (Macfayden) is called upon to offer a hypothesis. Upon consulting with Oceanographic Institute genius Sophie Marleau (Vanasse), McAdams begins to suspect that the waves are man made disasters specifically designed to keep the population in check. After McAdams makes his suspicions public, another scientist attempts to uncover who is behind the conspiracy and is promptly murdered - leaving McAdams as the prime suspect in the killing. Later, McAdams discovers the true identity of the terrorist whose sub-aquatic nuclear missiles are holding an entire country in fear. But as the earth begins to quake and the seas begin to swell once again, it may already be too late to stop the latest attack.", "On February 24 2010, news channels across the world reported that  Dawn Brancheau, an experienced trainer of killer whales at SeaWorld Orlando, had been found dead in the pool . A huge male orca, Tilikum, had leapt out of the water as Brancheau had been talking about the creature to a group of visitors, grabbed her with its jaws and dragged her under the water, where she drowned.", "Unna’s  father is Tilikum (the infamous orca who killed trainer Dawn Brancheua and two other people) and her mother is Katina. She was born on December 27, 1996 at SeaWorld Orlando. She passed away a few days before her 19th birthday on December 21, 2015.", "In early 2006, Latifah appeared in a romantic comedy/drama entitled Last Holiday. Film critic Richard Roeper stated that \"this is the Queen Latifah performance I've been waiting for ever since she broke into movies\". Also in 2006, Latifah voiced Ellie, a friendly mammoth, in the animated film, Ice Age: The Meltdown (her first voice appearance in an animated film), and also appeared in the drama Stranger Than Fiction.", "Witi Ihimaera also wrote The Whale Rider - a book that was turned into an internationally successful film in 2002. Interestingly it was watching The Whale Rider that inspired Rotberg to move to New Zealand and make the country her home.", "Castle-Hughes is the youngest person ever nominated for a 'best leading actress' Oscar. She received the nomination for her role as Paikea - a young Maori girl who challenges tribal culture - in Whale Rider (2002). Directed by Niki Caro, the film was set in a remote East Coast (North Island) village.", "Undeterred, Renny decided to film the big-budget Cutthroat Island (1995), starring Geena as pirate leader Morgan, which also flopped. Geena has since starred in the thriller The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996) and played Eleanor Little in Stuart Little (1999) and Stuart Little 2 (2002). In 2008, after being missed from the big screen for some years, she ventured to Sydney, Australia, playing the foul-mouthed mother of Harry Cook and Harrison Gilbertson to shoot the dark comedy Accidents Happen (2009).", "Goldberg�s recent film appearances include The Deep End of the Ocean (1999), starring Michelle Pfeiffer, and Girl, Interrupted (1999), costarring Winona Ryder and Angelina Jolie (who won a Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her role).", "February 21, 1991: A part-time marine mammal trainer fell into the orca tank at Sealand of the Pacific in British Columbia, Canada. At that time trainers were not allowed in the water with the whales. The three whales grabbed, thrashed, and submerged 20-year-old female trainer Keltie Byrene until she was dead. All three killer whales involved in the incident were purchased by Sea World and Tilikum was moved to Sea World in Orlando, Florida in 1992.", "Fox International Productions and Fuji TV released a Japanese-language remake of the film in October 2009, often referred to in English as Saidoweizu (the anglicization of its Japanese title). The film is directed by Cellin Gluck and stars Katsuhisa Namase, Fumiyo Kohinata, Kyōka Suzuki, and Rinko Kikuchi, and has a soundtrack composed and performed by Hawaiian-born ukulele virtuoso Jake Shimabukuro." ]

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[ "$200: Named for the gynecologist who invented them, what exercises for the pelvic muscles were originally developed to combat incontinence?", "Exercising the muscles of the pelvis such as with Kegel exercises are a first line treatment for women with stress incontinence. Efforts to increase the time between urination, known as bladder training, is recommended in those with urge incontinence. Both these may be used in those with mixed incontinence.", "Pelvic floor exercise (PFE), also known as Kegel exercises, may improve the tone and function of the pelvic floor muscles, which is of particular benefit for women (and less commonly men) who experience stress urinary incontinence. However, compliance with PFE programs often is poor, PFE generally is ineffective for urinary incontinence unless performed with biofeedback and trained supervision, and in severe cases it may have no benefit. Pelvic floor muscle tone may be estimated using a perineometer, which measures the pressure within the vagina. Medication may also be used to improve continence. In severe cases, surgery may be used to repair or even to reconstruct the pelvic floor.", "Biofeedback uses measuring devices to help the patient become aware of his or her body's functioning. By using electronic devices or diaries to track when the bladder and urethral muscles contract, the patient can gain control over these muscles. Biofeedback can be used with pelvic muscle exercises and electrical stimulation to relieve stress and urge incontinence.", "Each exercise consists of squeezing and then relaxing your pelvic floor muscles. Squeeze the muscles for three seconds and then relax the muscles for three seconds. It is common for most people not to take the time to relax between squeezes. You must allow the muscles to relax between squeezes so that your muscles can rest before squeezing again.", "* Stress incontinence, also known as effort incontinence, is due essentially to insufficient strength of the pelvic floor muscles to prevent the passage of urine, especially during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or bearing down.", "Ms. Roxburgh explains “That pit in the base of your stomach is your pelvic floor in permanent clutch.” She is describing a unique aspect of pelvic floor physiology: The pelvic floor muscles are under autonomic AND voluntary control. They always have some tone, or ‘permanent’ tone, which keep us from leaking urine or stool. Similar to breathing, this happens without us thinking about it but we can choose to override its normal function if we want to. For example, we can do a Kegel or bear down, just like we can hold our breath or purposely breathe at a rapid rate. The pelvic floor muscles are responsible for urinary, bowel, and sexual functioning. They are involved in and affected by childbirth, age-related and hormonal changes. Generally speaking, these muscles can become too tight, or they can become over-lengthened or weak. Improving your awareness about these muscles and how they work can be very beneficial.", "The reason for daily exercise is twofold. First, exercise increases the strength of your pelvic floor muscles, so that they will be strong enough to prevent urine leakage. Second, through repeated practice you gain control over these muscles. Then you can use them quickly to prevent urine loss or to decrease the urge feeling. These exercises are the mainstay of your program.", "Surgery may be used to help stress or overflow incontinence. Common surgical techniques for stress incontinence include slings, tension-free vaginal tape, and bladder suspension among others. Urodynamic testing seems to confirm that surgical restoration of vault prolapse can cure motor urge incontinence. In those with problems following prostate surgery there is little evidence regarding the use of surgery. ", "In the early 1870s, Simon performed the first blind ureteral catheterization to obtain separate urines. He dilated the female urethra, and then inserted his index finger into the bladder to guide a catheter up the ureter. Incontinence following this procedure prevented its general acceptance.", "Dr. Giorgio Fischer, a gynecologist from Italy invented the original form of liposuction. French physicians Illouz, a gynecologist, and Fournier further developed liposuction around 1978. By 1980, liposuction was extremely popular in the United States but was confronting negative publicity due to patients experiencing excessive bleeding and undesirable rippling of the skin after surgery. In 1985, Dr. Klein invented the tumescent technique for liposuction, revolutionizing liposuction surgery. His \"Tumescent Technique\" allowed patients to have liposuction performed totally by local anesthesia using much smaller cannulas. Patients could now have liposuction surgery without the fear of excessive bleeding and undesirable skin depressions. Other techniques developed, such as the dry and wet techniques, the ultrasonic technique, and laser lipolysis to make the procedure as simple, fast and risk-free as", "The urogenital diaphragm aka urogenital triangle are the most superficial muscles of the pelvic floor, comprised of the bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, transverse perineum and external anal sphincter. These are the most important muscles during arousal and orgasm.", "Re: Botox injections — the botox injection helped a lot with the pelvic floor muscles (pelvic floor myalgia)", "Ernst Gräfenberg (September 26, 1881 in Adelebsen near Göttingen, Germany – 28 October 1957 in New York City, United States) was a German-born physician (medical doctor) and scientist. He is known for developing the intrauterine device (IUD), and for his studies of the role of the woman's urethra in orgasm. The G-Spot is named after him.", "Patients with incontinence should be referred to a medical practitioner specializing in this field. Urologists specialize in the urinary tract, and some urologists further specialize in the female urinary tract. A urogynecologist is a gynecologist who has special training in urological problems in women. Family physicians and internists see patients for all kinds of complaints, and are well trained to diagnose and treat this common problem. These primary care specialists can refer patients to urology specialists if needed.", "Botulinum toxin is currently being studied for the management of patients with lower urinary tract dysfunctions such as detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and detrusor overactivity.  Botulinum toxin is injected into the external urethral sphincter to treat detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, while intra-detrusal injections of botulinum toxin is employed in treating detrusor overactivity and symptoms of the overactive bladder (OAB).  In a single treatment, randomized, placebo-controlled study (n = 59), Schurch et al, (2005) found that intramuscular injections of Botox into the detrusor can provide rapid, well-tolerated, clinically significant decreases in the signs and symptoms of urinary incontinence caused by neurogenic detrusor overactivity during a 24-week study period.  These researchers noted that Botox is a potential candidate for the management of neurogenic urinary incontinence.", "Last week, Gwyneth Paltrow’s popular newsletter featured an article on pelvic floor muscles, which prompted numerous emails and tweets in my direction. Apparently this is a topic that makes my friends and colleagues think of me. While pondering why everyone, except for me,  seems to be reading Goop,  I took a look. I am glad to see the pelvic floor muscles are getting increasing amounts of attention but I’m going to take this opportunity to expand on a great conversation started by the authors.", "Re: Pelvic floor exercise — There's 2 good books about this on Amazon now - \"Heal Pelvic Pain\" & \"Pelvic Power,\" if you're interested", "Decreased risk of pelvic floor injury and urinary inconsistency but abdominal muscles takes much longer to recover", "Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland (1762-1836), in his book Enchiridion medicum, gives a detailed description of three different forms of urinary incontinence and the respective therapy (Fig. 83).", "The perineal body is essential for the integrity of the pelvic floor, particularly in females. Its rupture during vaginal birth leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of levator ani muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the woman to prolapse of the uterus, rectum, or even the urinary bladder.", "levator ani muscle  a name applied collectively to important muscular components of the pelvic diaphragm, arising mainly from the back of the body of pubis and running backward toward the coccyx, including the pubococcygeus (levator muscle of prostate in male and pubovaginal in female), puborectal, and iliococcygeus muscles.", "The ileum was first used clinically to replace a portion of the ureter by Schoemaker in 1909. It was not until 1932 that Rudolf Nissen (1896-1981) performed the second such operation, replacing the extensively strictured lower half of the ureter with a length of isolated ileum (Fig. 190).", "When PN was first described in 1988, it was viewed as a compression entrapment syndrome, similar to carpal tunnel syndrome. The treatment protocol consisted of three corticosteroid nerve blocks, medications, relaxation therapy and then surgical decompression. Pelvic floor physical therapy was not an option or part of the treatment protocol.", "Fitness balls have been used originally in physical therapy and rehabilitation. But today, it is being used around the globe as a tool in aerobic exercise, even in athletic training, and weight training. It was developed in 1963 by an Italian plastics manufacturer named Aquilino Cosani who was able to perfect the process for molding large puncture-resistant plastic balls. These plastic balls were first used in Switzerland for infant and newborn treatment programs by British physiotherapist Mary Quinton. Later in Basel, Switzerland, Physical Therapy School Director Dr. Susanne Klein-Vogelbach integrated the use of ball exercises as a form of physical therapy for neuro-developmental treatment. Dr. Klein-Vogelbach also advocated the use of ball exercises as treatment for adults with medical or orthopedic problems.", "Lindblom B, Norstrom A. The smooth-muscle architecture of the human fallopian tube. Siegler AM, ed. The Fallopian Tube: Basic Studies and Clinical Contributions. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Company; 1986. 13-20.", "Brueseke and Lane (2012) noted that botulinum toxin is used to treat pelvic floor tension myalgia; however, its safety profile is poorly understood.  These researchers reported an ischio-rectal fossa abscess after pelvic floor injections of botulinum toxin.  The authors concluded that physicians need to be aware of this possible complication, consider alternate injection techniques and antiseptic preparation before injection.", "Nikolai I. Pirogov (1810-1881) was the founder of battlefield urology (Fig. 98). He opposed the introduction of instruments into the urethra just after an acute injury and stipulated bypassing the urethra, a method of treatment that is still in use today. Pirogov was the first in Europe to employ ether anesthesia, also being the first to practice rectal etherization.", "Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels.", "Messineo A, Codrich D, Monai M, et al. The treatment of internal anal sphincter achalasia with botulinum toxin. Pediatr Surg Int. 2001;17(7):521-523.", "Theodor Burghele (1905-1977), one of the third generations of professors of urology, was the founder of modern urology in Romania (Fig. 198). He directed animal trials for electrical stimulation of spinal nerve roots in neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract following spinal cord injury (1957). In 1968, Th. Burghele and V. Ichim performed direct electrical stimulation of individual sacral nerve roots in patients with neuropathic voiding disorders. His book, Erreurs, Fautes et Risques en Urologie, is exemplary for means of avoiding errors in diagnostics and therapy by learning from his own and other people's mishandled cases.", "The hip abductor muscles are a group of four muscles located in the buttocks and lateral hip region on both sides of the body.  Their names are: 1) Gluteus Maximus, 2) Gluteus Medius, 3) Gluteus Minimus, and 4) Tensor Fascia Lata.  These muscles are shown in Figure 1 below:" ]

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[ "As it has for the past eight decades, Time magazine selected its person of the year Wednesday morning. The distinction goes to the man or woman (or sometimes group or idea) the magazine’s editors believe had the greatest impact during the past twelve months, for good or for ill. In 2011, they chose: “ The Protester .”", "In 2011 Time Magazine commissioned Fairey to design its cover to honor \"The Protester\" as Person of the Year in the wake of the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street and other social movements around the world. This was Fairey's second Person of the Year cover for Time, his first being of Barack Obama in 2008.", "Time Magazine December 27, 2010/January 3, 2011 cover featuring Mark Zuckerberg as the Person of the Year in this image released to Reuters on December 15, 2010. Mark Zuckerberg, founder and chief executive of The Facebook social networking site that has more than half a billion users, was named Time magazine's 2010 Person of the Year on Wednesday.", "In December 2008, Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as \"the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments.\"[221]", "Time’s tradition started in 1927 with the “Man of the Year” and evolved to “Person of the Year” in 1999. Past recipients have included multiple presidents of the United States, India’s pacifist Mahatma Gandhi, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and last year’s recipient, Pope Francis.", "In December 2011, Ai was one of four runners-up in Time’s Person of the Year award. Other awards included: Wall Street Journal Innovators Award (Art); Foreign Policy Top Global Thinkers of 2011, rank 18; The Bianca Jagger Human Rights Foundation Award for Courage; ArtReview Power 100, rank 1; Membership at the Academy of Arts, Berlin, Germany; The 2011 TIME 100; The Wallpaper* 150; Honorary Academician at the Royal Academy of Arts, London, UK; and Skowhegan Medal for Multidisciplinary Art, New York, NY, USA.", "New York — Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg has been named Time magazine 's \"Person of the Year\" for 2010.", "The late shift to Person reminds us how few times the Man of the Year has been a Woman. The first was Wallis Simpson, whose love affair with the Prince of Wales caused him to abdicate the throne in 1936. If she wasn’t exactly a terrific role model, she was, as the TIME story put it, “the most-talked-about, written-about, headlined and interest-compelling person in the world.” And she beat out some stiff competition to claim TIME’s title that year, including Franklin Roosevelt (who won his second election in a landslide), Benito Mussolini and Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang didn’t have to wait long: he and his charismatic wife, Soong May-ling were 1937’s Man and Woman of the Year. In 1952 the title went to Elizabeth II, marking the year she took the British crown. In 1975, the editors named American Women the women of the year—all of us, it would appear, but with special attention to luminaries like Betty Ford, Jill Conway and Billie Jean King. Corazon Aquino, the newly elected president of the Philippines, was Woman of the Year in 1986, and 2002 saw a trio of women—Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins, aka the Whistleblowers—cited for the roles they played in exposing corporate corruption and governmental oversight. In 2005, TIME chose three philanthropists as Persons of the Year: Bono, Bill Gates and Melinda Gates.", "• Has been named one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World. Dan Brown", "Time's \"Person of the Year\" is the person or thing that has most influenced the culture and the news during the past year for good or for ill.", "December 2010:  TIME magazine named Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg the 2010 TIME Person of the Year.", "NEW YORK Mark Zuckerberg, founder and chief executive of The Facebook social networking site that has more than half a billion users, was named Time magazine's 2010 Person of the Year on Wednesday.", "Kofi Atta Annan (born 8 April 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1997 to December 2006. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize \"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world.\" He is the founder and the Chairman of the Kofi Annan Foundation, as well as being the chairman of The Elders, a group founded by Nelson Mandela.", "Cory Aquino is included in the International Women's Forum International Hall of Fame, along with Britain's Margaret Thatcher and America's Rosa Parks and Coretta Scott King, among others.<ref name=\"test14\"> IWF Brochure. (accessed November 13, 2007).</ref> In November 2006, she was hailed by Time Magazine as one of the great Asian Heroes.<ref name=\"test15\"> TIME Asia: 60 Years of Asian Heroes. Story on Corazon Aquino (accessed November 13, 2007).</ref>", "TIME's Person of the Year is bestowed by the editors on the person or persons who most affected the news and our lives, for good or ill, and embodied what was important about the year. See who made the grade over TIME's first eight decades. See them all", "Bono was granted an honorary knighthood by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom for \"his services to the music industry and for his humanitarian work\", and has been made a Commandeur of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters). Together with Bill and Melinda Gates, Bono was named Time Person of the Year in 2005, among other awards and nominations.", "* Time declared: \"[F]eminism has transcended the feminist movement. In 1975 the women's drive penetrated every layer of society, matured beyond ideology to a new status of general—and sometimes unconscious—acceptance.\" The Time Person of the Year award goes to American Women, celebrating the successes of the feminist movement.", "Danica Patrick was selected as a finalist for the Time Magazine annual \"Time 100\" which honors the most influential people in politics, sports and pop culture worldwide.", "And it doesn't stop there. Last month, she was named one of Time magazine's 100 people of the year .", "On Tuesday, October 9, 2012, a fifteen-year-old Pakistani girl was shot in the face at point-blank range because she had the temerity to stand up to the Taliban. That girl, Malala Yousafzai, survived the brutal attack, and the shocking story made headlines around the world. Overnight, Malala became a global symbol of peaceful protest and education for all. She was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, the youngest person ever to be singled out in that way.", "The 2011 Nobel Peace Prize was jointly awarded to President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (right), women’s activist Leymah Gbowee of Liberia (center) and Tawakkul Karman of Yemen.", "His work led him to be named one of the 100 people \"whose power, talent or moral example is transforming the world\" in 2007 by Time magazine. Read Less", "She was selected as the first place of the Foreign Policy top 100 global thinkers of 2011.", "In 2011, he was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers. In the same year, his book Thinking, Fast and Slow, which summarizes much of his research, was published and became a best seller. ", "He was named one of the 100 people \"whose power, talent or moral example is transforming the world\" in 2007 by Time magazine.", "Named one of Time magazine's \"100 most influential people in the world\" list in 2005 and 2007.", "He was listed on Time Magazine's 100 list of the most influential people in both 2007 and 2008.", "* Named as one of the 75 most influential people of the 21st century by Esquire magazine.", "Chosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the world (2007).", "Included in the 2005 Time 100, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, as assembled by Time.", "He hosted the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards and was named one of the 100 Most Influential People of 2005 by Time magazine. … Read More", "In March 2011, she was among those listed in Newsweek Magazine's 'Women Who Shake the World'." ]

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[ "Los Angeles is a city in south California. It has the second largest population in US cities and it is one of the largest cities as the hub of industries, commercials, transportations, finances and international trades. Two mountain ranges, the Santa Monica and Verdugo, cut across the center of the city. The east end of the Santa Monica Mountains is seen in the upper left of the image.", "California - Los Angeles, population of 3,792,621. With over 3.7 million people, Los Angeles is not only the most populous city in California, it's also the second largest city in the USA. ", "California ( , ) is the most populous state in the United States. It is also the third most extensive by area. Los Angeles, in Southern California, is the state's most populous city and the country's second largest after New York City. California also includes the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and the largest county by area, San Bernardino County. Geographically located in the western part of the United States, California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, and Arizona to the southeast. California shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south and the Pacific Ocean is on the state's western coastline. The state capital is Sacramento, which is located in the northern part of the state.", "Los Angeles is the largest city in the American state of California, and with a metropolitan population of over 17 million people, this vast city is one of the most populous...", "San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California and the only consolidated city-county in California. San Francisco encompasses a land area of about on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, which makes it the smallest county in the state. It has a density of about 18,451 people per square mile (7,124 people per km2), making it the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated major city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth-most populous city in California, after Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose, and the 13th-most populous city in the United States—with a Census-estimated 2015 population of 864,816. The city and its surrounding areas are known as the San Francisco Bay Area, and are a part of the larger OMB-designated San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland combined statistical area, the fifth most populous in the nation with an estimated population of 8.7 million.", "The city of Los Angeles [1] (also known simply as L.A., and nicknamed the \"City of Angels\") is the most populous city in California . Located on a broad basin in Southern California, the city is surrounded by vast mountain ranges, valleys, forests, beautiful beaches along the Pacific Ocean, and nearby desert.", "Anaheim (pronounced / '�n?ha?m / ) is a city in Orange County, California , part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County and the 10th most populous city in California. Anaheim is the second largest city in Orange County in terms of land area (after Irvine ) and is known for its theme parks , sports teams, and convention center .", "By the turn of the century the discovery of oil, industrialization resulting from the increase of hydroelectric power, and expanding agricultural development attracted more settlers. Los Angeles grew rapidly in this period and, in population, soon surpassed San Francisco, which suffered greatly after the great earthquake and fire of 1906. Improvements in urban transportation stimulated the growth of both Los Angeles and San Francisco; the advent of the cable car and the electric railway made possible the development of previously inaccessible areas.", "The city of Los Angeles is part of Los Angeles County. There are many smaller cities in the county. Beverly Hills, with its rich people, is one of them. So is Pasadena, with its Rose Parade each New Year's Day. So are the coastal cities of Santa Monica and Malibu, where people like to ride surfboards on the Pacific Ocean waves.", "..... Click the link for more information.  is the state capital. The largest cities are Los Angeles Los Angeles", "Fresno, the county seat of Fresno County, is a city in the U.S. state of California. As of 2013, the city’s population was 509,000 making it the fifth largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th largest in the nation. Fresno is in the center of the San Joaquin Valley and is the largest city in the Central Valley, which contains the San Joaquin Valley. It is approximately 200 miles (320 km) north of Los Angeles, and 170 miles (270 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento. Metropolitan Fresno has a population of 1,107,416.[citation needed] The name Fresno means ‘ash tree’ in Spanish, and an ash leaf is featured on the city’s flag.", "The city of Los Angeles is ranked the fourth largest economy in the United States compared to other states.", "1 City (1990 pop. 429,433), Los Angeles co., S Calif., on San Pedro Bay; est. 1882 as Willmore City, inc. 1888 as Long Beach. Having an excellent harbor, it serves as one of Los Angeles's two ports—it is one of the world's largest container", "Los Angeles (11), a city in South California, 345 m. SE. of San Francisco, and founded in 1781; is the centre of a great orange-growing district, and a health resort.", "Nicknamed the \"City of Angels\", Los Angeles is a global city with a diverse economy in entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine and research. It has been ranked sixth in the Global Cities Index and 9th Global Economic Power Index. The city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area (CSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $831 billion (), making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. Los Angeles includes Hollywood and leads the world in the creation of television productions, video games, and recorded music; it is also one of the leaders in motion picture production. Los Angeles hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984, and is currently bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics.", "Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The city is named after the Christian saint, Monica. Situated on Santa Monica Bay, it is bordered on three sides by the city of Los Angeles – Pacific Palisades to the north, Brentwood on the northeast, Sawtelle on the east, Mar Vista on the southeast, and Venice on the south. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736.", "California is located in the West Coast of the United States. This is a U.S. state’s most populous, [6] and third largest by land area (after Alaska and Texas).", "As of the 2010 Census, the estimated population of the Census Bureau's Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million (56.9 million if Nevada and Arizona are included) – about 15.3% (18.2% with Nevada and Arizona) of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles.", "Oakland is a major West Coast port city in the U.S. state of California. Oakland is the third largest city in the San Francisco Bay Area, the eighth-largest city in California, and the 45th-largest city in the U.S., with a population of 413,775 . It serves as a trade center for the San Francisco Bay Area; its Port of Oakland is the busiest port for San Francisco Bay, all of Northern California, and fifth busiest in the United States. Incorporated in 1852, Oakland is the county seat of Alameda County. It is also the principal city of the Bay Area Region known as the East Bay. The city is situated directly across the bay, 6 mi east of San Francisco.", "Other Cities of Note: San Francisco , San Diego, San Jose, Oakland , Fresno, Bakersfield, Modesto-Stockton, Anaheim (home of Disneyland), Newport Beach", "The metropolitan area is the second-most populous in the United States and home to over 17 million people who hail from all parts of the globe. The metropolitan area is spread across Los Angeles County, Orange County, and parts of San Bernardino County, Riverside County, and Ventura County.", "Los Angeles means the Angels, Las Vegas vegas’s place, Montana mountains, Montreal royal hill etc, etc.", "In 1960, L.A.'s population reached 2,479,015, making it the third most populous city in the nation. More than 6 million people lived in Los Angeles County.", "California has always been known as an \"incubator\" of new ideas, new products and entrepreneurial spirit. Southern California has led the way in celebrating and nurturing that spirit. The people, institutions of knowledge, great climate and infrastructure have enabled the Los Angeles region to emerge as a leading business, trade and cultural center—a creative capital for the twenty-first century. The city is the largest manufacturing center in the West, one of the world's busiest ports, a major financial and banking center, and the largest retail market in the United States.", "Orange County is a county in Southern California, United States. Its county seat is Santa Ana. According to the 2000 Census, its population was 2,846,289, making it the second most populous county in the state of California, and the fifth most populous in the United States. The state of California estimates its population as of 2007 to be 3,098,121 people, dropping its rank to third, behind San Diego County. Thirty-four incorporated cities are located in Orange County; the newest is Aliso Viejo.", "Los Angeles is a young city which was a community of white American immigrants, poor Chinese laborers and wealthy Mexican ranchers, with a population of less than fifty thousand. Only on completion of the transcontinental railroad in the 1880s did it really begin to grow, as a national destination for good health, clean living, plentiful sunshine and endless acres of citrus crops. The biggest group of new residents were refugees from the Midwest, who created a new political ruling class to replace the old Mexican elite. The old ranchos were soon subdivided, the population grew rapidly, and the enduring symbol of the city became the family-sized suburban house (with swimming pool and two-car garage).", "Los Angeles County, California is the most populated county in the country in 2000 at 9,519,338 people. (6-2009)", "The city continued to expand thanks to the development and completion of the Southern Pacific railroad line in 1876. Oil was discovered near Los Angeles in 1892, and soon California became the nation's largest oil producer. The new industry contributed to a continuing population boom, and by 1900, more than 102,000 people were living in the city. Since the area is relatively dry, this put a strain on the city's water supply, though the problem was soon solved by the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913 under the supervision of William Mulholland.", "April 4, With a population totaling about 1,600, Los Angeles was incorporated as an American city.", "Newport Beach, incorporated in 1906, is a city in Orange County, California , United States 10 miles (16 km) south of downtown Santa Ana . As of January 1, 2009, the population was 86,252. The current OMB metropolitan designation for Newport Beach lies within the Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine area. The city is currently one of the wealthiest communities in California and consistently places high in United States rankings.", "A fare war between competing rail lines and the inducements of eager land speculators bring newcomers to Los Angeles by the trainload; 120,000 arrive in 1887, drawn by the promise of pure air, warm sunshine and prosperity. Within a few years, the city is transformed and the Californios who have lived there for more than a century are suddenly regarded as strangers in their own land.", "1900 The City of Los Angeles began to fear a future water famine, largely because its population had doubled over the previous decade to 100,000. The 1905 populatioin estimates were projected to be 200,000; the Los Angeles River could not serve more than a city of 250,000." ]

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[ "Santa's Little Helper is a recurring character in the American animated television series The Simpsons. He is the pet greyhound of the Simpson family. The dog was introduced in the first episode of the show, the 1989 Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", in which his owner abandons him for finishing last in a greyhound race. Homer Simpson and his son Bart, who are at the race track in hope of winning some money for Christmas presents, see this and decide to adopt the dog.", "Santa's Little Helper is a greyhound that appears on the animated television series The Simpsons and is the pet dog of the Simpson family. He can often be seen on the show in minor appearances, although there have been some episodes that feature him heavily, including the first episode of The Simpsons. In that episode, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" (season one, 1989), Homer discovers that he has no money to buy Christmas presents for the family. Desperate for a miracle, he and Bart go to the greyhound racing track on Christmas Eve in hopes of earning some money. Although Homer has inside information on which dog is the most likely to win, he instead bets on a last-minute entry, Santa's Little Helper, believing the dog's Christmas-inspired name to be a sign. However, the greyhound finishes last. As Homer and Bart leave the track, they watch the dog's owner abandon him for losing the race. Bart pleads with Homer to keep the dog as a pet and he agrees after it affectionately licks him on the cheek. When Bart and Homer return home, Santa's Little Helper is assumed by the rest of the family to be a Christmas present. ", "Santa's Little Helper, also known as No. 8 or His Majesty, King Suds McDuff of Sixpakistan, is the Simpson 's family dog. He is a greyhound.", "Although cartoon animals are often anthropomorphized, Santa's Little Helper generally exhibits canine behavior. Cast member Dan Castellaneta currently provides the dog's sounds on the show, although voice artist Frank Welker has also voiced him. Santa's Little Helper has become a popular character following his appearances on The Simpsons. He ranked 27th in Animal Planet's 2003 television special 50 Greatest TV Animals that was based on popularity, name recognition, and the longevity of the shows. He has also been featured in merchandise relating to The Simpsons, such as video games, board games, and comics.", "Santa's Little Helper's initial appearance on The Simpsons was in the first episode of the series, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", which aired on Dec. 17, 1989. Since then, he has become a recurring character. The Simpsons creator Matt Groening told TV Guide in 2000 that \"we [the staff] painted ourselves into a corner with our Christmas episode. Once we wrote the dog into the show, we were stuck with him.\" The name \"Santa's Little Helper\" was chosen because, according to writer Al Jean in the same TV Guide article, \"we needed a name that would inspire Homer to bet on him, an omen, a Christmas name since he was betting on Christmas Eve. But, at that point, nobody was thinking long-term. We weren't considering what might happen in ten years, when we've got to use this name.\" Although \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" was the first episode of the series to air on TV, it was the eighth episode produced by the staff. It was chosen to air first because there were animation problems with the others. Jean told the Houston Chronicle in 2001 that after the first episode was broadcast and \"the next seven didn't have the dog, people wondered why.\" He also said in 2003 that the staff enjoyed the first episodes that centered on him, particularly \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", which is the reason that more episodes about him were written.", "Since his first appearance on The Simpsons, Santa's Little Helper has appeared in merchandise relating to the show. On the board art of The Simpsons Clue, a 2000 board game by USAopoly based on Clue, he is shown drinking Duff Beer that has been spilled on the floor. In another board game published by USAopoly called The Simpsons Monopoly, based on Monopoly and released in 2001, the dog is featured as one of the six pewter playing pieces. Santa's Little Helper has also appeared in issues of Simpsons Comics, in the 2007 film The Simpsons Movie, and in video games based on The Simpsons such as Night of the Living Treehouse of Horror and The Simpsons Game. In addition, the dog has been made into action figures by McFarlane Toys, action figures by Playmates Toys in the World of Springfield series, and plush toys.", "And although he is a dog that became a Christmas present, Santa's Little Helper conveys important messages about responsible dog-ownership. In the very first episode of The Simpsons, when the family acquires him, he highlights the plight of abandoned racing greyhounds. He shows us the gaps in understanding between dogs and their humans - gaps that can often be addressed with a little effort on our side. In the episode where Bart takes him to a dog-training school after his behaviour gets out of hand, we see an example of harsh training methods rejected by Bart, who refuses to use a choke-chain on his dog. And in the same episode, it's by playing with his dog that Bart finally manages to reach an understanding with him, creating a stronger bond that leads to better behaviour.", "This animated image released by Fox Television, characters from the animated series, \"The Simpsons,\" clockwise from top left, Homer, Marge, Maggie, pet dog Santa's Little Helper, Bart, Snowball II and Lisa are shown. (AP Photo/Fox) ** NO SALES **  (AP)", "When the family dog, Santa’s Little Helper, begins acting up in the Simpson home, he is forced to go to dog obedience school.", "Lottery fever hits Springfield, but the Simpsons are forced to forgo a lottery ticket, and many other luxuries, to pay for a life-saving operation for their dog, Santa's Little Helper. All their personal lives are affected negatively by the sacrifice, and they come to resent Santa's Little Helper. He runs away and is captured by Mr. Burns, who trains him to be a guard dog. Written by Anonymous", "He also becomes a great hero after he saves Homer in a cornfield maze, and then becomes enrolled as a police dog, teamed up with Officer Lou. Both Lou and Santa's Little Helper make a good team, foiling crimes together. After biting Bart's left leg (due to the fact he got furious when the court stated that he violated one of the police codes while catching Snake Jailbird ), Santa's Little Helper is sent off by the Simpson family to live with Lou . Later on, once Springfield Elementary is in danger and Bart isn't able to escape, Santa's Little Helper comes in to save him, and goes back to living with the Simpsons. [13] Unlike when he was the Duff mascot (which depicts the dog as a coward), Santa's Little Helper is depicted as a very brave and smart dog.", "When Santa's Little Helper suffers from a twisted stomach, the Simpsons sacrifice in order to pay for a life saving operation. However, when the family's morale suffers from the cuts, the dog runs away, and quickly becomes one of Mr. Burns' hounds.", "With a few exceptions, Santa's Little Helper doesn't make any sound that resembles a bark. However, he does have an ability to think just like a person. Once, he makes a sound similar to \"chewy\", and Homer writes it down in his review, unamazed that the dog spoke English. He is also shown to have ridden a circus ball on his hind legs and utter the phrase 'We love... you!' in an attempt to be given some attention from the Simpson family. In addition, he was mascot of Duff Beer , and was known as Suds McDuff (a reference to a similar, real life mascot Spuds MacKenzie).", "The Simpsons wind up regretting paying for an expensive surgery for Santa's Little Helper. He then runs away from home, winds up in the animal shelter, and is adopted by Mr. Burns to become an attack dog.", "Santa's Little Helper has also shown aptitude in other areas. When neglected by the Simpson family, he ran away, and was adopted by Mr. Burns, and made into a very fearsome guard dog. When Bart was searching for Santa's Little Helper, Bart managed to reawaken Santa's Little Helper's good memories of him. It shown that while the Simpson family sleeps in the night, Santa's Little Helper and Snowball II both watch old episodes of \"Lassie\" on TV. [10] When Homer and Marge are investigated by Child Protective Services, one of the things noted in the report is \"dogs mating on dining room table.\" At which Santa's Little Helper shamefully turns away. [11]", "Santa's Little Helper's life with the Simpsons is not always easy. Due to his disobedience and destructive behavior nearly caused the Simpson family to give him away, but he passed an obedience class, thus he could stay. [6] Santa's Little Helper almost passed away from gastric torsion (referred to in the show as a \"twisting of the stomach\") because Homer initially couldn't afford $750 for the required operation. [7] He also broke two legs when Bart's treehouse was demolished by Mr. Burns ' slanted oil well drill (The latter of which caused Bart Simpson to hate Mr. Burns immensely). [8] Santa's Little Helper is sometimes a bad dog.", "In various episodes, Santa's Little Helper can be seen chewing on newspapers and other objects in the Simpsons' household, destroying furniture, and digging holes in the backyard. In \"Bart's Dog Gets an F\" (season two, 1991), he manages to infuriate the entire family by destroying valued items in the home. As a result, Homer and Marge want to get rid of the dog, but Bart and Lisa convince them that he can be trained at an obedience school. Santa's Little Helper does not do well there as Bart is unwilling to use a choke chain suggested by the instructor. The night before the final exam, Bart and Santa's Little Helper play, thinking it will be their last few hours together. This bonding breaks down the communication barrier, allowing the dog to understand Bart's commands, and consequently pass the obedience school. ", "The dog has been neglected or treated unfavorably by the family in some episodes. In \"Dog of Death\" (season three, 1992), he nearly dies of bloat and they decide to make budget cuts in order to pay for the required operation. Although the dog's life is saved, the family begins to feel the strain of their sacrifices and starts treating him badly, causing him to run away. He ends up in the possession of Mr. Burns, who trains him to become a vicious attack dog. Several days later, Bart stumbles upon the trained Santa's Little Helper and is attacked, but the greyhound eventually recognizes his old friend and stops. In \"The Canine Mutiny\" (season eight, 1997), Bart uses a fake charge card to buy a well-trained rough collie named Laddie from a mail-order catalog. Laddie learns many tricks that Santa's Little Helper is completely unable to perform, and the Simpson family nearly forgets about their old pet. Bart eventually gives Santa's Little Helper away instead of Laddie when repo men take back everything he fraudulently purchased. Feeling guilty about this disloyalty and bored with his too perfect new dog, Bart tries to get him back. When he finally finds him, Santa's Little Helper is serving as a seeing-eye dog for a blind man, but eventually decides to return to the family. ", "Santa's Little Helper has got a brother , which he was most likely separated from when he was bought by Les. The Simpson family (except Marge) visited the dog and his family once. [14]", "Santa's Little Helper has been implied to be bisexual. At the time, the Simpson family is watching a gay pride parade marching down Evergreen Terrace, and one of the groups marching is the Gay Dog Alliance. The marching dogs are clothed in a series of typically camp gay costumes, and Santa's Little Helper, showing excitement by panting, shows an interest in several of the dogs, one of whom winks at him. Santa's Little Helper's attempt to join the dogs is thwarted by the fact that he is currently on a leash, noticing his interest, Homer decides to take the family away from the pride parade.", "At a time when rescue charities are bursting at the seams with unwanted dogs and the media often promotes irresponsible attitudes to pets, Santa's Little Helper often provides a refreshingly common-sense portrayal of a dog's life. And whatever happens to him (including one occasion when Bart temporarily discards him for a better trained dog), the mutual devotion between him and his family emphasises that a dog is for life, not just for Christmas.", "Santa's Little Helper has become a well-known dog because of his appearances in the series. A writer for The Grand Rapids Press wrote in 2002 that \"we all know who Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie are—heck, most Americans probably recognize their pets, Santa's Little Helper and Snowball II\". McHugh wrote in Dog that while Master McGrath was the most famous greyhound of the 19th century, \"the most popular greyhound a hundred years later\" is Santa's Little Helper. In the television special 50 Greatest TV Animals that was hosted by Mario Lopez and aired on Animal Planet in 2003, the dog ranked 27th. Other dogs featured on the list were Lassie (first), Eddie (fifth), Snoopy (sixth), Scooby-Doo (13th), Rin Tin Tin (14th), Max (20th), Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog (24th), Buck (29th), Chipper (44th), and Tiger (50th). According to a writer for McClatchy News Service, the rankings were \"determined by popularity, name recognition and how long the show lasted.\"", "After a series of destructive acts, Homer decides that Santa's Little Helper must go unless he passes obedience school. As the dog's last hours with the family approach, Bart must find a way to get through to him.", "Description : Nine stray dogs (Snowplow, Tank, Q.T, Frenchie, Cheech, Chester, Fetch, MacGregor and No-Name) are recruited as reindeers to help Santa bring Christmas to the world.", "Description : When Santa cancels his annual flight because of a hurt reindeer, a young Christmas loving dog named Olive is convinced she has what it takes to get Santa's flight off the ground and save Christmas.", "“Merry Madagascar” (2009) boasts the voice talents of Ben Stiller, Chris Rock and David Schwimmer and is a spin-off from the successful “Madagascar” movie series. The Christmas special, first shown on the NBC network in the USA in November 2009, sees Santa and his sleigh blown out of the sky as naughty Julien mistakes him for the “red night goblin”, who annually pelts his island with coal. Julien has no grasp of Santa Claus, coal for being naughty and gift giving. Alex, Marty, Melman and Gloria show him the error of his ways and then set about fixing Christmas with a delivery service of their own. (Cartoon Magic: The fighting factions – in the blue corner the penguins, in the red corner the reindeer: a comical rivalry.)", "Culture > Television programs > Television series > Animated series > Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds", "Heart-warming family tale about a dog who escapes the pound on Christmas Eve and finds himself in the home of a young wannabe magician. With Chevy Chase and Tom Arnold. (2014)(89 mins) Also in HD", "Rugrats was noteworthy among contemporary children's television for depicting observant, identifiable Jewish families.Danny Goldberg, Dispatches from the Culture Wars: How the Left Lost Teen Spirit (New York: Miramax Books, 2003), 197. Jewish and Christian religion groups gave the show high praises for their special holiday episodes. Nonetheless, at one point the Anti-Defamation League and The Washington Post editorial page castigated the series for its depiction of Tommy Pickles' maternal grandparents, accusing their character designs of resembling Nazi-era depictions of Jews.", "* The Littlest Hobo was a live-action popular television series in the 1980's airing on CTV in Canada. It featured a German Shepherd that travelled from place to place, performing some good deed, and then moving on.", "Buddy was a baby in an orphanage who stowed away in Santa's sack and ended up at the North Pole. Later, as an adult human who happened to be raised by elves, Santa allows him to go to New York City to find his birth father, Walter Hobbs. Hobbs, on Santa's naughty list for being a heartless jerk, had no idea that Buddy was even born. Buddy, meanwhile, experiences the delights of New York City (and human culture) as only an elf can. When Walter's relationship with Buddy interferes with his job, he is forced to reevaluate his priorities. Written by Ken Miller <[email protected]>", "The Thing was a bodiless hand that appeared out of various boxes throughout the house to help the family whenever needed, from answering phones to disarming burglers. In the cartoons, Thing was a bodiless head, but they changed it for the TV show." ]

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[ "If you combine the Latin roots omnis (meaning \"all\") and scientia (meaning \"knowledge\"), you'll get omniscient, meaning \"knowledge of all.\" It would be nice to be omniscient: then you would know absolutely everything in the world. Many religions have a god who is all-powerful and omniscient. This is how a god is supposed to know when you sinned, or what's going to happen in the future.", "One who is omniscient literally knows all. The word omniscient, which has been part of English since at least the beginning of the 17th century, brings together two Latin roots: the prefix omni-, meaning \"all,\" and the verb scire, meaning \"to know.\" You will recognize omni- as the prefix that tells all in such words as omnivorous (\"eating all\" or, more precisely, \"eating both meat and vegetables\") and omnipotent (\"all-powerful\"). Scire likewise has a number of other knowledge-related descendants in English, including conscience , science , and prescience (meaning \" foreknowledge \").", "The word omnipotent made its way into English through Anglo-French, but it ultimately derives from the Latin prefix omni-, meaning \"all,\" and the word potens, meaning \"potent.\" The omni- prefix has also given us similar words such as omniscient (meaning \"all-knowing\") and omnivorous (describing an animal that eats both plants and other animals). Although omnipotent is used in general contexts to mean \"all-powerful\" (as in \"an omnipotent warlord\"), its original applications in English referred specifically to the power held by an almighty God. The word has been used as an English adjective since the 14th century; since 1600 it has also been used as a noun referring to one who is omnipotent.", "1. Both “omnipotent” and “omniscient” have the Latin origins and the same Latin prefix(“omni”). “Omni” translates as “all” or “infinite.”", "Invictus (\"Unconquered, Invincible\") was in use as a divine epithet by the early 3rd century BC. In the Imperial period, it expressed the invincibility of deities embraced officially, such as Jupiter, Mars, Hercules, and Sol. On coins, calendars, and other inscriptions, Mercury, Saturn, Silvanus, Fons, Serapis, Sabazius, Apollo, and the Genius are also found as Invictus. Cicero considers it a normal epithet for Jupiter, in regard to whom it is probably a synonym for Omnipotens. It is also used in the Mithraic mysteries. ", "Omnipotence (unlimited power) is sometimes understood to also imply the capacity to know everything that will be.", "To be sure we here at least understand what I mean by the Problem of Evil let me state the classic formulation – as articulated by Lucretius (99 BC – 55BC) in his book De Rerum Natura: “God is omniscient, omnipotent and good … Why, therefore won't he eliminate Evil? If he cannot do so, then he is not all-powerful (or not all-knowing). If he will not do so, then surely he is not good!” [3].", "Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno is a Latin phrase that means \"One for all, all for one\" in English. ", "Omnipotence regards power, or ability, but isn’t an entity in itself. Omnipotence can be applied to anything (my sister is omnipotent) as a secondary attribute, but is meaningless without the primary essence. Omnipotence in fact is meaningless without a physical universe to relate to. The same applies to perfect freedom and eternality is either secondary or relational.[6]", "\"God is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent � it says so right here on the label. If you have a mind capable of believing all three of these attributes simultaneously, I have a wonderful bargain for you. No checks, please. Cash and in small bills.\"", "So, what does God’s word teach us? We learn from Scripture that God is omnipotent—or “almighty”—such that no part of creation can escape His influence or authority. We see that God—through His Spirit—is omnipresent, such that no part of creation can escape His presence. And we understand that God—perceiving all things—is omniscient, such that no part of creation can escape His knowledge...", "The university's motto is Omni Nunc Arte Magistra, which translates literally from Latin as \"Now by all your mastered arts...\", as if to suggest making use in everyday life of knowledge and skills gained. It is sometimes translated as \"Make the best of all your abilities\", although this is a somewhat more liberal rendering of the Latin. It comes from Virgil's Aeneid, Book VIII, line 441, as the god Vulcan encourages his workers at the forge. It shares this motto with Robert Gordon's College, who use it more frequently. Unlike some universities, the motto is not seen frequently, although it has appeared in graduation materials and is engraved on the shaft of the university's ceremonial mace.", "Source: The Ultimates: Against All Enemies (2007) , pg. 44-45. Written by Alex Irvine. See also: gods ; evil ; order ; knowledge ; fate ; Norse/Teutonic paganism ; Captain America (Steve Rogers) ; Thor (Donald Blake) ; Loki", "The omnipotence of God is so vast that it is quite impossible for us to fathom it.", "\"By invoking your name And your numen with many a prayer. Numen ‘divine will or sway,' they say, is imperium ‘power,' and is derived from nutus ‘nod,' because he at whose nutus ‘nod’ everything is, seems to have the greatest imperium ‘power’; therefore Homer uses this word in application to Jupiter, and so does Accius a number of times. [ Varro: On The Latin Language , 1st century AD, p.339.]", "IO IO is the Unknowable God, beyond God the Creator, omnipresent and yet incomprehensible. IO reminds us that there is no separation and that all aspects of ourselves, mind, body and spirit, will eventually return to Source and dissolve into the Great Oneness. Lesson: Source, Oneness, Return Affirmation: In time my journey will be complete and it will be time to return home. I face that moment with joy and without fear.", "Far above all rule and authority and power and dominion, and above every name that is named, not only in this age but also in the one to come.", "(ambiguous) universal history: omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatum or omnium rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum memoria", "2. Both are also used to describe a supreme being and give the impression of infinity and supremacy.", "c.1300, \"belonging to all, general,\" from Old French comun \"common, general, free, open, public\" (9c., Modern French commun), from Latin communis \"in common, public, shared by all or many; general, not specific; familiar, not pretentious,\" from PIE *ko-moin-i- \"held in common,\" compound adjective formed from *ko- \"together\" + *moi-n-, suffixed form of root *mei- \"change, exchange\" (see mutable ), hence literally \"shared by all.\"", "Forms of “omnipotent” included two adverbs; “omnipotently” and “non-omnipotently” as well as another adjective “non-omnipotent.” Both terms are almost similar and are usually used with each other in the context of religion. This is the reason why people mistakenly use them for one another.", "\"\" (Classical) is a Latin phrase often translated as \"to each his own\" or \"may all get their due\". It has been significant in the history of philosophy and as a motto.", "Divine Empowerment - All of the powers granted collection of six by gods and figures of legend either directly or through Shazam .", "An inscription of AD 102 records a restoration of a portico of Sol in what is now the Trastevere area of Rome by a certain Gaius Iulius Anicetus. While he may perhaps have had in mind an allusion to his own cognomen, which is the Latinized form of the Greek equivalent of invictus, ἀνίκητος (aniketos), the earliest extant dated inscription that uses invictus as an epithet of Sol is from AD 158. Another, stylistically dated to the 2nd century, is inscribed on a Roman phalera (ornamental disk): inventori lucis soli invicto augusto (\"to the contriver of light, sol invictus augustus\"). Augustus is a regular epithet linking deities to the Imperial cult.", "\"The mythical view of language which everywhere precedes the philosophical view of it is always characterized by this indifference of word and thing. Here the essence of everything is contained in its name. Magical powers attach directly to the word. He who gains possession of the name and knows how to make use of it, has gained power over the object itself; he has made it his own with all its energies. All word magic and name magic is based on the assumption that the world of things and the world of names form a single undifferentiated chain of causality and hence a single reality.\"", "English : entirety , completeness , the state of being entire , the sum total , the whole", "The third major characteristic of God — \"infinitude\" — is the catchall, the universal modifier of Christian theology. God is not merely a being; he is infinite being. God is not merely good; he is infinite goodness. God is not merely wise; he is infinite wisdom. And so on down the list. God is exaggeration run amuck. ~George H. Smith", "\"Scito hoc super omnia. Haec vita est tua una sola. Dum vita superest, utere maxime quoque puncto, momento, et hora quae habes. Tempus neminem non manet. Noli manere tempus. Carpe Diem.\"", "Vtar enim verbis isdem quae ex Afro Domitio iuvenis excepi, qui mihi interroganti quem Homero crederet maxime accedere \"secundus\" inquit \"est Vergilius, propior tamen primo quam tertio\". Et hercule ut illi naturae caelesti atque inmortali cesserimus, ita curae et diligentiae vel ideo in hoc plus est, quod ei fuit magis laborandum, et quantum eminentibus vincimur, fortasse aequalitate pensamus. Ceteri omnes longe sequentur.", "cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos \"Whose the land is, all the way to the sky and to the underworld is his.\" First coined by Accursius of Bologna in the 13th century. A Roman legal principle of property law that is no longer observed in most situations today. Less literally, \"For whosoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to the sky and down to the depths.\"", "The Sikh holy scriptures refer to the One God who pervades the whole of space and is the creator of all beings in the universe. The following quotation from the Guru Granth Sahib highlights this point:", "la uxorem quoque eius Saloninam, quamquam in nullius iniuriam insignis equo ostroque veheretur, tamquam laesi gravabantur, insita mortalibus natura recentem aliorum felicitatem acribus oculis introspicere modumque fortunae a nullis magis exigere quam quos in aequo viderunt." ]

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[ "Boll Weevil —The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is a type of beetle that is known to cause severe damage to cotton crops. The boll weevil measures an average length of 6 mm. It feeds on the buds and flowers of the cotton plant.", "The boll weevil Anthonomous grandis grandis is a small beetle which does great damage to cotton crops in North America. Spawn is being used figuratively here (as in spawn of Beelzebub etc.) - only fish and amphibians literally have spawn in a biological sense (masses of small eggs).", "The Boll Weevil Monument, built in 1919 in downtown Enterprise, Alabama, is a testament to the damage the beetle did to the area's cotton crop as well as to farmers' ability to overcome the adversity the beetles caused. Boll weevils have historically figured in the success and failure of farmers' crops in the South.", "The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is a beetle which feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central America, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in South America as well. Since 1978, the Boll Weevil Eradication Program in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions.", "Modern cotton farmers take preventative measures to protect their crops from the damage boll weevils cause. Modern crop planning and specifically targeted insecticides play a large part in keeping boll weevils from destroying the yearly crops of cotton farmers. Efforts made to eradicate the boll weevil in the United States since the 1970s have been working. Many previously affected areas have almost no boll weevil population today due to the efforts to eliminate this pests.", "The insect crossed the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas, to enter the United States from Mexico in 1892 and reached southeastern Alabama in 1909. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the U.S., travelling 40 to 160 miles per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North America. Since the boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost U.S. cotton producers about $13 billion, and in recent times about $300 million per year. ", "boll weevil - From Old English wifel, \"beetle,\" and boll, the pod of the cotton plant, which this beetle attacks.", "Intensive use of broad-spectrum insecticides for boll-weevil control, such as calcium arsenate and DDT, often caused outbreaks of other insect pests because these insecticides cause the destruction of natural enemies that suppress various pest species in cotton, such as parasites and predatory insects. Fields that used broad-spectrum insecticides often had a loss in yield similar to that in fields that did not use broad-spectrum insecticides. The term \"pesticide treadmill\" was coined in the early 1970s to describe this cycle as it relates to the boll weevil: pesticides were developed and overapplied, the population of natural predators that were not targeted by the pesticide increased, and then new pesticides were developed and overapplied. This cycle both harmed the environment and did little to reduce crop loss. Additional hurdles to the boll weevil's eradication included the boll weevil's reproductive resilience. Studies found that even if 90 percent of a boll weevil population was treated in a given area, then the remaining population could still reproduce and reinfest the surrounding area after only four generations, which takes less time than a typical growing season.", "(c) Q. The boll weevil is a pest in cotton growing. What is the boll ?", "It is critical during boll weevil eradication for farmers to keep fields and non-crop areas free of cotton plants both during the growing season and after harvest. Cotton plants in these situations can be destroyed using herbicides and/or tillage equipment.", "1892 Farmers first became aware that the boll weevil had crossed the Rio Grande River into Texas cotton fields, within a decade threatening destruction of the US cotton industry. USDA investigations were begun in 1894 and a culturally based approach to the problem was proposed by 1897. [See 1906] (Rasmussen, 1960)", "A beetle with a drill-like mouth that devastated southern cotton crops until it was brought under reasonable control through the use of pesticides and traps baited with natural sexual-attractant hormones called “pheromones.” The “boll” part of the insect’s name is taken from the cotton plant’s seed pod.", "For more than 100 years, boll weevils wreaked havoc on the U.S. cotton industry. Since its entry into the United States from Mexico in 1892, the insect scientifically known as Anthonomus grandis Boheman spread throughout the South, forcing radical economic and social changes in areas that had been almost completely dependent on cotton production. Many experts consider the boll weevil second only to the Civil War as an agent of change in the South. Over the years, estimates of yield losses and control costs due to the boll weevil total more than $22 billion.", "The boll weevil is found throughout the Missouri cotton-production region, and cotton is the only host of the boll weevil in the state. It appears to be most abundant along Crowley's Ridge, a north-south ridge extending from the Ozarks south into Arkansas, and in areas near major waterways (Figure 1). Researchers are trying to definitively establish the distribution in the state.", "In 1987 Georgia growers began participating in a program to eradicate the boll weevil. Over a period of years the program proved successful, and Georgia producers have increased cotton acreage and yields significantly while reducing their dependence on insecticides. ", "Other limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought. Its natural predators include fire ants, insects, spiders, birds, and a parasitic wasp, Catolaccus grandis. The insects sometimes emerge from diapause before cotton buds are available.", "Insect droppings within the bracts of bolls or squares provide less certain, but none-the-less useful indications as to which insect produced the damage. Boll weevils produce scattered, powdery or grainy flecks of bright yellow or orange droppings. Worm droppings are usually clumped at the site of the damage, less powdery, and less bright yellow or orange in color. When only one or two damaged squares are found, it is often difficult to definitively determine whether the damage was caused by a small worm or a weevil. It is usually helpful to spend a little more time looking at fruit on plants or picked up from the ground nearby. If more damaged fruit can be found or boll weevils are seen, you can determine with greater confidence what caused the damage.", "This beetle threatened to destroy cotton farming in North America at the turn of the 20th century. The weevil moved from Mexican cotton fields into Texas in 1892. The cotton bug reached Louisiana by 1900.", "You know you’ve got vine weevils in the garden if you spot small, irregular notches around the outside of leaves. This is caused by adult beetles, which mainly feed at night on a whole host of plants including euonymus, bergenia and hydrangea. This damage is largely cosmetic, rather than life threatening to plants.", "Biological control. While biological control has been a large part of the management system for many crop pests, its role in the management and eradication of boll weevil has been limited. Predators, parasites and pathogens of boll weevil exist, but cannot be relied upon to significantly limit boll weevil populations in Texas. It is important, however, to monitor and manage natural enemy populations in pest management systems that involve intensive insecticide use, such as active boll weevil eradication. Natural enemies suppress populations of secondary pests such as whiteflies, aphids, beet armyworms, bollworms and tobacco budworms. Populations of these pests can increase to damaging levels when populations of their natural enemies are low.", "The boll weevil contributed to the economic woes of Southern farmers during the 1920s, a situation exacerbated by the Great Depression in the 1930s.", "The boll weevil had great effects on local agricultural production activity in the American South. To provide a first look at the overall ", "The Cucumber Beetle is a major pest of cucumbers, soybeans, beans and corn found all over the United States.", "One issue is the impact of conservation tillage, also called no-till, on the eradication program. \"We have some indications that boll weevil survival is different in no-till,\" Spurgeon says. \"We need to understand and adapt to the effects of no-till as it becomes a more common practice in eradication zones.\"", "to highlight that the majority of the growers went bankrupt because of the weevil. Its crops became useless because of the weevil ", "Vine weevil is a beetle that attacks a wide range of plants, both indoors and outdoors, but is especially damaging to plants grown in containers .", "The insect that has been released is a weevil called S. rufinus and it is also known as the azolla weevil. This bug makes it its purpose in life to eat azolla weeds, and may be the cheapest and easiest solution to the problem.", "Just behind the head, the thorax normally has a light whitish stripe that ends where the thorax joins the abdomen. The body of the boll weevil is covered with short, tan brown and grey scales which give it a slightly fuzzy appearance. The boll weevil can be distinguished from many other weevils by the spurs on its front legs.  Many weevils have a spur at this location, but only the boll weevil and a few of its close relatives have a double spur. Adult weevils vary in size from slightly more than 1/8 inch to almost ½ inch in length.", "-            ‘’The Impact of Boll Weevil, 1892-1932’’. Lange, Fabian; Olmstead L. Alan,Rhode. Yale University, UC Davis, Univ. of Arizona& NBER. Feb. 2008", "Adult weevils are approximately 9mm (about 5/16in) long and dull black with dirty yellow mark on the wing cases. They cause irregular-shaped notches of leaf margins during the summer", "Bean Weevil — is the scientific name of The bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus) the farmers’ scourge. Technically, they belong to the cadre of seed beetles and are not true weevils.", " Pea and Bean Weevil - The larvae of this \"cotton bug\" are more destructive than the adults" ]

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[ "Theodore Roosevelt became the first American President to take seriously the concept of the preservation of nature. As President from 1901 to 1909, he designated 150 National Forests, the first 51 Federal Bird Reservations, 5 National Parks (including the Grand Canyon, Crater Lake, and Mesa Verde), the first 18 national monuments (including the Chaco Canyon, Petrified Forest, Muir Woods and Devils Tower), the first 4 National Game Preserves, and the first 21 Reclamation Projects. Altogether, in the seven-and-one-half years he was in office, he provided federal protection for almost 230 million acres, a land area equivalent to that of all the East coast states from Maine to Florida. For more information on Theodore Roosevelt visit http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org .", "Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) was the 26th President of the United States, serving from 1901-1909.  Borglum chose Roosevelt because he influenced the construction of the Panama Canal and built a powerful U.S. Navy, both of which helped establish the United States as a world power.  Roosevelt also engineered the peace treaty ending the Russo-Japanese War, for which he earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.  Closest to our hearts, Roosevelt was perhaps the greatest conservationist in the history of mankind.  Roosevelt preserved more than 234 million acres, created the National Forest Service, established 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, and 150 national forests.  Roosevelt favored using America’s natural resources, but opposed wasteful consumption.", "Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt established 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reservations, 18 national monuments, five national parks and four national game preserves during his presidency. Roosevelt's designations totaled approximately 230 million acres of land. In 1907, Congress passed a resolution prohibiting Roosevelt from designating new national forests in Oregon , Washington , Idaho , Montana and Wyoming . Roosevelt signed 38 executive orders establishing national forests areas totaling 16 million acres before he signed the resolution eliminating his authority to designate them. [27] [28]", "NARRATOR: Before he was through, Roosevelt had created five new national parks, 18 national monuments, 150 national forests, in all placing 230 million acres of United States land under public protection. These would be Theodore Roosevelt's most enduring legacy.", "In the Forest Reserve Act of 1891, Congress authorized U.S. Presidents to proclaim permanent forest reserves on the public domain. Forest reserves were retitled national forests in 1907, to be managed for long-term economic productivity under multiple-use conservation principles. Within 16 years Presidents Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, and Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed 159 national forests comprising more than 150 million acres. William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson added another 26 million acres by 1916.", "One of his most lasting legacies was his significant role in the creation of 150 National Forests, five national parks, and 18 national monuments, among other works of conservation. In total, Roosevelt was instrumental in the conservation of approximately 230 million acres (930,000 km2) of American soil among various parks and other federal projects.", "Although officially a part of DC, this island memorial can only be accessed from the Virginia side of the Potomac River. Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt was a naturalist. During his administration, he created the U.S. Forest Service and adopted many national parks and forests that total 42 million acres of conserved land. In honor of his efforts toward conservation, Roosevelt's memorial is an island nature reserve. Nearly 90 acres of forest, marsh, and swamp are open daily to the public. No cars are allowed. A 17-foot-tall statue of Teddy Roosevelt stands on the island, surrounded by granite tablets that display his most memorable quotes.", "U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Grand Canyon in 1903. An avid outdoorsman and staunch conservationist, he established the Grand Canyon Game Preserve on November 28, 1906. Livestock grazing was reduced, but predators such as cougar , , and wolf were eradicated. Roosevelt added adjacent national forest lands and redesignated the preserve a U.S. National Monument on January 11, 1908. Opponents such as land and mining claim holders blocked efforts to reclassify the monument as a U.S. National Park for 11 years. Grand Canyon National Park was finally established as the 17th U.S. National Park by an Act of Congress signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on February 26, 1919.", "Gifford Pinchot (Fig. 6) is called the founder of modern environmentalism. Born to wealth, he was a pioneer in the study of ecological interdependencies and in the selective harvesting of forests. Chief of the Division of Forestry in the Agriculture Department of President McKinley, Pinchot’s concept of “conservative use” appealed to McKinley’s successor, Theodore Roosevelt, more than John Muir’s concept of “preservation.” When Roosevelt created the Forest Service, he appointed Pinchot to head it. T.R. came to think of Pinchot as the keeper of his conscience. (Miller 2001, p. 150) Together, these passionate outdoorsmen popularized the term “conservation” to describe their insight that planned management must replace exploitation for profit if resources were to be available for future needs. Under T.R. and Pinchot, millions of acres were added to National Forest lands and, despite opposition from ranchers, miners and loggers, controlled harvesting replaced indiscriminate logging.", "His specific achievements are numerous. Perhaps his greatest contribution was his work for conservation. During his tenure in the White House from 1901 to 1909, he designated 150 National Forests, the first 51 Federal Bird Reservations, 5 National Parks, the first 18 National Monuments, the first 4 National Game Preserves, and the first 21 Reclamation Projects. Altogether, in the seven-and-one-half years he was in office, he provided federal protection for almost 230 million acres, a land area equivalent to that of all the East coast states from Maine to Florida.", "The movement to preserve untainted wilderness areas owes much to naturalist John Muir, who dedicated considerable time to observing the wildlife, plants, and natural wonders of the United States. He worked to raise awareness among politicians and the public of the shrinking wilderness in the nation. His efforts led to the creation of both Yosemite National Park and Sequoia National Park in California in 1890. Muir also helped found one of the nation�s leading conservation organizations, the Sierra Club, in 1892. He became a close friend of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt, who greatly expanded the national parks and national forests during the early decades of the 20th century.", "had been introduced in 1882 and again in 1883 and 1886 by Senator Benjamin Harrison. As President, Harrison (he came between Grover Cleveland’s two terms) he established the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in 1893. Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon Game Preserve by proclamation in 1906 and", "Roosevelt was also the first president to create a Federal Bird Reserve, and he would establish 51 of these during his administration. These reserves would later become today's national wildlife refuges, managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Today there is a national wildlife refuge in every state, and North Dakota boasts the most refuges of any state in the country.", "In the center were the conservationists, led by Theodore Roosevelt and his coalition of outdoorsmen, sportsmen, bird watchers and scientists. They wanted to reduce waste; emphasized the value of natural beauty for tourism and ample wildlife for hunters; and argued that careful management would not only enhance these goals but also increase the long-term economic benefits to society by planned harvesting and environmental protections. Roosevelt worked his entire career to put the issue high on the national agenda. He was deeply committed to conserving natural resources. He worked closely with Gifford Pinchot and used the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi² or 930,000 km²) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more Federal land, national parks, and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined. ", "Made conservation a national policy, especially through the expansion of the national park service which aimed to have the federal government develop \"responsible, scientific plans\" of using the abundant natural resources in the nation's parks. This is a photograph of President Roosevelt with John Muir at Yosemite in 1903.", "Roosevelt was a prominent conservationist, putting the issue high on the national agenda. He worked with all the major figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter, Gifford Pinchot. Roosevelt was deeply committed to conserving natural resources, and is considered to be the nation's first conservation President. He encouraged the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi² or 930,000 km²) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more Federal land, national parks, and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined. ", "Roosevelt was a prominent conservationist, putting the issue high on the national agenda. He worked with all the major figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter, Gifford Pinchot. Roosevelt was deeply committed to conserving natural resources, and is considered to be the nation’s first conservation President. He encouraged the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi² or 930,000 km²) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more Federal land for national parks and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined.", "President Roosevelt put conservationist issue high on the national agenda. He worked with all the major figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter, Gifford Pinchot and was deeply committed to conserving natural resources. He encouraged the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi2 or 930,000 km2) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more federal land for national parks and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined. ", "In 1903 Roosevelt toured the Yosemite Valley with John Muir, who had a very different view of conservation, and tried to minimize commercial use of water resources and forests. Working through the Sierra Club he founded, Muir succeeded in 1905 in having Congress transfer the Mariposa Grove and Yosemite Valley to the National Park Service. While Muir wanted nature preserved for the sake of pure beauty, Roosevelt subscribed to Pinchot’s formulation, \"to make the forest produce the largest amount of whatever crop or service will be most useful, and keep on producing it for generation after generation of men and trees.\"", "Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot heavily influenced President Roosevelt and encouraged him to make conservation a major portion of his political agenda. Pinchot, the nation's first professional forester, and Roosevelt, an avid outdoorsman, teamed up during Roosevelt's second term to push their shared progressive vision for wilderness conservation.", "In 1891, the area now known as the Shoshone National Forest, America’s First National Forest, was part of the Yellowstone Timberland Reserve. The forest was created by an act of Congress and signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison. The Shoshone National Forest is comprised of 2.4 million acres of varied terrain ranging from sagebrush flats to rugged snow-clad mountains. The Shoshone has a rich biodiversity and is home to numerous streams, lakes, reservoirs, geological finds, and wildlife. The Oregon Trail, the 19th century covered wagaon route, passes just South of Shoshone National Forest through South Pass. The forest is part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, an unbroken expanse of federally protected lands covering an estimated 20 million acres.", "Teddy ROOSEVELT & John MUIR - John Muir is today referred to as the \"Father of the National Parks\".", "Increasing tourist and commercial interest in petrified wood during the late 19th century began to alarm residents of the region. In 1895, the Arizona Territorial Legislature asked the U.S. Congress to create a petrified forest national park. Although this first attempt failed, in 1906 the Antiquities Act signed by President Theodore Roosevelt was used to create the Petrified Forest National Monument. Between 1934 and 1942, the federal Civilian Conservation Corps built road, trails, and structures in the monument, and the government acquired additional land in the Painted Desert section. The monument became a national park in 1962. Six years after the signing of the Wilderness Act in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson, wilderness areas (where human activity is limited), were designated in the park. In 2004, President George W. Bush signed a bill authorizing the eventual expansion of the park from 93,353 acres (about 146 mi2 or 378 km2) to 218,533 acres (about 341 mi2 or 884 km2). Theft of petrified wood is still a problem. Despite a guard force of seven National Park Service rangers, fences, warning signs, and the threat of a $325 fine, an estimated 12 ST of the fossil wood is stolen from the Petrified Forest every year. ", "Ford was the only President who was employed by the National Park Service. He worked as a park ranger in Yellowstone in 1936.", "In his later life, Muir devoted most of his time to the preservation of the Western forests. He petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park bill that was passed in 1890, establishing Yosemite National Park. The spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed in his writings inspired readers, including presidents and congressmen, to take action to help preserve large nature areas. He is today referred to as the \"Father of the National Parks\" and the National Park Service has produced a short documentary about his life. ", "John Muir (; April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914) also known as \"John of the Mountains\", was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada of California, have been read by millions. His activism helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is a prominent American conservation organization. The 211 mi John Muir Trail, a hiking trail in the Sierra Nevada, was named in his honor. Other such places include Muir Woods National Monument, Muir Beach, John Muir College, Mount Muir, Camp Muir and Muir Glacier. In Scotland, the John Muir Way, a 130-mile-long route, was named in honor of him.", "Figure 3: Bob Marshall– forester, writer, and wilderness activist. Was a scientist with doctorates in philosophy and plant physiology. Explored the Alaskan wilderness and wrote numerous articles and books, including his bestselling 1933 book The Arctic Village. Was chief of forestry in the Bureau of Indian Affairs and head of recreation management in the Forest Service during the FDR administration. Founded the Wilderness Society in 1935 and is considered largely responsible for the wilderness preservation movement. 25 years after his untimely death of a heart attack at 38, partly as a result of his efforts, The Wilderness Society fostered the Wilderness Act, which legally defined the wilderness of the US and protected some nine million acres of federal land.", "He set aside vast wilderness lands for conservation. These later became part of the country's national parks and nature reserves.", "His efforts, assisted by the deep interest of editor Robert Underwood Johnson, strongly contributed to passage of further remarkable Federal legislation in the autumn of 1890. This was preceded by several unsuccessful attempts to create reservations above Yosemite Valley, and farther south in today's Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Congressmen Lewis E. Payson of Illinois and William Vandever of California were instrumental in the passage of legislation which created Sequoia and General Grant National Parks on 25 September 1890, and Yosemite National Park on 1 October 1890. There were notable similarities in the two bills, but some unusual and unexplained differences between them suggest that the whirlwind of congressional activities leading to their passage may have been opportunistic. Whatever the reason, much of the sequoia land was reserved before the lumber industry became seriously interested in obtaining the rights to log it off.", "Between 1907 and 1933, six presidents proclaimed 21 National Monuments on National Forest lands administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture:", "There, a granite monument pays tribute to the man who in addition to fighting for the national park system was the founding president of the Sierra Club.", "That the President of the United States may, from time to time, set apart and reserve, in any State or Territory having public land bearing forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public reservations, and the President shall, by public proclamation, declare the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof." ]

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[ "Written by Randy Brooks, the song was originally performed by the husband-and-wife duo of Elmo and Patsy Trigg Shropshire in 1979. In the lyrics, a family matriarch gets drunk from drinking too much eggnog and, having forgotten to take her medication and despite warnings from her family, staggers outside into a snowstorm. On her walk, she is trampled and killed by Santa Claus and his reindeer. The second and third verses describe the next day's Christmas gathering: \"all the family's dressed in black\" while the widower acts as if nothing's happened, drinks beer, watches football and plays \"cards with cousin Mel\". The song closes with a warning that Santa, \"a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves\", is unfit to carry a driver's license, and that the listener should beware.", "In the song “Grandma Got Run over by a Reindeer” what did Grandma go to get", "A parody \"Grandpa Got Run Over by a Beer Truck\" was released by Da Yoopers in 1993. Radio personality Bob Rivers recorded his own parody titled \"Osama Got Run Over by a Reindeer\", \"Grandma Got Molested at the Airport\" and \"Grandma Got Dismembered by a Chainsaw\" by Danny Aldridge.", "Elmo & Patsy had a Christmas classic with \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\", first released in 1979, but nearly anyone would be hard-pressed to name any other release. Interestingly, Patsy isn't even on that song, so it's often just credited to Dr. Elmo. Despite its popularity (so popular that it even spawned an animated special ), it never entered the Hot 100 at all, and its highest peak on any chart was a mere #48 on Hot Country Songs in 1999. In Canada, the higher-charting version was a #20-peaking release by the Irish Rovers, who are not a one-hit wonder, in 1982.", "The title was Australian slang for travelling on foot (waltzing, derived from the German auf der Walz) with one's belongings in a \"matilda\" (swag) slung over one's back.Oxford English Dictionary, Draft Revision March 2001. \"Matilda, n.\" The song narrates the story of an itinerant worker, or \"swagman\", making a drink of billy tea at a bush camp and capturing a jumbuck (sheep) to eat. When the sheep's owner, a squatter, arrives with three police officers to arrest the swagman for the theft, he commits suicide by drowning himself in a nearby billabong (watering hole), after which his ghost haunts the site.", "Earthy botanical, drink with the combination of the sweet of the cranberry Vodka and the spicy notes of the Green Chartreuse and Ginger Beer, this is a different kinda cocktail that could make Santa trade his reindeer in for this mule. Move over Rudolf!", "Much of the \"booze\" that he drank on stage during his famous \"Rat Pack\" performances was really apple juice. (Son Dean Paul Martin spilled this secret, after the variety show ended production, stating that his father couldn't have performed if he'd really drunk that much liquor.)", "In 1982, during sessions for A Kiss In The Dreamhouse, still regarded by many critics as the Banshees' finest hour, Siouxsie awoke to McGeoch's alcoholism. \"We all over-drank,\" she admits, \"but he seemed to go further and sink deeper. With the rest of us, drinking was a phase. With him it was an illness.\"", "Variations such as \"Uncle Mike\" are common in oral, local cultures. Note how in America the pig became a milk cow, and the distance travelled by the drunkard expands considerably. \"Four Nights Drunk\" and \"Five Nights Drunk\" are just two of the many versions of this song (Cray 1999).", "\"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" is a song written by Johnny Marks based on the 1939 story Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer published by the Montgomery Ward Company.", "The statistics are staggering: more than 160 million recordings by more than 500 different performers and some 7million copies of sheet music, not to mention toys, clothing, watches, all bearing the image of a shiny-nosed deer. The cause of it all? \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer' by Johnny Marks, one of the most successful songs of all time. Cowboy star Gene Autry introduced \"Rudolph' at Madison Square Garden in New York City in 1949. His recording has since sold more than 12 of those 160 million recordings, a half-million in 1980 alone-making it the second biggest-selling recording after Bing Crosby s version of \"White Christmas. Rudolph has inspired several television specials, and the little reindeer is still a popular favorite every Christmas, joining Dancer and Prancer and the other six reindeer around Santa's sleigh.", "* In the song \"¿Dónde Está Santa Claus?\" (1958), recorded by Augie Rios, two other reindeer are named in the verse that goes: \"I hope he won't forget to crack his castanet, and to his reindeer say: On Pancho (a possible Spanish approximation of Prancer), on Vixen, on Pedro, on Blitzen, Ole, Ole, Ole!\"", "In a live recording of \" Baby, It's Cold Outside \" with Velma Middleton , he changes the lyric from \"Put another record on while I pour\" to \"Take some Swiss Kriss while I pour.\" The line, slightly garbled in the live recording, could just as likely be \"Take some Swiss Miss while I pour\"—Swiss Miss is a hot chocolate mix that would have been fairly new on the market in 1951. (The line comes at 1:04 in the song.) [47]", "Stan Boreson sings a Norwegian-American version, \"Lena Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" on his Christmas album, Stan Boreson Fractures Christmas.", "By Nickelback. Song touches on various topics including domestic violence, dysfunctional homelife, child abuse and alcoholism. \"He's drunk again, it's time to fight. She must have done something wrong tonight...I hear her scream from down the hall. Amazing she can even talk at all...\"", "Jingle Bells; what a delightful old carol full of whimsy, getting hammered and falling on your arse. If you’ve ever taken the time to sing and/or take in the full 4 verses of Jingle Bells you’ll know that it is about taking a fast-paced sleigh ride with your lady friend, getting quite drunk in the process, falling down a lot and getting laughed at by passers-by.", "One of the key elements of the song came out of sheer exhaustion. Micky Dolenz explains: \"We were working 24/7. Normally, you do a TV series - eight, 10 hours a day - and go home. But after filming the show, I would go into the studio and sometimes record two or three lead vocals a night. So, it's all a bit of a blur. That middle bit, there were words to that. Bobby Hart tells the story that I said, 'It's midnight, I have to be on the set at six. I can't learn to sing that.' He said, 'Okay, just go 'Doo-doo-doo-doo-doo-doo-doo-doo...' You never know, if I'd sang all those words, it might not have worked.\"", "Bob’s brother-in-law, Johnny Marks, made a song adaptation to Rudolph. Though the song was turned down by such popular vocalists as Bing Crosby and Dinah Shore, it was recorded by the singing cowboy, Gene Autry. “Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer” was released in 1949 and became a phenomenal success, selling more records than any other Christmas song, with the exception of “White Christmas.”", "7. Name the original eight reindeer from the 'Twas the night Before Christmas' poem? Comet, Cupid, Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Donner, Blitzen (or Dunder and Blixem - Incidentally Donner and Blizten mean Thunder and Lightning in German.)", "The granddaddy of ’em all builds an elaborate narrative out of Johnny Marks’ venerable carol about the lonely but heroic nonconformist reindeer. This Rankin/Bass special has it all, from Burl Ives as the snowman narrator , to the Island of Misfit Toys, to Hermey, the elf who longs to be a dentist — and who saves the day by performing a dental extraction on the Abominable Snow Monster.", "* Round Deer are flying reindeer that pull Santa Pac's sled and have special fighting abilities.", "Getting Crap Past the Radar : \"Candy and a Currant Bun\" contains the line \"Please, just fuck with me\". This was written as a Writer Revolt after the record company censored the drug references in the previous version of the song (it was entitled \"Let's Roll Another One\" and contained lyrics like \"I'm high; don't try to spoil my fun\"), but the record company failed to notice.", "My Grandmother Bergman had died about a year before I was born. Grandpa Bergman was a fine upstanding gentleman who had been a professional chef. He was very good to me and always knew just what I would like. He had an Edison talking machine, commonly called a gramophone and boxes of seven-inch music tubes in his closet. He showed me how to wind up the magical box with a horn atop, put on a blue roll and let 'her rip'. Now, I could hear vocal selections! Grandpa told me I could use the machine whenever I wanted and I'm sure that put a smile on my face. I was too young to read the labels so I would ask my mother or grandpa, who was singing the songs? Some I recall are Sophie Tucker, Enrico Caruso and also remember a rousing rendition of John Phillip Sousa's band.", "this is an awsome song and all of johnny cash and june carter's songs. Also,I think oldies are the best type of music..you can understand what they're saying, and there are always great stories told within the lyrics. Also the dancing that went along with oldies wasn't so provocative.", "Honey - Bobby Goldsboro (1968). Kind of twist, it sounds like she crashed the car and survived, but then died of some sort of disease. Most of the song about the tree he planted. Lyrics", ". 1969 ~ On this day, twenty years after the first release of \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" , Gene Autry received a gold record for the single.", "Vicki Lawrence had a hit with The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia in 1973, not long after American Pie arrived to befuddle me. At the time I was seventeen, and trying to wrap my brain about who did what to whom and why the lights went out, puzzled me. I figured the reason why the lights went out (which I assumed was the most important part of the song), was because somebody was electrocuted for murder in a place in the American South served by a rickety power grid. It was only until Cari, exasperated, pointed out the key lyric \"Little sister don't miss when she aims her gun\" that the figurative lights came on for me. Duh.", "Transfusion - by Nervous Norvus (1956). A reader suggested this one. I haven't heard it. It seems like late for a date, speeding in the car and ran a stop sign and crashed. I don't think he actually dies though, he just has to get a lot of blood. Lyrics", "The Kids Are Not Alright - The Offspring. There seems to be lots of tragedy in this song and I'm pretty sure at least one dead teen. Lyrics", "The odd lyric \"Drunk Man, Street Car, Foot Slipped, There You Are!\" in the song \"I'm Looking for Someone to Love\" comes from an odd saying of Buddy's uncle. (According to family lore).", "I have a friend who hates Springsteen as much as I love Springsteen, and he insists that the moment near the end of “Santa Claus Is Comin’ to Town” when Bruce stifles a laugh ranks among the most irritating two or three seconds in Christmas rock history. On this one Boss-related point, we agree. OVERRATED.", "Jimmy Boyd, the singer best known for recording the Christmas novelty hit \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" in 1952 when he was 13, has died aged 70. (11 March 2009)" ]

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[ "Barq's is an American soft drink. Its brand of root beer is notable for having caffeine. Barq's, created by Edward Barq and bottled since the turn of the 20th century, is currently owned and bottled by the Coca-Cola Company. It was known as Barq's Famous Olde Tyme Root Beer until 2012. ", "This is probably the sugariest of the bunch, which definately isn't a bad thing. It's one reason why I frequent Teriyaki Stix. Mug and Barq's are really the only root beers served in restaurants around here. I try to boycott as many places as I can that serve Barq's cuz the difference between these two brands is staggering.", "For many decades Barq's was not marketed as a \"root beer.\" This was in part a desire to avoid legal conflict with the Hires Root Beer company, which was attempting to claim a trademark on the term \"root beer.\" It was also due to differences from other root beers at the time. The formulation was sarsaparilla based, contained less sugar, had a higher carbonation, and less of a foamy head than other brands. ", "Mug is the \"creamiest\" and frothiest brand available, it allows for a wide, sweet flavor with no bite provided. Bite takes away from the true quality of the flavor of the beverage. Easily the greatest.", "There is considerable evidence for a large industry in fermented drink. Finds include breweries, wineries, and retail shops marketing beer and wine. Beer mugs and wine kraters are among the most common pottery finds.", "The Man Mug is the perfect gift for alpha males and DIY enthusiasts. The oversized ceramic mug comes with all the kit you need for being a “real man”, or at least drinking like one – spirit level, ruler detail and handy pencil holder handle with pencil. The chunky white ceramic is given a colour pop with a red interior, complimenting the red slogan emblazoned on the mug, ‘MAN MUG IT’S NOT FOR GIRLS’.", "see alcoholic drinks , beers , cocktails , coffee , liqueurs , spirits , teas , whiskies , wines", "Toby is a jug or drinking mug; often shaped like a hefty-man wearing a 3-cornered hat", "slang for military coffee, also known as joe, mud, sludge, washy, java, mocha, espresso, brew, black water, brown blood, boiler acid, and nectar of the gods; see GI JOE.", "A type of Chartreuse, a brand of liqueur made with a mixture of over 100 herbs and spices. Available in liquor stores.", "Starbucks City Mugs are collectible souvenir coffee mugs available from Starbucks coffee stores worldwide. The mugs first appeared on shelves in 1994.", "The most spectacular whisky and water serve, the Blue Blazer was created by 'Professor' Jerry Thomas, author of the first bartending book and master showman. President Ulysses S. Grant witnessed Thomas perform this spectacle and was apparently so impressed that he presented him with a cigar. In his 1862 Bartender's Guide Thomas wrote: \"A beholder gazing for the first time upon an experienced artist, compounding this beverage, would naturally come to the conclusion that it was a nectar for Pluto rather than Bacchus.\"", "Garrett Oliver, Brewmaster of the Brooklyn Brewery, leads readers through the amazing range of flavors displayed by the dozens of distinct styles of beer from around the world. Most importantly, he shows how beer, which is far more versatile than wine, intensifies flavors when it is appropriately paired with foods, to create dining experiences most people have never imagined.", "Girl drinks, also known as chick drinks and girlie drinks, exist primarily to serve and to overserve persons eager to know the fun of catching a buzz while staying ignorant of the bliss of tasting liquor. This article represents an independent-study tool for readers seeking to refine this basic understanding along lines that are personally potationally meaningful. The key is to keep your definitions fluid but your taxonomy strict, remembering for instance that some so-called girl drinks are frat shooters in drag, and that others, if you listen closely to their accents, are androgynous tropical coolers transplanted to temperate latitudes.", "Set of eight jagga mugs, each larger than the last, for the progressive drinking game Jagga-Junga; the largest is for spew.", "“Throughout the years, people just flop around the nametags for marketing purposes,” says Bill Manley, the communications coordinator for Sierra Nevada, whose porter and stout are remarkably free of clever marketing devices. As always, American craft brewers have taken creative liberties with each of the styles, adding chocolate, coffee, and chili peppers as they see fit, perpetrating further crimes upon the definitions of the styles, even if they do perpetrate deliciousness on our taste buds.", "That certainly may be the perception of craft beer drinkers in the Boston area and contributing to Sam’s uncoolness there. Not being from there I am not inundated with Sam’s marketing, only the occasional TV spot. So Sam’s uncoolness for me is for the reasons I mentioned.", "From Arabic araq, lit. “sweat, juice,” used of native liquors in Eastern countries, especially those distilled from fermented sap of coconut palm, sometimes from rice and sugar. arraign — c.1325, “to call to account,” from O.Fr.", "Typical hipster logic – something is ubiquitous and thus is of lower quality. Boston Lager is an iconic beer – there is still no beer out there like it. The hoppy west coast IPA’s are garbage and have no nuance (more hops does not equal better beer). I’ll take a Sam any day over that crap, trendy or not.", "All that history and mixology aside, the Sazerac is a wonderfully butch sort of tipple. It's the kind of thing you'd put away a three-bagger of while sitting in some palooka dive two blocks down Eighth Avenue from Stillman's gym with your pal who works for The Sporting News, cracking peanuts and dissecting Sonny Liston's chances against Cassius Clay. A man's drink (although we've known plenty of dames who'd take one of these every time over some of the bellywash we see men drinking these days).", "Finally, a bar gun or a fountain each have their \"Wow, that's cool\" effect on guests, but a bar gun is more associated with bars serving alcohol, versus a fountain being associated with soft drinks in a restaurant or convenience store. Bar guns don't typically have brand-name soft drink labels on the buttons, and the proprietor can dispense cheaper generic flavors into alcoholic drinks where the taste isn't really critical. I'm not familiar with this angle of the saloon business, but I suspect that either the big soft-drink manufacturers or state alcohol laws don't allow you to dispense from fountain heads displaying soft drink labels into cups that contain alcohol.", "Greetings! Tonight we have one well-known coffee liqueur going up against one that you don’t normally see served in bars, clubs, etc.. ABVs are identical in addition to price, at least here at the BCL stores. Note also that the they also have common ingredients. (At the end of this tasting I ended up with a pulsing headache…strange?)", "In 1893, Caleb Bradham, a young pharmacist from New Bern, North Carolina, begins experimenting with many different soft drink concoctions.  Like many pharmacists at the turn of the century he had a soda fountain in his drugstore, where he served his customers refreshing drinks, that he created himself. His most popular beverage was something he called \"Brad's drink\" made of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils, pepsin and cola nuts.", "There is a myriad of brands available today. Below is a selection of some of the best known and most beloved by bartenders.", "The author of this article seems to fall under the wishy washy hipster type Koch is referring to, one minute the guy loves Sam Adams and I’m sure sharing a beer with Jim was pretty cool. Then in the next line completely disses Jim and the whole company. When I want a good beer, I drink Sam Adams, sometimes a Sierra Nevada, and when I want something new I try something new. There’s a place for Sam Adams at every bar, it’s a damn good beer!", "Several years ago in Boston, Andrew Dietz—co-founder of cocktail fest Thirst Boston —and some of his bartender friends conceived a new hospitality industry drink ritual: the Daiquiri Time-Out (DTO) . The DTO is a daiquiri shot to be taken after a stressful situation, or for those who simply need a break. Whether that act originated from the Christopher Walken line in 2005's Wedding Crashers, when Walken's character suggested a daiquiri time out from the game of touch football, is anyone's guess. But Deitz describes it as \"a modern day drinking ritual that celebrates that act of taking a moment.\" And now this mini daiquiri has usurped the Fernet Branca shot as the bartenders' unofficial handshake. A perfect new role for this classic cocktail.", "Common names for pubs, bars, saloons and clubs are; Filthy McNasty's, Slug And Lettuce, Snooty Fox, Fox and Hound, Fuzz & Firkin, The Ritz, Whiskey A Go-Go, Stork Club, Club Gallant, Le Freak, Studio 54, The Tiki Lounge, Electric Cowboy, The Rainbow Room, Cabaret, VooDoo Lounge, and The Limelight.", "Stone Creek, Several cafes., [146] . The other roaster. Also very good and with a wide variety of coffees and cafe locations including Bay View and Downtown.   edit", "The Harvey Wallbanger has an extremely funny name, and that should be a feat in its own right considering the ridiculous names given to some drinks. This cocktail is in essence a screwdriver—a combination of vodka and orange juice—with Galliano, a yellow liqueur, added to the mix. The drink was probably invented in the 50s by a world-champion mixologist by the name of Donato Antone. However, according to the legends it has a much different origin. The stories say there was a dude named Harvey who liked to surf and he would drop into the bar for a couple of quick ones after work pretty much every day. Apparently the guy liked to add Galliano to his screwdriver and would sometimes stumble around the bar smashing into things , especially the wall. The legends say that the drink thereafter became known as a Harvey Wallbanger, quite literally because of Harvey’s drunken antics. It has become associated with the summer months, presumably because of the surfing connection.", "It’s fair to say his beer is no longer cool, but I wonder if it’s a location thing more than a lack of innovations. Sam Adams does come out with new stuff and does cool things like home brewer contests. Sierra Nevada isn’t local and doesn’t run cheesy ads around here, nor are they constantly pushing the Bostonian image like sam Adams is. Perhaps if Lord hobo was in a city outside of New England, they would carry it. Beer drinkers around here can get saturated by it and its marketing though, so maybe that’s why it isn’t cool.", "Champion bartender Donato ‘Duke’ Antone is credited with the original recipe for the Harvey Wallbanger. He made the drink in 1952 for an unknown local surfer who frequented his bar, the Blackwatch bar on Sunset Boulevard, and demanded one day that Galliano liqueur be added to his Screwdriver cocktail. The cocktail grew quickly in popularity, helped by some nifty marketing work by Galliano salesman George Bednar, peaking in the 1970s where it was a staple on many bars across the world – not just on the West Coast of the US. It has enjoyed a recent resurgence since Galliano returned to its original recipe. The classic Harvey Wallbanger is made by mixing Smirnoff No.21 Vodka and orange juice in a Highball glass with ice. Then slowly pour a measure of Galliano Liqueur onto the liquid so that the liqueur ‘floats’ on the surface of the drink. The visual punch is completed with a garnish of a maraschino cherry and a slice of orange. Variations include the Wally Wallbanger, made with whisky instead of vodka and garnished with a sprig of mint, and the Freddy Wallbanger, made with Don Julio Blanco Tequila and a dash of Kahlua. So if you want to create the feeling of warm holidays in the sun, put together this fine mixed drink, one that if made properly will definitely impress.", "Some of Miller’s bigger brands include Miller Lite, Miller Genuine Draft, Olde English 800, Milwaukee’s Best, Mickey’s, Hamm’s, Icehouse, Red Dog, Leinenkugel’s and SouthPaw Light." ]

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[ "Ben Shalom Bernanke ( ; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist at the Brookings Institution who served two terms as chairman of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014. During his tenure as chairman, Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve's response to the late-2000s financial crisis.", "The Federal Reserve System (also the Federal Reserve; informally The Fed) is the central banking system of the United States . Created in 1913 by the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act , it is a quasi-public (part private, part government) banking system [1] composed of (1) the presidentially appointed Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington, D.C. ; (2) the Federal Open Market Committee ; (3) 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks located in major cities throughout the nation acting as fiscal agents for the U.S. Treasury, each with its own nine-member board of directors; (4) numerous private U.S. member banks, which subscribe to required amounts of non-transferable stock in their regional Federal Reserve Banks; and (5) various advisory councils. Currently, Ben Bernanke serves as the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System .", "* Ben Bernanke (born 1953), former Chairman of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve, Princeton University professor.", "Notable people affiliated with MIT include Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin, father of linguistics Noam Chomsky, former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, and former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke.", "Chairman Ben S. Benanke is Chairman of the US Federal Reserve Board. During his speech at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2006 commencement, Cambridge, Massachusetts, he references a Centre for Economic Performance research paper by John Van Reenen, Raffaella Sadun and Nick Bloom.", "Alumni in American politics and public service include former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke, former MA-1 Representative John Olver, former CA-13 Representative Pete Stark, former National Economic Council chairman Lawrence H. Summers, and former Council of Economic Advisors chairwoman Christina Romer. MIT alumni in international politics include Foreign Affairs Minister of Iran Ali Akbar Salehi, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, President of Colombia Virgilio Barco Vargas, President of the European Central Bank Mario Draghi, Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan, former British Foreign Minister David Miliband, former Greek Prime Minister Lucas Papademos, former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, and former Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Ahmed Chalabi.", "On August 25, 2009, President Obama announced he would nominate Bernanke to a second term as chairman of the Federal Reserve. In a short statement on Martha's Vineyard, with Bernanke standing at his side, Obama said Bernanke's background, temperament, courage and creativity helped to prevent another Great Depression in 2008. When Senate Banking Committee hearings on his nomination began on December 3, 2009, several senators from both parties indicated they would not support a second term. ", "He entered the University of Chicago at age 16, during the depths of the Great Depression , and received his PhD in economics from Harvard . After graduating, he became an assistant professor of economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) when he was 25 years of age and a full professor at age 32. In 1966, he was named Institute Professor , MIT's highest faculty honor. [1] He spent his career at MIT where he was instrumental in turning its Department of Economics into a world-renowned institution by attracting other noted economists to join the faculty, including Robert M. Solow , Paul Krugman , Franco Modigliani , Robert C. Merton and Joseph E. Stiglitz , all of whom went on to win Nobel Prizes. Samuelson was instrumental in the initial development of Indian Institute of Management Calcutta , the first Indian Institute of Management [5] .", "Before becoming Federal Reserve chairman, Bernanke was a tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired the department of economics there from 1996 to September 2002, when he went on public service leave.", "The man [Bernanke] who would spend his Fed chairmanship flooding the economy with dollars to try to prevent a second Great Depression first learned how to do it from Friedman and Schwartz. And he learned about Friedman and Schwartz from Fischer. ", "– Steven Levitt did his undergraduate work at Harvard and has a PhD from MIT. He teaches economics at the University of Chicago, and recently received the John Bates Clark Medal, awarded every two years to the best American economist under forty.", "Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist , and the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Economics . The Swedish Royal Academies stated, when awarding the prize, that he \"has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory.\" [1] Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the \"Father of Modern Economics\", [2] and The New York Times considered him to be the \"foremost academic economist of the 20th century.\" [3]", "He was author of the largest-selling economics textbook of all time: Economics: An Introductory Analysis , first published in 1948. It was the second American textbook to explain the principles of Keynesian economics and how to think about economics, and the first one to be successful, [4] and is now in its 19th edition, having sold nearly 4 million copies in 40 languages. James Poterba , former head of MIT 's Department of Economics, noted that by his book, Samuelson \"leaves an immense legacy, as a researcher and a teacher, as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands.\" [1] In 1996 he was awarded the National Medal of Science , considered America's top science honor, where President Bill Clinton commended Samuelson for his \"fundamental contributions to economic science\" for over 60 years. [1]", "He was author of the largest-selling economics textbook of all time: Economics: An Introductory Analysis , first published in 1948. It was the second American textbook to explain the principles of Keynesian economics and how to think about economics, and the first one to be successful, [5] and is now in its 19th edition, having sold nearly 4 million copies in 40 languages. James Poterba , former head of MIT 's Department of Economics, noted that by his book, Samuelson \"leaves an immense legacy, as a researcher and a teacher, as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands.\" [2] In 1996, when he was awarded the National Medal of Science , considered America's top science honor, President Bill Clinton commended Samuelson for his \"fundamental contributions to economic science\" for over 60 years. [2]", "In economics, notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman, a major advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler, Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker, an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics, Herbert A. Simon, responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making, Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behaviour, are all graduates. American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus.", "Bernanke was educated at East Elementary, J.V. Martin Junior High, and Dillon High School, where he was class valedictorian and played saxophone in the marching band. Since Dillon High School did not offer calculus at the time, Bernanke taught it to himself. Bernanke scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and was a National Merit Scholar. He also was a contestant in the 1965 National Spelling Bee. ", "Keynes gets a bad reputation from neoclassical economists, like Milton Friedman, who favor the \"efficient markets hypothesis\" that something like Adam Smith's \"invisible hand\" guides the market, and that, left to their own devices, decision-makers will always choose rationally. Someone once asked him 'If you're so smart, why aren't you rich?\" -- to which Keynes casually replied, \"As a matter of fact, I am rich!\". See \"The Remedist\", a profile of Keynes published in the New York Times Magazine (12/14/2008) by Robert Skidelsky, author of John Maynard Keynes: 1883-1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman.", "Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1979–1987, credited with leadership in ending a period of high and rising inflation and restoring a base for sustained growth. Later, he became chairman of the firm of James D. Wolfensohn, Inc., concentrating on investment banking services to domestic and international organizations. He served in the federal government for almost 30 years, in posts that included President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and U.S. Treasury Under Secretary for Monetary Affairs, where he developed and implemented Treasury debt management and federal credit policies. In the area of domestic finance, he initiated the auctioning of Treasury bonds, an approach that has become customary in the United States and many other countries. A former chairman of the Trilateral Commission, he serves on many public and private boards, including the Group of Thirty, International House, and the Financial Services Volunteer Corps. He is a member of the Institute for International Economics and an overseer of TIAA-CREF, the leading private retirement system in the United States. He has taught at Princeton University and at the Stern School of Business at New York University. Mr. Volcker received his B.A. from Princeton University and M.A. in Political Economy and Government from Harvard University and did postgraduate work at the London School of Economics.", "Professor of Economics at Harvard University, President Emeritus of the National Bureau of Economic Research, and President Ronald Reagan’s Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. President George W. Bush appointed him a member of the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, and, in 2009, President Barack Obama appointed him a member of the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board. He is a member of the American Philosophical Society, a Fellow of the Econometric Society, and a Fellow of the National Association of Business Economics. He is also a Trustee of the Council on Foreign Relations and a member of the Trilateral Commission, the Group of Thirty, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council of Academic Advisors of the American Enterprise Institute. He is author of more than 300 research articles in economics and a regular contributor to the Wall Street Journal and other publications. Dr. Feldstein received his B.A. from Harvard University and B.Litt. and D.Phil. from the University of Oxford.", "He reappointed Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve , and in 1987 he appointed monetarist Alan Greenspan to succeed him. Reagan ended the price controls on domestic oil which had contributed to energy crises in the 1970s. [115] [116] The price of oil subsequently dropped, and the 1980s did not see the fuel shortages that the 1970s had. [117] Reagan also fulfilled a 1980 campaign promise to repeal the Windfall profit tax in 1988, which had previously increased dependence on foreign oil. [118] Some economists, such as Nobel Prize winners Milton Friedman and Robert A. Mundell , argue that Reagan's tax policies invigorated America's economy and contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s. [119] Other economists, such as Nobel Prize winner Robert Solow , argue that the deficits were a major reason why Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush, reneged on a campaign promise and raised taxes. [119]", "He reappointed Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve , and in 1987 he appointed monetarist Alan Greenspan to succeed him. Reagan ended the price controls on domestic oil which had contributed to energy crises in the early 1970s. [164] [165] The price of oil subsequently dropped, and the 1980s did not see the fuel shortages that the 1970s had. [166] Reagan also fulfilled a 1980 campaign promise to repeal the windfall profit tax in 1988, which had previously increased dependence on foreign oil. [167] Some economists, such as Nobel Prize winners Milton Friedman and Robert A. Mundell , argue that Reagan's tax policies invigorated America's economy and contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s. [168] Other economists, such as Nobel Prize winner Robert Solow , argue that the deficits were a major reason why Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush, reneged on a campaign promise and raised taxes. [168]", "In the United States we have always looked to economists for the magic to make our economy go.  Milton Friedman, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, believed that a free market economy could expand and prosper with minimal government interference. Alan Greenspan, an admirer of Friedman, was revered as an enabler of unending growth during his service as Chairman of the Federal Reserve; he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the inaugural Harry S. Truman Medal for Economic Policy, the inaugural Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Civilian Leadership, and was named both a Knight Commander of the British Empire and a Commander of the French L’Egion D’honneur.  Presidents from Ronald Reagan to George W. Bush all trusted Greenspan with the keys to the economy.  During the same time period, Bill Clinton, a Democrat, trusted economist Larry Summers’ advice that deregulation of banking and finance would also lead to continued growth; that was the height of Milton Friedman’s influence.  Barack Obama appointed Summers to be Chairman of his Economic Council despite the fact that his policies were partly at fault for the current economic crisis.  Why do all of these Presidents, from Reagan on the right to Obama on the left, put so much faith in these economists?  Keynes, in The General Theory of Employment History and Money (1935), addressed this question.  He wrote that:", "In 1945, Milton Friedman worked for one year at the University of Minnesota, and in 1946 he took a faculty position at the University of Chicago to teach economic theory. Friedman and the University of Chicago began a long-term intellectual and professional relationship that would impact not only the economics program but also the University�s graduate business school and law school. Dr. Friedman began to study the role of money in the business cycle and founded the \"Workshop in Money and Banking\" (\"Chicago Workshop\"). He is now widely regarded as the leader of the Chicago School of monetary economics, which stresses the importance of the quantity of money as an instrument of government policy and as a determinant of business cycles and inflation. In 1950, Dr. Friedman spent an academic quarter in Paris serving as a consultant in connection with the Marshall Plan and the effort to rebuild the European economy. By 1951 Friedman had won the prestigious John Bates Clark Medal from the American Economic Association, which honors economists under age forty for outstanding achievement. From 1953-54, he was a Fulbright Visiting Fellow at Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge University. From 1957-58 he was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford.", "In my first three years or so at Cowles, including a year away at MIT in 196263, I worked in the classical mode. Robert Solow along with Trevor Swan and some others were producing a fast-growing literature on economic growth mainly from a policy point of view. Several papers of mine fit perfectly into that literature, most notably, the one on the golden rule and the one on accumulation of capital with a known probability distribution of returns. Some of these made me known in the profession at an early age. (Many explored the golden rule, including Solow, and Samuelson expanded the risky capital model, which sparked a wave of papers on intertemporal portfolio choice.) I took considerable pleasure in crafting them too.", "So the importance of the University of Chicago Economics Department is that it really was a tool for Wall Street, who funded the University of Chicago very, very heavily. Walter Wriston, the head of Citibank, was very close friends with Milton Friedman, and the University of Chicago became kind of ground zero for this counterrevolution against Keynesianism and the New Deal to dismantle the New Deal. So in the '50s and ’60s, it was seen as very, very marginal in the United States, because big government and the welfare state and all of these things that have become sort of dirty words in our lexicon thanks to the Chicago School — they didn't have access to the halls of power.", "Eugene Francis \"Gene\" Fama (born February 14, 1939) is an American economist and Nobel laureate in Economics with Lars Peter Hansen and Robert J. Shiller, known for his work on portfolio theory and asset pricing, both theoretical and empirical.", "The winners represent a “very interesting collection because Fama is the founder of the efficient-market theory and Shiller at least is one of the critics of it,” said Robert Solow, winner of the Nobel economics prize in 1987 and professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.", "Franco Modigliani (June 18, 1918 – September 25, 2003) was an Italian economist naturalized American, a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management and MIT Department of Economics who won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1985.", "Second, since the early 1980s the Federal Reserve and its counterparts in other countries have done a reasonably good job, undermining Friedman’s portrayal of central bankers as irredeemable bunglers. Inflation has stayed low, recessions—except in Japan, of which more in a second—have been relatively brief and shallow. And all this happened in spite of fluctuations in the money supply that horrified monetarists, and led them—Friedman included—to predict disasters that failed to materialize. As David Warsh of The Boston Globe pointed out in 1992, “Friedman blunted his lance forecasting inflation in the 1980s, when he was deeply, frequently wrong.”", "Samuelson is considered to be one of the founders of neo-Keynesian economics and a seminal figure in the development of neoclassical economics . In awarding him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences the committee stated:", "The Leonid Hurwicz Distinguished Lecture is given to the Minnesota Economic Association (as is the Heller lecture). John Ledyard (2007), Robert Lucas, Roger Myerson, Edward C. Prescott, James Quirk, Nancy Stokey and Neil Wallace are among those who have delivered the lecture since it was inaugurated in 1992.", "Born and raised in Boston, Stenson graduated from Harvard University with a bachelor�s degree in economics and a Master of" ]

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[ "On December 14, 1911, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the first person to reach the South Pole.", "On December 14, 1911, Norwegian Roald Amundsen became the first person to reach the South Pole. He was a veteran explorer who had, among his many credits, pioneered the Northwest Passage. As of 1909 the North Pole—yes, the North—was in his sights. He gathered a crew and secured a sailing ship, only to hear news at the last moment that Robert Peary already had reached ninety degrees North.", "December 14, 1911 - Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the first person to reach the South Pole.", "The South Pole was reached for the first time on 14 December 1911 by a team of explorers led by Roald Amundsen.", "Roald Amundsen is one of the most famous polar explorers. He led the first successful Antarctic expedition to the South Pole, he was the first man to fly over the North Pole, and he was the first to traverse the Northwest Passage. Although Amundsen’s voyage to the South Pole was difficult, his team was well-prepared. His team had a much smoother journey than Robert Falcon Scott and his crew, who were also attempting to be the first to reach the pole. After trekking hundreds of miles through unexplored Antarctic territory, Amundsen and his men reached the pole on Dec. 14, 1911, and named the area Polheim, or “Home at the Pole.”", "1911 Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer who was the first man to reach the S. Pole.", "The first verifiable, convincing expedition to the pole is credited to Roald Amundsen, an intrepid Norwegian explorer. In 1903, Amundsen led the first expedition to cross the Northwest Passage. In 1911, Amundsen was the first person to reach the South Pole . And in May 1926 (just a few days after Byrd's flight), Amundsen flew — or rather, floated — over the pole in a dirigible, the Norge, with 15 other men.", "Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen led an expedition that brought them to the Antarctic and thereby his discovery of the South Pole in 1911 and years later leading another team to the North Pole. In addition, Roald is known to have been the first to go through the Northwest Passage, a route that begins in the Arctic Ocean and ends in the Pacific Ocean. Amundsen is one of four men considered leader of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.", "The explorer, Roald Amundsen and his team. The first man to reach South Pole in 1911", "After arriving at the South Pole on December 14, 1911, explorer Roald Amundsen (left) spent three days there with his companions: Oscar Wisting, Sverre Hassel, Helmer Hanssen and Olav Bjaaland (the photographer, not pictured).", "One hundred years ago, on Dec. 14, 1911, the Norwegian Roald Amundsen and four companions trudged through fog, bitter cold and lacerating wind to stand at the absolute bottom of the world, the South Pole. Nowhere was there a trace of their British rival, Robert Falcon Scott . No Union Jack mocked them, no ice cairn bespoke precedence. The Norwegians had won the race.", "Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (1872 – 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He led the first Antarctic expedition to reach the South Pole between 1910 and 1912. He was the first person to reach both the North and South Poles. He is also known as the first to traverse the Northwest Passage. He disappeared in June 1928 while taking part in a rescue mission. Amundsen, along with Douglas Mawson, Robert Falcon Scott, and Ernest Shackleton, was a key expedition leader during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.", "On 14 December 1911 along with Amundsen, Helmer Hanssen, Olav Bjaaland and Sverre Hassel, Wisting planted the Norwegian flag on the Geographic South Pole, the first explorers to have reached that point.", "Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen had gotten there first, on Dec. 14, 1911, a full month before Scott and his four companions spotted a telltale flag whipping in the wind over the coveted spot. [ Race to the South Pole in Images ]", "And on this day in 1911, Norwegian Roald Amundsen's team became the first to reach the South Pole.   Amundsen was one of the greatest Polar explorers.   As a youth, he slept with the windows open, during the fierce Norwegian winters, to prepare himself for his future adventures.   Like most single-minded people, he was not particularly nice.   His behavior drove one of the members of his Antarctic team to eventual suicide.   Amundsen died in a plane crash, on a rescue mission in the Arctic.   The author Roald Dahl, born in Wales in 1916 to Norwegian parents, was named after Amundsen, who was a major hero at the time.", "He was one of the first five people to reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911, along with Roald Amundsen, Olav Bjaaland, Oscar Wisting, and Sverre Hassel. During their stay at the South Pole, it is believed that Hanssen passed within 200 yards (180 meters) of the mathematical South Pole point. This was during one of his ski runs which Amundsen had ordered be performed to completely encircle or \"box\" the pole to ensure that there was no doubt that the expedition had attained the pole. For his participation in the expedition, he was awarded the South Pole Medal (Sydpolsmedaljen), the Royal Norwegian award instituted by King Haakon VII in 1912 to reward participants in Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition.", "1911� - ����������� Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen departs the Bay of Whales, Antarctica, on his expedition to the South Pole.", "Roald Amundsen (1872–1928) – Norwegian explorer. He led the first successful Antarctic expedition between 1910 and 1912. He was also the first ever person to successfully traverse the North West Passage.", "Roald Amundsen is known for exploring the polar regions of Earth. He was the first person to cross the Northwest Passage. In 1926 he became the first person to reach the North Pole. Amundsen dissappeared in 1928 while on a rescue mission.", "Wednesday marks the 100th anniversary of explorer Roald Amundsen becoming the first to reach the South Pole. In this image Amundsen, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel and Oscar Wisting (l", "1912 – Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen announced that he had successfully reached the South Pole during the Antarctic expedition of 1910–11.", "Roald Amundsen was an explorer born in Borge, Norway, in 1872. In 1897-99, Amundsen sailed with Adrien de Gerlachei’s Belgica expedition &mdash; the first to experience winter in Antarctica &mdash; to locate the southern magnetic pole.", "Amundsen's Tent: The tent was erected by the Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. The precise location of the tent is unknown, but based on calculations of the rate of movement of the ice and the accumulation of snow, it is believed, as of 2010, to lie between 1.8 and 2.5 km (1.1 and 1.6 miles) from the Pole at a depth of 17 m (55.8 ft) below the present surface. ", "1910–12; Country - Norway - Amundsen's South Pole expedition. Ship - Fram Leader - Roald Amundsen", "1928-06-18 Roald Amundsen , Norwegian polar explorer who led the 1st expedition to the South Pole, dies in a plane crash while flying on a rescue mission in the Arctic at 55", "Amundsen set out from Kristiania (Oslo) in June 1903 and was west of the Boothia Peninsula by late September. The Gjøa was put into a natural harbour on the south shore of King William Island; by October 3 she was iced in. There the expedition remained for nearly two years, with the expedition members learning from the local Inuit people and undertaking measurements to determine the location of the North Magnetic Pole. The harbour, now known as Gjoa Haven, later developed as the only permanent settlement on the island.", "Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen ( 16 July 1872 – c. 18 June 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He led... View the full answer", "12/5/1926. Roald Amundsen flew in the airship Norge over the North Pole. They had left Spitsbergen on 11/5 and landed on 14/5/1926 at Teller, Alaska.", "At 4 p.m. on December 29 the cry of \"Ice on the starboard bow!\" was heard for the first time. On January 7 a bay, which Mawson named Commonwealth Bay, opened before them. On the far side of the bay was a cape presumed to be Cape Découverte, the most easterly extension of Adélie Land seen by Dumont d'Urville in 1840. At 4 p.m. on January 8, 1912, a whale boat was lowered and rowed towards shore. As land approached they found themselves amongst a group of islets, later named the Mackellar Islets. Weddell seals and Adélie penguins numbering in the thousands rested upon the rocks. The men soon stepped ashore, the first to set foot on the Antarctic continent between Cape Adare and Gaussberg, a distance of approximately 2000 miles. Cape Denison, as it was now called, became Mawson's Main Base of operations.", "Ernest Henry Shackleton and his crew sailed out of the small Norwegian whaling village of Grytvikan, on December 5, 1914. The trip was certain to bring Shackleton fame and fortune as the first person to traverse the Antarctic continent", "Fridtjof Nansen ( ; 10 October 1861 – 13 May 1930) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In his youth he was a champion skier and ice skater. He led the team that made the first crossing of the Greenland interior in 1888, traversing the island on cross-country skis. He won international fame after reaching a record northern latitude of 86°14′ during his North Pole expedition of 1893–96. Although he retired from exploration after his return to Norway, his techniques of polar travel and his innovations in equipment and clothing influenced a generation of subsequent Arctic and Antarctic expeditions.", "1899: In February, Carsten Borchgrevink and crew of the SOUTHERN CROSS land at Cape Adare. They build huts and become the first to winter over on the continent." ]

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[ "        Today one when graduates from law school, one is typically granted a Juris Doctor or JD.", "In the United States, law school is a postgraduate program usually lasting three years and resulting in the conferral upon graduates of the Juris Doctor (J.D.) law degree. Some schools in Louisiana concurrently award a Graduate Diploma in Civil Law (D.C.L.). To gain admission to a law school that is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), applicants must usually take the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), and have an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree in any major. Currently, there are 199 ABA-approved law schools. There currently are five online law schools that are unaccredited by the ABA but registered by the State Bar of California. Non-ABA approved law schools have much lower bar passage rates than ABA-approved law schools., and do not submit or disclose employment outcome data to the ABA.", "The most ridiculous thing about American law schools is that they give out a Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD) to a law graduate who will never be called \"doctor\" and whose education is not on the same academic level as a PhD graduate who wrote a thesis or dissertation.", "Because Louisiana is a civil law state, unlike its 49 common law sister states, the curriculum includes both civil law and common law courses, requiring 94 hours for graduation, the most in the United States. In the Fall of 2002, the LSU Law Center became the sole United States law school, and only one of two law schools in the Western Hemisphere, offering a course of study leading to the simultaneous conferring of a J.D. ( Juris Doctor ), which is the normal first degree in American law schools, and a B.C.L. ( Bachelor of Civil Law ), which recognizes the training its students receive in both the Common and the Civil Law. As of June 2008, the LSU Law Center will no longer confer the B.C.L., but will confer a Graduate Diploma in Civil Law instead. This is due to a conflict with the Southern Association of Colleges (SACS) over the requirements of a bachelor degree.", "The JD is the basic three-year degree that students in the US earn after completing a minimum of a Bachelor's degree. A few law schools have accelerated JD programs that can allow foreign degree holders to receive partial credit and complete a JD in two years of full-time study. Earning a JD is usually very expensive and can easily reach $100,000 for 3 years, not including living expenses. If you have a foreign equivalent of a JD and prefer to earn an LL.M. (master of laws) degree as the basis for licensing eligibility, you will need to find a year-long LL.M. program at a law school approved by the the New York State Board of Law Examiners. As a permanent resident, refugee or asylee, you may qualify for financial aid grants and loans.", "1. Earn a Juris Doctor (JD) degree from a law school approved by the American Bar Association (ABA):", "He graduated from the University of Texas School of Law with an LL.B. degree in 1942 and was admitted to the bar, but soon afterwards joined the military for World War II. (When law schools accredited by the American Bar Association began requiring a bachelor's degree for admission to law school in the 1950s and 1960s, law schools began awarding the Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree rather than the LL.B. As with most law school graduates of his era, Bentsen's LL.B. was amended to reflect award of the J.D.) ", "Juris Doctor: A juris doctor is the degree awarded to a student who has completed his or her graduation in law in the United States.", "The JD is the basic three-year degree that students in the US earn after completing a minimum of a Bachelor's degree. A few law schools have accelerated JD programs that can allow foreign degree holders to receive partial credit and complete a JD in two years of full-time study. Earning a JD is usually very expensive and can easily reach $100,000 for 3 years, not including living expenses. As a permanent resident, refugee or asylee, you may qualify for financial aid grants and loans", "The most advanced law degree in the United States, the Doctor of Juridical Science program, can be completed on a full-time basis in three years. Many applicants to a Doctor of Juridical Science program are established law professionals with many years of experience. In addition, an S.J.D. program qualifies students to work in academic settings as law professors.", "Graduates of a Juris Doctor (J.D.) program need to pass the bar exam before they can begin practicing law. Each state administers its own bar exam, but most require candidates to have graduated from a law school accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA). Lawyers may pursue licensure through the state in which they wish to practice law.", "The typical law degree required to practice law in Canada is now the Juris Doctor, which requires previous university coursework and is similar to the first law degree in the United States. There is some scholarly content in the coursework (such as an academic research paper required in most schools). The programs consist of three years, and have similar content in their mandatory first year courses. Beyond first year and the minimum requirements for graduation, course selection is elective with various concentrations such as business law, international law, natural resources law, criminal law, Aboriginal law, etc. Some schools, however, have not switched from LL.B. to the J.D. – one notable university that still awards the LL.B is McGill University.", "Law degree programs are considered graduate programs in the Philippines. As such, admission to law schools requires the completion of a bachelor's degree, with a sufficient number of credits or units in certain subject areas.", "Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[32] and president of the journal in his second year.[33] During his summers, he returned to Chicago where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley & Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[34] After graduating with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) magna cum laude[35][36] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[32]", "However, not all recent law graduates work as lawyers. According to Simkovic and McIntyre's study of U.S. Census Bureau data, around 40 percent of U.S. residents with law degrees do not practice law. Law graduates are disproportionately represented in leadership positions in business and government. The National Association for Legal Career Professionals produces an annual report summarizing the employment of recent graduates of U.S. law schools at a single point in time, 9 months of graduation. Employment at that point is typically around 90 percent, although from 2009 to 2011, the numbers have been lower, at around 86 to 88 percent. Approximately 2 percent of graduates were employed in non-professional jobs. Approximately 75 to 85 percent work in jobs classified by NALP as \"JD required\" or \"JD preferred\", and another 5 percent work in other professional jobs. However, a law degree increases earnings, even including those who do not practice law.", "Following her graduation she went to the Harvard Law School from where she earned her Juris Doctor (JD) in 1988. There she worked for the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau, assisting low-income tenants with housing cases.", "One degree was a Juris Doctorate, or law degree, from LaSalle University in Louisiana. This school was one of a number run by James Kirk, who operated a number of these diploma mills during the 1980s and 1990s.", "Inspired to take up the law by a class late in her studies, she entered Stanford University's law school. She received her LL.D. in 1952. Also in her class: William H. Rehnquist, who would serve as chief justice of the US Supreme Court.", "In 1953, Scalia enrolled at Georgetown University, where he graduated valedictorian and summa cum laude in 1957 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. While in college, he was a champion collegiate debater in Georgetown's Philodemic Society and a critically praised thespian. He took his junior year abroad at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. Scalia studied law at Harvard Law School, where he was a Notes Editor for the Harvard Law Review. He graduated magna cum laude from Harvard in 1960, becoming a Sheldon Fellow of Harvard University. The fellowship allowed him to travel throughout Europe during 1960–1961. ", "After starting at Vanderbilt University Law School, he joined the Arkansas National Guard during the height of the Vietnam War to avoid the military draft. To be closer to his guard responsibilities, he transferred to the University of Arkansas School of Law, where he was managing editor of the law review and received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) in 1971, graduating first in his class. Additionally he scored the highest in his class on the Arkansas bar exam.", "Sotomayor was born in The Bronx, New York City and is of Puerto Rican descent. Her father died when she was nine, and she was subsequently raised by her mother. Sotomayor graduated with an A.B., summa cum laude, from Princeton University in 1976 and received her J.D. from Yale Law School in 1979, where she was an editor at the Yale Law Journal. She was an advocate for the hiring of Latino faculty at both schools. She worked as an assistant district attorney in New York for five years before entering private practice in 1984. She played an active role on the boards of directors for the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, the State of New York Mortgage Agency, and the New York City Campaign Finance Board.", "Her experiences at the CAS had an effect beyond her swimming career. It was there that she developed an interest in the law; after officially announcing her retirement from swimming in 1999, she returned to university, graduating from University College Dublin with a degree in law. In July 2005 she was conferred with the degree of Barrister at Law of King's Inns, Dublin. While a student at the King's Inns she won the highly prestigious internal Brian Walsh Moot Court competition. Her first book, Transnational Litigation: Jurisdiction and Procedure was published in 2008 by Thomson Round Hall which is respected in legal circles. ", "3. What law school in America hires a student right out of law school to be a professor, with no actual experience inside the courtroom....not impossible; but from law student to law professor, is about as rare an occasion... as having a Catholic priest be elevated to a Cardinal. However, at least when Cardinal Avery Dulles made that leap, had three (3) United States Secretaries of State and a former director of the United States CIA in his family, plus his mother was a Rockefeller. Hmmmmmmmmm", "In 1979, Sotomayor was awarded a J.D. from Yale Law School. She was admitted to the New York Bar the following year. ", "The following year, in 2001, she entered New York University School of Law to study for the LLM degree, where she was a clerk for the clerkships program at the International Court of Justice. She received the Jack J. Katz Memorial Award for excellence in entertainment law. For one semester while at NYU, she worked as a student law clerk at the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in the offices of Sonia Sotomayor, who is now on the Supreme Court of the United States.", "Graduated from Princeton University with a B.A. in Sociology, and went on to earn a J.D. from Harvard Law School.", "(i) Even if you \"win\" the law school game and get a job at a large firm, it's a job most people find miserable and the turnover rate is absurd - commonly 80% after five years. If this is the pot of gold at the end of the law school rainbow, why would you want to subject yourself to this?", "Jurisprudence also attempts to clarify the ideals and perspectives of the legal order, a function that may be more effectively performed when jurists are not too closely bound to the practicing profession. There is, however, no clear evidence on this point, although the case of American law schools may be suggestive. Because of weak ties to universities and a tendency to recruit teachers from the ranks of practitioners, American law schools have generally been oriented to the practical interests of the profession, with little concern for jurisprudence and broader issues pertaining to the quality and needs of the legal order.", "Lerner graduated from Columbia University in 1984, spending 1983 at Clare College in Cambridge, England. He graduated from Columbia Law School and is a member of the New York and District of Columbia Bar Associations. He has worked as a lawyer in New York City.", "Even more significant for the legal order is the role of legal education in providing lawyers with distinctive modes of analysis and reasoning. The case method, as practiced in American law schools, may be peculiarly competent to impart these skills. It may also tend, however, to create a perspective in which law appears as an outcome of controversies rather than a way of implementing values. More importantly, by identifying the main locus of law in appellate decisions, it may promote a restricted conception of the legal. Attention is diverted from the variety of ways and settings in which law can emerge and be administered. Even in its empirical focus on decisions, the case method overstresses the role of the judiciary, neglecting legislation and administrative decision making. It may thus limit the capacities of legal education to prepare lawyers for a period such as the present, when the role of law is being extended beyond its traditional confines.", "The New York Times' most e-mailed story asks if law school is a losing game . The US may be known as the country of lawyers but according to the article, although they may be qualified an increasing number finish their course in debt.", "Rawls attended school in Baltimore for a short time before transferring to Kent School, an Episcopalian preparatory school in Connecticut. Upon graduation in 1939, Rawls attended Princeton University where he graduated summa cum laude and was accepted into The Ivy Club and the American Whig-Cliosophic Society. During his last two years at Princeton, he \"became deeply concerned with theology and its doctrines.\" He considered attending a seminary to study for the Episcopal priesthood and wrote an \"intensely religious senior thesis (BI).\" At Princeton, Rawls was influenced by Norman Malcolm, Wittgenstein's student. " ]

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[ "Eugene Andrew \"Gene\" Cernan (; born March 14, 1934), (CAPT, USN, Ret.), is a retired American naval officer and Naval Aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, fighter pilot, and NASA astronaut. He launched into space three times: as Pilot of Gemini 9A in June 1966, as Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969, and as Commander of Apollo 17 in December 1972, the final Apollo lunar landing.", "1972 – Upon completing the third extra-vehicular activity of Apollo 17, American astronaut Eugene Cernan became the last person to date to walk on the moon.", "Eugene Cernan : Commander,  Apollo 17 . Cernan had made two flights to space — on Gemini 9 in 1966 and on Apollo 10 in 1969 — before leading the sixth and last lunar landing mission, Apollo 17, in December 1972. This excursion to the moon marked the longest lunar landing flight, with Cernan and Harrison Schmitt spending more than three days on the moon's surface. Cernan was the last man to leave his footprints on the surface of the moon. A captain in the U.S. Navy, he retired from NASA and the military in 1975. He worked at Coral Petroleum, Inc., and then founded his own consulting company, the Cernan Corporation. He also served as Chairman of the Board of Johnson Engineering Corporation, which has helped NASA design trainers and equipment for space exploration. He died on January 16, 2017.", "1972. Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt begin the third and final Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) or \"Moonwalk\" of Apollo 17 . To date they are the last humans to set foot on the Moon.", "The Apollo 17 crew were the last men on the moon. With Ronald Evans in the command module, Commander Eugene Cernan and scientist Harrison H. Schmitt drove 34 km (21 miles) in the lunar buggy. On December 11, 1972 they left behind a plaque that reads: “Here Man completed his first exploration of the Moon, December 1972 A.D. May the spirit of peace in which we came be reflected in the lives of all mankind.” Cernan was the last man to have set foot on another celestial body.", "At the end of this last Apollo mission Eugene Cernan earned the distinction of becoming the last human to stand on the Moon -- so far. While Ronald Evans circled in America , Jack Schmitt and Cernan collected a record 108.86 kilograms of rocks during three Moonwalks. The crew roamed for 33.80 kilometers through the Taurus-Littrow valley in their rover, discovered orange-colored soil, and left behind a plaque attached to their lander Challenger, which read: \"Here Man completed his first exploration of the Moon, December 1972 A.D. May the spirit of peace in which we came be reflected in the lives of all mankind.\" The Apollo lunar program had ended.", "In December 1972, as one of the crew on board Apollo 17, Schmitt became the first member of NASA's first scientist-astronaut group to fly in space. As Apollo 17 was the last of the Apollo missions, he also became the twelfth person to set foot on the Moon, and , the second-to-last person to step off of the Moon (he boarded the Lunar Module shortly before commander Eugene Cernan). Schmitt also remains the first and only professional scientist to have flown beyond low Earth orbit and to have visited the Moon. He was influential within the community of geologists supporting the Apollo program and, before starting his own preparations for an Apollo mission, had been one of the scientists training those Apollo astronauts chosen to visit the lunar surface.", "Apollo 17 was the last of the Apollo program, landing in the Taurus-Littrow region in December 1972. Eugene Cernan commanded Ronald E. Evans and NASA's first scientist-astronaut, geologist Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt. Schmitt was originally scheduled for Apollo 18, but the lunar geological community lobbied for his inclusion on the final lunar landing. Cernan and Schmitt stayed on the surface for just over 3 days and spent just over 23 hours of total EVA.", "July 3, 1935. Today is the birthday of Harrison “Jack” Schmitt, the only trained scientist to have walked on the moon, so far. Born in Santa Rita, New Mexico, he was a geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey, and other entities, when he joined NASA in 1965 along with a group of other scientists. He became the 12th and last man to walk on the moon. His mission was the 6th and final manned flight to the moon, Apollo 17, in 1972.", "Apollo 17, the final mission to send men to the moon, launched on Dec. 7, 1972, carrying Schmitt, command module pilot Ronald Evans and Commander Gene Cernan. Schmitt was the 12th and final man on the moon; Cernan was 11th and last to depart the planet’s surface.", "Bottom line: July 3, 1935 is the birthdate of Harrison “Jack” Schmitt, the only trained scientist to walk on the moon and the 12th and last man to walk on the moon. His mission was Apollo 17, in 1972.", "Eugene Andrew \"Gene\" Cernan, is a former American naval officer and aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, fighter pilot, and NASA astronaut.", "American astronaut who, as commander of Apollo 17, was the last person to walk on the Moon. Cernan was commissioned in the U.S. Navy in 1956, became a test pilot, and earned his master’s degree in aeronautical engineering at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. In 1963 he was named in the second group of astronauts. Cernan and...", "Cernan turned down the opportunity to walk on the Moon as Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 16, preferring to risk missing a flight altogether for the opportunity to command his own mission. After the cancellation of Apollo 18, NASA decided to send a scientist—Schmitt—to the Moon. This decision meant the original Lunar Module Pilot, Joe Engle, never had the opportunity to walk on the Moon. Cernan fought to keep his crew together, however public pressure from the scientific community cemented Schmitt's position on the crew. Even though Cernan wanted to keep his crew together, he had positive thoughts about Schmitt's abilities. For example, he believed Schmitt was an outstanding LM pilot and that Joe was merely an adequate one. ", "Geologist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt, who became the last to step onto the Moon, had aggressively lobbied for his landing site to be on the far side of the Moon, targeting the lava-filled crater Tsiolkovskiy. Schmitt's ambitious proposal included a special communications satellite based on the existing TIROS satellites to be launched into a Farquhar–Lissajous halo orbit around the L2 point so as to maintain line-of-sight contact with the astronauts during their powered descent and lunar surface operations. NASA administrators rejected these plans on the grounds of added risk and lack of funding.", "The following March, LM flight, rendezvous and docking were successfully demonstrated in Earth orbit on Apollo 9, and Schweickart tested the full lunar EVA suit with its Portable Life Support System (PLSS) outside the LM. The F mission was successfully carried out on Apollo 10 in May 1969 by Gemini veterans Thomas P. Stafford, John Young and Eugene Cernan. Stafford and Cernan took the LM to within 50000 ft of the lunar surface. ", "The consensus was that Schmitt would work through Cernan, like it or not. Or in Cernan’s words: “Period. End of story. Sit down.”", "(7) CERNAN OBIT. “Gene Cernan, last man to walk on Moon, dies aged 82” reports the BBC.", "Cernan retired from the Navy and from NASA in 1976. He went on to found an aerospace technology firm, and wrote a book about his experiences as an astronaut. He also contributed his talents to ABC-TV as a commentator during shuttle flights and has made appearances on various space specials. In September of 2011, Cernan testified before Congress on the future of the space program.", "Cernan's and Schmitt's first major challenge was when Cernan accidentally broke a wheel fender on their lunar rover. This meant the astronauts were showered in abrasive moon dust as they drove around the surface. Cernan made a partial repair with some duct tape, joking he would like a \"mending award.\" The next day, he and Schmitt taped some maps in place of the fender to better fix the problem.", "Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr., January 20, 1930) is an American engineer and former astronaut. As the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 11, he was ...", "One day, early in 1972, Chris Kraft – the legendary flight director who had recently been appointed Director of the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston – took Gene Cernan to one side.", "On July 2, 1974 Cernan was a roaster of Don Rickles on The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast. At the end of the roast, Rickles (who attended the Apollo 17 launch) paid tribute to Cernan as a \"delightful, wonderful, great hero.\"", "Entering the 1973 season, Stewart had decided to retire at the end of the season. He nevertheless won at South Africa, Belgium, Monaco, Holland, and Germany. His last (and then record-setting) 27th victory came at the Nürburgring with a convincing 1-2 for Tyrrell. \"Nothing gave me more satisfaction than to win at the Nürburgring and yet, I was always afraid.\" Stewart later said. \"When I left home for the German Grand Prix I always used to pause at the end of the driveway and take a long look back. I was never sure I'd come home again.\" After the fatal crash of his teammate (and close friend) François Cevert in practice for the 1973 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, Stewart retired one race earlier than intended and missed what would have been his 100th GP.", "At the age of 43, when most drivers think of retiring, Art Riley ran his first race at Lime Rock, Connecticut. Art and co-driver Bill Rutan won Lime Rock's first endurance race, the 1957 Little Le Mans, a ten-hour grind for small sedans. They teamed in Art's PV444 and 544 models to win the event three times in its first five years. Riley later brought newscaster Walter Cronkite onto the Volvo team with marked success, Cronkite being the only finisher of the five-car team one year.", "Gene Cernan took this photo of Jack Schmitt with the American flag and the distant Earth.", "Dean's final race occurred in Santa Barbara on Memorial Day, May 30, 1955. He was unable to finish the competition due to a blown piston.Raskin (2005) pp. 47–48; 68–71; 73–74; 78–81; 83–86 His brief career was put on hold when Warner Brothers barred him from all racing during the production of Giant. Dean had finished shooting his scenes and the movie was in post-production when he decided to race again.", "Weissmuller lived in Florida until the end of 1973, then moved to Las Vegas, Nevada , where he worked as a greeter at the MGM Grand Hotel for a time. In 1976, he appeared for the last time in a motion picture , playing a movie crewman who is fired by a movie mogul, played by Art Carney , in Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood, and he also made his final public appearance in that year when he was inducted into the Body Building Guild Hall of Fame.", "Weissmuller lived in Florida until the end of 1973, then moved to Las Vegas , Nevada , where he worked as a greeter at the MGM Grand Hotel for a time. In 1976, he appeared for the last time in a motion picture , playing a movie crewman who is fired by a movie mogul, played by Art Carney , in Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood , and he also made his final public appearance in that year when he was inducted into the Body Building Guild Hall of Fame.", "After resigning from NASA in 1971, he became a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1979. During the years 1982-1992, Armstrong served as chairman of Computing Technologies for Aviation, Inc., in Charlottesville, Virginia. He then became chairman of the board of AIL Systems, Inc., an electronics systems company in Deer Park, New York. Armstrong died on Aug. 25, 2012 at the age of 82 due to complications relating to recent cardiovascular bypass procedures.", "Amon started the 1977 Can-Am season with Wolf, but decided to retire after one race. His seat was taken by Gilles Villeneuve , who Amon later recommended to Enzo Ferrari.", "Amon started the 1977 Can-Am season with Wolf, but decided to retire after one race. His seat was taken by Gilles Villeneuve, who Amon later recommended to Enzo Ferrari." ]

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[ "Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a character from the 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula. Van Helsing is an aged Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name: \"MD, D.Ph., D.Litt., etc, etc,\" indicating a wealth of experience, education and expertise. The character is best known throughout his many adaptations as a vampire hunter, monster hunter, and the archenemy of Count Dracula.", "Van Helsing- \"Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a fictional character and a protagonist from Bram Stoker's 1897 novel, Dracula.Van Helsing is a Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name: \"M.D., D.Ph., D.Litt., etc.\" The character is best known as a vampire hunter, and the arch-enemy of Count Dracula.\" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_helsing", "A vampire hunter or vampire slayer is a character in folklore and fiction who specializes in finding and destroying vampires, and sometimes other supernatural creatures. A vampire hunter is usually described as having extensive knowledge of vampires and other monstrous creatures, including their powers and weaknesses, and uses this knowledge to effectively combat them. In many works, vampire hunters are simply humans with more than average knowledge about the occult, while in others they are themselves supernatural beings, having superhuman abilities. A well known and influential vampire hunter is Professor Abraham Van Helsing, a character in Bram Stoker's 1897 horror novel, Dracula.", "In 1897, the Irish writer Bram Stoker published a Gothic novel entitled Dracula. His story made Transylvania more famous than any tourism promotion campaign ever could. By using some historical facts, he linked Vlad Tepes, the Voivode of Wallachia, to his main character, Count Dracula, the vampire.", "(Dracula Lives#2/4) [11/6/1897??] - Dracula, a bolt from Van Helsing's crossbow in his side, wrote a letter accusing Stoker of lying, Harker of being addled on opium, and Van Helsing being descended from a family of magicians with a long-running enmity with Dracula's family. This letter also revealed his plan to leave another vampire in his place, to be staked by the vampire hunters. In addition, the letter contained a curse that whosoever first found it would be victims of his vampire legions, the Children of the Night. The letter was not found until centuries later, by two American journalists, Mark Cordier and David Frazier, who investigated Castle Dracula after the events of the Tomb of Dracula I#1--and did indeed fall victim to its curse.", "Stoker came across the name Dracula in his reading on Romanian history, and chose this to replace the name (Count Wampyr) originally intended for his villain. Some Dracula scholars led by Elizabeth Miller argue that Stoker knew little of the historic Vlad III except for the name \"Dracula\", whereas Stoker mentions the Dracula who fought against the Turks and was later betrayed by his brother, historical facts in the novel which unequivocally point to Vlad III:", "Soon the Count is menacing Harker's fiancée, Wilhelmina \"Mina\" Murray, and her friend, Lucy Westenra. There is also a notable link between Dracula and Renfield, a patient in an insane asylum overseen by John Seward who is compelled to consume insects, spiders, birds, and other creatures—in ascending order of size—in order to absorb their \"life force\". Renfield acts as a kind of sensor, reacting to Dracula's proximity and supplying clues accordingly. Dracula begins to visit Lucy's bed chamber on a nightly basis, draining her of blood while simultaneously infecting her with the curse of vampirism. Not knowing the cause for Lucy's deterioration, her three suitors - Seward, Arthur Holmwood and Quincey Morris - call upon Seward's mentor, the Dutch doctor Abraham Van Helsing. Van Helsing soon deduces her condition's supernatural origins, but does not speak out. Despite an attempt at keeping the vampire at bay with garlic, Dracula attacks Lucy's house one final time, killing her mother and transforming Lucy herself into one of the undead.", "The name of the vampire Count Dracula in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula was inspired by Vlad's patronymic Dracula, \"son of the dragon.\"", "The only real link between the historical Dracula (1431-1476) and the modern literary myth of the vampire is the 1897 novel. Bram Stoker built his fictional character solely based on the research that he conducted in libraries in London. Political detractors and Saxon merchants, unhappy with the new trade regulations imposed by Vlad, did everything they could to blacken his reputation. They produced and disseminated throughout Western Europe exaggerated stories and illustrations about Vlad's cruelty. Vlad Tepes' reign was, however, presented in a different way in chronicles written in other parts of Europe.", "In 1897, newly qualified solicitor Jonathan Harker takes the Transylvanian Count Dracula as a client from his colleague R. M. Renfield, who has gone insane. Jonathan travels to Transylvania to arrange Dracula's real estate acquisition in London, including Carfax Abbey. Jonathan meets Dracula, who discovers a picture of Harker's fiancée, Mina and believes that she is the reincarnation of Elisabeta. Dracula leaves Jonathan to be raped and fed upon by his brides and sails to England with boxes of his native soil, taking up residence at Carfax Abbey. His arrival is foretold by the ravings of Renfield, now an inmate in Dr Jack Seward's neighboring insane asylum.", "(Tomb Of Dracula I#8) - Dracula met Dr. Heirich Mortte (a vampire himself) for help with the poisoned dart Quincy Harker used on him. He briefly attempted to raise an army of artificially-created vampires, but was stopped by Dr. Mortte, who died in the process.", "Jonathan Harker, a young English lawyer, travels to Castle Dracula in the Eastern European country of Transylvania to conclude a real estate transaction with a nobleman named Count Dracula. As Harker wends his way through the picturesque countryside, the local peasants warn him about his destination, giving him crucifixes and other charms against evil and uttering strange words that Harker later translates into “vampire.”", "The book might have slipped into obscurity, like much of Stoker’s work, if it had not captured the imagination of stage and film producers who saw its potential. A 1924 stage adaptation by Hamilton Deane romanticized the Count and gave him his now famous red-lined black cape, and the Hungarian actor Bela Lugosi took the role in the Broadway production before being cast as Dracula in Tod Browning’s 1931 adaptation for Universal Films. This was the first official film version of the book; Nosferatu (1922) was clearly based on the novel, and Stoker’s estate successfully sued for copyright infringement. Since then, Dracula has appeared in over 130 films – more than any other fictional character apart from Sherlock Holmes.", "Immediately afterward Varney arose and escaped from his pursuers. Bram Stoker departed from this fictional convention. In Dracula, the moon was used for atmosphere, but possessed no supernatural qualities. In the first chapter, for example, the moonlight provided added emphasis to Dracula’s command over the wolves. Later, in chapter 4, the three women who resided in Castle Dracula made their appearance in the dust dancing in the moonbeams. Subsequent authors of vampire fiction followed Stoker’s lead; it was the deadly sun, not the moon (except as it was an important element in the larger nocturnal environment), that became a significant element of vampire lore.", "Abraham “Bram” Stoker (November 8, 1847-April 20, 1912) was an Irish novelist and short story writer, best known today for his 1897 Gothic novel, Dracula.", "Count Dracula was created by Bram Stoker in his 1897 novel of the same name . He was not the first to introduce vampires into western literature (see the \"penny dreadful\" — emphasis on 'dreadful' — novel Varney the Vampire for one precursor; also Carmilla , which introduces lesbian vampires ; additionally The Vampyre , which was written by a physician friend of Lord Byron and Mary Shelley after Byron proposed a horror story contest, which directly inspired Frankenstein as well) but his Dracula is the first to enter popular culture — the vampire known even by people not familiar with the book, or even the genre .", "Jonathan Harker stands outside Dracula’s remarkable castle, wondering what sort of adventure he has gotten himself into. After a long wait, the count appears and welcomes Harker. Clad in black, he is a tall old man, who is clean-shaven aside from a long, white moustache. When the two shake hands, Harker is impressed by the strength of Dracula’s grip, but notes that the ice-cold hand is more like that of a dead man than a living one. Still, the count’s greeting is so warm that the Englishman’s fears vanish. Harker enters and takes his dinner before a roaring fire. As the two converse, Harker notices what calls Dracula’s “marked physiognomy”: the count has pointed ears, exceptionally pale skin, and extremely sharp teeth. Harker’s nervousness and fears return.", "Dracula He is the vampire who has been \"Un-Dead\" for several hundred years and keeps his vitality by sucking blood from live victims. He is the Transylvanian Count for whom the book is named. Despite the fact that he is actually seen on only a few of the approximately four hundred pages of the novel, his presence constantly pervades the entire work; of note is the fact that his desire to move from the barren and desolate Transylvania, which is sparsely populated, to the more populous England, is the initiating point of the novel since someone from England must make the trip to Castle Dracula to complete the transactions. In appearance, Count Dracula is described as being a \"tall old man, clean shaven, save for a long white mustache and clad in black from head to foot, without a single speck of color about him anywhere.\" Contrary to popular understanding, Stoker has his Dracula sporting a large, bushy Victorian mustache and having a profuse head of dense, curly hair, massive eyebrows, and peculiarly sharp white teeth, especially the canine teeth. Dracula also possesses astonishing vitality, as is witnessed every time that he appears in a difficult situation.", "At the peak of his career, Abraham \"Bram\" Stoker (November 8, 1847 - April 20, 1912) was working as an assistant for his friend, Shakespearean actor Sir Henry Irving, a well known and acclaimed actor in his day. But it would be the assistant whose name would outshine the boss's. Stoker, an Irish novelist and short story writer, is known around the globe for his Gothic horror character Dracula. Inspired in part by his friend Irving, as well as the notorious Vlad the Impaler, Stoker studied stories about vampires, but ultimately his Count Dracula would become synonymous with the famous monsters. And drawing off his experience as a newspaper writer, Stoker wrote Dracula as a collection of realistic diary entries, telegrams, letters, ship's logs, and newspaper clippings, all of which made the story that much scarier and unique. show more", "Bram Stoker is best known as the author of Dracula (1897), one of the most famous horror novels of all time.", "Abraham \"Bram\" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish author known today for his 1897 Gothic novel, Dracula. During his lifetime, he was better known as personal assistant of actor Henry Irving and business manager of the Lyceum Theatre in London, which Irving owned.", "Set in Victorian England, “Dracula” is the story of a centuries-old vampire and Transylvania nobleman, Count Dracula, who roams around at night biting the throats of human victims, whose blood he needs to survive. The concept of vampires didn’t originate with Stoker: These mythical creatures, who cast no shadows, have no reflections in mirrors and can be killed with a stake through their hearts, actually first appeared in ancient folklore. English writer John William Polidori’s 1819 short story “The Vampyre” is credited with kick-starting modern literature’s vampire genre.", "Can anyone tell me where to find the chapter \"The count's guest\" (or something like that)? It was published two years after Bram Stoker's death, by his wife. I can not find it, and I would very much like to read it, since this book is a masterpiece. As Charlotte Stoker wrote to her son, shortly after Dracula was published in 1897: \"No book since Mary Shelly's Frankenstein or indeed any other at all has come near yours in originality and terror...\" Hoping for an answer. Linda...", "Few names have cast more terror into the human heart than Dracula. The legendary vampire, created by author Bram Stoker in his 1897 novel of the same name, has inspired countless horror movies, television shows and other bloodcurdling tales of vampires.", "Bram Stoker (November 8 1847 - April 20 1912) was an Irish novelist who wrote the novel \"Dracula\". He was the manager of the Lyceum Theather in London and was personal assistant to Victorian actor Henry Irving. From mid 1890 untill 1896  Stoker wrote \"Dracula\". To do this, he visited Transylvania and Whitby. Stoker was married to Madam Florance Balcombe (1858-1937) and gave birth to a son Irving Thornley Stoker in 1879. \"Dracula\" has been a staple of modern gothic culture since it's release a hundred-and-sixteen years ago. Many times it has been adapted, and it is held as a classic staple of literature. As a child, Bram Stoker was often ill and his mother used to tell him  ghost-stories. This (and a nightmare he  once had) inspired him to write his horror masterpiece. Other novels he wrote never reached the level of infamy that \"Dracula\" did. In 1910 he wrote a collection of short stories titled \"Dracula's Guest\"", "It was here that we were first shown the vampire as a disarmingly suave creature of the night, quite unlike Stoker’s cadaverous old man with pointed ears, bad breath, and hairy palms. As played by Hungarian-born Bela Lugosi, 49, the “count glides across drawing rooms and crypts with equal aplomb; no charnel-house air clings to him,” Kendrick observed. “Lugosi attempted to evoke ideas of aristocratic corruption rather than the literal rot of the grave.”", "On the 26th May 1897, Bram Stoker’s Gothic horror novel Dracula was first published. Although not the first vampire novel, Dracula was certainly responsible for defining modern ideas of vampires and for forever associating them.... . .", "Bram Stoker, the author of Dracula, died on April 20 1912 at the age of 64", "Davidson, Carol Margaret, ed. Bram Stoker’s Dracula: Sucking through the Century, 1897–1997. Toronto: Durndun Press, 1997. 432 pp.", "Horror: Christopher Lee in the 1958 horror film Dracula which was inspired by the novel by Bram Stoker (right)", "*Belford, Barbara. Bram Stoker: A Biography of the Author of Dracula. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996.", "Belford, Barbara. Bram Stoker: A Biography of the Author of Dracula. New York: Random House, 1996." ]

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[ "Futurama is an animated TV series based around the main protagonist Philip J. Fry, a pizza delivery boy from the 20th century who was cryogenically frozen for 1000 years, and his adventures in the future. The show was created by Matt Groening and David X. Cohen for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Besides Fry, the main cast includes Turanga Leela, Bender Bending Rodríguez, Professor Hubert Farnsworth, Hermes Conrad, Doctor John A. Zoidberg and Amy Wong, with a secondary cast of Zapp Brannigan, Kif Kroker, Nibbler and Scruffy.", "Perhaps only a man named for the Greek god of swiftness would perceive the future in this quicksilver device. Émile-Maurice returned to Paris with a two-year European patent on the zipper. He saw Hermès zooming into the age of the automobile, which would no doubt require leather accessories. The zipper opened and closed in a flash, a perfect mechanism with which to secure a purse or jacket against high speeds. The \"Hermès Fastener,\" as it was called even after the patent had expired, would revolutionize clothing (made by Hermès, the first-ever leather jacket with a zip was worn by the Duke of Windsor), and the Hermès workrooms became so expert in its manipulation that other companies, including Coco Chanel's, came to learn from them.", "Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening and developed by Groening and David X. Cohen for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series follows the adventures of a late-20th-century New York City pizza delivery boy, Philip J. Fry, who, after being unwittingly cryogenically frozen for one thousand years, finds employment at Planet Express, an interplanetary delivery company in the retro-futuristic 31st century.", "Futurama is an Emmy Award-winning animated American sitcom created by Matt Groening (creator of The Simpsons) and David X. Cohen for the Fox network. The series follows the adventures of a former New York City pizza delivery boy, Philip J. Fry, after he is cryogenically frozen at midnight, December 31, 1999, and is revived one thousand years in the future.", "Futurama is an animated American science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening ( The Simpsons ) and developed by Groening and David X. Cohen for the Fox network . The series follows the adventures of a late 20th-century New York City pizza delivery boy, Philip J. Fry , who after being cryogenically frozen for a thousand years, finds employment at Planet Express, an interplanetary delivery company in the retrofuturistic 31st century.", "Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening and developed by Groening and David X. Cohen for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series follows the adventures of a late-20th-century New York City pizza delivery boy, Philip J. Fry, who, after being unwittingly cryogenically frozen for one thousand years, finds employment at Planet Express, an interplanetary delivery company in the retro-futuristic 31st century. The series was envisioned by Groening in the late 1990s while working on The Simpsons, later bringing Cohen aboard to develop storylines and characters to pitch the show to Fox..", "Apokolips, Artemis, Azrael, Cain and Abel, Cerberus, Chronos (already confounded with Kronos by the Greeks), Diana (Prince),Doomsday, Female Furies, Hippolyte, Jericho, Lady Shiva, Lord Chaos, Lord Satanus, Maxie Zeus, Morpheus (Sandman), Naiad, New Genesis, Oracle, Orion, Project Cadmus, Rhea Jones, Son of Vulcan, Troia (Donna Troy), Wotan, Zatanna.", "FUTURAMA's premise goes like this: Philip Fry (voiced by Billy West ) is a 20th-century pizza boy who makes a delivery to a cryogenic institute, gets frozen, and wakes up in the year 3001. Fry immediately falls in with his distant nephew, Professor Farnsworth (West again); one-eyed ship captain, Leela ( Katey Sagal ); and their intergalactic delivery crew. He ends up living with kleptomaniac robot Bender ( John Di Maggio ) and patching together a rag-tag family.", "\"Futurama\" follows the life of Philip J. Fry (Billy West), a pizza delivery boy who accidentally stumbles into a freezer on December 31, 1999 and wakes up a thousand years later. In his future home of New New York City, Fry goes to work for the Planet Express Intergalactic delivery company, where he befriends Bender (John DiMaggio), a booze-fueled robot, and sets his romantic sights on Leela (Katey Sagal), a sexy cyclops who enjoys beating him up.", "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: , Apollōn ( ); Doric: , Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: , Apeilōn; Aeolic: , Aploun; ) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu. ", "Hermès International S.A., mostly known as Hermès Paris, or just Hermès, is a French luxury manufacturer that was founded in 1837. The company is the second most valuable luxury brand in the world. The French manufacturer ranked 40 in the Brandz Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands 2013.", "* Matt Groening's animated series The Simpsons, of which Kubrick was a fan, and Futurama frequently reference 2001, along with other Kubrick films. The Simpsons had in the episode \"Deep Space Homer\" Bart throwing a felt-tip marker into the air; in slow motion it rotates, before a match cut replaces it with a cylindrical satellite. In 2004 Empire magazine listed this as the third best film parody of the entire run of the show. In the Futurama episode \"Love and Rocket\" a sentient spaceship revolts in a manner similar to Hal. Games Radar listed this as number 17 in its list of 20 Funniest Futurama parodies, while noting that Futurama has referenced Space Odyssey on several other occasions. ", ", p 88, “Hermes is an ancient god of the countryside named for the ἕρμα, also called ἑρμαῐον, which was a cairn or heap of stones” Hermes not only marks boundaries but also guides the way for the traveler. When he beame more anthropomorphic he was given a phallus to promote fertility.” So the story of the Judgement of Paris seems to be about fertility. It might be about the choices that one makes that promote fertility. Paris chooses Aphrodite, an obvious choice for fertility, when in reality Athena would have been a better choice.", "116. Hermes and Hestia97He wears his winged sanvigorous frame. dals, often a traveler's hat or a winged cap otherwise he is usually nude. In his hand he carries agile,;his caduceus, or herald's staff,withwingedtwo serpents twined aboutit.at the top,He mostfully expresses the character of the Greek peo-Fig. 25.pie,Hermes from Olympia.as a French writerinventivethe(Collignon) says, \"the alert the intelligence,genius, physical vigor, developed and training of the palestra.\"madesupple by theThe worship of Hermes under the name of Mercury was introduced into Rome at a time when there was anxiety about the grain tradeMercury.", "In 3050 , Planet Express had achieved even more, and kept growing and growing, despite Hermes becoming a head in a jar and Amy getting a robot body. Unfortunately for the company, the guys would return two incarnations later to maintain the poor management the company was used to in the first universe. Futurama is now set in the third incarnations , where all is back to normal.", "In Greek mythology \"golden-wreathed\" Phoebe (Ancient Greek Φοίβη, Phoibe pronounced /'fiː.biː/ in English), in her very name simply the feminine counterpart of Phoebus, was one of the original Titans, one set of sons and daughters of Uranus and Gaia. She was traditionally associated with the moon (see Selene), as in Michael Drayton's Endimion and Phœbe, (1595), the first extended treatment of the Endymion myth in English. Her consort was her brother Coeus, with whom she had two daughters, Leto, who bore Artemis and Apollo, and Asteria, a star-goddess who bore an only daughter Hekate.", "Cronos � Belgian e-business integrator, founded by Jef De Wit and named after Cronus (or Kronos), the father of Zeus and his siblings (in Greek religion and mythology).", "* The animated series Futurama features several episodes in which the Harlem Globetrotters appear as brilliant scientists as well as basketball players living on another planet, the Globetrotter Homeworld. Ironically, the Harlem Globetrotters react harshly to anyone who \"laughs at their antics\" as evidenced in the episode \"Time Keeps On Slippin'\" (2001).", "Paris (aka Alexander or Alexandros) was the son of King  Priam  of Troy and his queen,  Hecuba , but he was rejected at birth, and raised as a shepherd on Mt. Ida. While Paris was living the life of a shepherd, the  three goddesses ,  Hera ,  Aphrodite , and  Athena , appeared to him asking him to award the \"fairest\" of them the golden apple that  Discord  had promised one of them. Each goddess offered Paris a bribe, but the bribe offered by Aphrodite appealed to Paris most, so Paris awarded the apple to Aphrodite. It was a beauty contest, so it was appropriate that  the goddess of love and  beauty, Aphrodite, had offered Paris the most beautiful woman on earth for his bride. That woman was Helen. Unfortunately, Helen was taken. She was the bride of Menelaus.", "Hermes was regularly depicted wearing a golden helmet or traveling hat, fleet-footed sandals, and carrying a herald's staff.  Some artists drew wings on his hat or shoes, but this is thought to have been solely to depict the speed with which he moved - not to say that he literally had wings on his clothing. As a fast and diplomatic god, he was often sent on important errands. One of his regular tasks included escorting the dead from the Overworld to Hades' Underworld .", "On September 15, 2000, Unique Development Studios acquired the license to develop a Futurama video game for consoles and handheld systems. Fox Interactive signed on to publish the game. Sierra Entertainment later became the game's publisher, and it was released on August 14, 2003. Versions are available for PlayStation 2 and Xbox, both of which use cel-shading technology. However, the game was subsequently canceled on the Nintendo GameCube and Game Boy Advance in North America and Europe. ", "Halcyon Renard from Gargoyles is an old, reclusive billionaire in a wheelchair. A fully-grown male gargoyle just broke out of a steel cage right in front of him? \" I'm trembling in my chair. \" Said chair has a laser gun built into the armrest. He also later takes part in the battle against Oberon , who is a Physical God .", "The Futurama episode \"My Three Suns\" had a planet of water creatures who gave their kings titles describing their structure and consistency -- \"King [name] the [word meaning 'wet']\". When Fry became king, he was given the title \"King Fry the Solid... who enjoyed a soup composed principally of Thron the Chunky...\"", "\"Penelon\" was created by fashion designer François Lemaire, who named it in honour of his favourite model, Lady Penelope. This fabric has extraordinary properties: Penelon can be converted into any costume design, squeezed into a space the size of a match box and be fashioned to resemble any other material. The fabric is sought after by Lemaire's rivals, and after Penelope discovers that they have bugged his office, she suggests that the unveiling of Lemaire's new all-Penelon collection be held on board the aircraft Skythrust, designed by International Rescue's engineer, Brains.", "Apollon had numerous titles. For example, Apollon Pythios was his name at his oracular shrine in the Greek city of Phocis, at Delphi, where his priestess was known as the Phoebad or Pythia.", "Paris asks if any of the Goddesses know any dirty jokes before making his final decision !. Credit: History of the World as reenacted by Barbie dolls", "Jean Paul Gaultier (; born 24 April 1952 in Arcueil, Val-de-Marne, France) is a French haute couture and prêt-à-porter fashion designer. Gaultier was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to 2010. He is the host of the television series Eurotrash.", "For all the stresses of the previous weeks, Maurice looked rather spectacular as he stalked up the association’s grand stairway. He has curly reddish hair fashionably shorn, exudes a sort of ravenous magnetism, and stands taller than he appears in photographs. His suit was baggy, its studied shapelessness balanced by its excellent cut. The label, he told me later, was Comme des Garçons. Little things like that—like the neoSwifty glasses, with their trendy thick arms, and the black suede shoes—mark him as someone deeply concerned with appearances.", "As he and Françoise appeared in society pages and luxury magazines, his business took off, reinforcing that a designer could project an entire lifestyle that he inhabited. Because of the public persona that he and a few peers were developing, retail executives made an unusual business decision for that age: to leave the designer’s label in the garment instead of the store’s alone. American shopping was never the same.", "In 2008, Williams co-designed a series of jewelry (\"Blason\") and glasses for Louis Vuitton. He has also worked on furniture with Emmanuel Perrotin and a French manufacturer, Domeau & Pérès. One of his works, a molded plastic seat with human legs, was created because he \"wanted to know what it was like to be in love.\" The chair depicts a sexual scene with a pair of female legs and male legs.", "The trope is directly lampshaded in the episode \"The Father, the Son and the Holy Fonz\", in which Peter starts a religion based on Happy Days .", "Louis Vuion was a French entrepreneur and designer whose name has become iconic in the fashion world." ]

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[ "In 1927 John Logie Baird worked on video recording using wax discs. It wasn’t until 1956 that the first commercially successful video recorder, the Ampex-VRX 1000 was released. In the late 1970s and 1980s there was a videotape format war between Sony’s Betamax and JVC’s VHS. VHS eventually won and VHS recorders were popular for years until the introduction of DVDs.", "When you mention “Format War”, most will remember the battle between Sony’s Betamax videotapes and JVC’s VHS. Like the audio battle mentioned above, both sides of this war had aggressive marketing campaigns.", "As early as 1963, Philips and a number of smaller companies began to develop videocassette formats.  In 1969, Sony announced the first videocassette format.  Its ¾ inch U-Matic cassette and recorders were commercially introduced in 1971.  U-Matic was successful in attracting smaller educational and business users, but not the general public.  Its formatting allowed only for playback of a recording only to be possible through a special monitor, rather than a television.  Throughout the 1970s VHS and Sony battled each other for dominance in the video recording market. [2]", "The competition between the companies led to the release of three different, mutually incompatible VCR formats: Sony’s Betamax in 1975, JVC’s VHS in 1976, and the Philips V2000 in 1978. Two of these would come head-to-head in the 1980s in what became known as the first Format War.", "The company launched the Betamax videocassette recording format in 1975. Sony became embroiled in the infamous videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony was marketing the Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs.", "Sony's Betamax competed with VHS throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s (see Videotape format war). Betamax's major advantages were its smaller cassette size, higher video quality, and earlier availability.", "To cope with the videotape format war of the 1970s and 1980s, some stores initially stocked both VHS and Betamax cassettes, while others specialized in one format or the other. During the 1980s most stores eventually became all-VHS, contributing to the eventual demise of Beta. Rogers Video was the first chain to provide DVD rentals in Canada. Other chains and independent stores later transitioned to the newer format. Similarly, many stores now rent Blu-ray Disc movies after the high definition optical disc format war was finished. All stores continued to carry VHS only.", "The two factions cut a deal, brokered by IBM president Lou Gerstner, on a new format: DVD. Toshiba wound up on top after the dust settled in 1995/1996, and Sony and Philips, who weren't cut in on the standard (and royalties) nearly as much as they'd have liked, immediately started work on a next gen system. The Professional Disc for DATA (aka PDD or ProDATA), which was based on an optical disc system Sony had already been developing in the side, would eventually become the Blu-ray disc. Toshiba, not to be outdone by its rivals Sony and Philips, also started work on a next gen system, the Advanced Optical Disc, which eventually evolved into the HD DVD. But after thirty-five years of optical audio/video disc development we're back where we were years ago: two money-grubbing would-be standards bearers swiping at one another, threatening to wreak havoc on the consumer electronics industry. Apparently history really does repeat itself.", "During the spring of 1995, the conflict between the two developers had been fueled by Toshiba’s own development of a two-layer disc called SD (Super Density).  Sony and Philips were then tightly grid locked in competition.  Then, in December of that same year, after a playful yet appropriate allusion to Chinese literature, Ken Pohlmann coveys the news of an alliance between the two formats.  In The Art of War, Pohlmann begins by writing that “something” had motivated Sony, Philips, and the Toshiba posse to unite in their efforts to create the DVD.  More specifically, that “something” was a report by Apple, Compaq, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, and Microsoft in which the software and hardware giants collectively refused to support the dueling standards.  The agreement to work together toward the DVD standard was centered in the mutual exchange and pooling of technologies.  The developers (now ten corporations large) would use Toshiba’s SD disc, with its thinness and high data density, in combination with Sony’s “data coding methods,” called EFM Plus.", "Although its primary rival was Sony’s Betamax, there was a brief period of time when other companies such as Philips, MCA, and RCA produced different tape formats and disc systems. All of these systems failed to capture the market and never became popular. VHS won out due to its many advantages including, the ability to rewind and fast forward at quicker rate, the unthreading system, and more importantly its longer recording time. VHS videocassettes peaked with the sale of The Lion King, which sold more than 30 million copies in the U.S. alone. The VHS format continued to thrive for two decades until the invention of the DVD.", "From where Sony stood, the only clear advantage of the VHS format was its longer recording time. So, Sony doubled the Betamax recording time. JVC followed suit. This continued until recording times were no longer an issue for potential customers, and marketing overtook superior technology as the key to the battle.", "What made video tape recorders unique were their ability to record and play back moving images and sound.  They were recorded sound the same way as an audio-tape recorder, but did it in such a way that allowed for the majority of the width of the tape to be available for the video track.  The 1970s was the period when major steps and improvement were made to video tape recorders, resulting in the eventual creating of the Video Home System standard.  However, during this time several other companies also made attempts to produce a television recording device, hoping the majority of the world would embrace their product.", "VHS stands for Video Home System (originally Vertical Helical Scan), and is a recording and playing standard for video cassette recorders that was developed by JVC in 1976, and became the dominant standard in the 1980's after competing with Sony's Betamax. A VHS-cassette contains a 1/2 inch magnetic tape wound from one of two spools to the other, allowing it to pass over the reader head of the video cassette recorder. VHS tapes have an approximately 3 MHz horizontal resolution and 250 lines of vertical resolution.", "In the early 1980s US film companies fought to suppress the VCR in the consumer market, citing concerns about copyright violations. In Congressional hearings, Motion Picture Association of America head Jack Valenti decried the \"savagery and the ravages of this machine\" and likened its effect on the film industry and the American public to the Boston strangler:", "In the early 1980s, the Association opposed the videocassette recorder (VCR) on copyright grounds. In a 1982 congressional hearing, Valenti decried the \"savagery and the ravages of this machine\" and compared its effect on the film industry and the American public to the Boston Strangler.", "Used flip-over tapes, similar to audio cassettes. In terms of picture quality, it was a technically superior competitor of VHS and Betamax. Able to play/record 4 hours of video on each side of the cassette it also had its problems such as not being inter-machine compatible. AKA Video Compact Cassette (VCC) even though the tapes were larger than VHS.", "The advent of home entertainment brought about new ways for people to consume TV and movies. It frightened the movie studios so much that they attempted to shut down sales of VCRs. The MPAA argued that jvc was selling a device whose primary purpose is to record movies off television broadcasts. They also claimed it would collapse the film industry. When JVC won, movies didn’t go away. Instead, decades of back-catalogue were dropped onto VHS and Betamax (but mostly VHS) and video rental stores began popping up everywhere.", "Andre Blay, who had founded an audio/video production and duplication company in 1968 called Magnetic Video, established the first video distribution company (in Detroit, Michigan) in 1977 to license, market and distribute half-inch videotape cassettes (both Betamax and VHS) to consumers. It was the first company to sell pre-recorded videos. He offered the first group of fifty best-selling movies (from Twentieth Century Fox) to the public through a direct-mail sales operation called the Video Club of America, advertised in TV Guide. His revolutionary company ushered in the lucrative era of home-video.", "In 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format \"Video Cassette Recording\" (although it is also referred to as \"N1500\", after the first recorder's model number). ", "1977: The VHS videocassette format is introduced in North America at a press conference before the Consumer Electronics Show starts in Chicago.", "Initially called Recam (recording camera) by Panasonic and Hawkeye by RCA. RCA broadcast went out of business shortly after it was released. It was the first component format consisting of two separate signal systems: one for luminance and another for chroma. Originally designed to use VHS tapes.", "With the advent of FM stereo in 1961, a small number of music-oriented TV shows were broadcast with stereo sound using a process called simulcasting, in which the audio portion of the show was carried over a local FM stereo station. In the 1960s and 1970s, these shows were usually manually synchronized with a reel-to-reel tape delivered by mail to the FM station (unless the concert or music originated locally). In the 1980s, satellite delivery of both television and radio programs made this fairly tedious process of synchronization unnecessary. One of the last of these simulcast programs was Friday Night Videos on NBC, just before MTS stereo was approved by the FCC.", "The next decade brought along the cassette age. In 1971, Sony launched a 3/4-inch u-matic color video cassette player dubbed VP-1100 , and in the following year, a u-matic color video cassette recorder dubbed VO-1700 (shown below) was launched.", "In March 1967 Ampex introduced the HS-100 video disc recorder. The system was developed by Ampex at the request of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) for a variety of sports broadcast uses. It was first demonstrated on the air on March 18, 1967, when “ABC’s Wide World of Sports” televised the “World Series of Skiing” from Vail, Colorado.[http://www.digitrakcom.com/literature/HS-100%20Press.pdf] The video was recorded on analog magnetic disc. The disc weighed 5 pounds/2.3 kg and rotated at 60rps, 3600rpm (50rps in Pal). One NTSC unit could record 30 seconds of video, PAL units 36 seconds. The video could then be played back in slow motion, stop action to freeze frame.[http://www.vtoldboys.com/slomo_3.htm]", "A pay-per-view video production played on closed-circuit TV in select cities in 1971, and was released theatrically in 1972; in both cases many cities and municipalities banned its showing. Frank Herold, an editor who worked on the film, provides commentary on this in a brief post he contributed to the project's IMDB page. ", "Inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use. However, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984.", "Check out this video documentary released in 1984 for the VHS market, reviewing a compendium of several video games and other sort of software released on that time for home computers like Commodore 64, Acorn BBC, Oric, ZX Spectrum and a few more. Take a look �", "in 1978, Philips introduced the video laser disc (aka laserdisc and LD) -- the first optical disc storage media for the consumer market; Pioneer began selling home LaserDisc players in 1980; eventually, the laserdisc systems would be replaced by the DVD (\"digital versatile disc\") format in the late 1990s", "1967 - In March, the Ampex HS-100 color video magnetic disc recorder is used for rapid playback in normal, slow, or stop action, at the ABC \"World Series of Skiing\" in Vail, Colorado, marking the beginning of \"instant replay\" on commercial television.", "In the spring of 1940, CBS staff engineer Peter Goldmark devised a system for color television that CBS management hoped would leapfrog the network over NBC and its existing black-and-white RCA system.Bergreen, p. 153. Goldmark also invented the 33-1/3 r.p.m. microgroove Long-Play phonograph record that made the RCA-Victor 78s quickly obsolete. The CBS system \"gave brilliant and stable colors\", while NBC's was \"crude and unstable but 'compatible'\".Barnouw, Golden, p. 243 Ultimately, the FCC rejected the CBS system because it was incompatible with RCA's; that, and the fact that CBS had moved to secure many UHF, not VHF, television licenses, left CBS flatfooted in the early television age.Bergreen, pp. 155–157. Shortly after ruling in favor of NBC, FCC chairman Charles Denny resigned from the FCC to become vice president and general counsel of NBC: Barnouw, Golden, p. 243 In 1946, only 6,000 television sets were in operation, most in greater New York City where there were already three stations; by 1949, the number had increased to 3 million sets, and by 1951, had risen to 12 million.Bergreen, pp. 158–159 64 American cities had television stations, though most of them only had one.Barnouw, Golden, p. 295", "1978: Laser videodiscs were launched in Atlanta, Georgia, by Magnavision, part of Philips/MCA. In the early 80's one of my school friends dads went on top quiz show \"Sale of the Century\" and won a laserdisc player. I wonder if he still has it?", "The FCC adopted NTSC television engineering standards on May 2, 1941, calling for 525 lines of vertical resolution, 30 frames per second with interlaced scanning, 60 fields per second, and sound carried by frequency modulation. Sets sold since 1939 which were built for slightly lower resolution could still be adjusted to receive the new standard. (Dunlap, p31). The FCC saw television ready for commercial licensing, and the first such licenses were issued to NBC- and CBS-owned stations in New York on July 1, 1941, followed by Philco's station WPTZ in Philadelphia." ]

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[ "The Sidecar is simplicity itself:  Just mix fresh lemon juice, Cointreau, and cognac (or brandy).  Shake with ice, and serve in a cocktail glass.  If you want to be traditional, you can sugar the rim of the glass.  Or garnish with a lemon twist or orange slice.", "The sidecar is a cocktail traditionally made with cognac, orange liqueur (Cointreau, Grand Marnier, Grand Gala or another triple sec), and lemon juice. In its ingredients, the drink is perhaps most closely related to the older brandy crusta, which differs both in presentation and in proportions of its components.", "A classic cocktail traditionally made with cognac, orange liqueur (Cointreau, Grand Marnier or another triple sec), and lemon juice.", "Combine 1 ¼ oz. cognac [they use Courvoisier VS], ¼ oz. fresh lemon juice, and ¼ oz. simple syrup in a cocktail shaker filled with ice. Shake and pour into a champagne flute. Top with chilled champagne [Arnaud’s pick: Moët & Chandon Imperial] and garnish with a small piece of lemon peel. #ohmygoditsgood", "Pour 20ml fresh lemon juice, 20ml Cointreau or triple sec and 40ml cognac into an ice-filled shaker. Shake until icy cold and strain into a cocktail glass. Garnish with a twist of orange.", "1. Combine the lemon juice, gin and Cointreau or Triple Sec in a mixing glass and add the ice cubes.", "The recipe took its now-classic form in Here’s How, by Judge Jr. (1927), consisting of gin, sugar, lemon juice, and champagne. This recipe was republished with the embellished name French 75 in The Savoy Cocktail Book (1930). Some later cocktail books use Cognac instead of gin, such as The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks by David Embury.", "An orange-flavored liqueur that is both sweet and bitter, Cointreau was first distilled by Edouard-Jean and Adolphe Cointreau of Angers, France, in 1849. This liqueur generally is 80 proof (40 percent alcohol content) and is most often consumed as an after-dinner drink, or digestif. It is also used to make cocktails or mixed drinks, such as B-52 shooters, Cosmopolitan, Singapore Sling, Long Island Iced Tea, Sidecar, and Pink Flamingo. Cointreau is considered to be a very high quality triple sec, which means that it has been distilled three times. Cointreau is often used in Middle Eastern dessert recipes.", "Some people claim that cognac—instead of gin—is the proper spirit to use in this drink (because gin isn’t normally associated with France). But if you replace the gin with cognac, most people would call the drink a King’s Peg (though many recipes for the King’s Peg omit the lemon juice and simple syrup).", "The recipe is extremely easy and showcases the close relationship that brandy and rum had in many classic drinks . Quite simply, you will pour equal amounts of brandy, rum, and triple sec, add a little lemon juice, shake it up and you're done!", "For nearly a century and a half the cocktail has remained relatively unchanged. The contemporary version of the drink is made directly into a Champagne flute, tulip glass, or saucer. Typically a sugar cube is placed into the glass and saturated with one or two dashes of Angostura Bitters, after which cold Champagne is slowly added. Anticipate that the Champagne will create an immediate froth when it comes into contact with the sugar, thus the need to pour the wine slowly. The finishing touch is twisting a lemon rind such that its essential oils are expressed in the direction of the glass. The spiraled lemon twist is then dropped into the cocktail and served.", "The D'Artagnan is another one of the great cocktails whose creator and origins are unknown. It is one of the few cocktails that calls for Armagnac, the older and bolder brother of Cognac, specifically. One can Surmise the name pays homage to both the famous Musketeer, and to his home Gascony, the birthplace of Armagnac. The D'Artagnan blends bold Armagnac, Grand Marnier, fresh orange juice, and Champagne to evoke notes of a Champagne cocktail and a Grand Mimosa in one glass.", "I've never heard of making a sidecar with cognac instead of brandy. And if you make fresh sour mix yourself, it makes for an even better cocktail than using lemon juice.", ";Alexander: equal parts gin, crème de cacao, and half and half, mixed in a cocktail shaker with ice, and poured into a cocktail glass and sometimes topped with grated nutmeg or cinnamon. The Alexander is the ancestor of the Brandy Alexander.", "Brandy Alexander: The most famous cocktail made from brandy, though there are many. It contains brandy (sometimes Cognac), crème de cacao, and heavy cream.", "This one is very typically old style New Orleans cocktail. Boozy with bourbon, cognac and lemon among the ingredients. I find this one VERY tasty!", "Muddle well, then add Jigger Old Mr. Boston Whiskey and large cube of ice. Stir very well and decorate with slice of Orange, twist of Lemon Peel and a Cherry. Serve in Old Fashioned Cocktail glass.", "Combine gin, lemon juice and simple syrup in a shaker, shake, and strain into a collins glass filled with ice. Top with seltzer and briefly stir. Garnish with maraschino cherry/orange 'flag.'", "Cognac is also a versatile cocktail ingredient and generally mixes well with vanilla, ginger, citrus (especially lemon and orange) cranberry and grape juice.", "1.5 oz (45 mL) brandy, 0.5 oz (15 mL) white creme de menthe. The ingredients are combined in a cocktail shaker and strained into a cocktail glass. The origins of this drink are murky, but it is mentioned in bartender's recipe books as far back as Tom Bullock's Ideal Bartender, published in 1917.", "Simple, yet tasty. This classic cocktail blends a shot of bourbon with lemon juice and simple syrup, served on the rocks, and topped off with a lemon wedge. [ View Recipe ]", "2 oz (60 mL) brandy, ¼ tsp (1 cm³) sugar syrup, 2 dashes bitters, 1 twist of lemon peel. Stir all ingredients (except lemon peel) with ice and strain into a cocktail glass. Add the twist of lemon peel and serve.", "Pour gin and juice of lemon into an old-fashioned glass over ice cubes. Fill with ginger ale, stir and serve.", "1 1/2 ounces Old Tom Gin Juice of one Lemon 1 ounce Sugar & Water (Simple Syrup) Served in a Collins Glass filled with (fine Ice or Two Large Cubes) Topped With club Soda Garnished with lemon Peel", "The 1986 The Book of Cocktails provides a modern take on Thomas' 1876 recipe for this long drink:John (or Tom) Collins (1986)ice cubes2 oz. dry gin2 oz. lemon juice1 teaspoon sugar (gomme) syrupsoda waterslice of lemon1 colored cherryPlace ample ice in large glass. Add gin, lemon juice and syrup. Top up with soda water and stir well. Serve with lemon slice, cherry and a straw.", "The Tom Collins is a Cocktail which consists of Gin , Fresh Lemon Juice , Sugar, and Soda water.", "Fill rocks glass with ice. Add Cherry juice and cherry, then bitters. Add brandy, then sweet vermouth. Add water, stir. Enjoy!", "Stir gin and vermouth with ice in a mixing glass. Strain into a cocktail glass, add the olive, and serve.", "Bitter and sweet balanced to yur perfection with a sexy blend of Campari, Tanqueray Gin, grapefruit juice, juniper berries and mango syrup. Served long.", "Strain into an ice filled Old Fashioned Glass {wide brim with thick base} and serve with a lemon twist…..", "Mix liquids together and pour over ice into an old fashioned glass. Garnish with maraschino cherry or an orange slice.", "Remaining loyal to the original recipe created in 1793, this wonderful spirit is distilled from a blend of seven botanicals, soft Dartmoor water and pure grain alcohol. Look out for the hint of coriander and cardamom and wait for the sweet bite of juniper and citrus." ]

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[ "Of course not all of the dishes in Mother Goose are as unpleasant as curds and whey. When \"Tom, Tom, the Piper's son, stole a pig and away did run,\" it was his sweet tooth and not a yen for pork that had grabbed him. According to the Baring-Goulds, the \"pig\" was actually a type of pastry commonly hawked on the streets of English towns by the \"pig pye man.\" The pastries' \"bellies\" were filled with currants. The baker would set two currants on either side of the \"face\" for the pig's eyes. It was just the sort of treat that might catch the eye of a ne'er-do-well piper's son.", "Tom, Tom, The Piper's Son, Stole A Pig And Away Did Run | Nursery Rhymes From England - 1795 AD - YouTube", "Tom, Tom, The Piper's Son, Stole A Pig And Away Did Run | Nursery Rhymes From England - 1795 AD", "* A segment of the Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoon show called \"Bullwinkle's Corner\", which featured Bullwinkle Moose in a poetry reading of \"Tom, Tom the Piper's Son,\" parodied Dragnet as Bullwinkle is apprehended in the act of stealing a pig by two detectives who interrogate Bullwinkle using a terse, clipped monotone similar in style to Joe Friday and Frank Smith (\"You got a name?\" \"I'm Tom, Tom the Piper's Son.\" \"All right, Piperson, what were you going to do with the pig?\").", "A Nursery Rhyme demonstrating the different attitudes between the sexes! Even at a very early age children in Britain would play a game called 'Kiss Chase' - in fact the girls would actually chase the boys and then kiss them! their were no tears from the girls but the boys fought like mad to get away! The origins and history of the lyrics to this nursery rhyme are English and refer to George (Georgie Porgie),  the Duke of Buckingham, from 17th century English history. His dubious moral character was much in question! This, however, was overlooked due to his friendship with King Charles II until the parliament stopped the Kind intervening on his behalf - at this point all of the jealous husbands vowed to wreak their revenge causing Georgie Porgie to 'run away'!", "The origins and lyrics of 'There was a little guinea-pig' like many old nursery rhymes have secret, hidden, meanings and allude to people and events in history. The references in 'There was a little guinea-pig' are believed to refer to the people in the Plantagenet court of King Richard 111 of England (Immortalised by William Shakespeare in the play Richard III.) To understand the meanings of this Nursery Rhyme we need to refer to the famous satirical rhyme by Colyngbourne:", "NURSERY RHYMES.Some little mice sat in a barn to spin,Pussy came by and popped her head in; ,Shall I come in and cut your threads off ?Oh no! kind sir, you would snap ourheads off.Snail, snail, come out of your hole, There was a rat, for want of stairs,Or else I will beat you as black as a coal. Went down a rope to say his prayers.I had a little pony,His name was Dapple-gray,I lent him to a lady,. To ride a mile away;S... ..She whipped him, she slashed him,She rode him through the mire;I would not lend my pony nowFor all the lady's hire.Little cock robin peep'd out of his cabin.To see the cold winter come in,\" Tit for tat, what matter for that,\"He'll hide his head under his wing IThere was an owl lived in an oak, A gunner chanced to conme that way,Wisky, wasky, weedle; Wisky, wasky, weedle ;And every word he ever spoke Says he, \" I'll shoot you, silly bird.\"Was fiddle, faddle, feedle. Fiddle, faddle, feedle.Hey! diddle, diddle,The cat and the fiddle,The cow jumped over the moon;The little dog laugh'dTo see the sport,While the dish ran away withthe spoon.", "The origins of the lyrics to this nursery rhyme are in English history. The 'farmer's wife' refers to Queen Mary I, otherwise known as 'Bloody Mary' the reference to 'farmer's wife' alludes to the massive farming estates which she possessed and those of her husband, Philip of Spain. The 'three blind mice' were three noblemen who were plotting against the Queen - she did not have them dismembered and blinded as inferred in the rhyme - but she did have them burnt at the stake!", "Beatrix Potter loved the countryside and she spent much of her otherwise conventional Victorian childhookd drawing and studying animals. Her passion for the natural world lay behind the creation of her famous series of little books. A particular source of inspiration was the English Lake District where she lived for the last thirty years of her life as a farmer and land conservationist. The Tale of Peter Rabbit, published in 1902, was her first book, expanded from an illustrated letter she had sent to a young friend who was ill. One hundred years later the classic tale of naughty Peter Rabbit's escape from Mr. McGregor's garden still bring s to children all over the world the pleasure that it gave to its very first reader.", "In 1902 South Kensington, Middlesex-born Helen Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) pub. The Tale of Peter Rabbit , a bestseller (45M copies); loses his jacket and shoes to Farmer McGregor while his siblings Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cottontail stay safely at home; he escapes and returns home to his mother, who puts him to bed and gives him camomile tea; The Tale of Benjamin Buddy sees Peter retrieve his lost duds.", "When Mr. McGregor and his wife leave home in their gig, Benjamin Bunny and his cousin Peter Rabbit venture into Mr. McGregor's garden to retrieve the clothes Peter lost there in The Tale of Peter Rabbit. They find the blue jacket and brown shoes on a scarecrow, but Peter is apprehensive about lingering in the garden because of his previous experience. Benjamin delays their departure by gathering onions, which he wraps in Peter's handkerchief, hoping to give them to his aunt, Peter's mother. He then takes a casual stroll around the garden, followed by an increasingly nervous Peter.", "Milne is most famous for his two Pooh books about a boy named Christopher Robin after his son, Christopher Robin Milne, and various characters inspired by his son's stuffed animals, most notably the bear named Winnie-the-Pooh. Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed bear, originally named \"Edward\", was renamed \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" after a Canadian black bear named Winnie (after Winnipeg), which was used as a military mascot in World War I, and left to London Zoo during the war. \"The pooh\" comes from a swan called \"Pooh\". E. H. Shepard illustrated the original Pooh books, using his own son's teddy, Growler (\"a magnificent bear\"), as the model. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger, were incorporated into A. A. Milne's stories, two more characters - Rabbit and Owl - were created by Milne's imagination. Christopher Robin Milne's own toys are now under glass in New York where 750,000 people visit them every year.", "Winnie-the-Pooh was written by English author A. A. Milne and was illustrated by E. H. Shepard. It was first published on October 14, 1926. The inspiration for the setting came from Ashdown Forest, which was near the country home that Milne purchased in 1925. The Winnie-the-Pooh character was named after a teddy bear that his son had owned and the character Christopher Robin is named after his son. The real stuffed toys that inspired all of the characters are on display in the Stephen A. Schwarzman Building in New York.", "The only answer that can safely be assumed is that one person was definitely going to St. Ives - dependant on the direction of the people he encountered on the way! The origins and history of this nursery rhyme was to improve the logic and deductive skills of the child. (St. Ives is an old village in Cornwall, England)", "The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place.", "Piglet is a timid pig and Pooh's best friend besides Christopher Robin. In the books he is a timorous small animal, who often takes his lead from Pooh unless overcome by fear. But increasingly through the stories he shows himself to be very brave when faced with a crisis and given sufficient encouragement (usually by Pooh). His favorite food acorns.", "The villain of the story is King Rat. One night, he organizes a burglary at the Fitzwarrens' house, and steals money from the safe. The next day the theft is discovered, and Dick is blamed. He's sacked from his job and runs away to sea, with his cat. Alice, Jack and Sarah join him, because Alice doesn't believe that he has stolen the necklace. King Rat is on the same ship and causes the ship to sink.", "Many nursery rhymes became songs or chants for playground games. Some were like Humpty Dumpty and had very unusual connections to history, while others had no connection to history at all.", "For those unfamiliar with the tale, it is set in 1284 in the town of Hamelin, Lower Saxony, Germany. This town was facing a rat infestation, and a piper, dressed in a coat of many coloured, bright cloth, appeared. This piper promised to get rid of the rats in return for a payment, to which the townspeople agreed too. Although the piper got rid of the rats by leading them away with his music, the people of Hamelin reneged on their promise. The furious piper left, vowing revenge. On the 26 th of July of that same year, the piper returned and led the children away, never to be seen again, just as he did the rats. Nevertheless, one or three children were left behind, depending on which version is being told. One of these children was lame, and could not keep up, another was deaf and could not hear the music, while the third one was blind and could not see where he was going.", "Give me your buns and your biscuits! Give me your chocolate éclairs! For I am the Rat of the highway, and the Rat Thief never shares!' Life is not safe for the other animals, as the villainous Highway Rat gallops along the highway, stealing their food. Clover from a rabbit; nuts from a squirrel - he even steals his own horse's hay. Will he finally meet his comeuppance, in the form of a cunning duck? A fabulous, rollicking rhyme, in the style of the famous Alfred Noyes poem, 'The Highwayman', from the authors of 'The Gruffalo' and 'Zog'.", "A favourite nonsense nursery rhyme amongst most children whose famous lyrics aid memory retention and whose origins have no basis in history! Just look at a child's face the first time the rhyme is repeated to them! Sheer delight in what is happening - the imagery paints a very strong picture which stimulates the imagination whilst clarifying the relative size and order of all of the animals mentioned. The words become more incredulous as they progress and there is almost a sense of relief and also astonishment at the abrupt ending of the tale! There is no basis for the words and lyrics in history -it is perhaps better described as a traditional folksong, the lyrics of which have been set to music and recorded by many various artists.", "One of the best known stories in English history is that of King Alfred and the cakes. Children are taught the story where Alfred is on the run from the Vikings , taking refuge in the home of a peasant woman. She asks him to watch her cakes – small loaves of bread – baking by the fire, but distracted by his problems, he lets the cakes burn and is roundly scolded by the woman.", "Winnie-the-Pooh is a classic 1926 children's book by English author Alan A. Milne , which tells the stories of Winnie-the-Pooh , a silly bear living in the Hundred Acre Wood with his friends Piglet , Rabbit , Eeyore , Owl and Christopher Robin . It was illustrated by Ernest H. Shepard .", "1930? Nursery Rhymes and Funny Fables (cover: Nursery Rhymes and Fables). Nursery rhymes chosen by Louey Chisholm; fables retold for children by Lena Dalkeith. With Pictures by F.M.B. Blaikie and Frank Adams. Hardbound. Printed in London/Edinburgh/NY: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. �5 from Rose's, Hay-on-Wye, June, '98.", "Adapted by Deborah Collcutt from Pop Goes The Weasel: The Secret Meanings Of Nursery Rhymes by Albert Jack, published by Penguin on August 28 at �12.99", "Carved by a toymaker, a nameless wooden boy fled his creator, scared when the man began making a toy lion. While running away he collided with a bicycle ridden by the friendly brownie Big Ears. Dubbing the boy Noddy, because of his habit of constantly nodding his head whenever he spoke, Big Ears took pity on the scared child and showed him the way to Toyland, lending him both clothes and a house in Toy Village to live in. The other residents of Toy Village were initially suspicious of Noddy, but after a trial confirmed him to be a toy rather than an ornament, and his good character was confirmed when he saved a small child toy when one of Noah's lions ran amuck, he was allowed to stay. In recognition of his new status, Big Ears gave Noddy a present of a hat with a bell at the top, which jingled when Noddy nodded his head. Looking for employment in order to get money to buy himself furniture, Noddy took a job cleaning Mr. Golly's garage, only to witness some goblins stealing the cars late at night. Initially wrongly accused of the crime, Noddy subsequently proved his innocence and led the angry owners back to their stolen vehicles, allowing town policeman Mr. Plod to punish the real villains. In gratitude Mr. Golly gave Noddy a red and yellow car, prompting Noddy to become the town taxi-driver.", "Common variations on second line include \"And can't tell where to find them.\" The fourth line is frequently given as \"Bringing their tails behind them\", or sometimes \"Dragging their tails behind them\". This alternative version is useful in the extended version, usually of four further stanzas. The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded in 1870 by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs. ", "According to legend, a colourful or \"pied\" rat catcher lured all the rats out of town in 1284 by playing his pipe. When the townspeople refused to pay him, he did the same with Hamelin's children and they were never seen again.", "A. A. Milne called Owl and Rabbit \"my own unaided work.\" They were the only two characters drawn not from Christopher's toys but from the natural world near Cotchford Farm, the Milnes' property in Sussex.", "The knave of hearts steals some tarts; so what happens to him? Nothing good for sure! This is a cute rhyme that shows that it’s bad to steal.", "Christopher Milne also played with a stuffed piglet, a tiger, a pair of kangaroos and a downtrodden donkey (Owl and Rabbit were dreamt up solely for the books). And the Hundred Acre Wood closely resembles Ashdown Forest, where the Milnes had a nearby home.", "Mumfie's Quest had the Villain Song \"I Must Have My Night\" and \"Pigs Can Fly\". The latter sdid show up in the Christmas Special with different lyrics." ]

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[ "In 1987, The Simpsons shorts debuted on Fox's The Tracey Ullman Show. The first full-length episode, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", debuted on December 17, 1989. ", "The Simpsons shorts are an American animated TV series of 48 one-minute shorts that ran on the variety television program The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons, before the characters spun off into The Simpsons, their own half-hour prime time show. It features Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The series was created by Matt Groening, who designed the Simpson family and wrote many of the shorts. The shorts first aired on April 19, 1987 starting with \"Good Night\". The final short to air was \"TV Simpsons\", originally airing on May 14, 1989. The Simpsons later debuted on December 17, 1989, as an independent series with the Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". ", "  The Simpsons began as a series of \"bumpers\" or animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show  on April 19, 1987, and premiered as a full animated series on December 17, 1989, on FOX. The first episode was \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" (pictured). Regular broadcasts began on Sunday night beginning January 14, 1990.", "Originally created by cartoonist Matt Groening, \"Our Favorite Family,\" has graced the small screen in one form or another for over 20 years. The Simpson family first appeared on television as the subjects of interstitial \"shorts\" on The Tracey Ullman Show in April of 1987. The Simpsons remained a staple on The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons until they premiered in their own half-hour series, on December 17, 1989. With the help of Jim Brooks and Sam Simon, Matt Groening's cartoon family turned into an instant success. Set in Springfield, the average American town, the show focuses on the antics and everyday adventures of the Simpson family; Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, as well as a virtual cast of thousands. Since the beginning, the series has been a pop culture icon, attracting hundreds of celebrities to guest star. The show has also made name for itself in its fearless satirical take on politics, media and American life in general. Currently in its 21st season, The Simpsons has piled up over 440 episodes, over 20 Emmy Awards, a handful of music albums, countless endorsements and merchandise, and even made the jump to the silver screen in the summer of 2007 with The Simpsons Movie . And according to Matt Groening, \"There is no end in sight.\"", "The Simpsons eventually became the longest-running American sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009 it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American primetime, scripted television series. Since its debut on December 17, 1989, the show has broadcast episodes and its 27th season started airing on September 27, 2015. ", "The Simpsons is a long-running animated television series, with 17 seasons and 356 episodes since it debuted on December 17, 1989 on FOX, and is a spinoff of The Tracey Ullman Show .", "Although The Tracey Ullman Show was not a big hit, the popularity of the shorts led to a half-hour spin-off in 1989. A team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house. James L. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content. Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called \"the mainstream trash\" that they were watching. The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989 with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", a Christmas special.[http://www.thesimpsons.com/episode_guide/0101.htm \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"] The Simpsons.com. Retrieved on February 5, 2007 \"Some Enchanted Evening\" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990, as the last episode of the first season, because of animation problems. ", "Summary: Originally created by cartoonist Matt Groening, \"Our Favorite Family,\" has graced the small screen in one form or another for over 20 years. The Simpson family first appeared on television as the subjects of interstitial \"shorts\" on The Tracey Ullman Show in April of 1987. The SimpsonsOriginally created by cartoonist Matt Groening, \"Our Favorite Family,\" has graced the small screen in one form or another for over 20 years. The Simpson family first appeared on television as the subjects of interstitial \"shorts\" on The Tracey Ullman Show in April of 1987. The Simpsons remained a staple on The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons until they premiered in their own half-hour series, on December 17, 1989. With the help of Jim Brooks and Sam Simon, Matt Groening's cartoon family turned into an instant success.", "You probably already know that the long-running TV show “The Simpsons” started as a series of shorts on “The Tracy Ullman Show” — but did you know that a total of 48 shorts were created? From April of 1987 until May of 1989, Tracy Ullman’s variety show featured America’s favorite animated family, with the final short airing just seven months before “The Simpsons” made its prime-time debut on Fox.", "Marjorie Jacqueline \"Marge\" Simpson (née Bouvier) is a fictional character in the American animated sitcom The Simpsons and part of the eponymous family. She is voiced by Julie Kavner and first appeared on television in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Marge was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on Life in Hell but instead decided to create a new set of characters. He named the character after his mother Margaret Groening. After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons, the Simpson family received their own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989.", "The Simpson family first appeared in animated form as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show , with the first short \"Good Night\" airing on April 19 , 1987 . Matt Groening admits the reason that they were so crudely drawn in the beginning was because he could not draw well and the animators did nothing more than just trace over his drawings. The shorts were aired by the BBC in the UK the first time the shows were broadcast, but not subsequently, though some of them, including \"Good Night\", were included in a Simpsons anniversary episode. The Simpsons was converted, by a team of production companies that included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house, into a series for the Fox Network in 1989 and has run as a weekly show on that network ever since. The first full length episode shown was \" Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire \", however the intended first episode was \" Some Enchanted Evening \", but when \"Some Enchanted Evening\" was completed it was rejected due to poor animation, so Fox aired \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" first.", "Ullman's U.S. television show, The Tracey Ullman Show, earned four Emmys and spawned The Simpsons, which was featured in very simple cartoon shorts (created by cartoonist Matt Groening at the behest of Ullman Show producer James L. Brooks). In 1992 Ullman filed a lawsuit against Twentieth Century Fox in Los Angeles Superior Court over profits from the later half hour incarnation of The Simpsons for $2.5 million out of the estimated $50 million in profits reaped from merchandising. Years after her show went off the air, she said jokingly in a late night television interview that she hoped to one day have a regular 2-minute spot on The Simpsons.", "Tracy Ullman’s prime-time run on Fox may be best known for introducing the world to The Simpsons (a pretty major cultural milestone), but she packed sketch comedy, musical numbers and animation into each show. Her co-stars Julie Kavner and Dan Castellaneta voiced Marge and Homer on the show for three years before making that their full-time gig, but Ullman was the undeniable star here. She played more than 100 different characters over four years, singing and dancing to the demanding choreography of Paula Abdul.—Josh Jackson", "She emigrated from the UK to the US and created her own network television series, The Tracey Ullman Show , from 1987 until 1990, from which The Simpsons was spun off in 1989. She later produced programmes for HBO , including Tracey Takes On... (1996–1999), for which she has won numerous awards. She has also appeared in several feature films. Ullman's most recent sketch comedy series, Tracey Ullman's State of the Union , ran from 2008 to 2010 on Showtime .", "In 1987 a near two-minute clip played as part of a segment on the popular Tracy Ullman Show, this clip was conceived by Matt Groening and called “Good Night”, the airing was during the third episode of the Tracy Ullman show. The shorts are called The Simpsons Shorts and there were 48 made, generally most were around one minute the first however was longer. A marketing study found that 14% of Americans knew of the Simpson family from these little shorts, after the shows debut that figure was at 90%.", "Known for her improvisation and distinctive \"honeyed gravel voice,\" Kavner was cast in her first professional acting role as Brenda Morgenstern in Rhoda in 1974. She received the Primetime Emmy Award in 1978 and three more nominations for playing the character. Following Rhoda, Kavner was cast in The Tracey Ullman Show, which debuted in 1987. The Tracey Ullman Show included a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family. Voices were needed for the shorts, and the producers decided to ask Kavner to voice Marge. The shorts would eventually be spun off into The Simpsons.", "This is an animated sitcom that started out as part of “The Tracey Ullman Show” in 1987. It stayed within that show for three seasons before Fox developed it into a 30-minute show in 1989. It was a hit, as it became the network’s first show to land in the top 30 for an entire season. The show was conceived by Matt Groening and is a satire and parody of middle-class America. It is set in the fictional town of Springfield and lampoons different aspects of the human condition, specifically those pertaining to American culture, television and society.", "The Tracey Ullman Show was a weekly American television variety show, hosted by British comedian and one-time pop singer Tracey Ullman . It debuted on April 5, 1987 as the FOX network's second primetime series and ran until May 26, 1990. The show featured sketch comedy along with many musical numbers, featuring Emmy Award-winning choreography by Paula Abdul.", "1989 – The Simpsons, currently the longest running American prime time entertainment series, made its debut on the Fox television network with the episode \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\".", "* April 19 – The Simpsons cartoon first appears as a series of shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show.", "This successful series began in 1987 as short episodes screened on the Tracey Ulman Show. It was developed into longer weekly episodes and has become the longest-running cartoon series ever.", "The Simpson family first appeared in animated form as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, with the first short, \"Good Night,\" airing on April 19, 1987. The family was crudely drawn, because Groening only handed over sketches to the animators, believing that they would clean them up, but instead they just traced over his drawings.", "THE SIMPSONS begins as spots on the Tracey Ullman Show. David Silverman, who had just graduated from UCLA, was one of the 2-3 original animators.", "In 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show on the Fox network called The Simpsons. Bart quickly became the show's breakout personality and one of the most celebrated characters on television—his popularity in 1990 and 1991 was known as \"Bartmania\". Bart was described as \"television's brightest new star\" by Mike Boone of The Gazette and was named 1990's \"entertainer of the year\" by Entertainment Weekly. Despite Bart's fame, however, Cartwright remained relatively unknown. During the first season of The Simpsons, Fox ordered Cartwright not to give interviews, because they did not want to publicize the fact that Bart was voiced by a woman. Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have \"no obvious traces of Bart\", and she believes her role is \"the best acting job in the world\", since she is rarely recognized in public. When she is recognized and asked to perform Bart's voice in front of children, Cartwright refuses because it \"freaks [them] out\". Bart's catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, referring to an incident from her high school days. Once while performing, members of the Fairmont West High School marching band switched their chant from the usual \"Fairmont West! Fairmont West!\" to the irreverent \"Eat my shorts!\" Cartwright felt it appropriate for Bart, and improvised the line; it became a popular catchphrase on the show.", "When Homer, Bart, Marge, Lisa and Maggie first appeared on our screens in 1987, in a series of 30-second animated cartoon shorts, no-one could predict the cultural phenomenon The Simpsons would become.", "1989: \"Say Anything...,\" starring John Cusack, premieres in theaters and \"The Jim Henson Hour\" begins its short-lived, nine-episode run on NBC. ( Rent \"Say Anything...\")", "* 1989–Funniest Female Performer in a TV Special (Leading or Supporting) Network, Cable or Syndication, Tracey Ullman: Backstage", "* 1988–Funniest Female Performer in a TV Series (Leading Role) Network, Cable or Syndication, The Tracey Ullman Show", "This is a complete listing of episodes from the animated television series Garfield and Friends. The first episode of Garfield and Friends aired on September 17, 1988.", "The Flintstones debuted on  ABC  at 8:30 p.m. EST on September 30, 1960, with its first episode, \"The Swimming Pool\". The first season ran for 28 episodes. The show did so well that ABC renewed it for five more seasons.", "The Flintstones debuted on ABC at 8:30 p.m. EST on September 30, 1960, with its first episode, \"The Swimming Pool\". The first season ran for 28 episodes. The show did so well that ABC renewed it for five more seasons.", "1. The Mickey Mouse Club: October 1, 1956 - \"An Introduction\" (Originally aired October 1, 1956)" ]

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[ "The exact height assigned to Mount Hood's snow-covered peak has varied over its history. Modern sources point to three different heights: 11,249 feet based on the 1991 U.S. National Geodetic Survey 11,240 feet based on a 1993 scientific expedition and 11,239 feet of slightly older origin. The peak is home to twelve glaciers.[8] It is the highest mountain in Oregon and the fourth-highest in the Cascade Range. Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt, though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. Still, the odds of an eruption in the next 30 years are estimated at between 3 and 7 percent, so the USGS characterizes it as \"potentially active\", but the mountain is informally considered dormant.", "8) Oregon’s topography is highly varied and consists of mountainous regions, large valleys such as the Willamette and Rogue, high elevation desert plateau, dense evergreen forests as well as redwood forests along the coast. The highest point in Oregon is Mount Hood at 11,249 feet (3,428 m). It should be noted that Mount Hood, like most of the other tall mountains in Oregon, is a part of the Cascade Mountain Range – a volcanic range stretching from northern California into British Columbia, Canada.", "Hood, Mount highest peak (11,239 feet [3,425 metres]) in Oregon, U.S., and the fourth highest peak in the Cascade Range, 45 miles (70 km) east-southeast of Portland. It is a dormant volcano that last erupted about 1865, with minor steam and ash (tephra) emissions...", "To the east of the Willamette Lowlands, the Cascade Mountains rise to 11,239 feet above sea level (Mount Hood). The Cascade Mountains provide a rugged landscape where many of the nation's highest peaks can be found. Mount Hood is the highest point in Oregon. Other high peaks include Mt. Jefferson at 10,497 feet above sea level, Three Sisters, over 10,000 feet above sea level, and Mount McLoughlin, 9,495 feet high. Many lakes can be found in the Cascade Mountains. Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States. It's 1,932 feet deep!", "On October 29th (that’s today!), 1792, Lt. William Broughton, a member of Captain George Vancouver’s discovery expedition that explored and charted the Pacific Northwest coast range, coined the name for Oregon’s tallest peak, Mt. Hood. He named it after a man he admired, the British Admiral, Samuel Hood. The mountain is a prominent landmark, visible up to a hundred miles away. Many Clymb employees shred Hoods slopes, hike its valleys, and climb to its peak each year so we’re happy to give it a little shout-out today.", "Timberline Lodge, Ore. • timberlinelodge.com 3,690 vertical feet • 41 runs Timberline is the only resort in the Northwest that’s open every month of the year. Nestled under Mt. Hood summit, the tallest mountain in Oregon, Timberline is old-world charm meets new-world style, with the historic Timberline Lodge as the village’s prominent feature and the immense amount of freestyle terrain to be found on the slopes. This unique Pacific Northwest gem is located only 60 miles from Portland on the south side of Mt. Hood.", "Over on the western side of the country, the Cascade Mountains figure among the most popular mountains in the US. The Cascade Range, which has a portion in Canada ’s British Columbia province, covers parts of Washington , Oregon and Northern California . Many of the peaks in this large range exceed 10,000 feet in elevation. They include two of the region’s most famous peaks – Mount Hood (11,235 feet) and Mount Rainier (the tallest peak in the range at 14,410 feet). Also interesting to note is that most of the peaks in the Cascade Range are volcanoes, the majority of which are thankfully extinct. Mount Saint Helens is the most famous of the active volcanoes in this region. Another famous attraction in the Cascade Mountains that is indicative of the area’s volcanic history is Crater Lake in Oregon. A good way to take in the scenery of the Cascade Mountains is by hiking along the Pacific Crest Trail .", "waterfalls just on the Oregon side of the river. My husband and I stand on the bridge and consider our options. Do we want to see more waterfalls? If so, we have our choice of at least 10 trails that will lead us through forests dotted with falls. Or do we want breathtaking views, in which case we can undertake the 7-mile trek to the top of Larch Mountain? A woman at the visitor center suggests we drive. “That way you can see the views, hike around the mountaintop, and drive back down,” she says. This strikes us as a brilliant solution and is exactly what we do. It’s a clear day and, as the song goes, we can see forever. There, across the river, are the two highest mountains in Washington, Mount Rainier and Mount Adams. Here, on this side of the river, we can see Oregon’s two tallest peaks, Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson, as well as Mount St. Helens, which is easily recognizable", "The mountainous regions of western Oregon, home to three of the most prominent mountain peaks of the United States including Mount Hood, were formed by the volcanic activity of the Juan de Fuca Plate, a tectonic plate that poses a continued threat of volcanic activity and earthquakes in the region. The most recent major activity was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. Washington's Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, an event that was visible from northern Oregon and affected some areas there.", "Though much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains, more commonly referred to locally as the \"West Hills\", pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. Council Crest Park, the tallest point within city limits, is located in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet. The highest point east of the river is Mt. Tabor, an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to 636 feet. Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet and 612 feet, respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range, and to the east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range. On clear days, Mt. Hood and Mt St. Helens dominate the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be visible in the distance.", "Cascade Range - The Cascade Range runs for 700 miles along the northwest coast of the United States and into Canada. The highest point is Mount Rainier at 14,411 feet. It is considered part of the Ring of Fire which is a number of volcanic mountains that circle the Pacific Ocean. The active volcano Mount Saint Helens is part of the Cascades.", "Because of the range's proximity to the Pacific Ocean and the region's prevailing westerly winds, precipitation is substantial, especially on the western slopes due to orographic lift, with annual snow accumulations of up to 1000 in in some areas. Mount Baker in Washington recorded a world-record single-season snowfall in the winter of 1998–99 with 1140 in. Prior to that year, Mount Rainier held the world record for snow accumulation at Paradise in 1978. It is not uncommon for some places in the Cascades to have over 500 in of annual snow accumulation, such as at Lake Helen, near Lassen Peak. Most of the High Cascades are therefore white with snow and ice year-round. The western slopes are densely covered with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and red alder (Alnus rubra), while the drier eastern slopes feature mostly ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), with some western larch (Larix occidentalis), mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and subalpine larch (Larix lyallii) at higher elevations. Annual rainfall is as low as 9 in on the eastern foothills due to a rain shadow effect.", "The basic facts are these: Standing at 14,179ft, Mt. Shasta is the second tallest mountain in the Cascades (behind Mt. Rainier by just a couple hundred feet).  It’s also the largest by volume.", "This is the Mount Pilchuck Lookout with its great� 360 degree Cascade Mountain panorama. A good payoff for a long hard 3 mile hike with great views of the entire Puget Sound, a view not seen when you are deeper into the Cascades. On a clear day you can see the Space Needle. You can see Mount Baker to the north, Glacier Peak to the east along with the Cascade Crest, the ridge of all the mountain peaks of the Cascade Range that looks sort of like waves on the ocean. The summit of Mount Pilchuck is 5300 feet above sea level. The trail starts at 3100 feet above sea level. You can calculate how much elevation you gain on this hike yourself.�", "The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state. From the Cascades westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains. From the north to the south, these volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount St. Helens is currently the only Washington volcano that is actively erupting; however, all of them are considered active volcanoes. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 mi south of the city of Seattle, from which it is prominently visible. The 14411 ft Mt. Rainier is considered the most dangerous volcano in the Cascade Range, due to its proximity to the Seattle metropolitan area, and most dangerous in the continental U.S. according to the Decade Volcanoes list. It is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. ", "Elevation within the city limits ranges from about 120 to. Salem contains the volcanic Salem Hills in the south and is sandwiched by the 1000 ft Eola Hills directly to the west and the 600 ft Waldo Hills to the east. Northern and eastern Salem are less hilly. South and West Salem contain some canyons and are the hilliest areas. The coast range and the Cascades—including Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, and on the clearest of days, Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams in Washington—can be viewed from throughout the city.", "Covering most of eastern Oregon and extending into Idaho and Washington, is the Columbia Plateau. Thousands of years ago, the Columbia Plateau was formed by lava flowing from cracks in the earth's crust. Oregon's Wheat farms are found on the Columbia Plateau. Much of the Columbia Plateau is quite rugged, however, and mountains such as the Blue Mountains and the Wallowa Mountains rise in the northeast. On the Oregon/Idaho border the Snake River has cut Hells Canyon deep into the earth. The average depth of this gorge, located between the Wallowa Mountains and the Seven Devils Mountains in Idaho, is 5,500 feet.", "In addition, there is a largely untapped amount of geothermal power that can be generated from the Cascades. The U.S. Geological Survey Geothermal Research Program has been investigating this potential. Some of this energy is already being used in places like Klamath Falls, Oregon, where volcanic steam is used to heat public buildings. The highest recorded temperature found in the range is 510 F at 3075 ft below Newberry Volcano's caldera floor.", "Rising 10,770 feet from the sea and visible on a clear day to a population of over 3 million people, Mt Baker is one of the biggest and baddest of the Cascade peaks. When you see the white mountain for the first time it clearly promises big adventures to anyone who looks for it. And it will not disappoint!   ", "The Cascade Mountains extend almost due north and south across central Washington, Oregon, and northern California. The mountains lie about 160 to 240 km (about 100 to 150 mi) inland from the Pacific Coast. The higher elevations of the Cascades have a continuous snow cover. A number of east-west highways built through passes provide fairly easy travel through these mountains, except in winter, when they are periodically blocked by snow.", "Cascade Mountains: The Cascade Mountains extend north from the Sierra Nevada mountain range. They were formed by volcanoes unlike the other mountain ranges in California and support one still-active volcano; Lassen Peak. Lassen is 10,457 feet high and located in the southern Cascades. The Cascade Mountains are also home to Mt. Shasta, once and active volcano. Mt. Shasta rises 14,162 feet above sea level.", "One of the most picturesque waterfalls in the United States, Multnomah Falls is on the Oregon side of the Columbia River Gorge. The falls drops in two major steps, and the total height of the waterfall is around 620 feet (189 m), making it the tallest waterfall in Oregon.", "Salem's central location provides access to a wide variety of recreational activities in a variety of climates and geographies year round. The Coast Range and the Pacific Ocean is to the west. The Santiam Canyon area, the Western Cascades and the High Cascades are to the east. Portland and its environs are to the north, while Eugene and its environs are to the south.", "• North Cascades, WA (Slesse NE Buttress, Early Morning Spire, Dorado Needle, Middle Gunsight EF, Gunrunner Traverse, Salish Peak Flight of the Falcon, Dome Peak Grand Torino, Paisano/Burgundy Rampage/Action Potential, Whine Spire Gato Negro, Supercave Route) ", "Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. State is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, to southern California, Nevada and Idaho in the southeast to east.", "Welcome to one of the snowiest places in the world! After Mount Rainier, Mount Baker is the most heavily glaciated of the Cascade Range volcanoes; the volume of snow and ice on Mount Baker is greater than that of all the other Cascades volcanoes (except Rainier) combined. In 1999, the Mount Baker Ski Area set the world record for recorded snowfall in a single season—1,140 inches. This beautiful mountain - the 3rd highest in Washington State - is 10,781 feet high. Come experience its beauty!", "A perfect volcanic cone, Mount Baker boasts the world record for snowfall. A staggering 95 feet of snow—1,140 inches—was recorded at Mount Baker Ski Area in the winter of 1998–99. Perpetually snow-capped, the mountain hosts the second-largest glacial system in the Lower 48—after Mount Rainier. Want more facts? Here’s a (Mount) Baker’s dozen:", "Big Four Mountain is a mountain in the Cascade Range of Washington, located 21 miles (34 km) east of Granite Falls. The mountain is about 6,180 ft (1,880 m) high. At the bottom of its steep, 4,200 ft (1,300 m) high north face, debris piles form from avalanches and are able to remain there year round because of the continuous shade provided by the mountain. At an elevation between 2,450 ft (750 m) and 1,950 ft (590 m), this ice forms the lowest-elevation glacier in the lower 49 states. During the summer, snow-melt streams flow beneath the debris piles and cause caves to be formed in the ice.", "Colfax Peak is a 9,440 ft / 2,877 m mountain peak in the Cascade Range in Washington, United States. Based on peakery data, it ranks as the 16th highest mountain in Washington and the 5448th highe...", "Yosemite Falls, the fourth tallest waterfall in North America at 2,425 ft (739 m), is located in Yosemite National Park, United States.", "The summit region has several peaks exceeding 4,500 metres (14,800 ft), primarily along a southwest-northeast trending ridge. The highest point 4,811 metres (15,784 ft) is at the northeast end of the ridge, and is separated from the 4,620 metres (15,160 ft)+ group of southwestern summits by a 4,190 m (13,750 ft) col.", "Whitman Crest is a 8,274 ft / 2,522 m mountain peak near Riverbend, Washington, United States. Based on peakery data, it ranks as the 121st highest mountain in Washington and the 8915th highest mo..." ]

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[ "TIKRIT, Iraq (Dec. 14) - U.S. troops captured Saddam Hussein near his home town of Tikrit in a major coup for Washington's beleaguered occupation force in Iraq.", "Saddam Hussein's picture is taken December 14, 2003, after his capture a day earlier. U.S. troops found Hussein hiding near his hometown of Tikrit.", "Deposed Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein has been captured near his home town of Tikrit, the U.S. military has confirmed.", "Operation Red Dawn was an American military operation conducted on December 13, 2003 in the town of ad-Dawr , Iraq, near Tikrit, that led to the capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein . This is where elements of the 1st Brigade (including the 7th Squadron, 10th Cavalry) of the 4th Infantry Division captured Saddam Hussein , former President of Iraq. [8] The mission was assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division , commanded by Major. Gen Raymond Odierno and led by Col. James Hickey of the 4th Infantry Division, with joint operations Task Force 121 - an elite and covert joint special operations team. [27] [28] [29]", "US forces today captured a bearded and haggard-looking Saddam Hussein in an underground hideout on a farm near his hometown, Tikrit.", "TIKRIT, Iraq (Reuters) - When U.S. forces pulled Saddam Hussein from a hole in the ground behind a two-room shepherd's hut, they were within sight of the former Iraqi president's lavish palaces in his hometown of Tikrit.", "High-ranking members of the Iraqi government were caught one by one, but Saddam remained at the top of the most-wanted list. In July of 2003 his two sons and political heirs, Uday and Qusay, were killed by U.S. forces. It was thought that perhaps Saddam's capture would be imminent, but the elusive leader remained on the run for the next five months. Finally, on December 13, 2003, Saddam Hussein was located just nine miles outside of his hometown of Tikrit, hiding in an underground cavern known as a \"spider hole.\" Disheveled and dirty, with a graying beard and matted hair, he surrendered without resisting. According to commander of U.S. forces Lt. Gen. Ricardo Sanchez, as quoted on CNN.com, \"He was a tired man. Also, I think, a man resigned to his fate.\"", "Saddam was captured in an underground hide-out near Ouja on Dec. 13, 2003, eight months after he fled Baghdad ahead of advancing American troops.", "Aziziyah:  In a predominantly Shiite town near Baghdad, Saddam Hussein roams the streets unmolested, joking with checkpoint guards and shaking the hands of passers-by, proudly announcing his name.", "Saddam was captured without a shot being fired at 8.30pm local time (1730 GMT) in a walled farm compound in Adwar, a town 10 miles from Tikrit.", "Mini biography: Born on 28 April 1937 in the village of al-Awja, near Tikrit, on the Tigris River in northwest Iraq, into a landless but influential Sunni family. He is a member of the al-Khatab clan. Saddam will later have his genealogy fabricated to claim direct descent from the Prophet Mohammed.", "Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was born in the town of Al-Awja, 13 km (8 mi) from the Iraqi town of Tikrit, to a family of shepherds from the al-Begat clan group, a sub-group of the Al-Bu Nasir (البو ناصر) tribe. His mother, Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat, named her newborn son Saddam, which in Arabic means \"One who confronts\". He is always referred to by this personal name, which may be followed by the patronymic and other elements. He never knew his father, Hussein 'Abid al-Majid, who disappeared six months before Saddam was born. Shortly afterward, Saddam's 13-year-old brother died of cancer. The infant Saddam was sent to the family of his maternal uncle Khairallah Talfah until he was three. ", "December 13 Saddam is captured at 8.30 pm (1730 GMT) in the town of Adwar, 10 miles south of Tikrit. He was hiding in a specially prepared \"spider hole\".", "\"The tyrant is a prisoner,\" he said, adding the capture was made in a town near Tikrit on Saturday.", "Deposed by the invasion, Saddam was captured by US forces on December 13, 2003 and was brought to trial under the newly-created Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal. On November 5, 2006, he was convicted of charges related to the executions of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites as a collective punishment for an assassination attempt against him in the town of Dujail, and was sentenced to death by hanging. His execution was carried out on December 30, 2006.", "Saddam was executed by hanging at approximately 06:00 local time (03:00 GMT ) on December 30, 2006, the day Sunni Iraqis begin celebrating Eid ul-Adha . [9] [10] [11] Reports conflict as to the exact time of the execution, with some sources reporting the time as 06:00, 06:05, or some, as late as 06:10. [9] [11] [12] The execution took place at the Iraqi army base Camp Justice , located in Kazimain , a north-eastern suburb of Baghdad . Camp Justice was previously used by Saddam as his military intelligence headquarters, then known as Camp Banzai, where Iraqi civilians were taken to be tortured and executed on the same gallows. Contrary to initial reports, Saddam was executed alone, not at the same time as his co-defendants Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Awad Hamed al-Bandar , who were executed on January 15, 2007, also without the presence of their lawyers.", "Saddam Hussein was the ruthless dictator of Iraq from 1979 until 2003. He was the adversary of the United States during the Persian Gulf War and found himself once again at odds with the U.S. in 2003 during the Iraq War. Captured by U.S. troops, Saddam Hussein was put on trial for crimes against humanity (he killed thousands of his own people) and was ultimately executed on December 30, 2006.", "The U.S., under George W. Bush's leadership, along with the British, under Tony Blair, attacked Iraq without United Nations approval on March 20, 2003. Rumors of Hussein's death in the first bombing proved false. During the course of the war, the U.S. had no idea of Saddam's whereabouts and in July 2003 issued a $25 million reward for his capture. On July 23, 2003, in a raid on a house in Mosul, Iraq that began around 10 AM Baghdad time,, both of Saddam's sons, Uday and Qusay, were killed.", "Al-Majid became one of Saddam's closest military advisors and head of the Iraqi Intelligence Service , Iraqi secret police known as the Mukhabarat. Following an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Saddam in 1983 in the town of Dujail , north of Baghdad, al-Majid directed the subsequent collective punishment operations in which scores of local men were killed, thousands more inhabitants were deported and the entire town was razed to the ground. [15]", "As the US forces were occupying the Republican Palace and other central landmarks and ministries on April 9, Saddam Hussein emerged from his command bunker beneath the Al A'Zamiyah district of northern Baghdad and greeted excited members of the local public. In the BBC Panorama programme Saddam on the Run witnesses were found for these and other later events (see Note 15). The walkabout was captured on film and broadcast several days after the event on Al-Arabiya Television and was also witnessed by ordinary people who corroborated the date afterwards. He was accompanied by bodyguards and other loyal supporters including at least one of his sons and his personal secretary.", "After two years of legal proceedings, wrangling and trials in which a few lawyers, witnesses and a judge were killed by Hussein supporters, he was sentenced on November 5, 2006 to die by hanging for his 1982 role in a brutal attack on the town of Dujail. The former Iraqi dictator was hanged shortly after 6 AM local time in Baghdad on December 30, 2006", "Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power.", "The Iraq War began on March 20, 2003, when a US-led coalition invaded Iraq from Kuwait. The coalition drove the Ba'athist regime out of power, installing an Iraqi Interim Government in June of 2004, and organizing free elections for October of 2005. Saddam Hussein went in to hiding, but was captured by US troops on December 13, 2003. In the chaos, sectarian violence broke out across the country between the Shi'a majority and the Sunni minority; al-Qaeda seized the opportunity to establish a presence in Iraq.", "By the beginning of November Saddam was under siege. His home town and powerbase were surrounded and his faithful bodyguards targeted and then arrested one by one by the Americans. Protests erupted in several towns in the Sunni triangle. Meanwhile some Sunni Muslims showed their support for Saddam.", "In 2003, a coalition led by the U.S. invaded Iraq to depose Saddam, in which U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda . Saddam's Ba'ath party was disbanded and elections were held. Following his capture on 13 December 2003, the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi Interim Government . On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted of charges of crimes against humanity related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites , and was sentenced to death by hanging . His execution was carried out on 30 December 2006. [11]", "Saddam suppressed several movements, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively.[citation needed] Saddam maintained power during the Iran�Iraq War of 1980 through 1988. In 1990 he invaded and looted Kuwait. An international coalition came to free Kuwait in the Gulf War of 1991, but did not end Saddam's rule. Whereas some venerated him for his aggressive stance against Israel, including firing missiles at Israeli targets,[9] he was widely condemned for the brutality of his dictatorship.", "In 2003, a coalition led by the U.S. invaded Iraq to depose Saddam, in which U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda. Saddam's Ba'ath party was disbanded and elections were held. Following his capture on 13 December 2003, the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi Interim Government. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted of charges of crimes against humanity related to the Dujail Massacre , and was sentenced to death by hanging . His execution was carried out on 30 December 2006.", "In 2003, a coalition led by the U.S. invaded Iraq to depose Saddam, in which U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda. Saddam's Ba'ath party was disbanded and elections were held. Following his capture on 13 December 2003, the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi Interim Government. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted of charges of crimes against humanity related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites, and was sentenced to death by hanging. His execution was carried out on 30 December 2006. ", "In 2003, a coalition led by the U.S. invaded Iraq to depose Saddam, in which U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda. Saddam's Ba'ath party was disbanded and elections were held. Following his capture on 13 December 2003, the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi Interim Government. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted of charges of crimes against humanity related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites, and was sentenced to death by hanging. His execution was carried out on 30 December 2006.", "Saddam was the preeminent strongman in Iraq since the late 1960s, but his name did not become a household word in the United States until Aug. 2, 1990, when he launched his army on a blitzkrieg attack against Kuwait.", "2003 – In Iraq US forces captured Aziz Saleh Numan, former Baath regional command chairman for west Baghdad. He was No. 8 on the most wanted list.", "At the break of dawn on August 2, 1990, Iraqi troops crossed the Kuwaiti border with armor and infantry, occupying strategic posts throughout the country, including the Emir's palace. The Kuwaiti Army was quickly overwhelmed, though they bought enough time for the Kuwaiti Air Force to flee to Saudi Arabia. Troops looted medical and food supplies, detained thousands of civilians and took over the media. Iraq detained thousands of Western visitors as hostages and later attempted to use them as bargaining chips. Hussein then installed a new Iraqi provincial governor, described as \"liberation\" from the Kuwaiti Emir; this was largely dismissed as war propaganda." ]

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[ "Set in the fictional realm of Narnia, a fantasy world of magic, mythical beasts, and talking animals, the series narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of that world. Except in The Horse and His Boy, the protagonists are all children from the real world, magically transported to Narnia, where they are called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil and restore the throne to its rightful line. The books span the entire history of Narnia, from its creation in The Magician's Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle.", "Set in the fictional realm of Narnia , a fantasy world of magic, mythical beasts, and talking animals, the series narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of that world. Except in The Horse and His Boy , the protagonists are all children from the real world, magically transported to Narnia, where they are called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil and restore the throne to its rightful line. The books span the entire history of Narnia, from its creation in The Magician’s Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle .", "The Chronicles of Narnia are perfect books. They are wonderful and can be read time and again. C. S. Lewis was a great author and theologist. I've been reading these books since I was young. Reading If you're going to read them, please read them in the correct order: 1) The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe, 2) Prince Caspian, 3)The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, 4) The Silver Chair, 5) The Horse and His Boy, 6) The Magician's Nephew, and 7) The Last Battle", "The first five books were originally published in the United Kingdom by Geoffrey Bles. The first edition of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in London on 16 October 1950. Although three more books, Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy, were already complete, they were not released immediately at that time, but appeared (along with The Silver Chair) one at a time in each of the subsequent years (1951–1954). The last two books (The Magician’s Nephew and The Last Battle) were published in the United Kingdom originally by The Bodley Head in 1955 and 1956. [15] [16]", "Set in the fictional realm of Narnia, a fantasy world of magic, mythical beasts, and talking animals, the series narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of that world. Except in The Horse and His Boy, the protagonists are all children from the real world, magically transported to Narnia, where they are called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil and restore the throne to its rightful line. The books span the entire history of Narnia, from its creation in The Magician's Nephew to its eventual destruction in ", "The Silver Chair is the first Narnia book without the Pevensie children. Instead, Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia together with his classmate Jill Pole. There they are given four signs to aid in the search for Prince Rilian, Caspian's son, who disappeared after setting out ten years earlier to avenge his mother's death. 50 years have passed in Narnia and Caspian, who was barely an adult in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader, is now an old man, while Eustace is still a child.", "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Magician's Nephew/The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe/The Horse and His Boy/Prince Caspian/Voyage of the Dawn Treader/The Silver Chair/The Last Battle: C. S. Lewis: 9780064405379: Amazon.com: Books", "Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the order in which the books should be read. The issue revolves around the placement of The Magician's Nephew and The Horse and His Boy in the series. Both are set significantly earlier in the story of Narnia than their publication order and fall somewhat outside the main story arc connecting the others. The reading order of the other five books is not disputed.", "9780064405379 - The Chronicles of Narnia: the Magician's Nephew/the Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe/the Horse and His Boy/prince Caspian/voyage of the Dawn Treader/the Silver Chai... - AbeBooks", "From 1988–1990, parts of The Chronicles of Narnia were turned into four successful BBC television serials , The Chronicles of Narnia . They were nominated for a total of 14 awards, including an Emmy in the category of \"Outstanding Children's Program\". Only The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and The Silver Chair were filmed. The four serials were later edited into three feature-length films (combining Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader) and released on VHS and DVD.", "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, completed by the end of March 1949 [7] and published by Geoffrey Bles in London on 16 October 1950, tells the story of four ordinary children: Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie . They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke's house that leads to the magical land of Narnia. The Pevensie children help Aslan , a talking lion, save Narnia from the evil White Witch , who has reigned over the kingdom of Narnia for a century of perpetual winter. The children become kings and queens of this new-found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia, leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books.", "9780064405379: The Chronicles of Narnia: The Magician's Nephew/The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe/The Horse and His Boy/Prince Caspian/Voyage of the Dawn Treader/The Silver Chair/The Last Battle - AbeBooks - Lewis, C. S.: 0064405370", "From 1988 to 1990 the BBC produced a Narnia miniseries, which dramatized The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe; Prince Caspian; The Voyage of the Dawn Treader; and The Silver Chair. It is available as a DVD box set. ( Amazon product description )", "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, completed by the end of March 1949 [17] and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950, tells the story of four ordinary children: Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie , who have been evacuated to the English countryside from London in 1940 following the outbreak of World War II . They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke ‘s house that leads to the magical land of Narnia. The Pevensie children help Aslan, a talking lion, save Narnia from the evil White Witch , who has reigned over the land of Narnia for a century of perpetual winter with no Christmas. The children become kings and queens of this new-found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia, leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books.", "Before the release of The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , the screenplay for the sequel Prince Caspian had already been written. Director Andrew Adamson said the decision was made to follow the publication order of the novels because \"if we don't make it now we'll never be able to, because the [actors will] be too old\". Prince Caspian, the second published novel in the series, is the fourth chronologically. The Horse and His Boy takes place during a time only hinted at in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. The writers briefly considered combining Caspian with The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , which the BBC did for their television adaptation .", "1: The Lion is presented very much as the first of a series. It concludes with the words ‘That is the very end of the adventure of the wardrobe. But if the Professor was right, it was only the beginning of the adventures of Narnia.’ The ‘second’ book, Prince Caspian, is subtitled ‘The Return to Narnia.’", "The story takes place during the reign of the Pevensies in Narnia, an era which begins and ends in the last chapter of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. A talking horse called Bree and a young boy named Shasta, both of whom are in bondage in the country of Calormen, are the protagonists. By chance, they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom. Along the way they meet Aravis and her talking horse Hwin who are also fleeing to Narnia.", "Before the release of The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , the screenplay for the sequel Prince Caspian had already been written.Director Andrew Adamson said the decision was made to follow the publication order of the novels because \"if we don't make it now we'll never be able to, because the [actors will] be too old\". Prince Caspian, the second published novel in the series, is the fourth chronologically. The Horse and his Boy takes place during The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.The writers briefly considered combining Caspian with The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, which the BBC did for their television adaptation.", "Based on the first book in C.S. Lewis' classic children's fantasy series (chronologically the second book), The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a lavishly produced big-budget adaptation of what's hoped to be a profitable, long-running franchise similar to the Harry Potter series and the recently completed The Lord of the Rings trilogy, but with a younger demographic in mind.", "First published in 1950, The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe has literally stood the test of Time. It has the honor of being listed in Time Magazine’s “All-Time 100 Novels” and has been translated into 47 languages. Although it is the first and best loved book in The Chronicles of Narnia series, Lewis did write a prequel, The Magician’s Nephew .", "Although there are deviations from the book, or possibly because of those changes, The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe is an extremely strong fantasy film. Adamson’s film pays tribute to the original novel while fleshing out ideas that may only have been a sentence or two in the book and adapting the novel to a movie’s pacing. The result is a beautiful and entrancing children’s book brought to life, with a story that should entrance audiences despite their level of familiarity with the original stories.", "One of our most popular items is the children's gift box The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe - a 17.6 Oz. box of assorted turkish delight packaged with the renowned book and blockbuster movie from the Chronicles of Narnia series, The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe.", "Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy Pevensie discover the land of Narnia in the back of a wardrobe and venture inside to explore. Realising its inhabitants are at the mercy of the ruthless White Witch, they join forces with the heroic lion Aslan and set out to end the self-proclaimed queen’s reign of terror. This classic story has sold more than 85 million copies in 29 different languages since its publication in 1950.", "Lewis' works have been translated into over 30 languages and continue to sell over a million copies a year; the books that comprise The Chronicles of Narnia have sold over 100 million copies. A number of stage and screen adaptations of Lewis' works have also been produced, the most notable of which is the 2005 Disney film adaptation of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe which grossed US$ 745,000,000 worldwide.", "The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven high fantasy novels by C. S. Lewis . It is considered a classic of children’s literature and is the author’s best-known work, having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages. [1] [2] Written by Lewis, illustrated by Pauline Baynes , and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956, The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted several times , complete or in part, for radio, television, the stage, and film.", "Most of the novel is set in Narnia, a land of talking animals and mythical creatures that one White Witch has ruled for 100 years of deep winter. In the frame story, four English children are relocated to a large, old country house following a wartime evacuation. The youngest visits Narnia three times via the magic of a wardrobe in a spare room. All four children are together on her third visit, which verifies her fantastic claims and comprises the subsequent 12 of 17 chapters except for a brief conclusion. In Narnia, the siblings seem fit to fulfill an old prophecy and so are soon adventuring both to save Narnia and their lives. Lewis wrote the book for, and dedicated it to, his goddaughter Lucy Barfield. She was the daughter of Owen Barfield, Lewis's friend, teacher, adviser, and trustee. ", "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Reviews & Ratings - IMDb", "The series revolves around the adventures of children in the world of Narnia, guided by Aslan, a wise and powerful lion that can speak and is the true king of Narnia. The children heavily featured in the films are the Pevensie siblings, and a prominent antagonist is the White Witch (also known as Jadis).", "The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels for children and is considered a classic of children's literature. Written between 1949 and 1954 and illustrated by Pauline Baynes, the series is Lewis's most popular work, having sold over 100 million copies in 41 languages . It has been adapted several times, complete or in part, for radio, television, stage and cinema.", "Ruth Manning-Sanders collected and retold fairy tales, and her first work A Book of Giants contains a number of famous giants, notably Jack and the Beanstalk. Susan Cooper's The Dark Is Rising is a five-volume fantasy saga set in England and Wales. Raymond Briggs' children's picture book The Snowman 1978 has been adapted as an animation, shown every Christmas on British television, and for the stage as a musical. The Reverend. W. Awdry and son Christopher's The Railway Series features Thomas the Tank Engine. Margery Sharp's series The Rescuers is based on a heroic mouse organisation. The third Children's Laureate Michael Morpurgo published War Horse in 1982. The prolific children's author Dick King-Smith's novels include The Sheep-Pig 1984, and The Water Horse. Diana Wynne Jones wrote the young adult fantasy novel Howl's Moving Castle in 1986. Anthony Horowitz's Alex Rider series begins with Stormbreaker 2000.", "Since The Book of Three was first published in 1964, young readers have been enthralled by the adventures of Taran the Assistant Pig-Keeper and his quest to become a hero. Taran is joined by an engaging cast of characters that includes Eilonwy, the strong-willed and sharp-tongued princess; Fflewddur Fflam, the hyperbole-prone bard; the ever-faithful Gurgi, and the curmudgeonly Doli, all of whom have become involved in an epic struggle between good and evil that shapes the fate of the legendary land of Prydain. Released over a period of five years, Lloyd Alexander's beautifully written tales not only captured children's imaginations but also garnered the highest critical praise. The Black Cauldron was a Newbery Honor Book, and the final volume in the chronicles, The High King, crowned the series by winning the Newbery Medal for \"the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children.\"", "On a different note, what about some characters in the books who never appeared on screen? What ever happened to Peeves?" ]

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[ "A Gaffer in the motion picture industry is the head of the electrical department, responsible for the execution (and sometimes the design) of the lighting plan for a production. In British English the term Gaffer is long established as meaning an old man, or the foreman of a squad of workmen. The term was also used to describe men who adjusted lighting in English theater and men who tended street lamps, after the \"gaff\" they used, a pole with a hook on its end.", "A Gaffer in the motion picture industry is the head of the electrical department, responsible for the execution (and sometimes the design) of the lighting plan for a production. In British English the term Gaffer is long established as meaning an old man, or the foreman of a squad of workmen. The term was also used to describe men who adjusted lighting in English theater and men who tended street lamps, after the \"gaff\" they used, a pole with a hook on its end. Sometimes the Gaffer is credi [Search jobs...]", "A gaffer is a member of a movie or television crew. The gaffer runs the production's electrical department.", "Gaffers should not be confused with key grips or boss grips, although there is some overlap. Grips focus primarily on the construction and equipment aspects of filming. Grips can be found building scaffolding, or tracks for lighting or camera equipment to move across. The key grip oversees all the other grips, while the gaffer oversees all the lighting staff, and depending on the film crew the gaffer will probably be in charge of the grips who are working on lighting at that time. Both the key grip and gaffer also have \"best boys\" or seconds who tend to take care of logistics like transportation.", "The best boy, or assistant grip, on a film crew is the assistant to the chief lighting technician, otherwise known as the gaffer or key grip. The colorful name harkens back to Hollywood's pre-union days, when studio department heads would borrow \"your best boy\" from each other when they needed some extra help. Best boys essentially do what they can to help the gaffer create the best lighting atmosphere for the next blockbuster movie.", "Don’t let their foppish names deceive you: Gaffers, best boys and dolly grips are plainspoken workers who don’t give a damn about rubbing shoulders with celebrities. They’re also seasoned professionals who may apprentice for years before making it to the set of a big-budget flick. Millions of dollars, and often the safety of the cast and crew, depend on the precision of their work.", "  The producer or production manager, in consultation with the DP, hires the gaffer for the film production. If the production is a larger one, with a larger budget in which more crew is needed, he runs his own crew. Other than the best boy, his crew also consists of a number of electricians or electrics (aka ‘sparks’) working below him. On the set, he works closely and reports directly to the DP.", "Gaffers need to have many years of experience under their (tool) belts as members of the electrical crew, then as a best boy electric. Building relationships in the early years is crucial -- most of the time, a gaffer will get recommended for a job by a DP they've worked with before. Sometimes it also helps to take nonunion jobs as a gaffer before hitting the big time in a union job. The gaffer on a big-budget film generally makes $35,000 to $45,000 for a 12-week shoot. The natural next step up the ladder for a gaffer is DP, although some choose to stay where they are. And as for how many gaffers are actually \"gaffers\"? Your guess is as good as ours.", "Gaffer: The gaffer is the head electrician. This means that they are in charge of all the lighting personnel. How they got this name, I have absolutely no clue - but rumor has it that the name gaffer predates the sound era in a time when electricity was used to a lesser degree than today. The early stages had canvas roofs that were opened and closed to emit varying degrees of light. This canvas was moved with large gaffing hooks which had been traditionally used to land large fish. I won't swear that this is the actual reason we call them gaffers, but it is the only explanation I have heard that sounds reasonable.", "The equipment and techniques for using it have changed greatly since those early days, but generally the work is the same. Since film images (or TV pictures) are nothing without light, you can see that the work of the Gaffer, his Best Boy, and the other Electricians is pivotal. By the way, in television, the top lighting person is often a cross between that of a D.P. and the Gaffer and he or she is usually referred to as the Lighting Director. Gaffers tape is an important tool for these key lighting personnel.", "; gaffer * : (informal) old man; (informal) boss; football manager (US: soccer coach); Also in US: (professional) chief electrician on a theatrical or film set.", "And while they may still swear like sailors, you can bet that todays film crew members are more richly compensated than their seafaring predecessors. Thanks to unions such as the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, the average gaffer makes between $30,000 and $70,000 per year, and electricians on big-budget films can make much more.", "The Gaffer's first assistant on large film crews. Origin: may have come from the Merchant Marine, as did many other film terms.", "The person (or people) available to assist the other crafts which include camera, sound, electricians, grips, props, art director, set decorator, hair and makeup, during the actual shooting of a motion picture, with tasks including providing snacks and cleaning the set. [Search jobs...]", "Ever watched the credits at the end of a movie and wondered what all of those people do? Well, here’s your answer. Below is a simplified list with a real world description for most of those positions. Best Boy Electrician This is the Gaffer’s right hand person and usually a crew member who has worked", "Grip - In the film and TV industry, a member of the film crew who makes sure that the lighting is right for a scene. They also move scenery and set up large pieces of equipment.", "Grip – In the film and TV industry, a member of the film crew who makes sure that the lighting is right for a scene. They also move scenery and set up large pieces of equipment.", "A person responsible for various odd jobs, such as stopping traffic, acting as couriers, fetching items from craft service, etc. Production Assistants are often attached to individual actors or filmmakers.", "64. In the credits of a film, how is the assistant to the gaffer commonly referred?", "This is normally the person who acts as the liason between a production company and the various personnel involved in the post production process.", "In charge of the overall appearance and application of the various shots. He or she will almost always be on set to make sure that things are shot in the proper way. They will be the one consulting with the client about what is needed. [Search jobs...]", "One of the most iconic and memorable aspects of the movie making industry has to be the clapperboard. For decades this has been a vital piece of equipment that enables not just sound and image to be synchronised, but to also advise the viewer of the raw footage the exact details of the upcoming shot. The simple monochromatic device has become a symbolic image synonymous with films, and is still used to this day.", "movie-making as an art and an industry, including its production techniques, its creative artists, and the distribution and exhibition of its products (see also motion picture photography motion picture photography", "The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is the world's preeminent movie-related organization, with a membership of more than 6,000 of the most accomplished men and women working in cinema. In addition to the annual Academy Awards --in which the members vote to select the nominees and winners -- the Academy presents a diverse year-round slate of public programs, exhibitions and events; provides financial support to a wide range of other movie-related organizations and endeavors; acts as a neutral advocate in the advancement of motion picture technology; and, through its Margaret Herrick Library and Academy Film Archive, collects, preserves, restores and provides access to movies and items related to their history. Through these and other activities the Academy serves students, historians, the entertainment industry and people everywhere who love movies.", "Film editing is the process of selecting from the total footage shot those portions that are to be included in a motion picture , then splicing them together in a sequence of scenes that tells a story ( feature film ) or conveys factual information about the subject ( documentary ). A similar process occurs in the production of audio - and videorecording s. See also: final cut and outtake .", "Ever watched the credits at the end of a movie and wondered what all of those people do? Well, here’s your answer. Below is a simplified list with a real world description for most of those positions. Director of Photography A good DP or Director of Photography can be an invaluable tool to you. They", "Kodak's Entertainment Imaging and Commercial Film group (\"E&CF\") encompasses its motion picture film business, providing motion imaging products (camera negative, intermediate, print and archival film), services and technology for the professional motion picture and exhibition industries.", "This is the union, or \"guild\" for screen actors. This can mean the big, \"silver\" screen, or the little television screen, and includes jurisdiction on anything that is \"filmed\" as verses \"videotaped\". Most movies are filmed. Some television shows are filmed. Some television commercials are filmed. Some industrials are filmed. If it's on film, you need to be a member of the Screen Actors Guild.", "Recalling actors and crew to film scenes that need to be filmed to correct mistakes or to add additional film footage.", "The 2nd Assistant Director distributes documents such as scripts and call sheets to the cast and crew. They also help supervise the set with the 1st AD.", "If you are shooting a FEATURE FILM SHORT FILM TV SHOW OR AD PHOTO SHOOT INDUSTRIAL We can help!", "Action in a scene in which an extra passes between the camera and the principal actors." ]

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[ "On August 5, 1967—49 years ago today—a budding British rock band called Pink Floyd released their debut studio album The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn, a psychedelic exploration led by the songwriting exploits of the band’s eccentric singer-guitarist Syd Barrett. The album was named after the title of chapter seven of Kenneth Grahame‘s The Wind in the Willows and featured a kaleidoscopic cover photo of the band. It was recorded at the fabled Abbey Road Studios from February to May 1967, the same time during which The Beatles were recording Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band down the hall.", "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn is the debut studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, and the only one made under founder member Syd Barrett's leadership. The album, named after the title of chapter seven of Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows and featuring a kaleidoscopic cover photo of the band taken by Vic Singh, was recorded from February to May 1967 and released on 5 August 1967. It was produced by Beatles engineer Norman Smith and released in 1967 by EMI Columbia in the United Kingdom and Tower in the United States, in August and October respectively.", "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn is the debut studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, and the only one made under founder member Syd Barrett's leadership. The album, named after the title of chapter seven of Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows and featuring a kaleidoscopic cover photo of the band taken by Vic Singh, was recorded from February to May 1967 and released on 5 August 1967. It was produced by Beatles engineer Norman Smith and released in 1967 by EMI Columbia in the United Kingdom and Tower in the United States, in August and October respectively.", "^ Pink Floyd used the chapter title \" The Piper at the Gates of Dawn \" as the title of their 1967 debut album.", "Pink Floyd was founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Richard Wright. They gained popularity performing in London's underground music scene during the late 1960s, and under Barrett's leadership released two charting singles and a successful debut album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967). David Gilmour joined as a fifth member in December 1967; Barrett left the band in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health exacerbated by drug use. Waters became the band's primary lyricist and, by the mid-1970s, their dominant songwriter, devising the concepts behind their critically and commercially successful albums The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977), The Wall (1979) and The Final Cut (1983).", "The Wind in the Willows is a children's novel by Kenneth Grahame, first published in 1908. Alternately slow moving and fast paced, it focuses on four anthropomorphised animals in a pastoral version of England. The novel is notable for its mixture of mysticism, adventure, morality, and camaraderie and celebrated for its evocation of the nature of the Thames valley.", "I quote this book, and specifically this chapter, because it's an excellent example of what excites me in art, the invoking of some sort of transcendence, a breaking-through into another realm of existence which cannot be described in words, only suggested. Passages of this chapter in Wind in the Willows, describing the transformative freshness of the landscape (\"Never had they noticed the roses so vivid, the willow-herb so riotous, the meadow-sweet so odorous and pervading\") bear a striking resemblance to Aldous Huxley's descriptions of a chemically altered reality in his groundbreaking work The Doors of Perception, published a half-century later. And the psychedelic connection would continue later when Pink Floyd entitled their first album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, to evoke the spirit of Grahame's transformative scene. Here, on these pages, it is not drugs that alter the mind, but the music of Pan, symbol of nature, wafting in the winds at daybreak.", "Kenneth Grahame (July 20, 1859 – July 6, 1932) was a British writer,most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the classics of children's literature. He also wrote The Reluctant Dragon, which wasmuch later adapted into a Disney film.", "Kenneth Grahame (1859-1932) wrote The Wind in the Willows published in 1908 selling more than 25 million copies.", "Founded in 1965, Pink Floyd originally consisted of students Syd Barrett, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Richard Wright. They first gained popularity performing in London’s underground music scene during the late 1960s, and under Barrett’s creative leadership they released two charting singles and a successful debut album. David Gilmour joined as a fifth member in December 1967, and Barrett left the band in April 1968 due to his deteriorating mental health. After Barrett’s departure, Waters became the band’s primary lyricist and by the mid-1970s, their dominant songwriter, devising the original concepts behind their critically and commercially acclaimed albums The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977), The Wall (1979) and The Final Cut (1983).", "Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, written in 1908, is set in the middle to upper reaches of the river. It starts as a tale of anthropomorphic characters \"simply messing about in boats\" but develops into a more complex story combining elements of mysticism with adventure and reflection on Edwardian society. It is generally considered one of the most beloved works of children's literature and the illustrations by E.H.Shepard and Arthur Rackham feature the Thames and its surroundings.", "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, album by Pink Floyd ( The Wind in the Willows , book)", "Kenneth Grahame was a Scottish writer, most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the classics of children's literature. He also wrote The Reluctant Dragon; both books were later adapted into Disney films.", "1908 The Wind In The Willows, Kenneth Grahame's classic children's book, was published. It has never been out of print in its entire history.", "The Wind in the Willows . (1908) I love Kenneth Grahame’s book about the adventures of Mole, Rat and their loopy friend, Toad, but I also think it is too often recommended for very young children. The content is appropriate, of course, but Grahame’s syntax and vocabulary is quite sophisticated. Although many parents start out reading this classic first, I suggest starting with something easier, like Wizard of Oz or even Just So Stories. At Project Gutenberg (some formats with images).", "Mary Jane Begin illustrates the classic story of Mole, Badger, Rat and Toad, The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame. Each chapter opens with a vignette and includes a full-page painting of a dramatic moment in the proceedings. All ages.", "92 Which group's first album was Piper at the Gates of Dawn, released in 1967? Pink Floyd", "In June 1967 before the album was released, the single \"See Emily Play\" was sold as a 7-inch 45 rpm record, with \"The Scarecrow\" on the B-side, listed as \"Scarecrow\". The full album was released on 5 August 1967, including \"The Scarecrow\". The album contains whimsical lyrics about space, scarecrows, gnomes, bicycles and fairy tales, along with psychedelic instrumental music. Pink Floyd continued to perform at the UFO Club, drawing huge crowds, but Barrett's deterioration caused them serious concern. The band initially hoped that his erratic behaviour was a phase that would pass, but others, including manager Peter Jenner and his secretary June Child, were more realistic:", "*In Kenneth Grahame's classic children's book, The Wind in the Willows (1908), a pack of armed weasels, accompanied by other Mustelids, overruns Toad Hall and has to be driven out by Badger, Mole, Ratty, and Toad.", "* The Edinburgh-based record label Song, by Toad Records takes its name from a passage in The Wind in the Willows.", "Since its beginnings as a series of stories told to Kenneth Grahame's young son, The Wind in the Willows has gone on to become one of the best-loved children's books of all time. The timeless story of Toad, Rat, Mole, and Badger, brought to vivid life by Ernest H. Shepard's illustrations, has...   more", "Kenneth Grahame’s famous children’s book presents a perfect example of how one life can command the full attention of three others. Mole, Badger and Ratty simply don’t have time for any of their own interests they’re way too busy having to look after their reckless and irrepressible friend, Toad... The Wind In The Willows is here brought to the stage by acclaimed touring troupe Oddsocks. Zany humour is guaranteed.", "It's hard to imagine a more universally beloved children's classic than Grahame's The Wind in the Willows , and yet it too was initially rejected by publishers. It was eventually published by Methuen in 1908, and found fast fans, including Teddy Roosevelt who wrote to Grahame to express his admiration.", "'The Wind in the Willows' Review is a favorite tale (full of colorful animal characters), by Kenneth Grahame. Here are a few quotes from that famous work.", "\"Yet is it really for children at all? Yes, its Riverbank characters are anthropomorphized animals—Mole, Rat, Badger, Otter, and Toad—and yes, E.H. Shepard’s famous illustrations (1931) are as gently winsome as those he drew for A.A. Milne’s Winnie-the-Pooh books in the 1920s. Nonetheless, to read The Wind in the Willows aloud to a little boy or girl can be disillusioning. Except for the misadventures of the self-dramatizing Toad, there’s really not much action and the mood music of Grahame’s prose sometimes bores the fidgety young.\"", "Kenneth Grahame - The Wind in the Willows 1 | The Wind In The Willows | Rat", "The Wind in the Willows (Barnes & Noble Classics Series) by Kenneth Grahame, Paperback | Barnes & Noble®", "To celebrate The Wind in the Willows, scholar Annie Gauger offers this beautifully illustrated edition of Kenneth Grahame’s classic—complete with rare photographs of the Grahames, their friends, and illustrations from the first five editions.", "In an illuminating preface, Gauger explains how Grahame came to write the novel, which began as a bedtime story and then became a series of letters he wrote to his son, Alastair. This edition reproduces the original letters in their entirety and includes nearly a thousand delightful annotations on everything from automobiles (Toad drove an Armstrong Hardcastle Special Eight) and early motorcar etiquette to modern manifestations (Disneyland's Mr. Toad's Wild Ride). She reveals how William John Cavendish Bentinck-Scott, the peculiar Fifth Duke of Portland, built an extensive network of underground tunnels, thus inspiring the character of Badger, and she puts Grahame's work in literary context, comparing him to Dickens, Rudyard Kipling, A. A. Milne, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Finally, new to this edition, long buried in the Kenneth Grahame papers, are the notes, letters, and writings by Alastair Grahame and his governess, including several pieces by Kenneth Grahame himself that have never been published before.", "In an illuminating preface, Gauger explains how Grahame came to write the novel, which began as a bedtime story and then became a series of letters he wrote to his son, Alastair. This edition reproduces the original letters in their entirety and includes nearly a thousand delightful annotations on everything from automobiles (Toad drove an Armstrong Hardcastle Special Eight) and early motorcar etiquette to modern manifestations (Disneyland’s Mr. Toad’s Wild Ride). She reveals how William John Cavendish Bentinck-Scott, the peculiar Fifth Duke of Portland, built an extensive network of underground tunnels, thus inspiring the character of Badger, and she puts Grahame’s work in literary context, comparing him to Dickens, Rudyard Kipling, A. A. Milne, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Finally, new to this edition, long buried in the Kenneth Grahame papers, are the notes, letters, and writings by Alastair Grahame and his governess, including several pieces by Kenneth Grahame himself that have never been published before.", "The 1976 album Wind and Wuthering, by British progressive rock band Genesis, alludes to the Brontë novel not only in the album's title but also in the titles of tracks 7 (\"Unquiet Slumbers for the Sleepers ...\") and 8 (\"... In That Quiet Earth\"), which are derived from the novel's closing sentence: \"I lingered round them, under that benign sky: watched the moths fluttering among the heath and harebells, listened to the soft wind breathing through the grass, and wondered how any one could ever imagine unquiet slumbers for the sleepers in that quiet earth.\"", "Structurally and thematically, the song is unusual in many respects. While the recorded version is 4:03 long, it is composed of only two verses, each with chorus. The piece is also more instrument-driven than most songs of the period, and with a much looser rhyme scheme. Its unusually allusive and referential lyrics are much more complex than most lyrics of the time (for example, the chorus focuses on Chaucer's \"The Miller's Tale\"). Thus, this piece can be considered an early example of progressive rock." ]

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[ "Bodega Bay was the setting for the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock film, The Birds, starring Rod Taylor, Tippi Hedren and Suzanne Pleshette. ", "Vacationing in northern California, Alfred Hitchcock was struck by a story in a Santa Cruz newspaper: \"Seabird Invasion Hits Coastal Homes\". From this peculiar incident, and his memory of a short story by Daphne du Maurier, the master of suspense created one of his strangest and most terrifying films. The Birds follows a chic blonde, Melanie Daniels (Tippi Hedren), as she travels to the coastal town of Bodega Bay to hook up with a rugged fellow (Rod Taylor) she's only just met. Before long the town is attacked by marauding birds, and Hitchcock's skill at staging action is brought to the fore. Beyond the superb effects, however, The Birds is also one of Hitchcock's most psychologically complicated scenarios, a tense study of violence, loneliness, and complacency. What really gets under your skin are not the bird skirmishes but the anxiety and the eerie quiet between attacks. The director elevated an unknown model, Tippi Hedren (mother of Melanie Griffith), to being his latest cool, blond leading lady, an experience that was not always easy on the much-pecked Ms. Hedren. Still, she returned for the next Hitchcock picture, the underrated Marnie. Treated with scant attention by serious critics in 1963, The Birds has grown into a classic and—despite the sci-fi trappings—one of Hitchcock's most serious films. —Robert Horton", "Hitchcock's next horror masterpiece was Universal Studios' apocalyptic The Birds (1963) about the invasion of coastal town Bodega Bay by avian flocks. A spoiled heiress (Tippi Hedren), her potential boyfriend (Rod Taylor), his mother (Jessica Tandy), and a schoolteacher (Suzanne Pleshette) all suffered from the many bird attacks. The theme of Man vs. Nature running amok remained unresolved by the film's end.", "The location scenes in the Alfred Hitchcock-directed film The Birds (1963) were filmed in Bodega Bay. The town markets itself with the film in many ways, including its Birds-themed visitors' center. The location was also featured in the cult horror movie Puppet Master (1989).", "By the time Hitchcock made The Birds (1963) for Universal (which would release his last six films), the media had been trained to respond to his every signal. There were cover stories in national magazines and countless features extolling Hitchcock’s latest blond discovery, model Tippi Hedren . The story itself—millions of birds settle in and finally attack the residents of a small town in coastal California—was based on a novelette by Daphne du Maurier ; screenwriter Evan Hunter expanded it considerably to incorporate all sorts of Freudian byplay among social butterfly Melanie Daniels (Hedren); lawyer Mitch Brenner (Rod Taylor), her romantic interest; schoolteacher Annie Hayworth ( Suzanne Pleshette ), his former romantic interest; and icy Lydia Brenner ( Jessica Tandy ), Taylor’s possessive mother. The Birds unfolds with a dream logic in which the birds are a punishment for Daniels.", "Fifty years after its release (on March 28, 1963), we can't stop talking about Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Birds.\" We're still terrified by it, perhaps because Hitchcock wisely avoided providing any explanation for the avian attacks on Bodega Bay. We're still fascinated by how it was made, especially because, at 83, star Tippi Hedren continues to hold forth on the pleasures and horrors of working with Hitchcock .", "keywords: Alfred Hitchcock , Bodega Bay , California , The Birds (1963) , location filming, and pre-production", "Tippi Hedren was the last of the classic Hitchcock leading ladies and starred in the last of his great films . In The Birds, she was a wealthy young socialite who travels to a seaside California town in pursuit of a new beau (Rod Taylor), only to find herself among the townspeople being pecked to death by swarms of seagulls. She next starred opposite Sean Connery in Marnie, widely considered to be Hitchcock's final masterpiece. Hedren played a trouble young woman with a penchant for theft, with Connery as her boss-turned-husband who begins digging into her dark past. Hedren was hailed as a promising newcomer thanks to both roles, but spent the rest of her spotty career struggling to gain her due respect.", "Tippi Hedren , star of Alfred Hitchcock 's 1963 avian horror classic The Birds , alleges in her new memoir, Tippi, that the late Oscar-nominated director sexually assaulted her, according to excerpts obtained by the New York Post. On one particular occasion, Hedren claims, Hitchcock came into her dressing room on the set of Marnie and \"put his hands on me. It was sexual, it was perverse. The harder I fought him, the more aggressive he became.” Hedren, a 31-year-old actress living in New York, was recently divorced from adman Peter Griffith at the time Hitchcock saw her in", "By this time, Hitchcock had filmed in many areas of the United States. He followed Vertigo with three more successful films. All are also recognized as among his very best films: North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960) and The Birds (1963). The latter two films were particularly notable for their unconventional soundtracks, both orchestrated by Bernard Herrmann: the screeching strings played in the murder scene in Psycho exceeded the limits of the time, and The Birds dispensed completely with conventional instruments, instead using an electronically-produced soundtrack and an unaccompanied song by school children (just prior to the infamous attack at the historic Bodega Bay School). Also notable was that Santa Cruz was mentioned again as the place where the bird-phenomenon was said to have first occurred. These films are considered his last great films, after which his career started to lose pace (although some critics such as Robin Wood and Donald Spoto contend that Marnie, from 1964, is first-class Hitchcock, and some have argued that Frenzy is unfairly overlooked).", "The Birds (1963) was directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock and based on a story by Daphne du Maurier. It starred Rod Taylor, Tippi Hedren, Jessica Tandy and Suzanne Pleshette. Running time: 119 minutes.", "British film-maker Sir Alfred Hitchcock [1899-1980] began making movies in 1921 and ended with Family Plot in 1976. In between, he made dozens and dozens of films, some of which (the earlier ones) have been lost. Some of his more well-known and best-loved movies include Rebecca (1940), Suspicion (1941), Spellbound (1945), Notorious (1946), Rope (1948), Strangers on a Train (1951), Dial M for Murder (1954), Rear Window (1954), Vertigo (1958), North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960), and The Birds (1963).", "The Birds, American thriller film , released in 1963, that was directed by Alfred Hitchcock and centres on a small northern California coastal town that is inexplicably attacked and rendered helpless by massive flocks of aggressive birds.", "After filming \"Shadow of A Doubt\" in Santa Rosa in 1948, Alfred Hitchcock returned to Sonoma County in 1961 to find a remote coastal location for his next project \"The Birds.\" He chose Bodega Bay, with surrounding bleak treeless hills, quiet fishing harbor and fog. Based on a short story by Daphne DuMaurier, the original story took place in an English seashore village where murderous birds attacked the local villagers. Evan Hunter, who had written \"The Blackboard Jungle\" and \"Last Summer\" wrote the screenplay; Alfred Hitchcock financed the film from his successful television show.", "Hitchcock was so impressed with Hedren's acting abilities he decided to offer her the leading role of his next film, Marnie (1964), a romantic drama and psychological thriller from the novel by Winston Graham, during the filming of The Birds. Hedren was stunned and felt extremely fortunate to be offered to play \"such a complicated, sad, tragic woman\", and later said, \"I consider my acting, while not necessarily being method acting, but one that draws upon my own feelings. I thought Marnie was an extremely interesting role to play and a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity\". She voiced doubts about her ability to play that demanding role, but was assured by Hitchcock she could do it. As opposed to The Birds, where she had received little acting guidance, for this film Hedren studied every scene with Hitchcock. ", "The role of Marnie became a sought-after role in Hollywood. In his book Hitchcock and the Making of Marnie, Tony Lee Moral revealed that a studio executive at Paramount Pictures suggested actress Lee Remick to Hitchcock for the title role. Eva Marie Saint, star of Hitchcock's North by Northwest (1959), and Susan Hampshire unsuccessfully pursued the role. Hitchcock also considered two other actresses who were, like Hedren, under his personal contract, Vera Miles and Claire Griswold, wife of director/actor Sydney Pollack.", "keywords: Alfred Hitchcock , Sealyham Terriers , The Birds (1963) , production, and the Hitchcock cameo", "The Birds is a 1963 suspense/horror film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, loosely based on the 1952 story \"The Birds\" by Daphne du Maurier.", "The film, \"The Birds\", was directed by Alfred Hitchcock and was based on the story of the same name by Daphne du Maurier. The film was released in 1963. Two years earlier, a real life \"invasion\" of birds occurred in Santa Cruz. The event was reported in the", "Marnie is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The screenplay by Jay Presson Allen was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Winston Graham. The film stars Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery.", "Shadow of a Doubt (1943), Hitchcock's personal favourite of all his films and the second of the early Universal films, was about young Charlotte \"Charlie\" Newton (Teresa Wright), who suspects her beloved uncle Charlie Oakley (Joseph Cotten) of being a serial murderer. Critics have said that in its use of overlapping characters, dialogue, and closeups it has provided a generation of film theorists with psychoanalytic potential, including Jacques Lacan and Slavoj Žižek. Hitchcock again filmed extensively on location, this time in the Northern California city of Santa Rosa, California, during the summer of 1942. The director showcased his own personal fascination with crime and criminals when he had two of his characters discuss various ways of killing people, to the obvious annoyance of Charlotte.", "Alfred J. Hitchcock Productions. Producer: A. Hitchcock. Based on the short story by Daphne Du Maurier. Screenwriter: Evan Hunter. Cinematographer: Robert Burks. Editor: George Tomasini. Cast: Rod Taylor, Tippi Hedren, Jessica Tandy, Suzanne Pleshette, Veronica Cartwright.", "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) [1] was an English filmmaker and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and psychological thriller genres. After a successful career in his native United Kingdom in both silent films and early talkies , Hitchcock moved to Hollywood . In 1956 he became an American citizen while retaining his British citizenship.", "Shadow of a Doubt (1943) was Hitchcock's personal favourite of all his films and the second of the early Universal films. It is about young Charlotte \"Charlie\" Newton (Teresa Wright), who suspects her beloved uncle Charlie Oakley (Joseph Cotten) of being a serial murderer. Hitchcock again filmed extensively on location, this time in the Northern California city of Santa Rosa during the summer of 1942. The director showcased his personal fascination with crime and criminals when he had two of his characters discuss various ways of killing people, to the obvious annoyance of Charlotte.", "Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Joseph Cotten, Teresa Wright, Macdonald Carey, Henry Travers, Patricia Collinge, Hume Cronyn, Wallace Ford, Edna May Wonacott, Charles Bates, Marion Lorne. A beguiling murderer charms his unsuspecting family, but soon his niece and namesake begins to suspect her uncle of being the Merry Widow murderer, and a deadly game of cat-and-mouse begins. As his niece draws closer to the truth, the psychopathic killer begins to plot the death of his favorite relative. 108 min. DVD 638", "Hitchcock began his directing career in the United Kingdom in 1922 . From 1939 onward, he worked primarily in the United States. In September, 1940, Hitchcock had purchased a 200-acre (0.81 km2) mountaintop estate for the sum of $40,000. Known as the 1870 Cornwall Ranch or 'Heart o' the Mountain', the property was perched high above Scotts Valley, California, at the end of Canham Road. The Hitchcocks resided there from 1940 to 1972 . The Hitchcocks became close friends with the parents of Joan Fontaine, after she starred in his film, Rebecca . Years later, after a break-in at his estate, Hitchcock replaced all of the accumulated paintings with studio-made copies. The family sold the estate in 1974 , six years before Hitchcock's death.", "In 1939 soon after he arrived in Hollywood from England to direct “Rebecca”, Hitchcock was introduced to Chasen’s by Clark Gable and Carole Lombard. Hitchcock and his wife were so taken with Chasen’s that their Thursday night dinners, always at booth #2 beneath a photo of their daughter Patricia, became a 40 year ritual. P21", "Studio headshot portrait of British film director Alfred Hitchcock. (Circa 1963).  (Photo by Gene Lester/Getty Images)", "Alfred Hitchcock's most celebrated British thriller, adapted from John Buchan's novel. Richard Hannay (Robert Donat) becomes the victim of mistaken identity when a female corpse is dumped in his flat by a spy ring. He tries to track down the true murderers whilst being pursued by the police, and hooks up with an unwilling accomplice (Madeleine Carroll). Their adventure eventually leads them to a music hall, where the secret of the 39 steps is revealed. Also included is the documentary 'Hitchcock - The Early Years'.", "Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Joseph Cotten, Ingrid Bergman, Michael Wilding, Margaret Leighton, Cecil Parker. In Australia in l830, an English immigrant stays with his cousin Heneritta and her cruel husband, setting a triangle to explode and reveal a strange crime. From a novel by Helen Simpson, adapted by Hume Cronyn. 117 min. DVD X1717", "Alfred Hitchcock was born in Leytonstone, England on August 13, 1899. He was the youngest of three children born to William and Emma Jane Hitchcock.", "David O. Selznick pursued Hitchcock to make some Hollywood films. With Rebecca in 1940, Hitchcock made his first American film, and he worked in America for the rest of his career. Rebecca evokes the fears of a naive young bride who enters a great English country home and must grapple with the legacy of the dead woman who was her husband's first wife. The droll touches of humor are still there in his American work, but suspense became his trademark." ]

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[ "Keith John Moon (23 August 1946 â 7 September 1978) was an English musician, best known for being the drummer of the English rock group The Who. Bernard Buddy Rich (September 30, 1917 â April 2, 1987) was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. 5.0/5", "Keith John Moon (23 August 1946 [1] – 7 September 1978) was an English musician, best known for being the drummer of the English rock group The Who . He gained acclaim for his exuberant and innovative drumming style, and notoriety for his eccentric and often self-destructive behaviour, earning him the nickname \"Moon the Loon\". Moon joined The Who in 1964. He played on all albums and singles from their debut, 1964's \" Zoot Suit \", to 1978's Who Are You , which was released three weeks before his death.", "Keith John Moon (23 August 1946 – 7 September 1978) was an English musician best known as the drummer of the English rock group the Who. He was noted for his unique drumming style and his eccentric, often self-destructive behaviour. In 2011, Moon was voted the second-greatest drummer in history by a Rolling Stone readers' poll. His drumming continues to be praised by critics and musicians.", "Keith John Moon (23 August 1946 – 7 September 1978) was an English drummer who played with the English rock band the Who. He was noted for his unique style and his eccentric, often self-destructive behaviour. His drumming continues to be praised by critics and musicians. He was posthumously inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1982, becoming only the second rock drummer to be chosen, and in 2011, Moon was voted the second-greatest drummer in history by a Rolling Stone readers' poll. ", "Karen Anne Carpenter (March 2, 1950 – February 4, 1983) was an American singer and drummer. She and her brother, Richard Carpenter, formed the 1970s duo Carpenters. Although her skills as a drummer earned admiration from drumming luminaries and peers, she is best known for her vocal performances. She had a contralto vocal range. ", "Philip David Charles \"Phil\" Collins (born 30 January 1951) is an English singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer and actor. He is known as the drummer and lead singer in the rock band Genesis and as a solo artist. Between 1983 and 1990, Collins scored three UK and seven US number-one singles in his solo career. When his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more US top 40 singles than any other artist during the 1980s. His most successful singles from the period include \"In the Air Tonight\", \"Against All Odds\", \"Sussudio\" and \"Another Day in Paradise\".", "Peter Edward \"Ginger\" Baker is an English drummer, best known as the founder of the rock band Cream. Baker's work in the 1960s earned him praise as \"rock's first superstar drummer\", although his individual style melded a jazz background with his personal interest in African rhythms. Baker is an inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Cream and is widely considered one of the most influential drummers of all time. Baker began pla...", "Keith Moon - Keith John Moon, (August 23, 1946 – September 7, 1978) was the drummer of the rock group The Who. He gained fame and notoriety for his exuberant drumming style and his destructive lifestyle. Moon joined The Who in 1964. Moon is known for innovative, dramatic drumming, often eschewing basic back beats for a fluid, busy technique focused on fast, cascading rolls across the toms and cymbal crashes. Moon played drums as a lead instrument in an era when drums were generally supposed only to keep the back beat. He is regarded as the greatest and most distinctive rock drummer. Although Moon's work with The Who dominated his career, he participated in minor side projects. In 1966, he teamed with Yardbirds guitarist Jeff Beck, session man Nicky Hopkins, and future Led Zeppelin members Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones to record an instrumental, \"Beck's Bolero,\" released as a single-double later that year. He also played timpani on another track, \"Ol' Man River\" (credited on the back of the album as \"You Know Who\"). ' Artist Discography '", "� Karen Anne Carpenter was a famous singer / drummer. � She is part of a brother / sister duo.", "The Carpenters were Richard and Karen Carpenter (March 2, 1950 - February 4, 1983), a soft pop-rock brother-sister duo that became the top selling act of the 1970s. They had a trademark sound that came from Karen Carpenter's smooth contralto singing voice as well as the duo's close-knit harmonies. Their musical style, which was softer and more laid-back, was also highly memorable when they made their debut in that it was in sharp contrast to that of louder and edgier rock bands that ruled the airwaves at the time.", "Keith Moon Buddy Rich John Bonham Neil Peart Gene Krupa Ginger Baker Mitch Mitchell Lars Ulrich Max Roach Philly Joe Jones Ringo Starr Charlie Watts Mike Portnoy Steve Gadd Ed Shaughnessy Elvin Jones Art Blakey Van Halen Bill Ward Bob Weir Neal Peart", "A quarter-century after his death, it's still difficult to think of Keith Moon as more than just a hard-drinking rock star who would smash his drum set on stage or destroy a hotel room. But his biographer, Tony Fletcher, says The Who's legendary drummer should be remembered as the man who forever changed the sound of rock 'n' roll. On Weekend Edition Sunday, NPR's Liane Hansen looks back at Moon's legacy.", "Cream were a 1960s British rock supergroup consisting of bassist/vocalist Jack Bruce, guitarist/vocalist Eric Clapton, and drummer Ginger Baker. Their sound was characterised by a hybrid of blues rock, hard rock and psychedelic rock,combining the psychedelia-themed lyrics, Eric Clapton's blues guitar playing, Jack Bruce's voice and prominent bass playing and Ginger Baker's jazz-influenced drumming.", "The Carpenters became soft-pop superstars by combining Richard’s sophisticated orchestral arrangements with Karen’s wonderful throaty contralto vocals.  The photo below shows Karen and Richard Carpenter circa 1971.  Can you spot the family resemblance?", "Charlie Rich (December 14, 1932 - July 25, 1995) was an American Country Music Singer/Musician. A Grammy Award winner, his eclectic-style of music was often hard to classify in a single genre, playing in the rockabilly, jazz, blues, country, and gospel genres. In the latter part of his life, Rich acquired the nickname The Silver Fox. He is perhaps best remembered for a pair of 1973 hits, \"Behind Closed Doors\" and \"The Most Beautiful Girl\". \"The Most Beautiful Girl\" topped the U.S. country singles charts, as well as the pop singles charts. Despite Rich's lack of consistent commercial success, Epic Records signed Rich in 1967, mainly on the recommendation of producer Billy Sherrill. Sherrill helped Rich refashion himself as a Nashville Sound balladeer during an era when old rock n' rollers like Jerry Lee Lewis and Conway Twitty were finding a new musical home in the country and western format. Rich struggled throughout 1979 having hits with United Artists and Epic. His singles were moderate hits that year, the biggest of them on either UA or Epic was a version of \"Spanish Eyes,\" which became a top 20 country hit. \"Artist Discography \"", "Sir George Henry Martin CBE (3 January 1926 – 8 March 2016) was an English record producer, arranger, composer, conductor, audio engineer, and musician. He is sometimes referred to as \"the Fifth Beatle\" in reference to his extensive involvement on each of the Beatles' original albums. He is considered one of the greatest record producers of all time, with 30 number-one hit singles in the United Kingdom and 23 number-one hits in the United States.", "William Michael Albert Broad (born November 30, 1955), known professionally by his stage name Billy Idol, is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor. He first achieved fame in the 1970s as a member of the punk rock band Generation X. Subsequently, he embarked on a solo career which led to an international recognition and made Idol one of the lead artists during the MTV-driven \"Second British Invasion\" in the United States.", "The year before she started her diet regimen, Karen had cut four songs for Joe Osborn’s newly-minted label, Magic Lamp Records, in 1966.  Because she was a minor, her parents had to sign a contract on her behalf (on May 13, 1966) to allow her to record for the Magic Lamp label.  Of the songs she cut, two were selected, “I’ll Be Yours” b/w “Looking For Love”, for release as a single.  [Both songs were written by Richard; the performance is credited on the single as a solo by Karen Carpenter.  She played drums on the songs, too.]  This 45-rpm disc was released in a limited run of 500 copies, but failed to garner much interest.  [The disc is very rare and highly collectible—a lone copy that found its way to eBay in recent years sold for almost $1800 US.  Magic Lamp Records folded within a year after its debut.]The RCA deal after the win at the Hollywood Bowl soured quickly.  Wes Jacobs’ contribution to The Richard Carpenter Trio, in addition to stand-up bass, was the tuba!  And RCA saw no future (after listening to the three demos—two covers and a Richard original—the Trio recorded) in a jazz band that highlighted the tuba as one of its main “voices”.  Richard, Karen, and Wes were offered $500 to sever their contract with RCA, which they took.  The Richard Carpenter Trio split up at that point (Wes Jacobs went on to Julliard).  ", "Gary Numan (born Gary Anthony James Webb on 8 March 1958) is an influential English singer, composer, and musician. Most widely known for his chart-topping 1979 hits \" Are 'Friends' Electric? \" (when in Tubeway Army ) and \" Cars \", Numan achieved his peak of mainstream popularity in the late 70s and early 80s but maintains a loyal cult following. Numan, whose signature sound consists of heavy synthesizer hooks fed through guitar effects pedals, is considered a pioneer of commercial electronic music.", "Steven Tyler (born Steven Victor Tallarico; March 26, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and former television music competition judge, best known as the lead singer of the Boston-based rock band Aerosmith, in which he also plays the harmonica, and occasional piano and percussion. He is known as the \"Demon of Screamin'\" due to his high screams and his wide vocal range. He is also known for his on-stage acrobatics. During his high-energy performances, Tyler usually dresses in bright, colorful outfits with his trademark scarves hanging from his microphone stand.", "Richard Wayne Penniman (born December 5, 1932), known by his stage name, Little Richard, is an American musician, singer and songwriter.", "Charlie Rich (1932-1995) - Born in the Colt community between Wynne and Forrest City, Rich got his start at Sun Records in Memphis and penned many songs for other artists before recording his first hit \"Behind Closed Doors\" in 1973. Other hits like \"The Most Beautiful Girl\" followed and Rich was named the CMA Entertainer of the Year in 1974. His nickname was \"the Silver Fox.\" Member of the Arkansas Entertainers Hall of Fame.", "Carl Perkins - (April 9, 1932 – January 19, 1998), was an American pioneer of rockabilly music, a mix of rhythm and blues and country music, recorded most notably at Sun Records in Memphis, beginning in 1954. At age 6, he began working in the fields, where he heard gospel songs; at night, his father tuned in country music on the radio. John Westbrook, an older field hand, taught him blues guitar, and he began playing and singing country songs with the syncopated attack of the blues. An outstanding performer, his touch on rock and roll music is still heard to this day, especially through his fine compositions and guitar playing. His best known song is \"Blue Suede Shoes\". According to Charlie Daniels, \"Carl Perkins' songs personified the Rockabilly Era, and Carl Perkins' sound personifies the Rockabilly Sound more so than anybody involved in it, because he never changed.\" Perkins's songs have been recorded by artists as influential as Elvis Presley, The Beatles, and Johnny Cash, which further cemented his place in the history of popular music. ' Artist Discography '", "Richard Hugh \"Ritchie\" Blackmore (born 14 April 1945) is an English guitarist and songwriter. He began his career as a session musician as a member of the instrumental band The Outlaws and as a backing musician of pop singers such as Glenda Collins, Heinz, Screaming Lord Sutch and Neil Christian. ", "Gerald \"Gerry\" Rafferty (16 April 1947 – 4 January 2011) was a Scottish singer-songwriter best known for his solo hits \"Baker Street\", \"Right Down the Line\" and \"Night Owl\", as well as \"Stuck in the Middle with You\" recorded with the band Stealers Wheel.", "Andy Williams. The MOR crooner ran the Barnaby label, which put out the debut album Goodnight Everybody by Mary McCaslin in the late 1960s, produced by Larry Murray of the underrated country-folk-rock group Hearts & Flowers. Williams also covered the song \"Holly\" by Craig Smith, one of the songwriters in one of the most overlooked L.A. folk-rock groups, the Mike Nesmith-produced Penny Arkade (who didn't release anything while they were active). Smith used the royalties from cover versions of his songs by Williams, the Monkees, and Glen Campbell to travel around the world, changing into the weirder character Satya Sai Maitreya Kali, who would record spooky solo folk-rock that was eventually issued (along with numerous Penny Arkade recordings) on privately pressed LPs in the early 1970s.", "Like his contemporary Burt Bacharach, Richard Carpenter fashioned a ‘signature sound’ by blending classically inspired combinations of strings, woodwinds and brass. Richard himself played keyboards on Carpenters’ songs and particularly favored the Wurlitzer electric piano, though he would also switch to grand piano, Hammond organ or harpsichord on various songs.  Between 1969 and 1980, the pair produced an astonishing number of top-40 easy-listening hits.", "Gerry Rafferty was a hugely talented songwriter and singer who will be greatly missed. I was privileged to have spent my formative years working with Gerry and there remained a strong bond of friendship between us that lasted until his untimely death. Gerry had extraordinary gifts and his premature passing deprives the world of a true genius.", "From 1971 to 1975 Moon owned Tara, a home in Chertsey where he initially lived with his wife and daughter. The Moons entertained extravagantly at home, and owned a number of cars. Jack McCullogh, then working for Track Records (The Who's label), recalls Moon ordering him to purchase a milk float to store in the garage at Tara.", "1978: Former Stealers Wheel vocalist Gerry Rafferty releases his biggest solo hit, ‘Baker Street.’ It will reach #2 on the Hot 100 and #3 in the UK and was written about one of London’s most famous streets, home to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes.", "Key members include founders Tom Verlaine and Billy Ficca plus Fred Smith and Jimmy Rip. Previous members have included Richard Lloyd and Richard Hell.", "\"Baker Street\" is a song by Gerry Rafferty, released in 1978. The song was a major worldwide hit, reaching Number 3 in the UK and Number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. He also released an album entitled Baker Street." ]

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[ "\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time he wrote the poem.", "The charge of the Light Brigade is a poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson. It commemorates one of the bravest, and stupidest acts of war in history.", "On October 25, during the Crimean War, Lord Cardigan receives an order from Lord Lucian, commander of the cavalry, to advance on the Russians at Balaclava, in a brilliant charge that was shot to pieces. Out of 673 horses that take part in the charge, mostly Thoroughbreds or half-Thoroughbreds, 470 are killed, 42 are wounded and 43 are shot dead because of their wounds. Lord Alfred Tennyson immortalizes this event in his poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade.” Two months later, only 200 out of a starting number of 2,000 horses survive. Starvation has taken the rest.", "1854. The poem The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, is published in England.", "During the Victorian Era, these battles were repeatedly memorialized. The Siege of Sevastopol was the subject of Crimean soldier Leo Tolstoy's Sebastopol Sketches and the subject of the first Russian feature film, Defence of Sevastopol. The Battle of Balaklava was made famous by Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" and Robert Gibb's painting The Thin Red Line, as well as by a panorama of the siege painted by Franz Roubaud. Treating the wounded from these battles were celebrated English nurses Mary Seacole and Florence Nightingale.", "The Charge of the Light Brigade and Dulce et Decorum Est - The Charge of the Light Brigade and Dulce et Decorum Est Alfred Tennyson and Wilfred Owen present different ideas about War in their poems, ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est.’ Write about these poems and their effect on you. The first poem, ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ by Alfred Tennyson was based on a newspaper article he read in the Times Newspaper on November 14th, 1854. The article was about the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War. It described how the soldiers were wounded and killed because one man in their cavalry had made a mistake....   [tags: Alfred Tennyson Wilfred Owen Poems Essays]", "The events are best remembered as the subject of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's narrative poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1854). Published just six weeks after the event, its lines emphasize the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying out their orders, regardless of the obvious outcome. Blame for the miscommunication has remained controversial, as the original order itself was vague, and the officer who delivered the written orders, with some verbal interpretation, died in the first minute of the assault.", "Compare and contrast Tennyson's The Charge of the Light Brigade with - Compare and contrast Tennyson's The Charge of the Light Brigade with Kipling's The Last of the Light Brigade. Tennyson and Kipling both wrote the story of the Light Brigade who fought in the Crimean war, in the battle of Balaclava. This battle took place between the English and the Russians in Eastern Europe on the 25th October 1854. Lord Alfred Tennyson wrote his poem also in 1854, just after the battle had ended, and his aim was to build national pride in the hearts of the English people, and to \" Honour the charge they made.\" Tennyson wanted to boost the moral of the English people because of the Light Brigades defeat....   [tags: English Literature]", "It was this description of the battle that inspired Alfred Lord Tennyson to compose his �Charge of the Light Brigade,� published in a collection called Maud And Other Poems in 1855.", "Who wrote the famous 1855 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade? Lord Alfred Tennyson (1809-92)", "The Battle of Balaclava is one of the most famous in British history. The plight of the men engaged in Battle was immortalized in the poem by Tennyson, “The Charge of the Light Brigade”.", "Analysis of The Charge Of The Light Brigade by Alfred Lord Tennyson - Analysis of The Charge Of The Light Brigade by Alfred Lord Tennyson The second poem I an going to analyse is 'The Charge Of The Light Brigade', it is about the Crimean War. It is a famous Regiment of 600 men. The poem was written by Alfred Lord Tennyson. The poem was based on a newspaper account describing a battle. The article glorified the slaughter of men. The commander didn't understand the orders given to him to replace some guns held by the Russians and he sent them up the wrong valley....   [tags: Papers]", "Probably the most famous nineteenth century war poem is Tennyson's \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", which he supposedly wrote in only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times. As poet laureate he often wrote verses about public events. It immediately became hugely popular, even reaching the troops in the Crimea, where it was distributed in pamphlet form . ", "The Battle of Balaclava (1854) is a particularly famous battle of the Crimean War because it featured the Charge of the Light Brigade in which the Light Cavalry Brigade, commanded by the Earl of Cardigan, charged a heavily defended part of the battlefield. The assault was very brave, but was unsuccessful and resulted in over 70% of the men losing their lives.", "Tennyson's poem written on December 2, 1854, published December 9, 1854 in The Examiner, praises the Brigade, \"When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made!\", while mourning the appalling futility of the charge: \"Not tho' the soldier knew / Some one had blunder'd.\" According to his grandson Sir Charles Tennyson, Tennyson wrote the poem in only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times. As poet laureate he often wrote verses about public events. It immediately became hugely popular, even reaching the troops in the Crimea, where it was distributed in pamphlet form at the behest of Jane, Lady Franklin. ", "This poem was written to memorialize a suicidal charge by light cavalry over open terrain by British forces in the Battle of Balaclava (Ukraine) in the Crimean War (1854-56). 247 men of the 637 in the charge were killed or wounded. Britain entered the war, which was fought by Russia against Turkey, Britain and France, because Russia sought to control the Dardanelles. Russian control of the Dardanelles threatened British sea routes.", "In response to the order, Lucan instructed Cardigan to lead his command of about 670 troopers of the Light Brigade straight into the valley between the Fedyukhin Heights and the Causeway Heights. In his poem, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1854), Tennyson famously dubbed this hollow \"The Valley of Death\".", "However, Balaclava is best remembered for the disastrous charge by Lord Lucan's Light Brigade \"into the valley of death\".  (Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote poems about both cavalry charges.) Lord Raglan wanted the Light Brigade to stop the Russians taking away the British guns from the captured redoubts on the hills.  Instead, the 673-strong Brigade charged approximately a mile and a quarter (0.6km) down the valley, which was lined with perhaps as many as 70 Russian artillery pieces.  The survivors overran the artillery at the head of the valley, then had to cut their way through Russian cavalry before falling back, having lost 360 men killed and wounded, and 517 horses; their return to the Allied lines was aided by a gallant attack by the French cavalry on the Fedoukine Heights.  VCs were awarded to Lieutenant Dunn, Sergeant-Major Berryman, Sergeants Malone and Farrell, and Private Parkes.", "After William Wordsworth's death in 1850, Tennyson succeeded to the position of Poet Laureate , which he held until his own death in 1892, by far the longest tenure of any laureate before or since. He fulfilled the requirements of this position by turning out appropriate but often uninspired verse, such as a poem of greeting to Alexandra of Denmark when she arrived in Britain to marry the future King Edward VII . In 1855, Tennyson produced one of his best known works, \" The Charge of the Light Brigade \", a dramatic tribute to the British cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War . Other esteemed works written in the post of Poet Laureate include Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington and Ode Sung at the Opening of the International Exhibition.", "The Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854, in the Crimean War. Lord Raglan, overall commander of the British forces, had intended to send the Light Brigade to pursue and harry a retreating Russian artillery battery, a task well-suited to light cavalry. However, due to miscommunication in the chain of command, the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery, one well-prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire.", "It was perhaps his very isolation that made him so interested in the Crimean War, for he read the newspapers voraciously in order to keep current with world affairs. \" The Charge of the Light Brigade \" was one result in 1854 of his fascination with the heroism of that unpopular war. Maud, in which the hero redeems his misspent life by volunteering for service in the Crimea, was published the following year. In spite of that somewhat conventional-sounding conclusion, the poem is Tennyson's most experimental, for it tells a thoroughly dramatic narrative in self-contained lyrics; the reader must fill in the interstices of the story by inference. The lyrics are not even like one another in scansion, length, or style. The narrator of the poem is an unnamed young man whose father has committed suicide after being swindled by his partner. The son then falls in love with Maud, the daughter of the peccant partner; but since he is poor and she is rich, there is no possibility of their marrying. When he is bullied by her brother, he kills him in a duel. After Maud also dies the narrator goes temporarily insane; he finally realizes that he has been as selfish and evil as the society on which he has blamed his bad fortune. In an attempt to make up for his wasted life, he goes to the Crimea, with his subsequent death hinted at in the last section of the poem.", "Battle of Balaklava, Balaklava also spelled Balaclava, (Oct. 25 [Oct. 13, Old Style], 1854), indecisive military engagement of the Crimean War , best known as the inspiration of the English poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s “", "After Wordsworth's death in 1850, and Samuel Rogers ' refusal, Tennyson was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate, which he held until his own death in 1892, by far the longest tenure of any laureate before or since. He fulfilled the requirements of this position by turning out appropriate but often uninspired verse, such as a poem of greeting to Alexandra of Denmark when she arrived in Britain to marry the future King Edward VII . In 1855, Tennyson produced one of his best known works, \" The Charge of the Light Brigade \", a dramatic tribute to the British cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War . Other esteemed works written in the post of Poet Laureate include Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington and Ode Sung at the Opening of the International Exhibition.", "* Charge of the Light Brigade (October 25, 1854) at the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War. Due to faulty orders a tiny force of 670 British light cavalrymen charged an enemy force many times their size. They succeeded in both breaking through as well as disengaging, but suffered extremely heavy casualties and achieved no important objectives.", "Charge of the Light Brigade - The battle of Balaclava took place on October 25, 1854, and a tragic military disaster like no other, was about to be caught by the eyes of the nation. A blunder sparked by the animosity between two English Army leaders led to the death of over two hundred solders. The Battle took place during the Crimean War which was a war between Britain, Sardinia and France against Russia. Over six hundred soldiers forming the Light Brigade charged towards the Russian soldiers under orders of the two blundering army leaders....   [tags: Poetry Analysis ]", "The poem is an account of a Crimean War battle in 1854. The commander of the British forces gave an order for the British light brigade to attack what was supposed to be a retreating Russian artillery unit. But because of breakdowns in communication, the light brigade ended up mounting a frontal assault on an entrenched Russian artillery unit instead. It was a suicide mission—and the soldiers must have known it. But they charged anyway. [1]", "The poem that we are going to analyse is titled �The Charge of the Light Brigade�. As we can easily see it is going to deal with a military event that, as we will see later on, took place in the Crimea War fought between", "The Charge of the Light Brigade, a disastrous and futile cavalry charge of the Crimean War, is the most famous military disaster in British history. Generations of British children have learned about a charge which would more reasonably only be remembered only by academics and historians.", "a small port in Ukraine, in S Crimea: scene of an inconclusive battle (1854), which included the charge of the Light Brigade, during the Crimean War", "Tennyson also wrote another Crimean War poem, albeit less well known, about the charge of the Heavy Brigade. It evokes the charge of the \"gallant three hundred\" who charged uphill to attack \"thousands of Russians.\" \"Thousands of horsemen had gather'd there on the height\" and Scarlett's men \"Drove thro' the midst of the foe\" who surrounded them. All the onlookers thought they must be lost in \"the heart of the Russian hordes,\" when suddenly the enemy broke, as the Heavy Brigade . . .", "It was the Russian army hanging on the flank of the British that caused the second of the Crimean War's battles, the Battle of Balaklava. North of Balaklava harbour was a slight rise where the 93rd Highlanders had made their camp. Beyond this there lay the South Valley, an open valley leading up to a  higher line of hills known as the Causeway Heights. The Causeway Heights looked down on a narrower valley called the North Valley and beyond it the Fedoukine Hills. It was in the North Valley that the greatest spectacle and most tragic event of the war would take place - the charge of the Light Brigade.", "Two of Hugh Small's three-dimensional maps of the geography of the Crimean War. Left: Overhead view of Sebastopol and Todleben’s earth fortifications – the closed redoubt is the Malakoff, the open one is the Redan . Right: A view of the Chersonese. To the right of the road is the North Valley, where the Charge of the Light Brigade took place. [Click on these images for larger pictures.]" ]

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[ "The South Pole was reached for the first time on 14 December 1911 by a team of explorers led by Roald Amundsen.", "Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the first man to reach the South Pole on December 14, 1911.", "December 14, 1911 - Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the first person to reach the South Pole.", "1911 – Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his team became the first people to reach the South Pole.", "A hundred years ago – 14 December 1911 – Norwegian polar explorer and adventurer Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) became the first person to reach the South Pole.", " Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian, and four team members reached the South Pole on December 14, 1911. They discovered a new route which took only 57 days.", "Antarctic exploration has always been of great interest to the public. Expeditions have been launched by a number of countries since the 1890’s. Over 100 years ago in December of 1911 Roald Amundsen raised the Norwegian flag at the South Pole following a dramatic race with the Englishman Captain Robert Scott.", "A team led by legendary Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen was the first to reach the South Pole, in December 1911. Amundsen used sled dogs and mushers to navigate a route to the pole, and his team included expert skiers.", "Nationalist competition and a taste for adventure drove explorers to the farthest reaches of the Earth during the 19th and 20th centuries. But that spirit spurred what turned out to be a deadly competition between Norway and England to be the first to plant their flag on the South Pole. Although Norway won the prize, both nations led impassioned treks in the face of punishing environmental obstacles.", "The Antarctic Plateau was claimed for Norway by Roald Amundsen as the King Haakon VII Plateau when his expedition was the first to reach South Pole on 14 December 1911. It was mapped as a circular territory comprising the plateau around the South Pole, including all the land above latitude 85°S. However, roughly the same area had been claimed by the British as the King Edward VII Plateau, which was in conflict with the Norwegian claim. Amundsen's claim has never been officially claimed by the Norwegian government.Joyner, 1992, p. 47. ", "One hundred years ago, on December 14, 1911, the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his team became the first people to reach the Geographic South Pole. The Geographic South Pole is the southernmost point on Earth. It is located on the ice-covered continent of Antarctica. In the early 1900s, the South Pole was one of the last unexplored places on Earth.", "On December 14th (that’s today!), 1911, one of the world’s greatest explorers during the Heroic Age of Polar Exploration, Norwegian Roald Amundsen, became the first man to conclusively reach the South Pole. His five-man crew steered 4 sleds pulled by 52 dogs across the Antarctic Plateau to accomplish this goal. Opposed to other groups that ended in disaster, Amundsen insisted that his crew travel light and in the manner of the Inuits. His crew wore animal skins, traveled on skis, and had developed a mastery of managing sled dogs. When they reached the pole they erected a small tent, raised the Norwegian flag, left a letter describing their accomplishment, and named their camp Home on the Pole.", "Norwegian Roald Amundsen becomes the first explorer to reach the South Pole, beating his British rival, Robert Falcon Scott.", "Amundsen began his journey with six crewmen in a 47-ton steel seal hunting ship named Gjoa. They began in Baffin Bay and made their way to Resolute and then to Gjoa Haven, where they were forced to winter but instead stayed a whole year. Next they sailed around the southern coast of Victoria Island and along the northern coast of Canada and Alaska before landing in Eagle City, Alaska. On December 5, 1905, while staying in Eagle City, Amundsen wired a message of success. Forced to spend the winter in Eagle City, they arrived in Nome in 1906, where Amundsen received news that Norway had become independent of Sweden. He sent a message to the new King, Haakon VII, that his success “was a great achievement for Norway.” Amundsen later went on to become the first person to reach the South Pole and the first person to fly over the North Pole.", "The first humans to reach the Geographic South Pole were Norwegian Roald Amundsen and his party on December 14, 1911. Amundsen named his camp Polheim and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole King Haakon VII Vidde in honour of King Haakon VII of Norway. Robert Falcon Scott had also returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the Terra Nova Expedition, in a race against Amundsen to the Pole. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On the return trip, Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold.", "Roald Amundsen, Olav Olavson Bjaaland, Hilmer Hanssen, Sverre H. Hassel and Oscar Wisting by their South Pole marker tent and flag", "In the early 20th century, the race was on to reach the South Pole, with a number of explorers setting out to claim it for their own. In 1911, Britain’s Robert Falcon Scott and Norway’s Roald Amundsen went head to head to reach the Pole, and it was to prove a dramatic journey for both of them – ending in victory for Amundsen and tragedy for Scott. ", "One hundred years ago today the South Pole was reached by a party of Norwegian explorers under the command of Roald Amundsen. The existence of the pole had been known, but the inhospitable landscape presented a barrier until Amundsen’s party made the dangerous trek across ice and snow to stand at the geographical South Pole on this day a century ago.", "During an expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by T. W. Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. [11] In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 - February 1909: first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first humans to traverse the Transantarctic Mountain Range (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first humans to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. On December 14, 1911, a party led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. [12]", "1872: Birth of Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian explorer who was the first to reach the South Pole.", "Several expeditions attempted to reach the South Pole in the early 20th century, during the 'Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration'. Many resulted in injury and death. Norwegian Roald Amundsen finally reached the Pole on December 14, 1911, following a dramatic race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott.", "Norwegian Explorer, Roald Amundsen, beats Scott in a race to the South Pole. Amundsen reaches the South Pole for the first time.", "Though many expeditions took place from 1820, the first recorded and confirmed landing by humans on the Antarctic continent happened in 1895 at the Cape Adair. But it took much longer time for men to reach the geographic south pole of earth. The ship named Fram led by the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen was the first to reach the geographic south pole of the earth on 14 December 1911. Later it took many more years until 1956 for anyone else to set foot on the South Pole again. Mechanised land transport was used for the first time on Antarctic continent by Richard E Byrd during his many voyages to the Antarctic plane in the 1930s and 1940s. He also conducted extensive geological and biological surveys in the continent during that time. The first time an aircraft was landed on the South Pole was on 31 October 1956. That expedition of US Navy group was led by Rear Admiral George J Dufek.", "Amundsen's final successful push to reach the pole departed from their base at Framheim in the Bay of Whales (on sea ice -- Amundsen recorded its latitude as 78° 38'S) on October 19, 1911. In addition to Amundsen, his group consisted of Olav Bjaaland (1873 - 1961), Helmer Hanssen (1870 - 1956), Sverre Hassel (1876 - 1928), and Oscar Wisting (1871 - 1936).", "During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.", "He was one of the first five people to reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911, along with Roald Amundsen, Olav Bjaaland, Oscar Wisting, and Sverre Hassel. During their stay at the South Pole, it is believed that Hanssen passed within 200 yards (180 meters) of the mathematical South Pole point. This was during one of his ski runs which Amundsen had ordered be performed to completely encircle or \"box\" the pole to ensure that there was no doubt that the expedition had attained the pole. For his participation in the expedition, he was awarded the South Pole Medal (Sydpolsmedaljen), the Royal Norwegian award instituted by King Haakon VII in 1912 to reward participants in Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition.", "Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian explorer, reached the South Pole before Shackleton could reach his goal, but on his return to Britain, he was knighted by King Edward VII.  Shackleton's new goal was to cross Antarctica via the South Pole and on 1st August 1914, he departed from London on the ship 'Endurance' but encountered a problem when the ship became trapped by ice and sank. ", "Roald Amundsen was his generations greatest polar explorer. He was the first man to reach the South Pole (1911) and quite possibly he was the first man to set a flag on the North Pole (1926). This revealing program tells Roald Amundsen's story of fierce duels at both poles ending in triumph, tragedy and controversy. Based on the book: Roald Amundsen / by Tor Bowmann-Larsen (Main Stack G585.A6.B65 1995). c1999. 90 min. Video/C MM143", "A second attempt, with a team made up of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen, departed base camp on 19 October 1911. They took four sledges and 52 dogs. Using a route along the previously unknown Axel Heiberg Glacier, they arrived at the edge of the Polar Plateau on 21 November after a four-day climb. On 14 December 1911, the team of five, with 16 dogs, arrived at the Pole (90° 0′ S). They arrived 33–34 days before Scott’s group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning \"Home on the Pole.\" Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VII’s Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim.", "\"Having achieved the first ambition of my life,\" wrote Amundsen, \"I began looking about for new worlds to conquer.\" On December 14, 1911, he was the first explorer to reach the South Pole. Thirsting for challenges and for voyages off the beaten track, Amundsen managed, among other things, to fly over the North Pole in a dirigible in May 1926. Two years later, he went looking for an Italian aviator who had disappeared at the North Pole. He never returned.", "1928-06-18 Roald Amundsen , Norwegian polar explorer who led the 1st expedition to the South Pole, dies in a plane crash while flying on a rescue mission in the Arctic at 55", "The final assault on the south pole began in January 1911 with the arrival of Roald Amundsen and his ship, the Fram, at the Bay of Whales and Robert Scott in the Terra Nova at Cape Evans, Ross Island. Both built substantial camps and settled in for the winter. On October 20, Amundsen and four others set out with sledges and dog teams to make the pole. On November 11, he spotted and named the Queen Maud Range. He passed Shackleton's furthest south on December 8, and on December 14, 1911, Amundsen and his team reached the geographic south pole." ]

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[ "\"Straight No Chaser,\" a 10-man a capella singing group, performed their very interesting version of \" 12 Days of Christmas \" for the first time, December 7th, 1998, at Indiana University. (Thanks to my dear cousin Kate for that URL!) They also perform a number of other carols, including some very nice versions of \"Silent Night\" and \"O Holy Night.\"", "The song, \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" is an English Christmas carol. From 1558 until 1829, Roman Catholics in England were not permitted to practice their faith openly. Someone during that era wrote this carol as a catechism song for young Catholics. It has two levels of meaning: the surface meaning plus a hidden meaning known only to members of the Church. Each element in the carol has a code word for a religious reality which the children could remember. To fit the number scheme, when you reach number 9, representing the Fruits of the Holy Ghost, the originator combined 6 to make 3, taking the 6 fruits that were similar: the fruit in each parenthesis is the that was not named separately. There are actually Twelve Fruits of the Holy Ghost.", "They produced a total of nine number one singles in the UK—tied with ABBA behind Take That (eleven), The Shadows (twelve), Madonna (thirteen), Westlife (fourteen), Cliff Richard (fourteen), The Beatles (seventeen) and Elvis Presley (twenty-one). The group had three consecutive Christmas number one singles in the UK (\"2 Become 1\", 1996; \"Too Much\", 1997; \"Goodbye\", 1998); they only share this record with The Beatles. Their first single, \"Wannabe\", is the most successful song released by an all-female group. Debuting on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 11, it is also the highest-ever debut by a British band in the US, beating the previous record held by The Beatles for \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" and the joint highest entry for a debut act, tying with Alanis Morissette.", "The \"Twelve Days of Christmas\" has been seen as a fanciful English folk song without hidden symbolic meanings. It was probably used to teach children how to count. A legend holds that the song was symbolic for English Catholics when their religion was forbidden in England (prior to the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829).", "* Frank Sinatra and his children, Frank Sinatra, Jr., Nancy Sinatra, and Tina Sinatra, included their own version of \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" on their 1968 album, The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas. ", "Among the group's other works, they recorded the song \"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing\", adapted from an advertising jingle for Coca-Cola, which sold over 20 million copies and still remains one of the 100 best-selling singles in the UK. They had many other hits; most notably, Harry Chapin's \"Circles\"; Delaney and Bonnie's \"Never Ending Song of Love\" and a medley of Pete Townshend's \"Pinball Wizard\"/\"See Me, Feel Me\" from The Who's rock opera Tommy. They also headlined at the London Palladium and the Royal Albert Hall. The band were also invited to perform at President Richard Nixon's inauguration ball. Read Less", "During the holiday season, \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" is heard everywhere from shopping malls to television commercials to church functions. Everywhere you go, you can hear about Two Turtle Doves, Seven Swans-a-Swimming and Eleven Pipers Piping. But what does any of this mean? What does a song about doves, hens and geese have to do with Christmas ?", "'The twelve days of Christmas' is a clever arrangement of a traditional song of the cumulative or ' The House That Jack Built ' type. 'What my love sent to me' on the first, second, third day of Christmas, and so on down to the twelfth, reveals a constantly increasing store of affection and generosity. The first day's gift is 'a partridge in a pear-tree'; that of the twelfth comprises 'Twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers playing, ten lords a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids a-milking, seven swans a-swimming, six geese a-laying, five gold rings, four calling birds, three French hens, two turtle-doves and a partridge in a pear-tree.' No explanation is given of any subtle significance that may underlie the lover's wayward choice of tokens of his regard. To the captivating, if elusive, tune of this song Mr. Austin has added an accompaniment that is always ingenious, especially where it suggests the air that is being played by the eleven pipers, always varied and interesting, and never out of place. The song is suitable for a medium voice.", "8. Hark! The Herald Angels Sing/It Came Upon ... (3:06) 9. Frosty The Snowman(2:14) 10. I Wish You A Merry Christmas(1:55) 11. Do You Hear What I Hear?(2:45) 12. Pat-A-Pan/While Shepherds Watched Their F...(2:53) 13. Christmas Dinner, Country Style(2:29) 14. Peace On Earth/Little Drummer Boy(4:24)", "Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen is the only record to get the UK Christmas Singles Chart Number One twice, once in 1975 and again in 1991. During Christmas time in Newfoundland, people called mummers dress up in crude disguises and go from house to house. At each house they visit, they start dancing, playing music, and get wasted drunk while the hosts try to discover their true identities. Christmas is celebrated on the 25th of December because, some say, of the Roman sun god and not the birth of Jesus. Engineers designing the Voyager Space mission planned it to avoid planetary encounters over Thanksgiving and Christmas. Paul McCartney earns $400,000 a year off his Christmas song “Wonderful Christmas Time”, which is widely regarded as the worst song he ever recorded. All letters addressed to Santa in the United States go to Santa Claus, Indiana. The Germans made the first artificial Christmas trees out of dyed goose feathers. In A.D. 350, Pope Julius I, bishop of Rome, proclaimed December 25 the official celebration date for the birthday of Christ. All the gifts in the Twelve Days of Christmas would equal 364 gifts.", "In late 1967, they began recording for the second album. On 21 December 1967, for a live broadcast from Liverpool Anglican Cathedral, they performed their own song, \"Thank You For Christmas\" (which was recorded in the Horizontal sessions but was not released until 2008) and also \"Silent Night\" and \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\". The folk group the Settlers also performed on the same program and were conducted by the Very Reverend Edward H. Patey, dean of the cathedral. [22] Ten days later, the band finished the year off with their Christmas Eve special, How on Earth?", "Manchester-based ska 11-piece – best known as the high-energy house band from monthly club night, Shake n Bake – presenting their take on Christmas cheer.", "Of these, the oldest songs are \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" and \"Winter Wonderland\", both published in 1934—though some element of the song came along earlier for two titles (the source or music). Almost a dozen were released in the 1940s, the next largest group coming in the 1950s. Only two became popular in the 1960s; one each in the 1970s and 1980s. \"Do They Know It's Christmas? (Feed the World)\" by Midge Ure and Bob Geldof is the only relatively new one on the list: \"Recorded in 1984 by Band Aid—an all-star band of British musicians—this benefit single assisted famine relief efforts in Ethiopia, and sold millions of copies over the '84 holiday season.\"", "With only 12 days left 'til Christmas, we're in the heart of caroling season — and few songs would seem more appropriate than \"The Twelve Days of Christmas.\" ( Listen to the carol below. ) But no matter how many times you've sung it — or found ways to avoid singing it — how well do you really know the song? Here, 5 revelations about the ubiquitous, vaguely irritating \"Twelve Days of Christmas\":", "\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days after Christmas). The song, published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary. The standard tune now associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin, who first introduced the now familiar prolongation of the verse \"five gold rings\".", "• Which gifts is given earliest in the song The Twelve Days of Christmas? Turtle Doves", "In late 1967, they began recording for the second album. On 21 December 1967, for a live broadcast from Liverpool Anglican Cathedral, they performed their own song, \"Thank You For Christmas\" (which was recorded in the Horizontal sessions but was not released until 2008) and also \"Silent Night\" and \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\". The folk group the Settlers also performed on the same program and were conducted by the Very Reverend Edward H. Patey, dean of the cathedral. Ten days later, the band finished the year off with their Christmas Eve special, How on Earth?", "The twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day, or in some traditions, the day after Christmas (December 26) (Boxing Day or St. Stephen's Day, as being the feast day of St. Stephen Protomartyr), to the day before Epiphany, or the Feast of the Epiphany (January 6, or the Twelfth Day). Twelfth Night is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as \"the evening of the fifth of January, preceding Twelfth Day, the eve of the Epiphany, formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking.\" ", "Another very interesting article appeared in The Journal of American Folk-lore by Philip Barry, The Twelve Days of Christmas (1905) , who gives two versions of the song plus sheet music from 1790 and 1899.  Philip Barry, \"The Twelve Days of Christmas,\" from \"Some Traditional Songs\" in The Journal of American Folk-Lore, Vol. XVIII, No. LXVIII. (American Folklore Society; Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company, January-March 1905), pp. 56�59.", "\"Merry Xmas Everybody\" is a 1973 song by the English rock band Slade. Written by lead vocalist and guitarist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and produced by Chas Chandler, it was the band's sixth number-one single in the UK. It earned the UK Christmas Number One slot in December 1973, beating another Christmas-themed song, Wizzard's \"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday\", which reached fourth place. By mid-January it was still at number one; it stayed in the UK Singles Chart well into February 1974.", "The annual Festival of Lessons and Carols by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, was introduced in 1918 to bring a new, imaginative approach to worship. The British Broadcasting Corporation began broadcasting the festival in 1928 and included it in the BBC's overseas shortwave schedule starting in the early 1930s. Organist and choirmaster Boris Ord, who conducted the service most years between 1929 and 1957, is highly respected for the standards of musical excellence that he elicited from the choir. This 1954 Argo recording, published in the U.S. by Westminster Records, provided most Americans with their first opportunity to experience this beloved Christmas tradition, which has since become a seasonal mainstay in many American churches. Selected for the 2008 registry.", "The \"Twelve Days of Christmas\" song is a cumulative one where the verses are all stacked on top of one another. It is a sing song type of song that provides different gifts for each day of Christmas meaning that many different variations can be sung.", "TODAY IS WEDNESDAY, Dec. 25, the 359th day of 2013. There are six days left in the year. This is Christmas Day. Today’s Highlight in History: ■ On Dec. 25, 1818, “Silent Night,” written by Franz Gruber and Father Joseph Mohr, was publicly performed for the first time during the Christmas Midnight Mass at the Church of St. Nikolaus in Oberndorf, Austria. On this date: ■ In A.D. 336, the first recorded celebration of Christmas on Dec. 25 took place in Rome. ■ In 1066, William the Conqueror was crowned king of England. ■ In 1776, Gen. George Wash-", "If you want to learn more about the history of the song, check out this page about The Twelve Days of Christmas.", "In the traditional holiday carol called \" The Twelve Days of Christmas,\" what is the total number of gifts given?   How many of each gift were given in this song?", "Another connection between snow and Christmas is the Song \"I'm Dreaming of a White Christmas\" It was first recorded, in 1942, by Bing Crosby and came from a film called 'Holiday Inn', set in the snowy countryside of Vermont, U.S.A in December (there is a 75% chance of it snowing on Christmas Day in Vermont!). Irving Berlin wrote \"I'm Dreaming of a White Christmas\" and it only took only 18 minutes to record! The original version sung by Bing Crosby has sold at least 30 million copies. The song has also been recorded by many other people and groups and it has sold over 100 million copies in single versions (by all artists that have done it!). Until 1997, Bing Crosby's recording of 'White Christmas' was the top selling single of all time!", "The 1942 film Holiday Inn introduced \"White Christmas\", one of the most recorded songs in history. First sung in the film by Bing Crosby (along with Marjorie Reynolds), it has sold over 50 million records and stayed no. 1 on the pop and R&B charts for 10 weeks. Crosby's version is the best-selling single of all time. Music critic Stephen Holden credits this partly to the fact that \"the song also evokes a primal nostalgia—a pure childlike longing for roots, home and childhood—that goes way beyond the greeting imagery.\"", "The Band Aid 30 recording of Do They Know It's Christmas has been released. Do you recognise all the famous faces singing on the charity song?", "On that Christmas Eve, a song was born that would wing its way into the hearts of people throughout the world. Now translated into hundreds of languages, it is sung by untold millions every December from small chapels in the Andes to great cathedrals in Antwerp and Rome.", "Crosby's recording of \"White Christmas\" sold more than 30 million copies worldwide. The song remains as the best-selling Christmas single of all time.", "\"The Christmas Song\" has been covered by numerous artists from a wide variety of genres, including:", "Irving Berlin's \"White Christmas\" is the historical biggie of popular Christmas songs. Its incredible success inspired scores of other songwriters to try and write a Christmas song." ]

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[ "Ben Shalom Bernanke ( ; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist at the Brookings Institution who served two terms as chairman of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014. During his tenure as chairman, Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve's response to the late-2000s financial crisis.", "The Federal Reserve System (also the Federal Reserve; informally The Fed) is the central banking system of the United States . Created in 1913 by the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act , it is a quasi-public (part private, part government) banking system [1] composed of (1) the presidentially appointed Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington, D.C. ; (2) the Federal Open Market Committee ; (3) 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks located in major cities throughout the nation acting as fiscal agents for the U.S. Treasury, each with its own nine-member board of directors; (4) numerous private U.S. member banks, which subscribe to required amounts of non-transferable stock in their regional Federal Reserve Banks; and (5) various advisory councils. Currently, Ben Bernanke serves as the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System .", "* Ben Bernanke (born 1953), former Chairman of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve, Princeton University professor.", "Chairman Ben S. Benanke is Chairman of the US Federal Reserve Board. During his speech at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2006 commencement, Cambridge, Massachusetts, he references a Centre for Economic Performance research paper by John Van Reenen, Raffaella Sadun and Nick Bloom.", "In June 2005, Bernanke was named chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers, and resigned as Fed Governor. The appointment was largely viewed as a test run to ascertain if Bernanke could be Bush's pick to succeed Greenspan as Fed chairman the next year.Andrews, Edmund L.; Leonhardt, David; Porter, Eduardo; Uchitelle, Louis (October 26, 2005), [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res", "Friedman, for example, argued that the  Great Depression  was result of a contraction of the money supply, controlled by the  Federal Reserve , and not by the lack of investment as  John Maynard Keynes  had argued.  Ben Bernanke , former Chairman of the  Federal Reserve , is among the economists today generally accepting Friedman’s analysis of the causes of the Great Depression. [96]", "Bernanke served as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from 2002 to 2005. In one of his first speeches as a Governor, entitled \"Deflation: Making Sure It Doesn't Happen Here\", he outlined what has been referred to as the Bernanke Doctrine. ", "Bernanke is particularly interested in the economic and political causes of the Great Depression, on which he has published numerous academic journal articles. Before Bernanke's work, the dominant monetarist theory of the Great Depression was Milton Friedman's view that it had been largely caused by the Federal Reserve's having reduced the money supply and has on several occasions argued that one of the biggest mistakes made during the period was to raise interest rates too early. In a speech on Milton Friedman's ninetieth birthday (November 8, 2002), Bernanke said, \"Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna [Schwartz, Friedman's coauthor]: Regarding the Great Depression. You're right, we did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again.\" ", "He entered the University of Chicago at age 16, during the depths of the Great Depression , and received his PhD in economics from Harvard . After graduating, he became an assistant professor of economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) when he was 25 years of age and a full professor at age 32. In 1966, he was named Institute Professor , MIT's highest faculty honor. [1] He spent his career at MIT where he was instrumental in turning its Department of Economics into a world-renowned institution by attracting other noted economists to join the faculty, including Robert M. Solow , Paul Krugman , Franco Modigliani , Robert C. Merton and Joseph E. Stiglitz , all of whom went on to win Nobel Prizes. Samuelson was instrumental in the initial development of Indian Institute of Management Calcutta , the first Indian Institute of Management [5] .", "The present chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors is Paul Volcker. His appointment was greeted by one well-known economist with the following prediction, \"Volcker�s selection has been by far the worst. Carter has put Dracula in charge of the blood bank. To us, it means a crash and depression in the 80s is more certain than ever.\"", "Feb. 22 : President Clinton nominates Alan Greenspan to a third four-year term as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. The president also names Alice M. Rivlin, the current director of the Office of Management and Budget, as the board’s vice-chairman, and Laurence H. Meyer, an economic consultant, to a vacant seat on the board.", "Nelson A. Rockefeller, 41st Vice President of the United States and 49th Governor of New York, graduated cum laude from Dartmouth with a degree in economics in 1930. Over 164 Dartmouth graduates have served in the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, such as Massachusetts statesman Daniel Webster. Cabinet members of American presidents include Attorney General Amos T. Akerman, Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal, Secretary of Labor Robert Reich, former Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson, and former Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner. C. Everett Koop was the Surgeon General of the United States under President Ronald Reagan. Two Dartmouth alumni have served as justices on the Supreme Court of the United States: Salmon P. Chase and Levi Woodbury. Eugene Norman Veasey (class of 1954) served as the Chief Justice of Delaware. The 46th and current Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Wolf is also a Dartmouth alumnus. ", "The Commonwealth had several notable citizens in federal government in the 1980s, including almost presidential hopeful and Senator Ted Kennedy and House Speaker Tip O'Neill . This legislative influence allowed the Commonwealth to receive federal highway funding for the $14.6 billion Boston Central Artery/Tunnel Project. Known colloquially as \"the Big Dig \", it was, at the time, the most expensive federal highway project ever approved. Designed to relieve some of the traffic problems of the poorly planned city, it was approved in 1987, and effectively completed in 2005. The project was controversial due to massive budget overruns , repeated construction delays, water leaks in the new tunnels in 2004, and a ceiling collapse in 2006 that killed a Bostonian.", "1942–, American businessman and politician, mayor of New York City (2002–), b. Boston, Mass. Bloomberg studied at Johns Hopkins (B.S., 1964) and Harvard Business School (M.B.A., 1966).", "»» Bart Hobijn, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco »» Matt Hollamby, Wyss Foundation »» Chye-Ching Huang, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities", "In 1976 Netanyahu graduated near the top of his class at the MIT Sloan School of Management, and was headhunted to be an economic consultant for the Boston Consulting Group in Boston, Massachusetts, working at the company between 1976 and 1978. At the Boston Consulting Group, he was a colleague of Mitt Romney, with whom he formed a lasting friendship. Romney remembers that Netanyahu at the time was: \"[A] strong personality with a distinct point of view\", and says \"[w]e can almost speak in shorthand... [w]e share common experiences and have a perspective and underpinning which is similar.\" Netanyahu said that their \"easy communication\" was a result of \"B.C.G.'s intellectually rigorous boot camp.\"", "* Paul A. Volcker is appointed by President Reagan to a second term as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board.", "Paul Samuelson (1915 – 2009) American economist, whose textbooks helped explain and popularise Keynesian theory and modern macro-economics to a wider audience. Samuelson spent most of his career at MIT, where he attracted many top economists to join. Samuelson modified elements of Keynes’ theory incorporating elements of neo-classical theory. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics (1970) for his work in improving economic methodology, as the Nobel citation reads:", "[B]Economics:[/B] Robert A. Mundel (U.S.), a Columbia University economist, for his work on monetary dynamics and optimum currency areas. The Academy stated Mundel �has established the foundation for the theory that dominates practical policy considerations of monetary and fiscal policy in open economies.�", "We discussed the latest Nobel laureates in economics. “We’re running out of good names,” he said. I showed him a Photoshopped picture I had created of him standing next to the 6 foot 10 inch John Kenneth Galbraith, the premier Keynesian and welfare statist of the 20th century. Galbraith towered over the diminutive Friedman. Beneath the picture* was a funny line from economist George Stigler: “All great economists are tall. There are two exceptions: John Kenneth Galbraith and Milton Friedman.” Milton was so pleased with the photo and caption that he sent it to all his friends.", "Article discussing the role of the state in economy. �A body of theoretical work by a group of influential economists including Daron Asemoglu of MIT, Harvard's Philippe Aghion and Fabrizio Zilibotti of LSE has determined the optimal level of state involvement in the economy in association with how far it is behind the current cutting edge of technology.�", "Kennedy ended a period of tight fiscal policies, loosening monetary policy to keep interest rates down and encourage growth of the economy. [46] Kennedy presided over the first government budget to top the $100 billion mark, in 1962, and his first budget in 1961 led to the country's first non-war, non- recession deficit . [47] The economy, which had been through two recessions in three years and was in one when Kennedy took office, accelerated notably during his brief presidency. Despite low inflation and interest rates, GDP had grown by an average of only 2.2% during the Eisenhower presidency (scarcely more than population growth at the time), and had declined by 1% during Eisenhower's last twelve months in office. [48] Stagnation had taken a toll on the nation's labor market, as well: unemployment had risen steadily from under 3% in 1953 to 7%, by early 1961. [49]", "* November 16 – A year after being created by passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens for business.", "The Federal Reserve Bank was born in 1913, the same year US banking scion J. Pierpont Morgan died and the Rockefeller Foundation was formed.", "The below text is from a booklet, entitled \"Congressman Louis T. McFadden on the Federal Reserve Corporation: Remarks in Congress, 1934.\"  It is a merger of two different speeches, one in 1932 and another, given after FDR became president. It was released by The Forum Publishing Company of Boston, Massachusetts. Click here for the original 1932 speech in the Congressional Record. The above is made available according to Fair Use Title 17 Section 107 non-profit educational use. See transcript source for more information.", "In this respect, Frankfurter was not that different from Professor Tugwell. Frankfurter, however, preferred to wield power as architect and drafter of key legislation which would create the regulatory apparatus. Exemplary of this was the Securities & Exchange Commission created by the Securities an Exchange Act of 1934, a law drafted by Frankfurter's people without so much as consultation with even Harvard Business School colleagues, let alone businessmen or bankers, as to its likely chilling effect on capital markets. Like most New Deal legislation, it later had to be significantly modified to the SEC we know today.", "The Leonid Hurwicz Distinguished Lecture is given to the Minnesota Economic Association (as is the Heller lecture). John Ledyard (2007), Robert Lucas, Roger Myerson, Edward C. Prescott, James Quirk, Nancy Stokey and Neil Wallace are among those who have delivered the lecture since it was inaugurated in 1992.", "Paul Anthony Samuelson was born in Gary, Ind., on May 15, 1915. He graduated from the University of Chicago in 1935 and received master's and doctoral degrees from Harvard. He joined the MIT faculty as an assistant professor of economics in 1940 and became a full professor in 1947.", "Samuelson is considered to be one of the founders of neo-Keynesian economics and a seminal figure in the development of neoclassical economics . In awarding him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences the committee stated:", "It didn't take long for JFK to show his progressive Keynesian side. On Feb. 2, 1961 he delivered a Special Message to the Congress: Program for Economic Recovery and Growth , advocating an economic stimulus to revive the economy along with increased anti-poverty spending, causing Congress to pass six laws by June, providing $200M in extra welfare payments to 750K families, $800M in extended unemployment benefits to 3M, $175M in higher wages, and 420K new construction jobs under the new Housing Act. On Feb. 9 he delivered a Special Message to the Congress on Health and Hospital Care , recommending \"enactment of a health insurance program under the Social Security system\". On May 20, 1962 he gave a nationally-televised speech before 20K at Madison Square Garden in New York City, advocating a Medicare program for the elderly, with the soundbyte: \"The fact of the matter is that what we are now talking about doing, most of the countries of Europe did years ago. The British did it 30 years ago. We are behind every country, pretty nearly, in Europe, in this matter of medical care for our citizens.\"", "James P. Warburg (banker, economist, a member of FDR's brain trust, and son of Paul M. Warburg) of the CFR, told a Senate Foreign Relations Committee on February 17, 1950: \"We shall have world government whether or not we like it. The only question is whether world government will be achieved by conquest or consent.\"", "Franco Modigliani (June 18, 1918 – September 25, 2003) was an Italian economist naturalized American, a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management and MIT Department of Economics who won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1985." ]

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[ "With a list of degrees from numerous schools (including USC, UCLA, SMU, and TCU) The Professor wasn't only the most sane castaway on Gilligan's Island, but he was also the only one to display a lick of usefulness. With only the aid of coconuts and bamboo, The Professor managed to conjure up one heck of a lot of inventions, including battery chargers, a lie detector, and a sewing machine.", "Russell Johnson’s most famous character, The Professor, could make a nuclear radiator out of a pair of coconuts but couldn’t make a raft. But with the most male sex appeal on “Gilligan’s Island,” would you want to leave an island with Ginger and Mary Ann stranded on it?", "  Gilligan's Island is an American television situation comedy created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz and originally produced by United Artists Television . The series featured Bob Denver , Alan Hale, Jr. , Jim Backus , and Tina Louise , and aired for three seasons on the CBS network, from September 26, 1964, to September 4, 1967. Originally sponsored by Philip Morris & Company and Procter & Gamble , the show followed the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempted to survive and ultimately escape from the island where they were shipwrecked. Their escape plans constantly fail because Gilligan goofs up or visitors to the island leave without sending help.", "On the show, one of the funniest bits was how the Professor could pretty much create everything, from radios to plumbing from coconuts and other crude items on the island. But he could never fix the boat! I think the lesson here is that when you are in a stressful situation, throwing yourself into a crazy project may very well be the perfect coping mechanism. (Inspired by a blog post on CableTV.com.)", "The popular joke is that The Professor could have made a nuclear transmitter out of a pair of coconuts, but he couldn’t make a raft.  Well, if you were the most eligible bachelor stranded on an island with Ginger and Mary Ann and your only competition was an overweight sea captain and a dweeb, would you be in a hurry to get off the island?  Think about it for a moment.  Dressed in a pale blue shirt and khaki pants with sort of “rough and tumble” good looks, actor Russell Johnson was the only man with potential sex appeal on Gilligan’s Island.  However, wisely sticking to character, he never played the role that way and became the straight man on one of television’s greatest television programs.  Yet despite finding pop culture iconisim as Gilligan’s Island’s Professor, it overshadowed what was a successful film and television career.  In a career that lasted over five decades, Russell Johnson proved himself to be a dependable working actor, but the world would always remember and love him as The Professor.  Retired from acting since the 90’s, Russell Johnson has taken his final voyage and passed away this week at age 89.", "* Russell Johnson is Professor Roy Hinkley, Ph.D.. John Gabriel was originally cast, but the network thought he looked too young to have all the degrees attributed to the Professor. Actually, \"the Professor\" was in fact a high school science teacher, not a university professor. In the first episode, the radio announcer describes him as a research scientist and well known scoutmaster. Johnson, who served as a bombardier in the Pacific during World War II, stated that he had some difficulty remembering his more technically oriented lines. Johnson's role in the series was spoofed in a \"Bloom County\" comic strip for the Professor's technical expertise being unable to get the castaways off the island. This odd contradiction was played up in \"Weird Al\" Yankovic's parody song, \"Isle Thing\", when the Professor, who is brilliant enough to \"make a nuclear reactor from a couple of coconuts\" cannot \"build a lousy raft\". In his autobiography, Here On Gilligan's Isle, Russell Johnson admitted the Professor indeed for all his smarts could not build a boat, but despite popular beliefs stated in the aforementioned Bloom County strip or the \"Weird Al\" parody song, firmly added the Professor also did not build a nuclear reactor from coconuts nor a satellite dish from clam shells.", "ALF featured an episode in 1987 called \"The Ballad of Gilligan's Island\" in which the alien dreams he is on the island after getting familiar with the show and meets the featured castaways. Bob Denver, Alan Hale, Dawn Wells, and Russell Johnson portray darkly-skewed versions of their characters after being stuck on the island for 23 years. During ALF's dream, Gilligan was shown as getting tired of being called \"Little Buddy\", and the Professor argues with the Skipper on how his ideas to get off the island were ruined by Gilligan. The Howells are explained as having set up a camp on the other side of the island, with no references to Ginger. Skipper puts ALF to work digging a hole for their minigolf course (the opposite of ALF's order from Willie Tanner to fill in the lagoon he dug in his backyard) to compete with the Howells' golf course. The Professor was also shown to have successfully made a television on which they watch sitcom versions of the Tanner family.", "Gilligan's Island [7] Gilligan's Island centered around a group of people who where stranded on an uncharted deserted island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. They all were on a boat tour, which found itself in the middle of a storm leading them to crash on an island! Those stranded include, Gilligan, the Skipper, a millionaire (Thurston Howell III) and his wife (Lovey Howell), a movie star (Ginger Grant), a professor (known as \"The Professor\"), and Mary Ann. Gilligan was the first mate on the boat, the SS Minnow. Most episodes dealt with the castaways trying to get off the island, but their attempts seemed to always be foiled by Gilligan.", "In a 1979 sequel, The Castaways on Gilligan's Island, they are rescued once again, and the Howells convert the island into a getaway resort with the other five castaways as \"silent partners\". Ginger was again played by Judith Baldwin. This sequel was intended as a pilot for a possible new series in which the castaways would host new groups of tourists each week, using the all-star cast anthology format made popular by Fantasy Island and The Love Boat. The series never materialized, though the premise was the basis of a short-lived 1981 series titled Aloha Paradise.", "Mr. Backus won popularity with younger generations for his portrayal of the fabulously wealthy Thurston Howell III on television`s ``Gilligan`s Island,`` which originally ran from 1964 to 1967 and which has been in syndication ever since.", "* Jim Backus (Thurston Howell III in Gilligan's Island) appears three times in the series, twice in two of the three Grand Canyon episodes, \"Ghost Town U.S.A.\" and \"Grand Canyon or Bust\", playing Zaccariah T. Brown who mistakenly thinks the Bradys are jumping his gold claim and locks them in a ghost-town jail, and in \"The Hustler\" (season 5) playing Mike's second boss, Mr. Harry Matthews", "Professor Roy Hinkley is truly too smart for his (or anyone's) own good. Still, the Professor is the only reason that they are able to stay alive on the island. Whatever anyone needs built, he can take whatever materials are on the island and whip it up in a jiffy (unless of course anyone needs a raft).", "Although he had a rick career in Hollywood playing b-western villains and appearing in classic sci-fi favorites, actor Russell Johnson will always be remembered to audiences as The Professor on Gilligan’s Island where he played the straight man and voice of reason to an eclectic cast of eccentrics. Although he would suffer from typecasting and admit openly his initial dislike of the series, Russell Johnson eventually accepted his place in pop culture history, becoming one of the most accessible stars from one of the silliest, yet most loved, TV series of all time.", "The second theme involves visitors to the \"uncharted\" island. One challenge to a viewer's suspension of disbelief is the frequency with which the castaways are visited by people who do nothing to assist them. Some have hidden motives for not assisting the castaways. Others are simply unable to help, incompetent, or are foiled in their efforts to help the castaways by Gilligan's bumbling. Bob Denver, Jim Backus, and Tina Louise each had feature episodes in which look-alikes come to the island (who were, of course, played by themselves in dual roles). The island itself is also home to an unusual assortment of animal life, some native, some visiting.", "A video game based on the series called The Adventures of Gilligan's Island was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in July 1990. The game features the likenesses of all the original castaways except for Ginger, who is completely absent from the game.", "Dawn Wells, left as Mary Ann in 'Gilligan's Island' and right in 2008, is one of two living cast members of the hit '60s show.", "A more in-universe example: in one of the Gilligan's Island movies, the group finally manages to get off the island. At the end of the movie, they all get back together for a reunion cruise, on a boat named the Minnow II. Was anyone surprised by what happened next ?", "  Both shows made their bread & butter off the use of archetypes. On GI there have literally been classes taught on this subject. The 7 castaways all represent different parts of society- a view advocated & advanced by creator Sherwood Schwartz. Gilligan is the not to bright proletarian, the Skipper is the dependable but ineffective leader, Mr. Howell is the cut-throat & exploitative industrialist, Mrs. Howell is the old money idle rich heiress, the Professor is the ever-resourceful, somewhat na�ve, but always doomed, intelligentsia, Ginger is the celebrity & All-American male fantasy- the girl you wanna bed, while Mary Ann is the All-American Dream- the girl all men wanna marry & raise a family with. The Ginger-Mary Ann debate is 1 that has raged for decades- essentially the argument over whether males prefer lust or love. Usually, in most polls, Mary Ann wins. However, as a male I can tell you that this is exactly the kind of question where men lie through their teeth. In truth, Ginger is the babe all the men wanted. TOC, too, is chock full of archetypes. Oscar is the male id- sloppy, carefree, genial, & into �male� activities- a sportswriter. Felix is the female ego- neat, organized, anal, fussy, & into �female� activities- cooking. There are also archetypes in the recurring characters- such as dimwitted Murray the cop, Oscar�s shrewish ex-wife Blanche, Felix�s earth motherish ex-wife Gloria, & drudge-next-door secretary Myrna Turner.", "Gilligan’s Island told the story of seven shipwrecked members of the S.S. Minnow. The sitcom hilariously shows their mishaps and failed attempts to return home. ", "Gilligan of Gilligan's Island had a first name that was only used once, on the never- aired pilot show. His first name was Willy.", "* The Gorilla (played by Janos Prohaska) - The only animal antagonist on the island, causes mayhem and mischief. In the episode \"Diamonds Are an Ape's Best Friend,\" he kidnaps Mrs. Howell because her perfume acted as a pheromone. In the episode \"Chain of Command\", he disciplines Gilligan to be a better leader. In the episode \"Forward March,\" he shells the castaways with hand grenades after finding WWII weapons in a cave. In the episode \"Our Vines Have Tender Apes,\" the Gorilla is replaced by an Orangutan.", "98) Gilligan, the Goddess- The last episode. It ends as ever. The show looked primed for another season. Alas. Some racism rears its head as native island King Killiwani comes to the island looking for a White Goddess. Ginger & Mary Ann are rejected by the castaways since they will be sacrificed. So, Gilligan does drag, trouble ensues, but all ends up well. Nietszche is smiling.", "The following lists the main and recurring characters of the American television situation comedy Gilligan's Island, created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz.", "Gilligan was a hapless, bumbling fool most of the time. Others on the island were smarter, were richer, and were more trained to be leaders. But, of course, the one time the castaways hold an election they choose Gilligan. The show proved that democracy works and that the common man always has a chance if he tries hard enough.", "The shipwrecked castaways want to leave the remote island, and various opportunities present themselves. They typically fail owing to some bumbling error committed by Gilligan (with the exception of \"The Big Gold Strike\", where everyone except Gilligan is responsible for their failed escape). Sometimes this would result in Gilligan saving the others from some unforeseen flaw in their plan. ", "Remember the episode where the castaways almost got off the island? But Gilligan messed it up? Or how about the episode where they almost got off the island, but Gilligan messed it up? The classic sitcom about six stock characters marooned off the coast of Hawaii only ran three seasons but became a TV staple in syndication. Tina Louise, 81, still thinks of Ginger as the role of her career. She says, \"It was as if she was just waiting for me.\"", "15) So Sorry, My Island Now- The castaways are captured by a Japanese sailor who thinks that WW2 never ended. When the gang captured, Gilligan saves them. This episode is notable mainly because it was 1 of the many episodes originally hooted at as implausible, yet in the 1970s sporadic cases of marooned graying Japanese soldiers in the Pacific did turn up. Unfortunately, a racist portrayal by a white character actor stands as proof to the era the series was made in.", "The last episode of the show, \"Gilligan the Goddess\", aired on April 17, 1967, and ended just like the rest, with the castaways still stranded on the island. It was not known at the time that it would be the series finale, as a fourth season was expected but then cancelled.", "* Timothy Brown appeared as Capt. Oliver Harmon 'Spearchucker' Jones in six season-1 episodes as a captain who lived with Pierce, Burns, and McIntyre in the \"Swamp\".", "What was the name of the charter boat that was thrown off course by a storm on TV's Gilligan's Island ?", "* Martin Klebba as Marty: A dwarf pirate who also lived in Tortuga until hired by Jack and Will to rescue Elizabeth.", "Let's Lagoon: There's only one adult, he just washed up on the island and is probably injured, but he's pretty useless (and probably had a thing going on with the female castaway ) which irritates the resourceful protagonist to no end." ]

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[ "Theodore Teddy Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 â January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901â1909).", "Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century.", "Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ( 27 October 1858 – 6 January 1919 ), also known as T.R. or Teddy, was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States (1901 – 1909). Historians typically rank Roosevelt among the top five American presidents of all time. [114] [115]", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States. He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–09), he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt’s achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.", "Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th President of the United States in September of 1901 and he stayed in office until 1909. Prior to becoming the Vice President when President McKinley was elected in March of 1901, Theodore Roosevelt served as the Governor of New York. President Roosevelt is best known for leading the Progressive Movement. Unlike all other Presidents, who are limited to only two terms, President Roosevelt was eligible to run for another term because he had technically only been elected once. President Roosevelt decided not to run after his term ended in 1909,  but he did attempt to run again in 1912 against current President William Taft. Roosevelt failed to grab the Republican nomination from Taft, which led to his creation of the Bull Moose Party.", "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858–January 6, 1919):  26th President of the United State, First American to Receive the Nobel Peace Prize and a Progressive", "Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States. After the assassination of William McKinley, Roosevelt was elected as a president at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any US President in history at that time. Roosevelt was a hero of the Spanish–American War. His other merit is that he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War which later won him the Nobel Peace Prize.", "Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States at the age of 42. He followed President William McKinley and later succeeded by President William Howard Taft. Prior to being President, he was a New York State Assemblyman, 33rd Governor of New York, and Vice President of the United States for six months under President McKinley.", "Although there was an X-ray machine available at the site, the device was in its infancy and no one knew if using it to find the bullet would cause more harm than good. McKinley lingered for eight days, passing away on September 14, 1901. Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as the 26th President, the youngest man (42 years old) to ever hold the office.", "Buffalo, New York (JFK+50) Theodore Roosevelt was sworn into office today as the 26th President of the United States.", "Theodore Roosevelt became president on September 14, 1901 when President McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo, New York while visiting the Pan American Exhibition. Roosevelt was only 42 years old at the time of the assassination. He became the 26th US president, the youngest ever and since then. Interestingly, his inauguration took place in the State [New York] in which he was born on October 27, 1858, where he served as a New York State Assembly Man from 1881 to 1884, and where he served as a New York State Governor from 1897 to 1898. At the time of his inauguration he had only been a vice-president for six months, so as a result he would serve nearly a full first term. He was re-elected to another full term in 1904, and decided that it would be his final term, a decision he later clearly regretted.", "* January 8 – The funeral of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, is held at Christ Church Oyster Bay, Long Island; Roosevelt had died in his sleep at the age of 60, two days earlier. ", "On this day in 1919, the 26th President of the United States died. Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt was a...", "26th President of the United States of America                                   Term of Office:    September 14, 1901    -    March 4, 1909", "Roosevelt's administration ends with the inauguration of William Howard Taft as the twenty-seventh President. Roosevelt leaves on a yearlong African safari in order to avoid charges that he was attempting to run the White House from the shadows. March 04, 1909", "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as T.R., and to the public (but never to friends and intimates) as Teddy, was the twenty-sixth President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Party, he was a Governor of New York and a professional historian, naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier. He is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his \"cowboy\" personality. Originating from a story from one of Roosevelt's hunting expeditions, Teddy bears are named after him.", "The reputation of the Republican Party in New York State was restored, and Sen Platt and the Republican machine, unhappy with much of Roosevelt’s legislative program and political appointments, preempted a second gubernatorial term by joining with western Republicans and others in nominating Roosevelt in 1900 as vice president to Pres William McKinley, who was running for reelection. The McKinley-Roosevelt ticket won in a landslide, and Roosevelt was sworn in as vice president on 4 Mar 1901. Following McKinley’s assassination in Buffalo,Roosevelt became president on 14 Sept 1901. At 42 he was the youngest president in US history.", "William McKinley was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination on September 14, 1901, after leading the nation to victory in the Spanish-American War and raising protective tariffs to promote American industry.", "Roosevelt served as president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners from 1895 to 1897, as assistant secretary of the navy from 1897 to 1898, and as governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. A propagandist of geopolitical ideas, he demanded the construction of a large navy. He promoted the outbreak of the Spanish-American War of 1898. In January 1901, Roosevelt became vice-president of the USA, and in September 1901, after President W. McKinley was assassinated, he became president. Elected to another term in 1904, he served from 1905 to 1909. Reacting to an upsurge in the labor movement, the spread of socialist ideas, and the growth of the democratic antimonopoly movement, Roosevelt proposed a bourgeois reformist program calling for government regulation of monopolies and the broadening of social legislation. The antitrust laws passed under his administration were demagogic and lacking in practical significance.", "William McKinley (January 29, 1843 â September 14, 1901) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 25th President of the United States from March 4, 1897, until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term. McKinley led the nation to victory in the SpanishâAmerican War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals. <br /><br />McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War, beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton. Read Less", "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) served as the 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and as the 10th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for re-election by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft chief justice, a position in which he served until a few weeks before his death.", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\endash September 19, 1881) was a major general in the United States Army, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and the twentieth President of the United States. He was the second U.S. President to be assassinated \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\emdash Abraham Lincoln was the first. Garfield had the second shortest presidency in U.S. history, after William Henry Harrison's. Holding office from March 5 to September 19, 1881, President Garfield, a Republican, served for a total of six months and fifteen days.", "The President of the United States, William R. Day, Cushman K. Davis, William P. Frye, George Gray, and Whitelaw Reid, citizens of the United States;", "James A. Garfield, the 20th President of the United States, also became the second President to be assassinated (after Abraham Lincoln ) and, as of 2011, the President who served the second shortest term. Inaugurated on March 4, 1881, Garfield was shot on July 2 and succumbed to his injuries on September 19, serving a total of only 199 days in office.", "1881 - Chester A. Arthur became the 21st president of the U.S. President James A. Garfield had died the day before.", "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767âFebruary 23, 1848) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. At various times he was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties.", "the 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930). He is the only person to have served in both of these offices.", "President #14 Franklin Pierce (1804-1869) was the 14th president of the United States. Pierce was born on November 23, 1804, in Hillsboro, New Hampshire. During his term (1853-1857), his greatest accomplishment was the Gadsden Purchase (1853); this added parts of northern of Mexico to the United States (now parts of southern Arizona and New Mexico). Pierce died on October 8, 1869, in Concord, New Hampshire.", "Who was the President of the USA at the end of the 19th and into the 20th Centuries?", "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857.", "Presidency: 12th President of the United States (1849-1850) Nickname: Old Rough and Ready Political Party: Whig 1818 Accomplishments: A war hero during the Indian Wars and annexation..." ]

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[ "The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean . It is located 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth , 500 km (310 mi) south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta , and 975 km (606 mi) ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands .", "The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, 360 km (220 mi) south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, 975 km (606 mi) ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and 2,748 km (1,708 mi) west of the Territorian city of Darwin.", "Christmas Island is an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean about 1,553 miles (2,500 kilometres) northwest of Perth. The island is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) long and 9 miles (15 kilometers) wide. Its main industry is phosphate mining. Most of its people are Chinese or Malays.", "Christmas Island is an island in the Indian Ocean. It is located northwest off the coast of Australia and is a territory of the country. The coastline of 80 kilometers is almost a continuous cliff ranging in heights of up to 20 meters. There are several shallow bays that offer coral shingle beaches and small sandy areas. The only port on the island is the Flying Fish Cove.", "The Christmas Island is a small overseas territory of Australia located in the Indian Ocean near the Island of Java. The island has a remote location and minimal human contact. This has resulted in the development of vast endemic flora and fauna here. The island is also known as the Galapagos Islands of the Indian Ocean. It covers an area of 135 sq km and had an approximate population of 2,072 in 2011. Most of the settlers here are Chinese Australians.", "Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean and covers an area of 135 square kilometres.", "CHRISTMAS ISLAND - This island territory of Australia is situated in the Indian Ocean, five hundred and sixty miles east of it's nearest neighbour, the tiny inhabited island group known as the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.  ", "they had seen in months. Christmas Island lies in the Indian Ocean about 2,600km from the Australian mainland, but only 300km south of Indonesia. It is home to a detention centre housing nearly 3,000 asylum seekers who are waiting for their claims to be processed.", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 813. An island in the Indian Ocean. Under the British colony of Singapore from 1900-58, Christmas Island was transferred to Australian administration in 1958.", "The Territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, also called Cocos Islands and Keeling Islands, is a territory of Australia, located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Christmas Island and approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka.", "* Australia: The Commonwealth of Australia consists of its namesake continent and island possessions associated with Oceania, Asia, and Antarctica. Its Indian Ocean island possessions of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands are associated with Asia. The majority of Australia's Asian island residents have Asian ancestry and are Muslim or Buddhist.", "> To which country's territory does the Christmas Island belong in Indian ocean?. Can you answer these the continent of Australia questions?", "The Commonwealth of Australia is made up of six states�New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia�and two territories�the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. Australia's external dependencies are the Australian Antarctic Territory, Christmas Island, the Cocos Islands, the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, and the Coral Sea Islands Territory. Canberra is the capital of Australia.", "Christmas Island is a non-self governing territory of Australia, administered by the Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services. The legal system is under the authority of the Governor General of Australia and Australian law. An Administrator ( Neil Lucas, since 28 January 2006) appointed by the Governor-General of Australia represents the monarch and Australia.", "Australia, one of the Oceania countries is located between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. This developed and one of the wealthiest countries of the world covers a total of 7, 741, 220 sq. km of area, making it the sixth largest countries of the world. Australian territory beside its mainland include Tasmania Island and many other smaller islands on the Pacific Ocean. Timor and Arafura Seas separate Australia from Asia and Tasman Sea separates it from New Zealand. The neighboring countries of Australia are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor in the north, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands in the northeast and New Zealand in the south east. Australia is an island country, with no land boundary, and also occasionally called an island continent due to its size. In fact, it is sometimes referred as the smallest continent of the world. The world’s largest coral reef, the Great Barrier Reef is located in the north east side of the country. Australia is located between 27° 00' S latitude and 133° 00' E longitude. Canberra is the capital city of the country and the popular tourist destination Sydney is its largest city. The vast size of Australia is home to varied beautiful landscapes.", "Australia also administers Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (or Keeling) Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, Heard and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island and the Australian Antarctic Territory (covering 42 per cent of the Antarctic continent) as external territories.", "Australia has seven territories not located on the mainland but as territories of Australia I have included them in our Australia geography section. These territories are located within the Pacific Ocean the Indian Ocean the Southern Ocean and the Coral Sea.", "The Australian mainland is the largest landmass with its antipodes entirely in ocean, although some locations of mainland Australia and Tasmania are close to being antipodes of islands (Bermuda, Azores, Puerto Rico) in the North Atlantic Ocean. ", "Christmas Island is located 380km south of Java, Indonesia with a resident population of around 1,500. The longer term island residents are mostly of Chinese descent with European and Malay minorities. The islands rainforest on the plateaus and terraces is a highlight and home to numerous land crabs and sea birds and is known for its spectacular annual red crab migration.", "Australia's landmass of 7617930 km2 is on the Indo-Australian Plate. Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand. The world's smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area, Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the \"island continent\", and is sometimes considered the world's largest island. Australia has 34218 km of coastline (excluding all offshore islands), and claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8148250 km2. This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory. Apart from Macquarie Island, Australia lies between latitudes 9° and 44°S, and longitudes 112° and 154°E.", "The Christmas Island is located 2,600 kms from Perth in Australia and 500 kms from Indonesia. It is roughly quadrilateral in shape, the highest length being 19 kms and the highest breadth being 14.5 kms. It is actually the top of a submarine volcano, which rises from a depth of 4,500 m. The height of the summit above sea level is 300 mts. You will also find deposits of limestone from coral reefs on the Christmas Island. The central part of the island forms a plateau, surrounded by steep cliffs along the coast. A narrow fringing reef also borders the island.", "Western Australia (abbreviated as WA) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres (976,790 sq mi), and the second-largest country subdivision in the world – however, a significant part of it is sparsely populated. The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants, around 11% of the national total. 92% of the population lives in the south-west corner of the state.", "The continent of Australia shares marine territorial boundaries with its nearest neighbouring countries. The nearest of these countries include Indonesia, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, which are all island nations or territories in the South-East Asian and Asia-Pacific regions. Australia also shares a contested overland border in the Australian Antarctic Territory which adjoins territories claimed by several nations. See image 3", "Australia is the name of the continent on which the. is a region. which includes Australia, Christmas Islands, Cocos Islands, New Guinea, New Zealand, Norfolk Island and is.", "It lies 232 km (144 mi) north of the Equator, 6,700 km (4,200 mi) from Sydney, and 5,360 km (3,330 mi) from San Francisco. Christmas Island is in the world's farthest forward time zone, UTC+14, and Christmas Island is one of the first inhabited places on Earth to experience the New Year each year (see also Caroline Atoll, Kiribati). Despite being 2,460 km (1,530 mi) east of the 180 meridian, a 1995 realignment of the International Dateline by the Republic of Kiribati \"moved\" Christmas Island to west of the dateline.", "Christmas Island residents who are Australian citizens also vote in Commonwealth (federal) elections. Christmas Island residents are represented in the House of Representatives through the Northern Territory Division of Lingiari and in the Senate by Northern Territory Senators.", "Australia, sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul, Australinea or Meganesia, to distinguish it from the Australian mainland, is a continent comprising mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, Seram, possibly Timor, and neighbouring islands.", "Norfolk Island is an autonomous external territory of Australia situated 1,412 kilometers east of the coast of New South Wales. The island, which also includes the two tiny uninhabited islands of Philip Island and Nepean Island, covers an area of 34.6 square kilometers and has a population of 2,302 people. The island's nearest neighbour is the French overseas territory of New Caledonia, nine hundred kilometers to it's north. ", "Australia has a continuous coastline of around 30 000 km. Scattered around the coast of Australia are more than 12 000 islands, the majority being continental shelf islands, such as Rottnest Island (Western Australia), Kangaroo Island (South Australia) and Hayman Island off the coast of Queensland with a few coral islands such as Heron and Green, and just a handful of true oceanic islands, such as Lord Howe. If the coastlines of the surrounding islands are included in the measurement of Australia's coastline, along with hundreds of bays and estuaries, the total coastline extends over 70 000 km. Australia has the world's fifth-longest coastline after Russia, Canada, Greenland and Indonesia. Australia's nearest neighbours are all groups of islands, or archipelagos.", "Mainland Australia is the world’s largest island but also the smallest continent. The country is divided into six states and two territories.", "Tasmania (; (abbreviated as Tas and known colloquially as \"Tassie\") is an island state of the Commonwealth of Australia. It is located 240 km to the south of the Australian mainland, separated by Bass Strait. The state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands. The state has a population of over 517,000 (), almost half of which resides in the Greater Hobart precinct, which forms the metropolitan area of the state capital and largest city, Hobart.", "an island off the southeastern coast of Australia, separated from the mainland by Bass Strait. Together with neighboring islands, including King and Flinders, forms a state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Area, 68,300 sq km. Population, 397,100 (1973)." ]

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[ "Boeing today sent its new 787 Dreamliner on her maiden test flight, marking the first time a mostly composite airliner has taken to the air. Plagued by design and construction delays, the milestone comes over two years after the twin-engined, more fuel-efficient aircraft was originally scheduled to fly.", "Currently under development by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner is the world’s first jet airliner to use composite materials for most of its fuselage as well as raked wingtips which improve fuel economy, climb performance, and shorten takeoff field length. On December 15, 2009, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner had its maiden voyage and its first test flight. Tom Cogan, as chief engineer and designer, has largely overseen the entire Boeing 787 Dreamliner program from its inception.", "BOEING finally flew its much delayed 787 Dreamliner last week, demonstrating its complete confidence in the aircraft, the day itself wet and murky, some would say typical Seattle.  The three-hour maiden flight was described by the test crew as “completely successful”.  A second aircraft is almost ready to get into the air and a total of six 787s will be used for the certification programme.  ANA is expected to take delivery of the first customer aircraft sometime late next year.  About 840 are on order making the 787 the most successful aircraft in terms of pre-first flight commitments in history. www.boeing.com/commercial", "There are Boeing 757s 767s, 777s (the “Triple Seven,”) but the 737 and 747 are most ubiquitous in the public imagination. In 2009, the 787, the “Dreamliner,” made its debut flight.", "On December 15, 2009, Boeing conducted the Dreamliner's maiden flight with the first 787-8, originating from Snohomish County Airport in Everett, Washington, at 10:27 am PST, and landing at Boeing Field in King County, Washington, at 1:35 pm PST. Originally scheduled for four hours, the test flight was shortened to three hours due to bad weather. Boeing's schedule called for a 9-month flight test campaign (later revised to 8.5 months). ", "Developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, the 787 Dreamliner is one of the newer planes brought to the scenes. There are different versions of this twin-engine jet, wide-bodied design, which seat between 210 and 335 people. The whole point of the design was to replace the Boeing 767, which still remains in service to this day.", "Boeing's early plans called for first flight by the end of August 2007 and premiered the first 787 at a rollout ceremony on July 8, 2007. The Dreamliner had 677 orders at this time, which is more orders from launch to roll-out than any previous wide-body airliner. The aircraft's major systems had not been installed at that time and many parts were attached with temporary non-aerospace fasteners requiring replacement with flight fasteners later. Although intended to shorten the production process, 787 subcontractors initially had difficulty completing the extra work because they could not procure the needed parts and perform the subassembly on schedule, leaving remaining assembly work for Boeing to complete as \"traveled work\". ", "2011 - The Boeing 787 Dreamliner, Boeing's all-new composite airliner, receives certification from the EASA and the FAA", "Boeing announced a new 747 variant, the 747-8 (referred to as the 747 Advanced prior to launch) on 14 November 2005, which will use the same engine and cockpit technology as the 787 . (It was decided to call it the 747-8 because of the technology it will share with the 787 Dreamliner.) Plans call for the new design to be quieter, more economical and more environmentally friendly. The 747-8 is stretched to add more payload capacity. This involves lengthening from 232 to 251 feet (70.8 to 76.4 m), surpassing the Airbus A340-600 to become the world's longest airliner. [137]", "New and old – Lufthansa is the only airline flying a passenger version of the Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental. The carrier took delivery of the first of 19 planes in May 2012. Boeing changed its naming convention for the latest 747. The plane's \"747-8\" designation highlights the technology connection between Boeing's 787 Dreamliner and its new 747. An older 747-400 appears in the background of this photo.", "The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner first flew in 2009, and the composite-body airliner is renowned for its range, comfort, and fuel efficiency. Unlike its passenger-ferrying compatriots, however, the BBJ version carries far fewer people but is packed with a ton more features.", "On April 26, 2004, Japanese airline All Nippon Airways became the launch customer for the Dreamliner, by announcing a firm order for 50 aircraft with deliveries to begin in late 2008. All Nippon Airways' order was initially specified as 30 787-3, 290–330 seat, one-class domestic aircraft, and 20 787-8, long-haul, 210–250 seat, two-class aircraft for regional international routes such as Tokyo Narita–Beijing. The aircraft would allow All Nippon Airways to open new routes to cities not previously served, such as Denver, Moscow, and New Delhi. The 787-3 and 787-8 were to be the initial variants, with the 787-9 entering service in 2010.", "The 737 remains Boeing's most popular aircraft.  The company saw 25 cancellations of Dreamliner orders so far this year, with fresh orders of 19. Russian private airline, Transaero , has an order for four Dreamliners placed this year, according to Boeing. Japan is the biggest buyer, with Japan Airlines placing an order for 10 so far this year.", "One of Boeing's newest planes - the Dreamliner (background) - is seen flying alongside an early-model biplane. ", "Boeing company's Dreamlifter airplane which is used to ferry the fuselage and other parts for the 787 Dreamliner sits on the tarmac at the company's Everett, Washington plant, May 21, 2007.", "The Boeing 777 is a family of long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliners developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the world's largest twinjet and has a typical seating capacity for 314 to 451 passengers, with a range of 5235 to. Commonly referred to as the \"Triple Seven\", its distinguishing features include the largest-diameter turbofan engines of any aircraft, six wheels on each main landing gear, fully circular fuselage cross-section, and a blade-shaped tail cone. Developed in consultation with eight major airlines, the 777 was designed to replace older wide-body airliners and bridge the capacity difference between Boeing's 767 and 747. As Boeing's first fly-by-wire airliner, it has computer-mediated controls. It was also the first commercial aircraft to be designed entirely with computer-aided design.", "On the 8. January 1998, the Boeing Company renamed the aircraft 717-200 and introduced it as the newest member of its commercial aeroplane family.", "In April 1994, Boeing introduced the most modern commercial jet aircraft at the time, the twin-engine 777, with a seating capacity of approximately 300 to 370 passengers in a typical three-class layout, in between the 767 and the 747. The longest range twin-engined aircraft in the world, the 777 was the first Boeing airliner to feature a \"fly-by-wire\" system and was conceived partly in response to the inroads being made by the European Airbus into Boeing’s traditional market. This aircraft reached an important milestone by being the first airliner to be designed entirely by using computer-aided design (CAD) techniques.  The 777 was also the first airplane to be certified for 180 minute ETOPS at entry into service by the FAA.", "In April 1994, Boeing introduced the most modern commercial jet aircraft at the time, the twin-engine 777 , with a seating capacity of approximately 300 to 370 passengers in a typical three-class layout, in between the 767 and the 747. The longest range twin-engined aircraft in the world, the 777 was the first Boeing airliner to feature a \" fly-by-wire \" system and was conceived partly in response to the inroads being made by the European Airbus into Boeing's traditional market. This aircraft reached an important milestone by being the first airliner to be designed entirely by using computer-aided design (CAD) techniques. [35] The 777 was also the first airplane to be certified for 180 minute ETOPS at entry into service by the FAA . [36] Also in the mid-1990s, the company developed the revamped version of the 737, known as the 737 \"Next-Generation\" , or 737NG. It has since become the fastest-selling version of the 737 in history, and on April 20, 2006 sales passed those of the \"Classic 737\" , with a follow-up order for 79 aircraft from Southwest Airlines .", "On February 29, 2000, Boeing launched its next-generation twinjet program, initially called 777-X, and began issuing offers to airlines. Development was slowed by an industry downturn during the early 2000s. The first model to emerge from the program, the 777-300ER, was launched with an order for ten aircraft from Air France, along with additional commitments. On February 24, 2003, the -300ER made its first flight, and the FAA and EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency, successor to the JAA) certified the model on March 16, 2004. The first delivery to Air France took place on April 29, 2004. The -300ER, which combined the -300's added capacity with the -200ER's range, became the top-selling 777 variant in the late 2000s, benefitting as airlines replaced comparable four-engine models with twinjets for their lower operating costs.", "• 2004: Dreamliner programme launches with the aircraft billed as the most environmentally friendly plane ever designed. It is Boeing's first new aircraft since 1995. Japan's All Nippon Airways (ANA) places an order for 50 Dreamliners", "The Boeing 767 is a mid- to large-size, long-range, wide-body twin-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It was Boeing's first wide-body twinjet and its first airliner with a two-crew glass cockpit. The aircraft has two turbofan engines, a conventional tail, and, for reduced aerodynamic drag, a supercritical wing design. Designed as a smaller wide-body airliner than earlier aircraft such as the 747, the 767 has seating capacity for 181 to 375 people, and a design range of 3,850 to 6,385 nautical miles (7,130 to 11,825 km), depending on variant. Development of the 767 occurred in tandem with a narrow-body twinjet, the 757, resulting in shared design features which allow pilots to obtain a common type rating to operate both aircraft.", "First flight: Model number: Classification: Span: Length: Gross weight: Top speed: Cruising speed: Range (max.): Ceiling: Power:", "The Museum's aircraft was the first 747 ever built - serial number 001. It first flew on February 9, 1969 over Western Washington. Later, this aircraft served as a testbed for 747 systems improvements and new engine developments for other Boeing commercial jets, including the state-of-the-art Boeing 777 engine program.", "15/7/1954. The Boeing 707 (or 367-80) made its maiden flight from Seattle. It could seat 219.", "First flight: Model numbers: Classification: Span: Length: Gross weight: Top speed: Cruising speed: Range: Ceiling: Power:", "The composite wings arrived last week, built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. (7011.T) at its facility in Nagoya, Japan. They were flown to Seattle in Boeing's specially adapted 747 jumbo freighter, which it calls the Dreamlifter.", "• 2006: Boeing takes a record order for new planes, powered by the popularity of the Dreamliner", "The Dreamliner has wings that gracefully curve upward and backwards, and taper to a point, like those of a majestic soaring hawk.  The rear of its engine sports a distinctive \"sawtooth\" noise reduction pattern.", "NAS will take delivery of its first Dreamliner at the end of June, with the aircraft scheduled to make its first commercial flight in August.", "The Dreamliner is one of the most advanced planes ever built. However, a spate of technical issues has hurt its image.", "A Dreamliner jet prepares to take off for a test flight from Paine Field in… (Kevin P. Casey, Bloomberg )" ]

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[ "Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a character from the 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula. Van Helsing is an aged Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name: \"MD, D.Ph., D.Litt., etc, etc,\" indicating a wealth of experience, education and expertise. The character is best known throughout his many adaptations as a vampire hunter, monster hunter, and the archenemy of Count Dracula.", "van Helsing is a Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name: \"M.D., D.Ph., D.Litt., etc.\" The character is best known as a vampire hunter, and the arch-enemy of Count Dracula.", "Van Helsing- \"Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a fictional character and a protagonist from Bram Stoker's 1897 novel, Dracula.Van Helsing is a Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name: \"M.D., D.Ph., D.Litt., etc.\" The character is best known as a vampire hunter, and the arch-enemy of Count Dracula.\" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_helsing", "The Transylvanian town of Sighisoara was the birthplace of Vlad Tepes (1437 - 1476), also known as Vlad the Impaler or Vlad Dracul, a nobleman who was famous for the cruel and bloodthirsty way in which he treated both the invading Ottoman Turks and his own people. Stories of the manner in which Vlad tortured people to death for his own amusement circulated widely in central Europe during his own lifetime. However, the popular association of Transylvania with horror (and by extension with Halloween ) only dates back to 1897, when Bram Stoker chose it as the homeland of his vampire villain in his novel Dracula . Stoker took the name of the vampire count from a variation of Vlad Dracul. In the novel, the character Van Helsing speculates that the vampire might be Vlad the Impaler himself.", "Bram Stoker’s 1897 vampire novel was inspired by centuries-old superstition and the real-life exploits of Vlad Dracula. Known by his murderous moniker, Vlad Ţepeş (the Impaler), the 15th-century Wallachian nobleman was said to have skewered up to 80,000 enemies on long spikes.", "A young solicitor's assistant, who marries Mina after his terrible interactions with the Count in Transylvania. Harker believes his visions of the vampire are hallucinations, until he learns, from Van Helsing, that Dracula is really a vampire. Harker then helps in the group's efforts to find and kill Dracula.", "Stoker came across the name Dracula in his reading on Romanian history, and chose this to replace the name (Count Wampyr) originally intended for his villain. Some Dracula scholars led by Elizabeth Miller argue that Stoker knew little of the historic Vlad III except for the name \"Dracula\", whereas Stoker mentions the Dracula who fought against the Turks and was later betrayed by his brother, historical facts in the novel which unequivocally point to Vlad III:", "*P. N. Elrod's novel Quincey Morris, Vampire takes up the story almost immediately after the conclusion of Bram Stoker's Dracula, but in this story (which shows vampires in a more sympathetic light) van Helsing is unyielding and unwavering in his beliefs and hatred of vampires to the point where he eventually alienates his former friends and allies.", "Soon the Count is menacing Harker's fiancée, Wilhelmina \"Mina\" Murray, and her friend, Lucy Westenra. There is also a notable link between Dracula and Renfield, a patient in an insane asylum overseen by John Seward who is compelled to consume insects, spiders, birds, and other creatures—in ascending order of size—in order to absorb their \"life force\". Renfield acts as a kind of sensor, reacting to Dracula's proximity and supplying clues accordingly. Dracula begins to visit Lucy's bed chamber on a nightly basis, draining her of blood while simultaneously infecting her with the curse of vampirism. Not knowing the cause for Lucy's deterioration, her three suitors - Seward, Arthur Holmwood and Quincey Morris - call upon Seward's mentor, the Dutch doctor Abraham Van Helsing. Van Helsing soon deduces her condition's supernatural origins, but does not speak out. Despite an attempt at keeping the vampire at bay with garlic, Dracula attacks Lucy's house one final time, killing her mother and transforming Lucy herself into one of the undead.", "* 1897: The Demeter, found derelict with its captain's corpse tied to the helm, is featured in Bram Stoker's Dracula.", "Bloodsuckers (leeches) and vampire bats have always intrigued and frightened people from cultures around the world. Demonic or supernatural possession was often juxtaposed with blood-drinking, sex, and corpses. Many religions, myths, folk-tales and cults espoused the idea of obtaining the life-essence from blood – in its extreme was the practice of cannibalism. Vampires began to emerge in popular fiction of the 18th and 19th centuries, during which time Anglo-Irish writer Bram Stoker's 1897 vampire novel Dracula was written. It has become the most popular, influential and preeminent source material for many vampire films. Sheridan Le Fanu's 1872 lesbian vampire tale Carmilla came a close second to Stoker's writings. Stoker's seminal book hatched all the elements of future vampire films -- predatory female vamps who kissed the neck of male victims for their human blood, an elderly Count who vied for their prey, and a vampire hunter with garlic to ward off the \"Prince of Darkness\" and with a wooden stake to drive through Dracula's heart.", "(Dracula Lives#8/2) [1926] - In Rome, Dracula made an enemy of gangster Nick Diablo, who put out several hits against him. Dracula vamped each of the hitmen, including Maria Petrella, Alonzo, and Giuseppe, as well as Nick's girlfriend, Luisa Morelli, and then sent them all after him: they vamped him.", "Here’s a virtual movie of the Irish author Bram Stoker reading from his great novel “Dracula” first published in 1897.Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. It was first published as a hard-cover in 1897 by Archibald Constable and Co.[1] Dracula has been attributed to many literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, the Gothic novel and invasion literature. Structurally it is an epistolary novel, that is, told as a series of letters, diary entries, ships’ logs, etc. Literary critics have examined many themes in the novel, such as the role of women in Victorian culture, conventional and conservative sexuality, immigration, colonialism, post-colonialism and folklore. Although Stoker did not invent the vampire, the novel’s influence on the popularity of vampires has been singularly responsible for many theatrical, film and television interpretations throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. The excellent virtual recitation is provided by the very talented American voice artist LordJazor who has a very interesting youtube channel where you can hear a longer segment of his reading of Dracula.", "Later, in chapter 18, Abraham Van Helsing would elaborate on Dracula as Vlad the Impaler, though Vlad was never mentioned by name. Stoker, it seems, constructed his leading character, at least in part, from the historical Dracula. That Dracula was a prince not of Transylvania, but of the neighboring kingdom of Wallachia. Stoker turned the Wallachian prince into a Transylvanian count. The real Dracula’s exploits largely occurred south of the Carpathian Mountains, which divided Wallachia and Transylvania, and he only infrequently ventured into Transylvanian lands. The real Dracula was a Romanian, not a Szekely, though given the location chosen by Stoker for Castle Dracula, he was correct to think of his main character as a Szekely. Stoker drew the reader’s attention, however, not to the fifteenth-century Dracula and the account of his earthly exploits, but to someone who was meeting daily with Jonathan Harker, and to the way in which each encounter with Dracula’s increasingly weird behavior shattered Harker’s conventional understanding of the world. The most mind-boggling event occurred as Harker peered out of the window of his room and observed Dracula outside on the castle wall:", "The ancient vampire Count Dracula arrives in England and begins to prey upon the virtuous young Mina.", "\"Bram Stoker's nightmare\" is the vampire character Dracula created by Stoker in his 1897 novel , which also made the transition to other media (more movies have been made about Dracula than virtually any other literary character).", "(Dracula Lives#4/3) [1606]- Dracula encountered Countess Elizabeth Bathory, the Blood Countess, seeking to force her to become his vampiric servant. However, her practice of bathing in the blood of virgins had made her immune to his control, and she instead proposed an alliance. She then betrayed him, trapping him in his coffin by covering it in garlic. Dracula escaped by becoming mist, and then turned her journals in to the authorities, causing her to be arrested and walled up within her own castle. Dracula confronted her within her cell and drained away the blood that had kept her young--aging her to death in seconds.", "Soon Dracula is indirectly shown to be stalking Lucy Westenra, who happens to live in Whitby. As time passes she begins to suffer from episodes of sleepwalking and dementia. Lucy receives three marriage proposals from Dr. John Seward, Quincey Morris, and Arthur Holmwood (the son of Lord Godalming who later obtains the title himself ). Lucy accepts Holmwood's proposal while turning down Seward and Morris, but all remain friends. Dracula communicates with Seward's patient Renfield, an insane man who wishes to consume insects, spiders, birds, and rats to absorb their \"life force\". Renfield is able to detect Dracula's presence and supplies clues accordingly.", "Dracula is often referred to as the definitive vampire novel, but it is possible that Stoker was influenced by Joseph Sheridan LeFanu's (1814-1873) Gothic vampire novella Carmilla (1872). While Stoker wrote numerous novels and short stories, he is chiefly remembered today as the author of this best-selling novel. It has been translated to dozens of languages, inspired numerous other author's works, been adapted to the stage and film including the first version, Nosferatu (1922), starring Max Schreck. Dracula is still widely read and remains in print today.", "Published in 1897, Bram Stoker’s Gothic novel “Dracula” launched an entire genre of literature and film about vampires, those sinister figures who use their supernatural powers to hunt humans and drink their blood. To create his immortal antihero, Count Dracula, Stoker certainly drew on popular Central European folktales about the nosferatu (“undead”), but he also seems to have been inspired by historical accounts of the 15th-century Romanian prince Vlad Tepes, or Vlad the Impaler. Born in Transylvania as the second son of the nobleman Vlad II Dracul, he took the name Dracula, meaning “son of Dracul,” when he was initiated into a secret order of Christian knights known as the Order of the Dragon. (In Romanian, Dracul means “dragon.”)", "Jonathan Harker, a young English lawyer, travels to Castle Dracula in the Eastern European country of Transylvania to conclude a real estate transaction with a nobleman named Count Dracula. As Harker wends his way through the picturesque countryside, the local peasants warn him about his destination, giving him crucifixes and other charms against evil and uttering strange words that Harker later translates into “vampire.”", "Immediately afterward Varney arose and escaped from his pursuers. Bram Stoker departed from this fictional convention. In Dracula, the moon was used for atmosphere, but possessed no supernatural qualities. In the first chapter, for example, the moonlight provided added emphasis to Dracula’s command over the wolves. Later, in chapter 4, the three women who resided in Castle Dracula made their appearance in the dust dancing in the moonbeams. Subsequent authors of vampire fiction followed Stoker’s lead; it was the deadly sun, not the moon (except as it was an important element in the larger nocturnal environment), that became a significant element of vampire lore.", "Count Dracula was created by Bram Stoker in his 1897 novel of the same name . He was not the first to introduce vampires into western literature (see the \"penny dreadful\" — emphasis on 'dreadful' — novel Varney the Vampire for one precursor; also Carmilla , which introduces lesbian vampires ; additionally The Vampyre , which was written by a physician friend of Lord Byron and Mary Shelley after Byron proposed a horror story contest, which directly inspired Frankenstein as well) but his Dracula is the first to enter popular culture — the vampire known even by people not familiar with the book, or even the genre .", "Set in Victorian England, “Dracula” is the story of a centuries-old vampire and Transylvania nobleman, Count Dracula, who roams around at night biting the throats of human victims, whose blood he needs to survive. The concept of vampires didn’t originate with Stoker: These mythical creatures, who cast no shadows, have no reflections in mirrors and can be killed with a stake through their hearts, actually first appeared in ancient folklore. English writer John William Polidori’s 1819 short story “The Vampyre” is credited with kick-starting modern literature’s vampire genre.", "Dracula, the title character in Bram Stoker‘s 1897 novel, set the image of the vampire in the popular culture of the twentieth century. Stoker took the rather vague and contradictory picture of the vampire that had emerged from the nineteenth-century literature and earlier times and developed a fascinating, satisfying, and powerful character whose vampiric life assumed mythic status in popular culture.", "On this day in 1847, Bram Stoker, author of the horror novel “Dracula,” is born in Clontarf, Dublin, Ireland. Stoker’s villainous, blood-sucking creation, the vampire Count Dracula, became a pop-culture icon and has been featured in hundreds of movies, books, plays and other forms of entertainment.", "However, it is Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula that is remembered as the quintessential vampire novel and which provided the basis of modern vampire fiction.Dracula drew on earlier mythologies of werewolves and similar legendary demons and \"was to voice the anxieties of an age\", and the \"fears of late Victorian patriarchy\". The success of this book spawned a distinctive vampire genre, still popular in the 21st century, with books, films, video games, and television shows. The vampire is such a dominant figure in the horror genre that literary historian Susan Sellers places the current vampire myth in the \"comparative safety of nightmare fantasy\".", "“At last–the sequel to Bram Stoker’s classic novel Dracula, written by his direct descendant and a Dracula historian Bram Stoker’s Dracula is the prototypical horror novel, an inspiration for the world’s seemingly limitless fascination with vampires. Though many have tr...", "Bram Stoker, the author of Dracula, died on April 20 1912 at the age of 64", "Horror: Christopher Lee in the 1958 horror film Dracula which was inspired by the novel by Bram Stoker (right)", "*Belford, Barbara. Bram Stoker: A Biography of the Author of Dracula. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996.", "Belford, Barbara. Bram Stoker: A Biography of the Author of Dracula. New York: Random House, 1996." ]

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[ "Ralph Wilson Stadium, originally Rich Stadium and also known as \"The Ralph\", is a stadium in Orchard Park, New York, a suburb south of Buffalo. Opened in 1973, it is the home of the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). The stadium was renamed in 1998 for team founder and then-owner Ralph Wilson (1918–2014).", "Other owners in the National Football League are publicly pressuring Kim and Terry Pegula to get moving on a new stadium for the Buffalo Bills . The team's current home, Ralph Wilson Stadium, was built when the AFL and NFL merged, in 1970.", "Few experiences can match the excitement of a live Buffalo Bills game at Ralph Wilson Stadium. The fan-friendly environment and beautiful facilities are inviting to anyone who enjoys the thrill of live sporting events. The Bills have always played an exciting type of football, and their loyal fan base is there to cheer them on. Get your tickets today and don’t miss this incredible experience!", "Rukkus makes is simple to find and buy home games for the Bills. The schedule for all games happening at Ralph Wilson Stadium are listed on the team tickets page. Since Rukkus pulls all NFL ticket information, it is a simple process to purchase home games for the Bills. Whether your home game purchase is the cheapest, most expensive, or best ticket around, you can rest assured that Rukkus always guarantees every ticket sold. If there is ever an issue with your ticket purchasing experience, please feel free to reach out to our customer service team for help.", "The Pegulas and the Bills do have one surprising ally: Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones, he of the sprawling palace known as JerryWorld, who was at Ralph Wilson Stadium last season with his team. He told Carucci it was a well-maintained building and that he doesn't consider replacing it a necessity. He did add, however, that after a couple of years of ownership, the Pegulas may figure out for themselves that a new stadium will be needed to increase franchise revenues.", "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team, along with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Seahawks are owned by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and are currently coached by Pete Carroll. Since 2002, the Seahawks have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field), located south of downtown Seattle. The Seahawks previously played home games in the Kingdome (1976–1999) and Husky Stadium (1994, 2000–2001).", "AT&T Stadium is a city-owned stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington, Texas, United States. It serves as the home of the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League. It replaced the partially covered Texas Stadium, which opened in 1971, and served as the Cowboys' home through the 2008 season. It was completed on May 27, 2009. The stadium seats 80,000, making it the fourth largest stadium in the NFL by seating capacity. The maximum capacity of the stadium, including standing room, is 105,000. The Party Pass sections are behind seats in each end zone and on a series of six elevated platforms connected by stairways. It has the world's largest column-free interior and the fourth largest high definition video screen, which hangs from 20-yard line to 20-yard line. The facility can also be used for a variety of other activities outside of its main purpose such as concerts, basketball games, boxing matches, college football and high school football contests, soccer matches, and motocross races.", "The Miami Dolphins are a professional American football franchise located in the Miami metropolitan area. The Dolphins compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the American Football Conference (AFC) East division. The Dolphins play their home games at New Miami Stadium in the northern suburb of Miami Gardens, and are headquartered in Davie, Florida. The Dolphins and the Atlanta Falcons (who also began play in 1966) are the oldest NFL franchises in the Deep South, and Miami is the oldest AFC team in that region. However, of the four AFC East teams, they are the only team in the division that was not a charter member of the AFL.", "The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Vikings joined the National Football League (NFL) as an expansion team in 1960, and first took the field for the 1961 season. They currently participate in the North Division of the National Football Conference (NFC); prior to that, the Vikings were in the NFC Central Division, and before that they were in the NFL's Western Conference Central Division. The Vikings have played their home games at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis since 1982. Since the team's first season in 1961, the Vikings have had one of the highest winning percentages in the NFL. Vikings fans are known to dress up in \"Helga hats\", purple hats with white horns and blonde braids, mimicking the helmets popularly believed to have been worn by Viking warriors.", "The National Football League's Buffalo Bills announced its intentions to play five \"home\" games (and three pre-season games) in Rogers Centre in October 2007; the first of these regular-season games took place on December 7 of the 2008 NFL season versus the Miami Dolphins. [24] It marked the first time an NFL team has established a \"home\" stadium outside the United States. The Bills played a preseason game against the Pittsburgh Steelers at the Rogers Centre on August 14, 2008. (See Bills Toronto Series for more information regarding this.)", "The National Football League 's Buffalo Bills announced its intentions to play five \"home\" games (and three pre-season games) in Rogers Centre in October 2007, so beginning the Bills Toronto Series ; the first of these regular-season games took place on December 7 of the 2008 NFL season versus the Miami Dolphins . [50] It marked the first time an NFL team has established a \"home\" stadium outside the United States. The Bills played a preseason game against the Pittsburgh Steelers at the Rogers Centre on August 14, 2008.", "The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum is an American sports stadium located in the Exposition Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California . The stadium serves as the current home to the University of Southern California (USC) Trojans football team, and as the temporary home for the National Football League (NFL)'s Los Angeles Rams. The Coliseum was home to the Rams from 1946 to 1979, when they moved to Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim, California , and 2016 to 2018, after which they'll move to the newly City of Champions Stadium in the City of Inglewood . From 1982 to 1994, the Los Angeles Raiders played in the Coliseum. The facility has a listed seating capacity of 93,607 for USC football games, making it the largest football stadium in the Pac-12 Conference, and a capacity of 80,000 for Rams games making the stadium the fourth largest in the NFL.", "The New York Giants are a professional American football team located in the New York metropolitan area. The Giants compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team plays its home games in East Rutherford, New Jersey, at MetLife Stadium, which it shares with the New York Jets in a unique arrangement. The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex. ", "Rogers Centre (formerly known as SkyDome) is a multi-purpose stadium, in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, situated next to the CN Tower, near the shores of Lake Ontario. Opened in 1989, it is home to the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball and the American League, and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). From 2008–2012, the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL) are scheduled to play at the stadium for eight games (five regular-season and two pre-season) as part of the Bills Toronto Series. While it is primarily a sports venue, it also hosts other large-scale events such as conventions, trade fairs, concerts, funfairs, and monster truck shows.", "Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports: football, baseball, and basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green Bay, Wisconsin, is home to the National Football League's Green Bay Packers. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's second season in 1921 and hold the record for the most NFL titles, earning the city of Green Bay the nickname \"Titletown USA\". The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL and the only one owned by shareholders statewide. The franchise was founded by \"Curly\" Lambeau who played and coached for them. The Green Bay Packers are one of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 13 NFL championships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II), Super Bowl XXXI and Super Bowl XLV. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the 81,000-person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field. ", "Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New Jersey's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43-8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton-Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record.", "Super Bowl XLVIII , played at New Jersey 's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43-8 defeat of the Denver Broncos , in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton-Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record.", "*On 2 October 2005, the first international regular-season game in the history of the NFL was played in the stadium between the San Francisco 49ers and the Arizona Cardinals. The game was a 31–14 victory for the Cardinals. It set the record of the largest crowd to attend a regular-season NFL game with 103,467, but this record would be broken in 2009.", "FedEx Field, originally called the Jack Kent Cooke Stadium, is the home field of the Washington Redskins and the largest stadium in the entire National Football League. The football stadium is located in Landover, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C., and it seats 91,704 fans. Most stadiums are owned by companies or cities, but FedEx Field is owed by Daniel Snyder, the owner of the Redskins and the chairman of the board of Six Flags.", "Three Rivers Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1970 to 2000. It was home to the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL).After its closing, Three Rivers Stadium was imploded in 2001, and the Pirates and Steelers each moved into newly built stadiums: PNC Park and Heinz Field, respectively.", "Thanks largely to the dual occupancy of Giants Stadium by two NFL teams since 1984, it surpassed Wrigley Field (home of the Chicago Bears for 50 seasons) as the venue to have hosted more NFL games than any other in league history. The game played between the Jets and Miami Dolphins on September 14, 2003 was the 366th regular season NFL game at Giants Stadium breaking Wrigley's regular season record. ", "Rogers Centre, [58] . Rogers Centre, formerly known as SkyDome, is a multi-purpose stadium, situated next to the CN Tower near the shores of Lake Ontario. Originally opened in 1989, it is home to the American League's Toronto Blue Jays, the Canadian Football League's Toronto Argonauts, the site of the annual International Bowl American college football bowl game, and as of 2008, the National Football League's Buffalo Bills' second playing venue in the Bills Toronto Series. While it is primarily a sports venue, it also hosts other large-scale events such as conventions, trade fairs, concerts, funfairs, and monster truck shows. The stadium was renamed \"Rogers Centre\" following the purchase of the stadium by Rogers Communications in 2005.", "Eric Dickerson #28 of the Los Angeles Rams looks on during the 1985 NFC Divisional Playoffs against the Dallas Cowboys at Anaheim Stadium on January 4, 1986 in Anaheim, California. George Rose/Getty Images", "The National Football League (NFL) is the largest all-American football league, consisting of thirty-two teams from American cities and regions. The league's teams are divided into two conferences: the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). Each conference is then further divided into four divisions consisting of four teams each, labeled North, South, East, and West. During the league's regular season, each team plays sixteen games over a seventeen-week period, generally from September to December. At the end of each regular season, six teams from each conference play in the NFL playoffs , a twelve-team single-elimination tournament that culminates with the NFL championship, the Super Bowl . This game is held at a pre-selected site which is usually a city that hosts an NFL team. Two weeks later, selected all-star players from both the AFC and NFC meet in the Pro Bowl , currently held at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii. The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association and adopted the name National Football League in 1922. The NFL is one of the most popular sports leagues in the United States, and has the highest per-game attendance of any domestic professional sports league in the world, drawing over 67,000 spectators per game for the 2006 season.", "Quarterback Doug Williams of the Washington Redskins in a 21 to 20 loss to the Atlanta Falcons on September 28, 1987 at Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia . (Photo by Nate Fine/NFL/Getty Images", "Three Rivers Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1970 to 2000. It was home to the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Pittsburgh Steelers , the city's Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise and National Football League (NFL) franchise respectively.", "The RCA Dome, former home of the Indianapolis Colts when they moved there from Baltimore Maryland in the middle of the night, was known as the \"Hoosier Dome\" before RCA purchased the naming rights in 1994. The RCA Dome was replaced by Lucas Oil Stadium in 2008.", "Atlanta's Georgia Dome hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000. The Georgia Dome hosted the NCAA Final Four Men's Basketball National Championship in 2002, 2007, and 2013. ", "Across from The Old Meadowlands, the “New Meadowlands” is the only building to house two NFL franchises. The $1.6 billion price tag makes it the most expensive construction project in NFL history. The 82,566 capacity makes it the biggest stadium in the league in terms of permanent seating (FedEx is bigger but not permanent). The bizarre aluminum exterior is covered in lights that can change color based on what is taking place inside. An interesting fact, the first row of seats is just 46 feet from the sidelines at the 50-yard line, making them the closest to the action anywhere in the NFL. It will host this year’s Super Bowl — the first outdoor Super Bowl in a Northern city in history.", "There is no more hallowed ground in the NFL than the Frozen Tundra of Lambeau Field. The single-tiered football cathedral is massive and homely all at the same time. Located in a quaint Midwestern neighborhood, Lambeau rises from the horizon like the pigskin palace that it is. With the spacious new end zone additions (pictured here), it became the third largest stadium in the NFL and made one of the louder buildings in the league even louder.", "The stadium was constructed at the cost of $352 million. NRG Stadium is the first facility in the NFL to have a retractable roof. ", "You see, in 1925, the NFL was in trouble. Professional football was popular in mid-size cities like Rochester, New York; Canton, Ohio; Muncie, Indiana; Rock Island, Illinois (part of the \"Quad Cities\" area with Moline and the Iowa cities of Davenport and Bettendorf); and Duluth, Minnesota. The only one of these that survived the Great Depression was Green Bay, Wisconsin." ]

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[ "Since then, Americans have played a visible role as recipients. The first American to win a Noble prize of any kind was President Theodore Roosevelt, who won the 1905 Peace Prize for arbitrating the end of hostilities between Japan and Russia.", "1906. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first American to win a Nobel Prize of any kind. The Roosevelt Administration is marked by many \"firsts.\"", "Theodore Roosevelt was the first American to won a Nobel in any category. His Peace Prize was for his work in helping broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905.", "President Theodore Roosevelt became the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize on Dec. 10, 1906. He was presented the award for negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the Russo-Japanese War.", "110 years ago todayâ. President Theodore Roosevelt became the first American to receive the Nobel Peace Prize .", "In 1906 became the first American to win a Nobel prize. He was awarded the Peace Prize for his efforts in concluding the peace treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese war. The medal he received is on permanent display in the Roosevelt Room in the West Wing of the White House.", "Sinclair Lewis Becomes the First American to be Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature | World History Project", "Roosevelt negotiated for the U.S. to take control of the Panama Canal and its construction in 1904; he felt the Canal's completion was his most important and historically significant international achievement. He was the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize, winning its Peace Prize in 1906, for negotiating the peace in the Russo-Japanese War, an interesting irony considering his promotion of national warfare as a useful tool.", "Roosevelt negotiated for the U.S. to take control of the Panama Canal and its construction in 1904; he felt the Canal's completion was his most important and historically significant international achievement. He was the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize, winning its Peace Prize in 1906, for negotiating the peace in the Russo-Japanese War.", "Dr. Ralph J. Bunche (pictured) achieved a few firsts as an African American, but none may be more more notable than the political scientist and academic winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950. Becoming the first Black person to win the coveted award, Dr. Bunche maintained a dignified stance despite the rampant segregation he and others like him faced.", "Roosevelt understood the strategic significance of the Panama Canal, and negotiated for the U.S. to take control of its construction in 1904; he felt that the Canal's completion was his most important and historically significant international achievement. He was the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize, winning its Peace Prize in 1906, for negotiating the peace in the Russo-Japanese War.", "American chemist Linus Pauling won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 for his campaigning for a nuclear test ban treaty. Pauling also won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1954.", "Pearl Buck was the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature. Buck was the daughter of American missionaries to China, and she spent most of her first 40 years in that country. It was the setting for her famous novel The Good Earth, which was the first book in a trilogy about the travails and successes of a Chinese farm family. This novel earned her the Pulitzer Prize in 1932 and the Howells Medal in 1935, and she won the Nobel Prize in 1938 for the trilogy as well as for biographies of her parents. When she moved to the U.S. in 1934, Buck became active in social and political causes, working to improve East-West relations and creating foundations to help children in need.", "2) Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European or non-white recipient of the Nobel Prize (in any category). Tagore was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize in literature.", "1918 - Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine", "5) In 1907, Bombay (now Mumbai)-born British author Rudyard Kipling was announced as the winner of the Nobel Prize in literature. Kipling, then aged forty-two, remains the youngest winner of the award till date. He is also the first English-language recipient of the honour.", "But as Elisabeth Crawford emphasizes in her book The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution, from the latter's viewpoint, the awarding of the 1903 Prize for Physics was masterly. Formerly, only the Prize for Literature and the Peace Prize had obtained wide press coverage; the Prizes for scientific subjects had been considered all too esoteric to be able to interest the general public. The commotion centered on the award of the Prize to the Curies, especially Marie Curie, aroused once and for all the curiosity of the press and the public. The work of researchers was exciting, their findings fascinating.", "Perhaps due to the paucity of research into the topic, it would seem that from one perspective Italian Americans have been underrepresented in the development of science in the United States. Be that as it may it is both instructive and fascinating to acknowledge several unique instances in which Italian Americans who were born in Italy then emigrated to the United States, made singular contributions to the world of science. Emilio Segre, together with Owen Chamberlin was awarded a Nobel Prize for discovering antiproton. Salvador Luria, together with fellow scientist Max Delbruck was awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology -specifically findings regarding genetic-molecular viruses. Renato Dulbecco together with Howard Temin and David Baltimore, demonstrating how certain viruses can transform some cells into a cancerous form, he was awarded a Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1975. Rita Levi-MontalciniShe and her colleague Stanley Cohen received a Nobel Prize in physiology in 1986. Riccardo Giacconi, an astrophysicist won the Nobel Prize for physics because of his discovery of the first extra solar source of Xrays and extragalactic background radiation.", "            In 1915, a New York Times article announced that Tesla and Edison were to share the Nobel Prize for physics.  Oddly, neither man received the prize, the reason being unclear.  It was rumored that Tesla refused the prize because he would not share with Edison, and because Marconi had already received his.", "One hundred and eleven years ago today, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded in Stockholm, Sweden, for physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace. The day marked the five year anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, the award’s namesake and the inventor of dynamite. The History Channel writes :", "China born American who co-invented the transistor , with John Bardeen and William Shockley. they shared a Nobel Prize in physics in 1956.", "The Swedish Academy chose the poet Sully Prudhomme for the first Nobel Prize in Literature. A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected Leo Tolstoy to be awarded. Some, including Burton Feldman, have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most of the Academy members preferred Victorian literature and thus selected a Victorian poet. The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist Emil von Behring. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an antitoxin to treat diphtheria, which until then was causing thousands of deaths each year. ", "This article is published as a chapter of the book \"The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years\", Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz, eds., Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. , 2001.", "Fermi received the Nobel Prize in 1938 for \"his discovery of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for the discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons.\" Fermi and his family used the opportunity offered by his trip to Sweden for the awards ceremonies to come to the United States where Fermi accepted a position as professor of physics at Columbia University.", "Austrian author Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner became the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905.", "In 1901, Dunant was awarded the first-ever Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the Geneva Convention. Norwegian military physician Hans Daae, who had received a copy of Müller's book, advocated Dunant's case on the Nobel committee. The award was jointly given to French pacifist Frédéric Passy, founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization. The official congratulations which he received from the International Committee finally represented the rehabilitation of Dunant's reputation:", "* Published as a chapter of the book: \"The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years\", Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz, editors, Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. , 2001.", "Physics 1901. The first nobel Prize was awarded to braun, carl ferdinand,Germany, Strasbourg University, Alsace (then Germany), * 1850, + 1918  ", "The first Nobel Peace Prizes were handed out in 1901. Since then, 97 people and 20 organizations have received the honor, including three sitting U.S. presidents:", "American author and journalist . His distinctive writing style was characterized by the economy and understatement , influenced 20th-century fiction. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954", "In 1907, at the age of 41, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the first English-language writer to receive the prize, and its youngest recipient to date (May 2016)?", "On This Day in 1901, the First Nobel Prizes Were Awarded | Smart News | Smithsonian" ]

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[ "“How the Grinch Stole Christmas!” was written by the famous children’s author Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Deuss. Geisel also provided the illustration for the original publication of the story. The book was published in 1957 by Random House and also in an issue of Redbook Magazine in the same year. Since the original publication the book has sold millions of copies and is commonly featured in lists of the top children’s books of all time.", "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a 1957 children's fiction book in verse , written and illustrated by Theodore Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss . The main character in the story, the Grinch, is a monster who hates Christmas and tries, without success, to put a stop to it coming. At the end of the story, the Grinch, like Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol , has a change of heart and enthusiastically embraces the holiday.", "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a children's story by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel written in rhymed verse with illustrations by the author. It follows the Grinch, a grouchy, solitary creature who attempts to put an end to Christmas by stealing Christmas-themed items from the homes of the nearby town Whoville on Christmas Eve. Despite his efforts, Whoville's inhabitants still celebrate the holiday, so the Grinch returns everything that he stole and is the guest of honor at the Whos' Christmas dinner.", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a 1966 Christmas animated musical comedy television special directed by Chuck Jones. It is based on the eponymous children's book by Dr. Seuss, the story of the Grinch trying to take away Christmas from the townsfolk of Whoville below his mountain hideaway. Originally telecast in the United States on CBS on December 18, 1966, it went on to become a perennial holiday special. Directed by Chuck Jones, it features the voice of Boris Karloff.", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a 2000 American fantasy comedy Christmas film from Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment, based on the 1957 book of the same name by Dr. Seuss. It was the first Dr. Seuss book to be adapted into a full-length feature film. Because the film is based on a children's picture book, many additions had to be made to the storyline to bring it up to feature-length, including some information about the backstory of the tit...", "Dr Seuss's How The Grinch Stole Christmas! was published in 1957. By the early 60s its title character – a bright green, grouchy, cave-dwelling monster – was already being figuratively employed to describe a spoilsport or grump.", "On September 26, 1998, it was announced that Ron Howard would direct and produce a 2000 American fantasy Christmas comedy film titled How the Grinch Stole Christmas or Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (promoted theatrically as The Grinch) with Brian Grazer, and also with the budget of $123 million based on the 1957 story of the same name by Dr. Seuss, which would be released in theaters on November 17, 2000.", "His story How the Grinch Stole Christmas (1957) was made into 1966 animated TV special (directed by Chuck Jones ) and a 2000 feature film starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch . Dr. Seuss was awarded a special Pulitzer Prize in 1984.", "*\"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\" originally done for the 1966 cartoon special How the Grinch Stole Christmas!; lyrics written by Dr. Seuss, music by Albert Hague, and performed by Thurl Ravenscroft", "The bona fide holiday classic for us killjoys, Dr. Seuss’ How the Grinch Stole Christmas puts a musical spin on Theodor Seuss Geisel’s much-loved tale of a reclusive green grump who decides to ruin Christmas for the town of Whoville. But wait – will he find redemption? Well, we can promise that a dog is forced to wear antlers, which is always hilarious! Tuesday, Dec. 1Sunday, Dec. 6 with evening and matinee shows, Times-Union Center for the Performing Arts’ Moran Theater, Downtown, $38.50-$83.40; for show times, go to artistseriesjax.org.", "In the mid-1960s, Karloff gained a late career surge of American popularity when he narrated the made-for-television animated film of Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Due to the credits stating \"the sounds of the Grinch are by Boris Karloff\", it is sometimes erroneously stated that Karloff sang the song \"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\". The song was actually sung by American voice actor Thurl Ravenscroft (also the voice of Tony the Tiger) in the style that was very dissimilar to Karloffs voice. Karloff later won a Grammy award in the spoken word category after the story was released as a record.", "\"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\" is a Christmas song that was originally written and composed for the 1966 cartoon special How the Grinch Stole Christmas. The lyrics were written by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel, the music was composed by Albert Hague, and the song was performed by Thurl Ravenscroft. The song's lyrics describe the Grinch as being foul, bad-mannered and sinister using increasingly creative metaphors and synonyms, beginning with the opening line \"you're a mean one, Mister Grinch\".", "* In the animated television special Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966), the Grinch disguises his dog Max as a reindeer.", "* Seuss's personal values also are apparent in the much earlier How the Grinch Stole Christmas (1957), which can be taken (partly) as a polemic against materialism. The Grinch thinks he can steal Christmas from the Whos by stealing all the Christmas gifts and decorations, and attains a kind of enlightenment when the Whos prove him wrong.", "Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle proclaimed that \"Nobody could play the Grinch better than Jim Carrey, whose rubbery antics and maniacal sense of mischief are so well suited to How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Dr. Seuss himself might have turned to Carrey as a model for the classic curmudgeon had the actor been around in 1957.\" However, he wondered why Carrey \"made himself sound like Sean Connery\" and warned that the character's intensity may frighten small children. James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote that Carrey's \"off-the-wall performance is reminiscent of what he accomplished in The Mask, except that here he never allows the special effects to upstage him. Carrey's Grinch is a combination of Seuss' creation and Carrey's personality, with a voice that sounds far more like a weird amalgamation of Sean Connery and Jim Backus (Bond meets Magoo!) than it does Karloff.\" He concluded that Carrey \"brings animation to the live action, and, surrounded by glittering, fantastical sets and computer-spun special effects, Carrey enables Ron Howard's version of the classic story to come across as more of a welcome endeavor than a pointless re-tread.\" ", "In 1966, Seuss authorized the eminent cartoon artist Chuck Jones, his friend and former colleague from the war, to make a cartoon version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! . This cartoon was very faithful to the original book. It is considered a classic by many to this day, and is in the large catalog of annual Christmas television specials. In 1971, a cartoon version of The Cat in the Hat was made as well, but it was considered less successful.", "The poem was made into a cartoon in 1966, narrated by Boris Karloff. The songs in the animated special were written by Dr. Seuss. In the year 2000, the poem was adapted into a live action film, starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch. In 2009, an interactive e-book version of the poem was released for the iPhone.", "The lyrics were written by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel, the music was composed by Albert Hague, and the song was performed by Thurl Ravenscroft, best known as the voice of Tony the Tiger and numerous voices throughout Disney films and theme park attractions such as The Haunted Mansion. The song's lyrics describe the Grinch as being foul, bad-mannered and sinister using increasingly creative put-downs, metaphors and synonyms, beginning with the opening line \"you're a mean one, Mister Grinch\". The song has seven verses. ", "In 1966, Geisel authorized eminent cartoon artist Chuck Jones – his friend and former colleague from the war – to make a cartoon version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. Geisel was credited as a co-producer under his real name Ted Geisel, along with Jones. The cartoon was narrated by Boris Karloff, who also provided the voice of the Grinch. It was very faithful to the original book, and is considered a classic to this day by many. It is often broadcast as an annual Christmas television special. Jones directed an adaptation of Horton Hears a Who! in 1970 and produced an adaptation of The Cat in the Hat in 1971.", "* How the Grinch Stole Christmas, directed by Ron Howard, starring Jim Carrey, Jeffrey Tambor, Christine Baranski, Molly Shannon and Taylor Momsen", "He published 46 children's books, which were often characterized by imaginative characters, rhyme, and frequent use of trisyllabic meter . His most celebrated books include the bestselling Green Eggs and Ham , The Cat in the Hat , One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish , Horton Hatches the Egg , Horton Hears a Who! , and How the Grinch Stole Christmas! . Numerous adaptations of his work have been created, including 11 television specials, four feature films, a Broadway musical and four television series. He won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958 for Horton Hatches the Egg and again in 1961 for And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street.", "Because Ravenscroft was not credited in the closing credits of the special, it is often mistakenly attributed to Boris Karloff, who served as narrator and the voice of the Grinch in the special but who himself could not sing. After becoming aware of the oversight, Seuss himself called Ravenscroft and apologized profusely, and later wrote letters to columnists nationwide telling them that it was Ravenscroft who provided the song.", "* Chuck Jones famously adapted the story as an animated special in 1966, featuring narration by Boris Karloff, who also provided the Grinch's voice, and songs with lyrics written by Geisel himself, set to music composed by Albert Hague, many of which were sung by Thurl Ravenscroft.", "The Grinch (voiced by Boris Karloff, other than in the songs, which are sung, uncredited, by Thurl Ravenscroft) is the film's main character. He lives in a cave atop Mt. Crumpit, located above the village of Whoville. The Grinch is a surly character with a heart \"two sizes too small\" who has especially hated Christmas for 53 years. On Christmas Eve, he finally becomes fed up with seeing the decorations and hearing all the music and caroling in the village and wishes he could stop Christmas Day from coming to Whoville. When he sees his dog, Max, with snow all over his face in the shape of a beard, he decides to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal Christmas.", "extract of ‘The secret Life of Walter Mitty’, which is written by James Thurber. James Thurber:... James Grover Thurber was born in 1894 in Ohio, United States. He was an american author, but he was best known for his cartoons and short stories published in the New Yorker magazine. He was one of the most popular humorists of his time, and mostly wrote about the eccentricities of ordinary people. The story we are talking about here is considered one of his masterpieces. The story is set in Conneticut...", "Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! is a 2008 American computer-animated adventure comedy film based on the Dr. Seuss' book of the same name. The film was directed by Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino, and was produced by Blue Sky Studios. It features the voices of Jim Carrey and Steve Carell. Released on March 14, 2008 by 20th Century Fox, it received generally positive reviews, and grossed $297 million on a budget of $85 million.", "\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" is a song based on the story of the same name, created by Robert L. May in 1939 as part of his employment with Montgomery Ward . It tells the tale of Rudolph , Santa 's ninth and lead reindeer, who possesses an unusually red-colored nose that gives off its own light (bioluminescence), powerful enough to illuminate the team's path through inclement winter weather.", "Walter Mitty would have been thrilled, perplexed and undoubtedly a bit flummoxed by the interest that surrounds him to this day. The fictional protagonist of the classic short story The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, written by Columbus-born author James Thurber, is featured in a major Hollywood film opening on Christmas Day.", "“The Grinch” was most famously played by Jim Carrey in the 2000 live-action comedy, which was directed by Ron Howard. The comedian spent eight-and-a-half hours each day in make-up to play the green villain, and he scored a Golden Globe nomination for the part.", "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a character created in a story and song by the same name. The story was created by Robert L. May in 1939 as part of his employment with Montgomery Ward.", "Walter Mitty is a fictional character in James Thurber 's short story \"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty\", first published in The New Yorker on March 18, 1939, and in book form in My World— and Welcome to It in 1942. It was made into a film in 1947.", "\"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" is a song written by Johnny Marks based on the 1939 story Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer published by the Montgomery Ward Company." ]

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[ "Misandry is the hatred or dislike of men or boys. The word did not appear in most dictionaries until the second half of the 20th century. It was commonly seen as a neologism in the early 1970s.[1] Misandry was formed from Greek misos (μῖσος, \"hatred\") and anēr, andros (ἀνήρ, gen. ἀνδρός; \"man\"). Misandry is the antonym of philandry, the fondness, love, or admiration of men. Misandry is a back-formation from misogyny, the hatred or dislike of women.", "\"I know the word for hatred of women is misogyny. Can you tell me the opposite of this term?\" I get this question in my mail often. Today's word answers it. The counterparts of these words are misandry and philandry, hatred and love of men, respectively. And to complete the picture, there is an equal-opportunity term misanthropy, meaning hatred of humankind, where one doesn't discriminate on the basis of sex.", "But let’s back up a little. What exactly IS misandry, you ask? It is literally the hatred of men (in ancient Greek, “mis” means hatred, and “andro“ means male or masculine). It is the inverse of misogyny.", "In the 2007 book International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities, Marc A. Ouellette contrasted misandry with misogyny, arguing that \"misandry lacks the systemic, transhistoric, institutionalized, and legislated antipathy of misogyny\", though he acknowledged the possibility of specific \"racialized\" misandries and the existence of a \"misandric impulse\" in popular culture and literature. Anthropologist David D. Gilmore argues that while misogyny is a \"near-universal phenomenon\" there is no male equivalent to misogyny. Gilmore also states that misandry refers \"not to the hatred of men as men, but to the hatred of men's traditional male role\" and a \"culture of machismo\". Therefore, he argues, misandry is \"different from the intensely ad feminam aspect of misogyny that targets women no matter what they believe or do\".", "Philogyny comes from philo- (loving) and Greek gynē (woman). The parallel Greek-based terms with respect to men (males) are philandry for \"fondness towards men\" and misandry for \"hatred of men\". Parallel terms for humanity generally are philanthropy and misanthropy.", "Misogyny is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women or girls. Misogyny can be manifested in numerous ways, including social exclusion, sex discrimination, hostility, androcentrism, patriarchy, and male privilege ideas, belittling of women, violence against women, and sexual objectification of women. Misogyny can be found occasionally within ancient texts relating to various mythologies. In addition, various influential Western philosophers and thinkers have been described as misogynistic. In 2012 the Macquarie Dictionary (which documents Australian English and New Zealand English) expanded the definition to include not only hatred of women but also \"entrenched prejudices against women\".", "The word Misogyny had a different meaning in ancient Greece, since they applied the pejorative \"woman hater\" expression mostly to gay men. ", "The definitions of the words may include hatred, mistrust, or contempt for men or women as a class. The acts of which you speak may or may not. As you state, it depends upon context. The only way a person can know whether another person is misogynistic or misandric is to observe what they do and to listen to what they say.", "Some male misogynists are very susceptible to beautiful women, and they hate and fear women because they are aware of this weakness and the possibility that women might exploit it to the misogynists' disadvantage.", "Everything about this statement, in my opinion, is true. However, something that has bothered me since I began working with the men’s rights movement was distilled in that reddit post. The word misogyny has been used to classify everything from hatred towards women to minor disagreements between ideologues.", "Some male misogynists are very focused on the economics of personal relationships, have an exaggerated fear of \"gold diggers,\" and have a tendency to assume that most or all women are primarily venal, just looking for an affluent guy to support their shoe habit.[1]", "Camille Paglia, a self-described \"dissident feminist\" who has often been at odds with other academic feminists, argues that there are serious flaws in the Marxism-inspired interpretation of misogyny that is prevalent in second-wave feminism. In contrast, Paglia argues that a close reading of historical texts reveals that men do not hate women but fear them. Christian Groes-Green has argued that misogyny must be seen in relation to its opposite which he terms philogyny. Criticizing R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinities he shows how philogynous masculinities play out among youth in Maputo, Mozambique.", "Even in an era of equal rights and shifting gender roles, misogyny still exists. Commonly used to describe men who hate women, the last place you’d expect to find a modern-day misogynist is in a solid relationship. How can someone who loves you, respects you and trusts you be a misogynist?", "But if the middle section of “Girl” is a treat, the rest of the novel doesn’t quite measure up. The book’s original Swedish title was “Men Who Hate Women,” a label that just about captures the subtlety of the novel’s sexual politics. Except for Blomkvist, nearly every man in the book under age 70 is a violent misogynist.", "Some male misogynists can't seem to get laid because of personality disorders or for some other reason, and this frustration fuels their resentment against all women, not just the ones they can't have. Of course the frustration and resentment combine to make them even less appealing to future desired partners, and the downward spiral continues.", "I found it interesting, after I considered how far the words misogyny and misandry have been diluted on both sides, that even though I knew the things I listed weren’t definitive actions a man hater would take, they were still pretty horrible things to do so I figured “what the hell? This asshole probably really does hate men anyway.”", "Those who do not hold a deep hatred for women might find the above question to be very offensive, and it is. A more important question would be; do you think the only person that would ever say something this offensive could possibly be anything other than an ignorant woman hater? Think carefully before you respond because the person who asked this question might not uphold the “neckbeard” redneck image usually placed on those evil misogynists. Who asked it? I’ll get to that later. First, I have to elaborate on a small social experiment I recently enacted on the men’s rights subreddit a few days ago.", "Some male misogynists are or have been mistreated by their mothers, wives, or other women and ascribe the faults of those women more widely to all women.", "A fanatical misandrist, a person consumed with hatred for men and driven by the belief that men are the source of all the worlds problems.", "Two- So much hatred? I got a bit suspicious about the large proportion of men who hate women in the books. So many of them think in terms of bitch and whore. Perhaps this is real life, or real life in Sweden, but it seemed like a lot to me.", "\"Misogyny\" often surfaces in political struggles over women's role, and you can tell because the control of women becomes personalised, intrusive and often sexualised. Misogyny has the amygdala involved – the part of the brain involved in processing emotional responses – there is contempt and violence in it. A public figure who tolerates the systemic under-prosecuting of rape is guilty of serious and unforgivable sexism; making rape jokes or explaining away the damage of rape in public as Congressman Todd Akin did recently in the US, or legislating, as over a dozen US states are now doing, transvaginal probes that are medically unnecessary , simply to sexually punish women for choosing abortion – well, that is misogyny.", "The tactic, now common; of classifying anyone with an opposing view as a misogynist woman hater has been a growing source of irritation.", "Misogyny and misandry are just words, it’s the feelings we put behind them that matter. And the feelings we put behind them that can make them dangerous. Like if someone feels that anyone who says a certain thing should be criminally punished for misogynistic or misandric hate speech.", "While it might seem odd that a misogynist forms a relationship to begin with, even misogynists can connect with women because deep down they’re still men, still human and have emotional and physical needs.", "Let man fear woman when she hateth: for man in his innermost soul is merely evil; woman, however, is mean.", "Words and actions are not necessarily hateful in and of themselves. But words and actions can demonstrate hatred and contempt. Context is important in helping to determine whether misogyny or misandry is present.", "The narcissist hates women virulently, passionately and uncompromisingly. His hate is primal, irrational, the progeny of mortal fear and sustained abuse. Granted, most narcissists learn how to disguise, even repress these untoward feelings. But their hatred does swing out of control and erupt from time to time.", "“What on earth is misogynist about calling all the fucking cunts who accuse men of rape of being goddamn lying bitches?”", "What on earth is misogynist about calling all the fucking cunts who accuse men of rape of being goddamn lying bitches?", "Whatever the cause, the more I learn about misogyny, the more I recognize how prevalent it is in today’s society. It’s disturbing in that there are so many subtle traits that are easy to ignore until you see them lumped together in a list. So… I am providing you with a list. Some of these behaviors are obvious; others I would have never thought of. I think you’ll be surprised as well.", "Noun. 1. A contemptible woman. Used on the gay scene to describe an equally despised male.", "In short: Misogynists don't want to lose their worth as a provider. Because of society's standards, they're terrified of that idea." ]

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[ "On December 18, 1620, the British ship Mayflower docked at modern-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, and its passengers prepared to begin their new settlement, Plymouth Colony.", "The first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims , established their settlement at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag . [6] This was the second successful permanent English colony in North America, after the Jamestown Colony . Before heading to the New World, they migrated to Holland to escape the harsh treatment from King James for rejecting England's official church. Although they were allowed some religious liberties in Holland, the liberalism and openness of the Dutch to all styles of life horrified them. They approached the Virginia Company and asked to settle \"as a distinct body of themselves\" in America. In the fall of 1620, they sailed to North America on the Mayflower , first landing near the tip of Cape Cod (modern-day Provincetown, Massachusetts ). Blown north off its course, the Mayflower landed at a site that had been named Plymouth. Since the area was not land that lay within their charter, they created the Mayflower Compact , one of America's first documents of self-governance, prior to landing. The first year was extremely difficult, with inadequate supplies. They also suffered grievously from smallpox and malaria . They were assisted, however, in their time of trouble by the Wampanoag under-chief Massasoit .", "~1620 � William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims landed on what is now known as Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts.", "On 9 November 1620, the ship Mayflower landed within a sheltered cove formed by a large cape within the charter limits of the Plymouth Company. This site is, of course, now Plymouth, Massachusetts on Cape Cod Bay. They had formed their own government called the �Mayflower Compact,� which they intended to use as the basis of their independent settlement (not actually a colony).", "The first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, after the Jamestown Colony. The Pilgrims were soon followed by other Puritans, who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony at present-day Boston in 1630.", "Plymouth Rock is the traditional site of disembarkation of William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620, and an important symbol in American history. There are no contemporary references to the Pilgrims' landing on a rock at Plymouth. The first written reference to the Pilgrims landing on a rock is found 121 years after they landed. The Rock, or one traditionally identified as it, has long been memorialized on the shore of Plymouth Harbor in Plymouth, Massachusetts. The holiday of Thanksgiving is said to have begun with the Pilgrims in 1621. They had come to America to escape religious persecution, but then nearly starved to death. Some friendly Native Americans (including Squanto) helped the Pilgrims survive through the first winter. The perseverance of the Pilgrims is celebrated during the annual Thanksgiving festival.", "On November 19th (that’s today!), 1620, the Mayflower, a ship filled with English and Dutch Separatists, finally spotted the land that would mark the end of their 65-day journey from Plymouth, England. Over the course of their voyage, the passengers and crew aboard the 100-foot ship survived the strong North Atlantic gales that battered their ship. Relief swept across the passengers as they dropped anchor near present day Plymouth, Massachusetts, and prepared to settle into their new land and become a symbol of the beginning of European settlement in America.", "About the middle of December 1620, the ship moved and dropped anchor in Plymouth Harbor. All the while the pilgrims were conducting several exploring missions of the area and negotiations with the local natives. Almost half of the passengers died, suffering from an outbreak of a contagious disease described as a mixture of scurvy, pneumonia and tuberculosis. In the spring, they built huts ashore, and on March 21, 1621, the surviving passengers disembarked from the Mayflower into their new settlement at Plymouth, Massachusetts .", "Explanation:Often referred to as Pilgrims or Separatists, the 102 passengers on the Mayflower sought religious freedom first in the Netherlands and then in the New World. While originally intending to land farther south near the Hudson River, the ship was buffeted by storms and landed first on Cape Cod and then Plymouth in what is now Massachusetts. Despite early hostile encounters, local Indians assisted the 53 who had survived the first winter. Another group of settlers, mainly composed of Puritans, established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and became the dominant force in New England.", "Plymouth /ˈplɪməθ/ (historically known as Plimouth and Plimoth) is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. Plymouth holds a place of great prominence in American history, folklore, and culture, and is known as \"America's Hometown.\" Plymouth was the site of the colony founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the famous ship the Mayflower. Plymouth is where New England was first established. It is the oldest municipality in New England and one of the oldest in the United States. The town has served as the location of several prominent events, one of the more notable being the First Thanksgiving feast. Plymouth served as the capital of Plymouth Colony from its founding in 1620 until the colony's merger with the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1691. Plymouth is named after the English city of the same name.", "Another English colony was founded 1620 by a group of people fleeing religious persecution. They disagreed with the teachings of the Church of England and wished to separate themselves from it not to reform it. However they did not actually call themselves 'pilgrims'. The colonists set out in a ship called the Mayflower and they arrived at Plymouth in December 1620. Many of the colonists did not survive the first winter. However a Native American taught them how to grow crops. Another colony was founded at Salem in 1628.", "On November 9th, 1620, the ‘Mayflower’ sighted what is now Cape Cod. Despite seeing land, the crew of the ‘Mayflower’ searched for another month to find somewhere to land. Where they eventually landed was called New Plymouth. On December 25th, after finding a place where the ‘Mayflower’ could be safely anchored, the Pilgrim Fathers began to build the first house for common use. Bradford described in his diary how the “foulness” of winter affected all and that many became sick. By February 1621, Bradford claimed that 50% of the Pilgrim Fathers had died as a result of the cold weather and the inadequate housing that they had built for themselves.", "[1620 - The \"Mayflower\" brings the English Pilgrims to found Plymouth colony in what is today Massachusetts]", "The Mayflower sails from Plymouth, England, bound for the New World with 102 passengers. The ship was headed for Virginia, where the colonists--half religious dissenters and half entrepreneurs--had been authorized to settle by the British crown. However, stormy weather and navigational errors forced the Mayflower off course, and on November 21 the \"Pilgrims\" reached Massachusetts, where they founded the first permanent European settlement in New England in late December.", "Howe was a direct descendant of Richard Warren(1580-1628) who arrived in Massachusetts Bay Colony at Plymouth Rock in November 1620 on the \"Mayflower\" from Great Amwell, Hertfordshire, England and settled in Marshfield, Plymouth, Massachusetts. ", "During the voyage fierce storms blew the ship off course, arriving at Cape Cod on the Eastern Massachusetts coastline on November 9th. For two days they attempted to sail south to Virginia but exhausting supplies and fierce storms caused them to abort this effort and drop anchor at what is now Provincetown Harbor . On November 11th, the group decided to settle here and start their own colony. They wrote a governmental contract called the Mayflower Compact , Myles was the 6th of the 41 signers on this document.", "1620 – The Mayflower departs from Southampton, England on its first attempt to reach North America.", "Resuming exploration on Monday, December 11/December 21, 1620, the party crossed over to the mainland and surveyed the area that ultimately became the settlement. The anniversary of this survey is observed in Massachusetts as Forefathers' Day and is traditionally associated with the Plymouth Rock landing tradition. This land was especially suited to winter building because it had already been cleared, and the tall hills provided a good defensive position.", "Plymouth Rock is said to mark the spot where William Bradford and the pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony disembarked from the Mayflower. It is stamped with the date of their arrival in the new world, 1620.", "Despite popular belief, the Mayflower did not land at Plymouth Rock. The ship first dropped anchor at Cape Cod, which was outside the chartered land of the London Company, to whom some of the passengers were indentured ( meaning they had promised to work for 7 years to pay off the cost of transporting and settling them in the colony). Their charter told them to land at the mouth of the Hudson River, which was at the northern edge of Virginia.", "On a November morning in 1620, just 98 days out of England, the 180-ton Mayflower completed her rendezvous with history. She had arrived in America, bearing the bright hopes and meager possessions of the original Pilgrims, a resolute band of a hundred-plus men and women pursuing the dream of liberty. While the party paused at what is now Provincetown on Cape Cod, Captain Miles Standish went exploring in a large shallop and found a harbor across the bay. There at Plymouth the Pilgrims settled-and barely in time.", "On November 9, 1620, lookouts spotted land, but it was quickly appreciated that their location was about 200 miles east-northeast of their planned destination of northern Virginia—near what is now called Cape Cod. They tried briefly to sail south, but strong seas forced them to retreat to Cape Cod to harbor near the \"hook\" – present-day Provincetown Harbor. It became apparent that the weather would not permit the passage south, so they decided to settle near Cape Cod. Shortage of supplies (including wood and beer) and the roaring Atlantic made it too dangerous to press on for a Virginia landing. They anchored at the hook on November 11, but not before signing a significant document. The leaders of the colony wrote the Mayflower Compact to ensure a degree of law and order in this place where they had not been granted a patent to settle. Myles Standish was one of the 41 men who signed the document. ", "1620 – Construction of the Plymouth Colony, an English colonial venture in what is today Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA, began two days after the first landing party arrived at the site.", "Massachusetts (1620) - Founded as two colonies: Plymouth Colony (1620), settled by the Pilgrims; and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630), settled by the Puritans. They were united in 1691, and annexed Maine, which had been colonized by the New England Council in the 1620's.", "on September 16, 1620 and landed off the coast of Cape Cod in Provincetown Harbor on November 21, 1620, sixty-six days after setting sail. A month later, under the leadership of Miles Standish, they chose a place to establish their colony and named it Plymouth, for the city in England from where they set sail. ", "The Mayflower landed on December 11, 1620. The first winter was devastating and nearly half of the 102 passengers who had sailed from Plymouth, England died before spring. But the harvest of 1621 was a bountiful one. This “first” Thanksgiving was celebrated over a period of three days by the Pilgrims and neighboring Wampanoag Indians who supplied much of the food – venison, waterfowl, dried berries, shellfish and cornbread. Governor William Bradford sent “four men fowling” after wild ducks and geese. It is not certain that wild turkey was part of their feast. The term “turkey” was used by the Pilgrims to mean any sort of wild fowl.", "Massachusetts is most commonly known as \"The Bay State\" or \"The Old Bay State\" in reference to the Cape Cod Bay where early settlements were made and to the Massachusetts Bay Company given a royal charter in 1629 to promote settlement of the new land \"from sea to shining sea.\" The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was the foundation of a government for the Massachusetts Bay Colony.", "On April 5/15, 1621, the Mayflower set sail from Plymouth to return to England, where she arrived on May 6/16, 1621.", "Land was sighted on November 9, 1620. The passengers had endured miserable conditions for about sixty-five days, and they were led by William Brewster in Psalm 100 as a prayer of thanksgiving. It was confirmed that the area was Cape Cod, within the New England territory recommended by Weston. An attempt was made to sail the ship around the cape towards the Hudson River, also within the New England grant area, but they encountered shoals and difficult currents around Cape Malabar (the old French name for present-day Monomoy). It was decided to turn around, and by November 11/November 12 the ship was anchored in what is today known as Provincetown Harbor. ", "Colonial settlement of the shores of Massachusetts Bay began in 1620 with the founding of the Plymouth Colony. Other attempts at colonization took place throughout the 1620s, but expansion of English settlements only began on a large scale with the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 and the arrival of the first large group of Puritan settlers in 1630. Over the next ten years there was a major migration of Puritans to the area, leading to the founding of a number of new colonies in New England. By the 1680s the number of colonies had stabilized at five: in addition to Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire all bordered the area. Massachusetts Bay was the most populous and economically significant, housing a sizable merchant fleet.", "In 1630 a much larger group of Puritans sailed to America. They founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony. They were led by John Winthrop, who became the colony's first governor.", "The first Englishman known to have visited the Massasoit was Captain Thomas Dermer. In the year 1619, he wrote an account of his explorations about the shore and into the lands occupied by the Wampanoags. He had with him the Indian Squanto, who was believed to be returning to his native homeland; hence the stop at Patuxet where Squanto had lived previous to his capture and shipping to England. [Squanto was one of the five natives kidnapped from the coast of New England in the year 1615 by a Captain George Weymouth who was sent by England in search of a Northwest Passage.]" ]

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[ "Autobots are a faction of sentient robots from the planet Cybertron led by Optimus Prime, and the main protagonists in the fictional universe of the Transformers, a collection of various toys, cartoons, movies, graphic novels, and paperback books first introduced in 1984. The \"Heroic Autobots\" are opposed by the Evil Decepticons. Both Autobots and Decepticons are humanoid robots that can transform into machines, vehicles and other familiar mechanical objects. Autobot typically transform into regular cars, trucks, or other road vehicles (automobiles) but some few are aircraft, military vehicles, communication devices, weapons, and even robotic animals. These Autobots are often grouped into special \"teams\" which have the suffix \"-bot\" at the end, such as in Dinobot (Decepticon groups' names end in \"-con\").", "The Autobots, a faction of sentient robots from the planet Cybertron, are the main protagonists in the fictional universe of the Transformers , a collection of various toys, graphic novels, paperback books, cartoons and movies first introduced in 1984. In all Transformer stories, the \"Heroic Autobots\" are opposed by the \"Evil Decepticons \"—the main antagonists in Transformers. Both Autobots and Decepticons are humanoid robots that can transform into machines, vehicles and other familiar mechanical objects. Autobots often turn into civilian vehicles but some are aircraft and military vehicles.", "In the Transformers war, it’s Autobots versus Decepticons. Two sides, one battle. But balancing an online game — based on a 30-year-old toy, comic, and movie franchise — where players make such a defining choice is tough.", "In the live-action film \"Transformers\", the Autobots arrived on Earth to find the All Spark in an effort to restore a destroyed Cybertron. The beginning of the movie, narrated by Optimus Prime, indicates that all life on Cybertron came from \"the Cube\". In the beginning, Optimus Prime and Megatron ruled Cybertron together. However, Megatron soon began to desire the power of the AllSpark. To counter Megatron, Optimus formed the Autobots, a group of civilian Transformers sworn to protect the AllSpark. Throughout the evolution of the Transformers, wars brought on the demise of their planet. Although the Autobots initially make a poor first impression with the authorities, the U.S. government is eventually convinced by Sam Witwicky that they are allies against the true threat of the Decepticons and cooperate to help them in the battle to keep the AllSpark away from the enemy. During the battle, all Decepticons are destroyed, except for Starscream, Barricade, and Scorponok, but the Autobots lost their one-member, Jazz. Optimus Prime decides to make Earth as their new home.", "In the live-action film \" Transformers \", the Autobots arrived on Earth to find the AllSpark in an effort to restore a destroyed Cybertron . The beginning of the movie, narrated by Optimus Prime , indicates that all life on Cybertron came from a \"cube.\" In the beginning, Optimus Prime and Megatron ruled Cybertron together. However, Megatron soon began to desire the power of the AllSpark . To counter Megatron, Optimus formed the Autobots, a militia of civilian Transformers sworn to protect the AllSpark. Throughout the evolution of the Transformers, wars brought on the demise of their planet. Although the Autobots initially make a poor first impression with the authorities, the US government is eventually convinced by Sam Witwicky of their benevolent nature and cooperate to help them in the battle to keep the AllSpark from the Decepticons . During the battle, all the Decepticons are destroyed, except for Starscream, but the Autobots lose one of their members, Jazz. Optimus Prime decides to make Earth their new home.", "The Earth is caught in the middle of an intergalactic battle between two races of robots, the heroic Autobots and the evil Decepticons. All that stands between the Decepticons and ultimate power is a clue held by young Sam Witwicky. Unaware that he is mankind's last chance for survival, Sam and Bumblebee, his robot disguised as a car, are in a race against an enemy unlike anything anyone has seen before.", "However, when Sentinel betrays and kills Ironhide, it is revealed that he made a deal with Megatron to restore and rebuild Cybertron. As Carly is captured by Soundwave and Dylan Gould (Patrick Dempsey), America's leaders decide to send the Autobots to another planet, folding to demands by Sentinel and the Decepticons. The Autobots leave Earth, but Starscream shoots their ship down. With the Autobots dead, Sentinel Prime activates the pillars, and Chicago, Illinois is seized by the Decepticons. But, the Autobots had faked their deaths, and fight the Decepticons for one final battle. After Sam rescues Carly and kills Dylan, the Autobots kill all the Decepticons and destroy Cybertron, with Optimus finally kills both Megatron and Sentinel. With the war finally ended, the remaining Autobots forsake Earth.", "In the TV series, Cybertron is a planet once used by the Quintessons as a factory with assembly lines creating soldier (\"military hardware\") and worker (\"consumer goods\") robots. Following a rebellion which drove the Quintessons off the planet, the workers became the Autobots and the soldiers became the Decepticons . These two factions eventually engaged in civil war, which forms the basis of the various Transformers stories. Some time between the Quintesson occupation and the Autobot/Decepticon war, Cybertron entered a \"golden age\", with the planet becoming an actual gold color. The energy demands of the war eventually returned Cybertron to its original coloration.", "In the Shattered Glass storyline, a group of Autobots, led by Optimus Prime, are the mirror images of the personalities of most Autobots. In this world the Autobot logo is purple, and worn by evil Transformers who seek to destroy the universe, and are opposed to the heroic Decepticons.", "In Transformers: Animated the Decepticons are usually bigger than the Autobots and usually turn into jets and military vehicles. It takes a group of Autobots to defeat one Decepticon and almost all Decepticons have red eyes and can fly[ citation needed ]. Most Decepticons in the series are similar to the original G1 series. In the Animated Series Blitzwing , for example, retains his triple changer modes of a tank and jet and also retains his G1 tan and purple color scheme.", "Four million years after crash landing on an unfamiliar planet, sentient robots with the ability to disguise themselves as common vehicles awaken on present day Earth. Engaged in a crucial race to find a new energy source for their home planet of Cybertron, Optimus Prime and the heroic Autobots must defend the innocent people of Earth against their archnemeses, Megatron and the power-hungry Decepticons.", "A long time ago, far away on the planet of Cybertron, a war is being waged between the noble Autobots (led by the wise Optimus Prime) and the devious Decepticons (commanded by the dreaded Megatron) for control over the Allspark, a mystical talisman that would grant unlimited power to whoever possesses it. The Autobots managed to smuggle the Allspark off the planet, but Megatron blasts off in search of it. He eventually tracks it to the planet of Earth (circa 1850), but his reckless desire for power sends him right into the Arctic Ocean, and the sheer cold forces him into a paralyzed state. His body is later found by Captain Archibald Witwicky, but before going into a comatose state Megatron uses the last of his energy to engrave into the Captain's glasses a map showing the location of the Allspark, and to send a transmission to Cybertron. Megatron is then carried away aboard the Captain's ship. A century later, Captain Witwicky's grandson Sam Witwicky (nicknamed Spike by his friends) ... Written by Q. Leo Rahman", "This article lists characters that appear in Transformers: Cybertron , the third chapter of the \" Unicron Trilogy \" series of the Transformers franchise. The series features the entirety of planet Cybertron's civilization evacuating the planet to Earth when it is absorbed by a black hole left via the destruction of Unicron . The Autobots act as the main protagonists of the series, with the Decepticons as the main antagonists. Various characters originate from fictional planets shown throughout the series.", "In the present, the Autobots assist the United States military in preventing conflicts around the globe. During a mission to Chernobyl to investigate suspected alien technology, Optimus Prime finds a fuel cell from the Ark, discovering that it had survived its journey from Cybertron. The Autobots are attacked by Shockwave, who manages to escape. After learning of the top-secret mission to the Moon, the Autobots travel there to explore the Ark. They discover a comatose Sentinel Prime – Optimus' predecessor as leader of the Autobots – and the Pillars he created as a means of establishing a Space Bridge between two points to teleport matter. After returning to Earth, Optimus uses the energy of his Matrix of Leadership to revive Sentinel Prime.", "After the Quintessons where exiled from Cybertron, their creations who were divided into two warring factions Autobots and Decepticons they waged war with each other. Whilst the Autobots where physically weaker they had developed the ability to transform and it was thanks to this advancement, which gave them the upper hand and allowed them to win. The Golden Age of Cybertron flourished but it did not last too long. Whilst under centuries of Autobots rule the Decepticons had managed to develop the transforming technology themselves, but not only that but also the ability to fly in robot mode. This led to Megatron's creation.", "The story focused on a small group of Maximals (the new Autobots), led by Optimus Primal, and Predacons, led by Megatron, 300 years after the \"Great War\". After a dangerous pursuit through transwarp space, both the Maximal and Predacon factions end up crash landing on a primitive, uncivilized planet similar to Earth, but with two moons and a dangerous level of Energon (which is later revealed to be prehistoric Earth with an artificial second moon, taking place sometime during the 4 million year period in which the Autobots and Decepticons were in suspended animation from the first episode of the original Transformers cartoon), which forces them to take organic beast forms in order to function without going into stasis lock. After writing this first episode, Bob Forward and Larry DiTillio learned of the G1 Transformers, and began to use elements of it as a historical backstory to their scripts, establishing Beast Wars as a part of the Generation 1 universe through numerous callbacks to both the cartoon and Marvel comic. By the end of the first season, the second moon and the Energon are revealed to have been constructed by a mysterious alien race known as the Vok.", "An ancient struggle re-erupts on Earth between two extraterrestrial clans, the heroic Autobots and the evil Decepticons, with a clue to the ultimate power held by a young teenager.", "Millions of years later in the Earth year, 1984, Teletraan 1, the computer onboard the Autobot ship awoke and repaired both factions and reformatted their alternate forms to resemble Earth vehicles. The war would be brought to Earth. For the next 21 years, the final battles of The Great War was fought until in 2005 the Decepticons invaded Autobot City. It was a bloody fight in which many Decepticons and Autobots were lost, including Megatron and Optimus Prime. This would also be the time when their greatest enemy would come, Unicron . He reformatted a damaged Megatron and a few of his troops. Megatron was renamed Galvatron . However, shortly after, Unicron destroyed Cybertron's two moon bases. After a few more battles, They would once again reunited in a common goal against Unicron. However, Unicron forced Galvatron to fight the Autobot, Hot Rod. In the fight, Hot Rod opened the Matrix and was reformatted into Rodimus Prime and defeated Galvatron before he destroyed Unicron. The Decepticons were in no condition to fight the Autobots so they retreated from Cybertron in defeat. The First Great War was over.", "The various Transformers comics also feature the parallel universe concept, and feature the various continuities from different branches of the franchise as parallel worlds that occasionally make contact with each other. Quite notably, the annual Botcon fan convention introduced a comic storyline that featured Cliffjumper, an Autobot from the original Transformers series, entering an alternative universe where his fellow Autobots are evil and the Decepticons are good.", "Eventually, in the year 2005, the Decepticons managed to take control of all of Cybertron, forcing the Autobots to operate on Cybertron's two moons, but Autobot City on Earth was viewed as the greater threat. The Decepticons overtook a supply shuttle and launched an attack , with disastrous consequences for the Autobots. The battle saw one of the Decepticons' long held dreams achieved in the death of Optimus Prime, but Megatron was damaged, along with Skywarp, Thundercracker and the Insecticons, and left to rot in deep space. Unicron reformatted them into Galvatron , Cyclonus , Scourge and the Sweeps and Galvatron attempted to enslave Unicron with the Matrix of Leadership . When Unicron attacked Cybertron, most of the Decepticon forces on the planet were wiped out, allowing the Autobots to retake control of the planet.", "Due to the fact Quintessons were completely defenseless against anything hostile towards them, they were defeated easily and the Transformers formed a utopia on Cybertron as the dominant race. However a civil war broke out between them due to the Decepticons' arrogance, supremacy, and under the leadership of the evil Megatron . Their war lead to Earth where the heroic Autobots were assisted by the humans in their conflict.", "The Decepticons make an appearance in the 2007 the Transformers live-action film . They include Megatron , Starscream , Frenzy , Blackout , Barricade , Scorponok , Brawl and Bonecrusher . The Movie Prequel comic by IDW Publishing would reveal their origins. Originally Optimus Prime and Megatron ruled Cybertron together, due to the power of the Allspark , a mysterious device that could give life to Transformers - and keep Cybertron itself alive. Eventually, Megatron began to desire its power for himself and assembled a like-minded army of separatists - the Decepticons. Megatron soon struck, and Cybertron became embroiled in civil war. This would later seem to be changed, however, by the sequel films, where it is revealed that Sentinel Prime was the leader of the Autobots and The Fallen the leader of the Decepticons when the war broke out. Optimus would only take command after Sentinel was seemingly killed in action and Megatron served as The Fallen 's field commander due to the latter's incapacitation. The subsequent prequel novel Transformers: Ghosts of Yesterday revealed that Starscream seized command of the Decepticons after Megatron's disappearance.", "For five million years, the Cybertronians warred over the remaining energy that was left. With this crisis, the Autobots, headed by Optimus Prime, made an expedition to find new energy sources. But the Decepticons intercepted them, causing the Autobot ship Ark to crash-land on Earth.(During the next four million years the Beast Wars Occur on Earth.", "For five million years, the Cybertronians warred over the remaining energy that was left. With this crisis, the Autobots, headed by Optimus Prime, made an expedition to find new energy sources. But the Decepticons intercepted them, causing the Autobot ship Ark to crash-land on Earth.", "In this continuity, the Decepticons were not the name of the evil faction, but rather a sub-faction created by Megatron . The main faction was instead the Predacons (carrying the name of the main villains over from Beast Wars ), who transformed into mechanical animals. Realising that their ability to travel as Earth vehicles gave the Autobots an edge in stealth, Megatron decided to take drastic action.", "With their home world dead, the Transformers continue their war on other planets. The Decepticons escalate tensions on planets by replacing important people with loyal clones called facsimiles, allowing the worlds to destroy themselves before they move in for the energy resources, and send Sixshot to finish off the planets. Nonetheless, the two sides agree to the Tyrest Accord, in which they will not supply weapons to less advanced cultures. Scorponok violates this treaty on Nebulos, creating \"transformable men\" with the help of Mo Zarak's corporation, but an attack by Ultra Magnus forces him to flee. Badly damaged with only his decapitated head remaining, he arrives on Earth at some point and establishes the Machination, an organization dedicated to acquiring Transformer technology for their own ends. ", "The storyline of Transformers: Universe, mainly set following Beast Machines, sees characters from many assorted alternate continuities, including existing and new ones, encountering each other. The story was told in an unfinished comic book exclusive to the Official Transformers Collectors' Convention.", "In January 2006, the Hasbro Transformers Collectors' Club comic wrote a story based on the Transformers Classics toy line, set in the Marvel Comics universe, but excluding the Generation 2 comic. Fifteen years after Megatron crash lands in the Ark with Ratchet, the war continues with the characters in their Classics bodies. ", "Transformers 1986 More than meets the eye. Battle your opponents if you win your robot in disguise is transformed from a plane. The first one with all of their transformed robots in the command center wins.", "The destruction of the second moon releases mysterious energies that make some of the characters \"transmetal\" and the planet is revealed to be prehistoric Earth, leading to the discovery of the Ark. Megatron attempts to kill the original Optimus Prime, but at the beginning of the third season, Primal manages to preserve his spark. In the two-season follow-up series, Beast Machines, Cybertron is revealed to have organic origins, which Megatron attempts to stamp out.", "In the side-continuity of Earthforce , while Unicron continued on to Cybertron, Megatron and Shockwave continued a Decepticon civil war on Earth with a small handful of troops - wasting most of their time trying to take each other out. Eventually Soundwave and Starscream overthrew them, uniting both factions into a stronger Decepticon force. The two former leaders attempted to regain their position but never appeared to succeed.", "Cybertron was a world where mechanical creatures were brought to life by a device known as the All Spark . The origins of the All Spark were lost to the mysteries of time. On Cybertron, the Cybertronians were a peaceful people, led by Optimus Prime and Lord Megatron . The two brothers created a balance; Prime was fair while Megatron was firm." ]

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[ "There is also only one U.S. President, who has ever been awarded the Medal of Honor: Teddy Roosevelt, for his service as a Rough Rider.", "Churchill is the only American president to be awarded the Medal of Honor during his lifetime (Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the medal posthumously).", "3. Theodore Roosevelt is the only U.S. president to have received the Medal of Honor, which he was awarded posthumously.", "The C.S. Hunley was posthumously awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor by President Abraham Lincoln. This marked the first and only time in American history that this award was ever given to an enemy combatant, and also the first and only time that an inanimate object ever received it.", "Presented at the White House by President Barack Obama. Salvatore Giunta is the first LIVING Recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions since the Vietnam War.", "Jan 16 US President Bill Clinton awards former President Theodore Roosevelt a posthumous Medal of Honor for his service in the Spanish-American War.", "The first Army Medal of Honor was awarded to Private Jacob Parrott during the American Civil War for his role in the Great Locomotive Chase. The first African American recipient for this award was William Harvey Carney who, despite being shot in the face, shoulders, arms, and legs, refused to let the American flag touch the ground. The only female Medal of Honor recipient is Mary Edwards Walker, a Civil War surgeon. Her medal was rescinded in 1917 along with many other non-combat awards, but it was restored by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. ", "On January 18, 1993, Reagan's former Vice-President and sitting President George H. W. Bush awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom (awarded with distinction), the highest honor that the United States can bestow. Reagan was also awarded the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom, the highest honor bestowed by Republican members of the Senate. ", "1800s: Several months after President Abraham Lincoln signed Public Resolution 82 into law on December 21, 1861 for a Navy medal of honor, a similar resolution was passed in July 1862 for an Army version of the medal. Six Union Army soldiers who hijacked a Confederate locomotive named the General in 1862, were the first Medal of Honor recipients ; [61] James J. Andrews , a civilian, led the raid. He was caught and hanged as a Union spy, but was not awarded the medal. Many Medals of Honor awarded in the 19th century were associated with, \"saving the flag\" (and country), not just for patriotic reasons, but because the U.S. flag was a primary means of battlefield communication at the time. Because no other military decoration was authorized during the Civil War, some seemingly less exceptional and notable actions were recognized by a Medal of Honor during that conflict.", "The composition is copper 91.67% nickel 8.33%. The edge is 150 reeds. The observe side is John F. Kennedy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly known as “Jack” or by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from January 1961 until he was assassinated in November 1963. After military service as commander of Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts’s 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. At age 43, he was the youngest to have been elected to the office, the second-youngest president (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. To date, Kennedy has been the only Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize.", "A decorated veteran of World War I, General Donovan is the only person to have received all four of the United States' highest awards: The Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal, and the National Security Medal. He is a recipient of the Silver Star and Purple Heart, as well as decorations from a number of other nations for his service during both World Wars.", "Since the list began, every serving President of the United States has been a Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge, in office at time of the first issue, Herbert Hoover, the next U.S. president, and Gerald Ford. Most were named Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while they were in office; the only one to be given the title before being elected is Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1944 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force, eight years before his election. He subsequently received the title again in 1959, while in office. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have received the title three times, first as President-elect (1932) and later as the incumbent President (1934 and 1941).", "John Fitzgerald “Jack” Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. The Cuban Missile Crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , the establishment of the Peace Corps , developments in the Space Race , the building of the Berlin Wall , the Trade Expansion Act to lower tariffs, and the Civil Rights Movement all took place during his presidency. A member of the Democratic Party , his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963.", "After military service as commander of PT boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific , Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat . Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from that state from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. Presidential Election . At age 43, he was the youngest man to have been elected to the office, [2] [a] the second-youngest president (after Theodore Roosevelt , who was 42 when he became president after the assassination of William McKinley ). Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. [3] To date[update], Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize . [4]", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt. October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919 was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated; and Roosevelt became President at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power; and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in any field.", "28. Woodrow Wilson: Graduated College of New Jersey (now Princeton University; 1879) Held no other political office. On May 7, 1915 more than 100 Americans were killed as a German submarine torpedoed the British liner \"Lusitania\". The U. S. purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark. April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany. November 11, 1918 an armistice ending World War I is signed. January 16, 1919 the 18th Amendment \"Prohibition\" was ratified. August 18, 1920 the 19th Amendment, giving women the right to vote, was ratified. Wilson is the only president to earn a Ph.D. degree. In 1913 he held the first regular presidential press conference. Afterwards, he met the press twice a week. His second wife, Edith, was a great-granddaughter of Pocahontas, seven time removed. An avid golfer, Wilson used black golf balls when playing in the snow. He is the only president buried in Washington, D.C.", "    The Medal of Honor is not made of machine guns, grenades or killed enemies, but uncommon valor, courage and leadership. Strip away the weaponry, and Roosevelt's leadership and courage at Santiago is of the same caliber.", "A year later, on 17 October 1921, the unknown warrior was given the United States' highest award for valour, the Medal of Honor , from the hand of General John Pershing ; it hangs on a pillar close to the tomb. On 11 November 1921, the American Unknown Soldier was reciprocally awarded the Victoria Cross.", "The correct title for the award often called the \"Congressional Medal of Honor\" is simply \"MEDAL OF HONOR\" and the men who have received it prefer to be called \"RECIPIENTS\" (of the award), not \"winners\".  It is the only United States Military Award that is worn from a ribbon hung around the neck, and the only award presented \"By the President In the Name of the Congress\". ", "George H. W. Bush was shot down during World War II by a Japanese anti-aircraft. Rescued by a submarine, George Bush was honored by the U.S. Military with the \"Distinguished Flying Cross\" for bravery in action.", "9. Bush and Kennedy, World War II heroes. Both future Presidents were involved in well-known incidents. John Kennedy’s patrol boat was cut in half by a Japanese ship in the Solomon Islands; George H.W. Bush was shot down in the Pacific, survived and flew a total of 58 combat missions. A total of eight Presidents served in some capacity during World War II.", "The youngest man ever to be elected to our nation's highest office, he had served as a United States Naval Officer in the South Pacific during World War II and there commanded the PT-109. During an attack by a Japanese cruiser, he is credited with saving the lives of his crew. On his return home following the war he was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts and later to the United States Senate from that state. He was elected to the Presidency in November 1960, defeating then-Vice President Richard M. Nixon by one of the smallest margins in history. He was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963 as he rode in an open motorcade in that city. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery on November 25, 1963 and his gravesite is one of the most visited spots in the cemetery. He was moved from the original gravesite to one just a few feet away on March 14, 1967. His wife, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was laid to rest next to him when she died of cancer in 1994.", "The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration that may be awarded by the United States government. It is presented by the President of the United States, in the name of Congress, and is conferred only upon members of the United States Armed Forces who distinguish themselves through conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty:", "The first American president who served in the navy was John F. Kennedy (who commanded the famous PT-109). Others included Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and George H. W. Bush. Both Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt were the assistant secretary of the navy prior to their presidencies. Many members of Congress served in the navy, notably U.S. Senators Bob Kerrey, John McCain, and John Kerry. Other notable former members of the U.S. Navy include astronauts, entertainers, authors and professional athletes.", "* * * By virtue of an act of Congress approved March 4th,  1921, the Medal of Honor, emblem of highest ideals and virtues, is bestowed in the name of the Congress of the United States upon the unknown, unidentified British soldier and French soldier buried, respectively, in Westminster Abbey and Arc de Triomphe.", "The Medal of Honor was born in 1862, but it was the act of 9 July 1918 that defined the future of the award, while further eliminated the Certificate of Merit while establishing the new \"Pyramid of Honor\" providing for lesser awards (The Distinguished Service Cross, The Distinguished Service Medal, and the Silver Star). A key difference between the levels of awards was spelled out, \"That the President is authorized to present, in the name of the Congress, a medal of honor only to each person who, while an officer or enlisted man of the Army, shall hereafter, in action involving actual conflict with an enemy, distinguish himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty.\" The lesser awards were authorized for presentation by the President, \"BUT NOT IN THE NAME OF CONGRESS.\"", "The Medal of Honor is officially titled the Congressional Medal of Honor because only the US Congress can award it, and it's the highest honor any member of the US armed forces can receive. The Congressional Medal of Honor was first introduced as a resolution in the US Congress on February 15th, 1862 during the US Civil War. The resolution carried and the Medal was approved on July 12, 1862, and by 1863 was made into a permanent decoration.", "* The first Medal of Honor (Navy) was awarded by Secretary of War Stanton to 41 sailors on April 4, 1863 (17 for action during the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip).", "He was Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and Colonel of the Rough Riders for which he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001. He was a popular politician especially for his contributions in: resource conservation; building of the Panama Canal; curbing the powers of large corporations; and negotiating an end to the Russo-Japanese war which won for him a Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.", "Dole recovered from his wounds at the Percy Jones Army Hospital. This complex of federal buildings, no longer a hospital, is now named Hart-Dole-Inouye Federal Center in honor of three patients who became United States Senators: Dole, Philip Hart and Daniel Inouye. Dole was decorated three times, receiving two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star with combat \"V\" for valor for his attempt to assist a downed radioman.", "a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed while serving on or after April 5, 1917 with the U.S. military", "Of the five presidents who served in the Civil War he was the only one wounded." ]

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[ "William Mark Felt, Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008)[1] was an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), who retired in 1973 as the Bureau's Associate Director. After denying his involvement with reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein for 30 years, Felt revealed himself on May 31, 2005, to be the Watergate scandal's whistleblower, \"Deep Throat\".", "William Mark Felt, Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) [1] was an agent of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation who retired in 1973 as the Bureau's Associate Director . After denying his involvement with reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein for 30 years, Felt revealed himself on May 31, 2005, to be the Watergate scandal 's whistleblower , \" Deep Throat .\"", "William Mark Felt, Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008), a former Associate Director of the FBI, was \"Deep Throat,\" a source of much of the Watergate scandal information. He was the highest-ranking federal agent ever convicted of wrongdoing. He had authorized raids on homes of suspected Weather Underground terrorists without receiving search warrants, for which he was pardoned during the appeals process by US President Ronald Reagan.", "On May 31, 2005, former FBI associate director W. Mark Felt revealed that he was “Deep Throat,” the shadowy high official whose leaks to the Washington Post helped to provoke the Watergate crisis and topple the Nixon presidency. Felt’s confession ended one of the capital’s longest-running guessing games; the hushed phone calls and parking-garage trysts of All the President’s Men, co-author Bob Woodward confirmed, were based on encounters with Felt. Media outlets framed the revelation as a drama of individual derring-do, assigning Felt the role of noble whistleblower or despicable traitor, liberal ally or conservative nemesis. As a result, they missed an opportunity to reconsider the larger story of Watergate, perhaps the most mythologized political scandal of the twentieth century. This article argues that Felt’s actions—and, by extension, Watergate itself—must be understood in the context of a long-standing institutional conflict between the Nixon administration and J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI. 1", "Last week, another one of those irresistible TV occasions came along when 91-year-old Mark Felt, who had been the No. 2 official at the FBI back in the early 1970s, acknowledged that he was the mysterious \"Deep Throat\" who systematically fed critical information to the Washington Post's Bob Woodward during that newspaper's lonely and courageous investigation of the events we now call Watergate. Felt was the greatest anonymous source we've ever seen.", "A 30-year national guessing game is over: W. Mark Felt, former associate director of the FBI, has revealed to Vanity Fair magazine that he was Deep Throat, the anonymous source who leaked information to The Washington Post about President Nixon's Watergate cover-up.", "The mystery man is Mark Felt , who was number two at the FBI at the time of the scandal. He ended 33 years of silence with the words: \"I'm the guy they used to call Deep Throat\", telling Vanity Fair magazine he was the government source for the Washington Post reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who broke the Watergate story.", "Young Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein deserve a good deal of the credit for uncovering the details of the Watergate scandal. Their reporting won them a Pulitzer Prize and was the basis for their best-selling book “All the President’s Men.” Much of their information came from an anonymous whistleblower they called Deep Throat, who in 2005 was revealed to be W. Mark Felt, a former associate director of the FBI.", "When former FBI agent and government official Mark Felt revealed himself in 2005 to be the man called �Deep Throat,� whose insider information kept Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein hot on the trail of the Watergate burglary story and led to the demise of Richard Nixon�s presidency, the airwaves ate up the story for a solid two weeks, but then quickly lost interest.", "W. Mark Felt. [Source: Life Distilled.com]The identity of “Deep Throat,” the Watergate source made famous in Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward’s book All the President’s Men, is revealed to have been W. Mark Felt, who at the time was the deputy director of the FBI. As “Deep Throat,” Felt provided critical information and guidance for Bernstein and Woodward’s investigations of the Watergate conspiracy for the Washington Post. Felt’s identity has been a closely guarded secret for over 30 years; Woodward, who knew Felt, had repeatedly said that neither he, Bernstein, nor then-editor Ben Bradlee would release any information about his source’s identity until after his death or until Felt authorized its revelation. Felt’s family confirms Felt’s identity as “Deep Throat” in an article published in Vanity Fair. Felt, 91 years old, suffers from advanced senile dementia. Felt’s character as the romantic government source whispering explosive secrets from the recesses of a Washington, DC, parking garage was burned into the American psyche both by the book and by actor Hal Holbrook’s portrayal in the 1976 film of the same name. Woodward says that Holbrook’s portrayal captured Felt’s character both physically and psychologically.", "Reporters Bob Woodward, right, and Carl Bernstein, whose reporting of the Watergate case won a Pulitzer Prize, sit in the newsroom of the Washington Post, May 7, 1973. W. Mark Felt, a former FBI official claims he was \"Deep Throat,\" the long-anonymous source who leaked secrets about President Nixon's Watergate coverup to The Washington Post, Vanity Fair reported Tuesday May 31, 2005. (AP)", "If not for the persistence of the two Washington Post Reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward and the backing of the Washington Post I believe the Watergate Scandal would never have been investigated showing that back in the 70's true investigative journalism still existed. Their source inside the FBI \"Deep Throat\" was much later (2005) revealed to be former Deputy Director of the FBI William Mark Felt, Sr. .", "We were wrong. We had to accept we were wrong when on May 31, 2005, Bob Woodward, the famous Washington Post reporter, revealed that his super-secret source in the Watergate investigation of the Nixon Administration was Mark Felt, second in command at the FBI.", "W. Mark Felt, former FBI associate director, appears as a guest on the CBS program, “Face the Nation,” Aug. 29, 1976. While associate director, Felt provided Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward with leads on the Watergate story that eventually led to the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon in 1974. In 1980, Felt was convicted of violating the civil rights of people thought to be associated with the Weather Underground by ordering FBI agents to burglarize their homes. He received a fine but was pardoned by President Ronald Reagan during his appeal. Interest in his past statements increased after an article in a 2005 issue of Vanity Fair revealed that Felt was Deep Throat, a character important in both the book and the film versions of All the President’s Men. ©CBS Broadcasting Inc.", "The identification is also likely to encourage new arguments about the essential meaning of Watergate, which has been construed by partisans and historians as the fruit of Vietnam, of Nixon’s obsession with the Kennedy family, of the president’s mental instability, and as a press coup, a congressional uprising and more. Felt’s role places the fact of a disgruntled FBI front and center.", "The former FBI man unmasked as \"Deep Throat\" probably won't be prosecuted for sharing information with reporters during the Watergate scandal, Atty. Gen. Alberto R. Gonzales said. \"It happened a long time ago,\" Gonzales said of W. Mark Felt's conduct more than 30 years ago, when he was the No. 2 man at the FBI. \"The department has a lot of other priorities.\" Gonzales declined to characterize Felt as hero or villain. \"I will leave it to history to make that determination,\" he said.", "As associate director, Felt saw everything compiled on Watergate before it went to Gray. The agent in charge, Charles Nuzum, sent his findings to Investigative Division head Robert Gebhardt, who then passed the information on to Felt. From the day of the break-in, June 17, 1972, until the FBI investigation was mostly completed in June 1973, Felt was the key control point for FBI information. He had been among the first to learn of the investigation, being informed at 7:00 on the morning of June 17. [30] Ronald Kessler , who had spoken to former Bureau agents, reported that throughout the investigation they \"were amazed to see material in Woodward and Bernstein's stories lifted almost verbatim from their reports of interviews a few days or weeks earlier.\" [31]", "July 5 – L. Patrick Gray, F.B.I. Director (May 3, 1972 – April 27, 1973) known as a Nixon loyalist during the Watergate years, who totally missed the fact that his former deputy, W. Mark Felt, was Deep Throat, age 88", "Public response varied widely. Felt's family called him an \"American hero\", suggesting that he leaked information for moral or patriotic reasons. G. Gordon Liddy, who was convicted of burglary in the Watergate scandal, said Felt should have gone to the grand jury rather than leak. Some critics doubted Felt's story on the grounds that his mental state was foggy since the stroke he had had several years earlier. Soon afterwards, however, Woodward and Bernstein both confirmed that Felt was in fact Deep Throat.", "Some critics said Felt, a J. Edgar Hoover loyalist, was bitter at being passed over when Nixon appointed an FBI outsider and confidante, L. Patrick Gray, to lead the FBI after Hoover’s death. Gray was later implicated in Watergate abuses.", "As Associate Director, Felt saw everything compiled on Watergate before it went to Gray. The Agent in Charge, Charles Nuzum, sent his findings to Investigative Division Head Robert Gebhardt, who then passed the information on to Felt. From the day of the break-in, June 17, 1972, until the FBI investigation was mostly completed in June 1973, Felt was the key control point for FBI information. He had been among the first to learn of the investigation, being informed the morning of June 17. Ronald Kessler, who spoke to former Bureau agents, reported that throughout the investigation, they \"were amazed to see material in Woodward and Bernstein's stories lifted almost verbatim from their reports of interviews a few days or weeks earlier.\"", "At 12:45pm on December 18, 2008, Felt died in his sleep at a hospice care facility in Santa Rosa , California . [7] According to his daughter, he was fine but after a big breakfast he remarked that he was tired and he went back to sleep. He was 95 years old. No cause of death was released immediately to the press, but it was known that Felt had suffered from congestive heart failure in recent years. [8] His death was reported in the Washington Post by Patricia Sullivan, with additional reporting by Bob Woodward and Post staff writers. [7]", "*James Mann, who had worked at the Post at the time of Watergate and was close to the investigation, brought a great deal of evidence together in a 1992 article in The Atlantic Monthly that named Felt as Deep Throat. Mann recalled that prior to the Watergate scandal, Woodward had made references to a high-placed source he had in the FBI. Mann argued that the information that Deep Throat gave Woodward could only have come from FBI files. Felt was also embittered at having been passed over for Director of the FBI and believed that the FBI in general was hostile to the Nixon administration. In previous unrelated articles, Woodward had made clear he had a highly placed source at the FBI, and there is some evidence he was friends with Felt.", "It took more than two years after the Watergate burglary for Nixon to admit complicity in the cover-up and resign the presidency. During that time, Gray left office under a cloud of scandal, much to the satisfaction of Felt and other Hoover loyalists. By late June 1973, Felt himself was gone as well, forced from office as part of Nixon’s order that the Bureau be “cleaned out” of its vestigial Hoover men. 61 According to Woodward, Felt continued to talk with reporters even after his retirement, urging the Post to investigate gaps of a “suspicious nature” on the White House tapes. 62 What the tapes finally revealed seemed to confirm Felt’s suspicion that the White House was out to undermine the Bureau. On August 5, 1974, the famous “smoking gun” tape revealed that Nixon had deliberately instructed the CIA to disrupt the FBI’s Watergate investigation. Three days later, on August 8, Nixon resigned.", "In reaction to Leak, various Watergate participants and aficionados are lining up on one side or the other on the question of Deep Throat’s motives. Felt’s lawyer, John D. O’Connor, who wrote the July 2005 Vanity Fair piece that outed his client, then suffering from dementia, as America’s best-known secret whistleblower, clings to the Felt-as-hero theory. “The book is well-researched and well-written,” he says, “and dead wrong.”", "*In \"Leak: Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat\", Max Holland reports that Felt leaked to two major sources, The Washington Post and Time. While the Post reporters didn't reveal their source, Time correspondent Sandy Smith told Times lawyer, Cravath, Swaine & Moore partner Roswell Gilpatric, who told Assistant Attorney General of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division Harry E. Peterson, who revealed it to White House Counsel John W. Dean, who reported it to President Richard Nixon, who did not try to out Felt. Nixon's stated rationale for this was that if he had done so, Felt would have publicly revealed information damaging to the FBI and to other powerful people and institutions. Nixon at the time stated Felt \"knows everything there is to know in the FBI.\" Nixon's motives in not outing Felt may not have been entirely altruistic, since Nixon would also have been damaged by Felt's potential revelations. ", "*W. Mark Felt, the No. 2 man in the FBI during the early 1970s has, in his old age, claimed himself as \"Deep Throat.\"", "Jack Limpert published evidence as early as 1974 that Felt was the informant. On June 25 of that year, a few weeks after All the President's Men was published, The Wall Street Journal ran an editorial, \"If You Drink Scotch, Smoke, Read, Maybe You're Deep Throat.\" It began \"W. Mark Felt says he isn't now, nor has he ever been Deep Throat.\" The Journal quoted Felt saying the character was a \"composite\" and \"I'm just not that kind of person.\" In 1975, George V. Higgins wrote: \"Mark Felt knows more reporters than most reporters do, and there are some who think he had a Washington Post alias borrowed from a dirty movie.\" During a grand jury investigation in 1976, Felt was called to testify and the prosecutor, Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights J. Stanley Pottinger, discovered that Felt was \"Deep Throat\", but the secrecy of the proceedings preserved the secrecy of Felt's alter ego from the public.", "Sadly, it seems the world will never hear from Felt on this critical point. At 91, and with a severe stroke behind him, he reportedly has no clear memory of the Watergate era, a factor likely to limit the cash value of his sudden celebrity.", "On 19th October, 1972, White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman told Nixon a secret source had identified Felt as someone who was leaking information about Watergate to the press. Nixon considered sacking Felt but Haldeman urged caution: \"He knows everything that`s to be known in the FBI. He has access to absolutely everything... If we move on him, he'll go out and unload everything.\"", "Jack Limpert published evidence as early as 1974 that Felt was the informant. [70] On June 25 of that year, a few weeks after All the President's Men was published, The Wall Street Journal ran an editorial, \"If You Drink Scotch, Smoke, Read, Maybe You're Deep Throat.\" It began \"W. Mark Felt says he isn't now, nor has he ever been Deep Throat.\" The Journal quoted Felt saying the character was a \"composite\" and \"I'm just not that kind of person.\" [71] During a grand jury investigation in 1976, Felt was called to testify and the prosecutor, Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights J. Stanley Pottinger , discovered that Felt was \"Deep Throat\", but the secrecy of the proceedings preserved the secrecy of Felt's alter ego from the public. [72]", "Benfell, Carol. \"A Family Secret: Joan Felt Explains Why Family Members Urged Her Father, Watergate's 'Deep Throat' to Reveal His Identity\". The Press Democrat ( Santa Rosa, California ). June 5, 2005. A1." ]

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[ "Mr. Hankey the \"Christmas Poo\", voiced by Trey Parker, is a talking piece of feces . He first appeared in the first season episode \" Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo \". He emerges from the toilet bowl on Christmas Eve and brings presents to good boys and girls whose diets have been high in fiber . He is especially close to Kyle , consoling him during his Christmas-Hanukkah depression and generally appears to help the boys out with something or gives them advice. Mr. Hankey has appeared in various Christmas episodes, and inspired an actual retail CD Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics in which he has his own theme song. In his first appearance, he appeared anthropomorphic only to Kyle and Chef, although he often leaves a trail behind that is attributed by the adults to antisocial behavior by Kyle. Due to his physical state, he can only emerge from the sewers during the Christmas season or he will dry up and die.", "South Park is decidedly low-budget in appearance, with the characters and landscapes rendered in the style of crude cut-out animation (although, in reality, high-end video processing is used to achieve this effect). It is almost always winter in South Park, with snow covering the ground. The town is inhabited by a population of odd and improbable characters, including Jesus , who hosts a local public-access talk show. Nearly every social institution, from law enforcement to education, is portrayed as inept. The show revels in controversy and taboo subjects and often parodies celebrities and public figures. Much of its humour relies on pop-culture references, slapstick, shock value, and scatological jokes, as exemplified by the episode in which the boys befriend a singing, dancing piece of fecal matter named Mr. Hankey the Christmas Poo. In 1999 the show engendered a feature-length musical cartoon, South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, which was nominated for an Academy Award.", "As the holiday season approaches in South Park, Kyle finds himself in a bind. On the one hand, he feels left out as the only Jew when everyone is celebrating Christmas. On the other, none of the other kids believe him when he tries to tell them about Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo. When the real Mr. Hankey shows up, only Kyle and see him and ends up getting locked in a mental hospital. Meanwhile, the rest of the town is in an uproar, with everyone finding something in the school holiday pageant to be offended by.", "Part of the show's surrealist nature derives from the minor characters who appear in the series. Notable appearances include God (who appears as a small creature resembling a hippo-rodent hybrid), Jesus (who owns a home and hosts a public-access television show in South Park (Jesus and Pals)), Satan (with or without his lover Saddam Hussein ), Moses (who appears exactly as the Master Control Program (MCP) does in the Disney film Tron and demands macaroni pictures from his faithful), the alien Marklar race; the Jakovasaurs; Death ; Mr. Hankey \"the Christmas poo \" (who adds to the holiday festivities in much the same spirit as the 1960s Rankin-Bass cartoons), and Towelie (who always gets (or wants to get) high).", "\"Mr. Hankey\" redirects here. For the first season episode, see Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo .", "Mr. Hankey, The Christmas Poo � first appearing in Season 1's Christmas Episode�was originally intended to be an Ensemble Darkhorse Breakout Character à la Slimer (although... see Ghostbusters for how that turned out), and was heavily marketed and designed to be quite Merchandise-Driven . However, his shrill annoying voice, general lack of personality, and role as a pointless gross-out prop led to unpopularity with fans. He has been entirely phased out of later seasons and he only appeared once in a \"Hey, remember me?\" kind of gag.", "Christmas-themed sapient poo. Based on a character made up by Trey Parker's father, who told him when he he was a kid that if he did not flush the toilet after going, Mr. Hankey would jump out and bite him.", "Kenneth \"Kenny\" McCormick, [1] [2] voiced by Matt Stone , is one of South Park's main characters, along with Eric Cartman , Stan Marsh , and Kyle Broflovski . He first appeared in the short films both entitled The Spirit of Christmas .", "Kyle Broflovski (sometimes spelled Broslovski, Broslofski, Brovlofski or Broflofski) is a main character in the Comedy Central series South Park. He is voiced by and loosely based on co-creator Matt Stone. Kyle is one of the show's four central characters, along with his friends Stan Marsh, Kenny McCormick, and Eric Cartman. He debuted on television when South Park first aired on August 13, 1997, after having first appeared in The Spirit of Christmas shorts created by Stone and long-time collaborator Trey Parker in 1992 (Jesus vs. Frosty) and 1995 (Jesus vs. Santa).", "South Park is a double Emmy Award-winning, animated American television comedy series, created and written by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for Comedy Central. The show is set in the fictional town of South Park, Colorado. The series has been distributed and aired by Comedy Central since 1997. The show is well-known for its pop-culture parody, scatological humor, and satirical handling of current events.", "In the show, Eric Cartman will often burst into song to convey a false altruism or optimism that belies his baser motivations. In \"Red Sleigh Down\", he sings \"Poo-Choo Train\", an unnervingly cheery Christmas carol , in an obvious attempt to convince Mr. Hankey and Santa Claus that he is worthy of Christmas presents. In \" The Death of Eric Cartman \", Cartman sings \"Make it Right\" with Butters in a weak attempt to reconcile his sins. Cartman also uses the song \" Heat of the Moment \" to convince the U.S. Senate to approve stem cell research .", "Jesus (voiced by Matt Stone ) is a character based on the biblical Jesus. On South Park, Jesus had his own public-access television cable TV show called Jesus and Pals. He was killed while fighting Iraqis during an attempt to rescue Santa on Christmas Eve in the episode \" Red Sleigh Down \". This was his last major role on the show until he was resurrected five years later in the eleventh season episode \" Fantastic Easter Special \".", "*In the South Park episode \"Woodland Critter Christmas,\" Rabbity the Rabbit is sacrificed in a blood orgy when it is discovered that Porcupiny the Porcupine is pregnant.", "A precursor to Cartman first appeared in the first The Spirit of Christmas short, dubbed Jesus vs. Frosty, created by Parker and Stone in 1992 while they were students at the University of Colorado. In the short, Cartman was actually named \"Kenny\", and the catchphrase \"Oh my God, they killed Kenny!\" was exclaimed when the character representing Cartman was killed by an evil snowman. The character was composed of construction paper cutouts and animated through the use of stop motion. When commissioned three years later by friend Brian Graden to create another short as a video Christmas card that he could send to friends, Parker and Stone created another similarly-animated The Spirit of Christmas short, dubbed Jesus vs. Santa. In this short, his character first appears as he does in the series, and is given the name \"Cartman\", while the character of Kenny appears as the character is depicted today and given Cartman's moniker from the previous short. Cartman next appeared on August 13, 1997, when South Park debuted on Comedy Central with the episode \"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe\".", "An obscure flash internet cartoon from the late 90s called Pookie Poo has also parodied Wheel hosted by Saint Patjack (a parody of Pat Sajak) and Vanity White (a parody of Vanna White) with the eponymous character bringing his attitude to the show. in the episode the puzzle, \"FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT\" (under the category of \"Famous Sayings\") is accidentally solved by the main character while he threatens to hurt Patjack.", "He also has displayed traits of gender confusion; he occasionally has tea parties with stuffed dolls (pretending they are talking about how cool he is), owns a (supposed) female cat named \" Mr. Kitty \", and in \" Bebe's Boobs Destroy Society \", he was seen re-enacting a scene from The Silence of the Lambs as Buffalo Bill with a rag doll he named Polly Prissy-Pants trapped down a well. In \" Freak Strike \", Cartman goes on the Maury Povich Show to be a panelist during a discussion on out-of-control kids. In an attempt to win the assumed prize, he dresses up as a promiscuous teenage girl. In the episode \" AWESOM-O \", Butters reveals to the residents of South Park a video of Cartman dressed as Britney Spears , while dancing around a cardboard cut-out of Justin Timberlake, which he apparently later made out with.", "Natasha Henstridge, Norman Lear, and Peter Serafinowicz have guest starred as other speaking characters. During South Park's earliest seasons, several high-profile celebrities inquired about guest-starring on the show. As a joke, Parker and Stone responded by offering low-profile, non-speaking roles, most of which were accepted; George Clooney provided the barks for Stan's dog Sparky in the season one (1997) episode \"Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride\", Leno provided the meows for Cartman's cat in the season one finale \"Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut\", and Henry Winkler voiced the various growls and grunts of a kid-eating monster in the season two (1998) episode \"City on the Edge of Forever\". Jerry Seinfeld offered to lend his voice for the Thanksgiving episode \"Starvin' Marvin\", but declined to appear when he was only offered a role as \"Turkey #2\". ", "Eric Cartman, voiced by Trey Parker, is commonly referred to as just Cartman. He is one of the show's four main characters and one of the most popular and iconic. He is obese, obnoxious, antisemitic, racist and spectacularly sociopathic in his attitude. Most other pupils are alienated by Cartman's insensitive, often misogynistic, and bigoted behavior, though they are occasionally influenced by his obtrusive, manipulative, and propagandist antics. He often tricks Butters. Cartman's role in the series varies wildly from episode to episode, from one-of-the-boys to extravagantly evil antihero.", "South Park's early episodes tended to be shock value-oriented, but the more recent episodes are often oriented more toward poking fun at current events. This was very evident in the first half of Season 8: events in its episodes include Michael Jackson visiting South Park, the boys seeing The Passion of the Christ , blue-collar workers in South Park losing their jobs to immigrants from the future, and an episode featuring a \" Paris Hilton \" toy video camera. Season 9 premiered with the episode \"Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina,\" which incorporated uncensored footage of a farm animal being neutered .", "Cartman from South Park . He either serves as The Dragon for an even greater evil, or IS the Big Bad in most episodes. Occasionally though, he functions as a Nominal Hero .", "In \" Woodland Critter Christmas \", Cartman made Stan the protagonist of his Christmas story (he is described as 'the boy in a red poof-ball hat'), showing that Cartman sees Stan as a heroic figure of sorts. In \" Douche and Turd \", Stan votes for Cartman's mascot instead of Kyle's, much to Kyle's dismay. Also, in \" Are You There God? It's Me, Jesus \", when Stan appears to be the only boy who hasn't gotten their period, Cartman reassures him that he will get it one day.", "On Comedy Central, the creators of South Park aired a fake episode of Terrance and Phillip titled “ Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus ” instead of running the season premiere which was supposed to reveal the father of Eric Cartman . This caused angered fans to write about 2,000 complaints to Comedy Central in the week following the broadcast. The incident was parodied in the Season 13 episode Eat, Pray, Queef , the first episode to broadcast on April Fool’s day since the incident.", "On Comedy Central, the creators of South Park aired a fake episode of Terrance and Phillip titled \" Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus \" instead of running the season premiere which was supposed to reveal the father of Eric Cartman . This caused angered fans to write about 2,000 complaints to Comedy Central in the week following the broadcast. [37] The incident was parodied in the Season 13 episode Eat, Pray, Queef , the first episode to broadcast on April Fool's day since the incident.", "*In the South Park episode \"A Very Crappy Christmas\" he appears as the piano player for the Christmas recording session. He makes another appearance in the South Park episode \"Probably\" as the organist at Cartman's \"children's church\". An additional appearance was as the piano player in \"Something You Can Do with Your Finger\" in tryouts for the fifth member of Cartman's boy band.", "South Park's annual \"Cow Days\" party is happening! The cows become transfixed on a cow statue. In order to get the money they need to win Terrance and Phillip dolls, the boys sign Cartman up for a ...", "Used in South Park in the April Fool's Day episode \"Terrence and Philip in: Not Without My Anus\", only to be sent up with a Chewbacca Defense .", "Cartman apparently sees scenes of sickening and/or disturbing imagery every time he closes his eyes, but thinks nothing of it. He also occasionally has milk come out of his nose when he laughs, even when he was not drinking any. This milk-sneezing problem is due to a malfunctioning kidney, which Cartman is tricked into donating for transplant, benefiting his friend Kyle, who receives the malfunctioning organ as seen in the episode \" Cherokee Hair Tampons \". Many of Cartman's mannerisms were revealed to be inherited in \" Merry Christmas Charlie Manson! \", in which most of the Cartman family were depicted in a similar manner.", "Kenny has been turned into a platypus (\" Damien \"), a ghost who then possessed Rob Schneider, a pot roast which Rob Schneider ate to be possessed, and Cartman (\" The Biggest Douche in the Universe \"), and has been resurrected as a zombie (\" Pinkeye \").", "In \" Woodland Critter Christmas \", Cartman ends his fictional Christmas story with the line, \"And everyone lived happily ever after...except for Kyle who died of AIDS two weeks later.\" This similar closing line also used in the episode \" Pip \".", "Eric Cartman : [Narrating while riding on Cthulhu] Thanks to Coon and Friends the country will soon be rid of all evil, but first they would come up against their most challenging and most evil opponent, Justin Bieber!, in order to save the Earth this little butthole had to be stopped.", "� Fat Butt and Pancake Head �: Cartman create a hand-puppet version of Jennifer Lopez for a Latino appreciation school presentation, which becomes a major celebrity, causes Ben Affleck to fall for the hand puppet, and incurs the wrath of the real J-Lo.", "When Bill Gates viciously beat the head of Sony to death in the Game of Thrones/Console War Trilogy, all the kids were visually disturbed, even and ESPECIALLY Cartman, which speaks miles and volumes on how horrible the Console Wars and Black Friday are. Hell, Cartman is the one who opts to just play outside after everything is said and done. (Which apparently leads into The Stick of Truth, complete with an ad for it)." ]

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[ "Jack Skellington is the protagonist in the 1993 Disney film Tim Burton's the Nightmare Before Christmas . Jack is the \"Pumpkin King\" of Halloween Town and lives in a fantasy world based solely on the Halloween holiday. His usual appearance is a skeleton dressed in a black pin-striped suit and a bow tie resembling a bat, but there are some points in which he dresses as a scarecrow with a pumpkin for a head. His last name is a pun on skeleton. He has a pet ghost dog named Zero, who has a small glowing nose that looks like a Jack-o'-lantern. His love interest is Sally, a rag doll created by Dr. Finklestein. Jack is voiced by Chris Sarandon, and his singing voice is provided by Danny Elfman. The character is a popular design on bags, hats, clothing, umbrellas, belt buckles, pet collars and other items. According to Ultimate Disney.com's Top 25 Heroes, Jack is #25.", "Jack Skellington is the \"Pumpkin King\" of Halloween Town , and the protagonist of Tim Burton 's 1993 stop-motion Disney film, The Nightmare Before Christmas .", "Jack Skellington is the \"Pumpkin King\" of Halloween Town and the main protagonist of Tim Burton 's 1993 stop-motion Disney film The Nightmare Before Christmas and the storybook it is based on. He is the patron spirit of Halloween, portrayed as being on par with Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny within his own holiday. As a living skeleton, he is immortal and can remove parts of his body without harm, as is often demonstrated for comic relief. He is the most important of many Halloween spirits, with the implication that their job is to scare people in the real world on Halloween night. He is also responsible for coming up with new and exciting ideas for each year's Halloween festivities.", "Jack Skellington, the pumpkin king of Halloween Town, is bored with doing the same thing every year for Halloween. One day he stumbles into Christmas Town, and is so taken with the idea of Christmas that he tries to get the resident bats, ghouls, and goblins of Halloween town to help him put on Christmas instead of Halloween -- but alas, they can't get it quite right. Written by Jon Reeves <[email protected]>", "Santa Claus (or Sandy Claws as Jack calls him) is the leader of Christmas Town. When Jack stumbles upon the town, he becomes mesmerized with the holiday and he tries to bring Christmas to Halloween Town. In order to do so, Jack orders Lock, Shock, and Barrel to kidnap Santa on Christmas Eve so Jack can take his place for the Christmas season. The three then take Santa to Oogie Boogie where the holiday figure's life is threatened. A last minute rescue helps save not only Santa, but the entire holiday of Christmas as well. Santa Claus manages to round up the living gifts and replace them with the right ones. Santa Claus is last seen flying over Halloween Town as snow starts to fall.", "The Nightmare Before Christmas, often promoted as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, is a 1993 American stop motion musical fantasy horror film directed by Henry Selick and produced/co-written by Tim Burton . It tells the story of Jack Skellington , a being from \" Halloween Town \" who opens a portal to \" Christmas Town \" and decides to celebrate the holiday. Danny Elfman wrote the film score and provided the singing voice of Jack, as well as other minor characters. The remaining principal voice cast includes Chris Sarandon , Catherine O'Hara , William Hickey, Ken Page and Glenn Shadix.", "The film's protagonist, Jack Skellington is a skeleton who holds the title of The Pumpkin King. Under that alias, he is the titular hero of the prequel video game The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King. He is popular among the inhabitants of Halloween Town, due to his charming personality and aim to please. Despite a lack of inhibition, he means well. He is in charge of Halloween. Having not left it within many years (as heard in the song Jack's Lament where he mentions England, Kentucky and France), he felt his inspiration for his own holiday waning. Christmas Town gave him new ideas and inspiration. He also appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge. ", "Jack Skellington introduces himself to Sora, Goofy, and Donald Duck as the ruler of Halloween Town. Jack plans to use the heart that Finklestein created to control the seemingly docile Heartless to make a festival called \"Heartless Halloween\" so that Halloween can be frightening, but the idea fails when not only the first experiment cause the Heartless to go berserk, but Oogie Boogie steals the finished heart, and plans to use it to take over Halloween Town. At Oogie's manor, Jack, Sora, and the gang confront him. After Oogie is defeated, Jack finds out that Oogie uses dark orbs as his source of life, which Oogie combines himself with his manor to become a giant boss. Once the gang defeats Oogie once again, and his manor crumbles, revealing Halloween Town's keyhole. Jack is considerably shorter in this game than as he appeared in the movie, though he is still rather tall when compared to the game's main protagonists.", "The classic film commences with the grand finale of Halloween Town's Halloween celebrations, which are hailed by Jack Skellington, the Pumpkin King of Halloween Town. However, when Jack sneaks away from the adoring citizens, it is revealed that he is tired of the same old Halloween routine and he wanders off into the graveyard and then the woods with his ghost dog, Zero. As he bemoans his misery, he is unaware that his friend Sally the rag doll is listening and siding with him.", "The Nightmare Before Christmas, often promoted as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, is a 1993 American stop motion dark fantasy musical film directed by Henry Selick, and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a character from \"Halloween Town\" who stumbles through a portal to \"Christmas Town\" and decides to celebrate the holiday, with some dastardly and comical consequences. Danny Elfman wrote the film score and voiced the singing role of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens and Glenn Shadix.", "Jack Skellington, also known as the \"Pumpkin King\", is the main protagonist. Jack is a tall skeleton who wears a black pin-striped suit, complete with a bat bowtie. He has earned the title of Pumpkin King by being so terrifying to humans (but never harming them), a clearly well-earned title as it appears he is even able to scare the monsters that occupy the town. He lives in Halloween Town, a world based solely on the holiday of Halloween.", "Characters from The Nightmare Before Christmas have also had cameos in Disney and Square Enix's role-playing game series, Kingdom Hearts . In the majority of these games, Jack acts as a partner to the main character. In the first game, Jack attempts to liven up Halloween by giving a heart created by Dr. Finklestein to a Heartless, but the experiment goes wrong and the heart soon lands in the palms of Oogie Boogie. In Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories , he tries to help the protagonist, Sora, regain his memories. In Kingdom Hearts II , Halloween Town and its inhabitants are seen, while Jack rekindles his notion of taking over Santa's job. In the prequel game Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days , Jack seeks inspiration for livening up his Halloween by paying attention to the actions of the protagonist, Roxas.", "* Skeletons - In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge, Oogie Boogie had a bunch of skeletons that served him which were brought to life by Dr. Finklestein at the time when Oogie Boogie tricked the citizens of Halloween Town. They resemble the Skeletons in Oogie Boogie's lair.", "* In Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, the main character, Jack Skellington, is \"the Pumpkin King.\"", "* Halloween Ghosts - The Halloween Ghosts appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge having been created by Dr. Finklestein at the time when Oogie Boogie tricked the citizens of Halloween Town. The Halloween Ghosts are much different from the ghosts that appear in the movie as they are very fast and great at dodging. Tricking them to come near Jack and sending them into the ground is an easy way to defeat them. They are seen in \"Jack's Return\" in the Oogie Boogie Shadow battle.", "Kitchen Nightmares Before Christmas is a parody on The Nightmare Before Christmas and Kitchen Nightmares . After starring on so many kitchen reality shows, Gordon Ramsay becomes bored with repetitive grind and longs for something new. He suddenly falls through a trap door and lands in Halloween Town just as the patrons are in the middle of a cook-off. He begins to berate their progress and orders each one to start over, much to the horror of the monster chefs. The Mayor informs Jack Skellington of Ramsay's arrival, stating that Ramsay is more horrifying than Skellington, as Ramsay is brutally honest to everyone. Seeing that he has been bested, Skellington asks Ramsay for advice to deal with his work related doldrums. Ramsay helps Skellington by making him a television executive in the place.", "In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge, the Mayor is seen in the opening cut scene congratulating Jack on another \"horrible\" Halloween. He is later seen in the level \"Mayor's Madhouse\" where Jack rescues him from a cage hanging from the roof of his house. While Jack goes to Christmas Town, the Mayor frees the other holiday leaders.", "The owners of the franchise have undertaken an extensive marketing campaign of these characters across many media. In addition to the Haunted Mansion Holiday at Disneyland featuring the film's characters, Jack Skellington, Sally, Pajama Jack and the Mayor have been made into Bendies figures, while Jack and Sally even appear in fine art. Moreover, Sally has been made into an action figure and a Halloween costume. Jack is also the titular character in the short story \"Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Jack's Story\".", "* Oogie Ick - A colossal beetle that serves as Oogie's ride and the final boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King. It acts as a motorcycle-like mode of transportation for Oogie, Lock, Shock, and Barrel.", "As the film opens in the twisted, \"Burton\"-esque village of \"Halloweentown,\" Jack Skellington, who is dually voiced by Chris Sarandon and longtime Burton collaborator Danny Elfman, is celebrating another \"horrible\" Halloween. You'll be shocked and amazed at some of the town's inhabitants, who include jazz-playing zombies, Four Tenor-like vampires, a wolf man, and a wheelchair-bound scientist who occasionally opens up his cranium to (literally) scratch his brain; his creation, a Frankenstein-like scarecrow named Sally (Catherine O'Hara), yearns for contact with others and is quite fond of Jack Skellington.", "* Igor (voiced by an uncredited Joe Ranft in the film, Rob Paulsen in the video game sequel) - Dr. Finklestein's assistant who enjoys dog bone treats. He is seen giving at the town meeting and later giving Dr. Finklestein the plans for the skeleton reindeer. In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge, Igor tells Jack Skellington of Dr. Finklestein's strange behavior. Jack later helps Igor when his bone biscuit treats are stolen.", "* Rats - Several rats can be seen running around Halloween Town. One rat is seen with a Christmas present and a party hat upon Santa Claus being brought into Halloween Town by Lock, Shock, and Barrel.", "Jack Skellington is from this town before he accidentally stumbles upon Christmas town in The Nightmare Before Christmas", "The official film soundtrack CD contains an epilogue not in the film, stating that \"many years later\" Santa returned to Halloween Town to visit Jack, where he discovered that Jack had \"four or five skeleton children at hand\" who play together in a xylophone band. Given the ending of the movie, it can be assumed that these children are Jack and Sally's.", "The film commences with the grand finale of Halloween Town's Halloween celebrations, which are hailed by Jack as being \"the most horrible yet\". However, when Jack sneaks away from the adoring citizens, it is revealed that he is tired of the same old Halloween, and he wanders off into the woods with his ghost dog, Zero. Accidentally sleepwalking through the Hinterlands, Jack stumbles upon a place in the forest he's never been before, revealing to be a grove of trees that have doors leading to different holiday towns. Jack is drawn towards the Christmas tree shaped door and opens it, finding his way into Christmas Town. Soon after, he becomes infatuated with the holiday.", "While the heroes are captured in Castle Revolta, there will be a new version of Oogie Boogie's Song (from The Nightmare Before Christmas).", "Jack Skellington appears in four installments of the Kingdom Hearts video game series. He inhabits the world of Halloween Town, where the evil Heartless threaten its denizens. The games' main protagonists, Sora , Donald Duck and Goofy , befriend Jack and together, they battle the Heartless and also Oogie Boogie. In combat, Jack uses some of his scary powers with demonstrations of some magic , making him a formidable sorcerer.", "Jack was also featured in a unit based on The Nightmare Before Christmas in Disneyland's Frightfully Fun Parade .", "The Mayor of Halloween Town appears in Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II. His role in both games is fairly minor. In the first game, he helps Jack and Sora find an ingredient they need for the heart Dr. Finklestein is making. In the second game, he tries to stop two Heartless outbreaks by yelling at the Heartless through his megaphone, but has no success.", "Walt Disney Pictures decided to release the film under their Touchstone Pictures banner because they thought the film would be \"too dark and scary for kids\", Selick remembered. \"Their biggest fear, and why it was kind of a stepchild project, [was] they were afraid of their core audience hating the film and not coming.\" To help market the film, \"It was released as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas,\" Burton explained. \"But it turned more into more of a brand-name thing, it turned into something else, which I'm not quite sure about.\" The film premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 9.", "Danny Phantom had \"Fright Night\" where Danny temporarily steals a sword from Fright Knight, the ghostly Anthropomorphic Personification of Halloween . Hell ensues (literally).", "Just about everyone knows Dr. Seuss’s story of the Lorax, the gruff but lovable forest guardian who speaks for the trees. Now, the classic tale is springing to life on the big screen. The 3-D animated adventure follows a young boy named Ted (voiced by Zac Efron), who lives in the all-plastic town of Thneed-Ville. Ted is on a quest to find a real, live tree, so he goes to the all-knowing Once-ler for help. The Once-ler tells Ted the story of the Lorax (voiced by Danny DeVito), and what exactly happened to all of the trees—including the Once-ler’s own role in the forest’s destruction." ]

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[ "Washington Crossing the Delaware is an 1851 oil-on-canvas painting by the German American artist Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze. It commemorates General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. That action was the first move in a surprise attack against the Hessian forces at Trenton, New Jersey, in the Battle of Trenton.", "The river that George Washington and his troops crossed on a stormy Christmas night in 1776 was the Delaware. The river flows through the rich and densely populated Middle Atlantic region of the United States. It rises in two branches on the westward slopes of the Catskill Mountains. These join to become one river at the New York-Pennsylvania boundary. For about 70 miles (110 kilometers) the river forms the boundary between these states. It then turns southward to separate New Jersey from Pennsylvania and Delaware. Trenton, Philadelphia, Camden, Chester, Wilmington, and other cities have grown on its banks. Finally the river empties into the broad Delaware Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean.", "Leutze's depiction of a critical moment during the American revolution has become one of the best known and most extensively published images in American history. He portrays George Washington, accompanied by some 2,500 of his troops, crossing the Delaware River about nine miles above Trenton, New Jersey, in a surprise attack on the Hessians. The strategic crossing took place after midnight on December 25, 1776; ice floes and a heavy snowstorm kept the American soldiers and their allies from reaching shore until daybreak, which Leutze captured with the morning star overhead. Painted in Düsseldorf in 1851, the artist did extensive research to ensure historical accuracy, although experts are now quick to point out errors. The artist exhibited the picture in his studio in July 1851 before shipping it to New York City, where it was shown from October 29, 1851, through February 28, 1852. More than 50,000 people paid to see the grand painting with its large eagle-crested frame.", "The painting depicts an event during the American War of Independence when, on the night of 25th/26th December 1776, General George Washington took an army eastwards across the Delaware River in order to launch a surprise attack on the town of Trenton, New Jersey, which was garrisoned by a force of 1,500 troops from Germany (the “Hessians”) who were fighting alongside the British.", "General George Washington's Continental Army had crossed the Delaware River to make a surprise attack on the Hessians on the early morning of December 26, 1776. In the Battle of Trenton, the Hessian force of 1,400 was wiped out by the Continentals, with about 20 killed, 100 wounded, and 1,000 captured. ", "House of Decision. The Thompson House sits just upriver from McConkey's Tavern, where George Washington and several officers ate Christmas dinner before embarking on the historic Delaware River crossing in 1776. The Thompson House served as a hospital ward for wounded soldiers, and was the scene of several war councils, including the one at which Washington decided to make the bold attempt to capture the Hessians at Trenton. The painting is the first in a series by Dan Campanelli that follows the footsteps of George Washington and the pathways of the American Revolution.", "Washington decided to take the offensive, stealthily crossing the Delaware on Christmas night and capturing nearly 1,000 Hessians at the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776. Cornwallis marched to retake Trenton, but was outmaneuvered by Washington, who successfully attacked the British rearguard at Princeton on January 3, 1777. Washington then entered winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, having given a morale boost to the American cause. New Jersey militia continued to harass British and Hessian forces throughout the winter.", "The Battle of Trenton was a small but important battle in the American Revolution, taking place in Trenton, NJ. In 1776, the day after Christmas and General George Washington’s Crossing of the Delaware, he led his Continental Army against Hessian soldiers. Very soon all the Hessians were captured with very little damage to our Army. This battle’s significance was its much-needed boost to the Continental Army’s morale. Reenactors come to Trenton  each year to relive this victory.", "Washington had decided to take the offensive and stealthily crossed the Delaware on Christmas night as they capture almost 1,000 Hessians in the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776. Cornwallis marched to recover the Trenton but was outwitted by Washington, who successfully attacked the British rearguard in Princeton on January 3, 1777. Afterwards, Washington entered the winter quarters in Morristown, New Jersey since he was given a morale boost to the American cause. Throughout the winter, the New Jersey militia continued to harass British and Hessian forces as they forced the British to withdraw to their base in and around the New York City.", "The settlement was first called the Falls, then Stacy's Mills, and finally Trenton. In the American Revolution, Trenton was the scene of a battle when Washington crossed (Dec. 25, 1776) the ice-clogged Delaware and surprised and captured (Dec. 26) 918 Hessians. The Americans, avoiding a British relief force led by Cornwallis, then struck at Princeton. A 155-ft (47-m) granite monument topped by a statue of Washington commemorates the battle, and the place where the Americans crossed the Delaware is marked in a state park. Trenton grew as a commercial center and became the site of many industries; the famous Roebling Works, where wire rope was manufactured, was established in 1848.", "In the summer of 1776, the British forces that had abandoned Boston arrived at New York. The largest expeditionary force in British history, including tens of thousands of German mercenaries known as “Hessians” followed soon after. New York was the perfect location to launch expeditions aimed at seizing control of the Hudson River and isolating New England from the rest of the continent. Also, New York contained many loyalists, particularly among its merchant and Anglican communities. In October, the British finally launched an attack on Brooklyn and Manhattan. The Continental Army took severe losses before retreating through New Jersey. 34 With the onset of winter, Washington needed something to lift morale and encourage reenlistment. Therefore, he launched a successful surprise attack on the Hessian camp at Trenton on Christmas Day, by ferrying the few thousand men he had left across the Delaware River under the cover of night. The victory won the Continental Army much needed supplies and a morale boost following the disaster at New York. 35", "So why were Washington and his bedraggled  Continental Army  trying to cross an ice-choked Delaware River on a cold winter’s night? It wasn’t just to get to the other side. Washington’s aim was to conduct a surprise attack upon a Hessian garrison of roughly 1,400 soldiers located in and around Trenton, New Jersey. Washington hoped that a quick victory at Trenton would bolster sagging morale in his army and encourage more men to join the ranks of the Continentals come the new year. After several councils of war, General George Washington set the date for the river crossing for Christmas night 1776.", "On December 25, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River. After the crossing, he surprised and defeated the unprepared Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, on January 3, 1777, American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. Acer Aspire 5820TG Keyboard", "Howe proceeded to divide his forces in New Jersey into small detachments that were vulnerable to defeat in detail, with the weakest forces stationed the closest to Washington's army. Washington decided to take the offensive, stealthily crossing the Delaware on the night of December 25–26, and capturing nearly 1,000 surprised and unfortified Hessians at the Battle of Trenton. Cornwallis marched to retake Trenton but was first repulsed and then outmaneuvered by Washington, who successfully attacked the British rearguard at Princeton on January 3, 1777, taking around 200 prisoners. Howe then conceded most of New Jersey to Washington, in spite of Howe's massive numerical superiority over him. Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, having given a morale boost to the American cause. Throughout the winter New Jersey militia continued to harass British and Hessian forces near their three remaining posts along the Raritan River. In April 1777 Washington was amazed that Howe made no effort to attack his weak army. ", "George Washington’s plan of attack included three different crossings of the Delaware River on Christmas night. Col. Cadwalader was to lead his force of 1,200 Philadelphia militia and 600 Continentals across the river near Burlington, New Jersey. His role was to harass and prevent the British and  Hessian  units near the town from racing north to support the Hessians at Trenton. Gen. James Ewing’s force of 800 Pennsylvania militia was to cross the river at Trenton and take up defensive positions along the Assunpink River and bridge. Ewing’s soldiers would work to prevent the Hessians from retreating from Trenton. And Washington and his 2,400 soldiers would cross at McConkey’s and Johnson’s ferries, roughly 10 miles north of Trenton and would then march down to Trenton to surprise the garrison at dawn. This was an ambitious plan, one that even well rested and experienced troops would have had difficulty in executing. Both Cadwalader and Ewing’s forces were unable to cross the ice-choked river. And Washington’s main force managed a crossing, but was more than three hours delayed.", "Emmanuel Leutze painted a famous painting called Washington Crossing the Delaware. It's a beautiful painting, but not very historically accurate.", "General Washington crosses the Delaware with his army before the Battle of Trenton during the American War of Independence (American Revolution).", "It was the cold of winter. The wind was blowing and it was snowing. On one side of the Delaware River, George Washington and the Continental Army camped. On the other side, a British army of Hessian soldiers held the town of Trenton. It was also Christmas and, with an icy and dangerous river between the two armies, it did not look to be a day for fighting. The Hessian soldiers probably thought the last thing the American Army would do was attack in these terrible conditions. That's what made the attack so brilliant.", "On Christmas night Washington struck back with a brilliant riposte. Crossing the ice-strewn Delaware with 2,400 men, he fell upon the Hessian garrison at Trenton at dawn and took nearly 1,000 prisoners. Though almost trapped by Cornwallis, who recovered Trenton on January 2, 1777, Washington made a skillful escape during the night, won a battle against British reinforcements at Princeton the next day, and went into winter quarters in the defensible area around Morristown . The Trenton-Princeton campaign roused the country and saved the struggle for independence from collapse.", "Washington then retreated across New Jersey, followed by Howe's advance forces under Charles Cornwallis . [47] At this point, Howe prepared troops under the command of General Clinton for embarkation to occupy Newport, the other major goal of his plan. Clinton proposed that these troops instead be landed in New Jersey, either opposite Staten Island or on the Delaware River, trapping Washington or even capturing the seat of the Continental Congress, Philadelphia. [48] Howe rejected these proposals, despatching Clinton and General Hugh, Earl Percy , two vocal critics of his leadership, to take Newport. [49] In early December Howe came to Trenton, New Jersey to arrange the disposition of his troops for the winter. Washington had retreated all the way across the Delaware, and Howe returned to New York, believing the campaign to be ended for the season. [50] When Washington attacked the Hessian quarters at Trenton on 26 December 1776, Howe sent Cornwallis to reform the army in New Jersey and chase after Washington. [51] Cornwallis was frustrated in this, with Washington gaining a second victory at Trenton and a third at Princeton . Howe recalled the army to positions much closer to New York for the winter. [52]", "Would this single victory over a Hessian garrison be enough to sustain the morale and inspiration of the beleaguered Patriot cause? Encouraged by reports of the enemies’ general confusion in New Jersey and a successful campaign to extend the enlistments of many soldiers ready in his ranks, Washington decided to seize the initiative once more. Determined to expand upon his initial success Washington shuttled his army and artillery back across the frozen Delaware on December 30, 1776 and into a strong position along the Assunpink Creek outside of Trenton. It was here that Washington awaited the arrival of Gen. Charles Cornwallis’ force of 8,000 Redcoats and Hessians.", "Leutze’s painting, created 74 years after the crossing, was therefore intended to symbolize the spirit of victory as well as to portray Washington as a hero. It was never intended to be an accurate depiction of an event that happened 40 years before the artist was born and on a river thousands of miles from where he was living. Indeed, the river has more in common with the Rhine in Germany than the Delaware in the United States.", "After ferrying their Hessian prisoners across the Delaware to Pennsylvania on December 26, Washington’s troops returned to New Jersey to engage the British at Trenton once again on January 2, 1777. Fighting along the Assunpink Creek ended at dusk. During the night, Washington led his troops along a back route to Princeton, where he attacked General Cornwallis’ rear guard on the morning of January 3, 1777. While the second Battle of Trenton (also known as the Battle of the Assunpink) had no military outcome, it enabled another American victory, at Princeton. In the ten days succeeding Christmas, Washington had engaged the enemy in three battles and by winning two had restored belief in the possibility of ultimate victory.", "* Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth, Leutze's companion piece to Washington Crossing the Delaware is displayed in the Heyns (East) Reading Room of Doe Library at the University of California, Berkeley.[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/give/bene70/bene70story4.html Rallying the Troops in Doe Library]", "At about 11 p.m. on Christmas, Washington’s army commenced its crossing of the half-frozen river at three locations. The 2,400 soldiers led by Washington successfully braved the icy and freezing river and reached the New Jersey side of the Delaware just before dawn. The other two divisions, made up of some 3,000 men and crucial artillery, failed to reach the meeting point at the appointed time.", "The painting is a record of a notably historical event which took place on Christmas Day 1776. The powerful picture features a calm, determined George Washington who commands the troops. They landed on the New Jersey shore at 4 A.M. on December 26th and then marched nine miles to Trenton. The British troops were taken by surprise and the Americans won a decisive battle. The Hessians lost 80 men and 900 were captured. The Americans lost four men, two in the fighting and two men froze during the crossing. The battle at Princeton, also followed the landing.", "On the morning of December 26, as soon as the army was ready, Washington ordered it split into two columns, one under the command of himself and General Greene, the second under General Sullivan. The Sullivan column would take River Road from Bear Tavern to Trenton while Washington's column would follow Pennington Road, a parallel route that lay a few miles inland from the river. Only three Americans were killed and six wounded, while 22 Hessians were killed with 98 wounded. The Americans captured 1,000 prisoners and seized muskets, powder, and artillery.", "Analysis of Leutze's monumental 1851 painting provides the stepping-off point for discussion of the pivotal event that inspired it, when the Continental Army's Commander-in-Chief and his men successfully pulled off his daring military stratagem against Britain's Hessian encampment early in the morning of December 26, 1776 at the Battle of Trenton, NJ.", "~1776 – In New Jersey, a large force British Hessian mercenaries were defeated by the Continental Army at the Battle of Trenton.", "Leutze's depiction of Washington's attack on the Hessians at Trenton on December 25, 1776, was a great success in America and in Germany. Leutze began his first version of this subject in 1849. It was damaged in his studio by fire in 1850 and, although restored and acquired by the Bremen Kunsthalle, was again destroyed in a bombing raid in 1942. In 1850, Leutze began this version of the subject, which was placed on exhibition in New York during October of 1851. At this showing Marshall O. Roberts bought the canvas for the then-enormous sum of $10,000. In 1853, M. Knoedler published an engraving of it. Many studies for the painting exist, as do copies by other artists.", "On December 14, 1776, the Hessians arrived in Trenton to establish their winter quarters. At the time, Trenton was a small town with about 100 houses and two main streets, King (now Warren) Street and Queen (now Broad) Street. Carl von Donop, Rall's superior, had marched south to Mount Holly on December 22 to deal with the resistance in New Jersey, and had clashed with some New Jersey militia there on December 23. ", "Peale led a group of foot soldiers at the Battle of Princeton under the great General. The battle took place on January 3, 1777, five months before the flag resolution — the first historically acknowledged reference to the Stars and Stripes. \"Washington at the Battle of Princeton\" was a series of paintings Peale executed between 1778 and 1781. In one of them, the viewer can see the left side of a flag containing a blue field with a circle of 13 white stars, as well as a number of captured Hessian flags which are at Washington's feet. Peale cared greatly about accuracy in his paintings and specifically had the Hessian flags brought to his studio to be painted. Some historians dismiss the American flag in this painting as anachronistic — a claim we find unbelievable and inexplicable in light of the care for accuracy Peale is known to have shown, according to Peale's biographers. That painting can be seen today at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia. Another painting depicting the Battle of Princeton, done for Princeton University (and still on display there), again shows the Stars and Stripes, as well as Washington's Headquarters flag, on the battlefield." ]

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[ "According to ZuZu Bailey in Frank Capra’s “It’s a Wonderful Life”, “Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings.”", "“Look daddy, teacher says, every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings,” Zuzu Bailey’s famous quote from “It’s A Wonderful Life.”", "Zuzu: [after a bell on the tree rings] Look, Daddy. Teacher says, every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings.", "Have you ever heard the saying, \"Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings\"? This is popularized in the movie from 1946, \"It's a Wonderful Life\" but is said to have been popular amongst children even well over a hundred years ago. Is there some link between bells and angels, possibly enabling their flight? Bells, chimes, jingles, cymbals and gongs are commonly said to be good luck and are often used to ward off evil spirits. Could the ringing of bells really exercise spiritual power, enabling some supernatural influence in the natural realm? While some believe and others doubt, there is a reality beyond superstition.", "The bell is rung to signify the time; to call people to worship, or for special events such as weddings and funerals; or (historically) to sound a civil defense or fire alarm.", "The family summons him with an ever-present bell pull (in the form of a hangman's noose). When pulled, it produces a loud gong noise that shakes the house, to which Lurch instantly responds with the line \"You rang?\" When the bell is rung, Lurch appears immediately (in contrast to his slow demeanor), even if wide-angle shots reveal he was clearly nowhere in the vicinity before; on a few occasions, Lurch arrives even before the bell pull is tugged.", "A light flashes every six minutes and a bell rings every eight minutes. If the light flashes as the bell is ringing, how long will it be until this happens again?", "     Bells were blessed before they were used. Some stories tell about ringing bells to ward off diseases, storms, thunderbolts, or a devil’s plot. Bells of all sizes express the gamut of emotions - from weeping and moaning, to celebrating and praying. The way you strike the bell (technique), the patterns of rhythms, and how many differently pitched bells will give the listener a specific message. Zvon is the Russian word for ring, toll or peal.", "\"The ringing of bells is also associated with funerals, so sounds mimicking bells were thought to forecast death. The ringing of a wine glass was such a sound, and had to be stopped before its reverberation ended. Ship�s bells were exempted from this superstition, because they signaled time and the changing of watch duties. But if they rang of their own accord, as in a storm, somebody was going to die.\" Seafaring Superstitions & Marine Myth Ritual Explored", "107.5 min. Bells begin to ring, and the demons slink away, and the dead return to the earth to their graveyards.", "A group of different sized bells, usually from two to six, located in a belfry of the Christian church and rung according to the liturgical calendar and on other special occasions. Each bell of the peal swings at its own rate, thus producing an ensemble of disorganized sound. This ringing is referred to as pealing. In the British Isles, peal refers to 5,040 “changes” rung in continuous succession (See CHANGE RINGING) on a “ring” of bells. Seven bells or more permit this number of changes; if the ring contains fewer than seven, a peal will consist of several repetitions of the maximum number of changes possible on that number.", "107.5 min. Bells begin to ring, and the demons slink away, & the dead return to the earth to their graveyards.", "The family summons him with an ever-present bell pull (in the form of a hangman’s noose ). When pulled, it produces a loud gong noise that shakes the house, to which Lurch instantly appears and responds, “You rang?”, even if wide-angle shots reveal that he was clearly nowhere in the vicinity before; on a few occasions Lurch arrives even before the bell pull is tugged.", "On the morning of the 27th, before the offficial ceremony scheduled for that evening, bells will be rung all over the UK. This activity is referred to as 'Work No.1197' and the plan is that all the bells in a country will be rung as quickly and as loudly as possible for three minutes. Three minutes. A minute is 60 seconds, so 3 minutes represents 60+60+60, which equates to 666. That's the number that represents the beast and his mark, the one assuring the lake of fire. There it is. Three minutes spans 180 seconds, and 1+8+0 = 9, the single digit transformation number, relating to the Beast and his mark, and 666. “The bishop would ring a bell to evoke a death toll.” Hmmmmm.", "The family summons him with an ever-present bell pull (in the form of a hangman's noose). When pulled, it produces a loud gong noise that shakes the house, to which Lurch instantly appears and responds, \"You rang?\", even if wide-angle shots reveal that he was clearly nowhere in the vicinity before; on a few occasions Lurch arrives even before the bell pull is tugged.", "Remember that the number of bells rung indicates neither the current time of day nor the time the watch went on duty. The number of claps always indicates the number of half-hour intervals that have elapsed since the time of day that the watch went on duty.", "‘The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,’ [‘knell’, the sound of a bell, especially when rung solemnly for a death or funeral", "Serious ringing always starts and ends with rounds; and it must always be true — each row must be unique, never repeated. A performance of a few hundred rows or so is called a touch; approximately five thousand rows make a peal (which takes about three hours to ring). A performance of all the possible permutations possible on a set of bells is called an extent; with", "A traditional English practice, beginning in the fifteenth century, where a series of bells is rung in mathematical permutations. The sequence of the changes is based on a “method” which has been previously composed. Ringing is done by pulling ropes that swing the bells in a full circle.", "A. The weight of the finger stops the vibrations of the bell; and as soon as the bell ceases to vibrate, it ceases to make sound-waves in the air.", "Did you note from the \"Dead bell\" excerpt how the bell has been an emblem of mortality? The link between the bell and mortality or death has been strongly imprinted into mankind. A brilliant insight can be gleaned from a point made on the Bell Facts page. \"East Asia, the fading tone of the bell is considered spiritually significant\". The sound of the bell fades after being struck. This compares to the life of man who, after being born into the world, immediately begins dying, fading. The very nature of a bell's sound hints of mortality.", "is the refrain that rings like the tolling of a bell all the way through this account,", "We think you're talking about the 13th chime in the hour sequence. This bell, which chimes twice in succession (chime 12 and 13), has two hammers. We think perhaps you're interpreting the double strike as an odd sound.", "frightened ship-bells toll A vessel at anchor shall at intervals of not more than one minute ring the bell rapidly for about five seconds. [ib. Rule 35 (f)]", "The Big Ben hour bell and chime bells are the most frequently broadcast bells in the world, and most people believe that they know these chimes intimately. However, if you ask someone to hum the four notes of the first quarter, they will probably hum the first four notes of the fourth quarter instead. This is because it is assumed (including by the designers of electronic doorbells!), that these chimes are cumulative - but they are not.", "bell chime (from medieval Latin cymbala, meaning “bells”) set of stationary bells tuned in a musical series, traditionally in diatonic sequence (seven-note scale) plus a few accidentals (sharps and flats). The bells generally number from 2 to 20 and, in the voorslags...", "[Bb] . . . ??? [Bb] The bells are golden chimes [Bb] The sun is going to shine [Bb] Before this ???", "Hande Bells -- Tuned bells that are held in the hand and sounded by shaking them", "Of Chinese origin, these wooden blocks resemble large sleigh bells. Made of tone wood, they are hollowed out and have one or two sound slits in the front, they make a sound something like �clock�.", "There are four chime bells - G#, F#, E and B, with a keynote of E.  Five different sequences are used by the chime mechanism:", "In June 2006 the quarter bells were stopped for four weeks for repairs. On Radio 4, birdsong replaced the usual chimes!", "A sound effects board on which are mounted different types of bells (doorbells, phone bells, etc.)" ]

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[ "“When You Care Enough to Send the Very Best” is more than a slogan for Hallmark, it is a business commitment. When C.E. (Ed) Goodman, a Hallmark sales and marketing executive, jotted down these words on a 3x5 card in 1944, he was trying to capture the essence of why Hallmark stood above the rest. Little did he know that his scribblings would become one of the most recognized and trusted slogans in advertising. As J.C. Hall expressed in his autobiography, When You Care Enough: “The slogan constantly put pressure on us to make Hallmark cards ‘the very best.’”", "11. What largest manufacturer of greeting cards in the U.S. said: “When you care enough to send the very best” (Hallmark)", "1988 - Commercial - Hallmark Mother's Day - When you care enough to send the very best. - YouTube", "Colgate has advertised its products through numerous advertising campaigns targeting children as well as adults. An advertising campaign for Colgate toothpaste from the 1940s used the slogan \"It cleans your breath while it cleans your teeth\". From the 1960s onwards, the slogan was \"The Colgate ring of confidence\". Moreover, Colgate also has a toothpaste and toothbrush mascot for children's entertainment, \"Doctor Rabbit\", which has been used in three tapes that teach about dental health and advertise Colgate toothpaste. Colgate has also advertised its products with the Bright Smiles, Bright Futures program where it put in efforts to promote better children's oral hygiene and dental care. Legends like actor Richard Roundtree and superstar athletes, including tennis sensation Venus Williams, NFL star Clinton Portis, and NBA standouts Malik Rose and Luke Walton have lent their support to the program.", "During the 1960s various companies began to use diecast vehicles as promotional items for advertising. The idea that children can play a large part in a family's decision as to what products to buy came into wide circulation. In addition, by the 1980s it was apparent that many diecast vehicles were being purchased by adults as collectibles, not as toys for children. Companies such as McDonald's, Sears Roebuck, Kodak, and Texaco commissioned toymakers to produce promotional models featuring their names and logos, or licensed their use. One early example was an American Airlines London bus produced by Matchbox, an idea some other airlines quickly copied.", "The slogan has been used to adorn other products, the most famous of which are all of ChinaÂs intercontinental Ballistic Missiles and the modern car company.", "Black and white 5\" x 14\" ad for their Ribbon Dental Cream. This is another of their storyboard ads with a series of pictures that show Colgate bringing joy to another person with relationship problems. This ad starts with a young boy sitting on the lap of a department store Santa telling him everything he wants. To the horror of his sister who is standing nearby he ends by saying \"And my Sister wants a Mister!\". The boy tells Santa that his sister really only likes Don but Don won't come to their house anymore. Santa says that he knows Don and he knows the boy's sister and if she will just see her dentist he will have Don at her house on Christmas. The dentist keeps pointing at her with his mirror, probably to have her keep her distance, and explains that Colgate will fight bad breath and why it works. Later, it doesn't say whether it was on Christmas or not, Don and Sis were back together and the young boy was happy.", "In 1955 an A.C. Neilson Co. Survey reveals that Americans see more national advertising for Bulova products than for any other products, in any other industry, in the world. Bulova completes negotiations to co-sponsor the Jackie Gleason Show, a one-hour live television show airing Saturday nights from eight to nine o'clock. This is the first time in history that any watch or jewelry allied industry has made a sponsorship commitment of such magnitude.", "By the 1950s the company appeared to lose faith with the slogan and they ran a newspaper competition in 1956 in the USA for readers to write a new jingle. They must have been serious as the prizes included a 10-day all-expenses air trip for two, two Jaguar XK-140 sports cars and two mink coats. They needed have bothered. The line is still well-remembered by many and is probably the only reason that the product's name is still known.", "American Express launched this campaign, created by Ogilvy & Mather, in 1975. The slogan was intended to establish traveler's cheques and traveler's check cards as essential accessories for daily life, right up there with the house keys. Since its release, this catchy tagline has been quoted, parodied, and repeated so often that it has worked its way into the American lexicon, with people everywhere holding up important objects and urging friends and family not to leave home without them.", "A television spot, featuring football imagery and a tag that identifies UPS as the official express delivery service of the NFL, will break in October on both ESPN and ABC NFL broadcasts. Other advertising will appear in ESPN The Magazine and on both ESPN.com and NFL.com, which ESPN produces.", "The article reports that the Travelers Insurance Co. has begun a 2008 television advertising campaign featuring an oversized version of its celebrated corporate logo of a red umbrella. Travelers first used the umbrella in advertising in 1870, but lost the rights in a complex spinoff agreement...", "The economic and bureaucratic advantage of global campaigns is that advertisers can approach divergent audiences as a unified market, as in the United Colors of Benetton campaign. In contrast to Frosted Flakes, Benetton has constructed a global market not by blurring cultural difference but by incorporating cultural difference as its theme or trademark. While Frosted Flakes attempts to override racial and cultural specificity, the Benetton campaign makes a fashion statement about cultural difference.", "I can still hear the television commercial’s promise echoing in my memory: “You’re in good hands with Allstate.” In fact, this slogan was created by David Ellis, the general sales manager for Allstate Insurance Company in 1950, along with the familiar logo of two hands holding a car. Since 2004, Allstate’s advertising campaign asks the question: “Are you in good hands?”", "For a brand that for 81 years has been the best-selling condom in the UK, it was just the latest example of its skill at self-promotion.", "After the slogan was coined, it was pasted on to paper and sent out to 200,000 motorists in the form of car stickers. The message quickly caught on and has been a cornerstone of the charity ever since. It has also had a life of its own, making it into the Oxford English Dictionary of Quotations. It was trademarked about ten years ago, following many years of imitation by retail companies attempting to cash in on its wording to sell their own products.", "1997 saw the launch of Priceless®, the award-winning advertising campaign which ran in 98 countries and in 46 languages. This campaign significantly raises brand awareness and usage—and enters “MasterCard” into the lexicon of everyday usage.", "People get committed to their car brand, and it's the advertising's job to maintain that commitment.", "_____________________________________________________ A professor was giving a lecture on company slogans in a college advertising and marketing class. \"Joe,\" he asked, \"which company has the slogan, 'Come fly the friendly skies'?\" \"United.\" Joe answered. \"Brenda, can you tell me which company has the slogan, \"Don't leave home without it?\" Brenda answered the correct credit card company with no difficulty. \"Now John, Tell me which company uses the slogan, 'Just do it'?\" John answered, \"Mom.\" ___________________________________________________", "McVities Penguins come in a plastic wrapper, the front shows the brand and product name along with a cartoon picture of a cheerful looking Penguin. The famous slogan \"P..P..P...Pick up a Penguin\" is also prominently displayed. My particular packet has 50% free written in big bold letters on a yellow background on the right hand side.", "and specialist areas, they're guaranteed to provide the personal touch you won't find elsewhere. And they stock MOJO too. All where you see this sign. Key to symbols: Second Hand f Vinyl 0", "Some will think it a mistake. I think it's brilliant. The logo for Yellow Transportation says the name \"Yellow\" in bold black letters on hey, wait-a-second... that's not yellow! Right it is orange. And orange is all over their trucks, collateral, etc. It's good marketing that stops and makes you take a second look or makes you wonder. Apparently they named the company Yellow, and later sought out the safest color for their trucks . Collaborating with Dupont they came up with \"Swamp Holly Orange\". OK, it doesn't take an Einstein to figure out you don't want to rename the company Swamp anything. Nevertheless, I like their commitment to safety while maintaining their identity and having a cool marketing strategy, which goes back to the 1930's.", "\"Every little helps\" is the kind of catchy tagline that can make sense in many different contexts -- and it's flexible enough to fit in with any one of Tesco's messages. It can refer to value, quality, service, and even environmental responsibility -- which the company practices by  addressing the impacts in their operations and supply chain .", "A brief (10 seconds or less) commercial message which depicts or mentions a sponsor's name, product or service during broadcast over television or radio", "& Sons Automotive, and it is the foundation of our enduring success here in Kuwait. This promotional campaign supports this long-term strategy, and ensures our customers’ ownership experience is a joyful and very special one. “Ensuring the safety of our customers is of utmost importance, through this offer we provide a comprehensive insurance program, for one year, which we hope will provide added value to our customers, and help us maintain their satisfaction,” he added.", "As for the Wheaties jingle, the musical ditty continued on the air.  During the 1930's, it helped the product attract a specific group of radio listeners--- children.  With a slight change in the words, the jingle was sung on the program Wheaties was most famous for sponsoring on radio, JACK ARMSTRONG, THE ALL AMERICAN BOY.", "A version of this article appears in print on September 20, 2013, on Page B7 of the New York edition with the headline: Old Slogan Returns as United Asserts It Is Customer-Focused. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "The company's current tagline, \"Together we'll go far\" also references the stagecoach motif, its customers, and represents the company name itself in a transposed way (Wells Far-go = we'll[s] go-Far). The company's previous slogan, \"The Next Stage,\" is likely a nod to the company's trademarked logo.", "A limited-service advertising agency that focuses its work on the development of highly effective (creative) advertising messages for its clients.", "The other, more lasting case, has been with car stickers. There are car stickers available, oval with the blue of the European flag and the stars and the white letters \"GB\" in the centre. Most of them have 12 stars, but there are some with 15. I have not yet discovered which company manufactures them.", "* October 1989–November 1990: \"Simply The Best\" (\"The Best\" by Tina Turner was used as the image theme)", "“Looking for something extra special? Then look no further. If we do not already carry it...we create it just for you.”" ]

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[ "Robert L. May (1905-1976), a copywriter for Montgomery Ward in Chicago, created Rudolph in 1939 as a poem, adding the character to the list of Santa's reindeer given in Clement C. Moore's famous \"A Visit from St. Nicholas.\" The store had traditionally had a coloring book give-away at the holiday season and wanted to save money by offering their own production. May rejected the names Rollo and Reginald for the reindeer, and the store initially had some reservations about the red nose implications, but the character became popular and spawned a 9-minute cartoon in 1948.", "The story is owned by The Rudolph Company, L.P. and has been adapted in numerous forms including a popular song, a television special and sequels, and a feature film and sequel. Character Arts, LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company, L.P. In many countries, Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore. Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Montgomery Ward. The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money. May considered naming the reindeer \"Rollo\" and \"Reginald\" before deciding upon using the name \"Rudolph\". In its first year of publication, 2.5 million copies of Rudolph's story were distributed by Montgomery Ward. The story is written as a poem in the meter of \"'Twas the Night Before Christmas\". Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson Plc.", "May pitched his story to Montgomery Ward's executives about the ugly duckling reindeer with three possible names. The company turned down the idea and asked May to return with a second draft. When May came back with his improved story that included sketches by an illustrator the company executive accepted it, named the red nosed reindeer Rudolph and the rest is history. The stores distributed 2,400,000 copies of the booklet during the 1939 and 1946 Christmas season promotions. The year 1946 proved to be such a financial success for the company that the executives awarded May with the copyrights of his popular Christmas story.", "An employee by the name of Robert L. May created the character of Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer for one of those coloring books in the year 1939.", "In 1939 Marks' brother-in-law, Robert L. May, created the character Rudolph as an assignment for Montgomery Ward, and Marks decided to adapt the story of Rudolph into a song. Marks (1909–1985) was a radio producer who also wrote several other popular Christmas songs. ", "In 1939 the original tale of Rudolph was written by Robert L. May as a promotional item for Montgomery Ward department stores.", "For several years during the first part of the 20th century, the department store Montgomery Ward, based in Chicago, had hired outside firms to create Christmas books as promotional items. The coloring books were given away to children as holiday gifts by their store Santa in an effort to entice parents to visit and shop at the store. In 1939, nearing the end of the Great Depression, Montgomery Ward chose to appoint a company employee to create the coloring book. The task was assigned to 34-year-old Robert L. May, a Montgomery Ward copywriter.", "Rudolph came to life in 1939 when the Chicago-based Montgomery Ward company asked one of their copywriters, 34-year-old Robert L. May, to come up with a Christmas story they could give away in booklet form to shoppers as a promotional gimmick — the Montgomery Ward stores had been buying and distributing coloring books to customers at Christmastime every year, and May's department head saw creating a giveaway booklet of their own as a way to save money. Robert May, who had a penchant for writing children's stories and limericks, was tapped to create the booklet.", "\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" is a song based on the story of the same name, created by Robert L. May in 1939 as part of his employment with Montgomery Ward . It tells the tale of Rudolph , Santa 's ninth and lead reindeer, who possesses an unusually red-colored nose that gives off its own light (bioluminescence), powerful enough to illuminate the team's path through inclement winter weather.", "Taunted for his shyness and small stature in his youth, May used that experience, as well as inspiration from The Ugly Duckling story, to create the adventure of a misfit reindeer with a glowing red nose. Though he briefly considered Rollo and Reginald, May settled on Rudolph as his character's name. He began writing the story in rhyming verse, using his young daughter Barbara as a sounding board. Though his daughter loved the tale, his employers hesitated when he presented the idea to them, worrying that red noses were too often associated with the overindulgence of alcohol. In order to persuade them, May and fellow Montgomery Ward employee Denver Gillan from the art department visited Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo, where Gillan observed and sketched reindeer. After viewing Gillan's drawings, May's employers were convinced and his story was given a green light.", "Rudolph, “the most famous reindeer of all,” was born over a hundred years after his eight flying counterparts. The red-nosed wonder was the creation of Robert L. May, a copywriter at the Montgomery Ward department store.", "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was created in 1939 to lure shoppers into the Montgomery Ward department store!", "Fun Fact : Rudolph was originally created for a coloring book to be given away at Montgomery Ward", "Rudolf the Red-Nosed Reindeer was invented in 1939 by a staff copywriter for Montgomery Ward. The story was patterned after The Ugly Duckling, turning a genetically defective glowing nose into a foggy-night navigation asset. Originally distributed to children as an illustrated story, a decade later it became the theme of a song which was sung by Gene Autry, the \"Singing Cowboy\".", "Rudolph\" was actually created by Montgomery Ward in the late 1930's for a holiday promotion. The rest is history", "American cartoonist Thomas Nast is credited with creating the traditional image of which popular Christmas character? Santa Claus (Father Christmas)", "32.   American cartoonist Thomas Nast is credited with creating the traditional image of which popular Christmas character? Santa Claus (Father Christmas)", "American cartoonist Thomas Nast is credited with creating the traditional image of which popular Christmas character?", "Mark's brother-in-law, Robert L. May, wrote the original verse in 1939 for a Montgomery Ward promotion.", "It took many years for authors and illustrators to agree that Father Christmas's costume should be portrayed as red - although that was always the most common colour - and he could sometimes be found in a gown of brown, green, blue or white. Mass media approval of the red costume came following a Coca-Cola advertising campaign that was launched in 1931.", "On the 9th December 1965, American television network CBS first broadcast the animated cartoon A Charlie Brown Christmas. Now a staple of American Christmas television, the cartoon was originally financed by the Coca-Cola Company as.... . .", "In 1973 The Eden Toy Company of New York was the first American firm to acquire rights to manufacture stuffed Potter characters in plush. Little Black Rabbit was issued in 1976 and Amiable Guinea Pig in 1984. In 1999 C & F Enterprise distributed a Christmas needlepoint pillow depicting the Two Gentlemen Walking in Snow from the frontispiece. Linda Long Original has produced hand-stitched, free-standing figures in fabric of Two Gentlemen in the Snow and Little Black Rabbit.", "In 1938 and 1939, Vernon Grant, the illustrator who created Snap, Crackle and Pop! produced a set of six illustrations of Mother Goose themes including \"Humpty Dumpty\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"Jack Be Nimble\", \"Little Jack Horner\", \"Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater\", and \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\" that were offered as premiums in exchange for two Rice Krispies boxtops and a three-cent stamp.", "Cartoonists often have a profound impact on social life. In 1937 Al Capp (1909–1979) introduced Sadie Hawkins Day, in which women pursued men with the goal toward marriage. It quickly became a national institution. In this 1943 Sadie Hawkins series, L'il Abner reads the notice about the upcoming event, and, while he boasts he will be far away from Daisy Mae's grasp, the stars belie him. L'il Abner eluded Daisy Mae's grasp until Capp wed his two characters in 1952. The bold cartooning style, use of black to effect, and his ability to spin a yarn made L'il Abner an award-winning comic strip from 1934 to 1977.", "At work on a drawing of The Grinch for How the Grinch Stole Christmas , in 1957", "i. In 1931, the Coca Cola Corporation contracted the Swedish commercial artist Haddon Sundblom to create a coke-drinking Santa. Sundblom modeled his Santa on his friend Lou Prentice, chosen for his cheerful, chubby face. The corporation insisted that Santa’s fur-trimmed suit be bright, Coca Cola red. And Santa was born – a blend of Christian crusader, pagan god, and commercial idol.", "The 1940s offered new illustrative possibilities. During the war, these included advertising imagery for military products, and magazine illustrations aimed at home front wives and girlfriends of servicemen on active duty overseas. After the war, there was a surge in demand for advertising graphics, point of sale imagery, and magazine illustrations. The postwar baby boom also led to increased demand for illustrated books for children. Leading American illustrators of the time included John Gannam, John Falter, Robert Fawcett and Haddon Sundblom.", "1938: The color comics on Christmas Day - implying a Sunday. Christmas fell on a Sunday in 1938.", "In 2014, in honor of the special's fiftieth anniversary, a graphic novel titled The Island of Misfit Toys was written by Brendan Deneen. The graphic novel serves as an interquel to the special, with the bulk of the story's events taking place between Yukon and the Snowmonster going over the cliff, and their showing up at Santa's workshop. In the story, Charlie-in-the-Box accidentally drifts out to sea when the snowstorm hits, and King Moonracer goes searching for him, accompanied by Dolly , the Spotted Elephant , the Ostrich-Riding Cowboy, and the train whose caboose has square wheels. On the way, they are joined by Yukon and the Snowmonster, who have been searching for Yukon's sled dogs, as they got separated from him when they went over the cliff. The comic notably expands on the respective backstories of Dolly and the Cowboy, who become close friends during the adventure.", "Thomas Nast immortalized Santa Claus with an illustration for the January 3, 1863 issue of Harper’s Weekly .", "By 1932, a bored Alfred F. Masury, Mack’s chief engineer, created the ornament. A medical issue had sidelined Masury, leaving him looking for something to do with his hands. The answer: a carved bulldog.", "In the 1950s, Florence Kroger was a successful commercial illustrator in the United States. Her work appeared on the cover of The" ]

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[ "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King is a story written in 1816 by E. T. A. Hoffmann in which young Marie Stahlbaum’s favorite Christmas toy, the Nutcracker, comes alive and, after defeating the evil Mouse King in battle, whisks her away to a magical kingdom populated by dolls. In 1892, the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and choreographers Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov turned the story into the ballet The Nutcracker, which became one of Tchaikovsky’s most famous compositions, and one of the most popular ballets in the world.", "Nutcracker – The Christmas toy soldier which came to life to do battle against the forces of Evil (lead by the Mouse King), in Tchaikovsky’s ballet of the same name.", "The Nutcracker is a ballet based on the 19th-century tale by E.T.A. Hoffman. It tells the tale of a girl�s beloved nutcracker, who comes to life one Christmas to defeat the evil Mouse King, before whisking the heroine away for a magical adventure in the Kingdom of the Sweets.", "After Sasha's death, the composer embraced the ballet. In Clara, he found a parallel for his sister. Memories of their childhood and the last Christmas they spent together, in 1890, fuelled the music. The whole ballet was transformed by his change in attitude, with Tchaikovsky imagining himself as the magician Drosselmeyer. In a particularly fantastical sequence, Clara and the Nutcracker fight the Mouse King. Clara thwacks the rodent over the head with her slipper and breaks the spell , releasing the dashing Hans Peter. Heroism and freedom find voice in one of Tchaikovsky's most longing melodies. Clara has become a woman, and in her the spirit of Sasha lives on. For something that been conceived as children's entertainment, the music wonderfully overstates its case.", "The party ends with Tchaikovsky quoting the traditional German dance tune, the Grossvater Tanz, and the Stahlbaum family go to bed. In some version, while everybody is sleeping, Herr Drosselmeyer repairs the Nutcracker, but in most productions, he simply binds it with a handkerchief during the Christmas party. Clara creeps downstairs to have a look at her beloved Nutcracker. When the clock strikes midnight, Clara hears the sound of mice. She wakes up (or is she still dreaming?) and tries to run away, but the mice stop her. In most productions, the Christmas tree suddenly begins to grow to enormous size, filling the room. The Nutcracker comes to life, he and his band of soldiers rise to defend Clara, and the Mouse King leads his mice into battle. Here Tchaikovsky continues the miniature effect of the Overture, setting the battle music predominantly in the orchestra’s upper registers.", "As the clock strikes midnight strange things begin to happen.  Clara begins shrinking as her beautiful Christmas tree grows high above her.  The toys around the tree come to life while the room fills with an army of mice, led by the fierce Mouse King.  As the Nutcracker awakens, he leads his army of toy soldiers into battle with the mice.  The Mouse King corners the Nutcracker and battles him one-on-one.  The Nutcracker seems to be no match for the Mouse King.", "This incarnation of the Mouse King is voiced by Mike MacDonald and the main antagonist of The Nutcracker Prince. He is one of the few villains who has two forms of his animated version (be it the past and present forms).", "However, the forces are unequal, the advantage is on the side of the evil mice. The Nutcracker is left alone to face the Mouse King and his suite. Marie is out of her mind with worry over the danger that threatens her doll. At this very moment, Drosselmeyer hands her a lighted candle and she throws it at the mice who scurry away helter-skelter.", "He first makes his appearance after Clara (after she finishes dancing and singing with her doll) when his army appeared and the kitten Pavlova chased after them. However, the king himself scared Pavlova as he made himself known with his army cheering him on. When the Nutcracker awoke himself (along with the other toys), he with his army attacked and just when he looks like he would win, Clara throws her shoe at him, resulting him in getting his cape and tail burned while Clara gets knocked out for the rest of the night.", "The first performance of the ballet was held as a double premiere together with Tchaikovsky's last opera, Iolanta, on , at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. Although the libretto was by Marius Petipa, who exactly choreographed the first production has been debated. Petipa began work on the choreography in August 1892; however, illness removed him from its completion and his assistant of seven years, Lev Ivanov, was brought in. Although Ivanov is often credited as the choreographer, some contemporary accounts credit Petipa. The performance was conducted by Riccardo Drigo, with Antonietta Dell'Era as the Sugar Plum Fairy, Pavel Gerdt as Prince Coqueluche, Stanislava Belinskaya as Clara, Sergei Legat as the Nutcracker-Prince, and Timofey Stukolkin as Drosselmeyer. The children's roles, unlike many later productions, were performed by real children rather than adults (with Belinskaya as Clara, and Vassily Stukolkin as Fritz), students of Imperial Ballet School of St. Petersburg.", "Rothbart is the central antagonist in the ballet. Rothbart is rarely seen in human form, as he appears as a giant  owl  in the second and fourth acts. His human form is seen only in the third act with his daughter Odile, when she dances with the Prince Siegfried.", "The Nutcracker (Щелкунчик) [1] , Op. 71 ( TH 14 ; ČW 14), is a fairy ballet in 2 acts and 3 scenes, written and orchestrated by Tchaikovsky between February 1891 and April 1892. The story was based on a children's fairy tale by E. T. A. Hoffmann , adapted by Alexandre Dumas .", "Next he continued with Petipa 's plan and on 22 February/6 March set about the music for Drosselmeyer's entrance. The author's sketch book includes two dates—23 February/7 March and 27 February/11 March—which allows us to establish that on these days he finished the scene with Drosselmeyer, and wrote the scene with the children and the Nutcracker (No. 5), except for the Grossvater [17] . Omitting the Grossvater, Tchaikovsky wrote in his sketch book: \"Talk to Petipa regarding the Grossvater, how many times it should be repeated, and whether it should be varied, and have Jurgenson obtain the [musical] notes\". There is a second note, apparently made later: \"Grossvater — see the end of the copybook after everything else\".", "Tchaikovsky composed one of the dances as part of a bet. A friend issued a challenge that the composer couldn’t write a melody using the notes of an octave scale in order. Tchaikovsky asked if the notes had to be ascending or descending and was told it didn’t matter. The result was the duet known as the Grand Adage from the Grand Pas de Deux between the girl and the Nutcracker Prince. The Nutcracker premiered Dec. 18, 1892, at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, sharing the billing with Tchaikovsky’s opera, Iolanta.", "Tchaikovsky : the classic ballets : Swan lake ; The sleeping beauty ; The nutcracker (DVD video, 2013) [WorldCat.org]", "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Russian: Пётр Ильич Чайковский, tr. Pëtr Il'ich Chaikovskiy ) often Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky in English; May 7, 1840[O.S. April 25] -- November 6, 1893 [O.S. October 25]) is a Russian composer of the Romantic era. His wide ranging output includes symphonies, operas, ballets, instrumental and chamber music and songs. He wrote some of the most popular concert and theatrical music in the classical repertoire, including the ballets Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, the 1812 Overture, his First Piano Concerto, his last three numbered symphonies, and the opera Eugene Onegin.", "Coleen Butterflies .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2011 watch", "Neither production makes enough of the greatest music in the ballet. This occurs after the Prince’s journey to the Castle in the Lilac Fairy’s boat. In a hundred bars, with violins playing the same note throughout, Tchaikovsky depicts the magic sleep, with quotations of Carabosse’s curse lingering like memories, and includes astounding woodwind writing that seems to suggest the fruit that ripens during hibernation. But Mr. Martins and Mr. Hynd cuts most of this music, and both fill this Sleep music with hyperactivity. They give us Carabosse when we don’t need her; during those hundred bars we need to see nobody except the sleeping palace (and perhaps the protective Lilac Fairy).", "Stravinsky was handed a scenario (devised in part by Fokine, the show’s choreographer) that drew on old Russian folklore. The Firebird tells of the downfall of a powerful, ogre-like figure of evil, Kastchei the Deathless, through the intervention of a beautiful rare bird – the enchanting character of the title. The miraculous Firebird is so called on account of her beautiful feathers, which glitter and flicker like flames. Kastchei is in the habit of seizing pretty young princesses as captives while turning the knights who arrive to rescue them into stone. Crown Prince Ivan, the protagonist, enlists the Firebird’s help to destroy Kastchei and free his victims.", "After a successful sojourn in the United States his return trip to Russia again took him through France. There he bought a newly invented musical instrument called a celesta to take back with him to Russia. Tchaikovsky would introduce Russian audiences to its haunting xylophone-like tones in \"The Dance of the Sugarplum Fairy,\" one of the most famous passages from The Nutcracker. When Tchaikovsky arrived in Russia in June he once again took up his work on the score. In spite of all his efforts, he confided in a letter to a friend that he thought The Nutcracker music far inferior to the music he had composed for the ballet Sleeping Beauty. Tchaikovsky's estimation of the value of The Nutcracker music gradually increased. He decided to write an orchestral suite based on the ballet music. This time it took him only twelve days to complete the work. \"The Nutcracker Suite\" premiered in March of 1892, before the ballet had ever been performed. The audience loved the evocative melodies and requested several encores. Even today, \"The Nutcracker Suite\" stands as one of Tchaikovsky's best-loved works.", "The first performance of The Nutcracker ballet took place on December 17, 1892, in St. Petersburg, Russia. The audience and critics reacted without enthusiasm. Some writers point out that audiences of Tchaikovsky's time were not used to the idea of ballets being performed to high-quality symphonic music. In fact, Tchaikovsky's three great ballet scores - Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker - raised the standard for ballet music, and opened the door for other important composers to enter the field. Early audiences of TheNutcracker may also have disliked the fact that children occupy center stage for most of the first act, and that the serious dancing does not really begin until the second act. Luckily for Tchaikovsky, however, Tsar Alexander III of Russia liked the ballet. With the Tsar's nod of approval, The Nutcracker became a standard work in the world of Russian ballet. Outside of Russia, however, the ballet remained unknown for many years.", "\"The Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy,\" is famous for three reasons. The first is that the ballet's composer, Peter Tchaikovsky, used an instrument that hadn't been heard in Russia prior to the writing of \"The Nutcracker\": the celesta. Tchaikovsky had discovered the instrument, on his way through Paris when he was traveling to New York for the opening concerts at Carnegie Hall. The tinkling, crystalline sound of the instrument captured the attention of composers and others who appreciated music, propelling the dance to nearly instant fame. The second reason the music is so famous is because it is usually used in one of the most technically challenging dances in the entire ballet. Everyone looks forward to this dance because they know that, assuming all goes well, it will be an example of amazing dancing. Lastly, for most ballet companies in the United States, producing \"The Nutcracker\" is an annual Christmas tradition, typically bringing in anywhere from 20 to 40 percent of the year's revenue. The Sugar Plum Fairy, therefore, is one of the most widely seen ballet act and most widely heard piece of music. ", "Tchaikovsky was approached by the Director of the Imperial Theatres in St. Petersburg, Ivan Vsevolozhsky on 25 May 1888 about a possible ballet adaptation on the subject of the story of Undine. It was later decided that Charles Perrault's La Belle au bois dormant would be the story for which Tchaikovsky would compose the music for the ballet. Tchaikovsky did not hesitate to accept the commission, although he was aware that his only previous ballet, Swan Lake, met with little enthusiasm at that stage of his career. The ballet scenario that Tchaikovsky worked on was based on the Brothers Grimm's version of Perrault's work entitled 'Dornröschen'. In that version, the Princess's parents (the King and the Queen) survived the 100-year sleep to celebrate the Princess's wedding to the Prince. However, Vsevolozhsky incorporated Perrault's other characters from his stories into the ballet, such as Puss in Boots, Little Red Riding Hood, Cinderella, Bluebird, Bluebeard, Ricky of the Tuft and Tom Thumb. Other French fairy tale characters to be featured are Beauty and the Beast, Pretty Goldilocks and The White Cat. Regardless, Tchaikovsky was happy to inform the Director of the Imperial Theatre that he had great pleasure studying the work and had come away with adequate inspiration to do it justice.", "Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker is a ballet for a certain time of year. It's charmed Christmas audiences over the years with its range of gorgeous music and romantic imagery, but the performances and interpretations have changed hugely.", "Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker score was commissioned by the director of the Russian Imperial Theatres, following the resounding success of Sleeping Beauty in 1890. Marius Petipa created the scenario – based on a fairytale by E. T. A. Hoffman – and Lev Ivanov provided the choreography. The Nutcracker was first performed in 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg. It initially had a poor reception, but its combination of enchanting choreography and an unforgettable score have since made it one of the best-loved of all ballets.", "Pyotr Il’yich Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker score was commissioned by the director of the Russian Imperial Theatres, following the resounding success of The Sleeping Beauty in 1890. Marius Petipa created the scenario, which is based on a fairytale by E.T.A. Hoffmann, and Lev Ivanov provided the choreography. The Nutcracker was first performed in 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg. It initially had a poor reception, but its combination of enchanting choreography and unforgettable music has since made it one of the best-loved of all ballets.", "One novelty in Tchaikovsky's original score was the use of the celesta, a new instrument Tchaikovsky had discovered in Paris. He wanted it genuinely for the character of the Sugar Plum Fairy to characterize her because of its \"heavenly sweet sound\". It appears not only in her \"Dance\", but also in other passages in Act II. (However, he first wrote for the celesta in his symphonic ballad The Voyevoda the previous year.) Tchaikovsky also uses toy instruments during the Christmas party scene. Tchaikovsky was proud of the celesta's effect, and wanted its music performed quickly for the public, before he could be \"scooped.\"", "These legend goes back centuries, and are from loads of different countries. Tchaikovsky had a fair amount of influence over the final story of the ballet, and altered some aspects to fit his music.", "Set to Tchaikovsky’s glorious score, the magic of Christmas comes alive through an enchanting fairy tale. Directed by Stanislav Tchassov, former Principal dancer of the Bolshoi Ballet. Early Booking is advised.", "Sleeping Beauty, Tchaikovsky's second and most romantic ballet, premiered in St Petersberg in 1890. Since its premiere there have been countless tradtional productions and some modern versions. The traditional emphasis is on dancing and technique; in the modern, psychological interpretation usually comes to the fore, focusing on the struggle between good and evil and a young girl's transition from child to woman.", "I've heard that one of the most famous of all the works Peter Tchaikovsky wrote, the Dance of the Sugarplum Fairy, he actually hated. He was asked to compose it by the director of the ballet I believe and was given all kinds of restraints, like how long it had to be, and when it should be vigorous and when languid, and so forth.", "At the head of the opening Scena (Act II, No. 10), Tchaikovsky noted: “The artist performing the Celesta part should be a good pianist”. In the Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy (No. 14, Var. 2), he noted that “If the celesta is unavailable, then this part may be played on the piano”." ]

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[ "*In O. Henry's story \"The Gift of the Magi\", a young couple are too poor to buy each other Christmas gifts. The wife cuts off her treasured hair to sell it to a wig-maker for money to buy her husband a chain for his heirloom pocket watch. She's shocked when she learns he had pawned his watch to buy her a set of combs for her long, beautiful, prized hair. \"The double irony lies in the particular way their expectations were foiled.\" ", "The Gift of the Magi is a classic example of irony in literature. Irony is a literary technique in which an expectation of what is supposed to occur differs greatly from the actual outcome. In this case, Jim and Della sacrifice their most treasured possessions so that the other can fully enjoy his or her gift. Jim sells his watch to buy Della's combs, expecting her to be able to use them. Della sells her hair to buy Jim a chain for his watch. Neither expects the other to have made that sacrifice.", "Porter’s most prolific writing period started in 1902, when he was released from prison and moved to New York City to be near his publishers. While there, he wrote 381 short stories. The Four Million was his first collection of stories. We read some of Porter’s stories in high school literature classes. One of his most famous is “The Gift of the Magi,” about a young couple who are short of money but desperately want to buy each other Christmas gifts. Unbeknownst to Jim, Della sells her most valuable possession, her beautiful hair, in order to buy a platinum fob chain for Jim’s watch; while unbeknownst to Della, Jim sells his own most valuable possession, his watch, to buy jeweled combs for Della’s hair. My favorite is “The Ransom of Red Chief,” in which two men kidnap a boy of ten for ransom. The boy turns out to be so bratty and obnoxious that the desperate men ultimately pay the boy’s father $250 to take him back. Betty Burger, in a Homeschooling Today article (Nov./Dec., 2000) wrote, “In general, O. Henry’s philosophy, while informed by a Christian culture, is not specifically Christian. In fact, it is sometimes non-Christian in its portrayal of characters as victims of fate.” Yet she also noted that in many cases “the author’s theme is consistent with Christian teaching.”", "In “The Gift of the Magi,” Della is determined to give her husband a Christmas gift. In order to afford the fob for her husband's watch, she sells her long, beautiful hair, only to learn that he has sold his beloved watch to buy her a set of combs.", "The main, general theme of this story by O'Henry is that giving is the greatest gift of all.  Della gives up her most cherished possession, her beautiful hair, to get a gift for her husband, Jim. She buys him a fob for his favorite possession--a pocket watch. Jim sells his pocket watch to buy beautiful combs for Della to adorn her hair.  Both gave up their most valued possession in order to give something to the one they loved.  The story is classic O'Henry with well developed characters, a city setting for the impoverished pair of young marrieds, and an ironic twist to the end of the story.", "She wants to buy Jim a chain for his pocket watch, but they're all out of her price range. Rushing home, Della pulls down her beautiful hair and stands in front of the mirror, admiring it and thinking. After a sudden inspiration, she rushes out again and has her hair cut to sell. Della receives $20.00 for selling her hair, just enough to buy the platinum chain she saw in a shop window for $21.00.", "The story tells of a young married couple, James, known as Jim, and Della Dillingham. The couple has very little money and lives in a modest apartment. Between them, they have only two possessions that they consider their treasures: Jim's gold pocket watch that belonged to his father and his grandfather, and Della's lustrous, long hair that falls almost to her knees.", "The Gift of the Magi is a well-known short story by American short story writer O. Henry, the pen name of William Sydney Porter. The story first appeared in The New York Sunday World on December 10, 1905 and was later published in O. Henry's collection The Four Million on April 10, 1906.", "\"The Gift of the Magi\" is a short story, written by O. Henry (a pen name for William Sydney Porter), about a young married couple and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money. As a sentimental story with a moral lesson about gift-giving, it has been a popular one for adaptation, especially for presentation at Christmas time. The plot and its \"twist ending\" are well-known, and the ending is generally considered an example of comic irony. It was allegedly written at Pete's Tavern on Irving Place in New York City.", "She found it at last. It surely had been made for Jim and no one else. It was a chain -- simple round rings of silver. It was perfect for Jim's gold watch. As soon as she saw it she knew that it must be for him. It was like him. Quiet and with great value. She gave the shopkeeper twenty-one dollars and she hurried home with the eighty-seven cents that was left.", " Life’s Little Things Regina Betties Eng 125 Instructor: O’Connor 9/15/2014 Both Guy de Maupassant and O Henry,... the authors of “The Necklace” and The Gift of Magie” respectively, are considered the best short story writers to have ever lived, distinction that, while it might have seemed exaggerated, serves to illustrate the great importance they both had in the development of contemporary literature, having popularized what became known as the “twist ending”, a plot device whose greatest...", "Cau 1: Why does O. Henry call his story “The gift of the Magi”? “The gift of the Magi” is a famous short story by... O. Henry. It may be mistakento be a fairy tale when it is given that name. However, O. Henry calls his story “Thegift of the Magi” because he wants to emphasize the meaning of the gift and showhis love to the characters: Jim and Della. The meaning of the gift is emphasized in the story. It is the gift from the heartthat is more valuable than anything. O. Henry illustrates the meaning...", "Jim and Della are thinking about the present moment and the material possessions that give us pleasure. What they foolishly don't realize, however, is that they've given each other a greater gift: their sacrificial love. The lesson they ultimately learn is that their love for each other is worth more than all of the material possessions money can buy. O. Henry makes a somewhat humorous though a meaningful comparison between the Magi in the Bible and Jim and Della at the end of the story:", "In 1904 Greensboro, N.C. O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) (1862-1910) (who was imprisoned in 1898-1902 for embezzlement as a bank teller in Austin, Tex. before settling in New York City) (O. Henry comes from \"Ohio\" and \"Penitentiary\"?) pub. the short story collection Cabbages and Kings . In 1906 he pub. the collection The Four Million , which incl. The Gift of the Magi , containing the lines: \"One dollar and eighty-seven cents. That was all. And 60 cents of it was in pennies\" (2-cent and 3-cent coins are still in circulation). In 1907 he pub. the collection The Trimmed Lamp . In 1908 he pub. the collection The Gentle Grafter . In 1910 he pub. the collection Whirligigs . In 1911 the collection Sixes and Sevens is pub. posth.", "Del Boy enters the world of fine art dealing when he attempts to sell a posh antiques dealer a 'Queen Anne' original. She is wise to the ruse and coolly declines, only to meet Del again when she an...", "Once Mr. Kelada, the writer, Mr. Ramsay and Mrs. Ramsay chanced to sit for lunch on a table. Mr. Ramsay was in the American consular service posted at Kobe, Japan. He was going to Japan with his beautiful wife. Mr. Ramsay has stayed one year alone in Japan living Mrs. Ramsay in New York. The couple did not like the way Max Kelada behaved. While talking Mr. Kelada said that he knew everything about jewelry and he was going to Japan for the business of pearl. At that time, he saw a pearl chain worn by Mrs. Ramsay, he said that the chain was really original. At that time Mr. Ramsay asked him to guess its price max Kelada confidently said that it would cost 15000 dollars in general trade but on the 5th avenue,  it would even cost 30000 dollars. But Mr. Ramsay laughed grimly and said that it was a duplicate pearl and they had bought it in a departmental store for 18 dollars. But Max Kelada did not believe and they bet for 100 dollars. At that time Mrs. Ramsay flushed Max Kelada took out his magnifying glass and examined the pearl. Although he won the bet he also studied the psychology of Mrs. Ramsay and knew that something wrong was going to happen in their relation. So, he announced that he was mistaken. He gave 100 dollars to Mr. Ramsay.", "Grail in the Garbage : The Trotter's become millionaires after the missing John Harrison Watch (which in real life, exists only as plans and may never have been built), ends up being found in their garage. Del likewise mentions he got it from an old woman who paid him to clear an attic.", "Greetings! I recently sponsored a Great Books Club for 4th through 6th graders and would love to have them read an O Henry short story that is appropriate for their age, especially one that features a child so they could better relate. I'd prefer saving the great Gift of the Magi for Xmas time. Can someone who really knows their stuff suggest a good one? (I did thumb through an anthology of his works, but didn't find one yet myself.) Thank you very much! :hurray:...", "In the final chapter, Iago is more interested in the extravagant wedding gifts Aladdin and Jasmine are getting from guests. During the raid of the Forty Thieves, he tries to defend the gifts from the King of Thieves (for personal gain, of course) but is stuffed in a perfume bottle. He's freed and they learn the King of Thieves was most interested in a beautiful scepter. Thinking out loud, Iago asks why, out of all the marvelous gifts this was the only thing that the King of Thieves really wanted. But his question is answered by the Oracle from the Scepter who explains the King of Thieves seeks her in order to find the Ultimate Treasure, which piques Iago's interest. He tries to discover where the Ultimate Treasure is from the Oracle, but she is bound by one rule \"One question, one answer\", and informs him that he already asked his question, regarding the scepter's worth.", "Barney decides to surprise Betty with a belated engagement ring, which he gives to Fred for safekeeping. But Wilma discovers the ring and assumes it is a gift for her. Not wanting to shatter her illusions, Fred decides to buy a second ring, but doesn't have the cash. He cons Barney into going several rounds with a boxing champ in order to win a $500 prize.  Frank Nelson  provides the voice of the \"Buddy-Buddy Jewelers\" manager;  Bill Thompson  is a customer. ", "This story is about the legacy of an old man who, in his generosity, used his pot to brew magical potions and antidotes for other people when they needed his help. Upon his death, he leaves all his belongings to his only son, who has none of the virtues his father had. After his father's death, the son finds the pot and a single slipper inside it together with a note from his father that reads, \"In the fond hope, my son, that you will never need it\".", "Whilst looking at some items for a couple of old ladies, Lovejoy comes across a rare bible, the sale of which would solve their financial problems. The brother refuses to sell - and then Lovejoy finds out that the bible is a fake, and searches for the real thing, in time for the man's investiture as a fellow at Cambridge. Meanwhile, Beth's father is unhappy about her working for Lovejoy Antiques.", "Fiyero is confused about what he has just seen, and what he is doing, but he is caught up in Elphaba's passion. She begins to fall in love with him and they share a moment before he has to leave. Elphaba reminds herself that it's pointless to wish for something to happen between them (\"I'm Not that Girl\"). Madame Morrible comes and tells her that the Wizard has asked to meet her. Nessarose and Galinda come to see her off, and Fiyero meets her too. Galinda is saddened by Fiyero's emotional distance from her, and tries to win his respect by changing her name to \"Glinda\", in solidarity with Dr. Dillamond. But Fiyero barely notices, saying goodbye to Elphaba, and it is suggested that her feelings for him are mutual. Elphaba invites Glinda to the Emerald City with her (\"One Short Day\").", "* On December 13/14, 2011 Elizabeth Taylor's complete jewellery collection was auctioned by Christie's. Several ruby-set pieces were included in the sale, notably a ring set with an 8.24 ct gem that broke the 'price-per-carat' record for rubies ($512,925 per carat, i.e. over $4.2 million in total), and a necklace that sold for over $3.7 million.", "Presents a guide to various entertainment and cultural events to be organized in Texas during 1995, with a reference to Doyle. \"When the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center in Austin receives a writer's archive, items such as letter openers, ash-trays, and checkbooks often accompany the manuscripts and letters. These personal effects make up the center's new permanent display, 'Worldly Possessions.' Among the articles exhibited are Isaac Singer's typewriter (complete with Yiddish characters), Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's metal-rimmed glasses (below, bottom left), a pair of moccasins worn by D. H. Lawrence, and a plate bearing Charles Dickens' initials and seal.\"", "Until he gave it to The Collector , Winston wore one half of The Key on a simple necklace. It was a centuries old family heirloom. [36]", "Harry goes to Ceylon to determine the provenance of a fabulous necklace that is 1250 years old and meets with unsavory characters who attempt to discourage him from purchasing additional pieces.", "In the spring of 1858 a bracelet that Dickens bought as a present for Ellen was accidentally delivered to the Dickens household. Catherine discovered the bracelet and accused Dickens of having an affair. Dickens denied the accusation and said it was his custom to give small gifts to people that acted in his plays.", "In the spring of 1858 a bracelet that Dickens bought as a present for Ellen was accidentally delivered to the Dickens household.  Catherine discovered the bracelet and accused Dickens of having an affair.  Dickens denied the accusation and said it was his custom to give small gifts to people that acted in his plays.", "Belt buckles marked Wells Fargo often marked have the legend, “Made by Tiffany” on the back. These are not nineteenth-century antiques, but quality fantasy items created in the last 50 years.", "Friendship Trinket : In The Magic Railroad, Lily gives her Burnett a friendship bracelet to remind them of their friendship. Later in the film, Lily puts the gold dust Junior gives to her on her bluebird toy, also to remind her of her friendship with Burnett.", "* William Shakespeare referenced the practice in King John (1623): \"Bell, book, and candle, shall not drive me back / When gold and silver becks me to come on\" (Act 3, Scene 3)." ]

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[ "Saint Nicholas (, , ); (15 March 270 – 6 December 343), also called Nikolaos of Myra, was a historic 4th-century Christian saint and Greek Bishop of Myra, in Asia Minor (modern-day Demre, Turkey). Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nikolaos the Wonderworker (, ). His reputation evolved among the faithful, as was common for early Christian saints, and his legendary habit of secret gift-giving gave rise to the traditional model of Santa Claus through Sinterklaas.", "Saint Nicholas (Greek: Άγιος Νικόλαος , Agios Nikolaos, “victory of the people”) is the common name for Saint Nicholas, a Lycian saint and Bishop of Myra (in modern-day Antalya province, Turkey). He was born during the third century in the village of Patara. He had a reputation for secret gift-giving, but is now commonly identified with Santa Claus. Nicholas was never officially canonised; his legend simply evolved among the faithful.[1]In 1087 his remains were abducted and removed to Bari in southern Italy, so that he is also Saint Nicholas of Bari. Among Orthodox Christians, the historical Saint Nicholas is remembered and revered. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, children, and students in Greece, Belgium, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Slovakia, Serbia and Montenegro. He is also the patron saint of Barranquilla (Colombia), Bari (Italy), Amsterdam (Netherlands), Beit Jala in the West Bank of Palestine and Russia. In 1809, the New-York Historical Society convened and named Sancte Claus the patron saint of Nieuw Amsterdam, the Dutch name for New York. Thus, Saint Nicholas could also be considered as the patron saint of New York.", "Saint Nicholas (March 15, 270 – December 6, 346) is the common name for Nicholas of Myra, a saint and Bishop of Myra (in Lycia, part of modern-day Turkey). Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nicholas the Wonderworker. He had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him, and is now commonly identified with Santa Claus. His reputation evolved among the faithful, as was the custom in his time. In 1087, his relics were furtively translated to Bari, in southern Italy; for this reason, he is also known as Nicholas of Bari.", "Nicholas of Myra (also Nikolaus) in Lycia, Asia Minor (lived c. 270 – 345/352), was a 4th century bishop and is a Christian saint. His feast day is December 6, presumably the date of his death. In the Netherlands 5 December is known as his feast: this is Sinterklaasavond, or St Nicholas’ Eve. Among Christians, he is also known as the “Miracle Worker”. Several acts of kindness and miracles are attributed to him. Historial accounts often confuse him with the later Nicholas of Sion.", "The legend of Santa Claus can be traced back hundreds of years to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 A.D. in Patara, near Myra in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his piety and kindness, St. Nicholas became the subject of many legends. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. One of the best known of the St. Nicholas stories is that he saved three poor sisters from being sold into slavery or prostitution by their father by providing them with a dowry so that they could be married. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day is celebrated on the anniversary of his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe. Even after the Protestant Reformation, when the veneration of saints began to be discouraged, St. Nicholas maintained a positive reputation, especially in Holland.", "The story of Santa Claus has its origins in the legends surrounding the humble generosity of Saint Nicholas, whose feast day is celebrated on 6th December. Saint Nicholas was a 4th century Christian Bishop from Myra (in modern-day Turkey) who became the Patron Saint of Children. In Germany and Poland, boys dressed up as bishops begging alms for the poor. Later, the Christ child 'Christkindlein' was said to have accompanied Nicholas-like figures on their travels. The 1822 poem 'Twas the Night before Christmas forged the link and Saint Nicholas (Father Christmas, Pere Noel, Christ Kind, Kriss Kringle or Sinter Klass) became known as Santa Claus.", "St. Nicholas was bishop of the Turkish town of Myra in the early 4th century. It was the Dutch who first made him into a Christmas gift-giver, and Dutch settlers brought him to America where his name eventually became the familiar Santa Claus.", "The best known of these figures today is red-dressed Santa Claus, of diverse origins. The name Santa Claus can be traced back to the Dutch Sinterklaas, which means simply Saint Nicholas. Nicholas was a 4th-century Greek bishop of Myra, a city in the Roman province of Lycia, whose ruins are 3 km from modern Demre in southwest Turkey. Among other saintly attributes, he was noted for the care of children, generosity, and the giving of gifts. His feast day, December 6, came to be celebrated in many countries with the giving of gifts.Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.", "Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th-century Greek Christian bishop of Myra (now Demre) in Lycia, a province of the Byzantine Empire, now in Turkey. Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor, in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes. He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity. In continental Europe (more precisely the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and Germany) he is usually portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes.", "Santa Claus also known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle and simply \"Santa\", is a figure with legendary, mythical, historical and folkloric origins who, in many western cultures, is said to bring gifts to the homes of the good children during the late evening and overnight hours of Christmas Eve, December 24. The modern figure was derived from the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas, which, in turn, may have part of its basis in hagiographical tales concerning the historical figure gift giver Saint Nicholas, who was said to have dropped bags of gold down poor people's chimneys. A nearly identical story is attributed by Greek and Byzantine folklore to Basil of Caesarea. Basil's feast day on January 1 is considered the time of exchanging gifts in Greece.", "Santa Claus... Kris Kringle...Old Saint Nick... We see him on advertising posters, in parades, at departments stores...who is this guy and why does he have so many aliases? Well, the original St. Nicholas lived in southwestern Turkey in the 4th century. As the bishop of Myra he was credited with doing a number of miracles involving sailors and children. After his death this led him to become the patron saint of both groups as well as for unmarried girls. As a saint he was given his own \"feast day\" that was celebrated on December 6th.", "How did this St. Nicholas become a North Pole-dwelling bringer of Christmas gifts? The original saint was a Greek born 280 years after Christ who became bishop of Myra, a small Roman town in modern Turkey. Nicholas was neither fat nor jolly but developed a reputation as a fiery, wiry, and defiant defender of church doctrine during the \"Great Persecution,\" when Bibles were put to the torch and priests made to renounce Christianity or face execution.", "The Dutch Sinterklaas (Saint Nicholas) is the origin of the North American Santa Claus. According to legend, Sinterklaas makes his rounds on December 5, Saint Nicholas’s Eve. Dressed in a catholic bishop’s robes, Sinterklaas rides through the streets distributing sweets to the children. According to some versions of the popular legend, another figure accompanies him named Black Peter, who carries a whip with which to chastise naughty children.", "St. Nicholas was a Bishop who lived in the fourth century in a place called Myra in Asia Minor (now called Turkey). He was a very rich man because his parents died when he was young and left him a lot of money. He was also a very kind man and had a reputation for helping the poor and giving secret gifts to people who needed it. There are several legends about St. Nicholas, although we don't know if any of them are true!", "The story of our modern Santa Claus begins with this same Nicholas, who was born during the third century in Patara, a village in what is now Demre, Turkey. His wealthy parents raised him as a Christian. But they died in an epidemic while Nicholas was still young, and he was left with their fortune. Obeying Jesus' words to \"sell what you own and give the money to the poor,\" Nicholas used his inheritance to assist the suffering, the sick, and the poor.", "a. Nicholas was born in Parara, Turkey in 270 CE and later became Bishop of Myra. He died in 345 CE on December 6th. He was only named a saint in the 19th century.", "When Myra fell into the hands of the Saracens, Italian cities seized the chance to acquire the relics of Nicholas. The relics were stolen by Italian merchants and came to Bari in southern Italy in 1087. A new church was built to shelter them, and Pope Urban II was present at their enshrining. The already popular saint became even more highly regarded thereafter. The shrine became one of the great pilgrimage centers of medieval Europe. Many miracles were reputed to have been worked through his intercession.", "No, Myra wasn't located at the North Pole. It was an important seaport of the early Christian centuries, situated in what is now known as Turkey. Nicholas, a wealthy young man brought up in a godly home, gave away his inheritance to the needy. The young Bishop Nicholas was imprisoned for his faith during the persecutions under the Roman emperor Diocletian, and he was set free when Constantine released the religious prisoners.", "Nicholas' natural affinity with children led him to be adopted as their patron saint, and his generosity to the custom of giving gifts to them on his feast day. The custom became especially widespread in the Low Countries, where the Dutch seamen had carried reports home of the saint's generosity. St. Nicholas was, however, a tremendously popular saint everywhere. Both Russia and Greece adopted him as their patron saint, and there are more churches in the world named after him than any of the apostles (especially The Netherlands).", "Santa Claus Santa Claus , also known as Saint Nicholas , Christmas, Kris and simply \"Santa\", is a mythical figure with legendary, historical and folkloric origins who, in many Western cultures, is said to bring gifts to the homes of the good children on December 24,the night before Christmas. However, in some European countries children receive their presents on St. Nicholas' Day, December 6.The modern figure of Santa Claus is derived from the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas, which, in turn, has part of its basis in hagiographical tales concerning the historical figure of Christian bishop and gift-giver Saint Nicholas . During the Christianization of Germanic Europe, this figure may have absorbed elements of the god Odin, who was associated with the Germanic pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky. Over time, traits of this character and the British folklore character Christmas merged to form the modern Santa Claus known today. Santa Claus is generally depicted a ...", "St. Nicholas is a very hard-working saint, being the patron saint of children, merchants, apothecaries, pawnbrokers, scholars and mariners. He is reputed to be able to calm storms and rescue sailors. Even pirates have been known to claim his protection. Over the years he has become known as Santa Claus and even his now traditional red costume can be traced to Coca Cola advertising in America!", "An Irish tradition states that the relics of Saint Nicholas are also reputed to have been stolen from Myra by local Norman crusading knights in the 12th century and buried near Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny, where a stone slab marks the site locally believed to be his grave. This is not widely accepted beyond local tradition.", "2 – The true name of Santa Claus was Nicholas and in adult life, he became the bishop of Myra which was a town further up the coast from Patara. It is now called Demre.", "Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, children, and students in Croatia, Greece, Belgium, Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Slovakia, Serbia and Montenegro. The historical Saint Nicholas is honored by Catholic, Orthodox Christians and by various Anglican and Lutheran churches.", "The Orthodox Church later raised St. Nicholas, miracle worker, to a position of great esteem. It was in his honor that Russia's oldest church, for example, was built. For its part, the Roman Catholic Church honored Nicholas as one who helped children and the poor. St. Nicholas became the patron saint of children and seafarers. His name day is December 6th.", "Physical Appearance: In Catholic iconography [pictured above], Saint Nicholas is depicted as a bishop, wearing the insignia of this profession: a red bishop's cloak, red miter and a bishop's staff. Popularly depicted as a slim ascetic looking man dressed in religious apparel, the Bishop of Myra bears very little physical resemblance to the modern day Santa Claus, who has a long white beard, and is usually short and fat.", "Nicholas was born in Patara, Lycia. As a child he loved God and every Weds. and Fri. fasted. He served in the monastery of Holy Sion, near Myra and he eventually was ordained as Abbot. He was considered very pious and charitable, and many great miracles were attributed to him.", "Due to the modern association with Christmas, Saint Nicholas is a patron saint of Christmas, as well as pawnbrokers (see above).He was also a patron of the Varangian Guard of the Eastern Roman Emperors, who protected his relics in Bari.", "The historical Saint Nicholas is commemorated and revered among Anglican, Catholic, Lutheran, and Orthodox Christians. In addition, some Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Reformed churches have been named in honor of Saint Nicholas. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, children, brewers, pawnbrokers and students in various cities and countries around Europe.", "Due to the modern association with Christmas, Saint Nicholas is a patron saint of Christmas, as well as pawnbrokers (see above). He was also a patron of the Varangian Guard of the Eastern Roman Emperors, who protected his relics in Bari.", "Saint Nicholas is the Patron Saint of sailors, merchants, archers, thieves, pawnbrokers, children, and students (amongst other things) throughout Christendom. He is shown here in classical episcopal attire, with a few of the symbols assigned to him on the right—the 3 golden balls (pawnbrokers), a ship (sailors) and the infants in a barrel (children).", "[9] George H. McKnight, St. Nicholas: His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1917), McKnight has a collection of these legends in St. Nicholas, 37-88" ]

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[ "December 20, 1860 - South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union in a prelude to the American Civil War . Within two months Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas seceded. In April 1861, Virginia seceded, followed within five weeks by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, thus forming an eleven state Confederacy with a population of 9 million, including nearly 4 million slaves. The Union had 21 states and a population of over 20 million.", "December 20, 1860 – South Carolina secedes from the Union. Followed within two months by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas.", "December 20, 1860 - South Carolina secedes from the Union. Followed within two months by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas.", "On December 20, 1860, a little over a month after the polls closed, South Carolina seceded from the Union.  Six more states followed by the spring of 1861.  ", "1860 – South Carolina became the first of eleven slave states to secede from the United States, leading to the eventual creation of the Confederate States of America and later the American Civil War.", "South Carolina, one of the thirteen colonies, became the eighth state on May 23, 1788. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede form the Union. It re- entered after the Civil War.", "South Carolina, one of the thirteen colonies, became the eighth state on May 23, 1788. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede form the Union. It re- entered after the Civil War.", "By the end of Buchanan's presidency, the slavery issue threatened to tear the country apart. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, the possibility that several states would secede was approaching likelihood. In his final address to Congress, Buchanan argued that while the states had no legal right to seceded, the federal government had no right to prevent them from doing so. Despite Buchanan's attempts to prevent it, on December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede. By February 1861, six more states followed suit and the Confederate States of America was formed. When Buchanan left office on March 3, 1861, to retire to his estate outside of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, he left the nation on the brink of civil war.", "On December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union. Five days later, 68 federal troops stationed in Charleston, South Carolina, withdrew to Fort Sumter, an island in Charleston Harbor. The North considered the fort to be the property of the United States government. The people of South Carolina believed it belonged to the new Confederacy. Four months later, the first engagement of the Civil War took place on this disputed soil.", "1860 - South Carolina is the first state to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy.", "The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 was the final straw for many southerners. They felt that his goal was to ignore states rights and remove their ability to own slaves. Before it was all over, eleven states seceded from the Union. Four of these (Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee) did not secede until after the Battle of Fort Sumter that occurred on April 12, 1861. Four additional states were Border Slave States that did not secede from the Union: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware. In addition, the area that would become West Virginia was formed on October 24, 1861 when the western portion of Virginia chose to break away from the rest of the state instead of seceding.", "The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession. Prior to the war, South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws and, even, secede from the United States. The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860 and adopted the \"Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union\". It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution. The \"cotton states\" of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.", "States began seceding after the Election of Abraham Lincoln, even before he was inaugurated. South Carolina (December 20, 1860), Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861), and Texas (February 1, 1861). On February 4, 1861, the states farthest south, where slavery and plantations agriculture were dominant, formed the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as President. They established their capital at Montgomery, Alabama and took over federal forts on their territory. They also wrote a constitution that was adopted on March 11, 1861.", "Members of the South Carolina legislature had previously sworn to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected, and the state declared its secession on December 20, 1860. In January and February, six other cotton states of the Deep South followed suit: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The other eight slave states postponed a decision, but the seven formed a new government in Montgomery, Alabama, in February: the Confederate States of America. Throughout the South, Confederates seized federal arsenals and forts, without resistance, and forced the surrender of all U.S. forces in Texas. The sitting President, James Buchanan, believed he had no constitutional power to act, and in the four months between Lincoln's election and his inauguration, the South strengthened its military position. ", "When Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860, the plantation owners of South Carolina were afraid he would free the slaves. As a result, South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union in order to form the Confederate States of America. On April 12, 1861 the Civil War began with fighting at Fort Sumter near Charleston. When the war finally ended in 1865, much of South Carolina was destroyed and needed to undergo reconstruction . The state was readmitted into the Union in 1868 after ratifying a new constitution that freed the slaves.", "The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 provoked the secession of the Southern States from the Union. South Carolina was the first to leave. By the time of the convening of a constitutional convention to establish the Confederacy in February 1861, six other states had joined her. The majority of the Southern leaders who attended the convention expected a peaceful secession; they did not anticipate that their action would lead to bloody conflict. They were wrong. Fort Sumter, lying in the harbor off the city of Charleston, South Carolina, would prove the point.", "Texas’ move completed the first round of secession. Seven states–South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas–left the Union before Lincoln took office. Four more states–Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas– waited until the formal start of the Civil War, with the April 1861 firing on Fort Sumter at Charleston, South Carolina, before deciding to leave the Union. The remaining slave states–Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri–never mustered the necessary majority for secession.", "Years of ongoing disputes about slavery, the expansion of slavery into new states and territories, and the rights of individual states led to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. Eleven states — Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia — seceded from the United States of America and formed a new country, known as the Confederate States of America. During the war, the United States became known as the \"Union\" and the Confederate states became known as the \"Confederacy.\" In 1863, in the midst of the Civil War, a portion of Virginia seceded from the state of Virginia and became the present-day state of West Virginia.", "After South Carolina seceded, other states also broke from the Union, including Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas in January 1861; Virginia in April 1861; and Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina in May 1861. Missouri and Kentucky were also considered to be part of the Confederate States of America, though they never issued documents of secession.", "Abraham Lincoln's election to the Presidency on November 6, 1860, triggered South Carolina on December no to enact an ordinance declaring \"the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the 'United States of America,' is hereby dissolved.\" Within six weeks, six other deep-South states seceded from the Union and seized federal property inside their borders, including military installations, save Fort Pickens outside Pensacola and Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. (Map 21) To the seven states that formed the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, at Montgomery, Alabama, retention of the forts by the U.S. Government was equivalent to a warlike act. To provide his fledgling government with a military force, on", "1861 – American Civil War: Georgia joins South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, and Alabama in seceding from the United States.", "The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12–14, 1861) was the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter, near Charleston, South Carolina, that started the American Civil War. Following declarations of secession by seven Southern states, South Carolina demanded that the US Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. On December 26, 1860, Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortress controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson, using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West, failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861. South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area, except for Fort Sumter.", "Mississippi seceded from the Union on January 9, 1861, and Florida on the 10th. Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.", "In 1861, a Unionist legislature in Wheeling, Virginia seceded from Virginia, eventually claiming 50 counties for a new state. However, 24 of those counties had voted in favor of Virginia's secession, and control of these counties, as well as some counties that had voted against secession, remained contested until the end of the war. [21] West Virginia joined the United States in 1863 with a constitution that gradually abolished slavery. According to military historian Russell F. Weigley \"Most of West Virginia went through the Civil War not as an asset to the Union but as a troublesome battleground...\" [22]", "Seven Deep South cotton states seceded by February 1861, starting with South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. These seven states formed the Confederate States of America (February 4, 1861), with Jefferson Davis as president, and a governmental structure closely modeled on the U.S. Constitution.", " West Virginia is a state in the Appalachia / Upland South region of the United States. West Virginia broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War and was admitted to the Union as a separate state on June 20, 1863. It is the only state formed as a direct result of the American Civil War, and the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state. West Virginia is one of the Border States. The Census Bureau considers West Virginia part of the South because most of the state is below the Mason-Dixon Line, though its northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio with Weirton on a parallel with Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "1861: On January 9, Mississippi secedes from the Union and becomes part of the Confederate States of America.", "The Confederate States of America (Confederacy, Confederate States, and CSA) was the secessionist government formed by eleven southern states of the United States between 1861 and 1865, following the secession of each state from the United States. These actions precipitated, and were the opening chapters of the American Civil War . The Confederacy was eventually defeated in the Civil War and the states went through a period of Reconstruction before returning to full standing again in the U.S. Seven states declared their independence from the United States before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president; four more did so after the American Civil War began in April 1861 when the Confederacy attacked a Union fortress at Fort Sumter. The United States (\"Union\") held secession illegal and refused recognition of the Confederacy. Confederate hopes that King Cotton would force Britain and France to intervene to rescue their cotton supply remained unfulfilled, and no European powers officially recognized the CSA. However, British commercial interests sold it warships and operated blockade runners to help supply it. The Union Blockade effectively shut down 95% of ordinary exports and imports; only blockade runners got through.", "The 12th star indicates Missouri, which was admitted to the Confederacy by act of Congress on 28 November 1861. The provisional government of Kentucky was admitted as the 13th State on 10 December 1861.", "West Virginia became the 35th state following the Wheeling Conventions that eventually enabled the state to break away from Virginia during the American Civil War. West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863 and was the only state to form through secession from a Confederate state. West Virginia and Nevada were the only two states formed during the American Civil War.", "from which any one had the constitutional right to secede. Eleven States, exercising this constitutional right,", "The November election of the notably antislavery Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States had so angered seven slave-owning states that they had chosen to secede and form their own union. Roughly five months later, on April 12, 1861, decades of high-flown oratory were reduced to a struggle for that pile of brick and mortar." ]

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[ "Home Alone (stylized as HOME ALONe) is a 1990 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. The film stars Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister, a boy who is mistakenly left behind when his family flies to Paris for their Christmas vacation. Kevin initially relishes being home alone, but soon has to contend with two would-be burglars played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern. The film also features Catherine O'Hara and John Heard as Kevin's parents.", "In Chicago, Illinois, the McCallister family is preparing for a Christmas vacation in Paris. On the night before their departure, the entire family gathers at Peter and Kate's home, where their 8-year-old son, Kevin, is ridiculed by his siblings and cousins. After a scuffle with his older brother, Buzz, Kevin is sent to the third floor of the house, where he wishes that his family would disappear. During the night, heavy winds cause damage to power lines, which causes the alarm clocks to reset; consequently, the family oversleeps. In the confusion and rush to get to the airport in time to catch their flight, Kevin is accidentally left behind.", "Who doesn’t remember the classic 1990 film Home Alone, where eight-year-old Macaulay Culkin played the part of Kevin McCallister, a neglected kid left at home while his family fly to Paris for a Christmas vacation. The poor kid went through so much trauma, first from being left alone and secondly from having to fight off some pretty brutal home invaders.", "A few more keep Kevin home alone for three days. There's not a single responsible adult on hand who might be able to help him. All the McAllisters' extended family are in Paris. Everyone in the neighborhood is either on holiday or doesn't check their answer machine messages. The police officer who visits the McAllister house to follow up a reported case of a minor left home alone decides there's no one home after knocking a couple of times. The only adult around who Kevin might be able to turn to for help is a creepy loner who everything thinks is a serial killer.", "My all-time favourite Christmas movie 'Home Alone' is about an 8-year boy named Kevin McCallister (played by Macaulay Culkin). His huge family goes on a Christmas holiday, but they accidentally leave him behind and Kevin does anything all by himself. But there are 2 burglers called Harry and Marv (Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern) trying to break into the house and Kevin stops them by setting booby traps.", "Best known for his role as Kevin McCallister in Home Alone (1990) and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992).", "* Macaulay Culkin (b. 1980), American actor, known for his portrayal of Kevin McCallister in Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, said he had \"self-diagnosed\" agoraphobia. ", "Oct 14, 2008 . Home Alone is the highly successful and beloved family comedy about a young boy named Kevin Macaulay Culkin who is accidentally left behind when . Your Name: Create a Pen Name or . Remaining characters: 3500 .", "The film was followed by a commercially successful sequel, the 1992 release Home Alone 2: Lost in New York , which brought back the original cast from the first film. Home Alone 3 , released in 1997, had completely different actors and a completely unrelated storyline. A fourth film, Home Alone 4 , followed in 2002. This film features some of the same characters featured in the first two films, but with a new cast and storyline that does not fall into the same continuity. A fifth film with another unrelated storyline, Home Alone: The Holiday Heist , followed in 2012.", "The first sequel, Home Alone 2: Lost In New York, was mainly a rehash of the original, only it was set in New York this time. It's generally considered to be respectful to the first movie and was the third highest grossing film 1992 behind only Aladdin and The Bodyguard .", "Recycled IN SPACE! : Home Alone 2 was basically exactly the same movie as Home Alone, just set in New York. Even the scary neighbor got a direct counterpart. This was even lampshaded by Harry, who mentioned that Kevin threw two paint cans the last time they tried to climb up a flight of stairs, and saw it coming. Unfortunately for them, the second time around, a sewer pipe followed immediately afterward. There are also several lampshades hung by way of Oh, No... Not Again! .", "4. Home Alone (1990) If only we could have a burglar alarm system which was half as good as mischievous Macaulay Culkin in Home Alone. This American Christmas comedy sees 8-year-old Kevin McCallister fend off buck-toothed burglars by using imaginative traps. He has an adventure without even leaving the house. The film topped the box office charts for 12 weeks and has been listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the highest grossing live-action comedy ever.", "His brother Kieran Culkin played his cousin in Home Alone (1990) and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992).", "Pesci also co-starred in the blockbuster Home Alone in 1990, playing Harry Lime, one of two bumbling burglars (along with good friend Daniel Stern) who attempt to burgle the house of the young character played by Macaulay Culkin. In the film's climactic scene, Pesci accidentally bit one of Culkin's fingers, giving him a scar. Two years later, Pesci reprised his role in the sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New York.", "* Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), takes place in Central Park, and in a townhouse on 95th St. as well as other locations throughout New York.", " 1990 Home Alone (music: \"Somewhere in My Memory\", \"Star of Bethlehem\") / (producer: \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\")", "It may be the only movie we remember Macaulay Culkin for but he's back, 25 years later, and it looks like it wasn't all fun and games for Kevin McCallister, the cute kid who was left \"Home Alone\" for Christmas.", "Chekhov's Gag : In the first movie, it's established that Kevin's cousin Fuller is a notorious bed-wetter, and thus, no one wants to share a bed with him. Toward the end of Home Alone 2, Kevin and most of the other McCallisters (besides Kevin's parents, who have a separate room) are seen sleeping squashed together everywhere other than the bed. Guess who's got that huge bed all to himself (with Coke cans all over it, no less)?", "May 8, 2011 . The 1990 John Hughes movie Home Alone made both Macaulay Culkin and the red-brick colonial Georgian house his character Kevin lived in .", "May 26, 2010 . Macaulay Culkin. Just nine years old when he landed the role of Kevin McCallister in 1990's Home Alone, that comedy's huge success (at the .", "Home Alone by 20th Century Fox, Chris Columbus, Macaulay Culkin. . Home Alone is the highly successful and beloved family comedy about a young boy named Kevin . Your Name: Create a Pen Name or . Remaining characters: 3500 .", "Macaulay Culkin biography, pictures, credits,quotes and more. . Birth Name . Macaulay's character in Home Alone, Kevin McCallister was ranked 99 on .", "John Heard (Peter McCallister, Kevin's father): He's continued to work steadily since his Home Alone days, but he hasn't necessarily been thrilled with his career trajectory. As John himself told 411mania.com in a rare 2008 interview, \"I guess I went from being a young leading man to being just kind of a hack actor. I'll take whatever I can get now!\"", "Macaulay Culkin, Joe Pesci, Daniel Stern and Roberts Blossom in 1990's 'Home Alone.' 20th Century Fox Film corp./courtesy Everett Collection", "In which film does this quote appear – “Bless this highly nutritious microwavable macaroni and cheese dinner and the people who sold it on sale. Amen.”?Home Alone", "Home Alone 2 was novelized by Todd Strasser and published by Scholastic in 1992 to coincide with the film. It has an ISBN of 0-590-45717-9. An audiobook version was also released read by Tim Curry.", "The idea for Home Alone occurred to John Hughes during the making of Uncle Buck, which also starred Macaulay Culkin. Always game to play the precocious one, there’s a scene in which Culkin’s character interrogates a potential babysitter through a mail slot. In Home Alone, Culkin has a similar confrontation with Daniel Stern, this time via a doggie door.", "Macaulay Culkin Reprises His 'Home Alone' Role In YouTube Series - Hint: Kevin's Got Some Serious Trauma Issues", "While in the original Home Alone films, Macaulay Culkin appears to be a pretty resilient kid, when you think about it, he was left at home alone twice before the age of 10. That’s got to be hard on the old psyche.", "With Home Alone 2 remaining Macaulay Culkin's last high profile role, we find out just what happened to the former child actor and the rest of his siblings...", "Jul 14, 2011 . Roberts Blossom, a veteran character actor who played the old, white-bearded next-door . who befriends young Macaulay Culkin in the hit movie \"Home Alone, \" has died. . (Roberts is a family name on his mother's side.) .", "Another video game titled Home Alone was released for the PlayStation 2 in 2006. It was not released in the United States." ]

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[ "Scrooge is first visited by the phantom of his departed companion, and sole friend, Jacob Marley. Appearing on the knocker to his old chambers, Marley's horrifying face is the first sign of the remarkable, life-changing night yet to come. However, it is only until Ebenezer Scrooge actually sees \"Marley, in his pigtail, usual waistcoat, tights and boots; the tassels on the latter bristling like his pigtail, and his coat-skirts, and the hair upon his head\" (p.17) that the old man truly believes that he was not merely seeing a reverie. The specter proceeded to warn Scrooge to change his callous, avarice ways, or to be as Marley after death: dwelling on regret and self-torment, weighed down by \"the chain [he] forged in life\" (p.21). Knowing Ebenezer as a man of sensible nature, the ghost offers further proof that there are forever consequences, even after life. Shocked, Scrooge glimpses \"the air filled with phantoms, wandering hither and thither in restless haste,\" (p.25) and recognizes many as long forgotten business associates: as greedy and heartless as he. Although Jacob Marley appeared for only a brief moment, he was the most significant and influential spirit: for it was he who imparted the moral that all faults in life are paid for ten-fold in death, and who, more importantly, prepared the pragmatic man for the supernatural appearances that would follow.", "The four ghosts who appear in \"A Christmas Carol\" by Charles Dickens are Jacob Marley, the Ghost of Christmas Past, the Ghost of Christmas Present and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. All four visit Ebenezer Scrooge within the span of a few hours.", "Charles Dickens oft-told tale of moral redemption. Orson Welles narrated both versions and played Scrooge in the 1938 version, while Lionel Barrymore played Scrooge in the 1939 version. Bernard Herrmann composed the music in both versions. Ebenezer Scrooge—a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner—is visited by the ghost of his old business partner, Jacob Marley, and three other ghosts: the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present, and Christmas Yet to Come. They force Scrooge to relive a bleak past and warn him of an even bleaker future if he does not change his ways.", "Later, not long after Scrooge got his first ghost visit, the Ghost of Christmas Present (Willie the Giant) arrives, surrounded by turkey, mince pies, suckling pigs and other delicious foods. He shows him the poverty-stricken Cratchit family, who still keep a festive attitude in their home despite their hardships. Bob's young son Tiny Tim (Morty Fieldmouse) is revealed to be ill and Willie foretells tragedy if the family's hapless life does not change. However, just when Scrooge is desperate to know Tim's fate, the Ghost of Christmas Present and the house both vanish. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come (a hooded figure later revealed to be Pete) takes Scrooge to the future in a graveyard. When he sees Bob mourning for Tiny Tim, who has passed away (indicated by Bob placing Tim's crutch on his memorial marker), Scrooge fearfully asks whether or not this future can be altered.", "I’m unsure whether you are referring to Marley's ghost or the Ghost of Christmas Past so I’ll give you an answer for both.  Marley’s ghost appears to Scrooge to warn Scrooge that he has been sentenced to walk among the people he avoided in life and to carry the chain that he “forged in life.\" He warns Scrooge to change the cruelness of his ways, and he warns him that  three spirits will visit him over the next three nights.", "Ebenezer Scrooge ( A Christmas Carol ) Probably Dickens' best known character, the miserly Scrooge, with his familiar cry of \"Bah, Humbug!\", is visited by the ghost of his former partner, Jacob Marley, who sends three more spirits in hopes of reforming Scrooge's heartless and penny-pinching ways. Scrooge's final redemption represents the optimistic end we all hope is possible in the human experience.", "English writer Charles John Huffman Dickens first published his novella, or short novel, “A Christmas Carol” under the shortened name Charles Dickens back in December of 1843. It has since become a true classic ghost story that is both parable and morality tale. It tells the story of one grinchy, grouchy Ebenezer Scrooge, a businessman in London whose partner Jacob Marley had died exactly seven years ago. Marley turns up one cold Christmas eve moaning and dragging chains, as many ghosts do, to tell Scrooge he will be visited by three ghosts that night. The ghosts represent Christmases past, present and future, and all are attempts to teach the selfish grump some humility and charity before it’s too late.", "Ebenezer arrives at his cold, lofty house. He looks at the door knocker and goes to open the door but drops his keys. He bends over to get them, and as he stands back up, the door knocker has been replaced with the glowing head of Jacob Marley’s ghost. Stunned, Scrooge slowly reaches toward it and just as his hand nears it, the face pops up distorted and snarls at him. Ebenezer falls backward down his front stoop in fright. As he gets up, he looks at the door again but only sees the original door knocker. Convincing himself it was just a hallucination, he goes into his house.", "The Ghost of Christmas Past  -  The first spirit to visit Scrooge, a curiously childlike apparition with a glowing head. He takes Scrooge on a tour of Christmases in his past. The spirit uses a cap to dampen the light emanating from his head.", "On Christmas Eve, in 19th Century London, Charles Dickens (played by Gonzo the Great) and his friend Rizzo act as narrators throughout the film. Ebenezer Scrooge, a surly money-lender, does not share the merriment of Christmas. Scrooge rejects his nephew Fred’s invitation to Christmas dinner, dismisses two gentlemen’s collecting money for charity, and tosses a wreath at a carol singing Bean Bunny. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit and the other bookkeepers request to have Christmas Day off, since there will be no business for Scrooge on the day, to which he reluctantly agrees. Scrooge leaves for home while the bookkeepers celebrate Christmas. In his house, Scrooge encounters the ghosts of his late business partners Jacob and Robert Marley, who warn him to repent his wicked ways or he will condemned in the afterlife like they were, informing him that three spirits will visit him during the night.", "Back home, Scrooge notices that the image of his late partner Jacob Marley (Alec Guinness) appears in the doorknocker, followed by a hearse passing him up the stairs. While eating some soup, Scrooge hears bells ring before the ghost of Marley arrives in person covered in chains. Scrooge thinks it is just a hoax, but sees reason after Marley frightens him. Marley tells Scrooge he wears the chain he made with the sins he committed while alive on Earth and tells Scrooge he is close to suffering the same fate as him. After Marley shows Scrooge other ghosts suffering the same fate, he returns him home and tells him he will be haunted by three more spirits, and that the first will call at one o'clock.", "GHOST OF CHRISTMAS PAST: the first of the spirits foretold by Marley who shows Scrooge his past Christmases.", "The Ghost of Christmas Present makes a great impression upon Scrooge when they first meet by completely transforming Scrooge’s barren rooms into something he had never seen before, and Dickens describes it to every detail:", "Then, Marley’s ghost beckons Scrooge over. Scrooge begins to hear a chorus of wailing sounds, which Marley’s ghost joins. Then... (full context)", "But as Bray, and later McKnight, read the stories closely, they started to encounter some particularly familiar-sounding details. “A Christmas Carol,” of course, is rife with ghosts: the ghost of Scrooge’s deceased partner, Marley, and the ghosts of Christmases Past, Present, and Future. Together these four phantoms help Scrooge see the wayward path he’s traveled, and prompt him to wake up reborn as a better man on Christmas Day.", "While he is preparing to go to bed, he is visited by the ghost of his business partner, Jacob Marley, who had died seven years earlier (1836) on Christmas Eve. Like Scrooge, Marley had spent his life hoarding his wealth and exploiting the poor, and, as a result, is damned to walk the Earth for eternity bound in the chains of his own greed. Marley warns Scrooge that he risks meeting the same fate and that as a final chance at redemption he will be visited by three spirits of Christmas: Past, Present and Yet-to-Come.", "Other than “Bah! Humbug!” does Ebenezer Scrooge really have much to say to us? As Jacob Marley's ghost might have said in a slang version of the Charles Dickens classic A", "The Ghost of Christmas Present helps Scrooge relive the happiness of his nephew’s simple  life and the poor Cratchit family who may loose Tiny Tim for lack of food and good medical care. Ebenezer Scrooge is appalled by the final scenes of his actions presented by the Ghost of the future. He is haunted by the idea of dying with out anyone to mourn his loss. At the end Scrooge realizes the futility of his actions and transforms into a humane and kind personality. In fact he wakes up to the Christmas morning as a changed person, having love in his heart and who treats others with joy and compassion. Scrooge’s transformation is complete and symbolizes the true spirit of Christmas.", "The Ghost of Christmas Present, a majestic giant clad in a green fur robe, takes Scrooge through London to unveil Christmas as it will happen that year. Scrooge watches the large, bustling Cratchit family prepare a miniature feast in its meager home. He discovers Bob Cratchit's crippled son, Tiny Tim, a courageous boy whose kindness and humility warms Scrooge's heart. The specter then zips Scrooge to his nephew's to witness the Christmas party. Scrooge finds the jovial gathering delightful and pleads with the spirit to stay until the very end of the festivities. As the day passes, the spirit ages, becoming noticeably older. Toward the end of the day, he shows Scrooge two starved children, Ignorance and Want, living under his coat. He vanishes instantly as Scrooge notices a dark, hooded figure coming toward him.", "Jacob Marley: Marley was once Scrooge's business partner, but he died seven years ago and now he returns as a ghost to warn Scrooge of the horrors that await him unless he changes his ways. Marley appears to Scrooge on Christmas Eve to tell him of the cumbersome burden that he bears in death because he neglected his duty toward others in life. Marley must walk around and watch people and regret that he did not help anyone or touch anyone during his lifetime. His burden is incessant remorse for his own greed during life. He warns Scrooge that unless he becomes a more charitable person, he will also bear that weight. Marley tells Scrooge of the three ghosts who will visit him. They are Scrooge's only chance for salvation. After the warning, Marley flies out the window and joins the other ghosts who drag their chains of duty.", "The second of the spirits was the Ghost of Christmas Present whom only serves a purpose to present to Scrooge Christmas day scenarios of that of the Cratchit's and his nephew Fred - also introduces Scrooge to Want and Ignorance. He listens to what the Cratchit's say about him and this provokes Scrooge's transformation.", "The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come takes the form of a grim spectre, robed in black, who does not speak and whose body is entirely hidden except for one pointing hand. This spirit frightens Scrooge more than the others, and harrows him with a vision of a future Christmas with the Cratchit family bereft of Tiny Tim. A rich miser, whose death saddens nobody and whose home and corpse have been robbed by ghoulish attendants, is revealed to be Scrooge himself: this is the fate that awaits him. Without its explicitly being said, Scrooge learns that he can avoid the future he has been shown and alter the fate of Tiny Tim, but only if he changes. Weeping, he swears to do so, and awakes to find that all three spirits have visited in just one night, and that it is Christmas morning.", "Ebenezer Scrooge is a fictional character, the name of the protagonist in the novel “The Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens which was published in 1843. Ebenezer Scrooge is a rich businessman who is stingy and despises the poor. His harsh dealings with his fellow men including his clerk Bob Cratchit are described in the novel in a vivid manner.", "The Ghost of Christmas Past is a strange apparition who explains the purpose of his visit as Scrooge’s “welfare,” or, indeed, his “reclamation.” This process begins with an easily overlooked but crucial interchange between Scrooge and the Spirit. When the Spirit clasps Scrooge’s arm and begins to lead him towards the window, Scrooge resists, saying, “I am a mortal, and liable to fall.” Notice carefully the spirit’s response: “‘Bear but a touch of my hand there,’ said the Spirit, laying it upon his heart, ‘and you shall be upheld in more than this!’” The Spirit touches, not just Scrooge’s arm, but also his heart. And Scrooge would be upheld, not only in his supernatural travels, but also in the opening of his tightly-shut heart.", "The next scene from Scrooge’s past begins, once again, when he is abandoned by the other boys who had gone home for Christmas. But this time Ebenezer receives a surprise visit from his sister, Fan. She brings the good news that Ebenezer will be coming home for Christmas, and even beyond that. Here’s a bit of the dialogue:", "In 1843, Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol. It is one of his most famous stories. In it, we meet the miser Scrooge - and three ghosts!", "[Ghost flicks a lighter revealing Scrooge's name on the tombstone, gasps, Ghost removes his hood and lights a cigar]", "Scrooge tells the Ghost of Christmas Past that it is 1860, but the book that the movie is based on was actually set in the year 1843. See more »", "Charles Dickens Classic tale, “A Christmas Carol”, which was written in 1843 and who’s main character is of course Ebenezer Scrooge. In the book it says Scrooge lives in London.", "In 1836, seven years before he wrote A Christmas Carol, Dickens published a short story as Chapter 29 of The Pickwick Papers. “The Story of the Goblins who stole a Sexton” relates the strange experiences of Gabriel Grub, the sexton (caretaker and gravedigger) for a church in a rural village, and a literary cousin of Ebenezer Scrooge. According to Dickens, Gabriel Grub was “an ill-conditioned, cross-grained, surly fellow – a morose and lonely man, who consorted with nobody but himself.” He had “a deep scowl of malice and ill-humor.” Sounds like Scrooge, doesn’t he?", "Artistic Licence: All that stuff about being visited by ghosts on Christmas Eve sets Scrooge apart.", "1. Who are the four ghosts in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol? (one point for each correctly named ghost, and a bonus point for all four)" ]

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[ "Cratchit, Bob (  A Christmas Carol  )  Longsuffering clerk of  Ebenezer Scrooge . Bob endures Scrooge's mistreatment until Scrooge, reformed by the visit of the three spirits, raises Bob's salary and vows to help his struggling family. The Cratchit family consists of Bob's wife, eldest daughter Martha, daughter Belinda, son Peter, two younger children: boy and girl, and  Tiny Tim .", "*Cratchit, Bob Longsuffering clerk of Ebenezer Scrooge. Bob endures Scrooge's mistreatment until Scrooge, reformed by the visit of the three spirits, raises Bob's salary and vows to help his struggling family. The Cratchit family consists of Bob's wife, eldest daughter Martha, daughter Belinda, son Peter, two younger children: boy and girl, and Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol.", "Ebenezer Scrooge is a fictional character, the name of the protagonist in the novel “The Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens which was published in 1843. Ebenezer Scrooge is a rich businessman who is stingy and despises the poor. His harsh dealings with his fellow men including his clerk Bob Cratchit are described in the novel in a vivid manner.", "Ebenezer Scrooge (Albert Finney) is a cold-hearted and greedy old miser whose only concern is money and profit and hates everything to do with Christmas. After Scrooge scares off a group of boys who were singing a carol outside his door, his nephew Fred (Michael Medwin) arrives to invite him to Christmas dinner with his wife (Mary Peach) and friends. Scrooge, however, refuses. After Fred leaves, Scrooge reluctantly gives his clerk Bob Cratchit (David Collings) the next day off as it is Christmas, but says he expects him back \"all the earlier the next morning.\" Bob meets two of his children, including Tiny Tim (Richard Beaumont), in the streets, and they buy the food for their Christmas dinner. Scrooge, meanwhile, is surveyed by two other men (Derek Francis and Roy Kinnear) for a donation for the poor, but Scrooge refuses to support the prisons and workhouses, and even says \"if they would rather die, then they better do it and decrease the surplus population.\" On his way home, Scrooge meets some of his clients, including Tom Jenkins (Anton Rodgers), and reminds them the debts they owe him. In a running gag, Scrooge is stalked and made fun of by the same street urchins seen at the start of the film, who call him \"Father Christmas.\"", "As Scrooge is visited by Marley and his coterie of ghosts, Scrooge’s heart softens towards all people, especially the poor. Thus, when his transformation is complete in Stave 5, the very first thing Scrooge does is to purchase a giant turkey for the family of his poor clerk, Bob Cratchit. Then, as he is walking about on Christmas morning, he runs into the same portly gentlemen who had the unfortunate experience of meeting Scrooge the previous day. Yet, now, things are quite different. Scrooge approaches them, offers them Christmas greetings, and then whispers something in the ear of one of the men, presumably revealing how much he will contribute to their effort to help the poor. Here’s the following dialogue:", "Here the reader meets Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserable but wealthy old man. Scrooge works in his counting house with his clerk, Bob Cratchit.", "Bob Cratchit  -  Scrooge's clerk, a kind, mild, and very poor man with a large family. Though treated harshly by his boss, Cratchit remains a humble and dedicated employee.", "businessman of Victorian London, is a miser of the first order. His employees, including his chief clerk, Bob Cratchit, are overworked and monumentally underpaid. Charity leaves Scrooge cold. And his own life is as niggardly as his attitude to others. Then, one night, he has a visitation from the ghost of his former partner, Jacob Marley.. .", "On Christmas Eve, in 19th Century London, Charles Dickens (played by Gonzo the Great) and his friend Rizzo act as narrators throughout the film. Ebenezer Scrooge, a surly money-lender, does not share the merriment of Christmas. Scrooge rejects his nephew Fred’s invitation to Christmas dinner, dismisses two gentlemen’s collecting money for charity, and tosses a wreath at a carol singing Bean Bunny. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit and the other bookkeepers request to have Christmas Day off, since there will be no business for Scrooge on the day, to which he reluctantly agrees. Scrooge leaves for home while the bookkeepers celebrate Christmas. In his house, Scrooge encounters the ghosts of his late business partners Jacob and Robert Marley, who warn him to repent his wicked ways or he will condemned in the afterlife like they were, informing him that three spirits will visit him during the night.", "Scrooge, Ebenezer (  A Christmas Carol  )  Probably Dickens' best known character, the miserly Scrooge, with his familiar cry of \"Bah, Humbug!\", is visited by the ghost of his former partner,  Jacob Marley , who sends three more spirits in hopes of reforming Scrooge's heartless and penny-pinching ways.  ", "Mickey appears in this animated version of A Christmas Carol, where he plays the role of Bob Cratchit. On Christmas Eve, while Scrooge's selfish thoughts cascade in his head, Bob Cratchit, exhausted and underpaid, continues to work long and hard for him. Cratchit reluctantly asks for a \"half day off\" for Christmas, to which Scrooge replies it will be unpaid (in contrast to the original version where Scrooge is irritated at giving Cratchit Christmas off with pay). Scrooge's nephew Fred comes in to invite Scrooge to his family's Christmas dinner, but Scrooge turns him down. When collectors Rat and Mole, along with beggars on the streets, kindly ask for a simple donation, Scrooge responds to them that if he does, the poor will no longer be poor and thus they (the collectors) will be out of work, \"and you [can't] ask me to do that, not on Christmas Eve.\" In response, he gives them Fred's christmas gift that Fred gave him earlier, and tells them to give it to the poor, by slamming the door on them. After Rat and Mole left, Scrooge asked Bob what is the world coming too; when you work so hard to make money, then which you get the money you work so hard for you have to give it away. Bob after hearing this, gives no response to his boss.", "In this adaptation of the Christmas story, narrated by Gonzo as Charles Dickens (with the occasional commentary of Rizzo the Rat ), it is Christmas Eve in 19th century London. The merriment is not shared by Ebenezer Scrooge , a surly money-lender who is more interested in profit than celebration. He is so cold to the season of giving that his book-keeping staff, including loyal employee Bob Cratchit (played by Kermit the Frog ), have to plead with him just to have the day off work during Christmas by pointing out that Scrooge would have no customers on the holiday and that it would waste coal to sit alone in the office. Scrooge's nephew, Fred , arrives to invite his uncle to Christmas dinner, and two gentlemen ( Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and Beaker ) also come to Scrooge's offices, collecting money in the spirit of the season to provide a Christmas dinner for the poor. Scrooge rebuffs his nephew and complains that it is not worth looking after the poor, as their deaths will decrease the surplus population. Fred is shocked at his uncle's uncharitable and cold nature, but repeats his invitation, makes his own donation, and departs.", "The Ghost of Christmas Present (Kenneth More), a jolly giant, visits next and shows Scrooge the home of Bob Cratchit and his family. Scrooge learns that Tiny Tim is very ill, and the spirit warns if the shadows of the future don't change, the boy will die. They then pay a visit to Fred, his wife and friends at Fred's home, where they toast Scrooge and play The Minister's Cat. Finally, the ghost leaves Scrooge, but not before telling him life is too short.", "Ebenezer Scrooge, the main character of the story- “A Christmas Carol”, is a money lender by profession described by Dickens as a “...covetous old sinner!” The description of his physical features also shows the coldness of his heart. Scrooge has a general dislike for the poor and feels the world would be a better place without them. He treats his fellow men shabbily. The name Scrooge has come to represent, in the English language, miserliness and a general attitude of misanthropy. At the beginning Ebenezer Scrooge is portrayed as a cold-hearted, greedy and stingy man who expresses dislike for the Christmas traditions. He embodies winter and the accompanying coldness and despair. But just as the warmth of spring and life follows winter, so also, Scrooge’s stinginess and cold heart sees a revival of goodwill that was part of his growing up years.", "In A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge thinks only of money. After the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come shows Scrooge his lonely and miserable death, he changes his ways and becomes a charitable person.", "Dilber, Mrs Scrooge's charwoman who sells his bed linen and curtains to Old Joe when Scrooge is shown shadows of the future by the Ghost of Christmas Future in A Christmas Carol .", "The Ghost of Christmas Present, a majestic giant clad in a green fur robe, takes Scrooge through London to unveil Christmas as it will happen that year. Scrooge watches the large, bustling Cratchit family prepare a miniature feast in its meager home. He discovers Bob Cratchit's crippled son, Tiny Tim, a courageous boy whose kindness and humility warms Scrooge's heart. The specter then zips Scrooge to his nephew's to witness the Christmas party. Scrooge finds the jovial gathering delightful and pleads with the spirit to stay until the very end of the festivities. As the day passes, the spirit ages, becoming noticeably older. Toward the end of the day, he shows Scrooge two starved children, Ignorance and Want, living under his coat. He vanishes instantly as Scrooge notices a dark, hooded figure coming toward him.", "Charles Dickens oft-told tale of moral redemption. Orson Welles narrated both versions and played Scrooge in the 1938 version, while Lionel Barrymore played Scrooge in the 1939 version. Bernard Herrmann composed the music in both versions. Ebenezer Scrooge—a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner—is visited by the ghost of his old business partner, Jacob Marley, and three other ghosts: the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present, and Christmas Yet to Come. They force Scrooge to relive a bleak past and warn him of an even bleaker future if he does not change his ways.", "On television he appeared in two musical versions of Dickens's A Christmas Carol: one in 1954, in which he played Marley's Ghost opposite Fredric March's Scrooge, and the original 1956 live-action version of The Stingiest Man In Town, in which he starred as a singing Ebenezer Scrooge.", "Dilber, Mrs ( A Christmas Carol ) Scrooge's laundress who sells sheets and towels, a little wearing apparel, two old-fashioned silver teaspoons, a pair of sugar-tongs, and a few boots to Old Joe when Scrooge is shown shadows of the future by the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come . (top)", "\"There's another fellow,'' muttered Scrooge; who overheard him: ``my clerk, with fifteen shillings a week, and a wife and family, talking about a merry Christmas. I'll retire to Bedlam.''", "Based on Charles Dickens' famous novel A Christmas Carol, which tells the story of a miserable business man who finds redemption after being visited by three spirits on Christmas Eve, Scrooge The Musical is based on the 1970 film and features Leslie Bricusse's Oscar nominated song Thank You Very Much. Starring Tommy Steele.", "Ghost of Christmas Past shows Scrooge his lonely and difficult childhood and gradual decline into the miser he will become in A Christmas Carol .", "In \"Blackadder's Christmas Carol\" Blackadder is the kindest most generous man in Victorian London. He's visited on Christmas Eve by a spirit (Robbie Coltrane) who tells him how wonderful it is that he's so nice. Unfortunately, by showing Blackadder what his descendants would be like if he were mean (rich and with power over the entire universe) he changes into the man we know. He then wreaks vengeance on all the awful people who have been taking advantage of him. More unfortunately, that's the time Queen Victoria and Prince Albert show up to give the nicest man in London a great gift and he tosses them out - assuming they are the winners of the shortest, fastest, ugliest people in London contest.", "Scrooge is the main character of Dickens's novella and is first presented as a miserly , unpleasant man. He rejects all offerings of Christmas cheer and celebration as 'Humbug!'.", "The original 1843 novella by Charles Dickens was titled A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost Story of Christmas. Ironically, it’s said that Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol in a matter of weeks, because he needed money for the coming birth of his fifth child. A Christmas Carol is famously based on a character who loses the spirit of Christmas (or human goodwill in general) because of an immoral level of greed. When visited by three ghosts who show Ebenezer Scrooge visions of the past, present and future, Scrooge learns a valuable lesson and turns from the picture of the amoral businessman of the 19th century into a man of charity and goodwill.", "Also in 1843, Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol was published, during the mid Victorian revival of the holiday. The word Merry was then beginning to take on its current meaning of \"jovial, cheerful, jolly and outgoing\". \"Merry Christmas\" in this new context figured prominently in A Christmas Carol. The cynical Ebenezer Scrooge rudely deflects the friendly greeting: \"If I could work my will … every idiot who goes about with 'Merry Christmas' on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding.\" After the visit from the Ghosts of Christmas effects his transformation, Scrooge exclaims; \"I am as merry as a school-boy. A merry Christmas to everybody!\" and heartily exchanges the wish to all he meets. The instant popularity of A Christmas Carol, the Victorian era Christmas traditions it typifies, and the term's new meaning appearing in the book popularized the phrase \"Merry Christmas\". ", "English literature contains many references to him, for example in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens , and in this folk rhyme:", "English literature contains many references to him, for example in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, and in this folk rhyme:", "English literature contains many references to him, for example in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, and in this folk rhyme:", "Perhaps the greatest of Dickens' 'forgotten' characters, Doctor Marigold  -  named in honour of the doctor who delivered him  -  is the star turn in one of the last Christmas stories Dickens wrote for his journal All the Year Round. A 'cheap jack' who dresses in cords, leggings and a waistcoat, he hawks goods from a travelling wagon, and delighted readers with 'his eloquence, his cleverness and his goodness', as one paper said at the time. Everything Marigold says is done in patter, even the heartbreaking story he tells of the death of his daughter and wife, and the deaf-and-dumb girl he adopts. The character achieved further fame when Dickens performed him at sellout public readings in 1866. I played him myself in a one-man show.", "Allingham, Philip V. “>The Naming of Names in Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol” Dickens Quarterly 4:1 (1987): 15-20." ]

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[ "‘Olive the Other… (what?)’, is a Christmas book by Vivian Walsh and J Otto Seibold? Reindeer", "4. 'Olive the Other... (what?)', is a Christmas book by Vivian Walsh and J Otto Seibold: Reindeer; Snowman; Otter; or Orangutan?", "37.   'Olive the Other... (what?)', is a Christmas book by Vivian Walsh and J Otto Seibold: Reindeer; Snowman; Otter; or Orangutan?", "Olive -- In 1997, Vivian Walsh and J. Otto Seibold brought to life Olive, The Other Reindeer in a children's book. Taken from an oft misheard lyric from \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer,\" Olive is, in fact, a Jack Russell terrier. The story was enough to prompt \"The Simpsons\" creator Matt Groening and others to make the 1999 animated film \"Olive, the Other Reindeer.\"", "The 1999 special Olive, The Other Reindeer —based on Vivian Walsh’s popular children’s book—has had a little better luck at becoming a staple, which is a welcome development, because this Matt Groening-produced pun-fest is a real holiday treat. Drew Barrymore provides the voice of a dog who takes it upon herself to head north and save Christmas after Blitzen gets injured. Along the way she meets a canny penguin (voiced by Joe Pantoliano), a mean mailman (Dan Castellaneta), and a thuggish reindeer (Michael Stipe). With its construction-paper cut-out look, light heart, and deadpan humor, Olive is—like Santa Vs. The Snowman—something of a meta Christmas special, but no less affecting for that.", "Instead of the lyric, ``All of the other reindeer,'' Olive the pup hears something else on the radio: ``Olive, the other reindeer.'' She concludes that she is to be Santa's canine helper, so heads up to the North Pole, to join the Christmas Eve flight. Dangling from a ribbon tied to Comet's reins, Olive looks more like a stray ornament than a reindeer, but her doggy talents of chewing, sniffing, and fetching rescue Father Christmas from multiple mishaps. The story is as slight as they come, but the art sings a song all its own. Seibold's gregarious cartoons create an avocado-and-tomato colored cartoon Christmas in which little details shine: In a scene of flutes falling out of the sky and into a snow bank, a cutaway shows a surprised bunny awaking to find its burrow pierced by a silver shaft. Children will like the sophisticated art, even without a tight storyline. (Picture book. 4-8) -- Copyright ©1997, Kirkus Associates, LP. All rights reserved.", "This beautiful deluxe edition marks the tenth anniversary of J.otto Seibold and Vivian Walsh's modern Christmas classicthe story of a little dog named Olive with big reindeer dreams! When the book was first published in 1997, it enjoyed great reviews and has since sold more than 1 million copies. This new edition is a larger version of the original book, and itfeatures flaps to lift, spots to scratch and sniff, and a pop-up grand finale. Designed to be a perfect holiday gift, this edition will appeal to Olive's many fans and is sure to make new ones.", "A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost Story of Christmas (commonly known as A Christmas Carol) is a book by Charles Dickens that was first published on December 19, 1843 with illustrations by John Leech. Dickens called it his “little Christmas Book”. The first of the author’s five “Christmas books,” the story was instantly successful, selling over six thousand copies in one week. Originally written in six weeks under financial duress to help Dickens to pay off a debt, the tale has become one of the most popular and enduring Christmas stories of all time.", "The Cricket on the Hearth: A Fairy Tale of Home is a novella by Charles Dickens, published by Bradbury and Evans, and released 20 December 1845 with illustrations by Daniel Maclise, John Leech, Richard Doyle, Clarkson Stanfield and Edwin Henry Landseer. Dickens began writing the book around 17 October 1845 and finished it by 1 December. Like all of Dickens's Christmas books, it was published in book form, not as a serial. Dickens described the novel as \"quiet and domestic [...] innocent and pretty.\" It is subdivided into chapters called \"Chirps\", similar to the \"Quarters\" of The Chimes or the \"Staves\" of A Christmas Carol. It is the third of Dickens's five Christmas books, preceded by A Christmas Carol (1843) and The Chimes (1844), and followed by The Battle of Life (1846) and The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain (1848).", "One of five beloved Christmas classics   A Merry Christmas collects the treasured holiday tales of Louisa May Alcott, from the dearly familiar Yuletide benevolence of Marmee and her “little women” to the timeless “What Love Can Do,” wherein the residents of a boarding house come together to make a lovely Christmas for two...", "This story is also Beatrix Potter’s own favourite and it’s a wonderful Christmas story (Christmas is my favourite holiday too btw) which should have the same popularity as the Christmas Carol and The Snowman. Story is quite basic: in a town there lives Tailor who has to finish dresses and gowns for the party but he gets sick and it seems he can’t finish them on time. Lucky for him the mice who live in the house notice this, finish Tailor’s work for him and Tailor is praised by his great work which is so detailed. I also like the pictures in this story so much because there’s snow and cold but also warmth and light which makes Christmas such a great holiday in my opinion.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is an American children's novel written by author L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow, originally published by the George M. Hill Company in Chicago on May 17, 1900. It has since been reprinted on numerous occasions, most often under the title The Wizard of Oz, which is the title of the popular 1902 Broadway musical as well as the iconic 1939 musical film adaptation.", "Christmas, with all its spiritual significance, is also a time for family reunions, presents and parties. n extracts from their new book*, Frank and Jamie Muir (right) take an entertaining look at seasonal customs through the ages. *A Treasury Of Christmas, by Frank and Jamie Muir, published by Robson Books Ltd, at £D 95. © Frank and Jamie Muir 1981.", "It was written in 1933 by a young journalist who had been assigned to produce a Christmas tale for his newspaper. It is told in flashbacks by the 85 year old title character, who sits by the fire on a November day and reminisces about his arrival in Brookfield in 1870, his marriage to Kathy Bridges at the age of 48, and his retirement to Mrs. Wickett's after the war. FTP, name this sentimental novella, whose title character is a teacher of Latin and headmaster of a school for boys, a work of James Hilton.", "The other great work of Christmas literature from the 19th century is A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens . In writing the tale of Ebenezer Scrooge , Dickens wanted to comment on greed in Victorian Britain . He also made Christmas a more prominent holiday, and permanently associated himself with Christmas celebrations.", "Mistletoe Mysteries (Lincoln City Libraries, NE): Set at Christmas, Hanukkah, or New Year's. Author, title, and webcat link for about 275 books. Compiled Nov. 2000; updated 2005.", "It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 American Christmas fantasy drama film produced and directed by Frank Capra, based on the short story \"The Greatest Gift\", which Philip Van Doren Stern wrote in 1939 and published privately in 1945. The film is now among the most popular in American cinema and because of numerous television showings in the 1980s has become traditional viewing during the Christmas season.", "Edward Gorey's off-kilter depictions of Yuletide mayhem and John Updike's wryly jaundiced text examine a dozen Christmas traditions with a decidedly wheezy ho-ho-ho. This long out-of-print classic is the perfect stocking-stuffer for any bah hu...", "Children's author, Olive Wellwood, creates a golden Edwardian story book world for her children at Todefright where the adults discuss socialism, free love and emancipation. But life is not as it seems. Olive's personality crushes her children and the parents' unconventional sexual lives rupture the family's security. The children become casualties of parental selfishness and the horrors of war. A rich book for serious-minded readers to relish.", "Description : Barbie stars in her first holiday movie in this heart-warming adaptation of the classic Dickens story filled with cherished Christmas carols, fabulous fashions and lots of laughs!", "Prepare to be enchanted by this delightful collection of Christmas stories written by Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888). The stories: Rosa's Tale, Becky's Christmas Dream, A Country Christmas, Tilly's Christmas, Kate's Choice, The Little Red Purse, Tessa...", "Dickens publishes two novels this year: The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit and A Christmas Carol. The latter is the well-known Christmas tale that turns out to be one of his most beloved stories.", "Raymond Briggs has created some of the most enduring stories in modern pictorial literature. His book The Snowman is a marvelous, touching fable about the wonders of Christmas. But he also drew a harrowing view of the life of ordinary people following an atomic bomb blast in When The Wind Blows. Ethel & Ernest is a wonderful piece of work that falls somewhere in between.", "\"The Gift of the Magi\" is a short story, written by O. Henry (a pen name for William Sydney Porter), about a young married couple and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money. As a sentimental story with a moral lesson about gift-giving, it has been a popular one for adaptation, especially for presentation at Christmas time. The plot and its \"twist ending\" are well-known, and the ending is generally considered an example of comic irony. It was allegedly written at Pete's Tavern on Irving Place in New York City.", "The National Theatre's Christmas holiday show is an adaptation of Erich Kästner's much-loved 1929 children's novel. Rachel Cooke rereads a wonderful book that helped form her", "The idea of a wife for Santa Claus may have been the creation of American authors, beginning in the mid-1800s. In 1889, the poet Katherine Lee Bates popularized Mrs. Claus in the poem “Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride”. The 1956 popular song by George Melachrino , “Mrs. Santa Claus”, and the 1963 children’s book How Mrs. Santa Claus Saved Christmas, by Phyllis McGinley , helped standardize and establish the character and role in the popular imagination.", "Grahame, Kenneth. The Wild Wood; and Mole's Christmas. Illustrated by Ernest H. Shepard. New York: Aladdin Books, 1991.", "Christmas Wombat, by Jackie French and Bruce Whatley, published by Angus & Robertson, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers Australia", "1987 Simone Bloom Nathan published a children’s picture book, Eight Candles and a Tree. She hopes the book encourages parents and children to share their unique holiday traditions and cultural observances with others.", "What is the name of the young boy who is one of the two main characters in Truman Capote’s “A Christmas Memory”?  (Hint: he shares his name of a famous Christmas elf.)", "Note: \"The Wish Child\" was written by Ina Seidel, author of \"Das Labyrinth\". \"The Wish Child\" is about 2 young children during the Napoleonic Era.", "Roald Dahl (1916-1990) published Charlie and the Chocolate in 1964. It has sold more than 13 million copies." ]

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[ "The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean . It is located 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth , 500 km (310 mi) south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta , and 975 km (606 mi) ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands .", "The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, 360 km (220 mi) south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, 975 km (606 mi) ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and 2,748 km (1,708 mi) west of the Territorian city of Darwin.", "Christmas Island is an island in the Indian Ocean. It is located northwest off the coast of Australia and is a territory of the country. The coastline of 80 kilometers is almost a continuous cliff ranging in heights of up to 20 meters. There are several shallow bays that offer coral shingle beaches and small sandy areas. The only port on the island is the Flying Fish Cove.", "The Christmas Island is a small overseas territory of Australia located in the Indian Ocean near the Island of Java. The island has a remote location and minimal human contact. This has resulted in the development of vast endemic flora and fauna here. The island is also known as the Galapagos Islands of the Indian Ocean. It covers an area of 135 sq km and had an approximate population of 2,072 in 2011. Most of the settlers here are Chinese Australians.", "Christmas Island is an external territory of Australia located in the Indian Ocean 186 nmi south of the southern coast of Java. The maritime boundary between the island and Indonesia which was established by the 1997 treaty is a modified median line which lies closer to the island by virtue of it being an isolated island lying next to the coastline of a larger country. The boundary generally runs east-west and terminates both ends where the boundary of the Australian exclusive economic zone created around Christmas Island diverges from the Indonesian EEZ. Unlike the boundary in the Arafura and Timor Seas, there are no separate boundaries for the seabed and water column.", "43. Christmas Island, with a population of 2,000, lies in the Indian Ocean and is a territory of which country?", "Australia and Indonesia also share a common maritime border in the Indian Ocean between Australia's oversea territory of Christmas Island and the Indonesian island of Java.", "Christmas Island National Park is a national park. occupying most of Christmas Island, an Australia. n territory in the Indian Ocean. southwest of Indonesia", "~1643 – The Australian Territory of Christmas Island was named by William Mynors, captain of the East India Ship Company vessel, the Royal Mary when he sailed past it on Christmas Day.", "The Territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, also called Cocos Islands and Keeling Islands, is a territory of Australia, located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Christmas Island and approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka.", "Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean and covers an area of 135 square kilometres.", "The island was discovered by Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company on the Christmas Day of 1643 AD. It is because of this origin that the island got its name. After several explorations, deposits of phosphate of lime were discovered on the island and it was annexed to the British Empire in 1888. The first settlement was established soon after by G. Clunies Ross who owned the nearby Cocos Islands. Finally in 1957, the sovereignty was transferred to Australia on its request and Australia paid £2.9 million in compensation to the government of Singapore.", "The island became an Australian Territory on 1 October 1958 with the proclamation of the Christmas Island Act 1958–59. Prior to this it had been administered as a British possession by the Colony of Singapore, and had, from the middle of nineteenth century, been administered by British Governors in Ceylon or Singapore under the Straits Settlements.", "The Australian dollar is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. After the 2006 merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures Exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange is now the 9th largest in the World.", "Christmas Island - Closer to Indonesia than WA, but still part of Australia. Christmas Island is an emerging destination for divers and crab lovers looking for something not yet over run by other people.", "* Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are geographically located in the Indian Ocean, much closer to Asia than to Australia. Politically they are administered from Australia. They may be grouped into Asia or Oceania.", "The Australian dollar is the currency for the nation, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. With the 2006 merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures Exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange became the ninth largest in the world. ", "Christmas Island is an isolated island in the Indian Ocean. It should not be confused with Christmas Island in the Pacific Ocean, which is part of Kiribati, and is now more properly called Kiritimati (the Micronesian rendering of \"Christmas\"). Flying Fish Cove is not officially a capital, but is the only settlement shown on most maps of Christmas Island.", "English explorer and navigator James Cook (1728–1779) landed on the atoll in 1777. Because the day of his arrival was Christmas Eve, Cook named the atoll Christmas Island (not to be confused with the Australian-administered Christmas Island that lies in the eastern Indian Ocean south of Java). More than a century later, England claimed the atoll as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony, extending its rule over it. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, England and the United States conducted nuclear tests on the atoll. In 1979, the Republic of Kiritabi was granted full independence.", "1643- Christmas Island founded and named by Captain William Mynors of the East India Ship Company vessel, the Royal Mary.", "The Indian Ocean's volume is estimated to be around 292,131,000 cubic kilometers (70,086,000 mi³). Small islands dot the continental rims. Island nations within the Indian Ocean are Madagascar (formerly Malagasy Republic), the world's fourth largest island; Comoros; Maldives; Seychelles; Mauritius; and Sri Lanka. Indonesia borders the Indian Ocean on the east. The ocean's importance as a transport route between Asia and Africa has made it a scene of conflict. Because of its size, however, no nation had successfully conquered most of it until the early 1800s when the United Kingdom controlled much of the surrounding land. After the decline of the British Empire, the Indian Ocean was dominated by India and Australia", "During the 1872-76 Challenger expedition to Indonesia, naturalist Dr John Murray carried out extensive surveys. At his urging, the British Admiralty annexed the 135 square kilometre island on 6 June 1888. But it was not until 1888 that Christmas Island was settled, when the Clunies-Ross brothers from neighbouring Cocos-Keeling Islands (some 900 kilometres to the south west) established a settlement at Flying Fish Cove to collect timber and supplies for the growing industry on Cocos.", "The Comoros (; , '), officially the Union of the Comoros (Comorian: Udzima wa Komori, , '), is a sovereign archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar. Other countries near the Comoros are Tanzania to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast. Its capital is Moroni, on Grande Comore.", "Captain William Keeling sighted the Coco (Keeling) coral Islands, now a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean.", "Australia (,,), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.", "Madagascar is a country that occupies a large island of the same name, located in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa . It is the fourth largest island in the world.", "Norfolk Island (; Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen ) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia, 1412 km directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about 900 km from Lord Howe Island. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2. Its capital is Kingston.", "Kiribati, officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. The permanent population is just over 100,000 (2011), and the island nation is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Lineat its easternmost point. The name Kiribati is the local pronunciation of \"Gilberts\", derived from the main island chain, the Gilbert Islands. The capital of South Tarawa consists of a number of islets connected through a series of causeways, located in the Tarawa archipelago. Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom in 1979. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the IMF and the World Bank, and became a full member of the United Nations in 1999.", "Today is Independence Day in Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu  (Ripablik blong Vanuatu), an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. Vanuatu was first inhabited by Melanesian people. The first Europeans to visit the islands were the members of a Spanish expedition led by Portuguese navigator Fernandes de Queirós, who arrived in 1605. […]", "Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 kilometres (186 mi) to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest republic, covering just 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi). With just over 9,322 residents, it is the second least-populated country after Vatican City.", "Q1    Which island group in the Indian Ocean, a popular tourist destination, has the city of Victoria as its capital?", "Rarotonga is the most populous island of the Cook Islands, with a population of 10,572 (census 2011), out of the country's total resident population of 14,974. Captain John Dibbs, master of the colonial brig Endeavour, is credited as the European discoverer on 25 August 1823, while transporting the missionary Rev. John Williams." ]

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[ "North American Aerospace Defense Command is a joint organization of Canada and the United States that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and defense for the two countries. Headquarters NORAD is located at Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs, Colorado. NORAD command and control is exercised through the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center, located a short distance away. . . The growing perception of the threat of long-range Soviet strategic bombers armed with nuclear weapons brought the U.S. and Canada into closer cooperation for air defense. While attacks from the Pacific or Atlantic would have been detected by Airborne Early Warning aircraft, Navy ships, or offshore radar platforms, the Arctic was under-protected. In the early 1950s the U.S. and Canada agreed to construct a series of radar stations across North America to detect a Soviet attack over the Arctic. . . The systems gave around three hours' warning of a bomber attack before they could reach any major population center. The command and control of the massive system then became a significant challenge. Discussions and studies of joint systems had been ongoing since the early 1950s and culminated on August 1, 1957, with the announcement by the U.S. and Canada to establish an integrated command, the North American Air Defense Command. On September 12, operations commenced in Colorado. A formal NORAD agreement between the two governments was signed on May 12, 1958.  (wikipedia.org.  Accessed on September 1, 2011.)", " (NORAD) North American Aerospace Defense Command is a joint organization of Canada and the United States that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and defense.  Headquarters NORAD is located at Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs, Colorado.  NORAD command and control is exercised through the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center, located a short distance away.  On September 12, 1957 operations commenced in Colorado.  NORAD comes to the public's attention during December and on Christmas Eve, when its NORAD Tracks Santa service follows Santa Claus on his journey around the world.  This tradition started in 1955 when a local Sears store in Colorado misprinted the telephone number and children thought they were calling Santa, but actually were calling Air Defense Command (NORAD's predecessor) instead.", "The North American Aerospace (formerly Air) Defense Command (NORAD), established in 1957, is a bi-national air defense organization between the United States and Canada. Originally aimed at deterring threats from Soviet bombers and ICBMs, NORAD has expanded following the end of the Cold War and the attacks of 9/11, and now provides for aerospace warnings from aircraft, missiles, and space vehicles as well as risks emanating from the interior of North America. NORAD, headquartered at Peterson Air Force Base near Colorado Springs, Colorado, is broken down into three regional commands: the Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR), the Canadian NORAD Region (CANR), and the Continental U.S. NORAD Region (CONR).", "In 1955, a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs, Colorado, gave children a number to call a \"Santa hotline\". The number was mistyped and children called the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead. The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website.", "In 1958, the North America Air Defense Command (NORAD) took over the reporting responsibility from CONAD, and the reporting became more elaborate as the years passed. On December 24, 1960, for example, NORAD's northern command post at Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada, provided regular updates of a sleigh operated by \"S. Claus\" which it identified as \"undoubtedly friendly\". During the evening, NORAD reported that the sleigh had made an emergency landing on the ice of Hudson Bay, where Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) interceptor aircraft sent to investigate discovered Santa Claus bandaging his reindeer Dancer's front foot, after which the RCAF planes escorted him when he resumed his journey.", "Or, a little more specifically, the North American Aerospace Defense Command sometimes known by the acronym NORAD. In fact, NORAD just doesn't have the backing of the United States government, it is a joint venture with Canada, so it is trusted with the well being of not only Americans citizens, but Canadians as well.", "Since the early Space Shuttle missions, NASA has used NORAD to monitor the Shuttle's orbital path for debris. In the '80s, this used much of its capacity. The first collision-avoidance maneuver occurred during STS-48 in September 1991,Rob Matson, [http://www.satobs.org/satclose.html \"Satellite Encounters\"] Visual Satellite Observer's Home Page. a seven-second thruster burn to avoid debris from Kosmos 955. Similar manoeuvres followed on missions 53, 72 and 82.", "�If this craft had been a Learjet or military aircraft at the wrong altitude, that would have been clear. The FAA has procedures that cover tracking unidentified aircraft violating another's airspace - but it has no procedures for UFOs.", "1962 - According to Lt. Colonel Herbert Rolph, at 7:20 p.m. NORAD tracked a UFO across the entire continental United States.", "The North American Aerospace Defense Command is tracking St. Nick and his reindeer as they make their annual Christmas Eve trek across the globe, marking the agency’s 61st year of keeping tabs on the festive flight.", "It's that time of year again... and in between monitoring US airspace and keeping an eye on **wayward Russian Bears** , the North American Aerospace Defense Command is again getting ready to track Santa!", "And many scientists and amateur radio operators followed the transmissions….nobody has come forward. Monitoring am object in orbit would have been a clear indicator. But no one has come forward. That’s because they all monitored a craft traveling somewhat directly away from Earth…NOT in orbit. If we agree that the astronauts likely DID blast off from Earth…it would be nearly impossible to fool the millions of people who trained their radio receivers on the skies.", "In the fall of 1960, 1961, and 1962, the United States conducts three large-scale air defense exercises called Sky Shield that require a complete ban on commercial and private aviation for about 12 hours. During a period of extreme tensions with the Soviet Union and widespread fear of a nuclear attack by bombers or intercontinental missiles, the Sky Shield exercises test the reliability of North America’s elaborate network of radar stations in Alaska, Northern Canada, and Greenland, as well as along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Each exercise involves an attack by a fleet of “Soviet” bombers (actually US, Canadian, and British planes) from the North Pole or from the coasts, followed by the mobilization of hundreds of fighter jets trying to intercept and shoot down the intruders. Sky Shield will be recalled after 9/11 in part because it will be the first time in 40 years that the skies are completely cleared. The third Sky Shield, in 1962, involves the systematic grounding of hundreds of civilian jets as rapidly as possible to test the FAA’s ability to clear the skies in case of attack. This procedure, called SCATANA, will be implemented again on 9/11 on NORAD’s order (see (11:00 a.m.) September 11, 2001 ).", "On 9/11, the defense of U.S. air space depended on close interaction between two federal agencies: the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Existing protocols on 9/11 were unsuited in every respect for an attack in which hijacked planes were used as weapons.", "To monitor for drug trafficking, in cooperation with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the United States drug law enforcement agencies, the Canadian NORAD Region monitors all air traffic approaching the coast of Canada. Any aircraft that has not filed a flight plan may be directed to land and be inspected by RCMP and Canada Border Services Agency.", "The US military may have nated as including the firing of missiles, in an area desig Island. Long of coast east south the off W-105, located from away miles 30 about is 5 W-10 area”, “hot A Navy a In ded. where TWA Flight 800 mysteriously explo nt accide the of t repor rst fi potentially lethal gaffe, the is which gon, Penta the from come is thought to have et of snipp the as ularly partic ious, suspic highly again nding news was quickly covered up. The airspace surrou that ft aircra ry milita with TWA Flight 800 was heavy military fateful night, once again indicating possible dy. trage the in t emen involv in A photograph taken by Linda Kabot, reproduced ded explo 800 Flight time at the Paris Match, clearly shows a missile in the sky the bright light of an exhaust – there’s a clear view of a cylindrical object with authorities on the basis that by unted disco was at one end. Her photograph when she took the picture. she was facing away from the actual explosion many missiles are flying around This poses the disturbing question of just how to note that the FBI paid sting intere American airspace at any given time. It’s n. igatio invest its in ts repor little heed to such eyewitness", "Part II looks into the diverse features of government involvement. In January 1948 the U.S. Air Force began a formal study of UFO reports under the sequential program names of project \"Sign\", Grudge\" and \"Blue Book\". These mostly ineffective endeavors were discontinued after 1969.", "�Back at FAA headquarters, I gave Administrator Engen a quick briefing and showed him the video. He set up a briefing with President Reagan's scientific staff, and told me my function was to give them a dog and pony show and hand this event off to them, �since the FAA does not deal with UFO's.� I brought along a copy of the video and all the data print outs available at the time. One of the scientists asked a number of questions, such as, what is the range of the radar, what is the frequency of the radar, what is the band width, what is the formula for the height equipment, etc.", "In response to this reported threat, Col. Tillman said he flew Air Force One over the Gulf of Mexico to test whether the additional aircraft would follow. The additional jet continued on its route, and Tillman said that it was later explained to him that an airliner had lost its transponder and that the pilots on-board neglected to switch to another radio frequency. An aircraft transponder broadcasts an electronic identification signal. [17] A threat came again when Tillman received a message warning of an imminent attack on Air Force One. \"We got word from the vice president and the staff that 'Angel was next.' Angel being the classified call sign for Air Force One. Once we got into the Gulf [of Mexico] and they passed to us that 'Angel was next,' at that point I asked for fighter support. If an airliner was part of the attack, it would be good to have fighters on the wing to go ahead and take care of us.\" At this point, Tillman said that the plan to fly the president back to Washington, DC was aborted and instead Tillman landed at Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana and Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska , where the president made a speech. Tillman explained that this was due to his concern that because of the reported threat, Air Force One would be attacked when he returned to Andrews Air Force Base. [17]", "No airline officials, air traffic controllers, or radar records indicated anything out of the ordinary, though a United supervisor did call the tower to ask if any saucers were hovering nearby. The FAA has declined to investigate, which has proved irritating to those who insist that they witnessed the incident. Officials have tossed out the usual balloons, optical illusions, and weather phenomena as possible explanations .", "Document 11 : Clarence L. \"Kelly\" Johnson, Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, \"Reduction of Radar Cross Section of Large High Altitude Aircraft,\" n.d. (but circa 1975). Classification Not Available.", "So, I wonder if I could have your help with this mystery. It is incredible that a DC-3 used on a government/navy contract would not be registered!", "* July 21 – A Canadian Pacific Air Lines Douglas DC-4 disappears on a flight from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, to Tokyo, Japan; all 37 on board are presumed dead; the aircraft has never been found.", "       By December 9, 1938, the last of the formerly Identified aircraft (primarily older aircraft for which no ATC has been issued, homebuilt, and aircraft not intended to be operated outside the confines of the state in which they were domiciled) had been attrited. However, when an classified aircraft did not pass inspection, the CAA came up with a new convention for covering these. They would order the removal of the \"C\" from the \"NC-\" prefix, and thus the aircraft would become N-11471. This has led many researchers on a merry chase. These were not licenses at this point; they were Identification Marks.", "In response to this reported threat, Col. Tillman said he flew Air Force One over the Gulf of Mexico to test whether the other aircraft would follow. The other jet continued on its route, and Tillman said that it was later explained to him that an airliner had lost its transponder and that the pilots on-board neglected to switch to another radio frequency. An aircraft transponder broadcasts an electronic identification signal. A threat came again when Tillman received a message warning of an imminent attack on Air Force One. \"We got word from the vice president and the staff that 'Angel was next.' Angel being the classified call sign for Air Force One. Once we got into the Gulf [of Mexico] and they passed to us that 'Angel was next,' at that point I asked for fighter support. If an airliner was part of the attack, it would be good to have fighters on the wing to go ahead and take care of us.\" At this point, Tillman said that the plan to fly the president back to Washington, DC was aborted and instead Tillman landed at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana and Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, where the president made a speech. Tillman explained that this was due to his concern that because of the reported threat, Air Force One would be attacked when he returned to Andrews Air Force Base. ", "* December 5 – A flight of United States Navy Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers known as Flight 19 disappears on a training exercise from Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale.", "The previous afternoon an intelligence source had reported unusual levels of activity at Soviet air bases. Shortly after midnight U.S. Air Defense Command headquarters, in Colorado Springs, got word from Alaska that vapor trails from �bogeys� (unknown aircraft) had been sighted high over the Bering Sea, coming from the direction of the Soviet Union. As shaken generals fretted over the report, another message arrived: Five more bogeys had been sighted off the coast of Maine. It looked as if this might be the real thing�an atomic sneak attack. Commanders ordered a full-scale alert. Fighters were scrambled and Air Force bombers prepared for a retaliatory strike.", "According to the United States government, the crew incorrectly identified the Iranian Airbus A300 as an attacking F-14A Tomcat fighter, a plane made in the United States and operated at that time by only two forces worldwide, the United States Navy and the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force. While the Iranian F-14s had been supplied by manufacturer Grumman in an air-to-air configuration only in the 1970s, the crew of Vincennes had been briefed when entering the region that the Iranian F-14s carried unguided bombs as well as Maverick missiles and unguided rockets. The Vincennes crew made ten attempts to contact the crew of the flight on military and civilian radio frequencies, but received no response. The International Civil Aviation Organization said that the flight crew should have been monitoring the civilian frequency. ", "In 1953, Eastern Airlines commercial flight 8610 flew into the same airspace as a plane carrying President Dwight D. Eisenhower with the call sign Air Force 8610. To avoid future confusion, the Air Force established the unique air traffic control designation \"Air Force One\" for any aircraft carrying the President of the United States.", "* December 9 – Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810 crashes into a mountain in British Columbia. All 62 people on board are killed.", "From Luke Wray, August 2007 - From NAS Fallon NV, last week: A recently qualified Clearance Delivery operator was working a moderately busy period when a Navy DC-9 called, requesting clearance back to NAS Jacksonville, FL. The controller responded back to the pilot that the flight plan was not in the system. The controller hammered away at the FDIO with no success. The next transmission to the DC-9 was: \"VVJV�, clearance, Mam your flight plan is not in the system, would you like to go back to Jax VFR? The pilot responded (while laughing) \"No thanks, we'll file a flight plan..\"", "1948 - At 9:55 a.m. a ten meter wide silver half disc maneuvered in the sky over Manila in the Philippines and made a number of ninety-degree turns. Lt. Meyers of the U.S. Air Force was leading a flight of four F-47S Thunderbolt fighters of the 67th Fighter Squadron and was flying south at 1,500 ft altitude when he saw a half-moon shaped \"flying wing\" or crescent about 30 feet wide and 20 feet long, with a small dorsal fin. It was flying on a northerly heading at about 1,000 feet three miles to his east. It made a 90° left turn and leveled out on a westerly heading accelerating rapidly to vanish in five seconds. There was no trail. Estimated terminal velocity was about 11 miles per second or 39,000 mph. Radio interference was reported at the time." ]

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[ "The Arctic Circle city of Rovaniemi , Finland and the nearly-Arctic Interior Alaskan city of North Pole both somewhat disingenuously claim to be the home of Santa Claus, and Bracebridge , Ontario , Canada has a year-round Santa Claus park as does North Pole , New York .", "Each Nordic country claims Santa’s residence to be within their territory. Norway claims he lives in Drøbak . In Denmark, he is said to live in Greenland (near Uummannaq ). In Sweden, the town of Mora has a theme park named Tomteland . The national postal terminal in Tomteboda in Stockholm receives children’s letters for Santa. In Finland , Korvatunturi in has long been known as Santa’s home, and two theme parks, Santa Claus Village and Santa Park are located near Rovaniemi .", "In Russia, Santa Claus is known as Father Frost. He is usually illustrated with his granddaughter, the snow maiden, Snegurochka riding with an evergreen tree and presents in a traditional Russian troika", "Santa Claus is based on a real person, St. Nikolas of Myra (also known as Nikolaos the Wonderworker, Bishop Saint Nicholas of Smyrna, and Nikolaos of Bari), who lived during the fourth century. Born in Patara (in modern-day Turkey), he is the world’s most popular non-Biblical saint, and artists have portrayed him more often than any other saint except Mary. He is the patron saint of banking, pawnbroking, pirating, butchery, sailing, thievery, orphans, royalty, and New York City.[5]", "Children naturally wanted to know where Santa Claus actually came from. Where did he live when he wasn't delivering presents? Those questions gave rise to the legend that Santa Claus lived at the North Pole, where his Christmas-gift workshop was also located.", "The modern portrayal of Santa Claus frequently depicts him listening to the Christmas wishes of young children. Santa Claus, or Santa, is a figure in the culture of North America, The United Kingdom, Ireland,Australia, New Zealand and more who reflects an amalgamation of the Dutch Sinterklaas, the English Father Christmas, and Christmas gift-bringers in other traditions. Santa Claus is said to bring gifts to the homes of good children during the late evening and overnight hours of Christmas Eve, December 24. Santa Claus in this contemporary understanding echoes aspects of hagiographical tales concerning the historical figure of gift-giver Saint Nicholas, the man from whom the name of Santa Claus derives and in whose honor Santa Claus may be referred to as Saint Nicholas or Saint Nick.", "Rare Exports: A Christmas Tale : In prehistoric times the Sami-folk of Lapland, tired of the tyranny of Santa Claus , lured him on weak ice, and he sank to the bottom of the lake, which subsequently froze through. He was cut out and covered with tons of sawdust to keep him from melting, and then layers upon layers of dirt and stones over the centuries, until the Korvatunturi mountain on the border of modern Finland and Russia was formed. And this Christmas an obsessed American millionaire decides to dig him out. He is not happy.", "In Russia, Ded Moroz plays a role similar to that of Santa Claus. The literal translation of the name would be \"Old Man Frost\", although the name is often translated as \"Father Frost\". Ded Moroz is said to bring presents to children at New Year's Eve parties and other New Year celebrations.", "In some children's Western cultures, the geographic North Pole is described as the location of Santa Claus' workshop and residence, although the depictions have been inconsistent between the geographic and magnetic North Pole. Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole (referring to Santa's traditional exclamation of \"Ho ho ho!\"). ", "Saint Nicholas of Myra is usually considered the primary inspiration for the Christian figure of Santa Claus. Allegedly he was a 4th-century Greek Christian bishop of Myra in Lycia, a province of the Byzantine Anatolia, now in Turkey. Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor, in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes. Unfortunately little to no historical evidence verifies that he ever even existed. In 1969 Pope Paul VI officially removed the Feast of St. Nicolas from the Roman Catholic calendar. Nicolas and other saints were removed because of doubts that they ever existed. However, in Europe (more precisely the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and Germany) he is still portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes. Historical research indicates that the traditional tale that Santa Claus is the anglicized corruption of the Dutch Sinter Klaas is also incorrect. Santa Claus is not a characteristically Dutch corruption. The place it has survived from early times in Switzerland and southern Germany. According to the St Nicolas legends, St Nicolas had a helper known as Knecht Rupprecht; Pelznickle; Ru-Klas; Swarthy; Dark One; Dark Helper; Black Peter; Hans Trapp; Krampus; Grampus; Zwarte Piets; Furry Nicholas; Rough Nicholas; Schimmelreiter; Klapperbock; Julebuk; a demon; evil one; the devil and Satan. One of his dark duties was to punish children and “gleefully drag them to hell.”", "Santa Claus also known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle and simply \"Santa\", is a figure with legendary, mythical, historical and folkloric origins who, in many western cultures, is said to bring gifts to the homes of the good children during the late evening and overnight hours of Christmas Eve, December 24. The modern figure was derived from the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas, which, in turn, may have part of its basis in hagiographical tales concerning the historical figure gift giver Saint Nicholas, who was said to have dropped bags of gold down poor people's chimneys. A nearly identical story is attributed by Greek and Byzantine folklore to Basil of Caesarea. Basil's feast day on January 1 is considered the time of exchanging gifts in Greece.", "In 1998, the town of Veliky Ustyug in Vologda Oblast , Russia was declared the home of the Russian Father Frost \"Ded Moroz\" by Yury Luzhkov , then Mayor of Moscow . [20] Between 2003 and 2010, the post office in Veliky Ustyug received approximately 2,000,000 letters from within Russia and from all over the world for Father Frost \"Ded Moroz\" . [20] [31] [32] [21] [22]", "In North American tradition (in the United States and Canada), Santa lives on the North Pole, which according to Canada Post lies within Canadian jurisdiction in postal code H0H 0H0, although postal codes starting with H are usually reserved for the island of Montreal in Québec. On December 23, 2008, Jason Kenney , Canada’s minister of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism, formally awarded Canadian citizenship status to Santa Claus. “The Government of Canada wishes Santa the very best in his Christmas Eve duties and wants to let him know that, as a Canadian citizen, he has the automatic right to re-enter Canada once his trip around the world is complete,” Kenney said in an official statement. [110]", "This association reflects an age-old esoteric mythology of Hyperborea that posits the North Pole, the otherworldly world-axis, as the abode of God and superhuman beings. The popular figure of the pole-dwelling Santa Claus thus functions as an archetype of spiritual purity and transcendence. ", "In Russia however, he has taken on a different form as Grandfather Frost, and in Germany there is instead a different entity altogether. There are various other mythological beings who take on a similar role yet have different folklore to them.", "Santa Claus lives at the North Pole in his Fortress of Solitude , aided two months out of the year by the Underpants Gnomes . Santa is often shown with South Park's other Christmas-related characters, Mr. Hankey and Jesus. His relationship with the latter has been rocky. In the animated short, \" The Spirit of Christmas \", Jesus and Santa had a fight to determine what the true meaning of Christmas was - giving or Jesus' birth. With some advice from Brian Boitano , the boys told Jesus that Santa keeps the spirit of Christmas alive, and then told Santa that if it wasn't for Jesus there would be no Christmas at all. The two reconciled, though they would later fight again in \" Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics \", when Santa felt gypped that there are more Jesus-related Christmas songs than ones about him. Nevertheless they made up again, and Jesus later lost his life to save Santa from Iraqis in \" Red Sleigh Down .\" To commemorate his good friend, Santa declares that in every Christmas, everyone should remember Jesus.", "There is also a city named North Pole in Alaska where a tourist attraction known as the \"Santa Claus House\" has been established. The US postal service uses the city's zip code of 99705 as their advertised postal code for Santa Claus. A Wendy's in North Pole, AK has also claimed to have a \"sleigh fly through\". [111]", "Ah, back to white. Snow has returned with winter and Father Christmas / Santa Claus , a white man, is on the prowl with his long white beard , at least in white countries.", "Santa’s path changes from year to year, but the jolly man usually begins in the Eastern hemisphere, traveling though the South Pacific and Asia before gliding throughout Africa and Europe. Then he visits North and South America.", "There is also a city named North Pole in Alaska where a tourist attraction known as the \"Santa Claus House\" has been established. The US postal service uses the city's zip code of 99705 as their advertised postal code for Santa Claus. A Wendy's in North Pole, AK has also claimed to have a \"sleigh fly through\". ", "With the passage of time, Santa Claus (from Dutch \"Sinterclaas\") and Kris Kringle became synonymous. The Austrian town of Christkindl bei Steyr is a popular Christmas post office, an Austrian \"North Pole.\"", "Christmas was discouraged in the officially atheist Soviet Union, but a Festival of Winter was celebrated. \"Grandfather Frost\" and the \"Snow Maiden\" would bring gifts to children at the New Year. (Many Slavic countries have had a long tradition of Grandfather Frost riding a sleigh drawn by three horses to deliver gifts to children.)", "The popular cultural representation of \"St. Nick\" is based on a combination of Low Countries' custom of giving children presents on his feast day as their patron, and the Dutch Protestants of New Amsterdam (now New York) linking this to Nordic folklore of a magician who punished naughty children and rewarded exemplary ones with presents. (It should be noted that the figure of Santa Claus is really non-Christian and is based on the Germanic god Thor, who was associated with winter and the Yule log and rode on a chariot drawn by goats named Cracker and Gnasher.)", "On the surface, Grandfather Frost and Father Christmas are the best of friends. The official Finnish Father Christmas even travelled from Lapland to visit his pal last month. A photograph of the encounter, with Grandfather Frost and Father Christmas sitting behind their national flags like leaders at a superpower summit, has pride of place on one of the palace walls.", "4. The North Pole, said to be Santa’s home, is located in which ocean? Arctic Ocean", "Some Santa researchers associate Santa with the Norse \"god\" of Odin or Woden. Crichton describes Odin as riding through the sky on an eight-legged, white horse name Sleipnir. (Santa originally had eight reindeers, Rudolph was nine). Odin lived in Valhalla (the North) and had a long white beard. Odin would fly through the sky during the winter solstice (December 21-25) rewarding the good children and punishing the naughty. (Crichton, Robin. Who is Santa Claus? The Truth Behind a Living Legend. Bath: The Bath Press, 1987, pp. 55-56)", "Father Christmas has two addresses, Edinburgh and the North Pole. Letters addressed to 'TOYLAND' or 'SNOWLAND' go to Edinburgh, but letters addressed to 'THE NORTH POLE' have to be sent there because there really is such a place!", "Some Santa researchers associate Santa with the Norse \"god\" of Odin or Woden. Crichton describes Odin as riding through the sky on an eight-legged, white horse name Sleipnir. (Santa originally had eight reindeers, Rudolph was nine). Odin lived in Valhalla (the North) and had a long white beard. Odin would fly through the sky during the winter solstice (December 21-25) rewarding the good children and punishing the naughty. [20]", "In Europe, after the Reformation of the seventeenth century, the feast and veneration of Saint Nicholas was abolished in many places, including England, where a figure known as Father Christmas was substituted. Father Christmas is a winter deity, white-haired and bearded, who wears a crown of holly. The German settlers brought their beliefs and stories about Saint Nicholas with them to this country during the two great waves of immigration, in the early 1700s and the middle 1800s, and Hollanders brought their Sinter Klaas to their settlement of New Amsterdam. As the English colonized New York, they adopted their Father Christmas, who did not bring gifts, to these traditions, and Santa Claus as we know him today was born.", "Place: In the thrice-tenth kingdom, a far off place (beyond thrice-nine lands) in Russian fairy tales", "If Santa flew from the North Pole due south along the 100° meridian and did not correct his course, he would land  ", "If Santa flew from the North Pole due south along the 100° meridian and did not correct his course, he would land" ]

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[ "At the International American Toy Fair in New York on March 9, 1959, inventor Ruth Mosko Handler unveiled one of the most loved, emulated, and criticized toys of the 20th century. The Barbie Doll, named after Handler's 15-year-old daughter, and modeled after a sex toy called Lilli, which Handler had seen on a trip to Germany, rocketed the Mattel company to nearly overnight success and became an icon of American culture.", "Ruth Handler and Mattel introduced Barbie , the Teen-Age Fashion Model, to skeptical toy buyers at the annual Toy Fair in New York on March 9, 1959. The new doll was very unlike the baby and toddler dolls that were popular at the time.", "Barbie is a best-selling doll launched at the American International Toy Fair on March 9, 1959. The doll is produced by Mattel, Inc. Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately 1/6th scale.", "Mattel Creations was founded in 1945 by Harold Matson, Ruth Handler and Elliot Handler. Initially the company sold picture frames and dollhouse furniture. Mattel's first toy hit came in 1947 with 'Uke-A-Doodle'. Mattel became a year round sponsor of the Mickey Mouse Club in 1955, which was a marketing first. In 1959 Mattel introduced the Barbie doll which went on to become the company's best selling toy ever. This was followed in 1960 by Chatty Cathy. This was a doll that had a pull string talking mechanism that revolutionised the toy industry.", "Barbie an 11-inch- (29-cm-) tall plastic doll with the figure of an adult woman that was introduced on March 9, 1959, by Mattel, Inc., a southern California toy company. Ruth Handler, who cofounded Mattel with her husband, Elliot, spearheaded the introduction...", "Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy-company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959. American businesswoman Ruth Handler (1916–2002) is credited with the creation of the doll using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration.", "Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy-company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959. American businesswoman Ruth Handler is credited with the creation of the doll using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration.", "Mattel, Inc. a toy manufacturing company. In 2008, it ranked 413 on the Fortune 500. The products and brands it produces include Fisher Price, Barbie dolls, Monster High dolls, Hot Wheels and Matchbox toys, Masters of the Universe, American Girl dolls, board games, WWE Toys and, in the early 1980s, video game systems. The company's name is derived from Harold \"Matt\" Matson and Elliot Handler, who founded the company in 1945 . Handler's wife, Ruth Handler, later became president, and she is credited with establishing the Barbie product line for the company in 1959. After the release of the Barbie doll, Mattel revolutionized the toy industry with its talking dolls and toys. Major successes in the 1960s with the talking Chatty Cathy doll in 1960 and See 'N Say toys in 1965 moved Mattel to its position as the number one toymaker in America. Mattel closed its last factory in the United States of America, originally part of the Fisher-Price division, in 2002, outsourcing production to China, the beginning of a chain of events that led to a scandal involving lead contamination. On Friday, September 3, 2010, a small-scale \"Flash Crash\" appears to have occurred in Mattel shares which plunged 22% in pre-market trade for no apparent reason, only to recover shortly thereafter.", "MATTEL Mattel Incorporation is the worlds largest toy company based on income. The products it produces Fisher Price, Barbie Dolls, Hotwheels and Matchbox toys, American Girl Dolls and Board Games. The company was founded by Harold Matson and Elliot Handler who founded it in 1945. After the release of the barbie doll in 1959,", "Mattel was named after business partners Harold Matson and Elliot Handler. Elliot's wife, Ruth, took over Matson's role when the Handlers bought out his share in the late 1940s. Ruth Handler is credited with the creation of the Barbie doll that debuted in 1959 and which Ruth named after their daughter Barbara Handler. The Barbie doll is still one of the top-selling dolls. Mattel introduced the talking Chatty Cathy doll in 1960. The Handlers had made a tradition of naming their toys after family members and when Barbara Handler married Allan Segal, they came out with Allan, Ken's buddy. The 1965 talking doll Baby Cheryl was named after the Handler's first grandchild, and the Todd doll in the Barbie line was named for their grandson. ", "years, there have been many controversies involving Barbie. The main controversy being that the Barbie Doll portrays an unrealistic view of a body image for young women. A Barbie Doll is 11.5 inches tall, which gives it a height", "Barbie is a best-selling fashion doll launched in 1959. The doll is produced by Mattel, Inc. , and is a major source of revenue for the company. The American businesswoman Ruth Handler (1916-2002) is regarded as the creator of Barbie, and the doll's design was inspired by a German doll called Bild Lilli .", "Using the German doll as a model, Mattel designers spent three years creating the doll of Handler's dreams. The finished product, an 11 and 1/2 inch blonde with an improbable figure and permanently high heels, made her debut at the American Toy Fair in New York City in 1959. Officially called \"Barbie Teenage Fashion Model\" (Barbie was the Handlers' daughter's name), the doll did not thrill the show's buyers. But Handler was vindicated by the delighted reception of little girls. 351,000 Barbie dolls were sold that first year, a sales record for Mattel, and it took the company a full three years to begin to keep up with demand. The fortunes of Barbie and Mattel had become inexorably entwined.", "The first Barbie was sold for $3. Additional clothing based on the latest runway trends from Paris were sold, costing from $1 to $5. In the first year (1959), 300,000 Barbie dolls were sold. Today, a mint condition \"#1\" (1959 Barbie doll) can fetch as much as $27,450. To date, over 70 fashion designers have made clothes for Mattel, using over 105 million yards of fabric.", "Barbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories, including other family members and collectible dolls. Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for over fifty years, and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parody of the doll and her lifestyle.", "in 1959. Oddly enough, when Handler approached the all-male group of ad executives at Mattel, the group rejected her Barbie Doll idea because they thought the doll was too expensive and didn�t have enough potential.", "Ruth and Elliot Handler co-founded Mattel Creations in 1945, and 14 years later in 1959, Ruth Handler invented the Barbie doll, or as Ruth Handler refers to herself, \"I'm Barbie's mom.\"", "Best known as the inventor of the Barbie doll, Ruth Mosko Handler combined her marketing genius with her husband Elliot Handler’s creative designs to form the toy company Mattel, Inc. Starting in their garage in 1939, the Handlers produced Lucite gifts, wooden picture frames, and dollhouse furniture before developing their first toy, the Uke-A-Doodle, in 1947. The success of the Uke-A-Doodle was followed by a series of rubber-belt-driven musical toys, including the Jack-in-the-Box, as well as toy guns such as a Winchester rifle replica. Yet it was the Barbie doll, created in 1959, that “ran off the counter.” Thirty years later, sales of the doll that Handler named after her daughter exceeded one billion dollars.", "Handler pushed the idea for three years, and in 1959 the Barbie dolls were put on the market. The Ken doll, named for her son, who had been born in 1944, soon followed. By late 1964, the Saturday Evening Post reported that Barbie products supported five thousand workers in Japan, eight hundred workers in California, and numerous press agents and advertising executives. Barbie had a secretary to answer twenty thousand fan letters a week. By 1968, the Barbie Fan Club grew to 1.5 million members in the United States. In 1993, a “second issue” Barbie in its original box was sold at auction for over five thousand dollars.", "Since its debut in 1959, an anatomically improbable molded plastic statuette named Barbie has become an icon. Ruth Handler undeniably invented an American icon that functions as both a steady outlet for girls' dreams and an ever changing reflection of American society. This can be seen in the history of Barbie's clothes, and even her various \"face lifts\" to suit the times; in her professional, political and charitable endeavors; and more recently in the multi-culturalizing of her product line.", "Ruth married Elliot Handler in 1938 and established Mattel with another business partner, Harold Matson in 1945. At the time, Mattel was a fledgling company, based out of the Handler's garage in Hawthorne, California. Manufacturing picture frames and eventually, dollhouses out of the spare parts of the frames Mattel's basis as a toy company started out almost accidentally. After Matson sold the company to the Handlers, Mattel focused its efforts on toys and among the first toys manufactured was the Uke-A-Doodle, a child-sized ukulele. A string of similarly quirky children's toys set Mattel on a solid road to success. Then came Barbie, and a slew of counterparts such as younger sister, Skipper, boyfriend, Ken and in 1968, Christie, the line's first African American doll. Riding on the coattails of Barbie, Mattel also manufactured the equally successful Hot Wheels line, which celebrated the sale of its two billionth car in 1998.", "Some memorable Mattel lines include the updated Kids line of basic cloth dolls that came with birth certificates , the OlympiKids that were made to coincide with the 1996 Olympics , and the Cabbage Patch Fairies . Additionally, to celebrate the dolls' 15th anniversary, Mattel created a line of exclusively female dolls, dressed in period outfits and packaged in collectible boxes. These were the first Mattel dolls to be 16 inches tall, the same measurement of the original Cabbage Patch Kids.", "Ruth Handler toy maker, Denver (November 4, 1916 � April 27, 2002) was an American businesswoman, born to Jewish-Polish immigrants Jacob and Ida Moskowicz, the president of the toy manufacturer Mattel Inc., and is remembered primarily for her role in marketing the Barbie doll.", "Blonde bombshell Barbie is so much more than a pretty face. She’s a multimillion-dollar empire; over a billion of the dolls have been sold worldwide in more than 150 countries, and Mattel estimates that three Barbies are sold every second. She’s a cultural icon, painted by Andy Warhol in 1986 (Barbie, Portrait of BillyBoy*), starring in the Toy Story movies , and inspiring collaborations with fashion designers from Oscar de la Renta (1984) to Christian Dior (1995) to Diane von Furstenberg (2006).", "Best known as the inventor of the Barbie doll, Ruth Handler should perhaps be even more noted for her influence on the development of modern advertising and branding. As the co-founder of Mattel with her husband Elliot, Handler tapped into the power of television, and was one of the first companies to use the medium to advertise directly to children year round.", "Harold Matson, Elliot Handler and his wife Mrs. Ruth Handler founded Mattel in a small garage. (hence the name \"matt-el\" from Matsons nickname �MATT� and ELliot). The first products the made were wooden picture frames and doll furniture. The expansion to offer doll clothing proved very successful, thus the Handler�s decided to concentrate more on toy production following the separation from their partner Matson.", "The story started with the birth of Ruth Mosko in Denver Colarado in 1916. Ruth married Elliot Handler in 1938. Elliot Handler and his business partner Harold ‘Matt” Matson formed the company Mattel. The name was created by a combination of their names ‘Matt-Ell”. Mattel originally manufactured picture frames, but after making dolls furniture from scraps decided to focus on toy manufacturing for which Mattel is now famous.", "* September 7 – Former cartoonist John B. Gruelle is given a patent for his Raggedy Ann doll.", "The mini-dress demonstrated the quintessential baby-doll look - synonymous with the 1960s - which displaced the womanly 'New Look' silhouette of the 1950s. Skinny pinafores, cut-away shifts and hotpants all represented new types of garments.", "During World War II, President Roosevelt announced that plastics would be restricted to military use. The Handlers had produced a line of plastic picture frames and were in the process of filling a large order. Desperate, they changed the materials to a low-grade wood. The wooden frames were a success, and the order was doubled. That night the Handlers and their colleague Harold “Matt” Matson (whom they had hired as the production expert) celebrated. A name was chosen for the company: “Matt” plus “El” (from Elliot) became Mattel. Although it was Ruth Handler’s idea to make picture frames and her selling was critical in landing the accounts, it never occurred to them that her name should be part of the company name.", "Mattel began in 1945, as a garage workshop belonging to Harold Matson and Elliot Handler. Their business name \"Mattel\" was a combination of the letters of their last and first names, respectively.", "Causing fistfights in toy stores in the 1980s, which must have dolls came with their own adoption papers?" ]

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[ "Jan 16 US President Bill Clinton awards former President Theodore Roosevelt a posthumous Medal of Honor for his service in the Spanish-American War.", "For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor, but his subsequent telegrams to the War Department complaining about the delays in returning American troops from Cuba doomed his chances. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again took up the flag on his behalf and overcame opposition from elements within the U.S. Army and the National Archives. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge up San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt's eldest son, Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., received the Medal of Honor for heroism at the Battle of Normandy in 1944. The Roosevelts thus became one of only two father-son pairs to receive this honor.", "Theodore Roosevelt is the only President in American History to receive a Congressional Medal of Honor. The long thought over due recognition, was given on January 16, 2001 by President Bill Clinton and Proudly accepted by Tweed Roosevelt on his great grand father's behalf. The Military award is the only award presented to the recipient by the United States President.", "In ceremonies at the White House, President Clinton posthumously presents the Medal of Honor to Andrew Jackson Smith .", "John F. Kennedy is the only President in history to have earned a Purple Heart. He received the medal for being wounded in battle while commanding a Patrol Torpedo boat after the attack of Pearl Harbor.", "William Jefferson \"Bill\" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19 , 1946 ) was the 42nd President of the United States , serving from 1993 to 2001. Before his election as President, Clinton served nearly 12 years as the 50th and 52nd Governor of Arkansas . His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton , is the junior United States Senator from New York , where they both reside. Clinton founded and heads the William J. Clinton Foundation .", "William Jefferson \"Bill\" Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Clinton was previously Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992, and the Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, ideologically Clinton was a New Democrat, and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy.", "Clinton controversially issued 141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001. Most of the controversy surrounded Marc Rich and allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother, Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons. Federal prosecutor Mary Jo White was appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich. She was later replaced by then-Republican James Comey, who found no wrongdoing on Clinton's part. Some of Clinton's pardons remain a point of controversy. ", "On Monday, May 23, 1994, President Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to the widows of Gordon and Shughart. They are the only snipers to have received the Medal of Honor. The film Black Hawk Down, based on the book of the same name, includes a narrative of the events.", "Starting in the 1990s, however, Johnson’s story began gaining more recognition. Albany erected a monument in his honor, and a campaign was launched to get the United States government to posthumously recognize Johnson for his service. Spearheaded by Johnson’s son Herman—who was one of the famed Tuskegee Airmen during World War II—and New York politicians including Senator Chuck Schumer, the efforts gained ground over the years, and in 1996 President Bill Clinton awarded Johnson a Purple Heart. In 2001, historians from the New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs confirmed that Johnson had in fact received a burial with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery in July 1929, unbeknownst to his family. In 2002, the U.S. Army awarded Johnson the nation’s second-highest military honor, the Distinguished Service Cross.", "In 1998, Bentsen suffered two strokes, which left him needing a wheelchair for mobility. In 1999 President Clinton awarded Bentsen the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the nation's highest honors given to civilians. He appeared in the summer of 2004 at the portrait unveilings at the White House of former President Bill Clinton and former First Lady Senator Hillary Clinton.", "George Catlett Marshall, Jr. (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American statesman and soldier, famous for his leadership roles during World War II and the Cold War. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army under two presidents, and served as Secretary of State, then President of the American Red Cross, and finally Secretary of Defense, under President Harry S. Truman. He was hailed as the \"organizer of victory\" by Winston Churchill, for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II. Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "President Barack Obama delivers remarks on the death of Osama Bin Laden prior to posthumously awarding Private First Class Anthony Kaho'ohanohano, U.S. Army, and Private First Class Henry Svehla, U.S. Army, the Medal of Honor for conspicuous gallantry, in the East Room of the White House in Washington on May 2. (Shawn Thew / EPA) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "Presented at the White House by President Barack Obama. Salvatore Giunta is the first LIVING Recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions since the Vietnam War.", "July 5 – Retired Vice Adm. James Stockdale, Medal of Honor recipient for resisting his North Vietnamese captors; Ross Perot’s running mate president in 1992, age 81", "Brian Haney, Timothy Sabel, William Barkley, and Scott Reynolds died in a helicopter crash on 19 May 1993. These four were members of Marine Helicopter Squadron One, the unit responsible for transporting the President. They died when the Blackhawk helicopter they had taken out for a maintenance-evaluation flight crashed. There was no evidence of sabotage. Clinton had set foot in the aircraft on only one occasion, two months earlier, when he traveled from the White House to the USS Theodore Roosevelt.", "On March 30, 1981, only 69 days into the new administration, Reagan, his press secretary James Brady, Washington police officer Thomas Delahanty, and Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy were struck by gunfire from would-be assassin John Hinckley Jr., outside the Washington Hilton Hotel. Although \"close to death\" upon arrival at George Washington University Hospital, Reagan was stabilized in the emergency room, then underwent emergency exploratory surgery. He recovered and was released from the hospital on April 11, becoming the first serving U.S. President to survive being shot in an assassination attempt. The attempt had great influence on Reagan's popularity; polls indicated his approval rating to be around 73%. Reagan believed that God had spared his life so that he might go on to fulfill a greater purpose. ", "On March 30, 1981, only 69 days into the new administration, Reagan, his press secretary  James Brady , Washington police officer Thomas Delahanty , and Secret Service agent  Timothy McCarthy  were struck by gunfire from would-be assassin  John Hinckley, Jr. , outside the  Washington Hilton Hotel . Although \"close to death\" upon arrival at  George Washington University Hospital , Reagan was stabilized in the emergency room, then underwent emergency exploratory surgery. [114]  He recovered and was released from the hospital on April 11, becoming the first serving U.S. President to survive being shot in an assassination attempt. [115]  The attempt had great influence on Reagan's popularity; polls indicated his approval rating to be around 73%. [116]  Reagan believed that God had spared his life so that he might go on to fulfill a greater purpose. [117]", "On January 18, 1993, Reagan's former Vice-President and sitting President George H. W. Bush awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest honor that the United States can bestow. [369] Reagan was also awarded the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom, the highest honor bestowed by Republican members of the Senate. [370]", "Attended the first inauguration of President George W. Bush along with other long-time Republican supporters Chuck Norris and Robert Duvall . (January 20th 2001)", "Two Special Forces Operational Detachment Delta members, Gary Gordon and Randall Shughart are killed in action during a rescue mission in Somalia. When President Clinton presented Medals of Honor to their widows on 23 May 1994 their heroism was recorded as the only Medal of Honor actions to occur in the 1990s.", "U.S. President Bill Clinton (R) and U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam Pete Peterson shake hands after Clinton gave Peterson the Presidential Citizen Medal November 17, 2000. Peterson, an Air Force Captain during the war, was shot down over Vietnam in 1966 and spent six years as a POW./Kevin Lamarque (Reuters)", "Clinton has remained in the public consciousness, although his legacy in U.S. history is difficult to assess thus far. In 2001, he received a $12 million advance to publish his memoirs. In March 2003, the CBS television network announced that Clinton had agreed to appear with former senator robert dole, whom Clinton had defeated in the 1996 presidential election, in a regular piece on the news program 60 Minutes, where the former politicians debate current political issues. Clinton maintains an office in New York City, and construction of the William J. Clinton Presidential Center in Little Rock, Arkansas, will be completed in the fall of 2004. Conservatives typically dismiss Clinton's economic and domestic achievements, pointing out his indiscretions throughout his two terms in office. Liberal supporters do not dismiss his imprudence, but they point out that he both presided over the country's emergence from economic recession and provided millions of Americans with opportunities that they would not have had without his programs.", "Above: A man and a women use chalk to trace and color the outline of their hands on a large easel near the ���Jesus Wept” statue across the street west of the Oklahoma City National Memorial in this photo from April 19, 2010. PHOTO BY JIM BECKEL, THE OKLAHOMAN ARCHIVE Right: Former President Bill Clinton carries flowers as he visits the Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum in Oklahoma City in this April 21, 2010, photo. Clinton was in town to receive the Reflections of Hope Award for his work in Oklahoma City after the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. PHOTO BY BRYAN TERRY, THE OKLAHOMAN ARCHIVE", "Here, President Clinton congratulates Senator Inouye, D-HI, after awarding him the Medal of Honor, June 21, 2000.", "In 2005, President George W. Bush presented the Medal of Honor to Tibor Rubin, a Hungarian-born American Jew who was a Holocaust survivor of World War II and enlisted U.S. infantryman and prisoner of war in the Korean War, whom many believed to have been overlooked because of his religion.", "On January 17, 1997, Senator Dole was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton.", ", went missing when his Navy F-18 Hornet was shot down on Jan. 16, 1991, in an air-to-air battle with an Iraqi fighter. He was the first American lost in the war and the last still unaccounted for.", "In 2001, she was given the title of Honorary Sergeant, Regular Army, by then-president Bill Clinton. ", "Ryan is the first and only Congressman to be killed in the line of duty. He was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, in 1983.", "Who was a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Medal of Honor from President Carter?", "on May 16, 1980, for his services during captivity as a POW in North Vietnam from" ]

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[ "Bugs Bunny made his debut on 27 July 1940, in an animated short film called 'A Wild Hare.", "Seventy-two years ago today – on July 27th, 1940 – Bugs Bunny appeared in Tex Avery’s A Wild Hare. The Warner Bros. short is widely considered to be the first definitive Bugs Bunny cartoon, in which the character’s appearance, personality and voice gelled as a whole. It’s also the first time Bugs, voiced by the inimitable Mel Blanc, uttered his famous catchphrase, “What’s up, doc?”", "Seventy-five years ago today, on July 27, 1940, Bugs Bunny, the suave, smart-alecky rabbit who became the most popular of Warner Brothers' cartoon characters, made his first official film appearance, in \"A Wild Hare.\"", "On July 27, 1940, Bugs Bunny appeared opposite Elmer Fudd in “A Wild Hare,” the first of over 175 animated shorts starring the Warner Brothers’ cartoon rabbit.", "A Wild Hare (re-released as The Wild Hare) is a 1940 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies animated short film. It was produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions, directed by Tex Avery, and written by Rich Hogan. It was originally released on July 27, 1940. A Wild Hare is considered by most film historians to be the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny cartoon. ", "A Wild Hare , directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first short where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc used what would become Bugs' standard voice; and the first in which Bugs says his catchphrase, \"What's Up, Doc?\" The short was a huge success in theaters and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Short Film.", "A Wild Hare, directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is the first cartoon where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor. In this cartoon Mel Blanc first uses what would become Bugs' standard voice; this cartoon also marks the first time that Bugs uses his catchphrase, \"What's up, Doc?\" Animation historian Joe Adamson counts A Wild Hare as the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny short. The short was a huge success in theaters and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.", "Bugs' appearance in A Wild Hare , directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is considered the first appearance of both Elmer and Bugs in their fully developed forms. It was in this cartoon that he first emerged from his rabbit hole to ask Elmer Fudd, now a hunter rather than a photographer, \"What's up, Doc?\" Animation historian Joe Adamson counts A Wild Hare as the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny short. [9] It is also the first cartoon where Mel Blanc uses a recognizable version of the voice of Bugs that would eventually become the standard.", "Bugs' appearance in A Wild Hare , directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is considered the first appearance of both Elmer and Bugs in their fully developed forms. It was in this cartoon that he first emerged from his rabbit hole to ask Elmer Fudd, now a hunter rather than a photographer, \"What's up, Doc?\" Animation historian Joe Adamson counts A Wild Hare as the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny short. It is also the first cartoon where Mel Blanc uses a recognizable version of the voice of Bugs that would eventually become the standard.", "The world’s favorite rabbit turns 75 this month: July 27, 1940, saw the debut of the cotton-tailed character’s first cartoon short “Wild Hare,” directed by Tex Avery.", "The first “official” Bugs Bunny cartoon was released by Warner Bros. on July 27, 1940— “A Wild Hare,” featuring Elmer Fudd’s hopeless pursuit of Bugs.  Bugs’ first line in this cartoon?  “Eh, What’s up Doc?”  The classic theatrical shorts were produced through 1964.", "During his seven year stint at Warner Brothers, Avery created some of the most famous characters in the history of animation. In 1937 he directed Porky’s Duck Hunt, introducing the world to Daffy Duck, whose lunatic antics were an immediate sensation. Three years later, Avery released the seminal A Wild Hare, starring a supremely cool-under-fire gray rabbit named Bugs Bunny. Seeking the perfect line to capture Bugs’s preternatural calm, Avery harkened back to an expression common among his fellow classmates at North Dallas High. With Elmer Fudd’s shotgun pointed directly at his face, Bugs absent-mindedly chewed a carrot and asked: “What’s up, Doc?” The line brought the house down and cemented Bugs as a cartoon superstar. By itself, the creation of Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck is enough to establish Avery’s historic credentials. But he was just getting started.", "A Wild Hare is noteworthy as the first true Bugs Bunny cartoon, as well as for settling on the classic voice and appearance of the hunter, Elmer Fudd . [2] Although the animators continued to experiment with Elmer's design for a few more years, his look here proved the basis for his finalized design. [4]", "A Wild Hare is noteworthy as the first true Bugs Bunny cartoon, as well as for settling on the classic voice and appearance of the hunter, Elmer Fudd. Although the animators continued to experiment with Elmer's design for a few more years, his look here proved the basis for his finalized design. ", "However, Warner Bros. themselves (and Leon Schlesinger before them) had traditionally pointed to 1938 as the birth year of the wabbit. The inside cover of the vintage Bugs Bunny comic book above attests to that. The copyright sheets below (courtesy of David Gerstein ) were all prepared prior to the release of A Wild Hare, all three identify the zany rabbit as “Bugs Bunny”. (Bugs was first named on-screen in 1941′s Elmer’s Pet Rabbit ). Heck, even in a 1939 Schlesinger merchandising manual (below, at right), ‘Bugs’ Bunny is identified as such a year before his “official” birth in A Wild Hare.", "Bugs in his Wild Hare likeness appeared in five more shorts during 1941. Tortoise Beats Hare , directed by Tex Avery, features the first appearance of Cecil Turtle ; Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt , is the first Bugs Bunny short directed by Friz Freleng ; All This and Rabbit Stew , directed by Avery, has Bugs tracked by a little African-American hunter (based heavily on racial stereotypes); The Heckling Hare was the final Bugs short Avery worked on before being fired (Avery and producer Schlesinger vehemently disagreed over the ending gag of The Heckling Hare, and Avery refused to compromise his creative principles) and leaving for MGM ; and Wabbit Twouble , the first Bugs short directed by Robert Clampett . Wabbit Twouble was also the first of five Bugs shorts to feature a chubbier remodel of Elmer Fudd, a short-lived attempt to have Fudd more closely resemble his voice actor, comedian Arthur Q. Bryan .", "\"A Wild Hare\" is now considered the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny cartoon. To watch \"A Wild Hare\" click on the video player below.", "The second full-fledged role for the mature Bugs, Chuck Jones' 1941 short Elmer's Pet Rabbit , is the first to use the name Bugs Bunny on-screen: it appears in a title card, \"featuring Bugs Bunny,\" at the start of the film. However, Bugs' voice in this cartoon is significantly different, and his design was slightly altered as well. After Pet Rabbit, however, subsequent Bugs appearances returned to normal: the Wild Hare visual design returned, and Mel Blanc reused the Wild Hare voice characterization.", "Bugs Bunny, one of the most iconic cartoon characters of all time, has been around for three quarters of a century. Warner Bros. began featuring smart-talking rabbits in its cartoons as early as the 1930s, but it wasn't until 1940 that the rogue we know and love began to take shape on the screen. Here are 11 facts about the impish rabbit, who debuted 75 years ago this week. ", "Bugs Bunny is a fictional main character who starred in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions , which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1944. [1] Bugs starred in 167 shorts during the Golden Age of American animation , and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films. He is an anthropomorphic hare or rabbit .", "Bugs Bunny (short for George Washington Bunny [1] , as given in an old comic) is a fictional character who appears in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions, which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1945. In 2002, he was named by TV Guide as the greatest cartoon character of all time, an honor he shares with Mickey Mouse . [2] [3] Currently, he is the corporate mascot for Warner Brothers , especially its animated productions . Bugs starred in 163 shorts in the Golden Age of American animation, and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films.", "Bugs Bunny is main protagonist who starred in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions , which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1944. [1] Bugs starred in 167 shorts during the Golden Age of American animation , and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films. He is an anthropomorphic hare or rabbit .", "His third appearance was in another 1939 cartoon, Hare-um Scare-um , directed by Dalton and Hardaway. This short, the first where he was depicted as a gray bunny instead of a white one, is also notable both for the rabbit's first singing role. Charlie Thorson , lead animator on the short, was the first to give the character a name. He had written \"Bugs' Bunny\" on the model sheet that he drew for Hardaway, implying that he considered the rabbit model sheet to be Hardaway's property. [4] [5] In promotional material for the short (such as a surviving 1939 presskit), the name on the model sheet was altered to become the rabbit's own name: \"Bugs\" Bunny (quotation marks only used at the very beginning), evidently named in honor of \"Bugs\" Hardaway. [6]", "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by the \"Man of a Thousand Voices,\" Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. during the golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment.", "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by the \"Man of a Thousand Voices,\" Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. during the golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment. ", "In 1938, Warner Brothers wanted to make a cartoon as quickly as possible. The previous year, they had released Porky’s Duck Hunt, which introduced Daffy Duck. Faced with the deadline, Bob Clampett decided to reuse some of the jokes that he had left over from Duck Hunt. And someone suggested that they “dress the duck in a rabbit suit.” The result was Porky’s Hare Hunt.", "Bugs Bunny is an American animated character created in 1938 at Leon Schlesinger Productions, later Warner Bros. Cartoons. Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray hare or", "One of Warner Brothers' most famous cartoon characters - Daffy Duck was created by Tex Avery and his first appearance was in Porky's Duck Hunt, which was released on April 17, 1937.", "\"Warner Night at the Movies\" from 1941: a newsreel, the musical short The Gay Parisian, and cartoons \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" and \"Meet John Doughboy\" ", "Dinky Duck was a fairly obscure character created by Paul Terry's company Terrytoons, and first appeared in 1939. His first short film was \"The Orphan Duck\", and he made another 14 films of his own until 1957. He was originally voiced by one of the great voice artists - Paul Frees - whose CV includes many of the best known animated characters of the 20th century, and who worked for most of the great animation and film studios - Walt Disney, Walter Lantz, Hanna-Barbera, MGM and Rankin/Bass among them.", "A Corny Concerto (1943), a Warner Bros cartoon, directed by Bob Clampett with animation by Robert McKimson, features music that was composed by Johann Strauss, and is a parody of Walt Disney's 1940 Fantasia. The cartoon is narrated by Elmer Fudd, parodying Deems Taylor's appearance in Fantasia.", "Looney Tunes, \"Hyde and Hare\" (1955, USA: Season 8, Episode 17) Series Creator: Hugh Harmon; Writer: Warren Foster; Director: Friz Freleng" ]

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[ "Bart Simpson and other characters from The Simpsons appeared in numerous television commercials for Nestl�'s Butterfinger candy bars from 1990 to 2001, with his catch-phrase and the slogan \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\". This was parodied when in an episode, Bart says that he doesn't remember being in a commercial, then he holds up a Butterfinger and eats it.", "In his book Planet Simpson, Chris Turner describes Bart as a nihilist. Bart's character traits of rebelliousness and disrespect for authority have been likened to that of America's founding fathers, rendering him an updated version of American icons Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, rolled into one. Bart is the most depicted Simpsons character on various memorabilia such as toys, books, comics, T-shirts, car decals, and even graffiti art. Bart, and other Simpsons characters, appeared in numerous commercials for Butterfinger candy bars from 1990–2001, with the slogan \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\". This association was parodied in an episode when he discovered that he was in a TV commercial when he was a baby; Bart says that he doesn't remember being in a commercial, then holds up a Butterfinger and eats it. Bart briefly appears in the entrance video used by World Wrestling Entertainment Superstar Shawn Michaels Bart has appeared in several other shows. He is featured in the South Park episode \" Cartoon Wars Part II \". He is not referred to by name, nor do any of the characters react to him as if he were a well known personality, but the character specifically mentions the events of \" The Telltale Head \" when Eric Cartman asks him to name the \"most badass thing\" he has done.", "Many of the commercials featured Homer trying to get Bart 's Butterfinger, but would be one-upped by Bart each time. Each commercial closes with Bart saying the catchphrase, \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\". In 1999, this was changed to “Bite My Butterfinger!”, then in 2001, it was changed to \"Nothing Like a Butterfinger!\", beginning in 2010, a slightly rewritten version of the Nobody better lay a finger slogan \"Nobody's gonna lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\" was introduced.", "Nobody better lay a finger on my.... (butterfinger - Nestle butterfinger as advertised by the Simpsons in the US - you can tell who's been watching the extras on the Simpson's DVDs)", "The song has been used numerous times in advertisements, movies and in TV shows. One of the song’s greatest TV uses was in the summer-themed episode of The Simpsons called Bart Of Darkness which is based on the Alfred Hitchcock film Rear Window. In the episode the family gets a pool and the Simpson’s back yard attracts all of the neighborhood kids. Bart breaks his leg and spends his summer at his bedroom window looking at the festivities below until he thinks he’s witnessed a murder at the Flanders’ house.", "The Simpsons was the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows. While later seasons would focus on Homer, Bart was the lead character in most of the first three seasons. In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \"Bartmania\". He became the most prevalent Simpsons character on memorabilia, such as T-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold; as many as one million were sold on some days. Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\". The Simpsons merchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales. Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot. ", "In 2009, a new advertisement for Butterfinger was made that was a throwback to The Simpsons advertisements for Butterfinger.", "     What's more, The Simpsons will reach its 300th episode this February with Barting Over (EABF05). In this landmark episode, Bart learns that he had acted in commercials as a baby, as Baby Stinkbreath (for a baby mouthwash) and that Homer has squandered all his money. 'I spent it naming a star after our family', says Homer. And, of course, the star went supernova. Bart becomes so angry that he sues to become an emancipated minor, leaves home and lands in a loft, where the show's guest stars are also living. Somehow the whole troupe winds up at the Skewed Tour, a parody of the rock-meets-extreme-sports festival the Warped Tour. This will guest star Blink-182 and Tony Hawk as themselves.", "The episode explores the way patriotism and paranoia overlap (presumably, given that the episode came out in 2004, it’s exploring these themes in relation to 9/11 and the USA Patriot Act). When Bart accidentally moons an American flag and the image goes viral, him and his family are vilified. When Lisa tries to protest this and the “current climate of repression and fear” at church, a squad team takes the Simpsons away to the Ronald Reagan Reeducation Centre, which is populated by some other folks that could use reeducating about American values: Michael Moore, Bill Clinton and the Dixie Chicks.", "Bartholomew JoJo \"Bart\" Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series The Simpsons and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip, Life in Hell, but instead decided to create a new set of characters. While the rest of the characters were named after Groening's family members, Bart's name is an anagram of the word brat. After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years, the Simpson family received its own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989.", "After Banksy’s intro sequence to The Simpsons aired, this piece popped up as a direct play on the scene with Bart Simpson. Anyone familiar with The Simpsons knows that Bart writes something different on the chalkboard at the start of every episode. This piece is one of Banksy’s more playful pieces but is also very clever and, as always, has an underlying message. Throughout his career as a rebellious street artist, Banksy’s main message has always been to challenge authority and to not become complacent in a society that just does what it is told. This piece shows that he acknowledges his level of fame by reaching the audience of The Simpsons, but that it still doesn’t make him any more important or knowledgeable than anyone else through the brilliance of irony.", "The catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, harking back to an incident when she was in high school. Cartwright was in the marching band at Fairmont High School, and one day while performing, the band chanted \"Eat my shorts\" rather than the usual \"Fairmont West! Fairmont West!\" Bart's other catchphrases, \"¡Ay, caramba!\" and \"Don't have a cow, man!\", were featured on T-shirts manufactured during the production of the early seasons of The Simpsons. \"Cowabunga\" is also commonly associated with Bart, although it was mostly used on the show after it had been used as a slogan on the T-shirts. The use of catchphrase-based humor was mocked in the episode \"Bart Gets Famous\" (season five, 1994) in which Bart lands a popular role on Krusty the Clown's show for saying the line \"I didn't do it.\" The writers chose the phrase \"I didn't do it\" because they wanted a \"lousy\" phrase \"to point out how really crummy things can become really popular\". ", "During the first season of The Simpsons, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \"Bartmania\". Due to the success of the first season, the Fox network decided to switch The Simpsons' timeslot in hopes that it would steal ratings from NBC's \"powerhouse\" line up. The show was moved from its 8:00 p.m. EST Sunday night slot to the same time on Thursday, where it would compete with NBC's The Cosby Show, the number one show at the time. \"Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish\" was the first episode produced for the second season, but \"Bart Gets an F\" aired first because of Bart's popularity and the producers wanted to premiere with an episode involving him in hopes of stealing viewers from The Cosby Show. ", "Bart Simpson : Listen, sister! You do not mess with the man in the skull t-shirt.", "Bart Simpson , Lisa Simpson , and Maggie Simpson are the tritagonists of The Simpsons franchise and film. Bart is a mischievous boy that loves pulling pranks on his close friends and loved ones and has a hidden alter ego called El Barto. Lisa is the smartest and sweetest child of her other two siblings. Maggie is the youngest sibling and a very adorable, sweet but sometimes violent baby.", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical depiction of a working class lifestyle epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture, society, television, and many aspects of the human condition. It's the 20th Century Fox debut in animation.", "The Simpson family are cartoon characters featured in the animated television series The Simpsons. The Simpsons are a nuclear family consisting of married couple Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa and Maggie. They live at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the fictional town of Springfield , U.S. and they were created by cartoonist Matt Groening who conceived the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted April 19, 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" and were ... (展开) later spun off into their own series which debuted on December 17, 1989. Alongside the five main family members, there are a number of other major and minor characters in their family. The most commonly recurring characters are Homer 's father Abraham \"Grampa\" Simpson; Marge's sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier; and the family's two pets, Santa's Little Helper and Snowball II. Other family members include Homer 's mother Mona Simpson, Homer 's half-brother Herbert Powell, Marge's mother Jacqueline Bouvier, and other minor relatives.", "In an episode of The Simpsons, \"The Bart Of War,\" airing May 18, 2003, Bart and Milhouse break into a secret room in the Flanders' household to discover that Ned is a Beatles fanatic. Bart takes a sip from a can of 40-year-old Beatles-themed novelty soda and quotes this song: \"Yellow matter custard dripping from a dead dog's eye,\" while Milhouse takes a trip and sees various Beatles inspired hallucinations. (thanks, Ashley - Moncton, Canada)", "Originally created by cartoonist Matt Groening, \"Our Favorite Family,\" has graced the small screen in one form or another for over 20 years. The Simpson family first appeared on television as the subjects of interstitial \"shorts\" on The Tracey Ullman Show in April of 1987. The Simpsons remained a staple on The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons until they premiered in their own half-hour series, on December 17, 1989. With the help of Jim Brooks and Sam Simon, Matt Groening's cartoon family turned into an instant success. Set in Springfield, the average American town, the show focuses on the antics and everyday adventures of the Simpson family; Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, as well as a virtual cast of thousands. Since the beginning, the series has been a pop culture icon, attracting hundreds of celebrities to guest star. The show has also made name for itself in its fearless satirical take on politics, media and American life in general. Currently in its 21st season, The Simpsons has piled up over 440 episodes, over 20 Emmy Awards, a handful of music albums, countless endorsements and merchandise, and even made the jump to the silver screen in the summer of 2007 with The Simpsons Movie . And according to Matt Groening, \"There is no end in sight.\"", "Despite its family sitcom format, The Simpsons draws its animated inspiration more from Bullwinkle J. Moose than Fred Flintstone. Like The Bullwinkle Show, two of the most striking characteristics of The Simpsons are its social criticism and its references to other cultural forms. John O'Connor, television critic for The New York Times, has labeled the program \"the most radical show on prime time\" and indeed, The Simpsons often parodies the hypocrisy and contradictions found in social institutions such as the nuclear family (and nuclear power), the mass media, religion and medicine. Homer tells his daughter Lisa that it is acceptable to steal things \"from people you don't like.\" Reverend Lovejoy lies to Lisa about the contents of the Bible to win an argument. Krusty the Clown, the kidvid program host, endorses dangerous products to make a quick buck. Homer comforts Marge about upcoming surgery with the observation that \"America's health care system is second only to Japan's ... Canada's ... Sweden's ... Great Britain's...well, all of Europe.\"", "Springfield was nearly chosen as the host for the Summer Olympic Games, but Bart Simpson 's antics angered representatives from the IOC . It was also nearly awarded an NFL franchise team, but Abraham Simpson attacked the commissioner - mistaking him for a burglar - while he was trying to use the Simpsons' phone.", "When the townspeople soon realize that he's a \"ni-,\" they threaten to shoot him. To divert the mob, hold them at bay and escape, Bart holds a gun to his own neck, shouting:", "The Simpsons episode \"Homer's Phobia\" (1997) features both a parody of the Forbidden Planet movie poster (entitled Clank, Clank, You're Dead!) and a parody of Robby The Robot that was controlled by a midget. The show parodies Robby the Robot as \"Robby the Automaton\" in the episode \"This Little Wiggy\" (\"Robby the Automaton\" is also unlockable in the Tapped Out mobile game after buying The Knowledgeum) and in the Halloween episode \"Treehouse Of Horror VIII\", in the segment \"Fly vs. Fly\", as Floyd the Scrubbing Robot, who unsuccessfully tries to label itself \"sold\" at Prof. Frink's yard sale.", "In the episode, Bart creates a street-art poster featuring Homer and the word “Dope.” Fairey is impressed with Bart’s work and invites him open his own gallery. But it turns out that Fairey is an undercover police agent and ends up arresting “El Barto.”", "When Bart fails to keeps an eye on Maggie and puts her life in danger, Homer finally puts his foot down on Bart's mischief by passing the ultimate punishment: Bart can never see \"The Itchy and Scratchy Movie\".", "How can you bring up The Simpsons without noting Professor Frink's theme song? \"He'll run around, and then he'll do...the thing...with the person...\"", "There are two primary reasons for this deliberate disassociation. For one, The Simpsons is a universally beloved show that appeals to a wide demographic—including children. According to the Wall Street Journal, Fox’s lawyers said the media giant has “consistently refused” to license the show’s brand to tobacco and alcohol companies for fear that they would be “detrimental to children.” The other reason: just because Duff is famous, doesn’t mean it’s famous for being any good.", "And the best way to hide something is put it in plain sight. By showing The Simpsons as an \"animated\" sit-com and pretending that they are figments of the Matt Groening imagination, the lie that is The Simpsons can be hidden from the truth.", "Ned Flanders is seen wearing his \"Assassin\" running shoes from the episode Bart's Dog Gets an F.", "I love the absurdity of Homer being completely hypnotized by a dog on TV whose laborious barking he is convinced can sell any product. Such a weird, inspired joke.", "February 9th, 1997 - Fox cartoon series \"Simpsons\" airs 167th episode the longest-running animated series in cartoon history", "A \"Simpsons\" video game designed for mobile devices has some in the pro-gun community up in arms. \"The Simpsons: Tapped Out\" game by EA apparently holds an anti-NRA message buried deep within the game. And by \"deep\" we mean those who make it to lev" ]

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