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Individual differences | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Bön has typically been described as the shamanistic religion in Tibet before the arrival of Buddhism in the 7th century C.E. With the recent exile of many Bönpo lamas to India, however, a more complex description of Bön is emerging and is now being considered by Western scholars. ("-po" is a part of a word in Tibetan that forms an adjective or shows the relativity, can also indicate a person, thus, "Bönpo" means a person, or people, who follow(s) the path of Bön. The transcription of the Tibetan spelling is actually just "Bon", but the diaresis is sometimes added above the "o" to prompt the reader to a more nearly Tibetan pronunciation of the vowel.) The Meaning of BönEdit A pure mind (a mind which recognizes Existence and understands it fully in an objective and factual way) behaving accordingly, being used in utmost justice or balance, looking beyond, meditating on it, etc. comes to the point when the blindness of the mind and its attitudes, proven by verbal guidance, intellectual minds and perfect examples, clears out ignorance from the very root and can save anybody from the three stages of sadness and will come to an eternal well defined understanding. This wisdom or religion is called Bön. Historical phases of BönEdit According to the Bönpo themselves, the Bön religion has actually gone through three distinct phases: Animistic Bön, Yungdrung or Eternal Bön, and New Bön. The first phase of Bön was indeed rooted in animistic and shamanistic practices, and corresponds to the characterization of Bön as previously described in the West. Initiation and rituals strongly resembled those found also in native Siberian shamanism. Individuals who could become shamans were traditionally members of a special clan from which all shamans came. Shamans could be male or female, but few modern shamans are women. One who would become a shaman was visited, and possessed by, either an ancestral shaman or one or more gods, deamons or spirits of other sorts (in contrast to non-Eastern shamans, who went seeking visions) and driven into incoherent babbling and subsequently running wildly into the forest. After the individual in question returns, they are taught how to control the spirits that visit them, as well as recitation of mantras. Article on Anamistic Bön The second phase is the controversial phase, which rests on the claims of the Bönpo texts and traditions (which are extensive and only now being analyzed in the West). These texts assert that Yungdrung Bön can be traced back to a Buddha-like founder named Tönpa Shenrab Miwoche. He discovered the methods of attaining enlightenment and is considered to be a figure analogous to Gautama Buddha. He was said to have lived 18,000 years ago, in the land of Olmo Lungring, or Shambhala, which was a part of the so-called land of Tazig to the west of present day Tibet (which some scholars identify with the Persian Tajik). According to Buddhist legends, before Shakyamuni Buddha came there were many other Buddhas in the past. Tönpa Shenrab transmitted the faith (similar in many regards to Buddhism) to the people of the Shangshung culture of western Tibet who had previously been practicing animistic Bön, thus establishing Yungdrung ("eternal") Bön. The most tantalizing claim (which, on balance, is not endorsed by most scholars) is that Buddhism may have arrived in Tibet by some other path than directly from northwest India. A transmission through Persia prior to the 7th century is not impossible. Alexander the Great had connected Greece with India almost a millennium earlier, resulting in a flourishing Greco-Buddhist art style in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The 6th century Khosrau I of Persia is known to have ordered the translation of the Buddhist jataka tales into the Persian language. The Silk Road, the path by which Buddhism traveled to China in 67 C.E., lies entirely to the west of Tibet and passed through the Persian city of Hamadan. Recently, Buddhist structures have been discovered in far western Tibet that have been dated to the third century C.E. Bönpo stupas have also been discovered as far west as Afghanistan. Nonetheless, no scholars have yet identified a major center of Buddhist learning in Persia which corresponds to the Bönpos' land of Tazig. Alternative proposed sites have included the ancient cities of Merv, Khotan, or Balkh, all of which had thriving Buddhist communities active in the correct timeframe and are located to the west of Tibet. Leaving aside the speculation on Tazig, what can we say about the other Bön claims? The existence of the Shangshung culture is supported by many lines of evidence, including the existence of a remnant of living Shangshung speakers still found in Himachal Pradesh. The claim that Lord Shenrab was born 180 centuries ago is generally not taken literally, but understood as an allusion to a master born in the very distant past. One interesting question relating to the history of Bön is: when did Bön really enter the Yungdrung phase, that is, when did elements strongly resembling Buddhism become important? These elements became apparent with the codification of the Yungdrung Bön canon by the first abbot of Menri, Nyame Sherab Gyaltsen, in the 14th century, but this trend probably began earlier. At the same time, the Nyingma, Kagyu, and Sakya orders of Buddhism were also reorganizing themselves in order to be able to compete effectively with the dominant, Gelug order. Even if we do not accept the Bön claim that Bön's Buddhist elements are older than the (Indian, historical) Buddha, we may consider some other milestones in Tibetan history which may mark points at which Buddhist ideas became integrated into Bön. - In the first half of the 7th century, the Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo assassinates King Ligmicha of the Shangshung and annexes the Shangshung kingdom. The same Songtsen Gampo is also the first Tibetan king to marry a Buddhist (or, in his case, two): in 632, Nepalese princess Bhrikuti, and in 641, Princess Wencheng, daughter of Emperor Tang Taizong of Tang Dynasty China (where Buddhism is approaching its zenith). Both Tibetan and Bön history agree that King Songtsen Gampo decides to follow Bön, despite his marriages. The nature of the Bön practiced by him and his court is not very clear. - Approximately 130 years later, King Trisong Detsen (742-797) holds a debate contest between Bön priests and Buddhists, and decides to convert to Buddhism; in 779, he invites the great Indian saint Padmasambhava to bring Tantric Buddhism to Tibet. According to Tibetan Buddhist tradition, the arrival of Padmasambhava represents the First Transmission of the faith. Tantric Buddhism becomes important in Tibet, at this point. - As Tantric Buddhism becomes the state religion of Tibet, Bön faces persecution, forcing Bönpo masters such as Drenpa Namkha underground. It is, however, possible that several decades later, with the collapse of the Tibetan Empire into civil war in 842, Bön may have experienced a partial revival in some districts, especially in western Tibet. - In the 11th century, approximately coincident with the Second Transmission of Tantric Buddhism into Tibet associated with Indian saints such as Atisha and Naropa, we start to find more Bönpo texts, discovered as terma. The "New Bön" phase emerges in the 14th century, when some Bön teachers discovered termas related to Padmasambhava. New Bön is primarily practiced in the eastern regions of Amdo and Kham. Although the practices of New Bön vary to some extent from Yungdrung Bön, the practitioners of New Bön still honor the Abbot of Menri Monastery as the leader of their tradition. According to a recent Chinese census, presently about 10 percent of Tibetans are estimated to follow Bön. At the time of the communist takeover in Tibet, there were approximately 300 Bön monasteries in Tibet and western China. According to a recent survey, there are 264 active Bön monasteries, convents, and hermitages. The present spiritual head of the Bön is Lungtok Tenpa'i Nyima (b. 1929), the thirty-third Abbot of Menri Monastery (destroyed in the Cultural Revolution, but now being rebuilt), who now presides over Pal Shen-ten Menri Ling in Dolanji in Himachal Pradesh, India, for the abbacy of which monastery he was selected in 1969. A number of Bön establishments also exist in Nepal; the most accessible is probably Triten Norbutse Bönpo Monastery, on the Western outskirts of Kathmandu. In Kathmandu, go to the bus stop on the Ring Road nearest Swayambhu (downhill just behind the great stupa.) Follow the Ring Road about 500 meters northeast in the direction of Balaju. Turn left at the small village called Baraing, and follow the dirt road through the rice fields to the red colored monastery, situated on the side of the mountain, a little lower than the Swayambhu Stupa. (It is not the monastery on the top of the mountain.) The Monastery is clearly visible from the Ring Road. Visitors are welcome. Bön spiritual practicesEdit Bön, while now very similar to schools of Tibetan Buddhism, may be distinguished by certain characteristics: - The origin of the Bönpo lineage is traced to Buddha Tönpa Shenrab (sTon pa gShen rab), rather than to Buddha Shakyamuni. - Bönpo circumambulate chortens or other venerated structures counter-clockwise (i.e., with the left shoulder toward the object), rather than clockwise (as Buddhists do). - Bönpos use the yungdrung (g.yung drung, swastika) instead of the dorje (rdo rje, vajra) as a symbol - Instead of a bell, Bönpos use the shang, a cymbal-like instrument with a "clapper" usually made of animal horn, in their rituals. - A nine-way path is described in Bön, which is distinct from the nine-yana (-vehicle) system of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. Bönpo consider Bön to be a superset of Buddhist paths. (The Bönpo divide their teachings in a mostly familiar way: Causal Vehicle, Sutra, Tantra and Dzogchen). - The Bönpo textual canon includes rites to pacify spirits, influence the weather, heal people through spiritual means, and other "shamanic" practices. While many of these practices are also common in some form in Tibetan Buddhism (and mark a distinction between Tibetan and other forms of Buddhism), they are actually included within the recognized Bön canon (under the causal vehicle), rather than in Buddhist texts. - Bönpo have some sacred texts, of neither Sanskrit nor Tibetan origin, which include some sections written in the ancient Shangshung language. - The Bönpo mythic universe includes the Mountain of Nine Swastikas and the Olmo Lungring paradise. The Bönpo school is said to resemble most closely the Nyingma school, the oldest school of Tibetan Buddhism, which traces its lineage to the First Transmission of Buddhism into Tibet. Reality and chakras in BönEdit Chakras, as pranic centers of the body, according the Tibetan Bön tradition, influence the quality of experience, because movement of prana can not be separated from experience. Each of six major chakras are linked to experiential qualities of one of the six realms of existence. A modern teacher, Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche uses a computer analogy: main chakras are like hard drives. Each hard drive has many files. One of the files is always open in each of the chakras, no matter how "closed" that particular chakra may be. What is displayed by the file shapes experience. The tsa lung practices open channels so prana could move without obstruction. Yogi opens chakras and evokes positive qualities associated with a particular chakra. In the hard drive analogy, the screen is cleared and a file is called up that contains positive, supportive qualities. A seed syllable (Sanskr. bija) is used both as a password that evokes the positive quality and the armor that sustains the quality. Tantric practice eventually transforms all experience into bliss. The practice liberates from negative conditioning and leads to control over perception and cognition. - See also: Reality in Buddhism - ↑ Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche, Healing with Form, Energy, and Light. Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2002. ISBN 1559391766, p. 84 - ↑ Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche, Healing with Form, Energy, and Light. Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2002. ISBN 1559391766, p. 85 - Norbu, Namkhai. 1995. Drung, Deu and Bön: Narrations, Symbolic languages and the Bön tradition in ancient Tibet. Translated from Tibetan into Italian edited and annotated by Adriano Clemente. Translated fom Italian into English by Andrew Lukianowicz. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India. ISBN 81-85102-93-7. - Ligmincha Institute - Bon Foundation - Tibetan Yungdrung Bön Arts - Collection of rare artefacts of the Bön religion - Garuda Switzerland - interview with Lopon Tenzin Namdak Rinpoche, the most senior teacher of the Bönpo tradition - Picture of Bön inscription - John Reynolds' web site, including his Bonpo translation projectda:Bön-religionen |This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

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Gears are mechanical parts with cut teeth designed to fit with teeth on another part so as to transmit or receive force and motion. Gears are also sometimes called toothed wheels or cogged wheels or cogs. The cut teeth are also sometimes called cogs. Gear materials [change] Numerous nonferrous alloys, cast irons, powder-metallurgy and even plastics are used in the manufacture of gears. However steels are most commonly used because of their high strength to weight ratio and low cost.

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DefinitionHyperventilation is rapid or deep breathing that can occur with anxiety or panic. It is also called overbreathing, and may leave you feeling breathless.See also: Rapid shallow breathing Alternative NamesRapid deep breathing; Breathing - rapid and deep; Overbreathing; Fast deep breathing; Respiratory rate - rapid and deep ConsiderationsWhen you breathe, you inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Excessive breathing leads to low levels of carbon dioxide in your blood. This causes many of the symptoms you may feel if you hyperventilate.Feeling very anxious or having a panic attack are the usual reasons that you may hyperventilate. However, rapid breathing may be a symptom of a disease, such as:BleedingHeart or lung disorderInfectionYour doctor will determine the cause of your hyperventilation. Rapid breathing may be a medical emergency -- unless you have experienced this before and have been reassured by your doctor that your hyperventilation can be self treated.Often, panic and hyperventilation become a vicious cycle. Panic leads to rapid breathing, and breathing rapidly can make you feel panicked.If you frequently overbreathe, you may have hyperventilation syndrome that is triggered by emotions of stress, anxiety, depression, or anger. Occasional hyperventilation from panic is generally related to a specific fear or phobia, such as a fear of heights, dying, or closed-in spaces (claustrophobia).If you have hyperventilation syndrome, you might not be aware you are breathing fast. However, you will be aware of having many of the other symptoms, including:BelchingBloatingChest painConfusionDizzinessDry mouthLightheadednessMuscle spasms in hands and feetNumbness and tingling in the arms or around the mouthPalpitationsShortness of breathSleep disturbancesWeakness Common CausesAnxiety and nervousnessBleedingCardiac disease, such as congestive heart failure or heart attackDrugs (such as an aspirin overdose)Infection such as pneumonia or sepsisKetoacidosis and similar medical conditions Lung disease such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or pulmonary embolismPanic attackPregnancySevere painSituations where there is a psychological advantage in having a sudden, dramatic illness (for example, somatization disorder)Stimulant useStress Home CareYour doctor will look for other medical illnesses before diagnosing hyperventilation syndrome.If your doctor has explained that you hyperventilate from anxiety, stress, or panic, there are steps you can take at home. You, your friends, and family can learn techniques to stop you from hyperventilating when it happens and to prevent future attacks.If you start hyperventilating, the goal is to raise the carbon dioxide level in your blood, which will put an end to most of your symptoms. There are several ways to do this:Get reassurance from a friend or family member to help relax your breathing. Words like "you are doing fine," "you are not having a heart attack," and "you are not going to die" are very helpful. It is extremely important that the person helping you remain calm and deliver these messages with a soft, relaxed tone.To increase your carbon dioxide, you need to take in less oxygen. To accomplish this, you can breathe through pursed lips (as if you are blowing out a candle) or you can cover your mouth and one nostril, and breathe through the other nostril.Over the long term, there are several important steps to help you stop overbreathing:If you have been diagnosed with anxiety or panic, see a psychologist or psychiatrist to help you understand and treat your condition.Learn breathing exercises that help you relax and breathe from your diaphragm and abdomen, rather than your chest wall.Practice relaxation techniques regularly, such as progressive muscle relaxation or meditation.Exercise regularly.If these methods alone are not preventing your overbreathing, your doctor may recommend a beta blocker medication. Call your health care provider ifCall your health care provider if:You are experiencing rapid breathing for the first time. (This is a medical emergency and you should be taken to the emergency room right away.)You are in pain, have a fever, or notice any bleeding.Your hyperventilation continues or gets worse, even with home treatment.You also have other symptoms. What to expect at your health care provider's officeYour doctor will perform a careful physical examination.To get your medical history, your doctor will ask questions about your symptoms, such as:Do you feel short of breath?What other symptoms do you have when you are breathing rapidly? Do these symptoms start at any other time (for example, when you are walking or exercising)?Do you have any medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or high cholesterol?What medications do you take?What is happening in your life in general? Has it been a particularly stressful time?Do you feel anxious or stressed, especially before you start breathing rapidly?Are you in pain? What does the pain feel like? How intense is the pain? Where is it located?What other symptoms do you have (for example, have you had any bleeding? Are you dizzy?)The doctor will assess how rapidly you are breathing at the time of the visit. If you are not breathing quickly, the physician may try to induce hyperventilation by instructing you to breathe a certain way.While you hyperventilate, the doctor will ask how you feel and watch how you breathe -- including what muscles you are using in your chest wall and surrounding areas.Tests that may be performed include:Blood tests for the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your bloodChest CT scanECGVentilation/perfusion scan of your lungsX-rays of the chest ReferencesDuffin J, Phillipson EA. Hypoventilation and hyperventilation syndromes. In: Mason RJ, Broaddus CV, Martin TR, et al. Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 78.Winter AO, Purcell TB. Somatoform disorders. In: Marx JA, ed. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009:chap 111.

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"A sad soul can kill you quicker, far quicker, than a germ," John Steinbeck once wrote. Now we are closer to understanding why. A disease like cancer can be a mortal battle, often fraught with overwhelming stress. Given that stress management can be difficult even under ordinary circumstances, elevated feelings of anxiety and depression in cancer patients are certainly understandable. Yet, several recent studies underscore how critically important it is for those fighting illness to learn how to combat stress. A team of researchers led by Lorenzo Cohen, professor of general oncology and director of the Integrative Medicine Program at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, found that symptoms of depression among a group of patients with late-stage renal cell carcinoma were associated with an increased risk of death. The study was published in the journal PLOS ONE in August. The chief suspects in Cohen's study: cortisol -- also known as the "stress hormone" -- and inflammatory pathways. "This study is the next step in the process of understanding that emotional factors have an impact on biology, which can, in turn, influence outcomes in cancer," says Cohen. Cortisol is the hormone produced by the adrenal gland in response to stress. It helps regulate the inflammatory response in the body. According to Cohen, under normal circumstances cortisol levels should be high in the morning and drop throughout the course of the day. But among patients experiencing chronic stress or depressive symptoms, cortisol levels can remain sustained throughout the day, with less of a decrease in the evening. In the study, those patients with sustained cortisol levels throughout the day had an increased risk of mortality. Through gene profile analyses of patients, the researchers documented that the association between patient psychological condition and survival time may stem from a dysregulation in inflammatory biology. Two other studies on how stress influences other illnesses shed further light on this process.

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Vernon British Columbia Two local artists, Molly March and Cathy Stubington, from the Calendario Art Project, ad Bill Darnell and Mary Stockdale, from the Vernon Climate Action Network, organized a 350.org Climate Impacts Day event on 5/5/2012. Since the devastating pine bark beetle outbreak that has turned BC's forests red and then grey is a proven local example of climate impact, the main activity was to make a beautiful Ponderosa Pine drawing on a large banner, at the Bean Scene, with public input in creating the art. WE also created a 'dot' banner and two smaller banners dotted with CO2 molecules. Then, a group of about 25 people held a parade to Spirit Square near City Hall where there are 4 magnificent specimens of these pines. Here there was a short celebration of the Ponderosa pine that included songs, poetry readings and speeches. Speakers handed around specimens of pine bark beetles as well as the puzzle-shaped bark pieces that fall to the ground whenever there is a beetle attack. Poems and songs celebrated the beauty, mystery and generosity of the pine tree, and grieved the loss of trees, jobs and sawmill workers' lives due to the beetle outbreak.

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Are we at last one nation, with liberty and justice for all? In this ebook, we reflect on the life and legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement, and assess their efforts to overcome racial discrimination and to promote racial equality and integration. The first chapter explores the origins and traditions of the Martin Luther King Jr. birthday celebration, with particular attention to the American character of the holiday. The second chapter presents powerful accounts of the black American experience during the era of racial segregation—from Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Zora Neale Hurston, to Langston Hughes, Ralph Ellison, and James Baldwin—with a focus on showing the need for civil rights. The third chapter brings us to the Civil Rights Movement itself, evaluating the goals, strategies, and tactics of the Movement's various leaders. The final chapter raises questions about the challenging and vexed issues left open in the wake of the successes of the Civil Rights Movement: equality; family, religion, and culture; and identity. For more stories, speeches, and songs, or to learn more about the What So Proudly We Hail project, head to www.WhatSoProudlyWeHail.org. Martin Luther King Jr. Day: An American Holiday The Origins and Traditions of Martin Luther King Jr. Day A Brief History of the Civil Rights Movement Dwight D. Eisenhower, "On the Situation in Little Rock: A Radio and Television Address to the American People" Lyndon B. Johnson, "To Fulfill These Rights: Commencement Address at Howard University" Stevie Wonder, "Happy Birthday" Ronald Reagan, Remarks on Signing the Bill Making the Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. a National Holiday William Jefferson Clinton, Remarks on Signing the King Holiday and Service Act Barack Obama, Remarks at the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Dedication The African American Experience and the Need for Civil Rights Frederick Douglass, "The Civil Rights Cases" W. E. B. Du Bois, "On Being Crazy" Booker T. Washington, "My View of Segregation Laws" W. E. B. Du Bois, "Of the Coming of John," from The Souls of Black Folk James Baldwin, "Stranger in the Village," from Notes of a Native Son Ralph Ellison, "The Battle Royal," from Invisible Man Zora Neale Hurston, "How It Feels to Be Colored Me" James Baldwin, From Notes of a Native Son Langston Hughes, "One Friday Morning" John O. Killens, "God Bless America" Junius Edwards, "Liars Don't Qualify" The Civil Rights Movement The Movement and Its Goals "Lift Every Voice and Sing" "Onward, Christian Soldiers" "We Shall Overcome" "This Little Light of Mine" "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" Martin Luther King Jr., "I Have a Dream" Diane Oliver, "Neighbors" Zora Neale Hurston, Letter to the Orlando Sentinel Martin Luther King Jr., "Eulogy for the Martyred Children" Leon R. Kass, Letter on the Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King Jr., "I've Been to the Mountaintop" Movement Tactics and Strategy Martin Luther King Jr., "The Power of Nonviolence" Appendix: "Commitment Card," Alabama Christian Movement for Civil Rights Lee Martin, "The Welcome Table" Anthony Grooms, "Food That Pleases, Food to Take Home" A Group of Clergymen, "A Call for Unity" Martin Luther King Jr., "Letter from Birmingham Jail" Joseph H. Jackson, Address to the 1964 National Baptist Convention Malcolm X, "The Ballot or The Bullet" Diana Schaub, "Solve for X" Civil Rights, Race, and the American Republic: Today and Tomorrow Racial Discrimination and Affirmative Action Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education John G. Roberts, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District Shelby Steele, "Affirmative Action," from The Content of Our Character The Pursuit of Equality Kurt Vonnegut Jr., "Harrison Bergeron" Daniel Patrick Moynihan, "The Negro Family: The Case for National Action" Thomas Sowell, "The Mirage of Equality," from The Quest for Cosmic Justice Family, Religion, and Culture Juan Williams, From Enough Cornel West, "The Moral Obligations of Living in a Democratic Society" Gerald Early, "Dreaming of a Black Christmas" Alice Walker, "Everyday Use" Henry Louis Gates Jr., "Growing Up Colored" John McWhorter, "How Can We Save the African-American Race?," from Losing the Race Stephen L. Carter, "The Black Table, the Empty Suit, and the Tie" Shelby Steele, "Race-Holding," from The Content of Our Character

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Have you ever been talking to a creationist, who knows that agriculture only began about 10,000 years ago, say something like, "What were we doing for all those tens of thousands of years before then? Why didn't we settle down sooner?" I did not know the answer to this, until now. Via ScienceDaily: Until recently researchers say the story of the origin of agriculture was one of a relatively sudden appearance of plant cultivation in the Near East around 10,000 years ago spreading quickly into Europe and dovetailing conveniently with ideas about how quickly language and population genes spread from the Near East to Europe. Initially, genetics appeared to support this idea but now cracks are beginning to appear in the evidence underpinning that model Now a team led by Dr Robin Allaby from the University of Warwick have developed a new mathematical model that shows how plant agriculture actually began much earlier than first thought, well before the Younger Dryas (the last “big freeze” with glacial conditions in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere). It also shows that useful gene types could have actually taken thousands of years to become stable. Up till now researchers believed in a rapid establishment of efficient agriculture which came about as artificial selection was easily able to dominate natural plant selection, and, crucially, as a consequence they thought most crops came from a single location and single domestication event. However recent archaeological evidence has already begun to undermine this model pushing back the date of the first appearance of plant agriculture. The best example of this being the archaeological site Ohalo II in Syria where more than 90,000 plant fragments from 23,000 years ago show that wild cereals were being gathered over 10,000 years earlier than previously thought, and before the last glacial maximum (18,000-15,000 years ago). The field of Archaeobotany is also producing further evidence to undermine the quick development model. The tough rachis mutant is caused by a single recessive allele (one gene on a pair or group of genes) , and this mutant is easily identifiable in the archaeological specimens as a jagged scar on the chaff of the plant noting an abscission (shedding of a body part) as opposed to the smooth abscission scar associated with the wild type brittle rachis.

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A young girl, Ayala Yona, is bullied by girls in school. Through her friends’ advice and her own courage, she was able to stop the bullying. This book demonstrates the now widely discussed problem of bullying through one child’s experience so that other young children might be educated on how to manage a similar situation. I believe this book’s combination of facts, the easily related to story, and the discussion at the end make it a great guide to combating bullying. I especially enjoyed the lovely illustrations set against the brown background. It was very artistic.

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Duck numbers down, but similar to last year MEMPHIS, Tenn. - July 7, 2008 - The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service released its preliminary report today on mid-continent breeding ducks and habitats, based on surveys conducted in May and early June. Total duck populations were estimated at 37.3 million breeding ducks on the surveyed area. This estimate represents a 9 percent decline over last year's estimate of 41.2 million birds, but remains 11 percent above the 1955-2007 long-term average. One of the most important elements in duck breeding success is the amount of water present in portions of prairie and parkland Canada and north central United States. Total pond counts for the United States and Canada combined showed 4.4 million ponds, a 37 percent decrease from last year’s estimate, and 10 percent below the long-term average. Habitat conditions in 2008 were a good news / bad news scenario. Drought in many parts of the traditional survey area including the prairie pothole region contrasted sharply with record amounts of snow and rainfall in the eastern survey area. The FWS spring surveys provide the scientific basis for many management programs across the continent including the setting of hunting regulations. The Flyway Councils and the FWS Regulations Committee will meet in July and early August to recommend and adopt the season structure and bag limits for 2008-09. Individual states will make their selections following these meetings. Hunters should check their state's rules for final dates. “The decline in breeding habitat conditions is consistent with what Ducks Unlimited’s field biologists have reported across much of the U.S. and Canadian breeding grounds this spring,” said Ducks Unlimited’s Chief Biologist, Dale Humburg. “While late rains may have improved habitat for late nesting species, and for renesting and brood rearing, poor production will likely occur over key productions areas, particularly the prairie grasslands of the U.S. and Canada.” The mallard population was 7 percent below last year. An estimated 7.7 million mallards were on traditionally surveyed areas this spring, compared to last year’s estimate of 8.3 million birds. However, mallard numbers were similar to the long-term average. “The lack of an increase in mallard populations is consistent with a delayed spring and decreasing ponds in key mallard nesting areas; however, mallards remain at levels above the long-term average and near the North American Waterfowl Management Plan goal,” said Humburg. The most positive news coming out of this year’s survey continues to be for redheads, green-winged teal and scaup. For the second straight year, redheads remained above 1 million birds (66 percent above the long-term average). Green-winged teal populations remained similar to the level in 2007 and were 57 percent above the long-term average. Scaup numbers appear to have stabilized at similar levels for the last 8 years remaining at 3.7 million in 2008, similar to the 3.5 million surveyed in 2007. Breeding scaup numbers remain 27 percent below their long-term average, however. As expected, some breeding populations declined as habitat conditions deteriorated from 2007 to 2008. Although 6 of the 10 commonly surveyed species showed no significant change, 4 species declined appreciably. Notable declines were in numbers of breeding canvasbacks (-44 percent from 2007), northern pintails (-22 percent), gadwalls (-19 percent), and northern shovelers (-23 percent). Canvasbacks were at an estimated 489,000 breeding birds in the survey area 14 percent below their long-term average. Pintail numbers declined to 2.6 million, 36 percent below the long-term average. Despite declines from 2007 in numbers of gadwalls and shovelers, populations remain well above long-term averages (both +56 percent). “Severe drought occurred across much of the northcental U.S. and Prairie Canada - much of the core pintail breeding area,” said Humburg. “The poor habitat conditions likely will lead to limited pintail production and recruitment into the fall flight.” American wigeon numbers, at 2.5 million, remained similar to 2007 levels and the long-term.Although blue-winged teal populations did not change significantly from 2007, they remain well above the long-term average (+45). “Pintails and scaup continue to be well below their long-term averages and remain a significant concern,” said Humburg. “Habitat changes are believed to be the primary causes of decline for both these species. DU and partners continue targeted research programs on scaup and pintails that we hope will improve our understanding of the conservation actions that will help these species recover.” Since 1990, surveys have been conducted in eastern North America. In contrast to the western surveys most of the eastern survey area experienced record or near-record winter snowfall and spring precipitation accompanied by average to below-average temperatures. Population estimates for the 10 most abundant species surveyed were similar to last year and to the 1990-2007 averages. Wet and dry cycles, where water levels fluctuate over time, are vital components of maintaining wetland productivity. This is true for all wetlands, but is especially important for the prairie potholes of the northern plains. Although the short-term effect may be fewer breeding ducks, wetlands are rejuvenated during severe droughts. It’s important to note that droughts are temporary. If we can keep grassland and wetland habitats intact, when the water returns, prairie wetlands will again teem with breeding waterfowl and other wildlife. Equally important to note is that more stable wetland areas such as the boreal forest provide critical nesting habitat, particularly during drought years on the prairies. In 2008, these areas where rated as fair to excellent although in most places spring was delayed by 1-2 weeks. “Habitat is the core factor driving the health of duck populations and the size of the fall flight,” said Humburg. “Habitat also is a key for waterfowl in migration and for hunters. This year, spring and early summer flooding in the Midwest and South, drought in the Prairies, and extremely dry conditions in parts of the west coast, could affect migration and hunting habitat.” As painful as the current drought is, waterfowl and prairie habitats are facing even greater long-term threats. Grassland habitat is under siege on many fronts and is being lost at alarming rates. The U.S. Prairie Pothole Region lost more than 800,000 Conservation Reserve Program acres last year, and more than 3.3 million acres of native prairie are projected to be lost during the next five years unless governors in affected states opt into Sodsaver. There has never been a time more important than today to maintain our focus on restoring and protecting these habitats, so when wet conditions return they can continue to produce ducks for future generations. Related: Early Summer Habitat Conditions in Canada Mike Checkett(901) 758-3793 [email protected] Dale Humburg(901) 758-3786 [email protected] With more than a million supporters, Ducks Unlimited is the world’s largest and most effective wetland and waterfowl conservation organization with more than 12 million acres conserved. The United States alone has lost more than half of its original wetlands - nature’s most productive ecosystem - and continues to lose more than 80,000 acres of wetlands important to waterfowl each year.

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The Mississippi Delta is famous for more than floods; it's the birthplace of uniquely American music. As the flood waters rose, many blues artists were inspired to write songs about the disaster and describe the experience of being in a flood. Mai Cramer, who has hosted her "Blues After Hours" radio show for over two decades, and Prof. David Evans, an ethnomusicologist at the University of Memphis, explain some of the history behind blues music, especially the stripped-down, raw style of music called Delta blues. Blues is very visceral. For the most part it's narrative. It tells a story out of people's lives. Compared to other types of music, it's very authentic -- there aren't a lot of frills. What we usually think of as Delta blues is one person with a guitar, typically a slide guitar, and that real raw kind of singing. Delta blues grew up into modern Chicago blues. If you listen to Muddy Waters, for example, he's basically singing Delta blues that are citified and electrified. Delta blues is the foundation for that. When we listen to blues music of the 1920s, it's like looking through a window at the experience people are having at the time. Typically, blues artists write out of their own experience. A lot of blues is about men and women, and relationships. Blues was sung at rent parties, where you'd play music and pass the hat to pay your rent. Or they'd be in shacks behind the fields, "juke joints" where people would drink, dance, and hear music. It's the music you'd play when you were relaxing or partying. Initially it was black music played by black people for black people. Only a few early performers, like Bessie Smith, who sold a lot of records, sold to white people. The blues were mostly only in the black community until large numbers of whites discovered the music in the 1950s and especially in the 1960s. We always think of blues as being intense, as having an emotional intensity. Floods are natural disasters that overwhelm you the way emotions can overwhelm you, and so the flood is an important image for the blues, a metaphor for an experience that's too much, that's just impossible to handle. Two artists who are still alive today have connections to the very earliest Delta blues. They're in their 80s. These two artists are not the only ones who play Delta blues, but they're among the last who were there when it started. Robert Junior Lockwood was up for a Grammy this year with traditional Delta blues, and he's a link to the Delta because his mother had a relationship with Robert Johnson, who was known as the King of the Delta Blues. Robert Junior learned from Robert Johnson. David "Honey Boy" Edwards is also still alive, and he's another important musician. He lived the life of an itinerant blues singer and wrote about it in his autobiography, The World Don't Owe Me Nothing. A lot of Delta blues appears on the Yazoo label. Most blues songs are about personal experiences and personal feelings and they tend to concentrate on themes of man-woman relationships and the related emotions -- the whole range of emotions, happy and sad. Travel is another theme. Movement. Work and other social conditions. Social problems. Luck. Magic. More or less, the ups and downs of daily life. There are some that deal with themes of broader interest: current events, political events, commentary, and so on. These are still often tied to personal reactions and personal feelings. The flood was both a public event, a news story, and something that hundreds of thousands of African Americans experienced directly. The Delta itself has throughout blues history been a stronghold of blues music. It was very intensely developed there, stylistically and creatively. It has been central to African American cultural life in the Delta, particularly in the first half of the 20th century. It's characterized stylistically by a very intense type of performance, a minimalist style that squeezes the maximum feeling and emotion out of each note. The perfomers typically sing and play very hard, and often explore very deep themes philosophically. In other words, it tends not to be superficial music, but a very deep expression of a personal, and a collective, feeling. The music started around the beginning of the 20th century and it seems to have reached a creative peak in the 1920s that's captured in phonograph records of that era, starting in the year 1920. A number of Mississippi Delta artists recorded in that decade. This was really a golden age, particularly of the country blues. The first flowering of country blues on records happened in 1926. It seems there were 25 or 30 records by blues artists on or related to the 1927 flood. The songs present a variety of commentary on the flood. The ones by the few artists that were from the area, who might have actually experienced the flood (like Charlie Patton or Alice Pearson) tend to be the most realistic in their descriptions, the most accurate in their details. Some of the others are inaccurate, based on hearsay, some sentimentalize the flood, some even trivialize it, or find some way to connect it to the man-woman theme, or sexual double entendre, getting back to more standard blues themes. A song by Atlanta artist Barbecue Bob, "Mississippi Heavy Water Blues," describes losing his woman, who's washed away in the flood. They range over quite a bit of emotional territory. Blind Lemon Jefferson, from Texas, recorded a flood song, and frequently performed in the Delta, in small theaters in towns like Greenwood and Greenville. Sometimes he would just come into town and set up in a park, and draw a crowd. Lonnie Johnson, who was based in St. Louis, recorded a flood song also. There were artists in other styles, too, the vaudeville blues singers, who also recorded flood songs. Bessie Smith had probably the most famous song on the flood, but there's a peculiarity to it. It was recorded before the flood. "Back Water Blues" was recorded in February 1927, before the great disaster of April. Perhaps the buildup of rain made her anticipate the flood; it was released just as the flood came, and as a result, it became a big hit. It's a description of one woman's experience of a flood. There had been a lot of rain for weeks prior to the flood so she might have in some way anticipated the flood, or it might have been a coincidence. There had been generic flood songs in the 1920s. There was a piece called "Muddy Water" which was a pop song of 1926. Bessie Smith also recorded this song. There were certainly enough floods in all parts of the lowland South so that flood themes would be taken up often. On the religious side, in gospel music, there were some recordings that saw greater significance in this flood. One in particular, "The1927 Flood," by Elders McIntorsh and Edwards (recorded in December 1928), saw the hand of God in the flood, as a punishment for wickedness. A black preacher in Memphis, the Reverend Sutton E. Griggs, saw the flood as a metaphor of black-white cooperation, the people trying to shore up the levees, something that led to better race relations, although the historical fact about it was that there were some major race-related problems related to the relief effort. The whites in charge of the relief effort thought that the blacks would just pitch in after the flood to restore the old order, and give volunteer labor so they could go back to being sharecroppers. The blacks tended to view the flood as wiping the slate clean, wiping out the old order. The flood wiped out the crops in the areas it devastated, so any black sharecroppers in that area knew they weren't going to get a crop, with the water and mud staying up until June. It was impossible to get a good crop. So they had to go somewhere and find some work. A lot of people headed North. Charlie Patton's great two-part song, "High Water Everywhere," was recorded in December 1929, two and a half years after the flood. Patton was from the Delta. He had probably composed it earlier; his recording career didn't start until 1929. But he and his record company thought the song still had relevance. In the early 1920s virtually all American record companies were recording blues material, and they had developed the concept of race records along with other specialized genres of music: hillbilly music, various non-English language ethnic series for immigrant communities, etc. It was a marketing strategy the record companies had, to direct their promotional efforts in these communities. Unfortunately it had the effect of isolating these American musical traditions and keping them out of the mainstream of American music, so that they didn't come to the attention of most Americans, but remained on the periphery. There were a few African American artists who had mainstream appeal: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and people like that. But the vast majority of African American recording artists, especially blues and gospel singers, sold almost entirely within the black community. If there hadn't been race records, much of this music might not have been recorded at all. It was recorded, but it didn't reach a bigger audience. Some artists, like Louis Armstrong, were heard on the radio, but blues was hardly broadcast at all. Some stations in the South started barn dance programs, like the Grand Ole Opry, which had a black harmonica player, but it was pretty unusual. Record players would have been one of the few luxuries, one of the few pieces of furniture, poor people might have had, more so even than radios. They were very important cultural items, even among people who were relatively poor. And in the cities you'd have people who had come from the country, listening to the blues. Blues is a music that's highly personalized, that deals with fairly intimate personal relationships, so you have to read through the songs to see broader social issues. But the personal relationships described in the blues are affected by social conditions of poverty, racism, the nature of work, rural life, and so on, and these shape how people relate to each other. You have to do a little bit of projection from those lyrics; blues are not usually songs of ideology or protest. But you can detect an overriding aura of dissatisfaction in the blues. They deal with the changes and fluctuations of life, and the possibilities of change, too, on a very personal level. My American Experience We invite you to tell us your own stories - whether you lived through a tumultuous time period or learned about it from a relative, a book or a movie.

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Views From Your Muse WHO ARE YOU WRITNG FOR? By David Trottier In an article from a previous edition of my newsletter, another writer challenged my notion of writing lean description. The example of lean description that I used was from the spec script Rocky. It reads as follows: The gym looks like a garbage can turned inside out. I like it because it says a lot with just a few words plus a reader could easily visualize it. He preferred the following version (below) because it would better help the actors, the director, the set decorator, and the art director. “After all,” he said, “that is who we are writing for.” It contains more details, even though it is not as readable. The gym was littered with food wrappers, leftover hot dogs and tacos, gym clothes, and other debris. It looked like no one had cleaned it in over a month. It was truly a mess. It’s important to use concrete language and provide specific details, but choose only those details that help the reader visualize the action. The essence of spec writing is to say as much as possible with as few words as possible. When writing description, try using specific verbs to describe actions without relying on adverbs, and choose specific nouns without using adjectives. Am I saying that adjectives and adverbs should be avoided? No, I’m saying that you should focus on verbs and nouns first. You won’t need to use as many adjectives and adverbs if you use specific, concrete nouns and verbs. For example, here’s a sentence containing an adverb and a couple of adjectives: He is walking slowly to the big, yellow boat. Notice that the adjectives and adverb provide little help because the verb and noun are not specific in the first place. Now, here is the same sentence, using a specific, active verb and a concrete noun: He staggers to the yacht. Because I use concrete, specific language, I do not need the adverb and adjective, at least in this particular case. And notice how the verb staggered characterizes my character better than the weaker verb walked. Finally, do you see that the active verb staggers is stronger than the passive form is staggering? Specific language can help you bring characters and action to life. Even when you use concrete nouns and verbs, you still may see a need for concrete adjectives and adverbs. In the following sentence, I use a couple of adjectives for visual clarification: She sashays to the pink brick bungalow. Thus, my real point is this: Use concrete, visual language in your narrative description. Adjectives and adverbs are helping words, so first make sure your verbs and nouns are strong and then look for helping words if you need them. The late, great Paddy Cheyvsky (Marty, Network), once said, “I have two rules. First, cut out all the wisdom; then, cut out all the adjectives.” I don’t think he meant he actually went through the script and omitted every adjective; I believe he is referring to lean, concrete and specific language. The “cutting out all the wisdom” alludes to the tendency of some writers to sound preachy, or overstate their theme, or write pretentious, unnatural dialogue.

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The United States has become accustomed to its hegemonic military presence in the greater Middle East. The U.S.-led international coalition against Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait in August, 1990 led to a massive increase in America's direct military presence in the Gulf. Its military presence accelerated after the 9/11 attacks and the subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Today, U.S. forces are deployed all the way from the Sinai desert through the Arabian Peninsula, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, as well as Afghanistan. While the U.S. has come to take its unchallenged military primacy in the Middle East for granted, key Asian countries -- especially India, China, Japan and South Korea -- have also increased their Middle East presence. The U.S. shouldn't view this as a threat but rather an opportunity for greater cooperation on a wide spectrum of growing security concerns. The signs of Asia's push into the Gulf can be seen everywhere. All around the Arabian Gulf, hotels, banks, schools, and shopping centers are managed by Asian expatriate workers, who also provide most of the region's manual labor. Without Asian labor, the oil-rich economies of the Gulf would collapse. Many of the vast construction projects in Doha, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and other city-states are supervised by South Korean companies. Most of the automobiles and trucks on the street are Japanese or Korean. The endless procession of tankers that sail from the huge ports of the Gulf carrying oil and liquefied natural gas is destined increasingly for the Asian market. Infrastructure projects, including new roads, railways, seaports, airports, gas and oil pipelines, and undersea communication lines, are expanding in both the Middle East and Central Asia, making access between the two regions easier and cheaper. These trends suggest that, absent a protracted global recession, the Asian presence in the Middle East will continue to grow significantly over the coming decade. Over the next 30 years, the economies of India and China are expected to surpass that of the United States in size (although as a result of population growth, their per capita GDP will remain relatively low), giving their governments increased regional and global clout. As India and China grow, Japan will be left behind. Nonetheless, Japan is likely to remain a key Asian power, given its close ties to the United States. Moreover, Japan's energy needs will keep it tied to the Gulf. Similarly, South Korea, while smaller than Japan, is already deeply engaged in the Middle East, especially in the energy sphere. Lacking domestic oil reserves, South Korea is the world's fifth-largest importer of oil and the eleventh-largest importer of liquefied natural gas. In addition, South Korean construction companies have been hired to build oil refineries, petrochemical plants, offices, and infrastructure across the Middle East. India is an under-appreciated player in this new Asian Middle East. The Indian subcontinent has had close commercial ties with the Gulf for centuries, and India today has managed to cultivate good working relationships with all the countries in the Middle East, including Israel. While economic interests have provided the basis for many of those relationships, India has also taken on a modest military role. The Indian government has participated in Middle East peacekeeping operations since 1956. In addition, India has been increasing its bilateral military ties with all of the small countries in the Gulf. India is likely to establish a stronger, more assertive presence in the Gulf over the coming decades. It is China, of course, which gets most of the attention. For a short period in the fifteenth century, China was the dominant power in the Indian Ocean, but over the centuries that followed, it had little to do with the Middle East. After the Communist Revolution in 1949, China tried to cultivate close relationships with revolutionary groups in the Arab world, but its efforts were violently opposed by Arab nationalists. In the wake of the Sino-Soviet split and China's eventual rapprochement with the United States in 1972, China changed course and sought instead to establish cordial relations with Middle Eastern governments. In particular, it became more directly involved in the geopolitics of the region through arms sales, notably to Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq, during the 1980s. More recently China has followed India's example by becoming engaged in Mideast peacekeeping. China's participation in United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) began officially on April 9, 2006. Considerable uncertainty remains regarding China's future presence in the region, particularly in the military arena. China is a long way from the Gulf, but if its permanent maritime reach eventually expands into the Indian Ocean and its overland reach grows through Central Asia and Pakistan, it, too, could become a major strategic player in the Middle East. The attention paid to China's voice in the debate over sanctions on Iran offers a stark contrast to its limited role in the debate over sanctions on Iraq in the 1990s. It is easy to see the growing doubts about how long the United States can sustain its presence in the region and remain the policeman of the Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Two wars have drained American resources. The financial crisis also diminished U.S. prestige by calling into question the validity of its economic model, which had been eagerly pursued on the Arabian Peninsula, the richest part of the Middle East. If all these factors coalesced to bring about a slow U.S. retreat from the region, would any Asian powers fill the vacuum? On this point, there is no consensus. Some acknowledge the importance of Asia's economic and cultural expansion into the Middle East but argue that domestic factors in India and China will limit their ability to play the role now held by the United States. Others maintain that, to the contrary, China is likely to take a more aggressive approach to the Middle East and develop close relationships with countries like Syria and Iran. Still others focus on the growing relationship between India and the United States, arguing that it may serve to counterbalance Chinese ambitions. The new dynamics must take into account not only growing ideological challenges to the West, but also the reemergence of more traditional balance-of-power politics as the Asian nations become world players and the sense that Americans may eventually grow tired of protecting the assets of "free loaders." In many ways an increased growing Asian presence in the Middle East will bring a breath of fresh air to a region left with the bitter historic legacies of European dominance and characterized by contemporary antagonism toward the hegemonic role of the United States. The major Asian players in the Middle East have not been colonizers or occupiers and they have far less of an emotional stake in the Arab-Israeli conflict. On the one hand, that means that they approach political issues and unresolved conflicts with what some would argue is a cynical, laissez-faire attitude, perhaps exemplified by China's initial indifference to human rights abuses in Sudan. However, the upside is that the Asians do not interfere directly in Middle East politics and therefore enjoy good relations with most states. How long they can sustain their hands-off approach is questionable if, by virtue of their economic dominance and their own strategic stakes in the region, they get drawn into the messiness of Middle East politics at a time when the United States becomes disillusioned by the burdens of hegemony. In the meantime, it is very much in the interests of both the U.S. and the Asian countries to reach common agreements on the importance of preventing further conflict in the region and jointly assuring the security of the increased maritime traffic across the Indian Ocean. Cooperation on meeting the piracy challenge off the coast of Somalia is an early test of this new strategic reality. Geoffrey Kemp is the Director of Regional Strategic Programs at the Nixon Center. This article summarizes some of the key themes in his latest book The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East (Brookings Institution Press 2010). The Middle East Channel offers unique analysis and insights on this diverse and vital region of more than 400 million.

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May 18, 2008 Before West Nile virus arrived in this country, we had (and still have) a home-grown relative of this pathogen. An epidemic of unknown origin exploded around St. Louis, Missouri in the autumn of 1933, a disease that is now known to be transmitted by mosquitoes from birds to people. Now, a new analysis of the genome of St. Louis encephalitis completed at the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) is shedding light on the evolution of this virus. Under the direction of Susan Perkins, Assistant Curator of Microbial Genomics, postdoctoral fellows Gregory Baillie, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis, and Eric Waltari sequenced the entire genetic code of 23 strains of the virus that cause St. Louis encephalitis, all from the genus Flavivirus. Previous research had found that recombination (the cutting and pasting of strands of genetic material, in this case RNA) explained the evolution of this virus, but these studies sequenced just a single gene of the virus. Because the whole-genome approach turned a microscope on the entire set of instructions for St. Louis encephalitis, the AMNH researchers were able to determine that a single mutation in the coding for an envelope protein rather than recombination most likely caused changes that made the virus pathogenic to humans. "Recombination is important for disease; it makes novel proteins or genes that the immune system has never seen before," explains Perkins. "But in this case, it was population dynamics combined with slight changes in the form of point mutations that have been important in the evolution of this virus." Genetic analysis also allowed Perkins and colleagues to trace the evolutionary path of the Flavivirus virus. They determined that the older, less derived strains, or more ancestral strains, are from South America. The North American and Haitian strains were passed from common bird hosts such as finches, robins, blue jays, and doves into humans by the Culex mosquito after the virus exploded into a new continent. To time this event, researchers again turned to the genomic code: by determining the rate of mutation in the virus, Perkins found that the division between the South and North American strains happened about 116 years ago. "St. Louis encephalitis is a perfect storm between infected bird hosts coming into a new area and the mosquito vectors transferring the virus to humans," says Perkins. "It is the North American version of West Nile." St. Louis encephalitis is currently found throughout the United States, and, according to the Centers for Disease Control, there were 4,651 cases between 1964 and 2005. Symptoms range from a mild headache to high fever and tremors. Mortality is between 5 and 30% and is higher among the elderly. This research was published in the May issue of the journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Additional coauthors are Joseph Maffei and Laura Kramer from Arbovirus Laboratories of the New York State Department of Health. The research was made possible by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, the U.S. Army Research Office, the Wadsworth Center Media and Tissue Culture facility, and the World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses through the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, the Computational Biology Service Unit from Cornell University, and CamGrid at the University of Cambridge. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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Recently-leaked DNA test results prove ancient Egyptian royal Pharaoh Tutankhamen, aka King Tut, is 99.6% Western European. The results were mistakenly leaked in the American cable television show Royal Blood: King Tut Unwrapped. The tests were conducted to find out if a newly-discovered mummy was the boy king’s father. The Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, Zahi Hawass, had previously stated that he would never reveal the DNA results of King Tut, whose racial make-up has been a source of dispute for many. The above video shows a series of Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), repeated DNA sequences whose characteristics are used to identify humans. Racial historian Arthur Kemp took the above STR results and put them into a Haplogroup Predictor created by retired physicist and professor Whit Athey. The resulting haplogroup, which gives insight into the ancestral background of an individual going back thousands of years, came back with a 99.6% match with the R1b haplogroup. The R1b haplogroup “is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe reaching its highest concentrations in Ireland, Scotland, western England and the European Atlantic seaboard — in other words, European through and through,” writes Kemp.

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The climate-controlled vaults in the George Eastman House archive and the Louis B. Mayer Conservation Center are home to the Motion Picture Department’s collection of over 24,000 films. But there is one shelving unit that holds important moving images in a non-film format: analog tape. The department holds over 200 videocassettes in varying standards, with most of them in the obsolete three-quarter-inch (or “U-Matic”) format. The tapes contain things such as television recordings from the 1970s to the 1980s, interviews with filmmakers and actors, archival footage, and early video transfers of films from the collection. While not ultimately as critical to the collection as film material, there is still an urgent need to examine the content on these tapes and digitally preserve what is deemed important. This urgency stems largely from risks to the physical materials themselves; most of the tapes are at least twenty years old and suffer from increasing levels of decay due to the shedding of the magnetic oxide recording layer on the surface of the tapes over time. Also, the obsolete broadcast-quality decks required to play the cassettes are becoming scarce and more difficult to properly maintain. Time, technology, and the looming potential for a zombie apocalypse are therefore driving the need to preserve the analog tapes. The students of the L. Jeffrey Selznick School of Film Preservation are assisting with this ongoing project. As part of their training in digital preservation, students are using the video capture equipment in the department’s digital lab to convert many of these tapes into lossless digital video files. These “digital masters” will then be tagged with metadata, cataloged, and stored in the vaults on archival-quality LTO-5 tapes. One interesting subset of tapes – the original BetaMax cassettes of Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Adaptation raw footage – are on extended loan to George Eastman House by the filmmakers and have recently been digitally preserved. This process will be examined more in an upcoming post by the Selznick students who preserved the materials.

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Whitaker J. S., and T. M. Hamill, 2002: Ensemble data assimilation without perturbed observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1913-1924. The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a data assimilation scheme based on the traditional Kalman-filter update equation. An ensemble of forecasts are to estimate the background-error covariances needed to compute the Kalman gain. It has been shown that if the same observations and the same gain are used to update each member of the ensemble, the ensemble will systematically underestimate analysis-error covariances. This will cause a degradation of subsequent analyses and may lead to filter divergence. For large ensembles, it has been shown that this problem can be alleviated by treating the observations as random variables, adding random perturbations to them with the correct statistics. Two important consequences of sampling error in the estimate of analysis-error covariances in the EnKF are discussed here. The first results from the analysis-error covariance being a nonlinear function of the background-error covariance in the Kalman filter. Due to this nonlinearity, if the background-error covariance calculated from the ensemble is overestimated, there is a larger reduction in variance during the analysis than if it is underestimated. Hence, even if the ensemble background-error covariance estimates are unbiased, the analysis-error covariance estimates will negatively biased. This problem must be dealt with in any Kalman-filter based ensemble data assimilation scheme. A second consequence of sampling error is particular to schemes like the EnKF that use perturbed observations. While this procedure gives asymptotically correct analysis-error covariance estimates for large ensembles, the addition of perturbed observations adds an additional source of sampling error related to the estimation of the observation-error covariances. In addition to reducing the accuracy of the analysis-error covariance estimate, this extra source of sampling error increases the probability that the analysis-error covariance will be underestimated. Because of this, ensemble data assimilation methods which use perturbed observations are expected to be less accurate than those which do not. Several ensemble filter formulations have recently been proposed which do not require perturbed observations. Here we examine a particularly simple implementation which we call the "ensemble square-root filter", or EnSRF. The EnSRF uses the traditional Kalman gain for updating the ensemble mean but uses a "reduced" Kalman gain to update deviations from the ensemble mean. There is no additional computational cost incurred by the EnSRF relative to the EnKF when observations are processed serially. Using a hierarchy of perfect model assimilation experiments, we demonstrate that the elimination of the sampling error associated with the perturbed observations makes the EnSRF more accurate than the EnKF for the same ensemble size.

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What is HIPAA? The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 is set of statutes designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the US health care system: Title I: Title I of HIPAA provides rules to "improve the portability and continuity of health insurance coverage" for workers when they change employers. - Title II: Title II of HIPAA provides rules for controlling health care fraud and abuse, and includes an "Administrative Simplification" section that sets standards for enabling the electronic exchange of health information. Provisions in the "Administrative Simplification" section of Title II include rules protecting the privacy and security of health data. These rules are enforced by the US Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights (OCR): - The Privacy Rule protects the privacy of individually identifiable health information. For more, see Privacy Rule on the OCR web site. - The Security Rule sets national standards for the security of electronic protected health information (ePHI). For more, see Security Rule on the OCR web site. In 2009, HIPAA enforcement rules were strengthened by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act. Subtitle D of the HITECH Act improved privacy and security provisions found in the original HIPAA privacy and security rules. At Indiana University, compliance with the HIPAA privacy and security rules is coordinated through the Office for Clinical Affairs, with the interim HIPAA Privacy Officer and interim HIPAA Security Officer. For more about HIPAA compliance at IU, see the HIPAA Compliance page. For more about HIPAA and the HITECH Act, see these US Health and Human Services pages: - HIPAA Administrative Simplification Statute and Rules - Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule - Summary of the HIPAA Security Rule - HITECH Act Enforcement Interim Final Rule Last modified on December 07, 2012.

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After reading elsewhere that DJNZ decrements the b register and jumps if b>0 then would this have the effect that I was after initially (filling the screen with a single character '@') ? If this is incorrect and it should be 'c' then swap b and c over in the below. I'm not sure I understand the ldir command, what happens when the screen is full ? what stops the loop ? djnz operates on c - hence the "c" being thought of as the "counter" register. This is carried through to the 8086 where cx is called "counter" (ax,bx,cx,dx = Accumulator, Base, Counter, Data). As you noted in your later post, ldir stops when bc = 0, and it decrements bc after each copy. It's best to think of it as "copies bc bytes from hl to de, going up in memory" compare with lddr which copies bc bytes from hl to de, but does so going down, i.e. the first copy is from hl + (bc -1) to de + (bc -1). Your code won't fill the screen with characters, only attributes. The Spectrum memory map has two parts: 1) The bitmap display at 16384, consisting of 24 rows of 32 columns with 8 pixel columns and 8 pixel rows per character. A 1 bit indicates the pixel is INK, a 0 bit indicates paper. 2) The attribute map at 22528. This holds one byte for each 8 pixel by 8 pixel character cell. The rightmost 3 bits are the INK colour (0-7), the next 3 bits (to the left) are the PAPER colour (0-7), then the next bit is the BRIGHT attribute, and the leftmost bit is the FLASH attribute. So all your code will do is make the screen brighter For reference, the screen address works as follows 16-bit address, add 16384 to result: Bits 0-4: Text column, or leftmost 3 bits of graphics x coordinate Bits 5-7: rightmost 3 bits of text row, or rightmost 3 bits of graphics y-coordinate Bits 8-10: remaining 3 bits of text row, or next 3 bits of graphics y co-ordinate Bits 11-12: remaining 2 bits of graphics y-coordinate (11 is not valid). So you'll need to fill this with data to put characters on screen.

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Library of Congress preservation program works with millions of items, terabytes of data in a full spectrum of formats We are warned to be careful about what we put online because data on the Internet lives forever. But keeping random copies of files on servers, routers and databases is not the same as preservation, said Martha Anderson, director of program management for the Library of Congress’ National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation program. Digital data can be ephemeral. “That is the paradox,” she said. Web sites can disappear in a matter of days or change repeatedly in a matter of hours. Files can become lost or corrupted, formats and hardware change, and physical media such as tapes and disks deteriorate far more quickly than anticipated. So Congress charged the LOC in 2000 with preserving the nation’s digital heritage and at the same time making sure that its collection of 29 million books and 105 million other items gathered over the last 200 years remains available for the next 200 years. Toward that end, NDIIP has developed specifications and tools for the transfer of large digital files; worked with government, academia and industry on best practices for digitizing and preserving data; established programs to use delivery platforms such as Flickr to make LOC content available; and partnered with the private sector to harvest content from the Web for archiving. Across the board: The LOC’s Office of Strategic Initiatives is preserving everything from books to Dictabelt recordings. The library now has three broad initiatives under NDIIP: working with universities and libraries to understand the nature of digital content, working with state consortiums to help in the preservation of state government records, and working with commercial content providers to develop standards for digital preservation. The challenges of wedding a physical past to a digital future are varied. “The biggest difference is the element of time,” Anderson said. “Some physical artifacts can be put on a shelf and left for many years. Books from the 18th century are fine, for example. This is not so much the case with sound recordings and film.” The technology changes and the media deteriorate. Finding playback equipment for a wax cylinder, an old movie or a Dictabelt can be difficult. And when they are available, the cylinder, film or belt might not be playable. “The whole domain is looking to digital to carry this forward,” Anderson said. But digital conversion is time-consuming, and each type of material requires its own technology and special handling. Although the library has been working since the 1990s on digitizing its collections and has made millions of files available online, Anderson estimates that only about 1 percent of the library’s holdings have been digitized. And digital data can be tricky to handle. “Some formats are fairly stable,” Anderson said. Text and image files have not changed a lot in recent years, and there are plenty of PDF, TIFF and JPEG files that can be easily opened today. But sound and video formats tend to change more quickly. And the physical environment for storing and accessing files changes rapidly. “Servers and digital storage are a challenge. These turn over every three to five years and everything is moved off to another server.” To accomplish its digital mission, the library takes advantage of work being done in industry and academia to establish standardized environments and tools rather than developing everything itself. Among the initiatives NDIIP is participating in are: - Development of the BagIt protocol for large data transfers. - A collaborative Web site for federal partners developing guidelines for digitizing records. - The National Digital Newspaper Program, in collaboration with the National Endowment for the Humanities, to digitize and preserve regional newspapers. - State-of-the-art facilities at the library’s Packard Campus for preserving the world’s largest collection of audiovisual works. - Partnering with universities and the Internet Archive to harvest and preserve more than 69 terabytes of content from the Web. - Supporting standards development for digital content, including Office Open XML, PDF/A and JPEG2000. - Development of open-source tools for receiving, archiving and accessing data in digital repositories. It is not the technology that poses the greatest challenge to digital preservation, Anderson said. “The biggest challenge is social, getting organizations to understand the value of digital materials.” Most organizations focus on day-to-day operations without concern for preservation. “We would like to make preservation a part of regular operations and workflow,” she said. Part of the problem is the complexity of the tasks. “It is very complicated even to archive your own e-mail at home,” so preservation has not yet become a part of everyone’s digital environment. Another challenge in establishing long-term programs for digital preservation is the speed of change in the digital environment. “Our job as we saw it in 2001 was much simpler than we see it today,” Anderson said. When Congress gave the library the job of digital preservation, there was no Wikipedia, Google Maps, Flickr or Facebook. Today, those tools and others like them have changed the way digital content is created and distributed. “We worked for nine months to gather video from the Internet,” Anderson said. “During that nine months, YouTube came onto the scene and changed everything.”

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Who Made God? A basic principle of physics is the law of conservation of matter. That has me wondering: If God created the world, then where did God come from? The Aish Rabbi Replies: Maimonides deals with this question at length. He answers that God is beyond our comprehension, and it is absurd to apply our realm of experience to His. Therefore it is inappropriate to discuss God in terms of past, future or being created, etc. To explain: Everything that is finite has to have been created, but God is infinite and therefore He did not have to be created. Everything in the physical world had a beginning at some point in the past. If you cut down a tree we can see how old it is by counting rings. As a person ages, i.e. he is now 20 years old, that means he had to be one year old at some time. Since everything in this world gets older, it means that everything was created at some point. How was it created? There are only two options: Either it made itself, or it was made by something else. Now, it couldn't make itself, because it did not yet exist. So it had to have been made by something else. Eventually, one must arrive at the conclusion that the world and all it contains was started by something that was not time-bound and therefore did not have a beginning. Since it did not have a beginning, it was not “created.” A being that exists beyond time doesn't come from anywhere. He has always existed. If something created God, God would have a beginning and be finite, not infinite. Beyond time means having no beginning and no end, eternal. It means there is nothing that exists before God. “Before” is a time-bound quality that applies only to finite entities. Therefore God is called the “First Cause" - or the Prime Mover - the dimension that has no other dimension preceding it.

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HEB 385 • Ecclesiastes: Scroll of Qohelet 3:30 PM-6:30 PM Ecclesiastes (Hebrew: Scroll of Qohelet) is one of the five scrolls (Megillot). The author of this scroll is referred to as "Qohelet, or Ha-Qohelet, designating himself as "Qohelet son of David, King of Jerusalem," hence his traditional identification with King Solomon. The name Ecclesiastes is derived from the Septuagint, meaning "Convoker" in Greek. Scholars find a problem with the attributed authorship to King Solomon, since the language of Qohelet reflects later phases of Hebrew. (e.g., Borrowings from Persian). We will read the text in Hebrew and interpret it and discuss it in English, along with references to traditional Hebrew commentaries. Grading will be based mainly on assigned readings, class discussion, reports and a term paper. In addition to regular class assignments throughout the semester, undergraduate students' final requirement will be a written project based on the texts that we are studying (8-10 pages); Graduate students need to submit in addition to that a term paper.

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Crossed Signals Lead to War If the United States ever entered into a war that could have been prevented, it was the War of 1812. While the lure of land in Florida and Canada was the driving force behind the war hawks, the excuse put forth was “impressment and the rights of a neutral nation to free trade.” These slogans were a result of England and France being locked in a death struggle. Each country had blockaded the other, and the British Navy was “impressing” Americans to serve on its ships. These rules of economic warfare became known as “Orders in Council.” For years, America had fought back against the practice by limiting sales and purchases from Great Britain, but in the spring of 1812, the war hawks beat the drum of patriotism. Military historian Robert Lackie explained. “Ironically, American boycott of Britain had also produced economic distress in England. Receipts of American food crops had fallen to a trickle, exports to America had dried up, and the harsh winter of 1811-12 was made more unbearable by the failure of English crops. Starved and jobless English workmen began to riot while merchants and manufacturers beseeched the government to rescind the Orders in Council and reopen American trade. “It took that event unique in British history – the assassination of a prime minister, Spencer Perceval – to place in power a ministry willing to make the change. On June 16, 1812, London announced that the Orders in Council had been suspended.” The irony was it was too late. Two days later, before the news arrived in the United States, the Senate voted 19 to 13 to make the declaration of war official. The confusion of the times can be seen in the British Gentleman’s Magazine of July 1812, describing the action of New Jersey’s governor, Joseph Bloomfield. “Intelligence has been received by a pilot-boat arrived at Liverpool, that the American senate had determined on war with this country by a majority of six; the pilot-boat left New York the 23d ult; previous to her departure, an express had been received at that place by Gen. Bloomfield, which he read at the head of his whole army, formally announcing that war against Great Britain had been declared by the United States. Whether these measures received the final sanction of the American government previous to the arrival of the intelligence of the death of Mr. Perceval, and the revocation of the Orders in Council, is not yet known.” It would be the end of July before news of the repeal reached America, and events had already taken place. The secretary of the Navy sent orders to his top commanders on May 21. “As war appears now inevitable, I request you state to me, a plan of operations, which, in your judgment, will enable our little navy to annoy in the utmost extent, the trade of Gt Britain while it least exposes it to the immense naval force of that government. State also, the Ports of the US which you think safest as asylums for our Navy, in time of war.” An antiwar movement had already been dividing the country. As Congress debated, the citizens of Boston formed a committee. “While the temper and views of the national administration are intent upon war, an expression of the sense of this Town, will, of itself, be quite ineffectual, either to avert this deplorable calamity, or to accelerate a return of peace. But believing, as we do, that an immense majority of the people are invincibly averse from a conflict equally unnecessary and menacing ruin to themselves and their posterity; convinced, as we are, that the event will overwhelm them with astonishment and dismay, we cannot but trust that a general expression of the voice of the people would satisfy Congress that those of their Representatives who have voted in favor of war, have not truly represented the wishes of their constituents; and thus arrest the tendency of their measures to this extremity.” Finally, Boston, the hot bed of the American Revolution declared, “Therefore Resolved, That under existing circumstances, the inhabitants of this Town most sincerely deprecate a war with Great Britain as extremely injurious to the interests and happiness of the people, and peculiarly so, as it necessarily tends to an alliance with France, thereby threatening the subversion of their liberties and independence. That an offensive war against Great Britain alone would be manifestly unjust; and that a war against both the belligerent powers would be an extravagant undertaking, which is not required by the honour or interest of the nation.” The 34 members of the House of Representatives who opposed the war published, “The undersigned cannot refrain from asking, what are the United States to gain by this war? Will the gratification of some privateersmen compensate the nation for that sweep of our legitimate commerce by the extended marine of our enemy which this desperate act invites? Will Canada compensate the Middle states for New York; or the Western states for New Orleans? “Let us not be deceived. A war of invasion may invite a retort of invasion. When we visit the peaceable, and as to us innocent, colonies of Great Britain with the horrors of war, can we be assured that our own coast will not be visited with like horrors? At a crisis of the world such as the present, and under impressions such as these, the undersigned could not consider the war, in which the United States have in secret been precipitated, as necessary or required by any moral duty, or any political expediency.” There were those who supported the war. The logbook of the USS Constitution, then at Annapolis, Md., recorded, “JUNE 20. (1812) At 5 P. M. the Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Read, had the crew turned up, and read to them the declaration of war between the United States and the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, that had passed the Senate and authorizing the president James Madison to employ the Armies and navy of the United States against the above written powers. The Crew manifested their Zeal in Support of the Honor of the United States Flagg by requesting of leave to Cheer on the occasion (granted them). Crew returned to their duty, light airs from the Southward and Eastward.” Supporters of President James Madison and the war held a rally in Trenton on July 10 and sent their own letter to him. “Sir – Believing it would be pleasing to you, at this crisis to be acquainted with sentiments and views of your constituents in every part of the Union, the convention of Republican delegates from the several counties of the state of New Jersey take the liberty of addressing you on behalf of their constituents and themselves. “They have seen with approbation the long continued and often repeated efforts of the government of the United States to preserve to the country the blessings of peace, and at the same time to maintain the honor and independence of the nation. Negotiation has at length been abandoned as hopeless; Resistance has been commenced as the last resort.” Finally, Madison’s New Jersey supporters promised, “On behalf of the republican citizens of this state, and of ourselves, we, therefore, sir, assure you, we are now as much in favor of a vigorous prosecution of the war until our wrongs are redressed and our rights respected, as we have heretofore been of the preservation of peace, while it could be maintained without a surrender of our rights and interests. And we are fully of opinion that the confidence of the friends of government in New Jersey will be increased rather than diminished, by the measures adopted by the general government for the support of our unquestionable inalienable rights.” As the loyal citizens met in Trenton, the ship carrying word that the grievances had been in fact redressed was still in mid-Atlantic. Closer to the Jersey Shore, British and American warships had met, and once the bullets started flying, there would be no turning back. Next Week: Who fired the first shot?

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Canadian fifty-dollar note |This article relies on references to primary sources. (September 2011)| |Value:||50 Canadian dollars| |Security Features:||Transparent windows, metallic portrait, Watermark, EURion constellation, Tactile marks, Registration device, Raised printing, UV printing| |Design:||William Lyon Mackenzie King| |Design:||CCGS Amundsen; "Arctic" in Inuktitut; map of the northern regions of Canada| From the Frontier (2011-present) series. The current 50-dollar note is predominantly red in colour and is printed on polymer (plastic), not paper. In addition to being more durable than the cotton-based paper they replaced, the new notes are also more secure. It was introduced into circulation on March 26, 2012 and is part of the new Polymer Series (2011). The front features a portrait of William Lyon Mackenzie King. A large clear window runs vertically on the right hand side of the face of the note. There is a second metallic hologram image of King on the top of the window, and a hologram image of the Peace Tower of Canada's Parliament buildings on the bottom of the window. A ribbon made of multiple number 50s weaves between the duplicate King portrait and the Centre Block. The top left corner of the note's face has a metallic maple leaf surrounded by a transparent border. The reverse side depicts the Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) Amundsen, a research icebreaker. Because the note is plastic, the same clear windows and metallic images that are seen on the front are seen on the reverse. As well as textured printing, this design incorporates a special tactile feature similar to Braille dots for the blind indicating the denomination. From the Canadian Journey (2004) series. It features, on the front, a portrait of William Lyon Mackenzie King, the coat of arms, and a picture of the Peace Tower of the Parliament buildings. Security features visible from the front include a hologram strip along the left side, depicting the number 50 alternated with maple leaves; a watermark of King's portrait; and a broken-up number 50, which resolves itself when backlit. The reverse side depicts themes in Canadian human rights history, such as the Famous Five celebrating the Persons case, and a volunteer medal commemorating Thérèse Casgrain; it also has a quotation from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The reverse also has a visible security feature: an interleaved metallic strip, reading '50 CAN' repeatedly along its length. From the Birds of Canada (1988) series. It features, on the front, a portrait of William Lyon Mackenzie King, the coat of arms, and a picture of the Centre Block of Parliament. On the reverse side is a wilderness scene with a Snowy Owl. It also had a holographic sticker showing the amount in the top left side, which changes from gold to green when tilted. The front has a wavy background of extremely small but still clear numeral 50s. This "micro-printed" background is very hard to copy. Some of the printing is textured, and the raised ink can be felt. All Canadian banknotes underwent a major redesign, beginning in 1986, partially to incorporate some of the latest anti-forgery methods. Notes continued to be improved, with the design placed into circulation on November 17, 2004. Notes were printed on paper composed of pure cotton at two Ottawa companies contracted for the purpose: the Canadian Bank Note Company and BA International Inc., a part of the Giesecke & Devrient GmbH group of companies. Each $50 banknote in the 1988 series was sprinkled with special green ink dots that glow when exposed to ultraviolet light. The ink can be scraped off, so worn notes tend to have fewer, if any, glowing dots. These were replaced with more permanent ultraviolet-detected threads in the new notes, as well as an ink imprint of the coat of arms. As with all modern Canadian banknotes, all text is in both English and French.

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Some sample questions from this category: * What is the name of the first explorer in 1540 to visit the area later known as Tennessee? * Which country controlled the Tennessee land after the conclusion of the French and Indian wars in 1763? * The term 'Tennessee' is derived from what Cherokee word? * The Tennessee State flag is colored red (crimson), white, and blue, with three stars encircled in the center of the flag. What do the three stars symbolize? * Which of the following is NOT one of Tennessee's official state songs?

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Federal Employment Discrimination Laws Specific acts that established Federal employment discrimination laws are linked below. Federal discrimination laws are also called anti-discrimination laws or equal employment opportunity laws. Acts that are not Federal discrimination laws per se, but still have provisions that prohibit prejudice in employment, are also included, as are resources to learn about discrimination laws. About Federal Discrimination Laws As indicated above, Federal discrimination laws are established by acts of congress. Laws are also called statutes and are enforced by regulations. Federal discrimination laws make it illegal for employers to discriminate against employees and job applicants in any aspect of employment based on age, disability, national origin, race, religion, genetics or sex (gender). The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces the most significant ("landmark") Federal discrimination laws related to employment. But states are permitted to enact and enforce their own employment discrimination laws that include or expand the minimum protections afforded by the Federal laws. Some states refer to discrimination laws as fair employment practices (FEP) laws. To research either on the Web, start with the resources listed in State Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or State Labor Laws. Federal Discrimination Law Links Affirmative Action under Title VII Title 29, Chapter XIV, Part 1608 is a labor law enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, that establishes guidelines for developing appropriate affirmative action programs under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (see below). Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 Considered to be among the landmark, Federal discrimination laws, it prohibits age discrimination in any aspect of employment against individuals who are 40 years old or older. Amended by the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990 (below), which makes it unlawful to discriminate on the basis of age against individuals who are 40 or older, for employment benefit programs. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 The ADA too is considered to be among the landmark, Federal employment discrimination laws. It prohibits discrimination in any aspect of employment against qualified disabled individuals, because of their disabilities. Requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations for disabled workers. Effective January 1, 2009, the ADA was strengthened by the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAA or ADA Amendments Act for short) to better protect disabled workers from employment discrimination. Not a discrimination law per se, but it has provisions that make it unlawful for employers to discriminate against incumbent employees and public-sector job applicants because of bankruptcy or the bad debts they had before filing for bankruptcy. According to precedential court decisions, the wording does not specifically prohibit private-sector employers from discriminatorily refusing to hire job applicants based on bankruptcy or prior debt, but it does prohibit them from wrongfully terminating and otherwise discriminating against their current employees. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title VII of this Act is the landmark, Federal employment discrimination law. It prohibits discrimination in any aspect of employment on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin or sex (gender). (See also Sexual Harassment in the Workplace below.) This Act also established the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Civil Rights Act of 1991 Amends the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to strengthen and improve Federal civil rights laws, provide for damages in cases of intentional employment discrimination, clarify provisions regarding disparate impact actions, and for other purposes. Equal Pay Act of 1963 One of the landmark, Federal discrimination laws for employment, it disallows wage discrimination based on gender for all jobs that require equal skill, effort and responsibility under similar working conditions at the same employer. Part of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which also has provisions for overtime pay, minimum wage and child labor (see Federal Labor Laws). Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 GINA prohibits genetic discrimination in employment and health insurance. Title I, which applies to health insurers, took effect in phases up to May 21, 2010. Title II, which applies to employers, became effective on November 21, 2009. Title III amended the Fair Labor Standards Act to stiffen penalties for violating its child labor provisions. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Not a Federal employment discrimination law per se. Rather it amends the Immigration and Nationality Act to prohibit employment discrimination against individuals other than illegal aliens, based on citizenship status or national origin. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 Changed the statue of limitations for filing a wage discrimination charge with the EEOC, from 180 days after the first incident of wage discrimination to 180 days after each incident (or 300 days after each incident if a state law comes into play). Amends Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 listed elsewhere on this page. See the blog post Obama Signs Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act for more information. For an example, see Compensation Discrimination published by the EEOC. Notification and Federal Employee Antidiscrimination and Retaliation Act of 2002 (No Fear Act) The No Fear Act makes Federal government employers more accountable than ever before, for violating antidiscrimination and whistleblower protection laws in the Federal government workplace. "No Fear" is not just a clever acronym, as it also means that Federal employees may report such violations without fearing retaliation. Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990 OWBPA amended the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (above), by clarifying protections for workers of age 40 and older regarding employee benefit plans. Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 Another of the landmark, Federal discrimination laws protecting employment, it prohibits sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy and childbirth, and related medical conditions. An amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 listed above. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Section 503 prohibits discrimination by Federal government employers and other employers that receive financial assistance from any Federal department or agency, against workers who have qualified disabilities. It also prohibits employment discrimination against workers who have qualified disabilities, by contractors and subcontractors working on contracts with the Federal government of over $10,000, including state and local governments. AIDS discrimination is prohibited under Section 504 of this Act. See also Sections 501 and 505 and Section 508. Section 1981(a) was originally enacted as the first section of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which protected the rights of freed slaves. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 amended it, by adding Section 1981(b). Since then, the Supreme Court has affirmed that employees may sue their employers under Section 1981 for employment discrimination on the basis of race and for race-based retaliation, which has several advantages verses suing under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace There is no standalone, Federal employment discrimination law per se, that prohibits sexual harassment in the workplace. Rather sexual harassment in the workplace is a form of sex discrimination that is prohibited under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 listed above. However, your state might have its own workplace sexual harassment law that includes or expands the minimum Federal protections. Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act Not a Federal employment discrimination law per se. But among other provisions that protect the jobs and employer-provided benefits of service members returning to the civilian workforce, USERRA also has provisions that prohibit job discrimination against veterans on the basis of their military service. The VOW to Hire Heroes Act of 2011 (see TITLE II) amended USERRA to strengthen its discrimination provisions. See also Employment Discrimination for Military Service and Veterans' Preference. Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 Prohibits employment discrimination by employers with Federal contracts or subcontracts of $25,000 or more and provides affirmative-action programs for Vietnam-era veterans, special disabled veterans, and veterans who served on active duty during any war, campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge was authorized. See also Employment Discrimination for Military Service and Veterans' Preference. Youth at Work A special site by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, that explains employment discrimination for young employees and supervisory personnel. Also provides examples and answers to frequently-asked questions (FAQs). Consult an attorney for legal advice regarding a Federal employment discrimination law or a related lawsuit.

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WARNING: This post contains images of dead birds. I encourage you to read on. I feel showing these images is very important to the issue at hand. If you just can't look at that, here's a link to some Sharp-tailed Grouse I saw on Manitoulin Island. Tomorrow, I'm making what could be called a pilgrimage for Ontario birders. It's the best place to see birds at the best time of year to see them. In North-West Ohio, Kenn Kaufman takes part in a very large birding week. In fact, it's The Biggest Week in American Birding. Ours happens in and around Point Pelee and Pelee Island (home to the Pelee Island Bird Observatory). That's very close to North-West Ohio. Only a few miles apart actually, separated by lake Erie, these two places make two of the most significant stops for migrating birds in north America. They are located where parts of both the Mississippi and the Atlantic Flyways come together. Note: I know cats kill MANY birds a year. We don't usually let our cat outside. She must have escaped an open window. Hence the fact that she's on the roof. So why is this post called, "Hoping for a not-so-big day?" Well because today I did a different kind of birding. It still involved waking before the sun rose, heading to a specific 'hotspot', and searching for birds. The difference was that most of the birds we'd be seeing would be dying, injured or dead. Today, I am volunteering with an organization called FLAP. That stands for Fatal Light Awareness Program. Their full name can be a bit misleading. I'll explain that subtlety later. What FLAP does every morning during spring and fall migration is head downtown Toronto before the throngs of people arrive and collect dead and injured birds. |Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher with a really bad looking eye.| Why are there enough dead and injured birds to warrant an organization to collect them? The reason is two fold. Firstly, at night, birds use the constellations to help them navigate as they migrate and tall buildings with lights on all night confuse them (hence the name Fatal Light Awareness Program). They get lost in the maze of skyscrapers. Secondly, during the day, reflective glass buildings basically make the buildings invisible to birds. For example, when a bird is in a tree or garden near a glass building and they see another tree next to them, they fly over to it, expecting to find more shelter and food. Instead, it was only a reflection of the tree they were already in and they strike the glass, often killing them. When the glass is transparent, they see 'decorative' foliage inside as another safe place to be. You might think they wouldn't fly fast enough to kill themselves when just hopping from tree to tree. Think about the last time you banged your shin on a coffee table. You didn't expect it to be there so you walked pretty swiftly into it. Or, think of the last time you bit your tongue. Through the searing pain, you might wonder, "Why the hell was I biting a French Fry so effing hard that I made my tongue bleed for ten minutes?" My point is, you aren't aware of how much force is involved in even the smallest thing. So I'd guess bird aren't either. They just do things. If they do survive a strike, they aren't in the clear yet. A stunned bird will just lie there and wait out the dizziness. That's all well and good except for the gulls. Gulls are smart birds. They actually sit around waiting in areas they know birds hit windows. I witnessed this behavior this morning. As the sun rose, gulls stated appearing out of nowhere. All around me I could hear and see White-throated Sparrows. So when a small bird hits the glass, gulls are there to eat them alive. Now don't get me wrong, I have nothing against nature running it's course, but when a building is involved, we altered that course beyond what's fair to the songbirds. So in this case, I think it's OK to intervene and save them. |A bag of dead Brown Creepers.| |American Woodcock with various others including a few Canada Warblers.| Canada Warblers are listed as Threatened. My favorite bird, a Brown Thrasher. This one really put a lump in my throat. I named my son after this bird, that's how much I love it. |Close-up of a Sharp-shinned Hawk.| |The worst kind of life list...|

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The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 requires the Environmental Protection Agency to establish an Office of Pollution Prevention, develop and coordinate a pollution prevention strategy, and develop source reduction models. The act requires owners and operators of manufacturing facilities to report annually on source reduction and recycling activities, and authorizes EPA to collect data collection on pollution prevention. Enactment of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 marked a turning point in the direction of U.S. environmental protection policy. From an earlier focus on the need to reduce or repair environmental damage by controlling pollutants at the point where they are released to the environment — i.e., at the “end of the pipe” or smokestack, at the boundary of a polluter’s private property, in transit over public highways and waterways, or after disposal — Congress turned to pollution prevention through reduced generation of pollutants at their point of origin. Broad support for this policy change was based on the notion that traditional approaches to pollution control had achieved progress, but may in the future be supplemented with new approaches that might better address cross-media pollution transfers, the need for cost-effective alternatives, and methods of controlling pollution from dispersed or nonpoint sources of pollution. Pollution prevention, also referred to as “source reduction,” is viewed by its advocates as the first in a hierarchy of options to reduce risks to human health and the environment. Where prevention is not possible or may not be cost-effective, other options would include recycling, followed next by waste treatment according to environmental standards, and as a last resort, safe disposal of waste residues. Source reduction is the preferred strategy for environmental protection because it often: is cost-effective; offers industry substantial savings in reduced raw materials, pollution control costs, and liability costs; reduces risks to workers; and reduces risk to the environment and public health. In 1990, opportunities for source reduction appeared to be plentiful, but often were unrealized or rejected by industries without adequate consideration. The act was meant to increase interest in source reduction and encourage adoption of costeffective source reduction practices. The law was enacted as Title VI of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, P.L. 101-508, and is codified as 42 U.S.C. 13101-13109. Section 6602(b) of the Pollution Prevention Act states that it is the policy of the United States that “pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible; pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner, whenever feasible; pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled should be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible; and disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner.” Section 6603(5) defines source reduction as any practice which — - reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment (including fugitive emissions) prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and - reduces the hazards to public health and the environment associated with the release of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants." Section 6604 of the act required EPA to establish an Office of Pollution Prevention. The office must be independent of the “single-medium program offices,” but was given authority to review and advise those offices to promote an integrated, multi-media (i.e., air, land, and water) approach to source reduction. EPA was directed to develop and implement a detailed and coordinated strategy to promote source reduction, to consider the effect on source reduction of all EPA programs and regulations, and to identify and make recommendations to Congress to eliminate barriers to source reduction. EPA also must conduct workshops and produce and disseminate guidance documents as part of a training program on source reduction opportunities for state and federal enforcement officers of environmental regulations. EPA’s strategy, issued in 1991, identifies goals, tasks, target dates, resources required, organizational responsibilities, and criteria to evaluate program progress. In addition, the act requires EPA to promote source reduction practices in other federal agencies and to identify opportunities to use federal procurement to encourage source reduction. To facilitate source reduction by industry, EPA is required under Section 6604 to develop, test, and disseminate model source reduction auditing procedures to highlight opportunities; promote research and development of source reduction techniques and processes with broad applicability; establish an annual award program to recognize innovative programs; establish a program under Section 6605 of state matching grants for programs to provide technical assistance to business; and disseminate information about source reduction techniques through a clearinghouse established in Section 6606. The act also includes provisions to improve data collection and public access to environmental data. Section 6604(b) directs EPA to develop improved methods of coordinating, streamlining and assuring access to data collected under all federal environmental statutes. An advisory panel of technical experts is established to advise the Administrator on ways to improve collection and dissemination of data. With respect to data collected under federal environmental statutes, Section 6608 directs EPA to evaluate data gaps and data duplication as well as methods of coordinating, streamlining, and improving public access. Section 6607 requires owners and operators of many industrial facilities to report annually on their releases of toxic chemicals to the environment (under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, Section 313). The Pollution Prevention Act requires these reports to include information about the facility’s efforts in source reduction and recycling. Specifically, reports must include: - the quantity of the toxic chemical entering any waste stream (or released to the environment) prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; - the quantity of toxic substance recycled (on- or off-site); - the source reduction practices used; - quantities of toxic chemical expected to enter waste streams and to be recycled in the two years following the year for which the report is prepared; - ratio of production in the reporting year to production in the previous year; - techniques used to identify opportunities for source reduction; - amount of toxic chemical released in a catastrophic event, remedial action, or other one-time event; and - amount of toxic chemical treated on- or off-site. All collected information is to be made available to the general public. Section 6607(c) of the Pollution Prevention Act provides enforcement authority under Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (also known as the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act). Civil, administrative, and criminal penalties are authorized for non-compliance with mandatory provisions. Citizens are given the authority to bring civil action for noncompliance against a facility, EPA, a governor, or a State Emergency Response Commission. Section 6608(a) requires EPA to file a report on implementation of its Pollution Prevention Strategy biennially. The required contents of the reports are specified in the statute. Authorization for appropriations under the Pollution Prevention Act expired September 30, 1993, but appropriations have continued. - National Pollution Prevention Roundtable. An Ounce of Pollution Prevention is Worth Over 167 Billion Pounds of Cure: A Decade of Pollution Prevention Results 1990 - 2000. Washington, DC, 2003. 53 pp. - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Program Accomplishments: Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 2000 - 2002. Washington, DC, 2002. 40 pp. Note: This article was extracted from from the Congressional Research Service Report RL30798, Environmental Laws: Summaries of Major Statutes Administered by the Environmental Protection Agency by David M. Bearden, Claudia Copeland, Linda Luther, James E. McCarthy, Linda-Jo Schierow, and Mary Tiemann (October 8, 2010). Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the Congressional Research Service. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the Congressional Research Service should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content. Note: The first version of this article was drawn from material prepared for the Congressional Research Service by Linda Schierow.

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To help you out Hannah, i believe the "LXX" is also called the Septuagint: Septuagint - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe Septuagint derives its name from Latin versio septuaginta interpretum,"translation of the seventy interpreters," (Greek: ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν ἑβδομήκοντα, hē metáphrasis tōn hebdomēkonta), "translation of the seventy ". The title refers to a legendary account in the pseudepigraphic Letter of Aristeas of how seventy-two Jewish scholars were asked by the Greek King of Egypt Ptolemy II Philadelphus in the 3rd century BCE to translate the Torah (or Pentateuch) from Biblical Hebrew into Greek for inclusion in the Library of Alexandria. As narrated by Philo of Alexandria, 72 Jewish translators were enlisted to complete the translation while kept in separate chambers. They all produced identical versions of the text in seventy-two days. This story underlines the fact that some Jews in antiquity wished to present the translation as authoritative. A version of this legend is found in the Tractate Megillah of the Babylonian Talmud (pages 9a-9b), which identifies fifteen specific unusual translations made by the scholars. Only two of these translations are found in the extant LXX.

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“What are your opinions about running and pregnancy. Does it affect it does it hurt the baby in the beginning trimester? Does it affect trying to get pregnant? There are so many myths out there. I have been training for a half marathon for the past year and have a good base of ten miles and have run 3 half marathons, everyone tells me to stop if I want to get pregnant, but I feel like I already have a good base so its not like I am overworking myself to the point of exhaustion. Any tips you have I’d love them.” As a rule, pregnant women are encouraged to engage in regular, moderate intensity physical activity. You are correct, however, in that there are many myths surrounding exercise and pregnancy. This is partly due to the scarcity of data on the subject and the ever changing positions from the American Academy of Obstetrics and Gynecology over the years. Some of the original concerns were theoretical. These included a fear that rising a woman’s body temperature, as occurs with exercise, can cause birth defects in the developing baby particularly in the first 3 months (first trimester). This concern was based on studies done in mice in which increases in body temperature resulted in deformed or miscarried babies. This has never been proven in humans although, as you can imagine, such a study would be difficult to find volunteers. Body temperatures between 102 and 103 degrees Fahrenheit can be reached in normal modest to intense exercise under normal conditions without harm to a developing baby. Another myth associated with exercise was the fear that active muscles demand increased blood flow, blood flow that could be taken away from or stolen from the baby and placenta. This also has never been proven under typical exercise conditions. Lastly, is the fear that the excess jostling that occurs with exercise could be harmful to the baby. This may be true for situations in which the mother is exposed to major trauma e.g. motor vehicle accidents or falls, but is not true for typical non-contact exercise in an otherwise normal and uncomplicated pregnancy.

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This brochure is courtesy of the Renal Resource Centre. If you have a relative whose kidneys have failed and who needs a kidney transplant, you may be thinking of giving one of your kidneys to help save his/her life and to overcome the long-term problems of artificial kidney treatment. Transplant results are best when the donor and the recipient are identical on the white blood cell HLA antigen series. Because of inherited genes this can only happen between brothers and sisters where there is a 1 in 4 chance of a perfect match. Parents and children have only a 50% match because only half of the genes in a child come from each parent. Although this is usually acceptable, occasionally there are problems with red cell (ordinary blood group) typing. Transplants with living related donors are more likely to be successful than with unrelated, or recently deceased donors because the body tissues are more likely to be closely matched. For this reason, the recipients require less immunosuppressive drugs and therefore have fewer side effects, especially if the donor and recipient are fully matched.

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Guugu Yimithirr language |Native speakers||200–300 (1991)| Guugu Yimithirr, also rendered Guguyimidjir / / and many other spellings, is an Australian Aboriginal language, the traditional language of the Guugu Yimithirr people of Far North Queensland. It belongs to the Pama-Nyungan language family. Most of the speakers today live at the community of Hopevale, about 46 km from Cooktown. Guugu Yimithirr is one of the more famous Aboriginal, or otherwise non-English, Australian languages because it is the source language of the word "kangaroo." The word guugu means "speech, language", while yimithirr (or yumuthirr) means yimi-having, yimi being the word for "this". The use of the word yi(mi), rather than some other word for "this", was seen as a distinctive feature of Guugu Yimithirr. The element guugu and the practice of naming based on some distinctive word is found in many other languages. The name has many spelling variants, including Gogo-Yimidjir, Gugu-Yimidhirr, Gugu Yimithirr, Guugu Yimidhirr, Guguyimidjir (used by Ethnologue), Gugu Yimijir, Kukuyimidir, Koko Imudji, Koko Yimidir, Kuku Jimidir, Kuku Yimithirr, and Kuku Yimidhirr. Location of the Guugu Yimithirr people The original territory of the Guugu Yimithirr tribe extended northwards to the mouth of the Jeannie River, where it was bordered by speakers of Guugu Nyiguudji; southwards to the Annan River, where it was bordered by speakers of Guugu Yalandji; to the west, it was bordered by speakers of a language called Guugu Warra (literally "bad talk") or Lama-Lama. The modern town of Cooktown is located within Guugu Yimithirr territory. Guugu Yimithirr originally consisted of several dialects, although even the names of most have now been forgotten. Today two main dialects are distinguished: the coastal dialect, called dhalundirr "with the sea", and the inland dialect, called waguurrga "of the outside". Missionaries used the coastal dialect to translate hymns and Bible stories, so some of its words now have religious associations that the inland equivalents lack. In 1770, Guugu Yimithirr became the first Australian Aboriginal language to be written down when Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook and his crew recorded words while their ship, the HM Bark Endeavour, was being repaired after having run aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef. Joseph Banks described the language as totally different from that of the Islanders; it sounded more like English in its degree of harshness tho it could not be calld [sic] harsh neither. Among the words recorded were kangooroo or kanguru (IPA: /ɡaŋuru/), meaning a large black or grey kangaroo, which would become the general English term for all kangaroos, and dhigul (transcribed by Banks as Je-Quoll), the name of the quoll. |High||i iː||u uː| Short /u/ may be realized as unrounded [ɯ], and unstressed /a/ may be reduced to [ə]. The stops are usually voiceless and unaspirated initially and after short vowels, and voiced after consonants and long vowels. The retroflexes [ɖ ɳ] may not be single phonemes, but clusters of /ɻd ɻn/. However, there is at least one word which, for older speakers, is pronounced with a word-initial retroflex: "run", which is [ɖudaː] or [ɖuɖaː]. All words, with the exception of a couple of interjections, begin with one consonant. The consonant can be a stop, nasal, or semivowel (that is, /l r ɻ/ do not occur initially). Words can end in either a vowel or a consonant. The allowed word-final consonants are /l r ɻ j n n̪/. Within words, any consonant can occur, as well as clusters of up to three consonants, which cannot occur initially or finally. Like many Australian languages, Guugu Yimithirr pronouns have accusative morphology while nouns have ergative morphology. That is, the subject of an intransitive verb has the same form as the subject of a transitive verb if the subject is a pronoun, but the same form as the object of a transitive verb otherwise. Regardless of whether nouns or pronouns are used, the usual sentence order is subject–object–verb, although other word orders are possible. The language is notable for its use of pure geographic directions (north, south, east, west) rather than egocentric directions (left, right, forward, backward)., though such "purity" is disputed - Guugu Yimithirr at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) - Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh - , and following pages. - Deutscher, Guy (26 August 2010). "Does Your Language Shape How You Think?". The New York Times. - Haviland, John B. (March 1998). "Guugu Yimithirr Cardinal Directions". Ethos 26 (1): 25–47. Retrieved 7 January 2013. - Banks, Joseph (1962). J. C. Beaglehole, ed. The Endeavour journal of Joseph Banks, 1768-1771. - Breen, Gavan (1970). "A re-examination of Cook's Gogo-Yimidjir word list". Oceania 41 (1): 28–38. - Cook, James (1955). The Journals of Captain James Cook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-665-35756-7. - Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47378-0. - Haviland, John B. (1974). "A last look at Cook's Guugu-Yimidhirr wordlist". Oceania 44 (3): 216–232. - Haviland, John B. (1979). "Guugu Yimidhirr Sketch Grammar". In R. M. W. Dixon and B. Blake. Handbook of Australian Languages Vol I. pp. 26–180. - Haviland, John B. (1985). "The life history of a speech community: Guugu Yimidhirr at Hopevale". Aboriginal History 8 (7): 170–204. - Richard Phillips; Sidney H. Ray (1898). "Vocabulary of Australian Aborigines in the neighbourhood of Cooktown, North Queensland". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland) 27: 144–147. doi:10.2307/2842861. JSTOR 2842861. - Roth, Walter E. (1901). The structure of the Koko-Yimidir language. Brisbane: Government Printer. - Schwarz, G. H. (1946). Order of service and hymns. Brisbane: Watson, Ferguson. - de Zwaan, Jan Daniel (1969). A preliminary analysis of Gogo-Yimidjir. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. - de Zwaan, Jan Daniel (1969). "Two studies in Gogo-Yimidjir". Oceania 39 (3): 198–217.

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12-13 year old boys plan their own workshop where they meet with 12 senior citizens from the local area. Charlotte Berry, Assistant Headteacher, Billericay School, explains what they did at their school. “The Historypin workshop came about as part of our work with a group of twelve boys (aged 12-13) and their mentors (aged 16-17). We’ve been working with them to help them explore their individual skills and abilities and to develop positive behavior, particularly in group work. I needed an activity that they could plan themselves where they could demonstrate motivation, responsibility and a degree of altruism. I wanted something that would involve them with the local community as part of the school’s Community Cohesion work. I showed Historypin.com to the boys and we explored the site, discussed photos we’d brought in, scanned them and pinned them to the site. The boys then had to plan an entire workshop themselves to which we’d invite 12 senior citizens from the local area. On the day of the workshop, we provided tea and coffee for the senior citizens and the boys ran some warm-up and ‘getting to know you’ activities. All of our guests had brought in photos and willingly discussed their memories and the stories behind them. The boys were totally engaged and absolutely fascinated. I was incredibly proud of how easily they chatted with the senior citizens because of their genuine interest in the photos they had brought in. I’ve never seen them write as much as they wrote on the Historypin prompt sheet They then scanned and uploaded photos, pinning them onto Historypin.com and adding information. The site is designed so that this is very straightforward to do this. They also explored other photos on the site and travelled all over Historypin using the Google Street View feature. Initial evaluations of the Historypin sessions show that everyone thoroughly enjoyed the experience. The project completely fulfilled some of the key aims of the We Are What We Do’s inter-generational work - the sharing of knowledge and skills, breaking down barriers and over-turning misconceptions between generations. We will definitely run these sessions again. Historypin has so much potential to be used across the curriculum, especially in History and English, and is perfect for designing community projects. We also intend to work with our feeder primary schools to help them run Historypin workshops with their children, parents and grandparents.”

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International Labour Organisation The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is the United Nations' specialised agency for labour issues. ILO seeks to promote human and labour rights by establishing international standards of basic labour rights: freedom of association, the right to organize, collective bargaining, abolition of forced labour, equality of opportunity and treatment, and other standards regulating conditions across the entire spectrum of work related issues. The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) works towards the progressive elimination of child labour by strengthening national capacities to address child labour problems, and by creating a worldwide movement to combat it. Founded by ILO in 1992, IPEC's work is considered especially important in contributing to ILO's Decent Work Agenda. The impetus of World Scouting's involvement with ILO-IPEC is its interest in youth rights and protection. This interest was formally recognized with the Memorandum of Understanding on Child Labour in 2004. In terms of advocacy, much of World Scouting's work with ILO-IPEC has been through YEN. Regarding child rights and protection, since 1992 World Scouting and ILO-IPEC have carried out the Extension Programme in Kenya. The Extension Program targets marginalized young people and helps them reintegrate into society by teaching them life and vocational skills. 12th June - World Day Against Child Labour 2009 Theme: Give girls a chance, end child labour The World Day Against Child Labour will be celebrated on 12 June 2009. The World Day this year marks the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the landmark ILO Convention No. 182, which addresses the need for action to tackle the worst forms of child labour. The International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) share a common commitment to pursuing social justice and peace, empowering young people through human rights-based educational programmes and promoting the social dimension of globalisation. This long-standing partnership was recently strengthened through a renewed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) extending our cooperation in the fight against child labour, earlier this year. Ms. Michele Jankanish, Director of the ILO’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC ) and Mr. Luc Panissod, Acting Secretary-General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), signed a new Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) today, to extend their cooperation in the fight against child labour for a further 3 years. The cooperation between the two organizations will be based on a shared vision in pursuing social justice and peace, the empowerment of young people, and promoting the social dimensions of globalization. The ILO has estimated that some 165 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 are involved in child labour. Many of these children work long hours, often in dangerous conditions. This year the World Day against Child Labour will be marked around the world with activities to raise awareness that Education is the right response to child labour. World Scouting, as the largest global youth movement which prides itself on its strong history of non-formal education, is encouraged to get involved and draw attention to the key issues related to Child Labour. In view of the common commitment to defending and promoting the rights of children and young people, the partnership between the International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Scouting has continued to grow. An increasing number of joint initiatives between Scouts Organizations and ILO Field and Branch Offices are being developed at the local level, in particular in the framework of the SCREAM – Supporting Children’s Rights through Education, the Arts and the Media – programme ( www.ilo.org/scream). The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is working with World Scouting to address the issue of child labour. This is mainly done through the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC).

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We are at a stage in time where we desperately need to find a viable alternative source of energy to replace our dependence on fossil fuel. We always read articles regarding the major problems we are facing because of global warming. Many think that alternative energy should be focused on the development of wind and solar energy but when it comes to cold fusion most people and even some scientists think that it is just a waste of time. Yes, a lot of people do not take cold fusion seriously. They think it is just a fraud or it is impossible to achieve and only the sun can replicate its process. But imagine having limitless sources of energy. Cold fusion will rely on our ocean because the process involves heavy hydrogen, found in oceans, being fused with precious metals and coupled with a jolt of electricity. The result of this combination would be an intense amount of energy that could forever provide us all the energy we need. It is our hope that one day cold fusion will become a reality and replace all the planet’s oil reserves. Scientists and engineers continue harnessing and discovering the missing steps in making this dream a reality.

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Daylight Saving Time 2012: When Do We Set the Clocks Back? "Spring forward, fall back," is the mantra you need to remember on Nov 4. Daylight Saving Time ends on Sunday, Nov. 4, at 2 a.m., right before the Presidential election on Nov. 6. You will be setting your clock back one hour, following the adage of “spring forward, fall back.” The “extra” hour gives you a chance to catch up on the sleep you lost in March when the clocks moved forward and Daylight Saving Time began. The federal government doesn’t require states to adopt Daylight Saving Time, so Arizona doesn’t. Indiana used to ignore Daylight Savings, but now observes it. Indiana is the only state, however, with counties in two time zones. Ones snuggled up close to Lake Michigan and Chicago are on Central Time, but the rest of the state is on Eastern Standard Time. In an effort to save resources during World War II, the U.S. made daylight saving time mandatory for the whole country. And it was observed the entire year. Some studies have shown that extending Daylight Saving Time results in a reduction in energy consumption; other studies suggest just the opposite.

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Q:Dr Norman, what is the specific biomedical research area in which you have been labelled a groundbreaking pioneer? A:It has to do with vitamin B12. Along with co-workers at the University of Cincinnati, I developed a highly accurate, simple urine test for identifying an early deficiency in this vitamin. Why is B12 deficiency serious? It can lead to anemia (called 'pernicious anemia'). It can also cause problems with the nervous system. These include walking difficulties due to spinal cord degeneration, and memory loss which is indistinguishable from early Alzheimer's. The person can become confined to a wheelchair or permanently demented. However, if it is treated early with B12 injections, these conditions can reverse. If not treated in time, the changes can be permanent. What causes B12 deficiency? Usually it is not from a poor diet. As a person ages, the stomach produces less of the protein which carries B12 into the body. Thus, even though a person eats a perfectly normal diet, the vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed. Of course, since B12 is found only in foods from animals, strict vegetarians are also at risk. It has been known that vitamin B12 is needed to change methylmalonic acid (MMA) to succinic acid. With low B12 levels, this conversion is blocked, so MMA builds up in the body. Testing for MMA in a urine sample using gas chromatography mass spectrometry is the best way to detect vitamin B12 deficiency. Is there evidence that this problem has been seriously overlooked? For instance, that people in nursing homes labelled as having the untreatable Alzheimer's brain degeneration actually had this treatable B12 deficiency? Yes. Traditionally doctors have looked for anemia; when there was none, they did not suspect B12 deficiency. However, research shows people can have neurologic and psychologic problems without having anemia. In my studies of hospital patients with diagnosed B12 deficiency, 20 per cent had no anemia. Many had severe neurologic problems; they just had not been diagnosed correctly because they did not have anemia. Has there been any testing on the general population? As part of my research, hundreds of people over age 65 were tested. I found that about five out of every 100 had a B12 deficiency without any evidence of anemia. This research was partly funded with a grant from the National Institutes of Health. This work also showed that about 49 per cent of the people identified as having a definite B12 deficiency with the MMA test had a normal or low-normal blood test for B12. This means that blood tests for vitamin B12 are not accurate enough for screening. It seems that with proper screening in that age group, many thousands of people can be rescued from being demented, crippled, or both. Are others beginning to pick up on this? Yes, a number of other researchers have now reproduced what I have done. Some have measured MMA in the blood and are coming up with the same pattern of results. At a recent national convention on the subject, MMA testing was mentioned as the biggest advance in this area in recent years. Now some doctors are screening their patients to identify B12 deficiency early, when it can be corrected. That's wonderful. How did your belief in Jesus Christ as your Saviour and Lord influence your research? I received Jesus as my Lord and Saviour when I was 11. However, in my late twenties I began to really study the Bible and realized that God's entire Word was trustworthy. I believe as I have followed Christ, He has guided my life, including my research. One of my favourite Bible verses is Proverbs 3:6. ['In all thy ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct thy paths.'] What about evolution? In graduate school, I had an open mind about it. People presented evolution as fact, and I thought, 'Can you show me? Not just statements, but from real evidence?' As I studied the complexity of life processes and biomolecules, I saw there were really no facts at all for evolution. Dr Norman, didn't you work on DNA for your Master's degree? Yes, I did chemical synthesis on parts of the DNA molecule. These sub-units, the nucleotides and nucleosides, have bases out the side that act like 'letters' carrying genetic information. I worked many long months connecting just three of these bases. But everyone is told that this complex molecule needed for life, with millions of bases in the proper order, just 'happened'. Actually, I found that to connect these DNA 'letters' together correctly, a protective group must be attached on parts of the molecule to prevent wrong connections. A catalyst is also needed as a condensing agent, and the chemical reaction must take place in a completely water-free environment. If the flask is left open even momentarily, the humidity in the air would prevent the reaction. So I thought, I am connecting only three bases together. How could DNA randomly form out in an ocean or pond? What about all the proteins, sugars, and lipids also needed for life? The DNA in a 'simple' bacterium carries so many 'letters' in sequence that, if you typed it out, it would fill about 2,000 ordinary pages. One human cell would take about a million pages. So you came to your creation belief experimentally, in a sense? Yes. I did not read any specific creation literature. Evolution is just unscientific. It violates the laws of chemistry including the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the laws of probability, and information theory. Anti-creationists commonly charge creationists with misusing the Second Law of Thermodynamics, saying that an 'open system' solves the problem. Well, if you put a drop of dye in a swimming pool, that's pretty open, but the molecules are going to diffuse out, not collect together. Systems tend to move into states of greater disorganization. The complex DNA molecules I was working with have a tendency to break down into less complex forms. Very hard, directed work is required to get even the simple parts to form in a particular order. Random processes just won't do it. Chemical synthesis is a very exact science. Living things make these chemicals because they carry intelligently designed programs which direct all the complicated machinery needed. So an open system and energy doesn't solve the problem for the evolutionist? You need to have all this programmed machinery already there? In fact, a number of scientists are now acknowledging this and admitting that there must be an undiscovered scientific law that caused simple molecules to organize themselves into life. But they don't know how. What about six-day creation versus long-age creation like Rossism? Hebrew professors say the word 'day' in its context in Genesis can mean only a 24-hour day. Also, the Genesis account is in harmony with other Bible passages. I believe what God tells me and there is nothing in my understanding of science that convinces me otherwise. In evaluating all the models, the six-day, global-flood model, which is what the Bible plainly teaches, is the only one that really holds up. Some would be surprised that scientists like yourself who have made a name in their field can believe in creation and the Bible. Actually, I know of quite a number of scientists in various fields who are solidly creationist, although they are not out there giving talks at seminars or submitting papers on it. I think it is important to get it into the open and rationally discuss the existence of a creation model. I think that if the facts are brought out, more and more people will fall into the creation camp because that is where the evidence lies. Why do most educated people believe in evolution? I think it is because they have been told that 'most educated people believe in evolution'. They have rarely investigated the facts. That is why I think the Creation Science Foundation, the Answers in Genesis ministry, and Creationmagazine are so beneficial and important. Help keep these daily articles coming. Support AiG. “Now that I have updated, revised, and expanded The Lie, I believe it’s an even more powerful, eyeopening book for the church—an essential resource to help all of us to understand the great delusion that permeates our world! The message of The Lie IS the message of AiG and why we even exist! It IS the message God has laid on our hearts to bring before the church! It IS a vital message for our time.” – Ken Ham, president and founder of AiG–U.S. Answers magazine is the Bible-affirming, creation-based magazine from Answers in Genesis. In it you will find fascinating content and stunning photographs that present creation and worldview articles along with relevant cultural topics. Each quarterly issue includes a detachable chart, a pullout children’s magazine, a unique animal highlight, excellent layman and semi-technical articles, plus bonus content. Why wait? Subscribe today and get a FREE DVD download!

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The Dark Side In its broadest sense, culture is the sum total of our beliefs, our fears, our behavior patterns, our institutions, our common values, as well as our art, music, and literature. But the arts often neglect or omit reference to the Cold War. In fact, most of us who lived through those times have scant visual knowledge of what may be fairly called the dark side of our culture. We were immersed in the myopic soup of getting an education, finding a job, marrying, and having children. Meanwhile, far from our thoughts, bright and earnest young men were spending 24-hour duties behind 7-ft thick steel doors. There they drilled constantly the procedures to launch missiles with a 30-minute trip to the Soviet Union. The nuclear warhead on the Titan II missile shown here packed nearly three times the explosive power of all the bombs dropped by the Allies in WWII. And there were 54 of these missiles on alert for 25 years. Most of us remember periods in our lives most vividly in terms of the popular music of the time. This project depicts some of the objects from the dark side of our culture during the Cold War and links them with popular music of the era. As surreal as the images are by themselves, their juxtaposition with the music magnifies the dreamlike quality of what was really at stake and how little the existence of these doomsday machines seemed to touch our lives. By the way, bright and earnest young men (and now women) still pull 24-hour duty in launch-control bunkers every day. (Make sure your speakers are on and don't forget to come back from Youtube :-)

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Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo In and near large bodies of fresh or possibly slightly brackish water Adults grow 28-32 inches. Carapace is low, smooth, oval and uniformly dark gray, brown or black. The pale buff colored plastron is long and narrow and the side margins may be keeled. The head is relatively large and broad. The snout with a slightly hooked upper jaw projects a bit. Large scales run in a strip between the tympanum and eye and there are granular scales on the back of the uniformly brown-black head. Forelegs also have scales on the front. Toes are webbed. Males tails are longer and thicker then females. The young have a white line extending from the corner of the mouth down the neck. With age the develop white random, spider-web-like markings on the central scutes. Behavior: They spend much time basking in the sun near the waters edge and eat in both water and on land. Reproduction: This turtle nests in piles of debris. Eggs are brittle and ellipsoidal, about 80 x 40 mm. Hatchlings are about 60 mm long with very rugose carapaces and sharply serrated posterior marginals. Did You Know? The emydidae family of turtles is the largest family of living turtles Where in the Zoo? I can be found in the Gharial Crocodile Exhibit at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo.

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Besides adding beauty to the landscape, gardens that are creatively designed and well-tended can increase the value of property. Some gardens provide food for the table and others furnish cut flowers for indoor enjoyment. On larger properties these special feature gardens break up the monotony of lawn and reduce mowing time. Blending your garden into the surrounding landscape will also help to minimize habitat fragmentation effects. If you do not own property, you can still enjoy a small-scale garden by arranging planters and potted flowers on the balcony or deck of your apartment, townhouse, or condominium. Specialty gardens attract certain kinds of wildlife, which serve to enhance viewing pleasure. Butterfly, hummingbird, and native prairie gardens are well suited to this purpose. This chapter will offer suggestions on how to create them. North America is home to more than 700 species of butterflies. At least 200 of them occur in Michigan and the Midwest including swallowtails, skippers, satyrs, sulphurs, and cabbage butterflies along with the monarch, painted lady, comma, red-spotted purple, and red admiral. Adult butterflies are most attracted to red, yellow, orange, pink, and purple flowers that grow in sunny locations and that offer an easy source of nectar. Butterfly caterpillars will use at least 175 kinds of Midwest plants, nearly 50 of which are also excellent for attracting bees. Several kinds of moths, including hummingbird clearwings, night- and day-flying sphinx species, prometheas, and cecropias, are also regularly attracted to butterfly gardens. A butterfly garden can quickly become the prize feature of your yard. Options include developing the garden around a theme like native prairie wildflowers or native woodland wildflowers. There are four key factors to creating a successful butterfly garden: (1) location, (2) plant composition/nectar sources for adult butterflies, (3) caterpillar habitat, and (4) avoiding insecticide use. Hummingbirds pollinate more than 160 native North American plants. Because of their extremely high metabolism, hummingbirds consume daily up to one-half their body weight in food and as much as eight times their body weight in fluids. Besides feeding on flower nectar, the ruby-throated hummingbird (the only hummingbird species found in Michigan) also eats small insects. Usually attracted to red, tubular flowers, hummingbirds also use a wide variety of other flowers. Thus, you can add both diversity and color to your yard while providing excellent sources of nectar and small insects for hummingbirds. Incidentally, because orioles use many of the same plants as hummingbirds, your hummingbird garden may provide additional habitat for them and increase your viewing pleasure. Unlike butterflies, hummingbirds find sources of food regardless of sun or shade. However, the plants themselves can have specific sunlight requirements. So, when planning the location of your hummingbird garden, consider the sunlight requirements or limitations of the plants you wish to highlight there. You may also want to consider visibillity. Because hummingbirds are highly territorial, you might want to locate plants throughout your yard, in addition to the specialized garden. You may also want to supplement natural nectar with hummingbird feeders near the garden and around the house. Place feeders in the shade and change the mixture of one part sugar (do not use honey) to four parts boiling water every three to five days. Cool the mixture before filling the feeder, and store the excess in the refrigerator. If the mixture in the feeder has spoiled (a black fungus or very cloudy water are clues), clean it with a small amount of vinegar mixed with water, then allow to dry thoroughly before refilling. Because they are migratory species, you only have to keep the sugar solution available from April to September. In addition to sunlight requirements, be aware of other characteristics of your plant choices. Trumpet creeper, for example, is an attractive plant to hummingbirds, but it requires a fence or other structure on which to climb. Place vines and shrubs to the back, working down in height toward the front of the garden. Spread your blooming season as much as possible. Adding a few annuals to the variety of early- to late-blooming perennials will give the garden a head start. Refer to the accompanying list of plants that will provide both nectar and insects for hummingbirds. Also, realize insecticides not only kill the small insects that hummingbirds use for food, but large doses of insecticides can be directly lethal to the birds themselves. Native Prairie Gardens Native prairie grasses and wildflowers are a shrinking resource in Michigan, and they attract a large number of wildlife species. In fact, there are many species that can only survive on native grasses and wildflowers. Wildlife benefit most when the mixture of warm season grasses and wildflowers occurs in stands of 40 acres or more. However, even small plantings in backyard gardens can help wildlife and are also attractive. Native prairie gardens, as well as the other gardens mentioned above, reduce mowing time and add visual enjoyment, even in winter as the grasses stand up to snow. Some wildflowers, such as coreopsis, provide winter seed for goldfinches and other birds. Because most native grasses and wildflowers do best on upland sites, locate this garden in a sunny to partly shaded, well-drained location. The accompanying panel is a list of good plants to consider. If the site you have in mind is moist, big bluestem and switchgrass will likely establish without problems but you might also want to add prairie and curly dock, swamp milkweed, native impatiens, sedges, and mints. A nursery expert should be able to help you with your plant selections. For more information available on the World Wide Web about "Special Feature Gardens," please see our Resource Links. Last Revised: May 5, 2000

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Flag of India |Population (In Millions)||1,241.49| |Human Development Index||134/169| |Gross Domestic Product (In USD Billions - World Bank)||1,872.84| |Global Peace Index||135/153| |Happy Planet Index||35/143| |Social Institutions and Gender Index||57/86| |Environmental Performance Index||123/163| |Child Mortality Rate||47.2| |More information on variables| Main Progress Initiatives The ICSD is an advisory organization to the Government of India on subjects of sustainable development and environmental issues within the spectrum of the country's social development challenges. It places specific emphasis on ensuring equitable growth, weath and income and the alleviation of poverty in India. The India Council for Sustainable Development is co-chaired by Prof. Jeffrey Sachs, Director- Earth Institute & Special Advisor to the Secretary- General of the United Nations and Dr R. K. Pachauri, Director-General, TERI & Chairman, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This demonstration site shows selected eduction, demographic and economic indicators for India. Running on the DataPlace platform, the initiative is a joint project between CDF@IMFR and KnowledgePlex Inc. The site currently has national, state and district level data available and will soon incorporate village level data. The Sustainable Development Society (Sundesh) of India is an organization engaged in carrying out welfare activities with the aim of improving sustainability for people in rural areas. It carries out activities related to health care, education and it integrates corporate social responsibility into its approach. The Planning Commission was set up by a Resolution of the Government of India in March 1950 in pursuance of declared objectives of the Government "to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient exploitation of the resources of the country, increasing production and offering opportunities to all for employment in the service of the community." The Planning Commission was tasked with the responsibility of assessing all national resources and increasing deficient resources, formulating plans for the purpose of achieving sustainability in resource use and to better prioritise. Ex Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Chairman of the Planning Commission. In its 10th quinquennal plan (2002-2007), the Planning Commission of India sought to ensure a sustainable India through: - Reduction of poverty ratio by 5 percentage points by 2007 and 15 percentage points by 2012 - All children in school by 2003; all children to complete 5 Years in school by 2007 - Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50 % by 2007 - Reduction in population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2 % - Increase in literacy rate to 75 % by 2007 - Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012 - Reduction of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to 2 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 1 by 2012 - Increase in forest cover to 25 % by 2007 and 33 % by 2012 - All villages to have sustained access to potable drinking water by 2007 - Cleaning of major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012 Multidimensional Poverty Index The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for India is 0.283. The MPI is an international measure of acute poverty covering 109 countries. The MPI reflects the multiple deprivations that poor people face at the same time in three dimensions: health, education and living standards. The MPI reflects both the incidence or headcount ratio (H) of poverty – the proportion of the population that is multidimensionally poor – and the average intensity (A) of their poverty – the average proportion of indicators in which poor people are deprived. More information on the MPI in India is available here. Development Progress Story: India's progress in providing employment for the poor India's progress in providing employment for the poor has been highlighted as a part the Overseas Development Institute's Development Progress Stories, an initiative looking at what is working in development and why. Key messages from the research include: - The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is the largest rights-based employment guarantee programme in the world, reaching over 40 million households across India, with a strong focus on social equity through the participation of the poorest and most excluded in India. - The programme is contributing to reduced vulnerability to seasonal and household shocks, as well as improved food security and use of basic services. - Among the key factors driving MGNREGA’s success are: high levels of national ownership and commitment to pro-poor policies; a vibrant civil society at national and local level; and an existing decentralised government system. Full report and summary case study can be viewed and downloaded here Happiness in IndiaThis is an overview of findings on Happiness in India.The available findings are presented in the latest ‘Nation Report’ on India. This report is ordered by type of happiness questions and within these types by year. This ordering is to facilitate the assessment of progress, comparison over time being most fruitful using the same questions. The report presents means and standard deviations, both on the original scale range and transformed to a common range 0-10. The means inform about the level of happiness in the country and the standard deviations about inequality of happiness. Links provide more detail about the precise text of the question, the full distribution of responses and technical details of the survey. The report is continuously updated. Child Well-being in India The Young Lives study is conducted in India as well as in three other developing countries from 2001 to 2015. It is an international study of childhood poverty that is coordinated by a team in the Department of International Development at the University of Oxford. Progress Papers and Publications - 11th Five-Year Plan 2007-2012. Volume III: Agriculture, Rural Development, Industry, Services and Physical Infrastructure National Planning Commission, India. - 11th Five-Year Plan 2007-2012. Volume II:Social Sector National Planning Commission, India. - http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v1/11th_vol1.pdf 11th Five-Year Plan 2007-2012. Volume I: Inclusive Growth. National Planning Commission, India. - Empowering People for Sustainable Development, 2002, Ministry of Environment and Forests, India. - The State of the Environment, 2001, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), India. Child Well-being Papers and Publications Measuring Deprivation Due to Child Work and Child Labour: A Study for Indian Children, 2011, S. Das and D. Mukherjee. - Event:15th Conference of the International Association for Ladakh Studies - Event:Second Global Summit on Sustainable Development and Biodiversity (GLOSS 2011) - Event:Global Algae Biodiesel World India Programme 2011 - Event:8th Conference of Indian Association for Social Sciences and Health

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|http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine®| The official name of this gene is “receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2.” ROR2 is the gene's official symbol. The ROR2 gene is also known by other names, listed below. The ROR2 gene provides instructions for making a protein whose function is not well understood. The ROR2 protein is part of a family of proteins known as receptor protein kinases (RTKs), which play a role in chemical signaling within cells. Receptor protein kinases are involved in many cell functions, including cell growth and division (proliferation), the process by which cells mature to carry out specific functions (differentiation), cell survival, and cell movement (motility). Researchers believe that the ROR2 protein plays an essential role in development before birth. It is involved in a chemical signaling pathway called WNT signaling, which affects many aspects of embryonic development. This pathway controls the activity of genes needed at specific times during development, and it regulates the interactions between cells as organs and tissues are forming. Based on studies in animals, the ROR2 protein appears to be critical for the normal formation of the skeleton, heart, and genitals. At least 12 mutations in the ROR2 gene have been found to cause the autosomal recessive form of Robinow syndrome. Autosomal recessive inheritance means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. Some of these mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the ROR2 protein, while others lead to the production of an abnormally short, nonfunctional version of the protein. Because these genetic changes prevent any functional ROR2 protein from being made, they are described as "loss-of-function" mutations. A shortage of ROR2 protein disrupts embryonic development, particularly the formation of bones in the face, spine, and limbs, which leads to the skeletal abnormalities characteristic of Robinow syndrome. A lack of this protein during early development also underlies the other features of Robinow syndrome, including genital abnormalities and heart defects. Several mutations in the ROR2 gene have been identified in people with a disorder called brachydactyly type B1. This condition is characterized by abnormally short fingers and toes, particularly the fourth and fifth digits, and malformed or absent fingernails and toenails. Brachydactyly type B1 has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Unlike the mutations that cause Robinow syndrome, the ROR2 mutations responsible for brachydactyly type B1 are described as "gain-of-function" mutations. These genetic changes probably cause the ROR2 protein to be continuously active. It is unclear how the overactive protein disrupts the formation of bones in the hands and feet. Cytogenetic Location: 9q22 Molecular Location on chromosome 9: base pairs 94,484,877 to 94,712,443 The ROR2 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 9 at position 22. More precisely, the ROR2 gene is located from base pair 94,484,877 to base pair 94,712,443 on chromosome 9. See How do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/genelocation) in the Handbook. You and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about ROR2 helpful. You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers. See How are genetic conditions and genes named? (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/naming) in the Handbook. acids ; autosomal ; autosomal dominant ; autosomal recessive ; brachydactyly ; cell ; differentiation ; embryonic ; gene ; genitals ; inheritance ; kinase ; pattern of inheritance ; proliferation ; protein ; receptor ; recessive ; syndrome ; tyrosine You may find definitions for these and many other terms in the Genetics Home Reference Glossary (http://www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary). The resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. See How can I find a genetics professional in my area? (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/consult/findingprofessional) in the Handbook.

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New Technology Uses Nanotransistors By Edwin L. Aguirre As smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices become increasingly popular, finding ways to make them even smaller in size, run a lot faster and consume far less power has become the holy grail for semiconductor researchers worldwide. Electrical engineering Prof. Martin Margala , together with his former graduate student Vikas Kaushal and collaborators from the Universidad de Salamanca in Spain and North Carolina State University, are moving one step closer to achieving that goal with their work on “ballistic deflection transistors ,” or BDTs. These unique, super-fast nanochips will form the building blocks for the next-generation ultrahigh-speed computers and electronic circuits. “Such a nanotransistor would operate a thousand times faster — in the terahertz range — and consume extremely low power and generate far less heat compared to conventional transistors,” says Margala, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and chair of UMass Lowell’s Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. Instead of starting and stopping the flow of electrons the way standard transistors do, the BDT design uses electrical fields to “steer” individual electrons and bounce them off deflectors, in a form of atomic billiards or pinball arcade game. “Ballistic deflection transistors should be easy to mass-produce using current technologies,” says Margala. “They have the potential to revolutionize modern electronics.” Enhancing the Nanotransistors’ Performance Margala and his co-researchers were able to make the nanotransistors perform even better by depositing an ultrathin, uniform layer of aluminum oxide, Al2O3, to the walls of the etched trenches in BDTs. “By using the Al2O3 as an insulator instead of just air as before, we significantly improved the nanotransistor’s gate-control sensitivity,” explains Margala. “This means the nanotransistor could achieve peak performance at much lower power.” Margala says ultimately, they will be able to reduce power consumption even further and operate the BDT at very low voltages. “This will make our nanotransistor unique for commercial applications that operate with very limited power sources yet require very high performance,” he says. “This includes all mobile devices, portable medical sensors, implants and other devices, as well as various electronics for deep-space missions.” Margala’s research on BDTs actually began in 2005, while he was with the University of Rochester. Since he joined UMass Lowell in early 2007, he has continued his work in this field, receiving funding mainly from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. In 2009, he received a $101,000 grant from the National Science Foundation (along with $40,000 from UMass Lowell) to purchase a multi-probe, wide-temperature parameter analysis system for measuring low voltages and low noises. Margala received his master’s degree in microelectronics from Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovakia, in 1990, and his Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Alberta in Edmonton in 1998. Kaushal graduated from UMass Lowell in 2011 with a doctorate in electrical engineering and now works at IBM in Burlington, Vt.

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Language is a major tool for communication in academia. Use the writing guides below to formulate your best research papers and lab reports. General Paper Format The following are format expectations for general papers: Use standard white paper, 8.5 x 11 inches. Use black ink for the text of the paper. Set margins to at least one-inch wide. Use size 12 font, unless other specifications are given. Double space your papers, unless other specifications are given. Paginate papers longer than one page. Place page numbers in the upper right-hand corner. Type your last name before each page number (e.g., Jones 2). For short papers (one to two pages in length), place a heading in the upper right-hand corner containing your name, course, date, professor's name and nature of the assignment. Center the title of the paper below the heading. For longer papers (three or more pages), attach a title page with the following information centered on the page: title of paper, student name, course name and section, date, professor name. Cite research for papers in in-text citations and list sources in a bibliography at the end of the paper. Use MLA format unless another documentation style has been specified. English-speaking readers expect documents with the following organization: Your introduction may be one or more paragraphs. You should give your readers background information (including definitions) about your subject. You should also state your thesis (your controlling idea) clearly. You might also give an overview of the main parts of the paper. The body of the paper contains your basic information and the points of your argument. Each paragraph in the body develops a single point in detail. Each paragraph is connected to the one before it and the one to follow it. Your conclusion restates the point of the paper using the insight that your reader has gained from having read the paper. Do not simply summarize, but offer the reader an answer to the question: So what? Now what? The organization of a paragraph reflects the organization of the essay: All paragraphs have a beginning, middle, and an end. Begin with a clear statement of the idea of the paragraph (and make it clear that this idea is connected to the thesis of the paper). Develop the pieces of the idea in logical order with the sort of information that your reader will need in order to understand your point. Then, finish the paragraph with a sense of ending and a sense of connection to the next idea. Write in complete sentences. Avoid sentence fragments. All sentences consist of at least a subject and verb combination. Lab Report Format Write a neat report. You should ensure that all sentences are grammatically correct and that there are no mistakes in spelling. Organize your data in a data table. Carry units in all calculations. Reports should be typewritten. The cover page of your lab report should include: the name and number of the experiment; your instructor's name; your lab partner's name; the date the lab was performed; and the lab due date. Sections of the Lab Report Objective - the objective is the reason you are doing the experiment. Before you write the objective, you need to know why you are doing the experiment. The objective should be stated clearly and concisely in your own words. Apparatus - this section contains a list of the equipment that you used to perform the experiment. When possible, draw a diagram to illustrate the apparatus. Give the make and model number of the equipment where possible. Method - this section includes a description of what you did. This should not be a verbatim copy of the instructions in the lab manual. You do not report any results in this section. Explain what you did clearly enough for other people to follow your directions to repeat the experiment. A step-by-step format is the best approach. Data - this section is where measurements taken during the experiment are reported. Data should be reported in a clear and organized way. You may want to use Microsoft Excel to organize and analyze your data in a table. Results and Analysis - calculations based on the data are presented in this section. You need to report all the calculations that you did. You need to provide the formulas used to compute your results. Be sure to compute the percent error. Be sure to provide a reference to any appendix used. Be sure to identify any possible sources of error, and provide a discussion of whether or not you feel the errors are reasonable. Conclusion - in this section, present your results and discuss your conclusions. Be sure to go back and reread your objective before writing your conclusion. This section should be short, concise and to the point. Your conclusion should be tied to the objective. Was the objective for the experiment met? State whether or not you achieved your objective. Data Sheets - your stamped data sheets from the physics/chemistry lab should be attached to the report as an appendix. All work handed in for a grade must be your own. Proper credit must be given to the author of any writing if its inclusion in your submitted work is appropriate. This includes information on the Internet as well as in books, magazines and other published sources. At no time should you copy and paste information from a published source (including the Internet) into your work. But you must go further than this. Avoid situations that could compromise your integrity. For example, do not allow others to copy your work, and do not leave your work on the public computers in the library or the laboratories.

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When it comes to eating “right”, there is a lot more than just nutrition to think about. One must also consider the process behind food production and what it takes to get food to the plate. Meat, in particular, has a pretty troubling back story. Not only does meat raise questions of ethical and moral standing, but it also has creates problems environmentally – not to mention the strong arguments against its use as a regular food group. Because of these things, many people have found it healthy, ethically appealing, and environmentally wise to quit meat or limit the consumption of meat. Anyone who has grown up with the food knows that’s no easy task. Here are a few strategies that help you along the way! Ease off Gradually Just like anything, don’t expect to quit cold turkey (no pun intended). Quitting meat can start by choosing just one day out of the week not to eat meat. Easing off gradually is especially useful if those you regularly dine with are big meat eaters – it gives you a chance to test out your new commitment and discuss it with those who will see the change. At first, start out small – perhaps just with certain meals. Lunch is an especially easy meal to turn vegetarian (or vegan) because many people are looking for something lighter, refreshing, and energizing to get them through the rest of the day – a salad packed with healthy vegetables will do just that. As you progress, aim for 4 out of 7 days without meat. Go up to the point of you goal, and even consider going past it. Move Type by Type Another good tip is to quit meat by meat. That is, first quit pork, then beef, then chicken, etc. By knocking out particular ‘meat groups’, you allow yourself some foot room in the fight against meat. You may have been off beef and pork for 2 weeks, but are craving something meaty – grab an free range, organic chicken leg! Just be prepared to eventually switch that out with something if you are planning on going completely meat-free! Keep Yourself Healthy Above all, be sure you are still getting the proper nutrients with every meal. By far, not being healthy and not eating a well rounded meal will negatively affect changing your diet more than anything else. Besides, what’s the use of quitting meat if you’re not conscious enough to see the health benefits. Work vigilantly at making sure you have all you macronutirents covered – legumes, dark leafy greens, and hearty vegetables can help fill the void of meat, making them staples of the healthy meal. Develop a healthy meal plan to ensure you’re getting the vitamins and minerals your body needs to keep going! Living Meat Free After taking steps like these, you’ll be well on your way to living meat free (or meat limited). From that, less pollution will be spilled into water supplies and released into air, fewer animals will suffer through the behemoth that is industrial food processing, and your body will begin to operate more efficiently, leading to better health. Just remember – it doesn’t happen overnight and it will require real commitment out of you!

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Manga At The Royal Academy: The Making Of Manga Mania Between March 21 and June 7, 2009, The Royal Academy of Arts presents an exhibition on one of the greatest Japanese print artists, Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797-1861). Featuring over 150 works, the exhibition presents Kuniyoshi as a master of imaginative design, revealing the graphic power and beauty of his prints. The modern Japanese comic owes much to the masters of the Japanese woodblock print. In the article below, reprinted from the Spring Edition of the RA Magazine, I assesses its debt to the past. Additionally, on May 29, I will present an evening lecture at The Royal Academy titled Mangaisme - The New Japonisme? Comics As Cultural Heritage And Global Phenomenon, exploring the evolution of modern manga and its connections and contrasts with Japanese artistic traditions. It’s hard to believe how astonishingly modern Utagawa Kuniyoshi’s warrior print from circa 1848 looks to 21st-century Western eyes. The startling way in which the artist has riven its flat plane with five diagonal radiating shafts to symbolise the plunging trajectory of the sword and the sheer unleashed power of an exploding mine looks like a climactic full-page panel from a Japanese comic or manga. In fact, the common use by manga artists of such explosions or swathes of lines to represent their protagonists’ force or speed offers a fine example of how the lessons of Kuniyoshi and his contemporaries live on through Japan’s vibrant comics culture. Furthermore, as manga has spread internationally, its motifs, techniques and theories, much of them rooted in the ukiyo-e (pictures of the floating world) print form, are affecting the graphic novel movement worldwide and the reappraisal of manga in Japan itself. Utagawa Kuniyoshi’s warrior print (circa 1848) Officially at least, manga has been considered quintessentially Japanese. As part of the national art curriculum, since 2000 the Ministry of Culture and Education has issued junior high schools with an textbook including a three-page history of manga illustrated with an ancient scroll, a print and other examples to confirm the links between Japan’s graphic traditions and today’s manga, represented by Toriyama Akira’s Dragon Ball. While these connections are strong, to insist that there has been an exclusively Japanese unbroken continuity from past to present overlooks the considerable effects upon manga’s ongoing evolution of successive Western products. These began at the dawn of Meiji period in the 1880s when Japan became open to the outside world again. This resulted in the influx of satirical British Punch cartoons and early 20th-century arrival of American and British newspaper strips. For example, in 1923 came the earliest Japanese version of these strips to employ speech balloons, Shôchan no bôken (The Adventures of Shôchan). As Brigitte Koyama-Richard states in her richly-illustrated survey One Thousand Years Of Manga (Flammarion, 2008), for this critical innovation, its creator, Kabashima Kaksuichi, took inspiration from the British strip Pip, Squeak and Wilfred by Bertram Lamb and Austin Lamb which had begun in 1919 in the Daily Mirror. There is also no avoiding the impact of American comic books brought over by the G.I.‘s occupying the country after World War Two, nor the appreciation of Western innovators such as America’s Neal Adams or France’s Moebius. That said, ever since the Meiji period, the tides of artistic influences have ebbed and flowed almost constantly between Japan and the West and in both directions. Path Of The Assassin (Dark Horse) art by Kojima Goseki Through all this, Kuniyoshi’s prints have remained familiar in Japan, iconic and embedded in the national visual lexicon. Many mangaka seeking to make their historical stories authentic refer to his vivid portrayals of people and settings. They range from the late Sugiura Hinako’s subtle, meticulously researched tales of the Edo era to Lone Wolf and Cub, Koike Kazuo and Kojima Goseki’s warrior tragedy of over 8,000 pages. In Japan’s top-selling shonen (boys) weeklies, even the most populist and mainstream of current serials, such as Naruto or One Piece, will happily acknowledge these sources. In these pulpy newsprint pages, one can re-enter the world of yôkai, the monsters of Japanese folklore as visualised in woodblock prints, through another genre of manga pioneered by Mizuki Shigeru in his series Ge-ge-ge no Kitaro. One Piece colour title spread by Eiichiro Oda from a recent episode in Shonen Jump Similarly, Kuniyoshi’s playful ways of anthropomorphising real creatures relate clearly to the "funny animal" genre in comics. His print of octopuses in training, for example, is echoed in Takono Hatchan (Octopus Hatchan), created by Tagawa Suiho in 1931, in which the cartoonist gives an octopus clothes and shoes to fit in with human society. In one propaganda tale, he trains other octopuses to become naval officers. Takono Hatchan (Octopus Hatchan) by Tagawa Suiho In more recent manga hits starring comedy felines such as Fujiko F. Fujio’s robot cat Doraemon or Mikan Enikki (Mikan Picture Diary) by Miwa Abiko featuring a walking, talking ginger tomcat, there are also plenty of present-day equivalents to Kuniyoshi’s humanised cats dressed in the clothes of his era. More bizarre is the unlikely recent success Moyashimon (Tales of Agriculture), in which Masayuki Ishikawa has transformed bacteria into cute cartoonish characters. His configuration on a poster for the animated spin-off clearly recalls Kuniyoshi’s print of 53 Cats. A triptych by Kuniyoshi of cats Moyashimon (Tales of Agriculture) by Masayuki Ishikawa Outside Japan, it may be surprising to find Kuniyoshi’s sensitive faces of women resurfacing in one of the finest North American graphic novels of last year. Skim is the intimate diary of a troubled Canadian-Japanese high-school student crafted by two Canadian-Japanese cousins, Mariko and Jillian Tamaki. According to Jillian, the artist, she never intended her character to reflect Japanese prints, but, "It seems the ukiyo-e influence is deeper in my subconscious that I gave it credit for. What has always attracted me to Japanese art is the strong design underpinning it, the balance in the pictures. The best of ukiyo-e is perfectly composed, but not boring. In fact, I often find the compositions surprising, even amusing, in their counterpointing of broad strokes and thin strokes, white space and areas of high detail. There is an economy and clarity that I really admire." More than the quotations or appropriations of specific imagery, there are profound, underlying resonances between these prints and modern manga. To design her comics, the London-based mangaka Inko, pen-name of Ai Takita-Lucas, studies prints for the way their compositions advance a story through one scene without subdividing it into panels, directing the reader-viewer powerfully right-to-left across the image. In Inko’s view, "The beauty of asymmetry is much admired in Japanese artistic traditions, so ukiyo-e compositions create various ‘eye streams’ to avoid a symmetrical layout." Inko sees parallels here with kabuki theatre. "Two actors position themselves and move in an asymmetric way as they do their kata (special posing). First, one crouches down and pushes his arm or sword towards the other. Then the other actor, who has been ‘pushed’ and so receives an ‘eye stream’, pulls his arms back to make an asymmetric final pose. Kuniyoshi’s theatrical portraits depict this ‘power flow’ amazingly well and Japanese comics have a similar sense of asymmetrical beauty." This "eye stream" is the push-and-pull flow of action and reaction, which is central to the dynamics of reading a manga page. There are other evident graphic similarities between Japan’s woodblock prints and comics, such as their use of precise outlines, caricatured faces and unmodulated patterning of textiles and textures, which in manga are applied by rubbing down flat sheets of tonal effects or digitally by dropping in their computer counterpart. But more importantly, both media are cheap, mass-produced, visually-led entertainments, spotlighting characters and stories and enjoying huge popularity and print-runs. And niether genre has been highly regarded by cultural arbiters of their day. Ukiyo-e prints were so undervalued in Japan that they were used as wrapping paper for shipments of crockery. However, these throwaway exports captivated Europeans, leading to the mania for things Japanese known as Japonisme and having a profound effect on the development of European art and design. As Ukiyo-e prints went on to inform French Impressionism, Art Nouveau and Cubism, the Japanese establishment came to appreciate their country’s remarkable inspirational prints more fully. A century later, a similar fin-de-siècle transition seems to be underway. A wave of international acclaim and imitation of manga outside Japan, which might be classified as "Mangaisme", has heralded more serious acceptance in their homeland. So in 2006, the first manga museum was opened in Kyoto, while in 2007, the Japanese government created the International Manga Award to recognise non-Japanese creators. It was unveiled by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Aso Taro, a politician whose enthusiasm for comics has not prevented him from being elected Prime Minister. Also in 2007, The Embassy of Japan in London launched its own contest for British artists called Manga Jiman, meaning Manga Pride. All of this suggests a change in the official attitude towards manga as both a significant part of the nation’s heritage and creative future and a cool, positive ambassador for Japan around the world. As Aso Taro declared in 2007, "Manga is about everything - it knows absolutely no boundaries."Posted: March 22, 2009 An edited version of this article originally appeared in the Spring 2009 edition, No. 102, of the Royal Academy Magazine.

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Water Thermometer - Sick Science! Watch the temperature rise with this homemade thermometer Is it possible to make a thermometer out of water? Absolutely! The best part about our Water Thermometer experiment is that you have all the materials you need in your own home. That's right, you'll be measuring temperature with this amazing homemade tool in no time. - Glass bottle - Modeling clay - Food coloring - Container of hot water - Container of cold water - Heavy glove - Fill the glass bottle up to the bottom of its neck with cold water. - Add a few drops of food coloring to the water in the bottle. You pick the color! - Place a straw (make sure it's long enough) into the bottle. Pack clay around the straw and bottle neck. Make as tight of a seal as possible. - Now that you've made your thermometer, set the bottom of the bottle into the container of hot water. What happens to the water inside the bottle? - Make sure you are wearing a heavy glove and remove your water thermometer from the hot water. - Put the water thermometer into the container of cold water. What happens to the water inside the bottle this time? - Try experimenting with other water temperatures. How does it work? June 8th, 2011 Click the thumbnail below to see the video. nandini - September 27, 2012 i have never thought that theres a water therometer.by this i came to know so thanks a lot

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which eastern empire had an unusually successful frontier state on the border of the christian world ... The Byzantine Empire (or Byzantium) was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of ... which eastern empire had an unusually successful frontier state on the border of the christian worldNote: ... with the first Christian emperor of the eastern Roman empire ... giving the empire a period of splendor and power (867-1025). The eastern frontier was ... in the ancient world, had ... [www.answers.com/topic/byzantine-empire ]Auto answered|Score .6479Note: I'm sorry that that wasn't a good answer. Please hold on while I contact an expert. View and rate new answers There are no new answers.

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Greenest Park Initiative Centennial Goal: By 2016, Yellowstone National Park will reduce its fossil fuel consumption by 18%. Yellowstone uses 350,000 gallons of fuel a year, costing the Park Service $1.4 million. Through the Greenest Park Initiative, the Park will reduce its consumption of fuel by increasing the use of renewable fuels, expanding the use of hybrid vehicles, introducing high-efficiency tire technology, expanding an employee rideshare program, and incorporating employee protocols to minimize inter-Park travel. The Park has set ambitious goals to reduce the number of vehicles in its fleet and incorporate hybrid technology. To date, Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A. has donated eight hybrid vehicles to Yellowstone—including one of the very first hybrid Camry models manufactured in the United States—and one hybrid SUV to the Yellowstone Park Foundation. With the Yellowstone Park Foundation's support, Yellowstone will purchase additional hybrid vehicles to replace older vehicles. Yellowstone has more than 450 miles of road, and Park vehicles logged more than 3.75 million miles traveling on them in 2007. With the Yellowstone Park Foundation's support, the Park will install high-efficiency tires on all Park vehicles. Michelin North America and Alcoa Wheel Products have donated tires and wheels for heavy trucks. Using these high-efficiency tires creates almost 10% in fuel savings, more than eight metric tons of CO2 in gas emission savings, and 38 gallons of oil savings in the production of each tire, per year, per truck. Since 1998, the Park has provided a biodiesel-powered bus for Park employees that live 50 miles away in Livingston, Montana. On average, 40 Park and concessions staff participate in the program daily, collectively saving thousands of gallons of fuel a year and reducing pollution. With the Yellowstone Park Foundation's support, Yellowstone will explore the expansion of its rideshare program to additional routes. The program will also incorporate a car-sharing program for staff traveling to and from work, within the Park, or away from the Park on official business. With the Yellowstone Park Foundation's support, the Park will reduce the number of miles driven by staff through the use of a video-conferencing system that will be available Park-wide.

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Cacti and succulents, Perennials Small, rosette-forming succulents from South Africa. Many types produce offsets to form dense, spreading colonies. Fleshy leaves may be slender and rough textured or pillowlike and smooth; some have small white bumps or ridges. Tiny flowers are held on long, whip-like stems from spring to fall; these may be clipped off as they fade to keep plants tidy. Haworthias are well suited to containers, and their small size and tolerance of low humidity make them good houseplants. In pots or in the ground, provide sandy, fast-draining soil that is allowed to dry between waterings. Protect from frost and hot sun. Acclimate nursery plants to the garden gradually or leaves may sunburn. Numerousspecies and hybrids make these variable plants popular with collectors.Haworthia fasciata To 6 in. high. Rigid, dark green leaves up to 3 in. long are slender and triangular; each leaf is smooth on the inner surface and banded with raised white horizontal ridges on the outside. Give just enough sun to make outer leaves blush red-orange. Numerous kinds of large, cyclindrical cacti with prominent ribs and stout thorns. Many are native to t... Grown for striking form and flower clusters. All do well in dry, poor soil but need good drainage. All... Daisy relatives, typically with blue flowers; native to South Africa. Though more than 80 species are ...

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Morris's Disappearing Bag Author: Rosemary Wells Last updated Sunday, October 23, 2005 Illustrator: Rosemary Wells Date of Publication: 1999 Grade Level: Kindergarten (GLCs: Click here for grade level guidelines.) Date(s) Used: Dec. 2002 On Christmas morning, Morris's brother Victor gets a hockey outfit. Morris's sister Rose gets a beauty kit. Morris's other sister Betty gets a chemistry set. And Morris gets a teddy bear. His siblings all tell him he's too little to play with their gifts. Then Morris finds one last present under the tree and discovers just the diversion he needs to keep the others busy--while he enjoys their toys! Discussion topics: To be posted soon ... |Craft ideas: | Make Bunny ears and act out the story. Make finger puppets for each character. Make a bag, and put items into the bag to make them disappear. *Note: These craft ideas are just suggestions. You can use them, but you dont have to use them. You can expand upon them, or add your own twist. Remember, though, that the focus of your time should not be on the development and execution of a craft; the focus should be on the read-aloud and the enjoyment of the book!

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Geometrical Optics Study Guide This lesson introduces you to the concept of optics and the geometrical analysis of optical phenomena. We will study the concept of light rays, the laws of reflection, the laws of refraction, and the total internal reflection. The study of light encompasses many fields of physics, from mechanics to quantum mechanics and from classical to modern physics. Isaac Newton explained reflection and refraction phenomena based on particle motion, and Max Planck's particle theory explained radiation. On the other hand, the theories of electricity, magnetism, and waves explained light behavior as a wave, as Christian Huygens and James Maxwell did in their theories. A dual explanation of the properties and processes in which light is involved emerged through history. In this lesson, we will address the particle explanation of light. The geometrical analysis of light propagation assumes that light travels in a straight line through a medium and between two points. If the optical properties of the medium change, light changes the path of propagation. This is called geometrical optics and the propagation of light in a straight line is called ray approximation. Reflection of Light At the boundary between two media, the light ray will change its direction of propagation depending on the properties of the second medium and on the relative position of the light with respect to the surface of the interface. The light propagating from a source toward a smooth surface will bounce from the surface and return to the medium that contains the source. This phenomenon is called reflection of light, the incoming light ray is called the incident ray, and the returning light ray is called the reflected ray. A diagram of the propagation of light at the interface between two media also defines the important angles we will use to set the laws of reflection: the incident and reflection angles. Both angles are defined relative to the perpendicular to the interface called the normal. The two media are shown differently in Figure 18.1 to enhance the surface of separation where reflection occurs. Experimental work shows that reflection is governed by the following laws: - The incident, reflected ray, and the normal are in the same plane. - The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal: θi = θr If several rays of light are parallel and are traveling toward a smooth surface, after reflection, they will be once again propagating in parallel directions, as in Figure 18.2. This is called specular reflection and the reason is that each of the beams will reflect from the same plane surface. If the surface is not smooth, the outgoing set of rays will no longer be parallel because the roughness of the surface means that different rays have different incident and respective reflection angles. This is called a diffuse reflection, and the way light is reflected at different angles from the rough surface is shown in Figure 18.3. The rays represented by thicker lines represent the reflected rays and one can see that their direction is dictated by the normal to the surface, which differs between the three cases (the normal is perpendicular on the tangent to the curve at a certain position) . Add your own comment Today on Education.com SUMMER LEARNINGJune Workbooks Are Here! TECHNOLOGYAre Cell Phones Dangerous for Kids? Local SAT & ACT Classes - Kindergarten Sight Words List - The Five Warning Signs of Asperger's Syndrome - First Grade Sight Words List - Graduation Inspiration: Top 10 Graduation Quotes - 10 Fun Activities for Children with Autism - What Makes a School Effective? - Child Development Theories - Should Your Child Be Held Back a Grade? Know Your Rights - Why is Play Important? Social and Emotional Development, Physical Development, Creative Development - Smart Parenting During and After Divorce: Introducing Your Child to Your New Partner

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There are few people who look to swamps as great places for island hopping. However, you can do just that within the 22,000 acre Otter Creek swamp complex in western Vermont. Local topography creates small islands of rich organic soils which peak above their marshy surroundings. These islands have both archaeological and ecology significance and provide solid footing for a suite of species. The Conservancy recently acquired a significant portion of one of these islands with the purchase of 178 acres in Cornwall, VT. Bond Island is a clay knoll that houses good examples of two of the eleven known natural community types in the swamp. The more common Red Maple-Northern White Cedar swamp is home to an array of animal species that traverse its moss-covered hummocks and hollows. In the winter, it provide important protection and food for white-tailed deer and plenty of hollows for snowshoe hare to hide. In the spring, when the swamp floods with water and teams with insects, migratory songbirds flitter through its canopies and amphibians submerse themselves in its pools. Bond Island neighbor, Steve Pratt, is happy to see the area protected. “I’ve been walking in Cornwall Swamp for about 50 years,” he said. “I always knew it was a unique place, a unique forest.” The unique property is also home to important swamp rarities. A Red Maple-White Pine-Huckleberry Swamp, one of only 3 known sites in the state, covers part of the island. Additionally, the property contains two state threatened plants, the cuckoo flower and nodding trillium, and a maternity roost sites for the federally endangered Indiana Bat. The protection of additional breeding sites for the Indiana bat could not come at a more critical time. In the winter of 2007, biologists in the northeast noticed a mysterious and unknown disease they called “white nose syndrome”. The name arises from the appearance of a white fungal infection on the muzzles of infected bats but the direct impacts of the disease are much more severe. Infected bats leave their hibernating caves too early, sometimes when there is still thick snowfall, only to find no insects for them to feed upon. This bizarre disease has caused high rates of mortality in bat colonies, including some Vermont’s own hibernating dens. Protecting breeding grounds, especially ones with a healthy source of mosquitoes and insects for the bats to feed upon, is a key action for continued bat conservation. Visit other conserved lands in Otter Creek.

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Bipolar Disorder in Children and Teens Medicines for bipolar disorder in adults have been well studied. But not much research has been completed about how well the medicines work and if they are safe for children and teens. When you and your child's doctor are deciding which types of medicines to use, consider: - The side effects of each medicine and how well your child can tolerate them. - How often your child will need to take the medicines. - Whether your child is being treated for other illnesses or disorders and how those medicines will interact with medicines for bipolar disorder. - Whether your child has used any of the medicines before and whether they worked. Before prescribing medicine to treat bipolar disorder, your doctor will Reference ask questions about possible suicidal behavior. Be sure to use all medicines exactly as your child's doctor has prescribed them. If your child has intolerable side effects from any medicine, call your doctor immediately. Medicines most often used to treat bipolar disorder in children and teens include: Reference Mood stabilizers, such as: - Lithium (for example, Eskalith or Lithobid). - Divalproex (Depakote). - Carbamazepine (for example, Tegretol). - Lamotrigine (Lamictal). - Reference Valproate (Depacon). Reference Antipsychotics, such as: - Quetiapine (Seroquel). - Risperidone (Risperdal). - Aripiprazole (Abilify). - Antidepressants such as Reference selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), like fluoxetine (Prozac, for example). While antidepressants can be helpful for some children with bipolar disorder, they can also trigger Reference mania Opens New Window. Doctors usually prescribe antidepressants along with mood stabilizers or antipsychotics to help prevent a manic episode. And the doctor needs to carefully monitor the child for mood changes. Antipsychotics can be used alone, or they may be combined with mood stabilizers for more effective control of manic episodes. Medicines for bipolar disorder have side effects that need to be managed. Some things you cannot change, such as increased urination (common with lithium). But you can deal with some side effects like weight gain (common with several medicines used to treat bipolar disorder) by increasing exercise and reducing calorie intake. You can work with your child and his or her doctor to find ways of coping with side effects. If side effects from a medicine are intolerable, the doctor may have to change the dose or the medicine. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Reference advisory on antidepressant medicines and the risk of suicide. Talk to your doctor about possible side effects and the Reference warning signs of suicide. |By:||Reference Healthwise Staff||Last Revised: Reference April 16, 2012| |Medical Review:||Reference John Pope, MD - Pediatrics Reference David A. Axelson, MD - Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

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Dan Lynch sent along a link to a very interesting web site created by Ben Edwards: Teach History. The blog proclaims, "Teach History is a blog dedicated to educators of Colonial American history. We provide information about resources, products and multisensory learning methods that can help you inspire your students." The latest articles include: Learn How Teachers Are Using Twitter Exclusive Access to Children’s Book MP3 Audio New Product: Paul Revere in Primary Sources Behind the Scenes Tours at Old North Church The site has a strong emphasis on the history of Boston at the pre-revolutionary period. However, there are other articles that will interest history teachers everywhere, such as the article on Learn How Teachers Are Using Twitter. Check it out at http://teachhistory.com.

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Are you ‘information literate’? See how librarians define the term and challenges – and post your own definition. The term “information literacy” was first penned in a 1974 report by Paul G Zurkowski for the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. He used it to define “the techniques and skills for utilizing the wide range of information tools as well as primary sources in moulding information solutions to their problems.” How do you define information literacy? We invite you to leave your ideas and definitions in the comment section. Zurkowski also had a term to define the people who applied these skills to their work: the “information literate.” Over the last four decades, trouser legs and shirt collars have narrowed, and the meaning of “information literacy” has evolved with the advent of the internet and the speed at which information is delivered. Today, information literacy is at the top of the pyramid of other forms of literacy: traditional literacy, computer literary, digital literacy, library skills, and critical thinking skills according to librarians interviewed by Elsevier. In 2009, on the prompting of the National Forum on Literacy, President Barack Obama proclaimed October National Information Literacy Month. This year, my colleagues and I at Elsevier asked 150 librarians in our online advice community Innovation Explorers to define the term “information literacy.” With their permission, we are posting a few of their responses here: What is information literacy? “Information Literacy is a skill set that allows for fluency with information in our diverse large world,” explained Beth Schuck, Associate University Librarian at Northern Arizona University’s Cline Library. “Many factors influence this including experience with various types of information; location as different cultures use and re-use information in different ways; type of information need also affects Information Literacy skills. “Being able to locate and appropriately use information according to the individual’s needs is my notion of Information Literacy,” she concludes. In the words of Stephen Marvin, a Librarian at West Chester University in Pennsylvania, USA, the term now encompasses “reading, understanding, progression, building, assessment, reach, accomplishment, implementation, achievement, knowledge, communication, evaluating, collaborating.” Satish Munnolli, a librarian at the Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer in Mumbai, India, defines it in terms of how many librarians see their role: “Educating others on how to identify and use the online sources for the authentic and appropriate information in the flood of information.” Challenges of imparting literacy As the definition continues to evolve with technology, ensuring library patrons are information literate has its own challenges. Although there are information literacy programs in place at some universities, many others face barriers that limit the level of information literacy available. Challenges identified by librarians in Innovation Explorers ranged from the lack of faculty understanding of the concept, limited time in the curriculum to implement and promote a strategy, and the shortage of qualified information literacy instructors at a university. “The biggest problem is that people feel they can find everything on Google and don’t search elsewhere, missing a lot of important information,” said Mark Puterbaugh, an Information Services Librarian at Eastern University in Pennsylvania.Realistically, using just one search engine or database for research doesn’t make you information literate. The majority of today’s students are adept at using iPhones, tablets, smart phones and laptops or juggling several social media networks sites to find information, but are they as proficient at finding and using a campus’s resources? Mary Heinzman, Executive Director of Information Resources at St. Ambrose University in Iowa, USA, summed up the issue by writing: “Information literacy is realizing the need for information and (having) the ability to find, critically evaluate, and appropriately and ethically use information of all kinds in all formats.” Getting library patrons to recognize their need for literacy training is just the first step. And the more we agree on definitions and benefits, the closer we are to developing a fully literate population. So while October may be Information Literacy Month, information literacy needs to be applied daily. Elizabeth Zwaaf is a Marketing Communications Specialist at Elsevier. In this role she helps to promote the work of the Innovation Explorers community to a wider audience at Elsevier and in the research community. She is currently heading up an internal campaign that focuses on where Elsevier gets customer feedback and how it’s used.

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First Green Roofs Ecology Research Center in Israel Israel’s first Green Roofs Ecology research center has been dedicated at the University of Haifa. The center will focus on research and development of non-irrigated green roofs that are suitable for Middle Eastern climates. The University of Haifa’s research center for Green Roofs Ecology will strive to improve biological diversity with green roofs and developing ecological and evolutionary theories. The center has been established thanks to a generous gift from a British expert in the field, and was facilitated by VP for External Relations and Resource Development Amos Gaver. Awareness of the “green roofs” gardening method on building roofs has increased in the past few years. The green roofing system enhances a building’s energy efficiency while minimizing environmental damage. The rooftop vegetation creates better insulation for the buildings, which lowers air conditioning and/or heating consumption, and improves photosynthesis in the city. The new center, headed by Prof. Leon Blaustein of the University’s Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, will be examining the field in the Israeli context: Will it be possible to assemble green roofs in the Israeli climate without artificial irrigation? Will Israeli flora be reliable to serve for green roofs? Do green roofs increase the biological diversity of insets and plants? Research at the center will also examine the utilization of greywater irrigation for the roofs, whether a building’s height affects insect attraction to a green roof, and if drainage from green roofs might cause more environmental damage than good. One of the University of Haifa’s roofs has already been transformed into a green research laboratory with 48 different plant beds. Its first research project is focusing on the preferred types of plants and how the different plants attract insects and birds. The center’s team has already begun seeking out additional roofs around the campus that would be suitable for use as green roofs.

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BUKU INI DI TULIS PADA TAHUN 1869 OLEH SEORANG MUBALIGH AMERIKA YANG MERANCANG DAKWAH KRISTIAN DI MALAYSIA “THE MALAYSIA MISSION OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH” By : The Rev. JOHN RUSSELL DENYES MISSIONARY, SINGAPORE MALAYSIA, 1869 Saya memetik tulisan yang di buat pengarang bagi makluman semua tentang bagaimana kristian berdakawah di Malaysia. Buku ini telah di tulis 140 tahun dahulu dan sangat menarik untuk tatapan kita semua. Malaysia merangkumi Indonesia, Semenanjung, Borneo dan Filipina Dalam tulisannya Rev John Russell menyifatkan seluruh kepualaun Melayu ini sebagai Malaysia. Ini membawa erti bahawa semua kepualaun ini adalah merupakan satu negara sebelum dipecah-pecahkan oleh barat. “Malaysia, the home of the Malay, or brown man, to the southeast of Asia, between Indo-China and Austraha. It includes the Malay Peninsula and the larger half of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. The Land group are Sumatra, a country as large as the States of Areas Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas; Java, of the size of New York State; Celebes, the territorial equal of all New England; Borneo, nearly four times as large as Illinois; and all the hundreds of lesser islands and islets which appear so insignificant upon the map, but which are in reality countries capable of supporting a large population. The Philippine Islands are properly a part of Malaysia, but as they are treated in a separate booklet they will not be discussed further in this one. The land area embraced within the bounds of Malaysia amounts to seven hundred thousand square miles, a territory equal to one fifth of the area of the United States. Much of the country is mountainous. In Sumatra and Java and in many of the smaller islands there are active volcanoes, and these countries are subject to frequent and violent earthquakes. The climate is hot and moist. The Climate thermometer stands at about ninety degrees in the shade the year around.” Agama orang Melayu ketika itu “Speaking generally, the Malays are Mohammedans. Before the introduction of Mohammedanism, Brahmanism, Sivaism, and Buddliism prevailed largely throughout Sumatra and Java. This is shown by the numerous ruins of old temples, scattered all over these Mohammedans islands. Even now Islam does not mean here what it does in Arabia and Turkey. The Malay has adopted the creed of Mohammed, but this has “only increased the number of supersensual beings to whom he prays.” Bila Dakwah Kristian Bermula ? “Mission work has been carried on among the people of the Dutch possessions in Malaysia since 1603. The results have not been very gratifying, owing partly to the methods adopted and partly to the opposition of the government to the use of aggressive measures in evangelization. Dr. Callenbach, a Dutch authority, says that in 1900 there were ” some 41 European clergymen and evangelists, aided by 355 ordained natives, native preachers and teachers, working among 234,073 natives of the undenominational Protestant Church of the East Indies.” Penumpuan Kristian Kepada Pelajar2 Sekolah “The people are content with their own way of living, and resent any interference on the part of a foreigner. But let a boy or a girl become a pupil in one of the mission schools,and the whole situation is at once altered. Interest in a child gives free access to the home and frequently to the hearts of the parents. The objects of these schools are to educate the children of native Christians, to open the homes of the people to the missionaries, to remove the prejudices of the people against Christianity, and to open the eyes of the younger. Their aims generation to the moral and spiritual possibilities to be found nowhere but in the Gospel. To this end chapel services are held daily. The children are taught to sing Christian songs, and are instructed in the fundamental truths of religion. Vohintarv Bible classes are conducted, at which a good percentage of the students are in attendance. Lessons are explained from the Christian viewpoint,and five days every week the pupils are under the influence of earnest Christian teachers.” Hasil Dakwah kepada pelajar “At the close of 1903 there were in Malaysia, apart from the Philippines, 26 schools, with 112 teachers and an enrollment of 3,270 pupils. The Sunday schools numbered 4G, with 102 teachers and 1,757 scholars.There were 12 foreign missionaries, 8 assistant missionaries,8 representatives of the Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society,57 local preachers, and 1,467 church members and probationers. The Epworth League has begun its work among the youth, showing its worth here as in other mission fields. But these figures do not tell the whole story of missionary effort. Thousands of Bibles, tracts. Scripture-text pictures, and religious periodicals have been placed in non-Christian homes. Several thousand young men and young women have come under the influence of our mission schools,and while they are not as yet Christians, they have lost faith in idolatry. A Christian sentiment has begun to pervade public thought, and on every hand are indications that the field is white already to the harvest.” Cara Mubaligh berdakwah di kampung2 “The opening of a new station in a village or a neighborhood is Reaching usually preceded by street preaching. A missionary,the Natives with a native helper or two, finds his way into av illage, selects a convenient street corner, and begins to sing. The unusual noise attracts a crowd. The missionary mounts a doorstep or box, and explains the nature of his message and calls upon his helpers to testify to the poAver of the Gospel. Portions of the Bible,tracts, and Christian calendars are offered for sale. Sometimes these visits are made at night, and magic lantern pictures are thrown upon a screen while the missionary tells the stories of the Bible. Sooner or later some man will be found who is ready to offer the use of a room in his home for a small rental or free for the services. As soon as the prejudice has disappeared sufficiently for the people to sit quietly and listen the crowd is divided into smaller groups, w^here more direct and personal work can be done. This is the beginning of the Sunday school. As converts begin to come in, a rudimentary church organization” Penumpuan kepada China dan India Kekuatan orang2 Melayu memegang islam menyebabkan mereka menumpu kepada Cina dan India. “Up to the present time the difficulty of reaching the bigoted and fanatical Mohammedan Malays has led to the concentration of efforts upon the Chinese and the Tamils, as they represent the way of least resistance. There is good reason to believe, however, that aggressive work among the more primitive peoples of the jungles would soon yield a large harvest.” “The first difficulty to be met in solving the problem is that of language. Malaysia is the meeting place of all languages and dialects. More than fifty languages, to say nothing of the minor dialects, are spoken on the streets of Singapore. The presiding elder of the Singapore District Speech holds Quarterly Conferences in seven distinct languages. When the various native workers are gathered together in Di.strict or Annual Conference the question of secretaries and interpreters becomes a serious one. The language of commerce is Malay, but although the people of every land soon pick up enough of this language to transact ordinary business, very few of them ever learn enough of it to receive rehgious instruction in it. There is no other way but to seek each group in its ownl tongue. This means that every missionary who survives long enough must learn from one to five languages.” Pergerakan Kristian di Pulau Pinang “The records of the same 5′ear begin the stor}’ of another mission that has proved more successful. At the Annual Meeting it was decided to open work in Penang, on the westcoast of the peninsula. Penang is the second city in the Straits Settlements, and has a population of about one hundred and twenty-five thousand people, most of them being Chinese or Tamils. “The island of Penang was acquired by the English government by cession from a native prince in 1785 for the small annual payment of $6,000. It is two miles from the mainland, and is twelve miles long and nine wide. Later a small strip was taken possession of on the opposite coast to arrest the Malay piracy of that part of the high seas. This strip is known as Province Wellesley, and was purchased for an annuity of $2,000.”

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You can use the power of television to help teach early and emergent literacy skills, and Wisconsin PBS Kids can help! This workshop is designed to help you help preschoolers extend their school readiness math skills, and features content from Sid the Science Kid, Sesame Street, and other Wisconsin PBS Kids programs. This one-hour workshop offers ways to help children manage anger and learn self-control. Created by the producers of Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood. Using tips and segments from your favorite Wisconsin PBS Kids programs, help kids become more selective and active television viewers by creating a "learning triangle,” combining active viewing with reading and activities addressing a common them What is the Use this simple three-step process at home or in an educational setting. Use the magic of Wisconsin PBS Kids to spark your child's sense of curiosity and love of learning. Transform educational ideas into concrete, hands-on experiences for children. Make connections between what you view and what you read.

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Is what we think of as economics guided by fundamentally wrong principles? That’s the starting hypothesis for John Michael Greer in The Wealth of Nature. He goes back to Adam Smith’s original text, Wealth of Nations, to unearth popular assumptions based on the free market love of the times. The Scottish clergyman proposed that customs could be shed in favor of unregulated commerce, free of governments. Feedback loops of supply and demand would distribute necessary goods and production. Yet from the history of economics, we see how tribal chieftains maintained power by lavishing gifts upon the tribe, particularly in the custom of sharing big game hunts. This was a method of avoiding the bubble and bust cycle that results from the concentration of wealth in too few hands. Ignoring economic history in favor of brilliant calculations turns out to be profitable business in the short term. Experiments showing how innovations in finance produce ideas for which individuals and businesses will pay good money, while advice that doesn’t promise pie-in-the-sky wealth---or even carries warnings---is rarely a way to collect bonus paychecks. The housing bubble in recent years is an example of past experience warning of an eventual loss of equilibrium, When the ideas go bust, however, as Greer observes, no one has money for an economist! The profit of predicting profit is one fundamental problem Greer sites. The mentality since 1973 that has led to the gradual decline in median salaries for workers---while derivatives and debt-selling have created wealth that doesn’t depend on any useful goods or services have concentrated wealth in greater percentages into fewer hands. Basic assumptions about the unlimited supply of energy and materials from the earth itself have delayed alternative fuel development, the inevitable ends while we rely overmuch on tapping petroleum resources as our means. He likens the need to re-think economics as similar to the Copernican revolution: formulae that can be tweaked to serve a basic theory are not always supported by natural observation. The numerous variables cannot be controlled in the real world the way they can be in experiments, nor can people be counted on to follow predictions to make the most logical, self-preserving choices in the free market. As an alternative to Smith’s school of thought, and the underlying assumptions made by modern economics (which Greer classifies as “neo-classical”), he presents the work of Ernst Schumacher. In the introduction to Wealth, Greer presents four suppositions. 1. Distinction between primary and secondary goods. Conventional, people-made goods and services figure into conventional economics, but primary goods are raw materials from Nature. They prefigure production of any kind. Burning through non-renewable resources like they are unlimited capital will lead to the same problem as writing checks without regard to the balance! It’s silly to call any economy successful when it’s backing its productivity into a future corner, because some problems, we can’t buy our way out of. 2. Energy is the gateway resource; even abundant resources in the secondary goods process will just sit there without energy. 3. The cost per worker of establishing a workplace should figure in; replacing human beings with technology is not always good for the economy. For this reason, development schemes in countries new to industrialization work best with local human minds and hands focused on local needs provides the best employment scenario. 4. Fundamental questions about what exists and what is its value cannot be replaced by equations and mathematical models, disconnected from real world situations. This book doesn’t rely over much on equations, nor was it composed by a Nobel laureate in economics; at the same time, Adam Smith was not a trained economist, himself, when he wrote Wealth of Nations, a book that doesn’t rely on tables and calculations for its observations. More than one of those laureates has served on the board of companies like Long Term Capital Management, which crashed in 1998. Schumacher’s real world qualifications in managing projects for developing countries are detailed here to establish the basis for his own observations. The book digs further into the failure of modern economics and examines some of the terminology and constructions which are the foundation of finance. Questions about energy and the future complete his analysis, which we’ll revisit soon.

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Submitted by Dyske • December 12, 2002 What does “and of” add to this phrase? That is, what is the difference between: “I agree. Islam isn’t evil in and of itself.” “I agree. Islam isn’t evil in itself.” January 2, 2003, 10:46am Looks like there's no difference: • URL to this comment • Report Abuse March 17, 2003, 10:52pm There's a functional difference. "In itself" is a more ambiguous construction, and will occasionally get you into trouble where "in and of itself" won't. "In" gets used so many ways, in so many different combinations, that if you don't clarify its function by using the "in and of" construction, it can erroneously appear to be teamed up with the wrong word: "The fish the dog brought in itself wasn't the problem." March 18, 2003, 4:05am It's a slight archaism. I think, but "of itself" is different from "in itself", meaning "of its own volition". So "in and of itself" would mean something like "inherently and deliberately". April 10, 2003, 2:18pm Perhaps it means that it isn't evil, whether observed from within or without. I see an internal vs. external reference in "in and of". April 10, 2003, 9:47pm It's an expensive book ($35 to $40 US), but _The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms_ would be a very useful book for those learning English as a second language. Other less expensive books are available, too. I've been supportive of what Teresa Nielsen Hayde writes, but her example this time wasn't that helpful to me. For the distinction to be made by example, I need to substitute "in and of" for "in" and then be able to see that one version is clearer than the other. I can't do that with her example. If I change it to "The fish the dog brought in and of itself wasn't the problem," I'm pretty much stuck with my original problem with understanding the sentence. That problem is caused, at least partially, by having "in itself" or "in and of itself" so far removed from "fish." "In and of itself, the fish the dog brought in wasn't the problem." "In itself, the fish the dog brought in wasn't the problem." The sentence just doesn't work the other way. "The fish the dog brought in wasn't the problem" also works, but has a slightly different meaning. Some difficulty may also stem from being able to say either "dog brought" or "dog brought in." I'd opt for "dog brought in"--not dissimilar to the saying, "Look what the cat dragged in." If I refer to the "fish the dog brought," it almost sounds to me as if the dog bought and then brought a gift to a party's hostess. If I refer to the "fish the dog brought in," there's more a sense of finding the fish and bringing it in, something much more likely for a dog to do. What WAS the problem? It was either the smell or the fish guts falling on the floor. (Alternatively: It was either the smell or the fish's guts falling on the floor.) August 24, 2003, 5:00am The phrase "in and of itself" has become so cliched, I think it should be avoided. To me, "in itself" sounds much better. August 25, 2003, 1:42pm Erle... all that stuff about fish and dogs only serves to confuse the issue. :-)The question was, in my opinion, clearly answered by John Peacock below. To that I'd also like to add that the prevalence of this phrase is likely due to the fact that those using it do so in the (mistaken) belief that it has more gravitas than simply saying "in itself". August 21, 2006, 12:35pm "in and of itself" is an Americanism for "itself":The fish itself wasn't the problem; The fish the dog brought in wasn't itself the problem; (and there are probably other constructions). The problem itself is that to British ears, "in and of" doesn't add any value whatsoever. We normally are content with "itself" itself, or when we really need a preposition, "in itself". • URL to this comment • Report Abuse Justin K (unregistered) October 5, 2006, 1:36pm "The fish THAT the dog brought in wasn't, itself, the problem. Rather, it was the ensuing debate about pompous grammatical constructions that proved confounding." October 5, 2006, 10:16pm I hate to beat a dead horse, but here're my two cents: "in and of" is superfluous. Itself as used here is an intensive pronoun, so further emphasis shouldn't be necessary. January 30, 2009, 5:32pm Actually, I find it funny that I stumbled across this blog by Googling (is that a good term to use either??) the term "per say" or "per-say" and the Urban Dictionary website said it means "in-and-of-itself" and "in and of itself". Now I'm really confused on which one to use because I don't like either one of them, per say?? There's some word fun for you if anyone else stumbles in here. October 7, 2011, 9:42am Funny that "per say" led you to this, as it is also an incorrect (Americanized) spelling for this Latin expression, which actually means "by itself" and should be spelled "per se".http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_se Ironically, English is not my first language, but I regularly find myself correcting English natives's writing. Now I know why I had to suffer learning Latin languages for endless hours... ©2001-2013 CYCLE Interactive, LLC. All Rights Reserved. • RSS Posts •

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[ back ] Ferocious felines at the fair If you visit to the Ohio State Fair, where the Marcan Tiger Show will be presented three times daily through Aug. 12, you might catch the cats involved in a favorite hobby: napping. Messenger photos by John Matuszak Tosheeba, one of the stars of the Marcan Tiger Show at the Ohio State Fair, looks like a big house cat playing with her favorite ball. But she shows off her strength by carrying a bowling ball in her mouth. Dr. Josip Marcan exhibits his animals and talks about the need to preserve this highly endangered species at 1, 3 and 7 p.m. daily. But their owner, Dr. Josip Marcan, is alert to the threat tigers face, and he wants to wake up his audiences to the need to preserve these magnificent animals. In the wild, “they are doomed to extinction, unfortunately,” declared Marcan, who has worked with tigers and other big cats for 50 years. Three sub-species are already gone. The Bengals are the most numerous, but there are 1,500 or fewer of those outside of captivity, according to Marcan. The reason for the decline: humans. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were three billion people and 100,000 tigers on the planet, he pointed out. At the dawn of the 21st century, there were six billion people and 1,500 tigers. Their habitats in places such as India have been overtaken by a need for more houses and farm land, and many are hunted for hides and the supposed medicinal value of bones and teeth. Having such a small number squeezed into tiny boundaries is not the ideal breeding environment, offered Marcan, who received veterinary training at the Frankfurt Zoo in Germany. “That will kill them quicker than poachers,” he said of the resultant in-breeding. This situation led Marcan to establish his own 80-acre tiger preserve in Ponce de Leon, Fla., and to launch his traveling show to educate the public and raise funds for the breeding effort that provides tigers to zoos across the country. His cats make five or six fair appearances a year. This is Marcan’s second visit to the Ohio State Fair, having brought his exhibit to Columbus in 1999. It’s not a circus act, Marcan insisted. Instead, it highlights the bond between tigers and humans and brings out the animals’ natural behavior through positive reinforcement, not punishment. Each of the tigers has a different personality, “just like people,” Marcan said. “Some are vicious and some are gentle.” They may loll around like house cats at times, but they also demonstrate their tremendous strength. A favorite toy is a bowling ball, which Tosheeba picks up in her mouth and carries around as if it were made of foam rubber. The male Bengal can weigh up to 500 lbs., and the females are around 300 lbs. Bengals are unique in being the only sub-species that has different colored coats, from vivid oranges to almost total white. Marcan said he has been lucky to have never been seriously injured by a tiger. “I’m very good at reading them. I can tell what kind of mood they’re in, what they’re thinking,” he explained. His affinity for animals began at a young age in his native Croatia, where people brought him dogs and horses to train. He sharpened his skills at the Frankfurt Zoo, eventually becoming assistant director. He became known as an expert on the big cats, earning him appearances on the “Ed Sullivan Show.” He settled in the United States in the late 1960s and established his breeding program. “You have to breed responsibly,” he said. One zoo in Washington wanted a Bengal cub, but had to wait for a year and a half until the time was right, Marcan recalled. He believes that preserves such as his are the last hope for the tigers, and that the call of animal rights activists for keeping the animals in the ever-shrinking wild is “unrealistic.” “Where is the wild? I want them to show me,” he challenged. His ultimate hope is that the species can be saved until a time when they can be returned to the wild. In the meantime, if people are going to see a live tiger in 50 years, “it will be up to us to keep them alive in captivity,” Marcan said. The Marcan Tiger Show will be presented daily at 1, 3 and 7 p.m. in the arena on the north side of the Celeste Center. Information on Marcan’s program is at www.marcantigers.org. Information about additional fair programs is at www.ohiostatefair.com. [ back ]

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- modern (adj.) - c.1500, "now existing;" 1580s, "of or pertaining to present or recent times;" from Middle French moderne (15c.) and directly from Late Latin modernus "modern" (Priscian, Cassiodorus), from Latin modo "just now, in a (certain) manner," from modo (adv.) "to the measure," ablative of modus "manner, measure" (see mode (n.1)). Extended form modern-day attested from 1909. In Shakespeare, often with a sense of "every-day, ordinary, commonplace." Slang abbreviation mod first attested 1960. Modern art is from 1807 (by contrast to ancient); modern dance first attested 1912; first record of modern jazz is from 1954. Modern conveniences first recorded 1926. - modern (n.) - 1580s, "person of the present time" (contrasted to ancient, from modern (adj.). From 1897 as "one who is up to date."

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Last week the American Cancer Society published Yale University research findings that dental patients who received frequent dental X-rays a generation ago, are at greater risk for developing meningioma, a non-cancerous brain tumor. The Yale study involved more than 1,400 dental patients from around the U.S. who were diagnosed with the non-cancerous tumor. The study also tracked a similar group of dental patients who did not have a meningioma. What the Yale researchers discovered is that patients with meningioma were twice as likely to have had dental X-ray exams where they bit down on a tab of X-ray film at least once a year when they were children. An even greater link was discovered between meningioma and the single X-ray outside of the mouth. Dental patients who had the panorex dental exam when they were younger than 10-years-old had almost five times greater the risk for meningioma. Since the research publication dentists have found themselves on the defensive regarding dental X-rays. The American Dental Association released a statement on the study asserting the following, “The ADA has reviewed the study and notes that the results rely on the individuals’ memories of having dental X-rays taken years earlier. Studies have shown that the ability to recall information is often imperfect. Therefore, the results of studies that use this design can be unreliable because they are affected by what scientists call ‘recall bias.’” In the ADA statement, Dr. Alan G. Lurie, a radiation biologist and head of radiology at the University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, voiced concerns about the study’s design and outcomes. “I think it’s a very flawed study,” said Dr. Lurie, who is also president of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. He characterized at least one outcome of the study—reflected in a table that related meningioma risk to types of dental X-ray examination—as “biologically impossible.” Said Dr. Lurie, “They have a table, Table 2, in which they ask the question, `Ever had a bitewing,’ and the odds ratio risk from a bitewing ranges from 1.2 to 2.0, depending on the age group. Then they asked ‘Ever had full mouth’ series, and the odds ratio risk from a full mouth series ranged from 1.0 to 1.2. “That’s biologically not possible because the full mouth series has two to four bitewings plus another 10 to 16 periapicals. A full mouth series, just to round things off, is 20 intraoral X-rays of which two to four are bitewings. They are showing that one bitewing has 50 to 100 percent greater risk than a full mouth series that has multiple bitewings plus a bunch of other films. That’s biologically not possible.” Explaining this gross internal discrepancy is difficult, as the epidemiologic and statistical methods are widely accepted, Dr. Lurie said. He attributes the perceived discrepancy in the data to possible recall bias in the patients involved in the study. “Epidemiologists are very aware of this bias,” Dr. Lurie said. “What happens is you’re asking people to remember what kind of dental X-rays they had 10, 20, 30 or 40 years ago. It’s anecdotal, and the argument is that it’s just as anecdotal for the group without meningiomas as it is for the group with meningiomas. That is not necessarily true.” In this week’s survey, The Wealthy Dentist asked dentists if the news reports will change how their dental practice uses X-rays. We are curious what dentists think about the study and if any patients are calling dental practices questioning X-rays. To take part in the survey, click here, or leave us a comment and tell us your thoughts on dental X-rays and this study. For more on this study see: ADA Releases Statement on Dental X-rays Study

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There has been an ongoing struggle with the Washington Department of Ecology over rainwater harvesting, and it has finally been resolved – for now. It is in jeopardy, depending on actions taken by the US Congress. The State of Washington has jurisdiction over “all waters above, upon, or beneath the surface of the earth, located within the state and over which the state has sole or concurrent jurisdiction.” (RCW 43.27A.020). That includes rainfall. There have been tussles in the legislature on a recurring basis over rainwater collection, with occasional threats to start regulating rain barrels under home downspouts and blocked efforts to fully implement sustainable design practices. DOE Policy 1017 “Water Resources Program Policy Regarding Collection of Rainwater for Beneficial Use,” effective October 9, 2009, formalizes what common sense has told us all along. Collecting rainwater falling on roofs and putting it to beneficial use before it continues on its way as storm water is good stewardship. In some areas of the state (e.g. the San Juan Islands), there may be no other source of fresh water. Capturing rainwater for use on site is a key component of sustainable building design. Conserving water is a good thing everywhere in Washington. Now the other Washington is quietly pushing a bill drastically impacting both urban sustainable design and rural economic sustainability. Senate Bill 787 Clean Water Restoration Act is intended to address perceived shortcomings of the Clean Water Act of 1977. In a 2005 US Supreme Court ruling (Rapanos v. United States), the Army Corps of Engineers regulatory authority under the Clean Water Act was confirmed as applying only to “navigable waters,” as stated in the Act. “Navigable waters” are those connected to interstate commerce as defined under the Commerce clause of the Constitution. The definition has been tortuously interpreted to apply to the smallest of tributary streams as long as it could carry a canoe, but at least giving the Act a Constitutional veneer. In the Rapanos case, the Corps attempted to extend their authority to a prairie pothole in the middle of a cornfield, clearly not navigable, by claiming broad authority over “all waters of the United States” and ignoring the explicitly limited definition carried within the Act. S.787, if passed in its current form, would bend to the wishes of the Army Corps of Engineers and change the definition from “navigable waters” to “all waters,” with a lengthy definition extending jurisdiction to “all other waters, such as intrastate lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), mudflats, sandflats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, or natural ponds.” Based on the Corps previous attempts at regulating rain puddles in cornfields and the EPA’s definition of a playa lake (a temporary sheet of water in a slight depression in a flat area during the rainy season), the effect of S.787 is a transfer of authority over intrastate water and rainwater to the federal government. It took a long time in the state of Washington to work out a sensible start to resolving rainwater harvesting policy. Overlaying the Army Corps of Engineers and the EPA on top of our own DOE is not going to be an improvement. S787 must be modified or killed before the House takes action to pass a companion bill. Sen. Maria Cantwell (D) is a co-sponsor. Contact her office and tell her what you think.

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The discontent produced by the Peace of Beaulieu (6 May, 1576), which restored the government of Picardy to the Protestant Prince de Condé and gave him Péronne to hold as a security, induced d'Humieres, a Catholic who commanded the city of Péronne, to form a league of gentry, soldiers, and peasants of Picardy to keep Condé from taking possession of the city. D'Humieres also appealed to all the princes, nobles and prelates of the kingdom, and to the allies of the nations neighbouring to France. This League of Péronne thus aspired to become international. From a religious point of view it aimed at supporting Catholicism in France politically at restoring the "ancient franchises and liberties" against the royal power. Its programme was spread throughout France by the efforts of Henri de Guise (see GUISE), and Henry III, then on good terms with the Guises, declared himself its chief. Gregory XIII was apprised of the formation of the League by Jean David, an advocate of the Parliament of Paris, acting for the Guises, and he communicated the fact to Philip II. But when the Peace of Bergerac (17 September, 1577) between Henry III and the Protestants, curtailed the liberties accorded them by the Edict of Beaulieu, the king hastened to dissolve the League of Péronne and the other Catholic leagues formed after its example. This dissolution was the cause of rejoicing to a certain number of royalists, who held that "all leagues and associations in a monarchial state are matters of grave consequence, and that it is impossible for sujects to band themselves together without prejudicing the royal superiority". The nobility had lacked unanimity, and the cities had been too lukewarm to maintain this first league. The death of the Duke of Anjou (10 June, 1584) having made Henry of Bourbon, the Protestant King of Navarre, heir presumptive to Henry III, a new league was formed among the aristocracy and the people. On the one hand, the Dukes of Guise, Mayenne, and Nevers and Baron de Senecey met at Nancy to renew the League, with the object of securing the recognition, as heir to the throne, of the Cardinal de Bourbon, who would extirpate heresy and receive the Council of Trent in France. Philip II, by the Treaty of Joinville (31 December, 1584), promised his concurrence, in the shape of a monthly subsidy of 50,000 crowns. At Paris, on the other hand, Charles Hotteman, Sieur de Rocheblond, "moved by the Spirit of God", Prévost, curé of Saint Séverin, Boucher, curé of Saint Benoît, and Launoy, a canon of Soissons, appealed to the middle classes of the cities to save Catholicism. A secret society was formed. Rocheblond and five other leaguers carried on a propaganda, gradually organizing a little army at Paris, and establishing relations with the Guises. The combination of these two movements — the aristocratic and the popular — resulted in the manifesto of 30 March, 1585, launched from Péronne by Guise and the princes amounting to a sort of declaration of war against Henry III. The whole story of the League has been told in the article GUISE. We shall here dwell upon only the following two points. Gregory XIII approved of the League after 1584, but abstained from committing himself to any writing in its favour. Sixtus V wished the struggle against heresy in France to be led by the king himself; the religious zeal of the Leaguers pleased him, but he did not like the movement of political independence in relation to Henry III. Events, however, drove Sixtus V to take sides with the Leaguers. The Bull of 9 September, 1585, by which he declared Henry of Bourbon and the Prince of Condé as Protestants, to have forfeited the succession, provoked so much opposition from the Parliament, and so spirited a reply from Henry, that the League, in its turn, recognized the necessity of a counterstroke. Louis d'Orléans, advocate and a leaguer, undertook the defence of the Bull in the "Avertissement des Catholiques Angais aux Français Catholiques", an extremely violent manifesto against Henry of Bourbon. Madame le Montpensier, a sister of the Guises, boasted that she ruled the famous preachers of the League, the "Satire Ménippée" presently turned them to ridicule, while in their turn the Leaguers from the pulpits of Paris attacked not only Henry of Bourbon, but the acts, the morals, and the orthodoxy of Henry III. Such preachers were Rose, Bishop of Senlis, Boucher and Prévost, the aforesaid curés — the latter of whom caused an immense picture to be displayed, representing the horrible sufferings inflicted upon Catholics by the English co-religionists of Henry of Bourbon. Other preachers were de Launay, a canon of Soissons, the learned Benedictine Génébrard, the controversialist Feuardent, the ascetic writer Pierre Crespet, and Guincestre, curé of Saint-Gervais, who, preaching at Saint-Barthélemy on New Year's Day, 1589, made all who heard him take an oath to spend the last penny they had and shed their last drop of blood to avenge their assassination of Guise. By these excesses of the Leaguers against the monarchical principle, and by the murder of Henry III by Jacques Clément (1 August, 1589) Sixtus V was compelled to assume an altitude of extreme reserve towards the League. The nuncio Matteuzzi having thought it his duty to leave Venice because immediately after the assassination of Henry III the Senate had decided to send an ambassador to Henry of Bourbon, the pope sent him back to his post, expressing a hope that the Venetians might be able to persuade Henry of Bourbon to be reconciled with the Holy See. On 14 May, 1590, the papal legate Caetani blessed, saluting them as Machabees, the 1300 monks who, led by Rose, Bishop of Senlis, and Pelletier, Curé of Saint-Jacques, organized for the defence of Paris against Henry of Bourbon; but, on the other hand, the pope manifested great displeasure because the Sorbonne had declared, on 7 May, that, even "absolved of his crimes", Henry of Bourbon could not become King of France. The Leaguers in their enthusiasm had denied to the papal authority the right of eventually admitting Henry of Bourbon to the throne of France. They found new cause for indignation in the fact that Sixtus V had received the Duke of Luxembourg-Piney, the envoy of Henry's party; and Philip II while in Paris, caused a sermon to be preached against the pope. But when, after the brief pontificate of Urban VII, Gregory XIV became pope (5 December, 1590) the League and Spain recovered their influence at Rome. Several Briefs dated in March, 1591, and two "monitoria" to the nuncio Landriano once more proclaimed the downfall of Henry of Bourbon. The prelates who sided with Henry, assembled at Chartres, in September, 1591, protested against the "monitoria" and appealed from them to the pope's maturer information. The gradual development of a third party weakened the League and hastened the approach of an understanding between Rome and Henry of Bourbon (see HENRY IV). Briefly, the Holy See felt a natural sympathy for the Catholic convictions in which the League originated; but, to the honour of Sixtus V, he would not, in the most tragic moments of his pontificate, compromise himself too far with a movement which flouted the authority of Henry III, the legitimate king; neither would he admit the maxim: "Culpam non pænam aufert absolutio peccati" (Absolution blots out the sin, but not its penalty), in virtue of which certain theologians of the League claimed that Henry IV, even if absolved by the pope, would still be incapable of succeeding to the French throne. By this wise policy, Sixtus prepared the way far in advance for the reconciliation which he hoped for, and which was to be realized in the absolution of Henry IV by Clement VIII. Charles Labitte has found it possible to write a book on "La Démocratie sous la Ligue". The religious rising of the people soon took shelter behind certain political theories which tended to the revival of medieval political liberties and the limitation of royal absolutism. In 1586 the advocate Le Breton, in a pamphlet for which he was hanged, called Henry III "one of the greatest hypocrites who ever lived", demanded an assembly of the States General from which the royal officers should be excluded, and proposed to restore all their franchises to the cities. Ideas of political autonomy were beginning to take definite shape. The League wished the clergy to recover those liberties which it possessed before the Concordat of Francis I, the nobility to regain the independence it enjoyed in the Middle Ages, and the cities to be restored to a certain degree of autonomy. After the assassination of Guise, a crime instigated by Henry III, sixty-six doctors of the Sorbonne declared that the king's subjects were freed from their oath of allegiance and might lawfully take arms, collect money, and defend the Roman religion against the king: the name of Henrv III was erased from the Canon of the Mass and replaced by the "Catholic princes". Boucher, curé of Saint-Benoît, popularized this opinion of the Sorbonne in his book "De justa Henriei Tertii abdicatione", in which be maintained that Henry III, "as a perjurer, assassin, murderer, a sacrilegious person, patron of heresy, simoniac, magician, impious and damnable", could be deposed by the Church; that, as "a perfidious waster of the public treasure, a tyrant and enemy of his country", he could be deposed by the people. Boucher declared that a tyrant was a ferocious beast which men were justified at killing. It was under the influence of these theories that upon the assassination of Henry III by Jacques Clément (1 August, 1589), the mother of the Guises harangued the throng from the altar of the church of the Cordeliers, and glorified the deed of Clément. These exaggerated ideas served only to justify tyranny, and did not long influence the minds of men. Moreover, the "Declaration" of Henry IV against seditious preachers (September, 1595) and the steps taken at Rome by Cardinal d'Ossat, in 1601, put a stop to the political preachings which the League had brought into fashion. The memory of the excesses committed under the League was afterwards exploited by the legists of the French Crown to combat Roman doctrines and to defend royal absolutism and Gallicanism. But, considering the bases of the League doctrines, it is impossible not to accord them the highest importance in the history of political ideas. Power, they said, was derived from God through the people, and they opposed the false, absolutist, and Gallican doctrine of the Divine right and irresponsibility of kings, such as Louis XIV professed and practised; and they also bore witness to the perfect compatibility of the most rigorous Roman ideas with democratic and popular aspirations. It has been possible to trace certain analogies between the doctrines of the League and Protestant brochures like Hotman's "Franco-Gallia" and the "Vindiciæ contra tyrannos" of Junius Brutus (Duplessis Mornay), published immediately after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Indeed, both Huguenots and Leaguers were then seeking to limit the royal power; but in the Huguenot projects of reform the tendency was to favour the aristocracy, the optimates; they would not allow the mob — the mediastinus quilibet of whom the "Vindiciæ" speak so contemptuously — any right of resistance against the king; the Leaguers, on the contrary appealed to the democracy. The Huguenots permitted no uprising of the mere private individual save with "God's special calling"; the Leaguers held that every man was called by God to the defence of the Church, and that all men were equal when there was question of repelling the heretic or the infidel. Hence, in his work, "Des progres de la révolution et de la guerre contre l'Église" Lamennais felt free to write (1829): "How deeply Catholicism has impressed souls with the sentiment of liberty was never more evident than in the days of the League." See the bibliography of GUISE; also LABITTE, De la démocratchez les prédicateurs de Ligue (Paris, 1841); WEILL, Les théories sur le pouvoir royal en France pendant les guerres du religion (Paris, 1891); TREUMANN, Die Monarchomachen; eins Darstellung der revolutionären Staatslehren des XVI. Jahrurderts, 1573-1599 (Leipzig, 1885). APA citation. (1910). The League. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09098b.htm MLA citation. "The League." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09098b.htm>. Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Mario Anello. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.

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With what must be one of their more obtuse headlines, Fox Nation misrepresented a recent study on the impact of climate change on the world's crops, proclaiming that it showed "No Global Warming In North America": Got that? The globe is not warming in North America -- just like the United States doesn't have an unemployment problem in North Dakota. What's more is that the study Fox Nation refers to doesn't actually contend that there have been no global warming effects in North America. Here, Fox is echoing an Ottawa Citizen headline which stated: "Climate change hardly visible in North America: Canada U.S. buck trend, scientists say." This too is a misrepresentation of the research. In fact, the study examined only crop-producing regions and only during the growing seasons of corn, rice, maize, and wheat.The research indicated that those specific regions in the U.S. have not seen the same warming trend evident in global average temperatures over the past 30 years. (Indeed, no climate scientist would say the planet is expected to warm uniformly). Stanford's David Lobell, one of the authors of the study, explained in an email that he was "disappointed" in both the Fox Nation and Ottawa Citizen coverage, which "do not accurately portray our findings." He added: The study was only focusing on one aspect of climate change (impacts on agriculture) and looked only in the parts of the countries where and times of year when certain crops are grown. for example, if one looks at winter temperatures in these regions, it would paint a different picture. also, the lack of trend in any one region has very little bearing on whether global warming is happening. Moreover, responding to an inquiry submitted to the Climate Science Rapid Response Team, Dr. Jacqueline Mohan of the University of Georgia's Odum School of Ecology explained in an email that "modern crops and the vast majority of natural ecosystems are fundamentally different." She explains that annual crops used in agriculture "do not "track" climate as closely as perennial plants which have much longer lifespans" and are more vulnerable to changes in climate. Mohan also points to recent research on ecosystems in North America that "has shown profound responses to changing climate." Of course, Fox Nation is notorious for finding bogus evidence in an attempt to disprove the fact that the Earth is warming. In this case, the site is pushing the notion that if global warming isn't happening in America, it's not happening anywhere. Unfortunately, it's just not the case that climate change isn't happening here and around the world. Presumably, Fox Nation paid little attention to a report that actually does examine the impact of climate change on the U.S. as a whole. That report, commissioned by the Bush administration and released in 2009, serves as "the most complete federal look yet at the effects of a changing climate," according to USA Today. It features a compilation of both federal and independent research and includes "analysis of impacts on various sectors such as energy, water, and transportation" at both a national and regional levels. Among its key findings are that "Climate changes are underway in the United States and are projected to grow" and that "Widespread climate-related impacts are occurring now and are expected to increase." Indeed, regions all over the world are observing trends that foretell a changing environment. According to University of Minnesota scientist Peter Reich, also contacted through CSRRT, Fox Nation is completely missing the important point of Lobell's study, saying via email that "if there is evidence that on average, around the world, agricultural output was already impacted by climate change, that is important, and a 'canary in the coal mine' kind of signal." Indeed, Lobell's study concludes that communities across the globe are encountering the very real consequences of climate change on the production of vital crops. The very research that Fox Nation uses to sow doubt about global warming found that "Climate trends were large enough in some countries to offset a significant portion of the increases in average yields that arose from technology, CO2 fertilization, and other factors." Additionally, while there is significant evidence that climate change is occurring right here in the U.S., many other studies have shown that the geographies of other regions make them even more vulnerable to the negative effects of a changing climate. An analysis by World Bank economist David Wheeler projects a median loss of agricultural productivity in Central Africa of 19.8% by 2050. He also forecasts that 14 other regions, including significant portions of South America and Asia will see decreases of 10% or more, whereas North America's median losses are around 1.65%. British firm Maplecroft, which specializes in risk analysis, rated the United States as a "medium risk" country, less vulnerable than 128 other countries in the world.

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UMass Memorial offers comprehensive hearing loss tests for adults and children, including the tests listed here. We also dispense hearing aids and other listening devices, and offer a Cochlear Implant Program. Adult Hearing Testing: Adults with concerns about hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ear) and/or balance may undergo a number of hearing tests. An adult evaluation can include: - Pure tone audiometry testing - A test to determine sensitivity to tones across the frequency (pitch) range of hearing - Tympanometry - A procedure that detects middle ear problems, such as eardrum perforation and middle ear fluid - Speech discrimination testing - A test to determine the ability to recognize speech clearly - Middle ear muscle reflexes - A test on the function of the inner ear, auditory nerve and brainstem, and facial nerve - Otoacoustic emissions - A test to assess the function of the inner ear Threshold Auditory Evoked Response Testing: This testing is used to measure the hearing sensitivity in patients who cannot be tested by conventional means. The most common age for testing is birth to three years; however, it can also be used to check older patients who cannot complete testing due to cognitive/developmental impairment. UMass Memorial uses a combination of tests called auditory brainstem response and auditory steady-state response. The tests are simple, painless and noninvasive, but require the patient to be asleep. Pediatric patients older than three months usually require sedation, which is administered by our Children’s Medical Center anesthesiologists to ensure the highest safety and effectiveness. Neurodiagnostic Auditory Brainstem Response Testing: This test is used to screen problems with the acoustic nerve and auditory brainstem. Clicking sounds are played through earphones while the response is recorded. Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential Testing: This test is used to test one of the balance organs of the inner ear for patients with unexplained dizziness/vertigo or certain types of hearing loss. It requires the patient to turn and hold their head in fixed positions while tones are played through earphones. Auditory Processing Evaluations: Auditory processing evaluations are available for both adults and children eight years and older. Individuals with auditory processing disorder have difficulty processing or understanding auditory information, especially when the signal is complex, lengthy, spoken rapidly or in a poor listening environment. Our specialists use a number of tests and provide extensive follow-up recommendations to patients, parents and educators. Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program: Audiology Services oversees the Universal Newborn Hearing Screening program, which provides hearing tests at several birth centers in the region, and is a Level One Massachusetts Department of Public Health diagnostic follow-up center.

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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition - n. The act or process of one that packs. - n. The processing and packaging of manufactured products, especially food products. - n. A material used to prevent leakage or seepage, as around a pipe joint. - n. The insertion of gauze or other material into a body cavity or wound for therapeutic purposes. - n. The material so used; a pack. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. Any material used for filling an empty space, closing a joint, and the like; stuffing, as the filling of a piston or a well-tube. - n. In printing, the fabric used on printing-presses between the iron platen or cylinder and the sheet to be printed. A soft packing is a blanket of wool or rubber cloth, which equalizes the impression. A hard packing is made of glazed millboard or of smooth hard paper, which prevents indentation. - n. In masonry, small stones embedded in mortar, employed to fill up the vacant spaces in the middle of walls; rubble. - n. The act of bringing together or manipulating to serve one's own purposes. See pack, transitive verb, 8. - n. A system of packing in which metal is used, as metallic rings for piston-packing. Such rings are either so cast as to be elastic, or they are divided into segments and fitted with springs to press them against the interior of the cylinder so as to form a steam-tight contact. - n. Tubes of lead or other soft metal filled with some vegetable material, such as hemp or cotton. The ends of the tubes are either forced or soldered together. - n. Collusion; trickery; cheating. - n. In halma, the stage of the game in which the player gets his men in order on the side of the board farthest from him. - n. In shipbuilding, the pieces of wood used to fill up the space between the bilgeways and the bottom of the ship. A large number of long wooden wedges are placed transversely between the packing and bilgeways, and the weight of the vessel is transferred from the building-blocks to the packing before launching the vessel by driving in the wedges. - n. In telephony, the crowding together or caking of the particles of carbon in a microphonic transmitter, whereby the sensitiveness of the instrument is impaired. - v. present participle of pack. - n. The action of the verb. - n. As a concrete noun. GNU Webster's 1913 - n. The act or process of one who packs. - n. (Mach.) Any material used to pack, fill up, or make close. A substance or piece used to make a joint impervious. - n. A thin layer, or sheet, of yielding or elastic material inserted between the surfaces of a flange joint. - n. The substance in a stuffing box, through which a piston rod slides. - n. A yielding ring, as of metal, which surrounds a piston and maintains a tight fit, as inside a cylinder, etc. - n. (Masonry), Rare in the U. S. Same as Filling. - n. obsolete A trick; collusion. - n. any material used especially to protect something - n. the enclosure of something in a package or box - n. carrying something in a pack on the back - From pack (partly from the verb, partly from the noun) + -ing. (Wiktionary) “Another important point in packing is to keep food from becoming soggy in the box.” “The phrase packing the Court—always pejorative, imputing one-sidedness—burst on the scene in 1936 in criticism of President Franklin Roosevelt’s plan to appoint a new Supreme Court justice every time one of the “nine old men” a phrase coined by the columnists Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen reached the age of seventy and refused to step down.” “The couple said they are going to begin packing their belongings.” “It teaches them caution, such as in packing one's own parachute.” “Court-packing is not particularly difficult as a matter oflaw.” “In the next week or so we will begin packing up our offices.” “I was not careful enough in packing it in the car, and when my husband opened the back door, its package fell out and it broke!” “The furniture as you can see all came wrapped in packing foam and when the desks and cabinets were finally arranged we had one gigantic mountain of fun.” “She needs to spend any money she may have left in packing up her campaign.” “The senator that was sent packing from the Senate?” These user-created lists contain the word ‘packing’. Annoying, little, things. In a single word. A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up. includes words of the "Prodcom list" Amusingly-named mechanical and electrical parts to be found in a particular warehouse in Newfoundland Listening to this as an audio book for the second time. Tim O'Brien uses simple words and phrases to great effect. Very few unfamilar and big words . The writing style reminds me of words from Joh... I think the title says it all. All about boarding life. There is a mixture of positive and negative. Looking for tweets for packing.

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A common pattern in the way Worms and one tactic Spammers employ is that they send mails which have spoofed from address. This means that the from address you see in the mail is not actually the address from which the mail originated. Worm when it infects a PC, makes a list of all e-mail addresses found in the infected machines address book, html pages, or any other file is searched and a list is made by the worm. Then it chooses one 'from' address and another address as the 'to'. The person whom it supposedly come from, may not know about the mail at follow similar procedure so that the source of the spam is hidden, bounced back message goes to spoofed addressee, and spoofing also allows spammers to avoid negative publicity. Bounced Mail; when the mail is sent to someone fraudulently with your from address and if for some reason that mail could not go through, it gets bounced back to you. This is how you get undeliverable message for mails which you haven't sent. Mail may be getting returned due to over quota or because server detected virus in the mail. Affect of spoofing by Virus/Worm: a worm triggered and spoofed mail wont be sending you cakes. Most often they come with a mail which carries the worm code itself to start work in your PC. If your network or your PC does not have effective antivirus in place, you are sure to get infected and start infecting others. How to Investigate and find out: currently there is not much you can do to prevent address spoofing excepting the normal spam filtering. Your address can be inserted by someone as their from address very easily in their e-mail program. In future, the senders domain name may be verified automatically by the e-mail server trafficking the mail to ensure that the sender actually is the sender it claims. This technology is in the process of being perfected and may offer a solution.

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Developing Scenario-based Learning: practical insights for tertiary educators Errington, Edward Peter (2003) Developing Scenario-based Learning: practical insights for tertiary educators. Dunmore Press, Palmerston North, New Zealand. This is the latest version of this item. |Image (JPEG) (Book Cover)| This book is designed to help tertiary educators plan, deliver, evaluate and reflect on four of the most common kinds of scenario. These are skills-based scenarios; problem-based scenarios; issues-based scenarios; and, speculative-based scenarios. Contributors go further than simply describing innovative practices. They analyse SBL judiciously, provoking the reader to consider a range of scenario options. |Item Type:||Book (Edited)| |Keywords:||scenario-based learning; higher education; kinds of scenarios| |FoR Codes:||13 EDUCATION > 1302 Curriculum and Pedagogy > 130202 Curriculum and Pedagogy Theory and Development @ 50%| 13 EDUCATION > 1302 Curriculum and Pedagogy > 130299 Curriculum and Pedagogy not elsewhere classified @ 50% |SEO Codes:||97 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE > 970113 Expanding Knowledge in Education @ 100%| |Deposited On:||12 May 2010 14:46| |Last Modified:||02 Nov 2012 09:38| Last 12 Months: 18 Available Versions of this Item - UNSPECIFIED (deposited UNSPECIFIED) - Developing Scenario-based Learning: practical insights for tertiary educators. (deposited 12 May 2010 14:46) [Currently Displayed] Repository Staff Only: item control page

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Ever spell out words in the air with your finger? Now you can do it with an iPad. The result is spooky 3D letters that seem to hover in midair. Casper would love it. We've seen iPads used to create touch-screen art, but this goes a step beyond. The folks at communications agency Dentsu London and design consultancy Berg teamed up to produce an series of otherworldly animations seen in the vid below. Dentsu says it's part of its Making Future Magic project. The photographic technique is a kind of stop-frame animation. Hand-held iPads are imaged moving through space with long exposure times, creating a ghostly message in the air. 3D models of letters and objects are first rendered in cross sections in a kind of "virtual CAT scan," as Berg's Jack Schulze explains in the video. Then they're played back as movies on the iPad screen while it moves through the air. These are imaged in low-light environments as long-exposure photos of 3 to 6 seconds, and each pic is one of many frames in the animation sequence. The team created luminescent words that seem to hover, as well as walking robots and other 3D shapes (but no ghosts). In one sequence, the word "making" seems to jump off a table and climb a staircase. In another, "future" floats over a puddle. "Magic," meanwhile, dances and skips impishly in a shadowy garden. <… Read more

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This volume contains articles covering a broad spectrum of proof theory, with an emphasis on its mathematical aspects. The articles should not only be interesting to specialists of proof theory, but should also be accessible to a diverse audience, including logicians, mathematicians, computer scientists and philosophers. Many of the central topics of proof theory have been included in a self-contained expository of articles, covered in great detail and depth. The chapters are arranged so that the two introductory articles come first; these are then followed by articles from core classical areas of proof theory; the handbook concludes with articles that deal with topics closely related to computer science. Handbook of Proof Theory, 1st Edition Preface. List of Contributors. I. An Introduction to Proof Theory (S.R. Buss). II. First-Order Proof Theory of Arithmetic (S.R. Buss). III. Hierarchies of Provably Recursive Functions (M. Fairtlough, S.S. Wainer). IV. Subsystems of Set Theory and Second Order Number Theory (W. Pohlers). V. Gödel's Functional ("Dialectica") Interpretation (J. Avigad, S. Feferman). VI. Realizability (A.S. Troelstra). VII. The Logic of Provability (G. Japaridze, D. de Jongh). VIII. The Lengths of Proofs (P. Pudlák). IX. A Proof-Theoretic Framework for Logic Programming (G. Jäger, R.F. Stärk). X. Types in Logic, Mathematics and Programming (R.L. Constable). Name Index. Subject Index. Quotes and reviews @qu:The Handbook is most welcome in the logic community. I recommend the Handbook to researchers and graduate students in logic, mathematics, computer science, philosophy, linguistics, artificial intelligence, automated reasoning and cognitive sciences. @source:Bulletin of Symbolic Logic

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Chesapeake Bay is wide and shallow, so contains a small amount of water for an estuary of its size. It also has a very large area of watershed for its volume of water, and thus is quite susceptible to contamination from activities in the watershed. Originally almost entirely forested, the watershed now is the site of coal mining, industry, agriculture and, increasingly, urbanization. A forest acts like a sponge, evening flows and filtering nutrients. Without its forests, the watershed is prone do delivering bursts of freshwater, contaminated with nutrients and worse into the Bay. To save the bay, it is necessary to reclaim at least part of the forests function in the watershed.

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- SW Valley Mark Henle/The Republic Anyone who lives in metro Phoenix has seen the brown cloud that drapes the horizon on a still day. The pollution is more than what can be seen. Valley air carries bits of dirt, toxic metals, ammonia from farm fertilizer, ozone that irritates nasal tissues. Freeways spew a mix of exhaust and dust, putting anyone who lives nearby at an increased risk. A day with bad air takes its toll first on those who are already ill. A heavily polluted day sends children to emergency rooms. People with respiratory problems are forced indoors. But a lifetime with bad air takes a toll on each one of us. People who live in bad air live shorter lives. Government plans typically focus only on narrow parts of the problem — so overall solutions continue to fall short. The Valley sprawls with little regard for how growth has affected air quality — so each day, traffic rolls on as 300,000 people or more live their lives in the danger zone. The biggest problem may be the most obvious: No one who lives in the Valley can escape the air we breathe.

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I’m not diabetic, but my doctor told me that I have gestational diabetes. What does that mean? And will it last beyond my pregnancy? Gestational diabetes is a kind of diabetes that comes on during pregnancy. It affects about 4% of all pregnant women, according to the American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes is often diagnosed on screening tests done between weeks 24 and 28 of pregnancy. While doctors aren't sure what causes gestational diabetes, it is believed that hormones from the placenta may block the action of insulin in the mother. This means that the mother needs more insulin and sometimes her pancreas cannot make enough to transport the sugar in the blood into the cells for energy. The mother's blood has high levels of glucose, which can cross the placenta, giving the growing baby a high blood sugar level. In response, the baby's pancreas starts making extra insulin to transport the sugar into the cells to be used for energy. When the pancreas can't keep up, the extra blood sugar is stored as fat on the baby, and that can lead to health problems for the unborn baby. Infants of diabetic mothers are at risk for abnormal growth, premature delivery, and breathing problems, among other things. If your doctor diagnoses you with gestational diabetes, it's likely that you'll be started on a treatment plan aimed at getting glucose levels under control. This includes a plan to manage your nutrition, physical activity, and weight gain. While most diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy resolves after delivery, some women will have gestational diabetes during future pregnancies and some may be more likely to develop diabetes as they get older. And some women who are diagnosed while pregnant may actually have been diabetic before the pregnancy. In these cases, the diabetes does not disappear after delivery. Reviewed by: Larissa Hirsch, MD Date reviewed: March 2010 Have a question? Email us. Although we can't reply personally, you may see your question posted to this page in the future. If you're looking for medical advice, a diagnosis, or treatment, consult your doctor or other qualified medical professional. If this is an emergency, contact emergency services in your area. |American Diabetes Association (ADA) The ADA website includes news, information, tips, and recipes for people with diabetes.| |American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) This site offers information on numerous health issues. The women's health section includes readings on pregnancy, labor, delivery, postpartum care, breast health, menopause, contraception, and more.| |MyPlate for Moms MyPlate for Moms tailors the USDA's food guide to suit the individual needs of pregnant and nursing women.| |Pregnancy Myths and Tales Even in these times, pregnancy continues to inspire its own set of myths and tales. Which are true and which aren't?| |Medical Care During Pregnancy The sooner you begin receiving medical care during pregnancy, the better your chances of ensuring your own health and that of your baby.| |Prenatal Tests Every parent-to-be hopes for a healthy baby. A wide array of tests for pregnant women can help to reassure them and keep them informed throughout their pregnancies.| |A Week-by-Week Pregnancy Calendar Pregnancy is an exciting time. Our week-by-week illustrated pregnancy calendar is a detailed guide to all the changes taking place in your baby - and in you!| |Staying Healthy During Pregnancy During your pregnancy, you'll probably get advice from everyone. But staying healthy depends on you - read about the many ways to keep you and your baby as healthy as possible.| Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. © 1995-2012 The Nemours Foundation/KidsHealth. All rights reserved.

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Most Active Stories News & Music Contributors It's '11022011' ! From our neighbors to the south (University of Portland) come these facts about today’s date: - One: It’s a palindrome - Two: It’s an extremely rare one. Simply, a palindrome is a symmetric word, phrase, number or other sequence of units that reads the same forward and backward. According to University of Portland engineering professor Aziz S. Inan, who has in several places published a lot of variations on palindrome dates, palindrome dates are rare but today’s date – 11022011 – is extremely rare. Why? Because it is an eight-digit palindrome day, for one. Here it is in Turkish: Now for the number blur According to the professor’s article in The Beacon, the university’s student newspaper: Nov. 2, 2011 represented as 11022011 is a one-of-a-kind palindrome date with respect to all palindrome dates contained in all four-digit years. Why? "First, number 11022011 equals 7 x 7 x 11 x 11 x 11 x 13 x 13, that is, the product of seven square, eleven cube and thirteen square where numbers seven, eleven and thirteen are three consecutive prime numbers! So, number 11022011 is divisible by the product of the squares of three consecutive prime numbers!" It just gets wilder from there, check out the article and this PDF by Inan: “More Facts about Palindrome Day, November 2, 2011 – 11022011!” So how many of these things will we have this century? This year, Inan writes, contains two palindrome calendar dates: 1-10-2011 and today. This century there will be only be 12 eight-digit palindrome days, with the last one occurring on Sept. 2, 2090 (09022090). “After this century, 12 more palindrome dates exist in the 22nd century (all being on the 12th day of the month) and another 12 in the 23rd century (all on the 22nd day of the month). The last (36th) palindrome date of this (third) millennium is to occur on Sept. 22, 2290 (09222290). After that, no more palindrome dates will happen for another 711 years until the next one in 3001, on Oct. 3rd (10033001),” reports the Facebook page dedicated to today’s date and other date palindromes. In an email to the Los Angeles Times, he wrote: "I know both 11-1-11 (which can also be interpreted as 1-11-11) and 11-11-11 dates to occur this month are very interesting dates as well since they won't repeat again until the next century, but 11022011 won't happen again in ALL four-digit years!!" And now for everyone’s other favorite number sequence:

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Computerised back-seat driver How well do you drive? Probably better than average, or so you might think. Now researchers at the University of Nagoya in Japan have come up with a way to tell for sure. They have designed a software system that collects data about the way you drive ? your speed, distance from other vehicles, how often and how much you press the accelerator or brake and how violently you turn the steering wheel. It also creates a mathematical model of the way you drive that can be compared with other drivers? to tell how good you really are behind the wheel. It can also detect when you're driving more recklessly than normal, presumably so you can be warned to calm down. In Japan, many cars already alert you if you exceed the speed limit, so it is just conceivable that Japanese drivers could be willing to accept greater computerised oversight in the interests of road safety. So if you?re keen to prove your driving is really better than average, you may have to pop over to Japan and hire a car to find out. Read the patent application for the computerised back seat driver Justin Mullins, New Scientist contributor

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Educational Coloring Pages Alphabet Coloring Pages Print and color alphabet pictures, and use them to make a collage, coloring book, or other creative projects. Number Pictures to Color Print and color these number pictures, and use them to teach and reinforce counting and math skills. You can use the as coloring book page or to make a collage or other creative projects. School Coloring Sheets You can download and print out just one school-related coloring page or print all of these and make your own coloring book. Billy and Maria A collection of coloring books to help children learn more about weather. Fire Safety Coloring Pages This site offers several fire safety coloring pages for you to print. Watch for Trains Print out these coloring pages and learn how you can stay safe around trains and train tracks.

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It seems obvious that time runs in one direction- people don't grow younger and an egg can't be unscrambled, for example. But why is this so? In his book "From Eternity to Here," physicist Sean Carroll seeks to create a better understanding of time. According to Carroll, time's one-way arrow is due to conditions before the Big Bang. He argues that our universe is part of a larger family of universes- and that in sibling universes, time runs in the opposite direction. He touches on subjects from entropy and quantum mechanics, to time travel and the meaning of life. Carroll joins Larry Mantle to explain the mind-boggling concepts of time. Read the Full Story at KPCC Blogs

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Do you ever wonder why there are 360 degrees in a circle? Here's why - along with a FREE Download to help you teach it! Continue Reading » The conversion from Celsius to Fahrenheit and back again can be strange. One way to understand it is on a graph. And you can use this to teach some linear algebra too! Do you use Problem Based Learning? Or even Project Based Learning? Here's a "short list" of resources! Part of Five Minute Friday - Here are some thoughts on being brave in teaching and learning math. Can you "just say it" to your kids - about math? About anything? Here's a challenge to help you be the adult you want your children to be. Join in! Did you know that by sharing a blog giveaway, you're REDUCING your chances to win!? Sounds nuts - but there's math behind it! Do you use Problem Based Learning in your #math classrooms? I'm going to try with college level Finite Math! I got a little fanatic with my excitement for EdCamp Waller today. So I painted my face with the logo - and used a green bow for the leaf! Requiring evaluations and offering extra credit for them will ensure the evaluations get done, right? But it's unethical and skews the results! That's Math! online parent involvement activities need capital from the sharks on Shark Tank to build the teacher back end. Will you help? Powered by Headway, the drag and drop WordPress theme Copyright © 2012 MathFour - Web Design by Bon Crowder

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State officials and school leaders from all over the upper Midwest are visiting a small farm town in southeastern Minnesota. They're coming to tour what could be the school of the future -- the dome school. Until recently Grand Meadow wasn't known for much more than farming. Now school leaders all over Minnesota are intrigued by a new development in the bedroom community south of Rochester. Five white domes sit on a stretch of farmland on the edge of town. They look like giant mushrooms. When completed, a purple band will mark the base of each dome. Compared to the houses nearby, the new school looks like a UFO that's accidently landed in Grand Meadow. Recently, a group of school officials from the Triton district visited Grand Meadow's dome schools. They enter the dimly lit domes for a tour. Superintendent Bob Kelly is here with members of the Triton school board. Kelly's not sure what to make of the sight. "They quit building round barns in Minnesota so why would they be doing this?" Kelly asks. It seems the tour may change his mind. "Until you get down here and take a look at it you don't realize that this is really a pretty neat concept," he says. Grand Meadow School Superintendent Bruce Klaehn says the tours have become commonplace. Each dome is about as wide as half a football field and four stories high. One will house elementary grades, another secondary. The remaining three domes will have space for a cafeteria, a stage, a gym, a computer lab and administrative offices. "They quit building round barns in Minnesota so why would they be doing this? Until you get down here and take a look at it you don't realize that this is really a pretty neat concept." - Superintendent Bruce Klaehn Last fall, construction workers inflated balloons inside the domes to keep them inflated. Then they sprayed layers of insulation and concrete inside. The domes' monolithic construction makes them tornado proof. With the exception of two sky lights the domes will be windowless. The design will help save money on construction and heat. Often used to store grain or fertilizer domes are known for their durability and energy efficiency. The domes will also use geothermal heating and cooling using liquid pumped through 20 miles of buried pipe. The 96,000 square foot school is touted as the largest of its kind in the country. It will serve about 365 students in preschool through 12th grades. One of the first things anyone notices when they enter the domes, is the echo. Superintendent Klaehn laughs as he says , "it was basically solid concrete from top to bottom and I let out a hoot and it bounced for 20 seconds. I timed it." Klaehn says carpeting and acoustical spray should absorb most of the echo. About four years ago Klaehn had to make a decision about the current school building. The original school is 85 years old. The roof, heating and handicapped accessibility problems were adding up. Like many superintendents across the state Klaehn thought he had only two options: remodel or build another conventional school. "It is a very frustrating decision to do a renovation project. A lot of money spent is on retrofit. Everyone knew we would spend $6.5 to 7 million on a project that would leave some our building 50 years old. You'd really like to get more bang for buck and the best use of taxpayer dollar," said Klaehn. "It was basically solid concrete from top to bottom and I let out a hoot and it bounced for 20 seconds. I timed it." - Superintendent Klaehn Initially, however, he and the school board chose to remodel. Until a nearby resident inspired them to look into dome construction. Klaehn was skeptical. But after visiting four dome schools in Arizona he became a believer. He says, "When you get someone inside and they see how the program space is laid out and they see how well it uses space then they get very excited." Klaehn was impressed with the use of space and the couple million dollars he would d save on construction and heat. His next task was convincing taxpayers. "There certainly is reason to understand why folks would be skeptical", said Klaehn. "Most of the skepticism and most of the negativity is based on a lack of knowledge ... And we told people in the community, we wouldn't just go out and find something in the back of a magazine that we thought would save us a few dollars," he said. Voters passed an $8 million bond issue by a 3-2 margin in 1998. The state helped out with a $3 million innovation grant. State leaders hope this may be a model for cheaper school construction. The Grand Meadow dome school is scheduled to open this fall.

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Born in Delee Maidstone, Kent, England on 1560 to Richard Lee and Elizabeth Crispe. Elizabeth married Robert Brewer and had 3 children. She passed away in Kent, England. Find more historical records for Elizabeth Lee » View All 10 Images » English: topographic name for someone who lived near a meadow or a patch of arable land, Middle English lee, lea, from Old English lea, dative case (used after a preposition) of leah, which originally meant ‘wood’ or ‘glade’. View Family Facts » Maiden name if applicable The world's largest family history resource © 1997-2013 Ancestry.com | Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions

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One in eight high school students is depressed. But depression in teenagers can be deceptive, and authorities estimate that a huge number of depressed teens are undiagnosed. Adults may mistake symptoms as "typical" teen angst, anger, or anxiety. Or the teen may mask the symptoms with high-energy activity. For parents who suspect their teen is depressed, the system often fails the family. Insurance coverage for treatment ends too soon, there's a months-long wait to see an adolescent therapist, or long-term follow-up is insufficient. This means parents must take charge of their child's health to reinforce, extend, and monitor treatment and its aftermath. The good news is they can do it—because parents know their child best. Although a medical doctor, Dr. Berlinger initially missed the signs of his own son's depression. By combining his parental love with his scientific skills, he developed a set of techniques to lead his son out of depression. Now he shares his 10 Parental Partnering Strategies to help parents rescue their teen from depression—based on his own experiences, nearly 100 interviews with parents of depressed teens, and interviews with mental health professionals. Increasingly, doctors are asking parents to partner with them to help children get healthy and stay healthy. Partnering has been proven effective in the treatment of other serious emotional illnesses such as anorexia nervosa. Parents can use Dr. Berlinger's strategies to help distinguish depression from moodiness; be alert to suicide risk; monitor medication effectiveness; help the teen combat negative thinking; organize activities to offset depression; and spot signs of relapse during tense times in their child's life, including exams, relationship breakups, or starting college or a job. Both a family survival story and a practical guide, this book affirms parents' unique power to help teens overcome depression.

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People in Trouble Beg for a Saviour We learn from the Qur'an that very often social and moral corruption was prevalent in a nation before a messenger was sent to that society. Once a messenger came to that society, those following him attained a blissful, peaceful and bountiful life even in the midst of their honourable struggle for the good pleasure of Allah. After this blessed period, however, some people drifted away from their spiritual values, revolted and ultimately tended almost to disbelief. In some cases, they worshipped gods other than Allah and thus were unjust to their own selves. In the Qur'an, Allah relates the loyalty, sincerity and fear the messengers felt for Allah and then informs us of how some generations coming after them lost their faith completely. They drifted because of their whims and desires and became deprived of all their values. The Qur'an tells us about these people in the following words: Those are some of the Prophets Allah has blessed, from the descendants of Adam and from those We carried with Noah, and from the descendants of Abraham and Israel and from those We guided and chose. When the signs of the All-Merciful were recited to them, they fell on their faces, weeping in prostration. An evil generation succeeded them who neglected the prayers and followed their appetites. They will plunge into the Valley of Evil. (Surah Maryam, 58-59) Those people who neglected their divine responsibilities suffered Allah's wrath expressed through various disasters. Allah withdrew His favour from these people. In accordance with the verse "But if anyone turns away from My reminder, his life will be a dark and narrow one..." (Surah Ta Ha, 124), they suffered from different afflictions such as scarcity and social and economic problems arising from their moral degeneration and political instability. Under irreligious systems, those people who were insolent towards the divine revelation were exposed to various pressures and injustices. The period of Pharaoh (Fir'awn) is a typical example recounted in the Qur'an. Exulting in his affluence, Pharaoh led an extravagant life and his people suffered under his tyranny. This situation is explained in the Qur'an: Pharaoh exalted himself arrogantly in the land and divided its people into camps, oppressing one group of them by slaughtering their sons and letting their women live. He was one of the corrupters. (Surat al-Qasas, 4) Under such circumstances where people suffer economic and social problems under the tyranny of unjust leaders, the need for a saviour is profoundly felt. This is the person who removes the unfavourable aspects of the system caused by the disbelief (kufr) of the ruler and his people and brings the peace, justice and security which come along with obedience to Allah and His Messenger. After the Prophet Moses (as), the Children of Israel also faced the same difficulties under the rule of tyrants. They were driven from their homes and lands and suffered intensely. Realising that neither the idols they worshipped, nor their possessions, nor ancestors would save them from such undesirable circumstances, they asked for a king from Allah; a saviour who would save them from this cruel system. "You will Not Find Any Changing in the Pattern of Allah" From the stories related in the Qur'an, we understand that almost the same fate befell each of the past civilisations that revolted against their messengers. The circumstances under which people led their lives, the sending of messengers to warn them and destruction of some of them all follow the same pattern. Modern societies also undergo rapid corruption and degeneration. Poverty, misery and disorder throw the lives of people into complete disarray and make them wish for a peaceful life where virtue prevails. Apparently, justice can prevail only if the values of the Qur'an become predominant among people. Only people having real values can bring solutions to all the troubles that people experience today. Indeed, Allah sent prophets and messengers to the earlier generations who experienced similar social depressions, and He sometimes granted amazing blessings to those who followed the messengers. This is related in the following verse: If only the people of the cities had had faith and feared, We would have opened up to them blessings from heaven and earth. But they denied the truth so We seized them for what they earned. (Surat al-A'raf, 96) This verse, as well as many others confirming it, reveals that the one and only way to attain bliss and peace is adherence to Islam. This principle will apply to coming generations as it did to previous ones. In places bereft of Islam, injustice, insecurity and instability prevail. This is the law of Allah. That there exists no change in the law of Allah is stated in the Qur'an: "... But then when a warner did come to them, it only increased their aversion, shown by their arrogance in the land and evil plotting. But evil plotting envelops only those who do it. Do they expect anything but the pattern of previous peoples? You will not find any changing in the pattern of Allah. You will not find any alteration in the pattern of Allah. " (Surah Fatir, 42-43) Living Islam According to the Qur'an As mentioned in the previous section, we are informed in the Qur'an that Allah sends prophets and messengers to communities for their deliverance from disbelief and injustice. This prophet or messenger leads his people to believe (have iman) in Allah without ascribing partners to Him, and to fear Him. If the community persists in denial, he warns them of Allah's wrath. Allah tells us in the Qur'an that He destroys no tribe before this warning is delivered: We have never destroyed a city without giving it prior warning as a reminder. We were never unjust. (Surat ash-Shu'ara, 208-209) In the age in which we live, one observes degeneration, both physical and spiritual, in society at large accompanied by economic and political instability. Huge gaps exist between rich and poor, and social corruption is steadily escalating. All these point to significant developments that will take place in the near future. After such dark periods, with the return of the Prophet Jesus (as) and the emergence of Hazrat Mahdi (as), the religion of Allah will certainly prevail over the entire world and the true religion will supersede all pagan religions. To His true believers (muminun), Allah gives good tidings of this: But Allah refuses to do other than perfect His Light, even though the unbelievers detest it. It is He Who sent His messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to exalt it over every other religion, even though those who associate partners with Allah (mushrikun) detest it. (Surat at-Tawba, 32-33) In Surat an-Nur, Allah informs His true believers who engage in "right actions" without associating partners with Him and who purely seek His good pleasure, that they will attain power, as preceding believers always did: Allah has promised those of you who believe and do right actions that He will make them successors in the land as He made those before them successors, and firmly establish for them their religion with which He is pleased and give them, in place of their fear, security. "They worship Me, not associating anything with Me." Any who disbelieve after that, such people are deviators. (Surat an-Nur, 55) In the above verse, we learn that the criterion for the spread of Islam is the existence of believers who are purely slaves of Allah without ascribing partners to Him and who engage in good deeds in His way. We have seen that in every age, Allah has answered the call of His slaves who desperately needed His help. This also holds true for this age and for the future. As was the case with earlier ages, in our time, too, Allah will save people from the injustice of the system of disbelief and present them with the beauty of Islam. In particular, the deliverance of the Islamic world from the troubles that beset it, as revealed in the hadith, is close at hand. Surely, as in every age, today people hope that a saviour will appear. This saviour, that will take mankind from 'darkness to the light,' is the religion of Islam. The Prophet Jesus (as) and Hazrat Mahdi (as), who will be the means whereby people will live by these superior values, will defeat intellectually all the systems that deny Allah, and they will render corrupted ideologies invalid. Allah promises His help to His slaves who sincerely turn to Him and have deep fear of Him: Those who were expelled from their homes without any right merely for saying, "Our Lord is Allah". If Allah had not driven some people back by means of others, monasteries, churches, synagogues and mosques, where Allah's name is mentioned much, would have been pulled down and destroyed. Allah will certainly help those who help Him – Allah is all-Strong, Almighty, those who, if We establish them firmly on the earth, will establish prayer and pay the poor-due, and command what is right and forbid what is wrong. The end result of all affairs is with Allah. (Surat al-Hajj, 40-41)

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Rainwater runs off the concrete into the Are you looking for a creative, yet environmentally friendly way to use rainwater runoff? Consider planting a rain garden. To help you start a rain garden, the Kansas State University Small Business Environmental Assistance program is hosting a free webinar on rain garden maintenance and wildflower infiltration basins May 26 from 10 – 11 a.m. A rain garden is usually planted in a depressed area that “catches” water runoff from roofs, driveways and walkways. In addition to aesthetically improving your lawn area, rain gardens help control local flooding, provide habitats for birds, butterflies and beneficial insects, and improve water quality by filtering run-off, say experts with Kansas State University. The rain garden webinar is available to anyone with an Internet connection and computer speakers or a phone line. Topics include rain garden installation, maintenance, preferred plants, typical challenges and results. The speakers will be Lee Skabelund, assistant professor in landscape architecture at K-State, and Sylvia Michaelis, infrastructure support manager with the City of Topeka Water Pollution Control Division. To register for the webinar, visit www.sbeap.org . Click on the link in the yellow box and follow the log-in instructions. For more information, contact Ryan Hamel at 913-715-7018 or 800-578-8898 or [email protected]

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When we were growing up, there learned that there were four basic tastes: salt, sweet, sour and bitter. We were told that our taste buds had special taste receptors in particular zones on our tongues that detected these four tastes and that all other components of flavor came from our olfactory sense–the sense of smell. Well, it turns out that what we learned in middle school about tastes, our tongues and noses, was not quite complete or correct. There is a fifth basic taste. It is called “umami,” and a Japanese scientist named Kitunae Ikeda isolated one compound which contibutes this taste back in 1908. Working with a seaweed broth, he isolated the amino acid, glutamate, as one of the sources for the taste which is described as “meaty, rich, savory and satisfying.” Glutamate itself was already a known substance, having been discovered in 1866 by a German chemist named Dr. Karl Ritthausen who discovered it while studying gluten in wheat. “Umami” itself is a compound Japanese word, from the root words, “umai” meaning “delicious,” and “mi,” meaning “essence,” and while it is often used to describe the flavor enhancing ability of the salt form of glutamate, ,monosodium glutamate, that is not the only proper context for its useage. In fact, researchers have found that umami accurately describes the flavor of many amino acids and proteins. In 2000, researchers at the University of Miami discovered the taste receptor for umami, which essentially proves that umami is a basic taste, for which humans had evolved a hunger. This receptor, named “taste-mGluR4″ responds not only to glutamate, but in greater and lesser degrees, to every other amino acid and nucelotide. Considering the myriad of uses to which amino acids are put in the human body, it is no wonder we are programmed to enjoy their flavors. Amino acids are necessary in building muscles, enzymes and other chemicals necessary to bodily function. So, what does all of this mean to cooks? Does this mean we need to study chemistry and put MSG in everything? It means we just need to look at what foods have large supplies of naturally occurring glutamates and amino acids and combine them with the principles we already know of good cooking, to help us make our dishes even more delicious. It isn’t like any of these ingredients are new or anything. People all over the world have been cooking with glutamate and amino acid rich foods for thousands of years. Take a look at the foods surrounding the new cookbook, The Fifth Taste, above, and think about how many of them you have in your kitchen right now. If you are like me, you probably have plenty of umami sitting in your cupboards, refrigerators, shelves and countertops, just waiting to add goodness to your next meal. A quick glance at my illustration should identify soy sauce, nori, dried and fresh shiitake mushrooms, red wine, truffle oil, parmesan cheese, sun dried tomatoes and tomato paste. Every serious cook in the world is bound to have one or two of those ingredients in their kitchen at any given time. The concatenation of jars, bottles, tubes, packages and loose items above are just what I pulled off my shelves this morning when I went on a mission to find good examples of umami-rich foods. Over the next few days, look for posts specifically listing and identifying umami rich foods from both the East and the West, recipes featuring my favorite flavor and a review of the new cookbook, The Fifth Taste: Cooking With Umami by David and Anna Kasabian. The upshot of all of this is, if you don’t know umami now, you will by the time I am finished with you. Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.

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Government procurement refers to purchases of goods or services, including consultancies and professional services, construction, maintenance and material supply contracts, facilities contracts, capital equipment and property and leasing arrangements, undertaken by governments for their own consumption. Government procurement accounts for a significant part of the economy of many countries. Although a government procurement agreement did not form part of the core WTO agreement, a number of WTO member governments signed a plurilateral agreement on government procurement. However, this was optional and did not go far enough for private sector and governments vying for new opportunities for profit and control through the liberalization of this important area. Government procurement provisions in free trade agreements stipulate that governments (national and sub-national) must treat overseas tenders no less favourably than local ones. Many bilateral agreements include provisions which already commit governments to open up this lucrative market to transnational corporations. This issue has been a contentious sticking point for Malaysia in its negotiations with Washington on an FTA and India in its negotiations with the EU. Malaysia’s procurement policy has kept foreign companies from bidding for state contracts, which US negotiators object to. last update: May 2012 EU and US business to profit from the crisis? | 14-June-2013 Court ruling fails to stop business lobbies’ privileged access in EU-India trade talks | 13-June-2013 How popular resistance can defeat corporate power | 3-June-2013 LA social movements map solidarity with ALBA alliance | 27-May-2013 Unfair, unsustainable, and under the radar | 26-May-2013 Perú: ¡por un límite NO negociable de nuestros derechos! | 20-May-2013 Plantón contra el TPP | 20-May-2013 In whose interest is EU-India FTA being negotiated? | 16-May-2013 Colombia: Paro nacional de productores | 13-May-2013 Japanese movement against TPP growing | 10-May-2013 Traders protest against govt policies on FDI, FTA | 6-May-2013

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Can getting a piece of paper in the mail that says 20 percent this and 30 percent that and 50 percent the other change the way we see ourselves? Should it? What does it mean for someone who identifies as culturally mono-racial to discover they are, in fact, genetically multi-racial? What does it mean for a person of color in America to discover that they are genetically more white than anything else? What are African Americans to feel about those white ancestors who are on our family trees because of the sexual violence regularly committed against our enslaved foremothers? Should finding out that one is, for instance, of 50 percent English ancestry, lead a person of color to embrace that culture despite how that DNA came to be a part of her? What about Native American or Asian ancestry? What is autosomal DNA testing and who cares how not-black you are? I first became aware of tests that could determine a person's admixture or "racial" makeup when PBS aired the first of Dr. Gates' genealogy programs, "African American Lives." That show, which ignited my interest in family history research, also caused a buzz by revealing that the host, a self-identified black man and head of Harvard's W.E.B. DuBois Institute for African and African American Research, was genetically of more than 50 percent European in ancestry--in other words, more "white" than "black," despite being the progeny of two self-identified African American people. Of course, Gates' heritage was really no surprise for most other black Americans. We know that the black descendants of enslaved Africans are a mixed bunch. You can see it in our family portraits. You can hear it in our family stories. It is there on the vital records that black family historians mine for details about their heritage. There is no need for an expensive test to tell us what we already know. But genealogists are like good detectives. If we want to accurately tell our families' stories, we need to back up family lore with documents and DNA--just like the folks on CSI. Autosomal tests help confirm and illuminate our lineages. Actually, these tests help confirm our BioGeographical Ancestry (BGA), according to Ancestry by DNA, the company that completed my testing. They are quick to point out that race, as we often hear, is a social construct not a biological one. (That is why I am using scare quotes around racial designations in this post.) Ancestry by DNA describes their process as follows: What is BioGeographical Ancestry (BGA)? BioGeographical Ancestry (BGA) is the term given to the biological or genetic component of race. BGA is a simple and objective description of the Ancestral origins of a person, in terms of the major population groups. (e.g. Indigenous American, East Asian, European, sub-Saharan African, etc.). BGA estimates are able to represent the mixed nature of many people and populations today. In the US, as in many other countries across the globe, there has been extensive mixing among populations that had initially been separate. In the fields of human genetics and anthropology, this mixing is referred to as admixture. BGA estimates can also be understood as individual admixture proportions, which take the form of a series of percentages that add to 100%. For example, a person in question may be found to have: 75% European; 15% African; 10% Indigenous American ancestry, or they may be found to have 100% European ancestry. How is BioGeographical Ancestry estimated? The AncestrybyDNA™ test uses an especially selected panel of Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) that have been characterized in a large number of well-defined population samples. These markers are selected on the bases of showing substantial differences in frequency between population groups and, as such, can tell us about the origins of a particular person whose ancestry is unknown. For example, the Duffy Null allele (FY*0) is very common (approaching fixation or an allele frequency of 100%) in all sub-Saharan African populations. Thus, a person with this allele is very likely to have some level of African ancestry. After the analysis of these AIMs, in a sample of a person's DNA, the likelihood (or probability) that a person is derived from any of the parental populations and any of the possible mixes of parental populations is calculated. The population (or combination of populations) where the likelihood is the highest is then taken to be the best estimate of the ancestral proportions of the person. Confidence intervals on these point estimates of ancestral proportions are also being calculated. But the question for some isn't how does autosomal testing work, but why any self-respecting black person would be interested in exploring their non-African heritage. As a poster named Original Man on the African Ancestry forum offered, regarding black people who claim Native American heritage: Be African and stop trying to be something that you are not! There is a suspicion that too much attention to non-African ancestry denotes a desire to escape blackness, to be more than (i.e. better than) "just" black. This racial testing could simply be a corollary to "we got Indian in the family" type thinking. In various genealogy and DNA testing forums, I have witnessed discussions that went like so: If we live in a majority white society that has decided one drop of African blood equals blackness; if we outwardly "look black;" if we are proud of our African roots, as we should be; if we know that we are descendants of enslaved Africans and we are culturally African American, what can be gained by learning about some small fraction of European or Asian or Native American DNA? What does it matter? Putting the pieces of the puzzle together I will tell you why it matters to me. For more than four years I have been piecing together my family's history through genealogy research and DNA testing. Shortly after taking a test to uncover my African ancestry, I wrote: As with my great-grandmother's poems and the results of my first DNA test, I've carried the African Ancestry results around like a charm for days. This ancestry has been lost to my family for centuries. Now that I have found it, I want to keep it close. You may wonder why all this dusty information, interesting though it is, matters to a 21st century Midwestern American woman. What difference does it make? There's that old saw: "You can't know where you are going, if you don't know where you've been." Where black Americans have been is all muddled, isn't it? Everything about our past and present is filtered through the lens of a society where we (and the continent we came from) are marginalized. You have to dig to find our real histories, weed through the distortions and biases. It is easy to believe, if you let the mainstream tell it, that the African-American story begins in slavery and ends in failure and dysfunction. That's not true. The blood doesn't lie. There are real stories of triumph and survival and happiness and success cloaked in the leaves of our family trees. There are customs and rituals and beliefs that our ancestors were forced to forget, but we can remember them. I am not Pollyanna about this. I don't romanticize the lives of my forebears or my "cousins" in Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone and Senegal. There are hard and ugly stories to be found on the family tree--rotted fruit. But we hear plenty about those things already, don't we? That it is why it is smart to keep good things in your pocket--a cheerful poem written by the mother of 10 kids on a farm in rural Alabama, or the knowledge that Balanta people resisted colonial rule by the Portuguese. These good things are part of who I am. When I said the Fulbe woman above was me, I meant that the history of my direct ancestors as well as "my people" have made me the person I am today. Because they were who they were, I am who I am. It would be a shame not to "know" the people who walked before me. They gave me life. They make me proud. They give me strength. They are testament to the resilience of my "blood." Read more... I am visibly a black woman. I am culturally African American. I cannot imagine embracing another culture like this one--the one that the majority of my forefathers and foremothers passed down to me. But I can't complete the puzzle that is my family history if there are pieces missing. Imagine putting together a puzzle of a beautiful pastoral scene, but using only the pieces you like best--perhaps the ones with bright, prairie flowers on them. You might form a pretty bunch of flowers, but miss the round, yellow sun high in a blue sky. You might miss the dappled horses grazing in the background or a mighty oak bending over a stream. Your picture would be incomplete. Whatever fraction of not-black I am, it is part of my whole. If nothing else, fractions of European, Asian or Native ancestry represent a part of our African ancestors' experience that should not be buried. But does my DNA change who I am? The University of British Columbia study I completed included several questions designed to ascertain whether DNA testing has changed the way I see myself: Before you took any genetic genealogy tests, did you consider yourself Hispanic/Latino/Latina? I have a hard time imagining how any sort of test could drastically change the way one self-identifies. Being Latina involves far more than DNA, doesn't it? (I found this question interesting. Admixture tests that I am aware of don't test for Latin ethnicity.) What group we identify with is more about culture than chromosomes, though these things often intersect. In "Faces of America," Elizabeth Alexander, poet and Yale professor of African American and gender studies, learned that, like Henry Louis Gates, she is genetically more European (60 percent plus) than sub-Saharan African. Actress Eva Longoria discovered that rather than being predominately of Mexican indigenous heritage as she always assumed, she is more than 70 percent European. She also discovered that she is a distant cousin to cellist Yo-Yo Ma, who is of Chinese ancestry. "He's Mexican?" She said, laughingly, when Gates' revealed the tie. African American Gates found that he is related to biracial Canadian Malcolm Gladwell. Alexander was related to comedian Stephen Colbert, while patrician Meryl Streep had family ties to Jewish director Mike Nichols. Alexander says: I think it's one of so many illustrations of the radical mixedness of Americanness and of African Americanness as well...It makes me think of America as just this basin into which so much has been poured and we don't even know the half of it...When we see all of the ways that conversations are so stratified, like we understand what "us" and "them" is all about, really we don't understand it half as well as we might. Again, that doesn't mean that the social realities that we live it are not the daily press that we live with, but to pause for just a moment and to think about all that has been poured into that basin, it's amazing. Watch it... At another point in the program, Alexander said: It just gets curiouser and curiouser...Of course, if all of us were just know by our DNA instead of the bodies we walk around in, then we'd have a whole different American history. Watch it... Truly a member of a global family I think that what Alexander meant is that we are so certain that our differences are ingrained in the fiber of our being--in the blood. But when scientists actually examine the parts of us that make us, well, us, we find that we are more alike than different, more connected than apart. We find that we are all cousins. We find that we all--ALL, black, Asian, white or Native--originated from an Eve on the African continent. We find that American descendants of enslaved Africans can discover genetic links to specific tribes in a land our ancestors were taken from long ago, but also to Europe and Asia and to the first Americans, our Native brothers and sisters. The problems we have with each other are not in the blood (in the blood, we are family); our problems are in our hearts and minds. So, now, after discovering that I am 70 percent sub-Saharan African with cultural ties to Balanta and Fula peoples in Guinea-Bissau, the Mende people in Sierra Leone, and the Mandinka people in Senegal...that I am part of Haplogroup L1b, one of the oldest female lineages on Earth...and that I am also 30 percent European...Who am I now? Well...the same person I was before. I am a black American woman with all the rich, cultural history that implies. Thirty percent European biogeographical ancestry (likely derived through oppression and sexual violence), doesn't change my identity. I don't think 60 percent European ancestry would change my identity. I am a black American--my culture is my culture. I would also add that learning more about my African roots doesn't make me Senegalese or Fula or Mende. I am a black American--my culture is my culture. Though genetic testing has not changed the way I look at myself, it has changed the way I look at my place in the world. I feel a greater sense of connectedness to my direct ancestors, but also to my larger global family. I am more aware of our oneness, or, as Elizabeth Alexander said, our mixedness. I am reminded of a passage from the Hindu Upanishads: Those who see all creatures within themselves And themselves in all creatures know no fear. Those who see all creatures in themselves And themselves in all creatures know no grief. How can the multiplicity of life Delude the one who sees its unity? Through family research and genetic testing, I can now see me in the world and the world in me. Watch geneticist Spencer Wells of National Geographic at a TED global conference, discussing his research about shared DNA and human diversity that sprang from a single source:

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Violence against women In May the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recommended that Finland should consider specific legislation to criminalize domestic violence. By the end of 2007 the government had not adopted a national action plan to combat violence against women. Refugees and asylum-seekers Accelerated asylum-determination procedures continued to deny sufficient time for claims to be considered thoroughly, and for every asylum-seeker to exhaust all avenues of appeal. Some asylum-seekers were expelled while their appeals were still pending. The strict application of the so-called “Dublin II” regulations led to asylum-seekers being returned to the EU member state in which they first arrived for determination of their claim for asylum, even in circumstances where it was likely they would have been offered some form of subsidiary protection in Finland which might not be available in other EU states. Asylum-seekers, including children, were detained unnecessarily. In some cases the right of unaccompanied minors to seek family reunification in Finland was not protected. In some cases, residence permits were denied solely on the basis of information from the security police, which could be withheld from the applicant. The Supreme Administrative Court ruled that Administrative Courts were entitled to consider information from the security police in secret when deciding appeals against refusals of applications for residence permits. The number of temporary residence permits issued to foreign nationals declined sharply, from 299 in 2006 to only 24 in 2007. Legislation relating to special residence permits for victims of trafficking continued to require that in most cases such permits should be conditional on co-operation with the authorities in investigating and prosecuting those suspected of trafficking, unless the victim was considered to be particularly vulnerable. By the end of 2007 Finland had not ratified the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. Prisoners of conscience – conscientious objection The length of the civilian alternative to military service remained punitive and discriminatory. Conscientious objectors were obliged to perform 395 days of civilian service, 215 days longer than the shortest and most common military service. In December, Parliament approved changes to legislation which would shorten alternative civilian service to 362 days, and would recognize the right to conscientious objection in times of war or other public emergency. Amnesty International considered that the proposed length of alternative civilian service would remain punitive. - Amnesty International considered 12 imprisoned conscientious objectors to be prisoners of conscience. Most were serving sentences of 197 days for refusing to perform alternative civilian service.

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There are about 45 million acres of public rangelands in Nevada. These rangelands are divided into 745 grazing allotments. There are 550 operators, or permittees, with a total of 635 permits to graze livestock. Public land grazing is managed to achieve the fundamentals of rangeland health as indicated by soil and site stability, hydrologic function and biotic integrity. Among the challenges to successfully manage public land grazing are: Grazing/Allotment Information websites: - BLM Rangeland Administration System (RAS) - www.blm.gov/ras/ The RAS provides grazing administrative support and management reports for the BLM and the public. Click 'Run Reports' on the left column. - NILS GeoCommunicator - www.geocommunicator.gov/ To view the allotments and pasture in an interactive mapping environment.

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The Institution of Slavery in the American Civil Warby Rit Nosotro Change Over Time essay Describe the impact of the institution of slavery upon the US Civil War. Mention Haitian emancipation, the 13th Amendment, abolitionists, and black soldiers. As one of America’s most fierce and bloody wars, the Civil War is never to be forgotten, specifically by the race of African American citizens who remembered what their ancestors, as slaves, did to turn the values, laws, and attitude of America upside down. The impact of the institution of slavery during the Civil War was phenomenal. Not only was slavery a huge cause for the outbreak of war, but it greatly impacted the war itself and law, both in America and around the world through the Haitian emancipation, the 13th amendment, fierce abolitionists, and black soldiers. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States for his first term in, the North was strongly opposed to slavery, whereas the South was on the cutting edge of economic success, but only by the means of malicious mistreatment of their many slaves. Trouble began to brew on a cloudy horizon. Lincoln was both loved and hated by his people because of differences in opinion between the North and the South was so great; war was inevitable. Although Lincoln did indeed see the oncoming war as a necessary procedure, he did not come to this conclusion easily, as he knew this meant fighting within a nation, and bloodshed. Still, he did realize the need to save and preserve the union and end slavery. However, even before the thought of a civil war against slavery in America was entertained, influences occurred in other places. In 1802, a French man, Toussaint L’Ouerture led a rebellion of slaves in now Haiti, and “transformed French Saint Domingue, one of the most productive European colonies of its day into an independent state run by former slaves and the descendents of slaves.” Essentially, this revolution of mistreated slaves in Haiti triggered revolts and demonstrations in the US, lit a flame for an American civil war, and gave slaves both a new hope and vision of freedom one day. A book critic states, “It produced the world’s first example of wholesale emancipation of colonial representation in a metropolitan assembly, and of full racial equality in a European colony.” Once the dissention was brought forth in America, anti-slavery societies formed in the North, and abolitionists voiced their views about the cruelty and injustice of slavery publicly, hoping to gather a crowd of supporters. One such abolitionist was named John Brown who was a fierce opponent to slavery before and during the civil war. He rounded up rebellious slaves to start a rebellion. Brown was hanged when he was found guilty of trying to give guns to slaves. Another famous advocate of the anti-slavery cause was the renowned Harriet Tubman, who lived from 1820 to 1913. This courageous woman, a former slave herself, was the founder and operator of the Underground Railroad. She led more than 19 rescue operations and sent 300 slaves to safety past the northern border in the US, and even more during the war. Another leader of the slave revolution was Nat Turner, who led a revolt within Virginia with the help of fellow slaves after he had killed his master. Although Turner banded 60 slaves to revolt, he was eventually captured and hanged. Stories were also told of escaped slaves banding together, living in the mountains in their own villages, and creating an army of black soldiers to rebel against the Southern plantation owners. These abolitionists, avid supporters of the civil war cause, and against slavery, paved the way for freedom by their devotion, though many of them were killed in the process. Amidst the civil war, on September 23, 1862, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This statement decreed that “all slaves would be declared free in those states still in rebellion against the US on January 1, 1863.” The 13th amendment had originally declared in the first section that, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” However, this amendment was later ratified by Lincoln in 1865 so that this would apply to all states; even those in the South. Slavery was finally abolished, thus ending the civil war. Although the Civil War itself had ended, hatred and bitter thoughts of revenge remained between the white and black peoples of America for centuries. Bigamy and racism divided our land, and caused the first ever fight within a nation. Though the rip that this hatred caused was mended, the stitches and scars remain to this day. The institution of slavery not only shaped the outcome of the civil war through people, documents, and prior revolutions, but it shaped the very nature of out nation today. 1. Who on this list was NOT an abolitionist or against the idea of slavery? a. Harriet Tubman b. John Brown c. Toussaint L’Ouerture d. John Knox 2. On what Caribbean Island was the “ “ Proclamation? c. Dominican Republic d. Puerto Rico 3. Who was President during the civil war time period? a. John Knox Polk b. William Henry Harrison c. Millard Fillmore d. Abraham Lincoln 1. “The Kingfisher Children’s Encyclopedia” Kingfisher Books: New York, 1992 John Paton, Editor in Chief 2. “The Great Documents of Western Civilization” Chilton Books: Philadelphia, 1965 Viorst, Milton 3. Clapham, Francis M. “Picture History of the World” Grosset and Dunlap: New York, 1986 “Making Sense of the Haitian Revolution” 5. Encyclopedia of US History: American Civil War “The 13th Amendment” Additional information about <http://hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/cot/t4w25uscivilwarslavery.htm> Focus on Facts The above essay was donated to hyperhistory.net. of inaccuracies or plagiarism. Post a link to this essay, a great essay on your blog or website : |Comparative Essays||Biographies||Doc. Based Questions||Change Over Time|

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Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow @universetoday on Twitter Were you wondering about the North Star? Firstly, you might expect one of the most famous stars in the night sky to be one of the brightest, but it isn’t; not by a long shot. That honor belongs to Sirius and many less bright stars besides. The North Star shines with a humble brightness that belies its navigational importance. Polaris, or the North Star, sits almost directly above the North Pole; therefore, it is a reliable gauge of North if you find yourself lost on a clear night without a compass. Stars that sit directly above the Earth’s North or South Pole are called Pole Stars. Interestingly, the North Star hasn’t always been, nor will it always be the Pole Star because the Earth’s axis changes slightly over time, and stars move in relation to each other over time. You can also approximate your latitude by measuring the angle of elevation between the horizon and the North Star. There is no equivalent star in the South Pole, but Sigma Octantis comes close. It isn’t very useful for navigational purposes as it isn’t very bright to the naked eye. Instead, navigators use two of the stars in the Southern Cross, Alpha and Gamma to determine due South. The North Star is easy to find if you can first locate the Little Dipper. The North Star lies at the end of the handle in the Little Dipper (Ursa Minor). For a point of reference, The Big Dipper (Ursa Major) lies below the little dipper and their handles point in opposite directions. The two stars in the end of the ladle of The Big Dipper point to Polaris. Also, both The Big Dipper and The Little Dipper remain in the sky all night long, rotating in relation to the Earth’s axis.

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Uncle Sam says it's not Presidents Day Federal offices closed for Washington's Birthday If you're off school or work Monday in observance of Presidents Day, you've got it all wrong, at least according to the federal government. Federal offices are closed Monday because it's Washington's Birthday, a holiday to honor the first U.S. president, George Washington. Confused? Here's what the National Archives says on its website: "This holiday is designated as 'Washington's Birthday.' Though other institutions such as state and local governments and private businesses may use other names, it is Federal policy to always refer to holidays by the names designated in the law." Washington's actual birthday was February 22, and that's when the holiday was originally celebrated. However, in 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act , which designated the third Monday in February as Washington's Birthday, beginning in 1971. The Presidents Day moniker evolved later, at least partly to honor Abraham Lincoln, whose birthday was February 12, but some hoped it could be a day to honor all presidents. Of course, states, local governments and businesses are not bound to honor the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, so they can call Monday whatever holiday they like or not have one at all. Copyright 2013 by CNN NewSource. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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by General Fabb SketchUp is a free 3D modeling tool that is quite often the very first exposure to 3D modeling for many people. But is it appropriate for producing 3D models for printing? First off, we must say that SketchUp was not designed with 3D printing in mind; instead it was, like many 3D modeling tools, designed to produce visual 3D representations. While this output appears to your eye to be 3D, it really isn't and this shows when you try to 3D print. For example, 2D surfaces are often used in SketchUp. These have a thickness of, well, zero! They cannot be printed. That's one of several issues encountered when using SketchUp for 3D printing. We recently encountered a situation where someone wished to 3D print a SketchUp model they'd developed. The model *looked* ok, but in fact was completely unprintable and had to be totally re-engineered in a "real" 3D modeling tool. That all said, it is possible to use SketchUp to produce printable 3D models - if you carefully follow some rules when you develop your model. But what are the rules? Shapeways points out a terrific post on MasterSketchUp by Marcus Ritland that explains what you need to do. Some of these apply to many 3D modeling programs, in case you're not using SketchUp. Among the rules are: - Make it solid - Ensure walls have thickness - Scale up to permit detailed features - Smooth curves - Build as components - Use plugins to assist export and inspection - Consider material constraints - Reduce the solid size to conserve material But you'd better read all the details at the link below.

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With the Collapse of Royalist control in the British Isles and the uprooting of the rich and a great deal of the middle classes, the integration of British political elites in the Canadian political sphere has been characterized by its own unique problems. THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE WAR: When Canadian troops returned to their country after the conclusion of the peace with honour treaty, Canadian Prime Minister Robert Laird Borden received a marching column of troops headed by the tenacious and well-beloved Canadian general Sir Arthur Currie GCMF, KCB. Currie, esteemed heavily by both the Allies and the Central Powers for his brilliant leadership of the Canadian Corps, had quickly established a reputation for the Canadians as some of the most effective troops on the Western Front. PM Borden, dogged and tired after holding a Union Government together for the duration of the war, appeared visibly strained and prematurely aged as he proclaimed: "I welcome you home from the fields of war, from which you knew no defeat!" Canadian attitudes to the war were divided. While Patriots and Imperialists took comfort some comfort in the fact that the Empire had not been defeated per se, the fact that the war ended in a unfavourable "draw" heavily in the German favour kindled great resentment, espicially in Quebec where conscription riots and opposition to the war seemed to be justified in the light of German dominance of the European continent. In the immediate aftermath of the war, all the Union liberals who had not left the government quickly rejoined their fellow party members in the opposition and the government fell apart, divided as to how to take Canada into the future. Former liberal PM Sir Wilfrid Laurier's optimistic prediction that the 20th century would be Canada's century seemed laughable now to most Canadians. Laurier himself had passed away during the war, seemingly taking with him to the grave the sunny prosperity that had affected Canada during his leadership in the late 19th century. Shortly after calling the election, PM Borden lay in his room at the Chateau Laurier (named in honour of the former liberal PM) and passed away. His last words were of regret that he had never returned to his native Nova Scotia to rejoin the Celtic Diaspora. With many of the heavyweights of the old 19th century and pre-war political traditions dead, Canada weaved in and out of political obscurity and a deep sense of national malaise. All of this would be grimly impacted by the loss of the Home Islands. With the loss of the Home Isles, the British liberals, still tarred with having lost the war under the leadership of Herbert Asquith and David Lloyd George (at least in Canada), the liberal tradition of Britain did not impact the Canadian liberal party as much as some thought it would. William Lyon MacKenzie King, who became liberal leader in 1919, had previously been Minister of Labour under Laurier and came from an interesting family. His maternal grandfather had been the leader of the Upper Canadian rebellion and had died in the United States in exile. After serving under Wilfird Laurier as Labour minister for a brief time in 1907, King took time to travel the United States and wrote extensively on Labour relations, becoming well acquainted with many leading American industrialists such as the Rockerfellers while doing his best to aid them in successfully resolving their labour disputes. He returned to Canada at the outbreak of the Weltkrieg. With the Conservatives led by Arther Meighan after the death of Borden, King has met with mixed success in rallying the forces of Canadian liberalism. His greatest success has been painting Meighan as a yes-man to the British lords and exiles blamed for losing the Empire, but his policy of urging a peaceful foreign policy based on mutually dependent, integrated economies with other the nations within “The Anglo-Saxon World” (as he calls it) has antagonized the British and Canadian military elites and has proven difficult to reconcile with Canada’s massive fleet and imperial obligations in Delhi and the Caribbean. One of King’s highest priority both as Opposition Leader and Prime Minister seems to be helping the traditional political parties in the USA retain control as part of the Anglo-Saxon World. It is rumoured that if civil war comes to the USA, King may side with the America First movement if they legitimately take power, if only to prevent the growth of syndicalism in North America… An economic upturn and expansion of industrialization was brought about by the infusion of British gold and technology brought by the British exiles but it has not brought a corresponding rise in worker’s rights due to suspicions of Syndicalism. Left wing elements in the Prairies organized a general strike in Winnipeg which was brutally repressed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, egged on by the British and Canadian elites who desired to stamp out any possibility of another revolution occurring. However the extent that many of the RCMP officers went to shocked many within the Canadian body politic (it was rumoured that the RCMP has been infiltrated by a group of men who are the sons of former members of the old Special Branch), and the Liberals under King reached out to members of the Canadian Commonwealth Federation (CCF) declaring that they were merely ‘Liberals in a hurry.’ King’s charm and reaching out to the left-wing in order to form a united opposition to the Conservatives has resulted in Canadian socialism and liberalism adopting a policy of gradual, legal reform. With this alliance, King was able to win the next federal election and regain the Premiership. This has not endeared King to many conservatives in Canada. While King’s policies are clearly constructed in view of how much the Canadian people will tolerate, his oppurtunism and accumulation of political alliances among the respectable members of the Left has built a powerful counterpoint to conservatives such as Arthur Meighen and R.B. Bennett. As dangerous as it seems, King is no fool. While his eccentricities are well known, (his doting love for his Scottish Terrier Pat, his interest in séances and the occult and his devotion to his mother) he maintains an iron grip on his party’s discipline and arranges for himself to carry a safe riding every election. Relations with the Liberals and the Royal family are strained. The King has no time for the Liberal leader, leading wags in the press to talk about the war between the King’s of Canada. The Prince of Wales, the darling of Canada’s media, finds King to be nothing but a mere colonial and spends most of his time putting in valuable facetime for the Monarchy in Canada, especially in Quebec where he is doing his best to woe the French Canadians with his charm (rumours are swirling that he is involved with a Roman Catholic Frenchwoman, a commoner no less, and may in fact cost him the crown). His brother Albert however, possessed of a powerful sense of duty, has granted King a great deal of mutual respect, if not public endorsement, especially in regards to King’s contention that each British Dominion is a separate state with equal rights within a larger Empire, each with its separate crown for its head of state. The other sons of King George V, HRH Henry Duke of Gloucester and HRH George Duke of Kent have kept a low profile in the Canadian public life, though the Duke of Kent’s interest in the development of airpower has lead to his active engagement and elevation within the Royal Canadian Airforce. He has been instrumental in establishing the Empire Air Training Program in the Province of Alberta where pilots from all over the Empire, from the Pacific, South Africa (though less and less are coming from this troubled part of the Empire), the Caribbean and even some from India. Henry has remained in the army and patronizes the Royal Military College in Kingston as an honorary colonel. It is suspected that he will be dispatched to one of the other Dominions as Governor-General to increase the connection between the Crown and its subjects. CANADIAN ELECTIONS FROM 1917 1917 - Conservatives, led by Borden, are re-elected with a majority as part of a pro-conscription unionists coalition, which had former Liberals and Conservatives in the cabinet. The Unionists defeat Laurier's anti-conscription Liberals in the most bitter campaign in Canadian history. 1922 - Liberals, led by William Lyon Mackenzie King, win a minority government, defeating Conservative prime minister Arthur Meighen. The Conservatives are reduced to third place in the House as many Center Left wing MP’s win elections in the West and British Columbia under the new Progressive party. However, the Progressives decline the title of official opposition, leaving open the possibility of a coalition with the Liberals. Meighen becomes opposition leader. 1925 - Mackenzie King's Liberals hold on to power with the help of Progressive Robert Forke, despite Conservatives, led by Arthur Meighen, winning more seats. The Revolution in Britain occurs and the Union of Britain is proclaimed. A political crisis ensues as a flood of British political refugees pours into Canada. The Progressives, painted with the brush of Syndicalism are viciously attacked by the Conservatives in the media. Some street fighting is reported between members of the Right and Left wing militias. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police restores order and Prime Minister King declares a National Emergency and invokes the War Measures Act. The Royal Navy re-establishes itself in Canada as the Union of Britain consolidates its control of the Home Isles. Without a centralized Imperial government, the Empire is thrown into confusion, the Royal Navy, acting mostly of its own initiative is able to maintain control of the Caribbean. The British Indian Army re-groups in Delhi and salvages as much of the former Raj as it can. Australia and New Zealand, without the protection of the Royal Navy (later to become a point of great contention between Ottawa and Canberra) merge into a political union. The German Empire seizes most of the Strategic naval stations of the British Empire, allegedly to prevent a world crisis, but it becomes clear as most of the Empire plunges into rebellion and civil war that the British fleet cannot insure order and the German presence becomes permanent. The declaration of a National emergency plays into King’s hands as he is now able to stifle accusations of corruption and patronage within his government (that actually turned out to have much validity) and the more centrist of the Progressives jump ship to the Liberal party which wraps itself in the flag to weather the Crisis. With a stronger Liberal party and a emasculated Progressive party, the Conservatives bide their time, constantly criticizing King’s failure to secure more of the Empire (though realistically, the tiny Canadian army was only able to send a token force to the Caribbean). King, realizing that the Empire is lost but that the admission of such a fact is political suicide, embarks upon a new Imperial Policy as the most powerful British state left standing. The presence of a British government in exile is a threat to Canadian unity and King’s power, and under the provisions of the War Measures Act and Martial Law, King promulgates a legislative union act, merging the two governments into one under his control. He is able to outmanuver and replace all British leaders who could conceivably try to become PM of Canada in the highly charged emotional mindset of the fall of Britain. After asserting his control over the Cabinet and parliament and making sure that only British MP’s who will follow his line and get elected in their own right in Canadian ridings, King moves on to the armed forces. Seeing the Royal Navy as the only common institution of the Empire still intact, the Fleet is ordered to divide up and deploy squadrons to Karachi, Australasia and South Africa. This does much to reassure the Australasians and South Africans, though it won’t be permanent. 1930 - Conservatives, led by R.B. Bennett, win a majority, defeating the Liberals under Mackenzie King. With the influx of many British Conservatives such as Stanley Baldwin, Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill, the Conservatives have been able to present themselves as the party of Imperial unity. The endorsement of King George V, blatantly meddling in Canada’s political affairs seals the election for Bennett whose cabinet is 100% Canadian. However, Bennett relies on the financial, political and philosophical guidance of British Exiles who exist in a ‘shadow cabinet’ of Canada’s traditional clubs for the Elite such as the Empire Club in Toronto, the Orange Order of Ontario and the Chateau Clique in Montreal. Even under the Liberal government of King, the Army and Navy staffs were packed with many of Britain’s top generals and admirals. Though a few generals such as Vanier (the top ranking French Canadian in the army), Crerar and McNaughton have attained positions of influence in the army, the Navy is firmly in the hands of British admirals. The Air Force is the only Canadian institution to remain almost equally divided between Canadians and British Exiles. Proclaiming that the ultimate goal of Canada is the reclaimation of Britain, Bennett recalls much of the British Fleet from the Pacific and the entire South African station, causing great resentment in the other Dominions and wages a inconclusive (though popular) war of skirmishes with the Syndicalist Navy in the Atlantic. While the Navy seems well prepared to renew the war against the Union of Britain, the Canadian army remains small and is in need or reorganization if it is to become capable of forcing a landing in Britain. Many Canadian officers look enviously at the Australasian army, which is no more advanced, but is larger, better organized and better led as several of the more progressive British generals settled in Australasia. 1935 - Liberals, led by Mackenzie King, defeat Bennett's Conservatives with a majority. The election was seen mainly as a referendum on Bennett’s Imperial Policy. While it played well at home to wage a tit for tat naval war in the Atlantic for a about a year or so, the public has become weary of a struggle with no conclusive end or objective in sight. The Australasians, whose own economic expansion brought about by its own influx of British Exiles and currency (though much less than the one that affected Canada) has stalled and continues to resent the loss of the majority of the Australasian station of the Royal Navy. Many in Canada fear that the larger Australasian army may not march for the Empire if it means leaving their shores undefended. King’s sensitive balancing of the old Entente Alliance to keep the Dominions firmly within an Global Anglo-Saxon Bloc has resulted in many tense negotiations between Ottawa and Canberra to re-deploy some of the Royal Navy back to the South Pacific, especially in light of the expanding Japanese Navy, which is still technically an “ally”. FOREIGN POLICY AND DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE OLD EMPIRE STATES Abroad, the old Boer nemesis in South Africa has resurfaced. South Africa was the one Dominion of the Old Empire to receive only a trickle of Exiles and the share of the spoils they were able to save from Britain was miniscule. Even King may not be able to bring the South African’s back into the Empire, though he hopes that they will at least remain as an associated power and maintain the preferential trading agreements that see many of South Africa’s raw materials head to feed Canada’s large industrial appetite. The British Naval Station in Delhi remains strong enough to be threatening, but too weak to maintain Order in the Indian Ocean and is growing old in the face of the German Naval Squadron based at Ceylon, the Canadians maintain it to maintain a link with the aging British technocrats in the Delhi government. The fall of the Old Empire and the rebellion of several subject peoples has resulted in a great deal of racism in Canada and Australasia against people who are visibly Non-British, and the Conservative party, back when it was still in power, urged the Australasians to deploy a sizable portion of its army to Delhi to “keep the natives in line”. This further antagonized the rocky relationship between Canberra and Ottawa, and King astutely dropped the matter. While they are not Anglo-Saxon, King has made a point of declaring on no less than 7 public occasions that India has “been a part of the Empire longer than most of Canada and that there exists a special place for them, side by side with their fellow citizens of the Empire…” The fact that King used the word citizens, as opposed to subjects has caused a great deal of debate over the future of the Empire in political circles. With the advent of more sophisticated communication technology, many proponents of a global federation of Imperial British states is gaining more prominence within Liberal circles, especially as it would place a reclaimed Britain on an equal footing with Canada within such a political arrangement. In Quebec Maurice Duplessis, as leader of the paternal-authoritarian-like Union Nationale, stands unopposed in provincial politics and successfully eliminated overt support syndicalism and ensuring the survival of the Catholic identity of Quebec. His party has used the election slogan "Survival" in every provincial election to paint Quebecois self-image as a religious struggle for God. Duplessis however has been more than willing to let Anglo companies build branch plants within Quebec and build up an impressive commercial presence so long as they did not allow unions and did not try to intervene in politics at all. He has even allowed some of them to have English-only workplaces. He maintains cheerful and amicable relations with the corrupt and patronage driven government of Mitch Hepburn, the scandalous "Liberal" premier of Ontario. In light of the fall of the Empire, Duplessis has enhanced relations with the Italian federation and its dominant Catholic political culture, especially in hopes that a weak pope will be elected when the current incumbent dies. If such an election took place and the Pontiff would not interfere with Quebec, Duplessis is eager to maintain his close alliance with the Catholic Church. The Church essentially runs education and social welfare as a result of this arrangement and very few Quebecois receive a higher education. Duplessis also maintains a relationship with National France, not because of a kinship to the European French (whom many Quebecois accuse of abandoning them to the English), but to stamp out any possible Syndicalist infiltration by Commune agents. Assuming a strong Pope like Innitzer gets elected... Duplessis may be forced to reconsider his alliance as he would not want the Holy Father looking over his shoulder. King has long given up on trying to engineer a liberal government for the Province of Quebec and both Conservative and Liberal governments have refrained from interfering in Quebec politics so long as Duplessis does not stoke disloyalty or interferes with Federal politics. While R.B Bennet and the British elites wanted to also recapture Ireland, King has embarked on a policy of reconciliation with the “Lost Dominion.” In the event of war, King have suggested sending a diplomatic offer to Michael Collins that offers a public, binding, international decree by the British crown to recognize the sovereignty of the Irish Republic and a vow to never violate that sovereignty, and in return for port rights and airstrips in Ireland to carry out the war against the UoB. (Amazing Canadian Backstory by UnitedEmpireLoyalist, Cheers) 1936, The Present Ever since the Proclamation of the Union of Britain, King George V has been plagued with sickness, a sickness which has intensified in recent months. The fate of both the King and of the Empire is unsure, both have begun to slowly wither and die. Next in line for the throne is Edward, Prince of Wales, while R.B. Bennet and the Exiles are waiting for their chance to use the Prince to their advantage. No matter what happens in the first few months of 1936, God Save the King! - Kaiserreich: Legacy of the Weltkrieg 1.0 - Settings on Normal/Normal Kaiserreich: Legacy of the Weltkrieg is a mod for HoI2 Doomsday and Armageddon which asks the question: "What if the Germans won WWII?" As you have read, Revolutions at home have forced the British Royal Family to flee to Canada and for the French Nationalists to cross the Mediterranean Sea to Africa. Now, a decade later, Berlin's economy is in recession and political divisions run deep in the United States. General Strikes by the IWW bring the economies of Chicago, Detroit and Green Bay to a halt while the "American First Council" agruably has more power in the Midwest and Texas than the Federal Government while the West Coast of the United States prospers. The Commune of France is the leader of a Worldwide radical movement whose goal is to bring down the Reactionary governments in Europe and abroad and establish rule by Trade Unions across the World. In Russia, political dissent has reached its boiling point and divisions are begin to appear in Spain while the Ausgleich, the Re-Negotiation of the Austro-Hungarian Comprimise is nearing closer. The economies of South America are dependent on Berlin, its anyones bet what would happen to the Continent if the recession in Germany was to stop sliding and to plunge. Success or Failure; Whether London is retake or the Revolution follows the Royal Family across the Atlantic, I hope you'll be entertained.

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In rural Niger, community pumps are being installed in many villages in response to a widespread water crisis. Sixty-four percent of Niger’s rural population lacks access to clean water. About nine in ten citizens lack a proper way to dispose of their own waste. These water woes promote disease, stagnate education and economic growth, and result in the majority of rural Niger’s infant and child deaths. Niger is a drought-plagued land on the borders of the Sahara Desert. There is little rainfall, so groundwater must supply most people’s daily needs. Yet this traditional water source presents many problems. Hand-dug wells lack concrete liners and are subject to contamination by seepage of waste and other contaminants. Traditional wells also have no pumps, so women must haul water up by hand in a demanding and time-consuming chore. Existing wells are widely scattered—so that women and children may spend hours and travel many kilometers a day just to provide water for their homes. A proliferation of modern drilled wells and pump systems can alleviate many of these problems, but most communities lack the resources to fund drilled wells or to purchase and maintain pumps. In recent years, international organizations like UNICEF and the World Bank have been able to help. UNICEF has funded the construction and repair of many boreholes and wells to provide clean water to more than a quarter million people. The World Bank also has a program in place to fund local drillers and pump manufacturers that will be able to install some 100 wells and pumps per year—providing water to an additional 25,000 people annually. The establishment of more modern wells is easing the health crisis caused by lack of clean potable water. It is also changing communities for the better. Localized pumps relieve women and children of the water-carrying burden that consumes so much of their time and energy. With water accessible close to home, women and children have time to pursue their educations or other economic opportunities. Many community source pumps are intentionally located near schools, providing an added incentive for children to attend classes near the source of their family’s water.

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A ground is a direct electrical connection to the earth, a connection to a particular point in an electrical or electronic circuit, or an indirect connection that operates as the result of capacitance between wireless equipment and the earth or a large mass of conductive material. Electrical grounding is important because it provides a reference voltage level (called zero potential or ground potential) against which all other voltages in a system are established and measured. An effective electrical ground connection also minimizes the susceptibility of equipment to interference, reduces the risk of equipment damage due to lightning, eliminates electrostatic buildup that can damage system components, and helps protect personnel who service and repair electrical, electronic, and computer systems. In effect, an electrical ground drains away any unwanted buildup of electrical charge. When a point is connected to a good ground, that point tends to stay at a constant voltage, regardless of what happens elsewhere in the circuit or system. The earth, which forms the ultimate ground, has the ability to absorb or dissipate an unlimited amount of electrical charge. An earth ground usually consists of a ground rod (or a set of ground rods) driven into the soil. At sea, the salt water forms a good earth ground if a corrosion-resistant metal plate having large surface area (such as the hull or keel) is placed in contact with it. In a car, a truck, a boat in fresh water, an aircraft, or a spacecraft, there is no such thing as a true earth ground. But if the mass of metal comprising the vehicle is substantial, that mass can simulate an earth ground reasonably well. An earth ground minimizes the susceptibility of electronic equipment to interference from other devices. In large, base-station wireless installations, a good earth ground also provides a certain measure of protection from the destructive effects of lightning. A chassis ground is a connection to the main chassis of a piece of electronic or electrical equipment. In older appliances and in desktop computers, this is a metal plate, usually copper or aluminum. In some modern equipment, it is a foil run on the main printed circuit board, usually running around the periphery. Chassis ground is sometimes called common ground. It provides a point that can be considered to have zero voltage. All other circuit voltages (positive or negative) are measured or defined with respect to it. Ideally, all chassis grounds should lead to earth grounds. In wireless systems, a radio-frequency ( RF ) ground can be obtained by capacitive coupling between devices and the earth. In some cases, several wires known as radials, parallel to and near the earth's surface, are necessary to obtain a good RF ground. At higher frequencies, radials are not always necessary. The capacitance between a handheld radio transceiver or cell phone set and the user's body, and the capacitance between the user's body and the earth, can provide a reasonably good RF ground. Certain types of antenna s can function effectively without an RF ground.

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New research in The FASEB Journal suggests that rats fed homobrassinolide, found in the mustard plant, produced an anabolic effect, and increased appetite and muscle mass, as well as the number and size of muscle fibers. Bethesda, MDIf you are looking to lean out, add muscle mass, and get ripped, a new research report published in The FASEB Journal (http://www.fasebj.org) suggests that you might want to look to your garden for a little help. That's because scientists have found that when a specific plant steroid was given orally to rats, it triggered a response similar to anabolic steroids, with minimal side effects. In addition, the research found that the stimulatory effect of homobrassinolide (a type of brassinosteroid found in plants) on protein synthesis in muscle cells led to increases in lean body mass, muscle mass and physical performance. "We hope that one day brassinosteroids may provide an effective, natural, and safe alternative for age- and disease-associated muscle loss, or be used to improve endurance and physical performance," said Slavko Komarnytsky, Ph.D., a researcher involved in the work from the Plants for Human Health Institute, FBNS at North Carolina State University in Kannapolis, N.C. "Because some plants we eat contain these compounds, like mustards, in the future we may be able to breed or engineer these plants for higher brassinosteroid content, thus producing functional foods that can treat or prevent diseases and increase physical performance." To make this discovery, Komarnytsky and colleagues exposed rat skeletal muscle cells to different amounts of homobrassinolide and measured protein synthesis in cell culture. The result was increased protein synthesis and decreased protein degradation in these cells. Healthy rats then received oral administration of homobrassinolide daily for 24 days. Changes in body weight, food consumption, and body composition |Contact: Cody Mooneyhan| Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

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Heart Paper Chain These heart paper chains are easy to make but they do require scissors so adult supervision is recommended. - Take a peice of paper and cut it length-wise into 4 strips. - Valley-fold the paper in half and unfold. - Valley-fold again into quarters, and unfold. - Mountain-fold each of the four sections in half. You should have 8 sections. - Compress the strip of paper along the already made creases. The pleats will look like an accordion. - Draw a heart shape onto the top layer of paper. Draw it such that the rounded top-part of the heart (shown with an arrow) doesn't connect with the bottom part of the heart. Cut along the line making sure that you don't cut the rounded corner of the heart (they need to remain connected to one another). - Unfold and voila! A heart paper chain. Repeat with the other strips of paper and connect them together with tape. Note: there are two possible result. The first is as shown above: four connected hearts. The other possibility is 3 connected hearts and two half-hearts at the beginning and end of the chain. Experiment a bit to determine how to position the paper to get the chain that you prefer.

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Free Democratic Party The Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei--FDP) is much smaller than the CDU or SPD, but its limited electoral strength masks the party's inordinate influence. Prior to the 1994 election, the FDP had experienced its worst results in national elections in 1969 (5.8 percent) and 1983 (7 percent). Both of those poor showings occurred following an FDP decision to switch coalition partners. Beyond these two exceptions, between 1949 and 1990 the FDP averaged 9.6 percent of the vote in national elections. Given its pivotal role in governing coalitions, the FDP has held over 20 percent of the cabinet posts during its time in government. The FDP served in coalition governments with the CDU from 1949 to 1956 and from 1961 to 1966. As of mid-1995, it has governed with the CDU since 1982. The FDP governed in coalition with the SPD from 1969 to 1982. The remarkable amount of time that the FDP has spent in government has been a source of continuity in the German political process. FDP ministers carry a detailed knowledge of government personnel and procedures unsurpassed among the other parties. The central role played by the FDP in forming governments is explained by the fact that a major party has been able to garner an outright majority of Bundestag seats only once (the CDU, in 1957); thus, the CDU and the SPD have been compelled to form coalition governments. Therefore, the FDP has participated in every government except the one from 1957 to 1961 and the Grand Coalition of 1966-69. Because the SPD and CDU/CSU enjoyed roughly equal electoral support, the FDP could choose with which major party it wished to align. This ability to make or break a ruling coalition has provided the small FDP with considerable leverage in the distribution of policy and cabinet positions. To take one example, as of mid- 1995, the FDP, in the person of Klaus Kinkel, led the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which it has held since 1969. The most prominent member of the FDP, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, served as foreign minister from 1974 until his resignation in 1992. The FDP was created in 1948 under the chairmanship of Theodor Heuss, who served as the first president of the Federal Republic, from 1949 to 1959. The party's founders wanted the FDP to revive the liberal party tradition of pre-World War II Germany. Although there was some initial debate over what was meant by "liberal," the party did articulate a political philosophy distinct from that of the two major parties. The FDP gave precedence to the legal protection of individual freedoms. Unlike the SPD, it supported private enterprise and disavowed any socialist leaning, and, unlike the CDU/CSU, it envisioned a strictly secular path for itself. In the early 1990s, the Free Democrats remained closer to the CDU/CSU on economic issues and closer to the SPD on social and foreign policy. Many Germans view the FDP as the party of the middle, moderating the policies of both major parties. Following the 1949 national elections, the FDP emerged as a natural ally of the CDU/CSU, most importantly because of a congruity of economic policy. During the mid- to late 1960s, the FDP, under the leadership of Walter Scheel, went through a transformation of sorts, shedding its conservative image and emphasizing the reformist aspects of its liberal tradition. Its new focus on social concerns resulted in an SPD-FDP coalition in 1969. The party's new direction was ratified at the FDP's 1971 party congress, which endorsed a program of "social liberalism." As economic conditions worsened in the early 1980s, however, the FDP returned to its earlier advocacy of economic policies more conservative than those endorsed by the SPD. The FDP was most concerned with the growing budget deficit, whereas the SPD gave priority to the impact of the economic downturn on workers. The FDP abandoned the coalition with the SPD in September 1982, shifting allegiance to the CDU/CSU. The FDP lost considerable electoral support in the 1983 federal election but regained strength in the 1987 election. The Free Democrats benefited initially from unification, garnering 11 percent of the vote in the first all-Germany elections in December 1990. In part, the FDP's popularity in the east was directly attributable to Genscher, an eastern German by birth who played a leading role in negotiations over the international agreements that made unification possible. In light of the FDP's strong showing in the 1990 election, it is perhaps surprising to note that, by the time of the 1994 national election, the FDP was, in many ways, a party in crisis. It had lost representation in every Land that held elections in 1994, and thus the FDP has no seats in any eastern Land legislature. Minister of Foreign Affairs Kinkel had been elected party chairman in 1993, and some critics felt that the two posts had overwhelmed him, leading him to perform inadequately in both. Other observers, however, argued that it was the party's message, rather than its messenger, that needed revamping. Increasingly, the FDP found it difficult to differentiate its policy from that of Kohl's CDU. Given the fact that the FDP had performed so poorly at the Land level in 1994, there was much speculation as to whether the party would cross the 5 percent hurdle in the national election. FDP politicians breathed a collective sigh of relief when the party garnered 6.9 percent of the vote when Germans went to the polls in October 1994. Reportedly, the FDP had over 500,000 CDU voters to thank for this outcome, because they gave their second votes tactically to the FDP to ensure a victory for Kohl. One poll showed that 63 percent of those who voted for the FDP gave the CDU as their preferred party. The structure of the FDP is decentralized and is loosely organized at all levels. The party basically is a federation of Land organizations, each maintaining a degree of well-guarded independence. The national party headquarters lacks the power to orchestrate activities at the Land level, and the formal party institutions--the Federal Executive, Presidium, and party congress--are weak. The FDP deemed this lack of centralization necessary to accommodate differences within the party, particularly between economic conservatives and social liberals. The FDP has never sought to be a mass party, and its members accordingly have little influence on decision making. |Country Studies main page | Germany Country Studies main page | Celebrity|

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