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The trumpet-shaped blooms of lilies (Lilium spp.) make a big impression in a bouquet, with their large size, colors ranging from deep to delicate and long vase life. Depending on variety, each cut lily stem can have up to eight buds that open from the bottom of the stem up, which can keep the flowers attractive and blooming for an extended period. When you purchase or receive cut lilies in a vase, the amount of care you're willing to give them and thought you devote to their placement can make the difference between enjoying them for a few days, or more than two weeks. Fill your sink or a bucket with lukewarm water. Remove the lilies from the vase and place the stems in the water. Cut 1 to 2 inches from the bottom of each stem, cutting at a 45-degree angle with a sharp, clean knife, working with the stems under water. The diagonal cut provides more surface area on the cut end of the flower while cutting underwater prevents air bubbles from blocking water from being pulled up the stem to keep the flowers hydrated. Strip the leaves that will be under the level of the water in the vase, leaving at least four sets of leaves above the water line to provide nutrition to the lily buds that still need to open and to help draw water up into the stem to keep the flowers fresh. Any leaves left under the water can rot, generating bacteria in the water that can block the water from being pulled up the stem, as well as make the water cloudy. Fill a clean vase with water. Add a packet of floral preservative to the water or create your own by adding 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice, 1 tablespoon sugar and 1/2 teaspoon chlorine bleach to at least 1 quart of water in the vase. Place the flowers back in the vase and place the vase in cool area out of direct sun and drafts. Clip the anthers from flowers with scissors as they open. Anthers are crescent-shaped structures covered with red-brown pollen that surround the stamen. The pollen can stain tablecloths, furniture or clothing when you touch it when wet. Dry pollen can be brushed away. Remove leaves and flowers as they fade. Change the water every two days. Things You Will Need - Lemon juice - Keep cut lilies out of reach of cats. Simply biting into a lily leaf or petal, licking pollen from its paws or drinking water from a vase of lilies can cause a cat to develop often-fatal kidney failure, according to University of California veterinarians. - Canada.com: Lovely Big-bloomed Lilies Last for Weeks in a Vase - Fine Gardening: Genus Lilium - University of Illinois Extension: Care of Cut Flowers and Foliage - University of California Marin County Master Gardeners: Tips on Keeping Cut Flowers Fresher Longer - University of California Davis: Lilies Deadly to Cats, Veterinarians Warn - Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images

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If you are just getting started building web applications, these 10 tips are fundamental to learning how to build really great apps and to being successful in your new career. 1. Build at least one application on your own that wasn’t required in class and include a complex user interface component, such as a widget, and database access. 2. Understand how to use debuggers, browser debugging tools and breakpoints on IE, Chrome, Firefox and Safari for desktop and mobile. 4. Understand how to use a code repository. Try posting a few of your prototypes on github. 5. Read books written by the experts. When done read some more. Learn by example. 6. Participate by asking and answering questions in industry forums such as Stack Exchange. You’ll gain more confidence as time goes on. 7. Understand how basic coding patterns such as loops and HTTP request/response can affect website and mobile performance. 8. Learn the difference between client and server-based code. 9. Practice problem solving by testing your prototype apps against the different major browsers. You will really learn what works and what doesn’t work. In most problem solving there is no exact answer, but knowing how to come up with potential solutions will save the day. 10. Research a problem first, then ask questions. Your colleagues that have been coding for a long time know when a question wasn’t well researched beforehand. You will learn best by trying to solve it. It can be like a puzzle and you have to figure out how the pieces fit together. 11. Yep, I know I said 10 tips, so this is a bonus. Read and learn about user interface design, and if possible work with an experienced UX engineer/designer. UX, or user interface design, makes the difference between an okay app and an excellent app.

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http://www.andygup.net/10-tips-for-new-web-developers/

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A TRIO of Australian and American scientists have made a discovery that could radically change the understanding of how the brain repairs itself. They have shown that other parts of the brain take over to compensate for lost function if there is damage to the hippocampus, a part of the brain responsible for learning and memory. These parts are often far from the damaged site. The research could lead to important advances in the treatment of accident and stroke victims, as well as those living with Alzheimer's disease. "Until now, we've been trying to figure out how to stimulate repair within the hippocampus. Now we can see other structures stepping in, and whole new brain circuits coming into being," said Dr Bryce Vissel from Sydney's Garvan Institute of Medical Research. "It's truly exciting." Dr Vissel played a key role in helping to identify the brain pathways and structures involved after two US scientists made a surprising discovery that rats are able to learn new tasks after damage to the hippocampus. Dr Vissel's team worked with Dr Moriel Zelikowsky and Dr Michael Fanselow to identify the exact regions of the brain that take over. Their breakthrough is published in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the Academy of Science (PNAS), the journal of the US National Academy of Sciences. Dr Fanselow says all complex behaviours involve multiple parts of the brain, with one region's message affecting how another region will respond. "The brain is heavily interconnected." He says once scientists understand why one pathway is chosen over another, they will be able to encourage pathways to take over when they need to, especially in the case of brain damage. "I expect the brain probably has to be trained through experience. "Behaviour creates molecular changes in the brain. We can try to facilitate those changes through behaviour and drug therapy. "Future treatments are not going to be all behavioural or all pharmacological, but a combination of both," he says. "It's probable that the brains of Alzheimer's sufferers are already compensating for damage and this discovery has significant potential for extending that compensation," Dr Vissel said. Originally published as Aussie doctors in brain breakthrough

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The sentence is the site of your enterprise with words, the locale where language either comes to a head or does not. The sentence is a situation of words in the most literal sense: words must be situated in relation to others to produce an enduring effect on a reader. As you situate the words, you are of course intent on obeying the ordinances of syntax and grammar, unless any willful violation is your purpose—and you are intent as well on achieving in the arrangements of words as much fidelity as is possible to whatever you believe you have wanted to say or describe. A lot of writers—many of them—unfortunately seem to stop there. They seem content if the resultant sentence is free from obvious faults and is faithful to the lineaments of the thought or feeling or whatnot that was awaiting deathless expression. But some other writers seem to know that it takes more than that for a sentence to cohere and flourish as a work of art. They seem to know that the words inside the sentence must behave as if they were destined to belong together—as if their separation from each other would deprive the parent story or novel, as well as the readerly world, of something life-bearing and essential. These writers recognize that there needs to be an intimacy between the words, a togetherness that has nothing to do with grammar or syntax but instead has to do with the very shapes and sounds, the forms and contours, of the gathered words. This intimacy is what we mean when we say of a piece of writing that it has a felicity—a fitness, an aptness, a rightness about the phrasing. The words in the sentence must bear some physical and sonic resemblance to each other—the way people and their dogs are said to come to resemble each other, the way children take after their parents, the way pairs and groups of friends evolve their own manner of dress and gesture and speech. A pausing, enraptured reader should be able to look deeply into the sentence and discern among the words all of the traits and characteristics they share. The impression to be given is that the words in the sentence have lived with each other for quite some time, decisive time, and have deepened and grown and matured in each other’s company—and that they cannot live without each other.

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By definition, athlete’s foot refers to the common fungus infection that can be found between a person’s toes. Characterized by itchy, sore, cracked, and peeling skin, athlete’s foot is said to be one of the most common skin diseases experience by people across the globe. Aside from itchy and peeling skin on the feet, serious symptoms may include extremely painful blisters and bleeding. Treating The Condition Although athlete’s foot is a common skin infection among people, it doesn’t mean that you just have to get used to it. Once you have developed the skin disease, prompt treatment should be administered properly so the infection does not get worse or before you can transfer it to other people. Experts say that athlete’s foot?depending on the case or the type?usually responds well to treatments. If you have an athlete’s foot and you visit a dermatologist or a podiatrist, he or she will advise you to treat the skin condition promptly to avoid further complications. The treatment for mild case of athlete’s foot is quite simple. All you have to do is to apply an anti-fungi powder or cream the doctor has prescribed. These medications usually contain substances that kill the athlete’s foot causing fungi and can make the condition better if you follow the instructions carefully. Topical medications or topical antifungal agents that has miconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine and a keratolytic like salicylic acid are usually given to the patient to kill the fungus. However, topical medications only cure the infection of about 30 percent once the medication is applied. That is why doctors suggest that the patients use the medication for a specific period of time for the fungi to be eliminated. Other topical applications may include Castellani’s Paint, Carbol Fuscin Red dye, and gentian violet to cure bacterial and fungal infections. If the case is serious, oral treatment with griseofulvin is usually advised because these provide long lasting cure. Aside from curing the skin condition through the use of either topical or oral medication, a patient suffering from athlete’s foot can also treat the infection by keeping proper hygiene. The most important part of treating athlete’s foot is by keeping the feet dry at all times. This is done to eliminate the places where the fungi usually thrive. You can do this by washing your feet regularly and by wearing clean, absorbent socks. You can also treat athlete’s foot by not using shoes that are too-tight or those made from synthetic materials or leather. This will allow your feet to be properly ventilated. Whenever possible, wear sandals, or open-to shoes to let your feet breathe. You can also use anti-fungal powders and sprays to keep the feet dry and smelling clean. You can also use alternative treatments such as a footbath or foot soak with cinnamon, goldenseal or tea tree oil to slow down the growth of fungi.

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http://edu.udym.com/how-do-you-treat-a-problem-such-as-athletes-foot/

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Autism is a condition which affects an estimated 1 in 45 people in the UK. Around 30% of autistic children will never learn to speak, and many children even with early behavioural interventions still struggle to adapt. Although early intervention and behaviour management strategies help, there are no medically approved treatments that improve the core symptoms of autism. A recent study by Duke University in North Carolina has shown some promising results that point to the possibility of being able to treat autism using stem cells found in a child’s own cord blood. The first-of-its-kind study was lead by Dr. Joanne Kurtzberg, one of the lead researchers at the Carolinas Cord Blood Bank, and Dr. Geraldine Dawson director of the Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development. After seeing successful trials using cord blood to treat children with inherited metabolic disorders and cerebral palsy, they saw a great need for further medical advances in the treatment of autism. The study involved 25 children with autism whose parents had previously banked blood from their umbilical cord at birth. In the first treatment each child was given an IV infusion of their own cord blood containing 1-2 billions cells. Three times over the course of a year, an evaluation of the child’s brain activity was carried out, and behavioural observations made. After one year, more than two thirds of children showed significant and continued improvements in behaviour as evaluated by their parents and researchers. This included throwing less tantrums, showing less volatile behaviour, and generally being calmer in every day life. “Some children, who were not speaking very much, had big increases in their vocabulary and their functional speech,” Kurtzberg says. “Many children were able to attend to play and have meaningful communication in a way that they weren’t before. Some children had less repetitive behaviors than they did when they came onto the study.” Parents of one of the children, Gracie Gregory, were even able to let her go to a mainstream school, something they previously thought impossible. Positive but not conclusive Whilst the research is promising, any results need to be treated cautiously. As a safety study, not a controlled, double-blind study, it cannot yield definitive proof of positive results. The study was open-label, meaning everyone – the doctors and the families – knew that the therapy was being administered. This means that positive results could be attributed to a number of other factors including a natural improvement of behaviour with age, and the parents subconsciously wanting to see and therefore magnifying any improvements. A larger second double-blind, placebo-controlled trial is now underway which will involved 165 autistic children between 2 to 8 years old. The added placebo control element, and higher number of children involved, will allow the researchers to better assess the effectiveness of the treatment.

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As you know, ‘family’ represents a single word, but different people define family in many different ways. So, what is a family? It can be pretty hard to describe the word, but the first thing that comes to mind when you mention it is a shelter or a safe place to be, right? The people you call a family are important to you in some way and you always set them apart from the rest of the world. If you try to find the word in a dictionary, you will get an explanation that says that a family consists of a dad, mom, and kids, but is it really necessary to have all of the aforementioned members to have a real family? Some people consider their pets and closest friends to be members of their family, too. This traditional structure of a family is not a guarantee that you have all of the support and love a family has to offer to be a real family, because that’s what family does! What is a family for you?

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It was the post-war shortage of steel which prompted development of the Land Rover. Steel became rationed, like everything else, and it was allocated to British industries in proportion to the value of their exports. At the time, Rover's fairly expensive quality cars were not selling well abroad, and a new venture was needed to attract overseas buyers. The answer chosen was to build a jeep-type vehicle on a commercial basis, and the first Land-Rover prototypes were built during 1947. The project was launched the following year at the Amsterdam Motor Show. In the early days you only had to make a noise like a round-the-world trip and you could borrow one, chalked up to publicity and development; but the product was soon proved and established all over the world, and the free loans ended. Demand constantly outpaced supply, and whenever there was a "recession" in car sales, Rover were able to divert their attention to catching up on the backlog of Land-Rover orders. Made For An Outdoor Life The Land Rover was made for an outdoor life, washed by the rain and occasionally hosed out to clean the interior. There were two little chrome rims around the headlamps - the only concession to styling; everything else, practically, was either galvanised steel (including the chassis) or painted aluminnium. The 1.6 liter motor was that used in the Rover P4 60, and the body was made almost entirely from aluminum. Until 1950, the 4 wheel drive system had no central differential which proved fine for tackling up-hill terrain, but was less than adequate when going down hill when the driver would find the wheels turning at different speeds. Cars built after 1950 had a dogleg clutch, allowing the driver to engage either 2 or 4 wheel drive. Introduction Of The 80" Wheelbase One of the common criticism's of the early Land Rovers was the relatively small load space. This was addressed in 1954 , when the 80" Land Rover was replaced with an 86" wheelbase version. A long wheelbase 107" Land Rover was also introduced. These new models proved expensive, with a surprising number of new parts including new prop-shafts, springs, exhaust, and body panelling. The new models would only last two years. Demand had grown for a diesel engine option, and another two inches had to be inserted to allow space in the engine compartment for the new engine option. This space was inserted between the front axle and the toe board, adding to the wheelbase. The new wheel bases of 88" and 109" were launched in 1956 but the diesel engine option would not be launched until 1957 . Due to production line capacity constraints, the 107" vehicle would remain in production as a station wagon until 1959 when the 109" Series II Station Wagon was launched. As well as the advent of a diesel option, 1957 saw the arrival of fully floating half-shafts on the long wheelbase 109" vehicle. On entering a Land-Rover the first impression was of the great height off the ground, which gave an eye level well above the roof of most cars. The angular front wings were in view, but allowance had to be made for the sturdy bumper out front, and of course it was not a question of what damage the vehicle would suffer so much as what it would do to anything it hit. After 20 years of uninterrupted producction Rover claimed that 600,000 Land-Rovers were operating in more than 170 different territories all over the world. The car's most notable appearance in a movie was in the South African film 'The Gods Must Be Crazy', and while from our expericence the brakes were never that good, the film version did go to extremes!

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Please boost your Plan to download papers Music - Research Paper Example This paper will discussed country and western music and their kinds. Country Music is a very famous American music style that emerged from the rural Southern side of the United States in 1920s. It is a musical amalgamation of Western Cowboy Music with American Southeastern Folk Music. … This paper shows some kinds of country and western music such as hillbilly music, bluegrass music, new grass, country pop, cajun music, western swing. Hillbilly Music is a specific term used to refer a certain group of people who lives in rural and mountainous areas of the Unites States. Hillbilly is closely associated with country music. The term refers to denote the old-country music or bluegrass. Hillbilly boogie was the first musical tune that contained the word, hillbilly. It was composed by Delmore Brothers in the year 1946. Bluegrass Music is another form of American music which is a subgenre of country music. It is a musical composition of different regions such as it contains musical influence of Scotland, Ireland and England’s traditional folk music on the other hand; it has some musical touch of African American compositions due to the combination of few jazz elements. This kind of music is highly inspired by the music of Appalachia To sum up the paper talks that new grass is one of the major subgenres of bluegrass music. It is a musical revival and combination of different genres used with each other to create a new kind of music. Electric instruments and other genres especially, rock and roll has played a significant role in creating this type. It became known in late 1960s and early 1970s. Gospel music defined the personal, spiritual or communal belief related to the Christian life. It gave new dimension to the musical industry and musical compositions Country pop is a subgenre of country music. Cajun Music is a symbolic music that represents Louisiana. Western swing music is a subgenre of ever-green American country music. ...

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https://studentshare.net/music/67430-to-your-preference

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According to results from the “Seventh Annual Eye Injury Snapshot” by the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) and the American Society of Ocular Trauma (ASOT), the most common place of injury was the yard or garden. In addition, one in four eye injuries that occurred in the home were due to home repair or use of power tools. Prevent Blindness America, the nation’s oldest volunteer eye health and safety organization, has declared October as Home Eye Safety Awareness Month in an effort to urge the public to take extra care in protecting their eyes in order to avoid painful and potentially blinding eye accidents. Eye injuries include everything from painful corneal abrasions, to chemical splashes or punctures to the eye that can cause permanent vision loss. “When doing everyday chores around the house or repair work in the garage, we can become complacent about remembering to use the proper eye protection,” said Hugh R. Parry, president and CEO of Prevent Blindness America. “But, we must remember that an eye injury that can occur in a split second can have lifelong impact on vision.” Prevent Blindness America urges everyone to wear eyewear approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The eyewear should have the “Z-87” logo stamped on the frames. Prevent Blindness America also recommends the following: · Provide effective lights and handrails to improve safety on stairs and reduce the risk of falls. · Never mix cleaning agents. Read and follow all manufacturer instructions and warning labels. · Wear safety glasses with side protection or dust goggles to protect against flying particles, and chemical goggles to guard against exposure to fertilizers and pesticides. If you wear prescription glasses, many safety glasses or goggles will fit over your regular glasses. Regular eyeglasses do not always provide enough protection, and may even cause further injury upon impact. · Inspect and remove debris from lawns before mowing. Make sure others in the yard are wearing eye protection as well, as bystanders can be hit by flying debris. · Keep paints, pesticides, fertilizers, and similar products properly stored in a secure area. Read and follow all product instructions. · Keep tools in good condition; damaged tools should be repaired or replaced. Welding or brazing requires special safety goggles or helmets. Consult your equipment instruction or supplier for the proper protection.

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Dushyanta and Shakuntala--Romantic Wooing--Birth of Bharata--Shakuntala's Appeal--Her Claim vindicated--King Bharata's Reign--King Hastin and King Kuru--King Shantanu's Bride a Goddess--Seven Babes drowned--Story of Satyavati--Vyasa, Poet and Sage--Bhishma's Terrible Vow--Fisher Girl becomes Queen--Marriage by Capture--A Childless King--Origin of Dhritarashtra, Pandu, and Vidura. Now the sire of the great King Bharata 1 was royal Dushyanta of the lunar race, the descendant of Atri, the Deva-rishi, and of Soma, the moon; his mother was beautiful Shakuntala, the hermit maiden, and daughter of a nymph from the celestial regions. And first be it told of the wooing of Shakuntala and the strange childhood of her mighty son. One day King Dushyanta, that tiger among men, went forth from his stately palace to go a-hunting with a great host and many horses and elephants. He entered a deep jungle and there slew numerous wild animals; his arrows wounded tigers at a distance; he felled those that came near with his great sword. Lions fled from before him, wild elephants stampeded in terror, deer sought to escape hastily, and birds rose in the air uttering cries of distress. The king, attended by a single follower, pursued a deer across a desert plain, and entered a beautiful forest which delighted his heart, for it was deep and shady, and was cooled by soft winds; sweet-throated birds sang in the branches, and all round about there were blossoming trees and blushing flowers; he heard the soft notes of the kokila 1, and beheld many a green bower carpeted with grass and canopied by many-coloured creepers. Dushyanta, abandoning the chase, wandered on until he came to a delightful and secluded hermitage, where he saw the sacred fire of that austere and high-souled Brahman, the saintly Kanva. It was a scene of peace and beauty. Blossoms from the trees covered the ground; tall were the trunks, and the branches were far-sweeping. A silvery stream went past, breaking on the banks in milk-white foam; it was the sacred River Malini, studded with green islands, loved by water fowl, and abounding with fish. Then the king was taken with desire to visit the holy sage, Kanva, he who is without darkness. So he divested himself of his royal insignia and entered the sacred grove alone. Bees were humming; birds trilled their many melodies; he heard the low chanting voices of Brahmans among the trees--those holy men who can take captive all human hearts. . . . When he reached the abode of Kanva, he wondered to find that it was empty, and called out: "Who is here?" and the forest echoed his voice. Then came towards him a beautiful black-eyed virgin, clad in a robe of bark. She reverenced the king and said: "What seekest thou? I am thy servant." Said the royal Dushyanta to the maiden of faultless form and gentle voice: "I have come to honour the wise and blessed Kanva. Tell me, O fair and amiable one, whither he hath gone?" The maiden answered: "My illustrious sire is gathering herbs, but if thou wilt tarry he will return ere long." Dushyanta was entranced by the beauty and sweet smiles of the gentle girl, and his heart was moved towards her, for she was in the bloom of youth. So he spake, saying: "Who art thou, O fairest one? Whence comest thou, and why dost thou wander alone in the woods? O comely maiden, thou hast taken captive my heart." The bright-eyed one made answer: "I am the daughter of the holy and high-souled Kanva, the ever-wise and ever-constant." Said the king: "But Kanva is chaste and austere and hath ever been a celibate, nor can he have broken his rigid vow. How came it that thou wert born the daughter of such a one?" Then the maiden, who was named Shakuntala, because that the birds (shakunta) had nursed her, revealed unto the king the secret of her birth. Her real sire was Vishwamitra 1, the holy sage who had been a Kshatriya and was made a Brahman in reward for his austerities. It came to pass that Indra became alarmed at his growing power, and he feared that the mighty sage of blazing energy would, by reason of his penances, cast down even him, the king of the gods, from his heavenly seat. So Indra commanded Menaka, the beauteous Ap’sara, to disturb the holy meditations of the sage, for he had already achieved such power that he created a second world and many stars. The nymph called on the wind god and on the god of love, and they went with her towards Vishwamitra. Menaka danced before the brooding sage; then the wind god snatched away her moon-white garments, and the love god shot his arrows at Vishwamitra, whereupon that saintly man was stricken with love for the nymph of peerless beauty, and he wooed her and won her as his bride. So was he diverted from his austerities. In time Menaka became the mother of a girl babe, whom she cast away on the river bank. Now the forest was full of lions and tigers, but vultures gathered round the infant and protected her from harm. Then Kanva found and took pity on the child; he said: "She will be mine own daughter." Said Shakuntala: "O king, I was that child who was abandoned by the nymph, and now thou dost know how Kanva came to be my sire." The king said: "Blessed are thy words, O princess. Thou art of royal birth. Be thou my bride, O beautiful maid, and thou wilt have garlands of gold and golden ear-rings and white pearls and rich robes; my kingdom also will be thine, O timid one; wed thou me in Gandharva mode, which of all marriages is the best." 1 Then Shakuntala promised to be the king's bride, on condition that he would choose her son as the heir to his throne. "As thou desirest, so let it be," said Dushyanta. And the fair one became his bride. Ere Dushyanta went away he promised Shakuntala that he would send a mighty host to escort her to his palace. When Kanva returned, the maiden did not leave her hiding-place to greet him; but he searched out and found her, and he read her heart. "Thou hast not broken the law," he said. "Dushyanta, thine husband, is noble and true, and a son will be born unto thee who will achieve great renown." In time fair Shakuntala became the mother of a comely boy, and the wheel mark 1 was on his hands. He grew to be strong and brave, and when but six years old he sported with young lions, for he was suckled by a lioness; he rode on the backs of lions and tigers and wild boars in the midst of the forest. He was called All-tamer, because that he tamed everything. Now when Kanva perceived that the boy was of unequalled prowess, he spake to Shakuntala and said: "The time hath come when he must be anointed as heir to the throne." So he bade his disciples to escort mother and son unto the city of Gajasahvaya 2, where Dushyanta had his royal palace. So it came that Shakuntala once again stood before the king, and she said unto him: "Lo! I have brought unto thee this thy son, O Dushyanta. Fulfil the promise thou didst make aforetime, and let him be anointed as thine heir." Dushyanta had no pleasure in her words, and made answer: "I have no memory of thee. Who are thou and whence cometh thou, O wicked hermit woman? I never took thee for wife, nor care I whether thou art to linger here or to depart speedily." Stunned by his cold answer, the sorrowing Shakuntala stood there like a log. . . . Soon her eyes became red as copper and her lips trembled; she cast burning glances at the monarch. For a time she was silent; then she exclaimed with fervour: "O king without shame, well dost thou know who I am. Why wilt thou deny knowledge of me as if thou wert but an inferior person? Thy heart is a witness against thee. Be not a robber of thine own affections. . . . The gods behold everything: naught is hidden from them; verily, they will not bless one who doth degrade himself by speaking falsely regarding himself. Spurn not the mother of thy son; spurn not thy faithful wife. A true wife beareth a son; she is the first of friends and the source of salvation; she enables her husband to perform religious acts, her sweet speeches bring him joy; she is a solace and a comforter in sickness and in sorrow; she is a companion in this world and the next. If a husband dies, a wife follows soon afterwards; if she is gone before, she waiteth for her husband in heaven. She is the mother of the son who performs the funeral rite to secure everlasting bliss for his sire, rescuing him from the hell called Put. Therefore a man should reverence the mother of his son, and look upon his son as if he beheld his own self in a mirror, rejoicing the while as if he had found heaven. . . . Why, O king, dost thou spurn thine own child? Even the ants will protect their eggs; strangers far from home take the children of others on their knees to be made happy, but thou hast no compassion for this child, although he is thy son, thine own image. . . . Alas! what sin did I commit in my former state that I should have been deserted by my parents and now by thee! . . . If I must go hence, take thou thy son to thy bosom, O king." Said Dushyanta: "It has been well said that all women are liars. Who will believe thee? I know naught regarding thee or thy son. . . . Begone! O wicked woman, for thou art without shame." Shakuntala made answer, speaking boldly and without fear: "O king, thou canst perceive the shortcomings of others, although they may be as small as mustard seeds; thou art blind to thine own sins, although they may be big as Vilwa fruit. As the swine loveth dirt even in a flower garden, so do the wicked perceive evil in all that the good relate. Honest men refrain from speaking ill of others: the wicked rejoice in scandal. O king! truth is the chief of all virtues. Truth is God himself. Do not break thy vow of truth: let truth be ever a part of thee. But if thou wouldst rather be false, I must needs depart, for, verily, such a one as thee should be avoided. . . . Yet know now, O Dushyanta, that when thou art gone, my son will be king of this world, which is surrounded by the four seas and adorned by the monarch of mountains." Shakuntala then turned from the king, but a voice out of heaven spoke softly down the wind, saying: "Shakuntala hath uttered what is true. Therefore, O Dushyanta, cherish thy son, and because thou wilt cherish him by command of the gods, let his name be Bharata ('the cherished')." When the king heard these words, he spoke to his counsellors and said: "The celestial messenger hath spoken. . . . Had I welcomed this my son by pledge of Shakuntala alone, men would suspect the truth of her words and doubt his royal birth." Thereafter Dushyanta embraced his son and kissed him, and he honoured Shakuntala as his chief rani 1; he said to her, soothingly: "From all men have I concealed our union; and for the sake of thine own good name I hesitated to acknowledge thee. Forgive my harsh words, as I forgive thine. Thou didst speak passionately because thou lovest me well, O great-eyed and fair one, whom I love also." The son of Shakuntala was then anointed as heir to the throne, and he was named Bharata. 2 When Dushyanta died, Bharata became king. Great was his fame, as befitted a descendant of Chandra. 1 He was a mighty warrior, and none could withstand him in battle; he made great conquests, and extended his kingdom all over Hindustan, which was called Bharatavarsha. 2 King Bharata was the sire of King Hastin, who built the great city of Hastinapur; King Hastin begot King Kuru, and King Kuru begot King Shantanu. Be it told of the King Shantanu that he was pious and just and all-powerful, as was meet for the great grandson of King Bharata. His first wife was the goddess Ganga of the Ganges river, and she was divinely beautiful like to her kind. Ere she assumed human form for a time, there came to her the eight Vasus, the attendants of Indra. It chanced that when the Brahman Vasishtha was engaged in his holy meditations the Vasus flew between him and the sun, whereupon the angered sage cursed them, saying: "Be born among men!" Nor could they escape this fate, so great was the Rishi's power over celestial beings. So they hastened to Ganga, and she consented to become their human mother, promising that she would cast them one by one into the Ganges soon after birth, so that they might return speedily to their celestial state. For this service Ganga made each of the Vasus promise to confer an eighth part of his power on her son, who, according to her desire, should remain among men for many years, but would never marry or have offspring. Click to enlarge SHANTANU MEETS THE GODDESS GANGA From the painting by Warwick Goble. A day came thereafter when King Shantanu walked beside the Ganges. Suddenly there appeared before him a maiden of surpassing beauty. She was Ganga in human form. Her celestial garments had the splendour of lotus blooms; she was adorned with rare ornaments, and her teeth were radiant as pearls. The king was silenced by her charms, and gazed upon her steadfastly . . . In time he perceived that the maiden regarded him with love-lorn eyes, as if she sought to look upon him for ever, and he spoke to her, saying: "O slender-waisted and fair one, art thou one of the Danavas, or art thou of the race of Gandharvas, or art thou of the Apsaras; art thou one of the Yakshas or Nagas, 1 or art thou of human kind, O peerless and faultless one? Be thou my bride." The goddess made answer that she would wed the king, but said she must needs at once depart from him if he spoke harshly to her at any time, or attempted to thwart her in doing as she willed. Shantanu consented to her terms, and Ganga became his bride. In time the goddess gave birth to a son, but soon afterwards she cast him into the Ganges, saying: "This for thy welfare." The king was stricken with horror, but he spake not a word to his beautiful bride lest she should leave him. So were seven babes, one after another, destroyed by their mother in like manner. When the eighth was born, the goddess sought to drown him also; but the king's pent-up wrath broke forth in a torrent of speech, and he upbraided his heartless wife. Thus was his marriage vow broken, and Ganga given power to depart unto her own place. But ere she went she revealed unto the king who she was, and also why she had cast the Vasus, her children, into the Ganges. Then she suddenly vanished from before his eyes, taking the last babe with her. Ere long the fair goddess returned to Shantanu for a brief space, and she brought with her for the king a fair and noble son, who was endowed with the virtues of the Vasus. Then she departed never to come again. The heart of Shantanu was moved towards the child, who became a comely and powerful youth, and was named Satanava. 1 When Shantanu had grown old, he sought to marry a young and beautiful bride whom he loved. For one day as he walked beside the Jumna river he was attracted by a sweet and alluring perfume, which drew him through the trees until he beheld a maiden of celestial beauty with luminous black eyes. 2 The king spake to her and said: "Who art thou, and whose daughter, O timid one? What doest thou here?" Said the maiden, blessing Shantanu: "I am the daughter of a fisherman, and I ferry passengers across the river in my boat." Now, the name of this fair maiden was Satyavati. 3 Like Shakuntala, she was of miraculous origin, and had been adopted by her reputed sire. It chanced that a fish once carried away in its stomach two unborn babes, a girl and a boy, whose father was a great rajah. This fish was caught by a fisherman, who opened it and found the children. He sent the manchild unto the rajah and kept the girl, who was reared as his own daughter. She grew to be comely and fair, but a fishy odour ever clung to her. One day, as she ferried pilgrims across the Jumna, there entered her boat alone the high and pious Brahman Parashara, who was moved by the maiden's great beauty. He desired that she should become the mother of his son, and promised that ever afterwards an alluring perfume would emanate from her body. He then caused a cloud to fall upon the boat, and it vanished from sight. When the fisher girl became the mother of a son, he grew suddenly before her eyes, and in a brief space was a man. His name was Vyasa 1; he bade his mother farewell, and hastened to the depths of a forest to spend his days in holy meditation. Ere he departed he said unto Satyavati: "If ever thou hast need of me, think of me, and I shall come to thine aid." When this wonder had been accomplished, Satyavati became a virgin again through the power of the great sage Parashara, and a delicious odour lingered about her ever afterwards. On this maiden King Shantanu gazed with love. Then he sought the fisherman, and said he desired the maiden to be his bride. But the man refused to give his daughter to the king in marriage until he promised that her son should be chosen as heir to the throne. Shantanu could not consent to disinherit Satanava, son of Ganga, and went away with a heavy heart. Greatly the king sorrowed in his heart because of his love for the dark-eyed maiden, and at length Satanava was given his secret. Then that noble son of Ganga went to search for the beautiful daughter of the fisher-man, and he found her. The fisherman said unto him, when he had made known his mission: "If Satyavati bears sons, they will not inherit the kingdom, for the king hath already a son, and he will succeed him." Satanava thereupon made a vow renouncing his claim to the throne, and said: "If thou wilt give thy daughter unto my sire to be his queen, I, who am his heir, will never accept the throne, nor marry a wife, or be the father of children. If, then, Satyavati will become the mother of a son, he will surely be chosen rajah." When he had spoken thus, the gods and Apsaras, the mist fairies, caused flowers to fall out of heaven upon the prince's head, and a voice came down the wind, saying: "This one is Bhishma." So from that day the son of Ganga was called Bhishma, which signifies the "Terrible", for the vow that he had taken was terrible indeed. Then was Satyavati given in marriage to the king, and she bore him two sons, who were named Chitrangada and Vichitra-virya. 1 In time Santanu sank under the burden of his years, and his soul departed from his body. Unto Bhishma was left the care of the queen-mother, Satyavati, and the two princes. When the days of mourning went past, Bhishma renounced the throne in accordance with his vow, and Chitrangada was proclaimed king. This youth was a haughty ruler, and his reign was brief. He waged war against the Gandhari of the hills 2 for three years, and was slain in battle by their rajah. Then Bhishma placed Vichitra-virya on the throne, and, as he was but a boy, Bhishma ruled as regent for some years. At length the time came for the young king to marry, and Bhishma set out to find wives for him. It chanced that the King of Kasi (Benares) had three fair daughters whose swayamvara 1 was being proclaimed. When Bhishma was told of this he at once entered his chariot and drove from Hastinapur 2 to Kasi to discover if the girls were worthy of the monarch of Bharatavarsha. He found that they had great beauty, and he was well pleased thereat. The great city was thronged with rajahs who had gathered from far and near to woo the maidens, but Bhishma would not tarry until the day of the swayamvara. He immediately seized the king's fair daughters and placed them in his chariot. Then he challenged the assembled rajahs and sons of rajahs in a voice like thunder, saying: "The sages have decreed that a king may give his daughter with many gifts unto one he has invited when she hath chosen him. Others may barter their daughters for two kine, and some may give them in exchange for gold. But maidens may also be taken captive. They may be married by consent, or forced to consent, or be obtained by sanction of their sires. Some are given wives as reward for performing sacrifices, a form approved by the sages. Kings ever favour the swayamvara, and obtain wives according to its rules. But learned men have declared that the wife who is to be most highly esteemed is she who is taken captive after battle with the royal guests who attend a swayamvara. Hear and know, then, ye mighty rajahs, I will carry off these fair daughters of the king of Kasi, and I challenge all who are here to overcome me or else be overcome themselves by me in battle." The royal guests who were there accepted the challenge, and Bhishma fought against them with great fury. Bows were bent and ten thousand arrows were discharged against him, but he broke their flight with innumerable darts from his own mighty bow. Strong and brave was he indeed; there was none who could overcome him; he fought and conquered all, until not a rajah was left to contend against him. 1 Thus did Bhishma, the terrible son of the ocean-going Ganga, take captive after battle the three fair daughters of the King of Kasi; and he drove away with them in his chariot towards Hastinapur. 2 When he reached the royal palace he presented the maidens unto Queen Satyavati, who was well pleased, and at once gave many costly gifts to Bhishma. She decided that the captives should become the wives of her son, King Vichitra-virya. Ere the wedding ceremony was held, the eldest maiden, whose name was Amba, pleaded with the queen to be set free, saying: "I have been betrothed already by my sire unto the Rajah of Sanva. Oh, send me unto him now, for I cannot marry a second time." Her prayer was granted, and Bhishma sent her with an escort unto the Rajah of Sanva. Then the fair Amba related unto him how she had been taken captive; but the rajah exclaimed, with anger: "Thou hast already dwelt in the house of a strange man, and I cannot take thee for my wife." The maiden wept bitterly, and she knelt before the monarch and said: "No man hath wronged me, O mighty rajah. Bhishma hath taken a terrible vow of celibacy which he cannot break. If thou wilt not have me for wife, I pray thee to take me as thy concubine, so that I may dwell safely in thy palace." But the rajah spurned the beautiful maiden, and his servants drove her from the palace and out of the city. So was she compelled to seek refuge in the lonely forest, and there she practised great austerities with purpose to secure power to slay Bhishma, who had wronged her. In the end she threw herself upon a pyre, so that she might attain her desire in the next life. 1 Her two sisters, Amvika and Amvalika, became the wives of Vitchitra-virya, who loved them well; but his days were brief, and he wasted away with sickness until at length he died. No children were born to the king, and his two widows mourned for him. The heart of Queen Satyavati was stricken with grief because that her two sons were dead, and there was left no heir to the throne of King Bharata. Now it was the custom in those days that a kinsman should become the father of children to succeed the dead king. 2 So Queen Satyavati spake unto Bhishma, saying: "Take thou the widows of my son and raise up sons who will be as sons of the king." But Bhishma said: "That I cannot do, for have I not vowed never to be the sire of any children." In her despair Satyavati then thought of her son Vyasa, and he immediately appeared before her and consented to do as was her desire. 3 Now Vyasa was a mighty sage, but, by reason of his austerities in his lonely jungle dwelling, he had grown gaunt and repulsive of aspect so that women shrank from before him; fearsome was he, indeed, to look upon. Amvika closed her eyes with horror when she beheld the sage, and she had a son who was born blind: he was named Dhritarashtra. Amvalika turned pale with fear: she had a son who was named Pandu, "the pale one". Satyavati desired that Vyasa should be the father of a son who had no defect; but Amvika sent her handmaiden unto him, and she bore a son who was called Vidura. As it happened, Dharma, god of justice, was put under the spell of a Rishi at this time, to be born among men, and he chose Vidura to be his human incarnation. The three children were reared by Bhishma, who was regent over the kingdom, and was yet subject to Queen Satyavati. He taught them the laws and trained them as warriors. When the time came to select a king, Dhritarashtra 1 was passed over because that he was blind, and Vidura because of his humble birth, and Pandu, "the pale one", was set upon the throne. 157:1 Pron. bah´ra-ta or bhah´ra-ta. 158:1 The Indian cuckoo. 159:1 Pron. vish-wah-mit´ra. 160:1 The Gandharva marriage was legalized by Manu, but only for members of the Kshatriya (kings and warriors) caste. 161:1 A sign of martial and royal origin. 161:2 Pron. Gaj-as-ah-va´ya. 163:2 This story is the plot of "Shakuntala", the Sanskrit drama of the poet Kalidasa, p. 164 who lived in the fifth century A.D. He makes the king give the heroine a ring, which she loses while bathing. A fish swallows the ring, and it is found by a fisherman, who delivers it to the king. Then suddenly His Majesty remembers his bride, whom he had forgotten and already denied. The misfortunes of the monarch and maid resulted from the curse of the sage Durvasas. Pron. Sha-koon´-ta-lah. 164:1 Pron. chun´dra ("ch" as in "change"). Also Soma, the moon god. 164:2 Subsequently the name for India as a whole. 165:1 Art thou a demon or nymph or fairy or dwarf or demi-god? 166:1 His other names are Deva-bratta and Ganga-bratta, and he was ultimately known as Bhishma. 166:2 The Pharaoh of the Anpu-Bata Egyptian story was similarly attracted by a perfume which issued from a lock of hair. See Egyptian Myth and Legend. 166:3 Pron. sat´ya-vat-ee. 167:1 Pron. vyas´a (two syllables). The reputed author of the Mahá-bhárata. 168:1 Pron. chit-ran´gad-a ("ch" as in "change") and vi-cheet´ra-veer-ya. 168:2 An Aryan tribe in the north-west of India. Part of their territory was included in the Persian empire. Keith identifies them with the Gandarians who accompanied Xerxes in his campaign against the Greeks. 169:1 A festival at which a princess selected a husband from among the kings and warriors assembled together. 169:2 A drive of about 500 miles. Indian poets, however, have never troubled about geographical difficulties. 170:1 The Kasi tribe was Aryan but was disliked by the eastern Aryans because its beliefs were not according to the standards imposed by the Brahmans. Conflicts were frequent. 170:2 Pron. has-teen´a-poor. Marriage by capture was called a Rákshas marriage, and was sanctioned by Manu. 171:1 She helps to kill Bhishma in the great war, having changed her sex with a Yaksha. 171:2 A similar practice is referred to in Genesis xxxviii; it was a regular institution among the ancient Hebrews. 171:3 This custom is called "niyoga", and was legalized by Manu, but only for the lower castes. 172:1 Pron. dreet´a-rash″tra, Pan´doo, and Ve-dur´a ("u" as "oo").

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What is a MAC address? A MAC address is a physical address assigned by the manufacturer of your network interface. It is a unique identifier – you will never find a second hardware with the same address in the whole world unless it has been modified by the end-user which is very unlikely since it is physically stored in the device read-only memory. All peripheral devices capable of accessing a network (LAN, WAN, Bluetooth, etc.) have a physical (MAC) address. It can be your computer, smartphones, tablets and even your game console such as Nintendo 3DS or PS4. This address is a 12-digit hexadecimal string and looks something like this: Why you need to know your MAC address? You might be asking yourself why in the world do you need to know your MAC address? Well, there are a few situations when this information can be helpful, for example, if you want to allow network access to only certain device, you might want to white-list those devices by MAC address on your router. This way when you connect your device to your network, your router will cross-check the MAC address with the white-list before allowing it to access your network. Another example is that you might want to know more information about your network card(s). You can find your Mac Address and then look it up online on sites like www.coffer.com/mac_find to find out which company manufactured it. Find MAC address on different Operating System: Now let’s see how you can find the MAC address on different platforms. - Windows 10, Windows 8 or Windows 7 - Mac OS x Mavericks - Linux Ubuntu and CentOS - iPhone and iPad - PlayStation 4 Windows 10, Windows 8 or Windows 7 Method 1: Using the Network Sharing Center - Right-Click on the Computer Network icon from your tray icon and choose Open Network and Sharing Center. - You should see your active network connection details. Click next to the label - On the new window click on details. You should now see your network connection details. Your MAC address is next to the label - Open your Command Prompt Window by pressing Win Key +R, type - Type the following command getmac /v /fo listin your Command Promp window. Method 2: Using Command Prompt In case you are struggling to follow the first method, there’s another way to check your Mac Address via the command line. Here’s how: Both methods should work for previous Windows version including Windows 7, Vista and XP. Mac OS X Mavericks If you are using Apple’s Mac OS, follow the instruction below on how you can find your Physical address. Method 1: Using System Preferences - Click on the Apple icon on the top left corner of your screen and select - Once the system preferences screen is open, click on - You should now see a list of your connection type available through your MAC. If you are connected via WIFI or an Ethernet cable, you should see it in that list. Select the appropriate connection type and click on the Advanced button. - On the new window, select the Hardwaretab. You should find your MAC Address there. Method 2: Using Terminal For the power users, you might want to check your MAC Address using the terminal. Type ifconfig and press Enter. You should see a list of network interfaces associated with your Mac computer. Your MAC address is next to the label On systems with both an Ethernet and Wifi connection, en0 will represent your ethernet connection and en1 will be your Wireless interface. On systems with only a wireless connection, in this case you can locate your MAC address just below Linux: Ubuntu and CentOS In case you get an access denied error, type sudo ifconfig -a and type your password when prompted. iPhone / iPad (iOS) Whether you got an iPhone or an iPad, the steps to locate your MAC address are the same. - Tap on the Your MAC address is just next to the label Since smartphone manufacturers tend to heavily customize Android when they ship their device, the steps that follow might be a little different from your Android device. In my case, I’m using a Samsung Galaxy S4 smartphone. - From your home screen, tap on the right menu on your smartphone and select - Tap on the Moreicon at the top and select - Choose the - Switch on your PlayStation 4 without any disk in the drive and wait until the bottom menu to show up. - Select Settings and then System. - On the new screen, pick up System Information. - You should see your MAC address associated with your LAN cable or Wi-Fi.

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Did you know including Odin, Thor and Freya there are 51 major Norse Gods & Goddesses??? Today we learn about Heimdall. He is one of Æsir and he’s the guardian of Asgard (the stronghold of the Gods). He is one of Odin’s sons and is the born from 9 mothers! Heimdall is known as “the whitest of the gods”. He has gold teeth and owns a golden-maned horse Gulltoppr. He is, also, known to have a relation to rams and is connected to the world tree Yggdrasil. His home is named Himingbjörg. It sits at the top of Bifrost, which is the rainbow bridge leading to Asgard. Heimdall needs less sleep than a bird and his eyesight is so perfect that he can see way over hundreds of miles throughout the night and day! Also, his hearing is so good that he can even hear the grass growing!!! Day & night Heimdall is guarding the rainbow bridge with his horn, Gjallarhorn (Resounding Horn) ready to blow it if any intruders approach the bridge. During Ragnarok, the gods know they are facing danger when they hear Heimdall blowing the Gjallarhorn warning them of the giants’ arrival! The giants cross the bridge into Asgard and kill the gods. Loki, the traitor and Heimdall kill each other as the world burns and sinks into the sea. (In several verses of Norse mythology, Heimdall was considered the father of mankind and might have established the hierarchical structure of Norse society.) Besides salmon and trout, one of Norway’s freshwater fish is the Arctic char. The Arctic char is a cold-water fish living in Alpine lakes and arctic and subarctic waters. This fish spawns in freshwater, they return from the ocean to their place of birth, freshwater rivers to spawn. No freshwater fish is found as far north as the Arctic char! It’s mostly common in the Nordic countries and the Scandinavians fish for the char extensively! They are related to the salmon and lake trout and have many of their characteristics. The char vary in color, depending on the time of the year and the lake’s environmental conditions. They can weigh up to 20 pounds, but, usually they are only 2 to 5 pounds. Their color ranges from bright red to pale pink. Char are farmed in several countries including Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland. They can be found in the Norwegian Arctic, Svalbard, Bjørnøya and Jan Mayen. The char stocks are managed on regulations adopted in 1997. Since 1997 fishing in nature preserves has been prohibited and fishermen have to get a license from the governor’s office to fish for char.

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Asbestos, any of several minerals that readily separate into long, flexible fibres. Chrysotile, the fibrous form of the mineral serpentine, is the best-known type and accounts for about 95 percent of all asbestos in commercial use. It is a hydrous magnesium silicate with the chemical composition of Mg3Si2O5(OH)4. The other types all belong to the amphibole group of minerals and include the fibrous forms of anthophyllite, amosite (grunerite), crocidolite (riebeckite), tremolite, and actinolite. Though valued since ancient times for its resistance to fire, asbestos fibre did not achieve commercial importance until the 19th century. Modern asbestos production began in 1868 with the workings of a mine in Italy, and in 1878 large-scale production from deposits in Quebec began. Production slackened in the late 20th century owing to the health hazards posed by the mineral. Chrysotile occurs chiefly in association with massive serpentine. After mining or quarrying, the asbestos fibre is freed by crushing the rock and is then separated from the surrounding material, usually by a blowing process. Only the longest of the fibres, at least 1 cm (0.4 inch), are suitable for spinning into yarn. Shorter fibres are used in such products as paper, millboard, and asbestos-cement building materials. Asbestos’ brittle, smooth-surfaced fibres are difficult to spin, tending to slip past each other unless blended with a rough-surfaced fibre, such as cotton, which typically makes up 10–25 percent of the blend. Chrysotile fibre usually has a whitish colour, but fibres of the amphibole minerals may be pale green, yellow, or blue. Asbestos cannot be dyed easily, and the dyed material is uneven and has poor colourfastness. In addition to its resistance to the effects of heat and fire, asbestos is long-lasting and bonds well with many materials, to which it adds strength and durability. The fibre was formerly widely used in brake linings, gaskets, and insulation; and in roofing shingles, floor and ceiling tiles, cement pipes, and other building materials. Asbestos fabrics were used for safety apparel and for such items as theatre curtains and fire stop hangings in public buildings. By the 1970s Quebec in Canada and the Urals region of the Soviet Union were the major sources of asbestos fibre, and the United States led the world in the manufacture of asbestos products. Reports of the harmful effects of asbestos fibres on human health caused increasing concern beginning in the 1970s, however. It was found that prolonged inhalation of some forms of the tiny fibres can result in a lung condition known as asbestosis or in mesothelioma, which is a rapidly fatal form of lung cancer. Once these health risks were firmly documented in the 1970s, regulatory agencies in the United States and other developed nations began placing tight restrictions on workers’ exposure to asbestos in industrial plants. Crocidolite poses the greatest health hazard, whereas exposure to low levels of chrysotile is not a health hazard. In 1989 the U.S. government instituted a gradual ban on the manufacture, use, and export of most products made with asbestos. Since the 1980s various substitutes for asbestos have been developed for use in many products.

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For those of us who have repented and believed the gospel, we have known the war was raging. We are taught from Scripture that this invisible war is always being waged against us, every day. Paul tells us that this is a war that is spiritual and is to be spiritually waged (II Cor. 10:1-5); our enemy will rage against us, but he will lose. He is raging in Delaware. In a recent statement, Delaware Governor Jack Markell announced that February 12—Darwin's birthday—will be recognized this year as "Charles Darwin Day" in his state. Markell stated that "Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the foundation of modern biology, an essential tool in understanding the development of life on earth." The announcement points out something that Christians need to keep in the forefront of their minds. Humanism wants to appear unreligious. Secular humanists want to appear as if they do not have religious convictions. They want to say that since they do not worship a deity, they have no religious conviction. But here is a perfect example that this is not at all true. Humanists want to have holidays. What is a holiday? It is a day that you set aside as holy, hence the name, "holi-day," or holy-day. And here it is, the humanist holiday: "Charles Darwin Day." This day is organized by the American Humanist Association (AHA). Their website says. "The mission of International Darwin Day is to inspire people throughout the globe to reflect and act on the principles of intellectual bravery, perpetual curiosity, scientific thinking, and hunger for truth as embodied in Charles Darwin," This statement would be funny if it were not so false. As Darwin's "theory" has been the main contributor to intellectual bigotry in academia over the last half of the twentieth-century. People, even fellow humanists, who question the theory's validity are cast out. These actions stifle the very things that these humanist claims to be promoting with this holy-day. We also have to recognize the effects that Darwin's theory has had on society. Brian Thomas, Science Writer for the Institute for Creation Research, told Christian News Network: "We know from World War II that Darwinistic elitism can be used to justify slaughtering millions of lives," We have to recognize that this is no slight thing. Not only was the Holocaust the logical progression of "Darwinistic elitism," but over 200 Million deaths in the 20th Century alone can be linked to evolutionist thinking. It is based on survival of the fittest. If this is your philosophy of the world, you have no reason to sustain or protect life. The issue is that if human life is not made in the image of God, then there is no good reason not to eliminate the human life that will not produce what we want. That means, as with the Jews in Germany, the capitalists in Laos, or the unproductive generals and uncooperative Ukrainian farms in the USSR, they can be killed. Have you not heard of George Bernard Shaw. He wanted all unproductive people killed. As a famous eugenics proponent, he would have fit right in with Hitler. But don't be fooled, eugenics is joyfully practiced every day in America. Shaw would have been happy to see the infanticide of American abortion clinics. But I will let George speak for himself:Don't forget to Like Freedom Outpost on Facebook, Google Plus, & Twitter. You can also get Freedom Outpost delivered to your Amazon Kindle device here.

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The Eureka Stockade was one of the most important historical events in Australia; seen as a major development in our democracy. December 3, 1854 was when goldfield workers (known as diggers) rebelled against the government, which was demanding they pay a special licence fee; whether or not they found any gold. In Ballarat, Victoria, there were 25,000 diggers of various nationalities on the goldfields. Diggers were worried about corruption and the lack of help from police. It all came to a head when a Scottish digger was bashed to death by a group of men, including a local publican, James Bentley. Bentley was friends with the magistrate and managed to escape prosecution, along with three others. This attack was followed by the burning of Bentley’s pub, scores of meetings, petitions, the creation of the Southern Cross flag (seen as the Eureka flag) and eventually an attack on the stockade leading to the death of 22 diggers. The Eureka Stockade has been taught at Australian schools for decades. But there has always been one fact missing: women were also involved. Ten years in the making, award-winning historian and author Dr Clare Wright’s book, The Forgotten Rebels of Eureka is now going to be part of the high school curriculum. It’s also being made into a six-part TV series. “A third of the Ballarat population was women and kids, including working families and a lot of single women. While the men weren’t getting any gold, the women were starting businesses, serving the mining community, working as cooks or cleaners,” Dr Wright said. “They were commercially, economically and culturally involved in the community. They were also integral in organising the rebellion. Eureka was a community protest. They were protesting on behalf of their community, a lack of justice, lack of political expression and the inability to do anything about it.” Dr Wright was inspired to write The Forgotten Rebels of Eureka in the aftermath of her book ‘Beyond the Ladies Lounge: Australia’s female publicans. “When I was writing that book there were stories about a woman called Mrs Bentley who ran Bentley’s hotel in Victoria. I studied Eureka in high school and I was taught that it was the male miners against the male military. So where does this Mrs Bentley fit in? If there are flags sewn by women were there more of them, and how many more?” Wright said. “One thing I found in the pub study is that women have been very close to the epicentre of important moments because often these things happen in pubs and pubs were often run by women. The burning of Bentley’s pub is seen as a precursor to Eureka.” “I was very curious and my hunch was there was more to this story than we’ve been told. As I investigated further it was clear that women were at the forefront of the movement, from getting petitions going, writing letters to the editor, Ellen Young wrote inflammatory poetry. Another woman was the newspaper editor of the Ballarat Times. I found that women were providing accommodation for meetings, one woman was the chief financial backer of the diggers’ movement. The women were there, boots and all, and in the stockade, one woman was killed as well." “My book also portrays the men as not ‘lone figures’ as they’ve been portrayed in historical books. They were husbands, fathers, brothers and sons. So, in terms of their relationship to women, it changes the nature of their motivation. They were fighting for their families and the future. Most of them made enormous sacrifices and they were treated appallingly.” Dr Wright told HuffPost Australia it’s about getting the story straight -- and it makes for a much more compelling, important story. Wright is thrilled her book will be reaching a wider audience; not only on the high school curriculum but as a TV show. “In stories like this, when not much has been known about the women’s involvement, many authors just make up a fictional character, especially when the story becomes a movie. Remember ‘Ned Kelly’ starring Heath Ledger? Naomi Watts' character was fiction -- the writers made up her character because not much was known about the women behind the Kelly Gang. “Adding women to historical stories doesn’t just add colour, it changes the whole outline.” The Forgotten Rebels of Eureka, won the 2014 Stella Prize and the 2014 NIB Award for Literature, was a finalist for the Walkley Book Award and was shortlisted for the Prime Minister’s, WA Premier’s and Queensland Literary Awards, the NSW Premier’s History Awards and the Victorian Community History Awards. The book has recently been published in a Young Adult edition as We Are The Rebels and TV and film rights to Forgotten Rebels have been sold to production company Ruby Entertainment, producers of the award-winning ABC mini-series, The Secret River.Suggest a correction

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Stratospheric ozone depletion is an important environmental and health problem. The Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) has been regulating the use, release and disposal of ODS since the early 1990s. The MOE is proposing the consolidation of Ontario's five ODS regulations into one single regulation. The regulatory proposal also includes revoking the following existing regulations made under Ontario's Environmental Protection Act, 1990: O. Reg. 356/90: Ozone Depleting Substances - General; O. Reg. 189/94: Refrigerants; O. Reg. 413/94: Halon Fire Extinguishing Equipment; O. Reg. 717/94: Solvents; O. Reg. 718/94: Sterilants. This consolidation aims to streamline and simplify existing requirements, as well as to remove obsolete requirements. This will allow everyone to find all applicable ODS requirements in a single location. In addition to the consolidation, the ministry is also proposing new requirements that will harmonize the provincial regulation with the National Action Plan for the Environmental Control of Ozone-Depleting Substances and their Halocarbon Alternatives (NAP), which represents actions that Canada wishes to implement in response to the United Nations Environment Program's Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1989). The overall objective of these new requirements is to implement refill restrictions for halon fire extinguishing equipment to minimize the release of halons into the atmosphere. The proposed amendments include: Prohibit refilling portable fire extinguishers with halon, unless the extinguisher is used or intended to be used in an aircraft or for military purposes; Provide for one refill of fixed fire extinguishing equipment with halon between 2011 and 2015 on the condition that the system is replaced or modified by an alternative within a year of refill. This regulatory proposal includes amendments to recognize the qualifications of certified refrigeration technicians from other provinces under certain conditions when they come to Ontario such that the regulation is consistent with the Ontario Labour Mobility Act, 2009. Please refer to the Draft Regulation and the Regulation Comparison Table through the links provided in this notice to review the consolidation and proposed amendments.

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We spend about one-third of our lives sleeping. For many animals, sleep represents a time of vulnerability. Some species even developed special defenses against danger from predators while they slept. Dolphins and many species of ducks and birds show “split brain” activity, where one half of the brain sleeps while the other half remains alert for dangers or performs basic movements like swimming or flipper movement to remain afloat. If sleep is such a dangerous time, then why do we do it? Research into the purpose of sleep looked first at what happens when sleep is disturbed. Studies have shown correlations between certain sleep disturbances and future health problems. Sleep and dreaming appear to play a role in memory consolidation and learning. Problem-solving may even occur during sleep. Have you ever awakened and found you “magically” have the solution to a problem? Sleep is not just one long period of inactivity. There’s quite a lot going on to prepare the mind and body for the upcoming day. After a busy day we need to take time to get our ducks in a row for tomorrow. Stages of Sleep Sleep occurs in cycles throughout the night; a typical sleep cycle is about 90 minutes long, consisting of two alternating types of sleep: REM (rapid eye movement) and Non-REM (or N-REM). N-REM sleep is divided into 4 stages. Stage 1 is light sleep, where we can be easily awakened. Stage 2 is the beginning of actual sleep; breathing and heart rate become regular and body temperature begins to drop. Stages 3 and 4 are the deepest and most restorative sleep stages; together they are referred to as “slow-wave” sleep. The REM stage ends each sleep cycle; this is the stage where dreaming normally occurs. The sleep cycle moves progressively from stage 1 through 4, then progressively back to stage 1 and finally into REM. REM stages become longer and deep sleep stages get shorter as the night progresses. By the end of the night, stages 1 and 2 and REM dominate the sleep cycle. Quiet (Non-REM) sleep restores the body; REM sleep restores the mind Sleep and health Just as food replenishes caloric energy in the body, sleep replenishes nervous system energy. This nerve energy is used by every cell in your body. It governs thought, growth and healing; it powers your brain. Two general divisions of the nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division dominates while we are awake and active. The parasympathetic division is associated with rest and recovery. Some researchers believe sleep gives the brain a chance to “exercise” neuronal connections to keep them from degenerating or malfunctioning. Studies with mice indicate sleep is the brain’s maintenance time. Daytime activities lead to a build-up of protein debris in the brain. Some of this (such as beta-amyloid, a protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease) is toxic and some is harmless. While we sleep, the recently discovered glymphatic system clears out debris in the brain. (The lymphatic system that clears waste from the body cannot access the brain.) Without this clearing in the brain we risk neurodegenerative disease. Deep sleep is when healing takes place. Sleep helps in healing and repair of the heart and blood vessels. Chronic sleep deficiency raises the risk of heart or kidney disease, high blood pressure or stroke. In one study, subjects were given paper cuts and then monitored while they slept. One group was prevented from entering deep sleep; their paper cuts did not heal. The cuts healed well for the control group which was allowed deep sleep. Sleep also affects the endocrine (hormone) system. Ghrelin (the hormone that makes you feel hungry) and leptin (the hormone that makes you feel full) are influenced by sleep. And sleep affects how your body reacts to insulin; sleep deficiency increases the risk of diabetes. Deep sleep is when most growth hormone is released to help repair tissues and cells. Poor sleep means less slow wave, deep sleep time. (Increased cortisol slows growth hormone production even more.) Human growth hormone is your natural “anti-aging” weapon. Sleep and the immune system The neurons that control sleep also interact with the immune system. When the immune system produces cytokines to fight infections, those same chemicals induce sleep. That’s why you feel drowsy when you are fighting the flu or an infection. Sleep lets the body conserve energy the immune system needs to do its healing work. Sleep and Weight Control According to the CDC more than 35% of the population is sleep-deprived; that’s the same as the statistic for obesity. Studies with dieters showed that with adequate sleep, the weight lost on a particular diet was half fat. When dieters on the same diet were deprived of sleep, the weight loss was less than half fat, and the subjects felt hungry and had less energy to exercise. Researchers at the University of Chicago found that just four days of sleep deprivation reduces insulin sensitivity by more than 30 percent. Insulin resistant people store more fat. Other studies found that sleeping less than 6 hours a night affects production of leptin and ghrelin, the two hormones that control hunger. You feel hungrier and less satisfied after a meal, your fat-burning metabolism is reduced, and you store more fat. Cortisol levels are increased, too; cortisol is a hormone associated with stress and increased fat storage. Yet another study found that just one night of sleep deprivation affected frontal lobe activity in the brain; the frontal lobe controls decision-making. So if you feel hungry and your decision-making ability isn’t at 100%, what kind of food will you choose? Sleep deprivation can destroy diets. Lack of sleep also decreases protein synthesis – that’s “muscle making” – in the body, and muscle loss not only slows down fat-burning but also leads to injuries. Sleep, memory and learning Sleep helps enhance problem-solving skills and general learning. There are two ways sleep and learning are connected: - Sleep deprived people have difficulty concentrating and learning efficiently; and - Sleep itself is directly involved in consolidation of memories, which is essential to learning. Three functions are involved in learning: acquisition of information, consolidation of the memory, and later recall of the information. Acquisition and recall take place when we are awake; consolidation occurs during sleep. Researchers believe consolidation is accomplished through strengthening of neural connections. Different types of learning seem to be consolidated during different stages of sleep. One theory holds that the characteristics of specific brainwaves during sleep indicate formation of particular types of memory. Declarative memory refers to fact-based information; both REM and slow-wave sleep appear to be involved in learning facts, depending on their complexity. Procedural memory refers to knowing how to do something; REM sleep seems to be critical here. Learning motor skills appears to depend on lighter sleep stages, while visual learning depends on the amount and timing of both REM and slow-wave sleep. In one study reported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) when people learning a new skill were deprived of N-REM sleep they could still recall what they had learned, but people deprived of REM sleep could not. Sleep is when the body and mind recover from one day’s activity and prepare for the next. One of the world’s leading sleep researchers, Dr. Peretz Lavie, says we can live longer without food than we can without sleep. So, go ahead! Line up those ducks for tomorrow! www.health101.org/art_Sleep.htm; Sleep, the Great Healer by Don Bennett www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/why-we-sleep; Maria Konnikova; The Work We Do While We Sleep, July 8, 2015

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Asperger's -- The Jewish Syndrome? June 19, 2012 Is an egoism bordering on autism a racial characteristic? Is it a kind of genius? Playwright David Mamet (left) an Ashkenazi Jew, suggests it accounts for the many famous Jewish film producers & directors. Between .2 and .6 per cent of Americans suffer from it. Asperger syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger's syndrome or Asperger disorder, is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that is characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative preservation of linguistic and cognitive development. Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and atypical use of language are frequently reported. The syndrome is named after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger who, in 1944, studied and described children in his practice who lacked nonverbal communication skills, demonstrated limited empathy with their peers, and were physically clumsy. (Wikipedia) by David Mamet (from his book Bambi Vs Godzilla, 2007) I think it is not impossible that Asperger's syndrome helped make the movies. The symptoms of this developmental disorder include early precocity, a great ability to maintain masses of information, a lack of ability to mix with groups in age-appropriate ways, ignorance of or indifference to social norms, high intelligence and difficulty with transitions, married to a preternatural ability to concentrate on the minutiae of the task at hand. This sounds to me like a job description for a movie director. Let me also note that Asperger's syndrome has its highest prevalence among Ashkenazi Jews and their descendants. For those who have not been paying attention, this group constitutes, and has constituted since its earliest days, the bulk of America's movie directors and studio heads. Neal Gabler, in his An Empire of Their Own points out that the men who made the movies - Goldwyn, Mayer, Schenck, Laemmle, Fox, - all came from a circle with Warsaw at its center, its radius a mere two hundred miles. (I will here proudly insert that my four grandparents came from that circle). Widening our circle to all of Eastern European Jewry (the Ashkenazim), we find a list of directors beginning with Joe Sternberg's class and continuing strong through Steven Spielberg's and the youth of today. There was a lot of moosh written in the last two decades about the "blank slate", the idea that since each child is theoretically equal under the eyes of the law, each must, by extension be equal in all things and that such a possibility could not obtain unless each child was, from birth, equally capable - environmental influences aside - of succeeding in all things. This is a magnificent and majestic theory and would be borne by all save those who had ever had, observed, or seriously thought about children. Races, as Steven Pinker wrote in his refutational The Blank Slate, are just rather large families; families share genes and thus, genetic disposition. Such may influence the gene holders (or individuals) much, some, or not at all. The possibility exists, however, that a family passing down the gene for great hand-eye coordination is likely to turn out more athletes than without. The family possessing the genes for visual acuity will likely produce good hunters, whose skill will provide nourishment. The families of the good hunters will prosper and intermarry, thus strengthening the genetic disposition in visual acuity. Among the sons of Ashkenazi families nothing was more prized than genius at study and explication. Prodigious students were identified early and nurtured - the gifted child of the poor was adopted by a rich family, which thus gained status and served the community, the religion, and the race. The boys grew and regularly married into the family or extended family of the wealthy. The precocious ate better and thus lived longer, and so were more likely to mate and pass on their genes. These students grew into acclaimed rabbis and Hassidic masters, and founded generations of rabbis; the progeny of these rabbinic courts intermarried, as does any royalty, and that is my amateur Mendelian explication of the prevalence of Asperger's syndrome in the Ashkenazi. What were the traits indicating the nascent prodigy? Ability to retain and correlate vast amounts of information, a lack of desire (or ability) for normal social interaction, idiosyncrasy, preternatural ability for immersion in minutiae; ecco, six hundred years of Polish rabbis and one hundred of their genetic descendants, American film directors. Thanks to Stephen Hsu First Comment from Stephen Coleman: Asperger's often goes undiagnosed. One child I worked with was in therapy since he was 4 years old, he was 12 the first time I saw him. He was very intelligent and complained of everybody picking on him. I thought I would take the time and observe him in a classroom setting. The other kids were verbally vicious towards him and his defenses were as a 4 year old. He has Asperger's. He was in therapy for 8 years with many therapists and not one caught it.

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It's called "grade inflation" and according to Sita Slavov in U.S. News & World Report, this phenomenon has reached epidemic proportions that imposes serious costs on society. In contrast to the market place where prices can rise without limit, grades are capped at A or A+. Thus, grade inflation results in a greater concentration of students at the top of the distribution, diminishing their value as an indicator of student abilities. This make it more difficult for employers and graduate schools to differentiate among all of those exemplary, high achieving students. The economist Tim Harford has proposed making grade inflation more like price inflation by uncapping the highest grade. Under this system, today's B becomes tomorrow's A+, tomorrow's A+ becomes the day after tomorrow's A+++, and so on...ad infinitum. Employers and graduate schools could simply deflate grades the same way that economists deflate prices in order to compare them over time. To bring the epidemic under control by ending grade inflation, The Motley Monk offers a simple, straightforward solution: Identify the grades assigned in each course on student transcripts. For example: 1. The traditional way that leads to grade inflation: Social Studies 101..........D One could examine these grades and conclude that the student is slightly above average overall with strengths in thinking and writing. 2. Now, consider The Motley Monk's "truth in labeling" approach that exposes grade inflation: Course Grade %A's %B's %C's %D's %F's Math 101.....................B 5 60 22 9 4 English 101..................A 90 5 5 0 0 Social Studies 101........D 10 20 50 15 5 Philosophy 101.............A 2 28 45 25 0 Science 101.................B 5 22 37 34 2 While the grades are identical, The Motley Monk's approach suggests that this student excelled in Philosophy 101 and was pretty much average in the other courses, except for Science 101. The "B" in Science 101 places this student squarely in the upper quarter of the course. These grades indicate this student might have what it takes to pursue an advanced degree, as this student evidences strong thinking (analytical) skills and may be a strong reader and writer. More importantly, the professor who taught English 101 clearly does not discriminate between ability levels, with only 10% of the students being assigned less than excellent grades. That might be a matter academic administrators might want to investigate. While some argue that grade inflation is necessary to help students get ahead in a competitive job market, transcripts influenced by grade inflation end up not communicating what the people examining them need to know about a particular applicant's academic achievements. Liberals in higher education should be among the first to applaud The Motley Monk's solution because it's consistent with President Obama's FDA. If food containers must identify their contents so that consumers can make more informed decisions, why not "truth in labeling" on transcripts? Let the discussion begin... To read Sita Slavov article in U.S. News & World Report, click on the following link: "How to Fix College Grade Inflation."\

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Nearly a Quarter of U.S. Teens Have Diabetes or Prediabetes The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among teens is up from 9 percent in 1999-2000 to 23 percent in 2007-2008, according to a new study published in Pediatrics. Researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reviewed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a continuous database analyzing the health and nutritional status of Americans, to find that children ages 12 to 19, about 34 percent of whom are overweight or obese, are at increased risk for several cardiovascular disease risk factors such as high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and diabetes. Prevalence of at least one cardiovascular disease risk factor was at 37, 49, and 61 percent for normal weight, overweight, and obese teens, respectively. May AL, Kuklina EV, Yoon PW. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among US adolescents, 1999-2008. Pediatrics. 2012;129:1035-1041. Breaking Medical News is a service of the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave., Ste. 400, Washington, DC 20016, 202-686-2210. Join the Physicians Committee and receive the quarterly magazine, Good Medicine.

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According to the Mayo Clinic the ideal home humidity range is between 30-50%. In the winter, indoor air can have humidity levels as low as 10%. Most smart thermostats have humidity sensors to measure the humidity in your home and to keep your main HVAC system operating as efficiently as possible. Humidifiers can be used to add moisture to the air, improving your health and benefiting your wallet. Why care about humidity? Dry air wreaks havoc on your health. Low humidity can lead to dehydration, dry skin and nosebleeds, as well as aggravate asthma, allergies and other sinus problems. Humidity reduces risk of infection. One 2013 study found increasing humidity levels to 43% could reduce the ability of airborn viruses to transmit disease by as much as 82%. You can reduce your heating bill. The heat a body feels is a combination of temperature and humidity. The more moisture in the air, the warmer it will feel and the lower you can keep your thermostat. Low humidity damages wood furnishings. Too little moisture in the air can cause wood to split and crack, damaging furniture, molding, doors and flooring. Low humidity can also cause paint to dry out and flake, wallpaper edges to shrink and peel, and damage paintings, plants and instruments.

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Flash floods and landslides hit parts of Lima, leaving some communities cut off from roads Saturday, as others in Peru fled rising rivers, and millions fretted that they won't have drinking water. The government announced Saturday that so far this year 72 people have died as a result of heavy rains and flash floods around the country. Peru's geographic extremes help fuel the often deadly force of the mudslides known locally as huaycos, the indigenous Quechua word for flash flood-landslide. The South American nation of over 30 million has plenty of extremes: its Pacific coastal deserts in the west are interrupted by the soaring Andes, famed for the Inca people and Machu Picchu in the south. Further east, Peru has hot Amazon basin lowlands. The tremendously steep mountains combine with many rocky and sandy areas that lack the topsoil found in more temperate places, meaning fewer trees are there to stop mudslides. After weeks of heavy rain swept toward the coast late this week, many riverbeds in coastal areas went from empty to overflowing in no time. In Lima, some residents on the outskirts of the capital of 10 million awoke Friday to realize their bedrooms were filling with water. On Thursday and Friday, 10 people died in a landslide in the northern town of Otuzco. Seven of them were in trucks crushed by the huge flow of earth. Others found themselves cut off by mudslides that blocked portions of the main highway linking Lima to the center of the country. In one dramatic scene, rescuers used zip lines to help residents of Lima's Huachipa neighborhood escape over the torrent of brown water that was once their street, as it swallowed up cars and trucks. The floods have been triggered by the weather event known as El Nino, a warming of surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that wreaks havoc on weather patterns every few years. - 'A difficult situation' - But this year it has hit Peru particularly hard. "It's a difficult situation, there's no doubt about it. But we have the resources" to deal with it, said President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. The government announced it would release 2.5 billion soles ($760 million) in emergency funds to rebuild affected areas. Over half a million people were getting assistance. While Peruvians have been dealing with huaycos for centuries, many poor residents of cities and towns build makeshift homes in areas that they may not realize could be flash-flood zones. At times, authorities tell different groups to move, but they voice frustration that they have nowhere to go. And authorities' presence in the poorest peripheral districts, many perched on mountainsides, can be inconsistent. The inundation came as the National Emergency Operations Center said at least 72 people have been killed in Peru this year in natural disasters. A total of 72,115 have lost their homes. Some opposition politicians have called for the president to declare a national state of emergency, instead of local ones. Among them were a few lawmakers urging Kuczynski to drop a bid for Lima to host the 2019 Pan-American Games so that more funds could be used for recovery efforts. - Roads become rivers - In metro Lima -- areas such as Huachipa as well as Carapongo -- locals had to form human chains to avoid being swept away to their death. Police and firefighters also used zip lines to evacuate people from the roofs of their homes. Frank Luis Limache, a resident of Huachipa, told El Comercio he was trapped with a group of more than 30 people. "Please. Help us. We are trapped in here and haven't eaten since last night," he said. The Rimac River in Lima toppled a pedestrian bridge linking El Agustino and San Juan de Lurigancho. In the Punta Hermosa district south of Lima, a getaway of posh beach flats, the usual upscale quiet was jarred by a huayco that on Wednesday swept a farm woman, 32, far from her farm, leaving her standing awkwardly near the beach with her bloodied cow. Caked in mud, her distraught image has become one of the local symbols of this flash-flood season. Meanwhile, city authorities slapped tight restrictions on drinking water use due to worries over the cloudiness of local river water. Those who could afford it, pounced on supermarkets and neighborhood shops to buy drinking water, causing shortages in many areas. In less-well-off areas, people lined up to fill buckets from tanker trucks.

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The default formatting in LaTeX documents is determined by the class used by that document. This default look can be changed and more functionalities can be added by means of a package. The class file names have the .cls extension, the package file names have the .sty extension. Sometimes it's hard to make a decision when it comes to choose whether to write a package or a class. The basic rule is that if your file contains commands that control the look of the logical structure of a special type of document, then it's a class. Otherwise, if your file adds features that are independent of the document type, i.e. can be used in books, reports, articles and so on; then it's a package. For instance, if a company needs branded reports that use a special font and have the logo of the company in the footer; you need a new class. If the company needs a new command that makes easier to highlight important sentences within a document, a new package will work in this scenario. For more information see

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One of the many things that makes this country great is the protection that the Fourth Amendment gives to every person, to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures by the Government. What this means, in everyday terms, is that if the police are going to search your house or your person, they have to have a warrant. A warrant is simply an order from a Judge than authorizes a police officer to perform an arrest, search, or seizure. However, there are some exceptions to this rule that are helpful to keep in mind. First, it’s good to know that the 4th Amendment doesn’t protect you from all searches, but only unreasonable ones. That’s why, over time, some exceptions have developed. There are three broad categories of exceptions I’d like to discuss with you today. The first, and often forgotten exception, is consent. In other words, if a police officer asks to search your house, and you give him permission, then you have waived your 4th Amendment right, and the officer may proceed. This is important, because when an officer asks if he can search your home, car, or your person, he isn’t being polite: he’s trying to get your consent. The second exception is what is known as exigent circumstances. This exception only applies when an officer is investigating a crime. The only time it applies is if delay in procuring a search warrant would gravely endanger life, risk destruction of evidence, or greatly enhance the likelihood of a suspect’s escape. So, if an officer can actually see a crime being committed inside a residence, he can more than likely enter the residence without a warrant. The third exception is called aiding persons in need. This exception cannot apply if a police officer is investigating a crime. In general, a police officer has the authority to enter a residence without a warrant when there is a reasonable belief that someone is in need of immediate assistance. For example, if an officer has reason to believe a person is suffering from a heart-attack inside the house, he may enter the house without a warrant. Any evidence in plain view of illegal activity the officer sees after entering the house may be used against the individual. Today, there are two morals of the story. First, always remember that you are protected by the Fourth Amendment from unreasonable searches and seizures. Second, although a warrant is almost always required before any search or seizure, there are some exceptions. The biggest mistake many people make is simply consenting to a search, and waiving their Fourth Amendment right. To read a very informative South Dakota Supreme Court ruling on these exceptions, click here.

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Energy efficiency in windows and doors Energy efficiency in windows and doors has been making a larger impact in recent years. Reducing energy consumption not only helps cut costs and improve comfort around the home, but it reduces harmful emissions to the environment. Total Home Windows and Doors helps maximize energy efficiency in its windows through fusion welding, weather-stripping, the types of glass used, as well as the low-emissive glass coatings. We also implement the Super Spacer insulating glass unit, which provides optimal thermal performance and has the lowest U-Value in the industry. What is Energy Star? Energy Star is a joint program between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Canadian Department of Energy that protects the environment by mandating energy efficient products and practices. Certification from Energy Star can only be approved after vigorous testing from an independent laboratory. All Total Home Windows and Doors products not only meet but exceed Energy Star standards. Understanding the Energy Star performance markers U-Factor. The U-Factor is a measurement of the amount of energy a material can conduct. In terms of windows, the lower the U-Factor, the stronger that window will resist to heat loss. The lower the U-Factor, the more money you will save over the winter months. Solar Heat Gain. A Solar Heat Gain co-efficient is a measurement of the amount of solar radiation transmitted through a material. The lower your Solar Heat Gain co-efficient, the more ultraviolet (UV) rays will be absorbed through your windows. This is fantastic for saving money during the summer months. Air Leakage. An Air Leakage rating is a measurement of the amount of air passing through cracks in the window. This affects both heat losses as well as heat gain. The lower the Air Leakage rating, the less air will pass through cracks in the window. Energy Rating. Energy Ratings are determined through a combined analysis of the Solar Heat Gain co-efficient, air leakage and heat loss.

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A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Evelyn, John Evelyn, John (1620-1706). -- Diarist, and miscellaneous writer, was of an old Surrey family, and was ed. at a school at Lewes and at Oxf. He travelled much on the Continent, seeing all that was best worth seeing in the way of galleries and collections, both public and private, of which he has given an interesting account in page 133his Diary. He was all his life a staunch Royalist, and joined the King as a volunteer in 1642, but soon after repaired again to the Continent. After 1652 he was at home, settled at Sayes Court, near Deptford, where his gardens were famous. After the Restoration he was employed in various matters by the Government, but his lofty and pure character was constantly offended by the manners of the Court. In addition to his Diary, kept up from 1624-1706, and which is full of interesting details of public and private events, he wrote upon such subjects as plantations, Sylva (1664), gardening, Elysium Britannicum (unpub.), architecture, prevention of smoke in London, engraving, Sculptura (1662), and he was one of the founders of the Royal Society, of which he was for a time sec. The dignity and purity of E'.s character stand forth in strong relief against the laxity of his times.

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Schlafly Bottleworks, Maplewood, MO What Beer Bottles & Violins Say About the Evolutionary Forces that Shape Us and Our Culture Assistant Member, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center Honorary Adjunct Professor of Biology Moderated by: Cynthia Wichelman, M.D. Why are organisms and man-made objects the shapes they are? From the beaks of Darwin's finches to magnificent pieces of engineering, the structure of an object can potentially inform us about its function or reveal the historical forces that influenced its form. Using beer and whiskey bottles as examples, I'll discuss methods to quantify complex shapes and how to compare them. I'll then discuss recent work quantifying the shapes of greater than 9,000 violins, violas, cellos and basses, over 400 years of history, and show how shapes contain information revealing the evolutionary forces that shape our culture. Antonio Stradivari, for example, innovated a shape that spread throughout history like a viral meme through imitation and influenced the shape of modern violins. Violin shape even has a genetic basis, tracking family lineages, passing from one generation of violin makers to the next. Embedded within the shapes around us — in nature and cultural objects — the influence of evolutionary forces is unmistakably present. Science On Tap is a place where, for the price of a beverage, anyone can come to explore the latest ideas in science and technology. Meetings take place outside a traditional academic context, in the Crown Room at Schlafly Bottleworks. Meetings are held on the last Wednesday of the month during the academic year, usually from 7:00 - 8:30 PM. The standard format is as follows: about 45 minutes of presentation, followed by discussion until 8:30 PM. Seating is strictly limited to the first 120 people. No reservations accepted. Room at the Schlafly Bottleworks Register to receive e-mail announcements of future Science On Tap events. Interested in learning about medicine? Check out Washington University's Mini-Medical School!

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Global Landslide Proportional Economic Loss Risk Deciles - Global Landslide Proportional Economic Loss Risk Deciles is a 2.5 minute grid of landslide hazard economic loss as proportions of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per analytical unit. Estimates of GDP at risk are based on regional economic loss rates derived from historical records of the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). Loss rates are weighted by the hazard's frequency and distribution. The methodology of Sachs et al. (2003) is followed to determine baseline estimates of GDP per grid cell. To better reflect the confidence surrounding the data and procedures, the range of proportionalities is classified into deciles, 10 class of an approximately equal number of grid cells of increasing risk. This dataset is the result of collaboration among the Columbia University Center for Hazards and Risk Research (CHRR), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, and Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). - Center for Hazards and Risk Research (CHRR)/Columbia University - Held by - More details at This data is hosted by Columbia, and is currently unavailable to download. If you have questions about this or other unavailable datasets please submit this as feedback .

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Books 7th Grade Library Books for Seventh Graders Books 7th Grade The Books 7th Grade list includes most of the best books for young adults in 7th grade. This site provides links to free book resources and links to purchase many of the books. Most books, newspapers, and magazines are written between a 4th-7th grade level, so you’ll find that this list, while fairly extensive, could be far, far longer. Every attempt was made to inclusively list only the best teacher-selected titles. These are the books teachers use most. Over two hundred teachers were polled in order to make the list of the best books for young adults. If you don’t find what you’re looking for on this list, you might try the book list for 6th or 8th grade. The difference, in terms of ability level, among books of these levels is minimal, and I would highly encourage you to look at all of these lists. Also, book levels are based on reading difficulty, not content or plot. Many books are highly readable but challenging in different ways, typically incorporating symbolism and other important literary devices. Again, it is entirely appropriate to read books above or below the reading level you are targeting if the book challenges the reader in other ways, perhaps in provocative way. Book levels are based on reading difficulty, not content or plot. Many books are highly readable but challenging in different ways, typically incorporating symbolism and other important literary devices. It is entirely appropriate to read books above or below the reading level you are targeting if the book challenges the reader in other ways, perhaps in a provocative way. For example, The Catcher in the Rye is certainly a push for fourth grade in terms of content. Perhaps pushing it to seventh or eighth grade may be an option. As you can see, limiting a child to a book, because of a book list or the child's age, is a mistake. Grade-level lists are only guides and careful attention must be taken in order to select proper reading material based on ability and interest rather than a grade recommendation. Harry Potter - Box Set of Books 1-7 Books 7th Grade Books, Cliff Notes, and Lesson Plans 7th Grade Level Books Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Anne of Green Gables Cider House Rules, The Cyrano de Bergerac Five Little Peppers and How They Grew Great Fire, The Great Gatsby, The Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Hero and the Crown, The Hitty, Her First Hundred Years Incident at Hawk's Hill Incredible Journey, The Invisible Man, The Lincoln, A Photobiography Penultimate Peril, The Slippery Slope, The Time Machine, The Trumpeter of Krakow, The Virtual Reality: Beyond the Looking Glass Wizard of Oz, The Book Links to Additional Lists Books for Gifted Children Books 7th Grade Seventh Grade Novels and Interest Levels There has long been a debate between phonics and whole language. Google “whole language”, and you’ll find almost 20,000,000 articles about the subject. Google “phonics’, and you’ll find almost 9,000,000 articles. Google “novels”, and you’ll find over 81,000,000 articles! There are numerous opposing beliefs when it comes to teaching reading. Ultimately, regardless of how a child is taught to read, the reading material largely dictates his/her interest level. Can anybody truly be interested in the reading material contained in most reading texts? At what point is a child’s interest level as important as the method in which they are being taught to read? In my twenty years of teaching, I’ve found that the single best way to improve in reading is to read. I know that sounds simple, but it’s true. The problem with reading texts is that they really don’t provide a lot of reading opportunities that are interesting, so students never read from them on their own. Novels, on the other hand, are far more engaging and tend to motivate students to read both in groups and independently. As a result, I highly recommend novel reading over text reading when it comes to increasing student interest. Books 7th Grade: Links to Free Lessons and Resources - The Great Gatsby - Lesson Plan Library The Lesson Plan Library offers high school lesson plans covering all major school subjects and special interests. - Lesson Plans: Animal Farm: The Complete Project (Senior, Literature) Teachers.Net Lesson Plans: Lesson Plans: Animal Farm: The Complete Project (Senior, Literature) Please Make a Comment! My intent is to continue adding titles, links, and free resources to this list. Please help me improve this free resource by recommending titles, reviewing books already on this list, providing lessons that can be shared with others, and helping me find additional links to existing sites that are beneficial. Your comments are greatly appreciated by all. Other Links by This Author - Teaching and Preparing for Your First Classroom The first day of school is so important, and you'll need to spend time preparing for it. Unfortunately, many new elementary teachers tend to spend an inordinate amount of time, in the days before the first day of school, working on bulletin boards an - Overlooked Classroom Discipline Strategies Every teacher needs great classroom discipline strategies. This article, however, isn't about discipline programs. Instead, its about making sure the discipline problems don't occur in the first place. I have almost twenty years of experience in edu - School Rules and Consequences School rules and consequences are a necessity. While classroom behavior plans are common, school behavior and consequence plans are almost impossible to find, anywhere. This behavior intervention plan is... - New Teacher Handbook This new teacher handbook is free and available to all educators. Starting a new year, regardless of whether you're new to teaching or a veteran, can often be overwhelming. I think it tends to be this way, because so many of us try to reinvent the wh - Gifted Education and Higher Student Achievement Its easy to overlook gifted children, because many of them often seem to effortlessly do well in class. In an effort to make sure that all children learn, we spend more money and time helping children with...

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Washington, Aug 7 (ANI): A breakthrough technique enabled UCSF researchers to successfully and rapidly purifying one type of embryonic stem cell from a mix of many different types of embryonic stem cells in the culture dish. The technique, which avoids the need to genetically alter the cells to distinguish them, is a key advance for obtaining the appropriate cells for repairing specific damaged tissues, said the researchers. The new strategy links two existing technologies for the first time- the ability to identify specific embryonic stem cell types in a culture of different embryonic stem cells, and a way to efficiently sort them at a very high rate, a procedure known as "high throughput" processing. "Before stem cell therapy can become routine, clinicians will need a plentiful and certain supply of pure stem cells that is capable of forming the particular tissue to be repaired, and is free of contamination by other cell types. But the goal of rapidly and safely harvesting vast numbers of a single stem cell type without altering the cell's genome has been challenging," said Dr. Harold Bernstein. "Here we were able to purify one specific cell type without resorting to genetically engineering the stem cells themselves, a process that can introduce unwanted traits into the cells," he added. While embryonic stem cell cultures are made up primarily of cells that have begun to differentiate, they also include cells that remain unspecialized, and thus have the capacity to form tumours, called teratomas. Scientists have attempted to purify stem cells-whether to eliminate those with the potential to form teratomas or to isolate specific embryonic stem cell types-by using viruses to insert DNA into the stem cells' genes. This technique allows researchers to distinguish one type of cell from another, but this genetic engineering approach carries the risk of altering the natural makeup of the stem cells. The UCSF scientists used a different strategy-they identified cells that can form teratomas by searching for a telltale snippet of DNA in the tumour cells' genes. They chemically tagged these cells without altering them, and the cells were then removed on the basis of this temporary molecular tag. They reported separating out the desired stem cells from the teratoma-forming cells at a rate of about 25,000 cells per second. The researchers say they expect the same approach could be used to separate and purify different types of cells as they advance from the stem cell state into neurons, heart cells or any other type of tissue needed for future stem cell therapy. "Stem cell therapy requires us to select the cells we need, to eliminate teratoma-forming cells from the desired stem cells, and to accomplish this in a high-throughput manner so that we can obtain enough cells. We show how all three goals can be accomplished at once," said Bernstein. "We envision this as a tool that ultimately could rapidly identify and purify many different kinds of differentiating cells on their way to becoming heart muscle or pancreas or skin cells. This approach could quickly build up a large reservoir of desired cells," he added. The study has been published online in the journal Stem Cells and Development. (ANI)

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There are many environmental factors that have contributed to the rapid growth of [type 1 diabetes]. Healthy lifestyle factors play an enormous role in preventing and treating this form of diabetes. Most experts are now looking to environmental factors that are causing toxic and deficient states in these individuals. One of the leading environmental toxins linked to type I diabetes is pasteurized cow’s milk. Pasteurized cow’s milk has a very strong link with many auto-immune disorders. In the case of diabetes, many of these individuals inherited a trait where they make certain proteins on the beta cells of the pancreas that are very similar to a protein found in cow’s milk. The pasteurization process scrambles the amino acid sequences which can trigger a violent reaction from the immune system, which damages the beta cells of the pancreas rendering them incapable of producing insulin. Conventional dairy products also contain very high levels of pesticides, herbicides, dioxins (up to 200x the safe levels), and up to 52 different types of antibiotics that toxify the body and compromise the immune system. Low vitamin D levels have been linked to autoimmune diseases such as juvenile diabetes. This is due to the powerful immune modulating effects of vitamin D. Researchers have found vitamin D receptors in every cell of the body from the bones to the pancreas and the brain. Recent studies have shown that 67% of mothers and 87% of newborns had severely deficient vitamin D levels lower than 20 ng/ml. Other studies have shown that children receiving vitamin D supplementation from age 1 had an 80% decreased risk of getting diabetes. Many vitamin D experts are now recommending that couples normalize their vitamin D levels before conception occurs for disease prevention and optimal health of the newborn. Anyone looking to prevent and reverse juvenile diabetes needs to begin by optimizing their vitamin D3 levels to 60-100 ng/ml. This is done through regular sun exposure and/or supplementing with an emulsified form of vitamin D3. 50,000 IU daily is a great dose for the body to absorb and utilize to quickly raise D3 levels, and 5-10,000 is a great maintenance dose. An anti-inflammatory diet is critical to reduce auto-immune activity, reduce cellular inflammation, and rebuild healthy cells. This diet requires one to completely avoid man-made foods, sugars, and common food allergens. The long chain omega 3 fatty acids EPA and DHA powerfully de-inflame the body by restoring natural balance to the lipid cell membrane. Great anti-inflammatory foods include phytonutrient anti-oxidant rich fruits & vegetables, coconut, avocados, and non-denatured, whey protein from grass-fed cows and goats. This protein source contains essential amino acids that enhance cellular glutathione stores, which are necessary for rebuilding pancreatic tissue and detoxifying poisons. Anti-inflammatory herbs such as turmeric, ginger, cinnamon, rosemary, & oregano should be used as much as possible. Health-e-Solutions comment: The cow’s milk, vitamin D and inflammation links to type 1 diabetes risk are strong. It would serve all people with T1D well to avoid these triggers as much as possible. We believe the diabetic-alkaline lifestyle is beneficial for this purpose and more. It would also avoid most fruits since they are higher in sugar content; something diabetics should avoid to maintain better blood glucose control. Our Recipe e-Books provide alternatives to the typical high-carb, low nutrition foods that are standard fare for the average American diet. Our Home Study Course teaches you how to implement the diabetic-alkaline lifestyle in a practical and livable way.

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|Trent and Wells, eds. Colonial Prose and Poetry. 1901.| |Vol. II. The Beginnings of Americanism: 16501710| |DANIEL GOOKIN was born in Kent, England, about 1612, and died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 19, 1687, after a distinguished career as soldier, historian, and protector of the Indians from unjust exploitations. Gookin went with his father to Virginia in 1621, but, sympathizing rather with the Puritan than with the Cavalier, he moved, in 1644, to Cambridge, where he was soon made captain of militia and was elected to the Massachusetts House of Deputies, of which he became Speaker in 1651. In 1652 he was elected magistrate, and in 1656 appointed Superintendent of all Indians under civil authority. He held this office till his death, in spite of unpopularity, occasioned by the protection he gave to his aboriginal wards during and after King Philips War. He was associated with Eliot in mission work among the Indians. He visited England in 1656 and again in 1657, efficiently protecting on his return in 1660 the fugitive regicides Goffe and Whalley. He was one of the licensers of the Cambridge Printing Press in 1662, wrote in 1674 Historical Collections of the Indians of Massachusetts (published by the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1792), and also a never-published and long since lost History of New England. The prospectus of this second book, issued with his first, is so good as to make us regret greatly the loss of his manuscript, which was probably destroyed by fire. A third work of Gookins, An Historical Account of the Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians in New England, finished in 1677, just after King Philips War, was also lost for many years, but was finally found in England and sent back to America, the American Antiquarian Society printing it in the second volume of their Transactions (1836). In 1681 Gookin was made Major-General of the Colony, and was an active assertor of popular rights in the agitation which preceded the withdrawal of the Colonial Charter (1686), thus recovering much of the favor he had lost by his advocacy of charity toward the Christian Indians. He died so poor that his friend Eliot solicited ten pounds from Robert Boyle for his widow. Both as a brave, good man and a scholarly, straightforward writer he deserves to be better remembered.|| 1| Gookin to Charles II. [From Historical Collections of the Indians in New England, written in 1674.] The Epistle Dedicatory. TO the High and Mighty Prince Charles, by the Grace of God, King of Great-Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. I have read that Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia, going his progress, the people used to present him with their several gifts in the way; and among the rest a countryman, having nothing else to present him with, ran to the river, and taking up his hands full of water, presented him with that. Artaxerxes was so taken therewith, that he gave the fellow a considerable beneficence. | So have I, dread Sovereign, presumed to offer this poor mite, as a testimony of my affection. I must acknowledge it is most unworthy to kiss your royal hands, being so meanly apparelled in an Indian garb. But the matter therein contained, being a true account of the progress of the Gospel among the poor Indians, within your dominions, and that under the influence of your royal favor, this, as I conceive, is not unmeet for your Majestys knowledge. Therefore let it please your Majesty graciously to accept and peruse these Collections, and especially that humble proposal made in Chap. 12. Sect. 5. as a necessary expedient to promote this great work, and which must have its life, under God, from the rays of your Majestys favor.|| 4| | The God of heaven and earth bless your Majesty with all temporal, spiritual, and eternal blessings in Christ Jesus; and make you more and more a nursing father to his church; that under your shadow it may rejoice, and every individual person thereof be encouraged in all ways of godliness and honesty.|| 5| | So prayeth he that is one of the most unworthy, yet desirous to be reckoned among the number of your Majestys most dutiful and loyal subjects.| Cambridge in New England, December 7th, 1674. The Origin of the Indians. [From the Same, Chap. I.] CONCERNING the original of the Savages, or Indians, in New England, there is nothing of certainty to be concluded. But yet, as I conceive, it may rationally be made out that all the Indians of America, from the Straits of Magellan and its adjacent islands on the south, unto the most northerly part yet discovered, are originally of the same nations or sort of people. Whatever I have read or seen to this purpose, I am the more confirmed therein. I have seen of this people, along the sea coasts and within land, from the degrees of 34 unto 44 of north latitude; and have read of the Indians of Magellanico, Peru, Brasilia, and Florida, and have also seen some of them and unto my best apprehension, they are all the same sort of people. | The color of their skins, the form and shape of their bodies, hair, and eyes, demonstrate this. Their skins are of a tawny color, not unlike the tawny Moors in Africa; the proportion of their limbs, well formed; it is rare to see a crooked person among them. Their hair is black and harsh, not curling; their eyes, black and dull; though I have seen, but very rarely, a gray-eyed person among them, with brownish hair. But still the difficulty yet remains, whence all these Americans had their first original, and from which of the sons of Noah they descended, and how they came first into these parts; which is separated so very far from Europe and Africa by the Atlantic Ocean, and from a great part of Asia, by Mar del Zur, or the South sea: in which sea Sir Francis Drake, that noble hero, in his famous voyage about the world, sailed on the west of America, from the straits of Magellan, lying about 52 degrees of south latitude, unto 38 degrees of north latitude: where he possessed a part of the country, and received subjection from those very tractable Indians, in the right of the English nation, and his sovereign prince, the famous queen Elizabeth, then reigning, and her successors, and gave it the name of New Albion: which country lies west northerly of Massachusetts in New England: for Boston lies in 42° 30' and New Albion in 48° of north latitude, which is near six degrees more northerly.|| 8| | There are divers opinions about this matter.|| 9| | First, some conceive that this people are of the race of the ten tribes of Israel, that Shalmaneser carried captive out of their own country, A.M. 3277, of which we read in II. Kings, xviii. 912; and that God hath, by some means or other, not yet discovered, brought them into America; and herein fulfilled his just threatening against them, of which we may read, II. Kings, xvii. from 6 to the 19 verse; and hath reduced them into such woful blindness and barbarism, as all those Americans are in; yet hath reserved their posterity there: and in his own best time, will fulfil and accomplish his promise, that those dry bones shall live, of which we read Ezek. xxxvii. 124. A reason given for this is taken from the practice of sundry Americans, especially of those inhabiting Peru and Mexico, who were most populous, and had great cities and wealth, and hence are probably apprehended to be the first possessors of America. Now of these the historians write, that they used circumcision and sacrifice, though oftentimes of human flesh: so did the Israelites sacrifice their sons unto Moloch, II. Kings, xvii., 17. But this opinion, that these people are of the race of the Israelites, doth not greatly obtain. But surely it is not impossible, and perhaps not so improbable, as many learned men think.|| 10| | Secondly, another apprehension is, that the original of these Americans is from the Tartars, or Scythians, that live in the north-east parts of Asia; which some good geographers conceive is nearly joined unto the north-west parts of America, and possibly are one continent, or at least separated but by some narrow gulf; and from this beginning have spread themselves into the several parts of the North and South America; and because the southern parts were more fertile, and free from the cold winters incident to the northern regions, hence the southern parts became first planted, and most populous and rich. This opinion gained more credit than the former, because the people of America are not altogether unlike in color, shape, and manners, unto the Scythian people, and in regard that such a land travel is more feasible and probable than a voyage by sea so great a distance, as is before expressed, from other inhabited places, either in Europe, Asia, or Africa; especially so long since, when we hear of no sailing out of sight of land, before the use of the loadstone and compass was found. But if this people be sprung from the Tartarian or Scythian people, as this notion asserts, then it is to me a question, why they did not attend the known practice of that people; who, in all their removes and plantations, take with them their kine, sheep, horses, and camels, and the like tame beasts; which that people keep in great numbers, and drive with them in all their removes. But of these sorts and kinds of beasts used by the Tartars, none were found in America among the Indians. This question or objection is answered by some thus: First, possibly the first people were banished for some notorious offences; and so not permitted to take with them of these tame beasts. Or, secondly, possibly, the gulf, or passage, between Asia and America, though narrow, comparatively, is yet too broad to waft over any of those sort of creatures; and yet possibly men and women might pass over it in canoes made of hollow trees, or with barks of trees, wherein, it is known, the Indians will transport themselves, wives and children, over lakes and gulfs, very considerable for breadth. I have known some to pass with like vessels forty miles across an arm of the sea.|| 11| | But before I pass to another thing, suppose it should be so, that the origination of the Americans came from Asia, by the north-west of America, where the continents are conceived to meet very near, which indeed is an opinion very probable; yet this doth not hinder the truth of the first conjecture, that this people may be of the race of the ten tribes of Israel: for the king of Assyria who led them captive, as we heard before, transported them into Asia, and placed them in several provinces and cities, as in II. Kings, xvii. 6. Now possibly, in process of time, this people, or at least some considerable number of them, whose custom and manner it was to keep themselves distinct from the other nations they lived amongst; and did commonly intermarry only with their own people; and also their religion being so different from the heathen, unto whom they were generally an abomination, as they were to the Egyptians; and also partly from Gods judgment following them for their sins: I say, it is not impossible but a considerable number of them might withdraw themselves; and so pass gradually into the extreme parts of the continent of Asia; and wherever they came, being disrelished by the heathen, might for their own security pass further and further, till they found America; which being unpeopled, there they found some rest; and so, in many hundred of years, spread themselves in America in that thin manner, as they were found there, especially in the northern parts of it; which country is able to contain and accommodate millions of mankind more than were found in it. And for their speech, which is not only different among themselves, but from the Hebrew, that might easily be lost by their often removes, or Gods judgment.|| 12| | A third conjecture of the original of these Indians, is, that some of the tawny Moors of Africa, inhabiting upon the sea coasts, in times of war and contention among themselves, have put off to sea, and been transported over, in such small vessels as those times afforded, unto the south part of America, where the two continents of Africa and America are nearest; and they could not have opportunity or advantage to carry with the small vessels of those times any tame beasts, such as were in that country. Some reasons are given for this notion. First, because the Americans are much like the Moors of Africa. Secondly, the seas between the tropics are easy to pass, and safe for small vessels; the winds in those parts blowing from the east to the west, and the current setting the same course. Thirdly, because it is most probable, that the inhabitants of America first came into the south parts; where were found the greatest numbers of people, and the most considerable cities and riches.|| 13| | But these, or any other notions, can amount to no more than rational conjecture; for a certainty of their first extraction cannot be attained; for they being ignorant of letters and records of antiquity, as the Europeans, Africans, and sundry of the Asians, are and have been, hence any true knowledge of their ancestors is utterly lost among them. I have discoursed and questioned about this matter with some of the most judicious of the Indians, but their answers are divers and fabulous. Some of the inland Indians say, that they came from such as inhabit the sea-coasts. Others say, that there were two young squaws, or women, being at first either swimming or wading in the water; the froth or foam of the water touched their bodies, from whence they became with child; and one of them brought forth a male; and the other a female child; and then the two women died and left the earth: So their son and daughter were their first progenitors. Other fables and figments are among them touching this thing, which are not worthy to be inserted. These only may suffice to give a taste of their great ignorance touching their original; the full determination whereof must be left until the day, wherein all secret and hidden things shall be manifested to the glory of God.|| 14| | But this may upon sure grounds be asserted, that they are Adams posterity, and consequently children of wrath; and hence are not only objects of all christians pity and compassion, but subjects upon which our faith, prayers, and best endeavours should be put forth to reduce them from barbarism to civility; but especially to rescue them out of the bondage of Satan, and bring them to salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ; which is the main scope and design of this tractate.|| 15| The Gratitude of Hiacoomes. [From the Same, Chap. III.] IN this strait, several of their carnal and unconverted kindred and relations applied themselves unto Hiacoomes and his wife, [who was in a delicate condition and dangerously ill] pressing them to send for a powow, and use that help for relief. But both husband and wife utterly refused their temptation; the man being willing to submit to Gods disposal, and lose his wife, though he loved her dearly, rather than take assistance from the devil and his instruments, whom he had renounced; and the woman, who was the sufferer, yet, through the grace of God, was endowed with such christian fortitude, that she also utterly refused this method for her deliverance, and would rather lose her life than seek help that way. In this exigence, they earnestly cried to God in prayer, to show mercy to them for Jesus Christs sake; imploring also the prayers of Mr. Thomas Mayhew, junior, their teacher, and other English christians, living nigh them. Mr. Mayhew, being affected with the case, got together some godly christians to meet together; and those kept a day of fasting and prayer, to implore the help of God for these poor, distressed, christian Indians. And the Lord was graciously pleased to hear and answer their prayers, and shortly after gave the woman safe deliverance of a daughter; which the father named by a word in the Indian language, which signified in English, Return. When Mr. Mayhew, the minister, understood this, he demanded of Hiacoomes the reason, why he gave his daughter that name; whose answer was to this effect: Sir, said he, a little while since, you know, I and my wife and children, were travelling on apace in the broad way to hell and all misery, and going from God; but now, since you preached to us, I, and my wife and children, are, through Gods grace, returning back the contrary way, with our faces set towards God, heaven, and happiness. Secondly, you know, before my wife was delivered of this child, how great peril of life she was in, and God seemed to be very angry with us; but he was intreated and heard our prayers, and is returned to us with mercies, in my wifes safe deliverance of this daughter. And for these two reasons, I call this child Return. This story is most certainly true; and was told me distinctly by Mr. Thomas Mayhew, junior, their minister, Hiacoomes being present, in travelling on foot between Watertown lecture and Cambridge, the Indian that was the principal person concerned being with him Concerning Choice Indian Youths. [From the Same, Chap. V.] THERE was much cost out of the Corporation stock expended in this work, for fitting and preparing the Indian youth to be learned and able preachers unto their countrymen. Their diet, apparel, books, and schooling, was chargeable. In truth the design was prudent, noble, and good; but it proved ineffectual to the ends proposed. For several of the said youth died, after they had been sundry years at learning and made good proficiency therein. Others were disheartened and left learning, after they were almost ready for the college. And some returned to live among their countrymen; where some of them are improved for school-masters and teachers, unto which they are advantaged by their education. Some others of them have entered upon other callings: as one is a mariner; another, a carpenter; another went for England with a gentleman, that lived sometimes at Cambridge in New England, named Mr. Drake, which Indian, as I heard, died there not many months after his arrival. | I remember but only two of them all, that lived in the college at Cambridge; the one named Joel, the other, Caleb; both natives of Manilas Vineyard. These two were hopeful young men, especially Joel, being so ripe in learning, that he should, within a few months, have taken his first degree of bachelor of art in the college. He took a voyage to Marthas Vineyard to visit his father and kindred, a little before the commencement; but upon his return back in a vessel, with other passengers and mariners, suffered shipwreck upon the island of Nantucket; where the bark was found put on shore; and in all probability the people in it came on shore alive, but afterwards were murdered by some wicked Indians of that place; who, for lucre of the spoil in the vessel, which was laden with goods, thus cruelly destroyed the people in it; for which fault some of those Indians was convicted and executed afterwards. Thus perished our hopeful young prophet Joel. He was a good scholar and a pious man, as I judge. I knew him well; for he lived and was taught in the same town where I dwell. I observed him for several years, after he was grown to years of discretion, to be not only a diligent student, but an attentive hearer of Gods word; diligently writing the sermons, and frequenting lectures; grave and sober in his conversation.|| 18| | The other called Caleb, not long after he took his degree of bachelor of art at Cambridge in New England, died of a consumption at Charlestown, where he was placed by Mr. Thomas Danforth, who had inspection over him, under the care of a physician in order to his health; where he wanted not for the best means the country could afford, both of food and physic; but God denied the blessing, and put a period to his days.|| 19| | Of this disease of the consumption sundry of those Indian youths died, that were bred up to school among the English. The truth is, this disease is frequent among the Indians; and sundry die of it, that live not with the English. A hectic fever, issuing in a consumption, is a common and mortal disease among them. I know some have apprehended other causes of the mortality of these Indian scholars. Some have attributed it unto the great change upon their bodies, in respect of their diet, lodging, apparel, studies; so much different from what they were inured to among their own countrymen.|| 20| | These awful providences of God, in frustrating the hopeful expectations concerning the learned Indian youth, who were designed to be for teachers unto their countrymen, concurring with some other severe dispensations of God obstructive to this work,some whereof may be hereafter mentioned,caused great thoughts of heart unto the well-willers and promoters thereof. Some conceived, God was not pleased yet to make use of any of the Indians to preach the Gospel; and that the time of the great harvest of their ingathering is not yet come, but will follow after the calling of the Jews. Others thought that this honor of their instruction and conversion shall be continued with Englishmen. Others were of opinion, that Satan, the great enemy and opposer of mens salvation, who had for many years held these poor barbarians under his dominion, did use all his stratagems and endeavors to impede the spreading of the Christian faith, that he might the better keep possession of his kingdom among them. But others, whose faith I hope in God was active and vigorous, did conclude that there was nothing more in these providences and remoras, than did usually attend and accompany all good designs, tending to the glory of God and salvation of souls; whereof plentiful examples are recorded in Holy Scriptures, especially in the primitive times; which in several chapters or the Acts of the Apostles may be demonstrated [From the Same, Chap. VII.] MAY 5th, 1674, according to our usual custom, Mr. Eliot and myself took our journey to Wamesit, or Pawtuckett; and arriving there that evening, Mr. Eliot preached to as many of them as couid be got together, out of Mat. xxii. 114, the parable of the marriage of the Kings son. We met at the wigwam of one called Wannalancet, about two miles from the town, near Pawtuckett Falls, and bordering upon Merrimac River. This person, Wannalancet, is the eldest son of old Pasaconaway, the chiefest sachem of Pawtuckett. He is a sober and grave person, and of years, between fifty and sixty. He hath been always loving and friendly to the English. Many endeavors have been used several years to gain this sachem to embrace the Christian religion; but he hath stood off from time to time, and not yielded up himself personally, though for four years past he hath been willing to hear the word of God preached, and to keep the Sabbath. A great reason that hath kept him off, I conceive, hath been the indisposition and averseness of sundry of his chief men and relations to pray to God; which he foresaw would desert him, in case he turned Christian. But at this time, May 6th, 1674, it pleased God so to influence and overcome his heart, that it being proposed to him to give his answer concerning praying to God, after some deliberation and serious pause he stood up, and made a speech to this effect: | Sirs, you have been pleased for four years last past, in your abundant love, to apply yourselves particularly unto me and my people, to exhort, press, and persuade us to pray to God. I am very thankful to you for your pains. I must acknowledge, said he, I have, all my days, used to pass in an old canoe (alluding to his frequent custom to pass in a canoe upon the river), and now you exhort me to change and leave my old canoe, and embark in a new canoe, to which I have hitherto been unwilling: but now I yield up myself to your advice, and enter into a new canoe, and do engage to pray to God hereafter.|| 23| | This his professed subjection was well pleasing to all that were present, of which there were some English persons of quality; as Mr. Richard Daniel, a gentleman that lived in Billerica, about six miles off: and Lieutenant Henchman, a neighbor at Chelmsford; besides brother Eliot and myself, with sundry others, English and Indians. Mr. Daniel before named desired brother Eliot to tell this sachem from him, that it may be, while he went in his old canoe, he passed in a quiet stream: but the end thereof was death and destruction to soul and body. But now he went into a new canoe, perhaps he would meet with storms and trials; but yet he should be encouraged to persevere, for the end of his voyage would be everlasting rest. Moreover he and his people were exhorted by brother Eliot and myself to go on and sanctify the Sabbath, to hear the Word, and use the means that God hath appointed, and encourage their hearts in the Lord their God. Since that time I hear this sachem doth persevere, and is a constant and diligent hearer of Gods Word, and sanctifieth the Sabbath, though he doth travel to Wamesit meeting every Sabbath, which is above two miles; and though sundry of his people have deserted him, since he subjected to the Gospel, yet he continues and persists.|| 24| One of Gods Ends. [From An Historical Account of the Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians.] 4THLY. Doubtless one great end God aimed at was the punishment and destruction of many of the wicked heathen, whose iniquities were now full; the last period whereof was their malignant opposition to the offers of the Gospel, for the Pakanahats and the Narragansetts, those two great nations upon whom the dint of war hath most especially fallen, (for they are almost totally destroyed), had once and again the Gospel offered to them. But their chief Sachems malignantly rejected and opposed it, and consequently the people followed their examples. And notwithstanding they were very conversant among the English, especially the Narragansetts, and commendable for their industry and labor among the English, yet had the most of them no hearing ears unto the glad tidings of salvation offered in the Gospel, and very few of them delighted in communion with the Christian Indians. And here I shall insert a matter of remark. After the war began with Philip, the English, having cause to be suspicious of the Narragansetts sent some soldiers to Mr. Smiths of Wickford, that lived near them, designing thereby to put upon them a necessity to declare themselves friends or enemies, and to push upon them the performances of former articles of agreement between the English and them, at which time, being in July, 1675, they complied to a treaty of continuing in peace and friendship with the English. But among other articles, the Narragansetts, by their agent Potuche, urged that the English should not send any among them to preach the Gospel or call upon them to pray to God. But, the English refusing to concede to such an article, it was withdrawn, and a peace concluded for that time. In this act they declared what their hearts were, viz. to reject Christ and his grace offered to them before. But the Lord Jesus, before the expiration of 18 months destroyed the body of the Narragansett nation, that would not have him to reign over them, particularly all their chief Sachems and this Potuche, a chief councillor and subtle fellow, who was taken at Rhode Island, coming voluntarily there, and afterward sent to Boston and there executed. The Wiles of the Indians. [From the Same.] THE ENGLISH at first thought easily to chastise the insolent doings and murderous practices of the heathen. But it was found another manner of thing than was expected; for our men could see no enemy to shoot at, but yet felt their bullets out of the thick bushes where they lay in ambushments. The enemy also used this stratagem, to apparel themselves from the waist upwards with green boughs, that our Englishmen could not readily discern them, or distinguish them from the natural bushes; this manner of fighting our men had little experience of, and hence were under great disadvantages. The English wanted not courage or resolution, but could not discern or find an enemy to fight with, yet were galled by the enemy. The Council, having advice hereof from the commanders of the army, judged it very necessary to arm and send forth some of the Praying Indians to assist our forces, hereby not only to try their fidelity, but to deal the better with the enemy in their own ways and methods, according to the Indian manner of fighting, wherein our Indians were well skilled, and had our [their] counsel practiced, and also to be as scouts and forlorns to the English; for the Indians generally excel in a quick and strong sight for the discovery of any thing; and then they have a very accurate sagacity in discovering the tracks of man or beast. And also they are subtle and wily to accomplish their enterprise, especially they keep a deep silence in their marches and motions, whereas the English are more prone to talk to one another and make a noise, whereby the enemy, discovering them before they come near, either prepare for them, or take their flight, as is most for their advantage. And here I shall take leave, as a parenthesis, to insert a short and true story of an Indian chief, captain under Uncas, who marching in this war as scout with some English soldiers, of Connecticut, one of the English soldiers had on a new pair of shoes that made a creaking noise as they travelled. The Indian captain was not quiet until he had persuaded the fellow with creaking shoes to take his moccasins and wear them, and the Indian carried the Englishmans shoes at his back, and went himself barefoot. Another English soldier had on a pair of leather breeches, which being dry made a rustling noise; the Indian captain was not satisfied until he had persuaded the man to take off his breeches, or else to wet them in the water to prevent their rustling. By this relation, which is a truth, we may observe how circumspect and careful they are in order to obtain advantage of their enemy. Defence of the Indians. [From the Same.] NOTWITHSTANDING the Councils endeavors in the former orders, and the testimony of these English witnesses on behalf of the Christian Indians, yet the clamors and animosity among the common people increased daily, not only against those Indians, but also all such English as were judged to be charitable to them. And particularly, many harsh reflections and speeches were uttered against Major Daniel Gookin, and Mr. John Eliot, the former of whom had been appointed by the authority of the General Court of Massachusetts, and approbation of the Honorable Governor and Corporation for Gospelizing those Indians, to rule and govern those Indians about twenty years, and the latter had been their teacher and minister about thirty years, as if they did support and protect those Indians against the English; whereas (God knows) there was no ground for such an imputation, but was a device and contrivance of Satan and his instruments, to hinder and subvert the work of religion among the Indians; for neither had any of our Christian Indians been justly charged, either with unfaithfulness, or treachery towards the English, since the war begun (that I know of). But on the contrary, some of them had discovered the treachery, particularly Walcut the ruler of Philip, before he began any act of hostility, as is before mentioned, and since the war have served the English faithfully, but yet must be content to receive such retribution from too many, (at whose hands they have deserved other things,) but now both the Christian Indians, and all that favored them are enemies to the English, and ought to be proceeded against accordingly, if some men might have had their wills, so great was the rage and unreasonable prejudice of many at the time. It might rationally have been considered, that those two persons above named, who had (one of them for above twenty years, and the other about thirty years,) been acquainted with, and conversant among those Christian Indians, should have more knowledge and experience of them than others had, and consequently should be able to speak more particularly concerning such of those Indians whom they knew (according to a judgment of charity) to be honest and pious persons. And if at such a time, they should have been wholly silent and remiss in giving a modest testimony concerning them when called thereunto, God might justly have charged it upon them, as a sin and neglect of their duty, had they for fear declined to witness the truth for Christ, and for these his poor distressed servants, some of the Christian Indians. And in this day of Massah and Meribah, some that have the repute and I hope truly godly men, were so far gone with the temptation, that they accounted it a crime in any man to say that they hoped some of those Indians were pious persons, or that they had grounds of persuasion that such and such would be saved. This cruel frame of spirit (for I can give it no gentler denomination) arose I apprehend from a double ground, first, the malice of Satan against Christs work among those Indians and to hinder their progress in religion: for they finding Englishmen, professing the Christian religion, so enraged against them, and injurious to them without cause, as they well knew in their own consciences, whatever others thought or spake to the contrary, this was a sore temptation to such weak ones and little children as it were in the ways of Christianity, and hereby to incline them to apostasy, and if the devil by this stratagem could have prevailed, then the whole work of Christ among them, so spoken of, blessed and owned by the Lord, would have been utterly overthrown: this would have gratified Satan and his instruments greatly.

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Talk about your fake news. Based on three decades of real-world experience, whenever a Canadian government pledges to lower industrial greenhouse gas emissions linked to climate change, skepticism is called for. If for no other reason than the best indicator of future performance by any federal government — Liberal or Conservative — is past practice. Today, let’s review the history of three decades of those promises and what actually happened after they were made. In 1988, the Brian Mulroney Conservative government, followed in 1993 by the Jean Chretien Liberal government, promised to reduce Canada’s emissions to 20% below 1988 levels by 2005. According to federal documents, Canada’s emission level in 1988 was estimated at 588 megatonnes of industrial greenhouse gases (a megatonne, or Mt, is one million tonnes). Twenty per cent below that would have been 470 Mt of annual emissions by 2005. Canada’s actual emissions in 2005 were 738 Mt, 57% above the Mulroney and Chretien commitments. Undeterred by this failure, Chretien, in 1997, under the United Nations’ Kyoto accord, promised to reduce Canada’s annual emissions to a less ambitious average of 6% below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. This even though, as top Chretien aide Eddie Goldenberg acknowledged a decade later, the Liberals knew it was unlikely they would ever reach that target. Goldenberg was right. Canada’s emissions in 1990 were estimated at 611 Mt. Six per cent below that by 2012 would have been 574 Mt. Canada’s actual emissions in 2012 were 716 Mt or 25% above Chretien’s 1997 commitment. Lest someone argue it’s unfair to judge the Chretien (and Paul Martin) government for failing to reach its 2012 target, since the Liberals lost power to Stephen Harper’s Conservatives in 2006, let’s look at where Canada’s emissions stood in 2006. In that year, Canada’s estimated emissions were 729 Mt, or 27% above Chretien’s 2012 target. So much for unfairness. In 2015, the Harper government, followed by the Justin Trudeau government in 2016, announced a less ambitious target than Kyoto, 17% below 2005 levels by 2020 and 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. Canada’s emissions in 2005 were 738 Mt. Seventeen per cent below that would be 613 Mt by 2020, while 30% would be 517 Mt by 2030. When Harper’s government lost power in 2015, Canada’s annual emissions were 722 Mt or 18% above Harper’s 2020 target and 40% above his 2030 target. Since the Trudeau government adopted the Harper government’s targets in 2016, it’s now 18% above its 2020 target and 40% above its 2030 target. Meeting Trudeau’s 2020 target would mean reducing Canada’s emissions by 109 Mt annually, the equivalent of shutting down Canada’s entire electricity sector (79 Mt of annual emissions) plus 41% of the agriculture sector (73 Mt of annual emissions), in less than four years. To reach its 2030 target, the Trudeau government would have to reduce current emissions by 205 Mt annually, the equivalent of shutting down Canada’s entire transportation sector (173 Mt of annual emissions) plus 66% of the waste disposal sector (48 Mt of annual emissions), in less than 14 years. Simply put, none of this is going to happen. The federal and provincial carbon pricing plans now being imposed on Canadians aren’t going to get us there because their primary purpose is to increase government revenues, not lower emissions. In other words, they’re cash grabs.

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Climate information for humanitarian agencies: some basic principles © Coughlan de Perez and Mason; licensee Springer. 2014 Received: 1 October 2013 Accepted: 17 February 2014 Published: 17 June 2014 Since 2005, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre have had an ongoing partnership with the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) to connect end-users with providers of climate information. This partnership has enabled and encouraged the uptake of climate information in the humanitarian sector. From the perspective of the climate service provider, attempts to address problems of salience, credibility and legitimacy have been made by adopting the following set of principles: prioritize immediate user needs; provide only information that is relevant to the user context; provide decision support; right-scale rather than down-scale; and maintain ownership and partnership in design. Examples are presented of how these principles have been applied, highlighting not only the need to improve forecasts and their presentation, but also to address obstacles to the practical use of climate information. KeywordsHumanitarian Seasonal forecasts Climate Service Partnership Early warning More than two thirds of the mortality and economic losses caused by natural hazards are weather or climate related (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction 2009), but, when adequately informed, humanitarian actors can take action to prevent such hazards from becoming disasters (Braman et al. 2010; Hellmuth et al. 2011; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2012). To promote this provision of necessary weather and climate information for early action, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) now houses a Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) in which governments, the climate community, and end-users partner to improve climate services worldwide (Hewitt et al. 2012). One of the four priority areas of the GFCS is on disaster risk reduction, asserting that application of climate services in this field can reduce hydrometeorological disaster risk. To ensure the usefulness of climate information in disaster risk reduction, collaboration between end-users and information providers is essential. Interaction between these two groups is seen as one of the key challenges in the use of climate services (Braman et al. 2012), and user-provider partnerships are one of the eight principles to guide implementation of the GFCS (Hewitt et al. 2012). This paper provides key principles for institutions on the methods for establishing and sustaining such collaboration, particularly for providers of climate information who would wish to work more closely with end-users. Since 2005, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre have partnered with the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) to connect end-users with providers of climate information. This partnership has enabled and encouraged the uptake of climate information in the humanitarian sector, rapidly evolving to account for changing needs and new information. Innovative decision support tools and methods for collaboration have resulted from the close working relationship, and have been applied to address disaster risk in a variety of settings. This paper analyses some of the outcomes of this partnership, characterizing the collaborative methods that were used to achieve success in the application of climate services in the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement. We identify principles that guide the collaboration and provide examples of the innovations in climate services that have resulted. Following these principles, organizations within and outside of the humanitarian sector can replicate much of the methodology that has contributed to a successful partnership and the uptake of climate services in the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement. The Red Cross Red Crescent Movement is the world’s largest humanitarian organization, and has taken initiative worldwide to assess the role of climate on humanitarian operations. Housing several climate focal persons and a climate reference institution, the Movement has been actively involved in discussions around climate services from a user perspective. Representatives from the IFRC as well as national Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies regularly participate in the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC, advocating on behalf of the most vulnerable who will be affected by decisions on mitigation and adaptation. Representatives often attend Regional Climate Outlook Forums (Ogallo et al. 2008) and participate in national climate working groups (Pascal et al. 2012). Over the six years of the IRI-Red Cross partnership, climate information has successfully been used to take preventative action for disaster. This has ranged from pre-positioning disaster relief stocks in West Africa based on a 2008 seasonal forecast (Braman et al. 2010; Braman et al. 2012), to a drought emergency appeal by the Kenya Red Cross in January 2011 that cited the La Niña as a reason to prepare for imminent drought (Kenya Red Cross. Drought (Early Warning Early Action) 2011). During the same La Niña event, seasonal forecasts were distributed widely to National Red Cross Societies in the small island states of the Pacific (McNaught et al. 2013). These areas tend to experience periods of drought associated with La Niña, and the populations are at risk of waterborne disease due to lack of clean water. Based on this information, the Red Cross societies of Kiribati and Tuvalu campaigned nationally to create awareness about typhoid, appropriate hygiene practices, and methods for water conservation. However, the probabilistic nature of seasonal forecasts ensures that there will be instances in which the most likely category of rainfall does not materialize. The year following the 2010-2011 drought in East Africa, a weak La Niña re-emerged, but the rainfall over East Africa was above-normal, rather than the most likely category of below-normal. While most action taken to prepare for the impacts of seasonal forecasts is useful in the long-term (i.e.: investments in water storage infrastructure), such events can undermine trust of climate information in those who do not fully recognize the probabilistic nature of forecasts. Examining these events and other climate-related initiatives within the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement, this paper focusses on the partnership with climate forecast providers that exists behind the stories of successful action. The paper describes some of the principles that have contributed to making the partnership successful in ultimately improving services to the populations who are most vulnerable to climate variability and change. Report: Principles of engagement Climate information is under-utilized in many sectors for a variety of reasons: the salience, credibility, and legitimacy of such information are primary hindrances to its more effective use (Johnston et al. 2004; Klopper et al. 2006; Meinke et al. 2009; Hansen et al. 2011). In building a partnership between climate information users and providers, each and every one of these hindrances needs to be addressed before information will translate into action. The following principles characterize how the issues of salience, credibility and legitimacy have been addressed within the context of the IFRC-IRI partnership to promote the uptake of climate services within the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement. Prioritize immediate user needs As they research and develop climate information, climate scientists can easily foresee the potential value for such information in humanitarian work and other sectors. However, within humanitarian organizations, the same vision does not necessarily exist, even if climate information would in fact be useful if it were applied (Dilling and Lemos 2010). The usefulness of information and the demand for information are not identical; therefore scientists must assess both components when collaborating with an end-user organization. Demands for information derive from standard operating practices that are well established within humanitarian organizations; these practices govern the flow of information and the acceptable criteria for decision-making. If climate products do not provide knowledge that is actionable within the current framework, they are not perceived as useful. While these standard practices can and do change over time to accommodate new sources of information and new methods for making decisions, there is inertia built into the system that prevents the immediate uptake of information as soon as it is presented. In the case of climate information, probabilistic forecasts of three-month seasonal rainfall totals are not demanded by traditional humanitarian operating systems; instead, decision-makers are interested in the likelihood of exceptionally heavy rainfall in the coming days, as a proxy for flood risk that can precipitate early action. Given this situation, the IRI-IFRC partnership began by addressing existing demand within the humanitarian movement for assistance in interpreting global weather forecasts, as an entry point to the use of more long-term climate forecasts in the future. Although disaster managers were already accessing forecasts of total precipitation, they were struggling to identify precisely where locally heavy rainfall was forecast. After a series of discussions, the partnership identified a way to present the information in an understandable format, and developed an online maproom resource that featured 6-day “extreme rainfall” forecasts as the landing page. The maps were then incorporated into disaster monitoring tools used by the IFRC on a regular basis. Subsequently, it was possible to expand the maproom to include climate forecasts and information on ENSO events, but the successful distribution of the seasonal forecast tool within the IFRC occurred because it addressed existing demand for information. Over time, the concept of “seamless” forecasting, integrating short-term, seasonal, and long-term projections has helped users envision the usefulness of seasonal information based on their existing use of short-term information. Provide only information that is relevant to the user context When working with end-users, the information provided by resource institutions needs to be directly relevant to the decision at hand; extraneous information can be confusing and can ultimately hinder action. The extent to which information is presented to directly address users’ questions, rather than epistemic meteorological questions, is a critical factor determining uptake. In the context of the IFRC maproom, a map of the amount of rainfall that is forecast to fall in a given location is not necessarily relevant to a humanitarian worker; instead, action is taken based on predictions of anomalously high rainfall relative to what is usually expected in that location. The problem with a forecast of rainfall amounts in the eyes of a humanitarian worker is two-fold: it requires expert information about the background climatology to identify where the forecast shows locally heavy rainfall, and the actual amount of rainfall that is required for locally heavy rainfall does not matter to the disaster manager. The maproom landing page was therefore designed to highlight locations in blue that are forecasted to receive rainfall in the top percentiles of historical amounts for that location. Iterative reformatting of the maproom has been required to help ensure that the information is both understandable to the humanitarian actor and scientifically consistent to the provider (Johnston et al. 2004; Usman et al. 2006). Originally, accompanying text for the maproom was presented in the provider’s language: the map legend showed percentile thresholds depicted on a colour scale, and the map title provided information about the dataset used for these forecasts (called “ESRL GEFS Six-Day Precipitation Forecast”). Focusing on the decisions that would be made based on this map, IRI eventually reformatted the page to remove extraneous information. The title is now posted in the form of a question directly related to the utility of the map (“Where is exceptionally heavy rainfall expected?”), and further information about the dataset is moved to a tab called “Dataset documentation.” The legend is also given a qualitative format, describing different colours on the map as “Heavy Rainfall,” “Very Heavy Rainfall,” and “Extremely Heavy Rainfall,” with further information available should the user require it. The text next to the map no longer describes rainfall percentiles, but provides suggestions to the user about action that can be taken to reduce possible disaster effects, such as, “Contact your local/regional meteorological department and monitor their forecasts for the next six days,” and “Review your contingency plans and update as necessary”. Provide decision support Climate information is only useful to a humanitarian organization if it can trigger action that ultimately increases the efficiency or effectiveness of disaster mitigation or response; information as a stand-alone product transferred from producer to user is not necessarily valuable (Vogel and O’Brien 2006; Webster 2013). Unfortunately, probabilistic forecasts of three-month seasonal rainfall totals do not easily fit within the decision system of humanitarian organizations for at least two reasons: the time-scale and the level of uncertainty in the forecast. These organizations are accustomed to responding to disasters in situations where a crisis exists or is imminent, and the chances of “acting in vain” are minimal. Most also have an ongoing portfolio of disaster risk reduction interventions to reduce long-term disaster risk; the chance of a disaster happening at some point in the long-term future after a project has been completed is unquestionable, thereby justifying these interventions without fear of “acting in vain”. Because the current system does not provide tools for acting based on seasonal probabilistic information, individuals within the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement fear personal culpability for making unconventional decisions based on new, probabilistic information (Suarez and Tall 2010). Whether an action was “in vain” is a subjective judgement applied to a specific situation, such as an evacuation followed by no hurricane, but acting based on a high probability of hurricane landfall is justified even though landfall is not certain. Therefore, decision support systems are needed to aid disaster managers in assessing probabilistic risk and help them convert climate information into appropriate actions that recognize both the risk of acting in vain and the potential to save lives and livelihoods with successful action. In the Pacific, the Red Cross translates the regional Island Climate Update into a humanitarian-specific decision support tool with the help of the IRI. This decision support tool lists the rainfall forecast for each island nation, possible humanitarian impacts, and suggested actions by the Red Cross societies to prevent these impacts. The update is disseminated throughout the region to inform decision-making in light of climate uncertainties, and references newly-developed resources such as drought action checklists. The IRI developed a “Ready-Set-Go” framework to illustrate the parsing of decisions across timescales, triggered by climate information. At the first stage, seasonal forecasts trigger organizations to “get ready” by updating contingency plans, training volunteers, and sensitizing at-risk communities in the general region of the forecast. These actions tend to be low-regret actions, minimizing the negative consequences of acting in vain. For example, training additional volunteers does divert resources from other activities, but these volunteers will be useful in any future emergency, whether or not the forecasted season holds a disaster situation. The second phase, “get set” focuses on mid-range forecasts at higher resolution and skill, which would trigger humanitarian agencies to warn specific regions about impending rainfall anomalies and carry out local preparation activities. The third phase, “go!” is triggered by short-range forecasts at high resolution with the highest accuracy, and the humanitarian agency would deploy an assessment team, activate volunteers, and take locally-appropriate action such as evacuation (Hellmuth et al. 2011). Thus, for a particular hazard, such as flooding, action can be taken to reduce risk in the near-term and also on longer timescales; humanitarian organizations do not distinguish between climate and weather information as do climate and weather scientists. The Ready-Set-Go concept can also be extended to timescales beyond that of seasonal forecasts. While the scale and application of action that is appropriate will differ across timescales, best practices for dealing with disaster risks can be consistent across lead-times. For example, in Kenya, latrines help prevent diarrheal disease associated with heavy rainfall; therefore training community members on how to construct a flood-proof latrine would be relevant based on climate change projections, providing materials to support construction of latrines would be relevant based on a seasonal forecast, and alerting people to reinforce and maintain their latrines would become relevant based on a short-term forecast of heavy rainfall. In a Rockefeller-funded project on Health Risk Management in a Changing Climate, the Red Cross societies of Kenya, Tanzania, Vietnam, and Indonesia developed action plans for reducing disease risk in the near-term and in the long-term. Given projections of impacts of climate change showing that changing rainfall is likely to affect disease incidence, the Red Cross societies developed educational materials to promote continued vigilance in monitoring and preventing diarrheal disease in East Africa and dengue fever in Southeast Asia. Each location created a contingency plan for actions that can be taken on a seasonal basis, increasing preventative action before seasonal peaks of disease, and scaling up activity when a seasonal forecast predicts an increased chance of an above-normal rainfall season. In the short-term, contingency plans made use of daily and weekly rainfall forecasts to alert vulnerable community members in flood-prone areas and sound the alarm for increased action to prevent disease. Right-scale rather than down-scale Climate information is often seen to be irrelevant for decision-making if locally-specific predictions are not available, which is a common misconception. While down-scaling is an active area of research, seasonal forecasts are currently coarse resolution and focus on national or district scales. However, research has indicated that increased probability of above-normal seasonal rainfall totals in standard forecasts is correlated with increases in the chances of heavy rainfall events within the same region. If large enough areas are considered, and forecasters do not attempt to predict the precise location of a disaster event within this area, there is evidence for the predictability of extreme rainfall events on a seasonal scale (Hellmuth et al. 2011). Such region-wide changes in disaster risk can be used to make a number of initial decisions, without need for highly uncertain, highly localized information. In this way, the concept of “right-scaling”, or using information available at large geographical scales to inform decision-making on those same geographical scales, can yield societal benefits. Because seasonal forecasts can be useful to indicate changes in the risk of heavy rainfall over a large area; IRI has collaborated with the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre to gather information on the relationship between seasonal rainfall forecasts and disaster events, focusing on decisions that could be made at the national or regional scale to prepare for disaster. These actions do not require forecasts to provide information on specific communities, and can apply to entire regions. Existing decision support tools are being continually reworked to develop a thresholds analysis for color-coding the forecast according to the most appropriate decisions for each threshold of risk. A successful implementation of this concept is the preventative action taken in West Africa in 2008 to preposition stocks in anticipation of a season that was forecasted to likely have above-normal total rainfall. In this case, supplies were imported from warehouses in other continents, and stored in the West Africa regional offices to be ready for deployment. While the warning did not allow the humanitarian workers to anticipate the actual flooding location, the IFRC monitored short-term forecasts for further information, and the prepositioned stocks ultimately increased the efficiency of the humanitarian response. Supplies reached beneficiaries in days, compared to the expected response rate on the order of weeks (Braman et al. 2010; Braman et al. 2012). Maintain ownership and partnership in design Throughout all of these examples, the close collaboration between the IRI and the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement is predicated on trust and confidence in the quality and reliability of the information being provided. Jointly designing both information and decision support tools fosters ownership of the tools and encourages their use. To achieve this, the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement has a focal person who is closely affiliated with IRI and given access to the institute’s resources and facilities. This “liaison” is responsible for bridging the divide between the producers and end-users of the forecast information, and ensures that the views of the scientists and the humanitarian agencies are represented in the development of forecast information and tools. The IRI also offers a “helpdesk” specifically for the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement, to ensure open lines of communication and easy access to cutting-edge climate information. This email-based helpdesk guarantees a one-business-day turnaround in response to questions about climate and weather by making use of the academic resources and staff at the IRI to source simple, relevant answers. Additional information can be provided as a follow-up, in which case the IRI staff will often seek assistance from experts on/within the region in question. Humanitarian workers have posed questions about historical climate behaviour and possible long-term threats in their location, the availability of reliable information on sea level rise projections, whether to attribute extreme events to climate variability or climate change, and how to navigate between differing forecast signals for the same region. The ability to respond to these questions with simple answers has cultivated humanitarian interest in the effect of climate on their work, and increased willingness to adjust existing standard protocols and make decisions based on climate information. The opportunities and interest in using climate information within the Red Cross Red Crescent movement are continually growing, and much of this progress can be attributed to application of the principles of addressing issues with the salience, credibility and legitimacy of the information. Since 2006, more than 60 national Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have participated in a “Preparedness for Climate Change” program to investigate and plan for climate risks in their countries. Decision support has been based on a realistic assessment of the user context, demand-driven yet reflecting current forecasting capabilities. Moving forward, continual user-driven analysis is needed to transform seasonal forecast information into knowledge that can be used to trigger decision-making. Further research into seasonal forecasts for extreme events is necessary to improve the range of decisions that can be informed based on climate information. While rainfall intensity reflects a good deal of atmospheric “noise”, there is evidence that frequency of rainfall above a certain threshold might show considerable forecasting skill at the seasonal level, perhaps even greater than the existing skill of total rainfall forecasts (Moron et al. 2007; Robertson et al. 2009; Verbist et al. 2010). Recent research also indicates potential skill in forecasting subseasonal scenarios (Moron et al. 2013). Such advances in our ability to predict patterns of extreme events at the seasonal scale could enable more robust humanitarian decisions with greater potential for avoiding disaster worldwide. However, it is insufficient only to improve forecasts and their presentation: obstacles to the practical use of the information also need to be addressed, not least of which are funding mechanisms to finance new forecast-based operating procedures (Braman et al. 2012). In Uganda and Togo, a BMZ-funded climate change adaptation project is making use of this concept to pilot changes to traditional humanitarian decision-making. A “preparedness fund” has been established that will be disbursed after a forecast is issued but before a disaster occurs, to fund disaster preparedness actions. Based on flooding frequency and forecast skill, these actions are likely to reduce disaster losses in the long run, even though they will periodically be done “in vain”. Further investment in climate services for disaster risk reduction needs to address such barriers to the use of climate information from the user perspective, not only investing in collaborations to improve scientific information or its presentation, but also investing in the decision-making context. Action can be taken to reduce disaster risk based on characterization of changes to climate risk over time, but project cycles and funding opportunities do not always provide an opportunity to implement these actions. Some of the inertia towards using probabilistic forecast information can be addressed directly through flexible funding mechanisms for forecast-based action, which explicitly account for the necessity of “acting in vain” and consequently select appropriate actions for the context. Standard operating protocols that assign pre-determined actions to responsible parties can also institutionalize and systematize action based on climate warnings. The examples of saved lives and livelihoods that can already be attributed to climate services in the humanitarian sector is testament to the potential for increased effectiveness that can be expected with the growth and increasing uptake of this information. 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Why Do Colors Fade in the Evening? Our eyes have an amazing ability to see well over very large ranges of brightness from starlight to bright sunlight. The change in size of our pupils helps us to see well in both bright and dim light, but there are other features of our eyes at work as well. In fact, we really have two visual systems in each eye. One is best when there is plenty of light, can see fine details (like reading a book), and can see color. The other cannot see color at all, but is much more sensitive to light so it works well when there is little light available. That system also cannot see fine detail well at all. That's why we can't read books in the dark! There are two types of cells in our eyes (technically, two types of photoreceptors in our retinas) that create these two systems. One type are called cones. The cones produce color vision, work in bright light, and resolve fine details. The other type are called rods. Rods cannot see different colors, only light and dark, but are very sensitive to light. To get this added light sensitivity, rods have to capture light across large areas of the eye and that means they cannot see fine details. As night approaches and the amount of light in a scene drops, our vision system automatically switches from using the cones to using the rods ... and our perception of colors fades away. Explore the NEXT TOPIC at this level. Explore the NEXT LEVEL on this topic. Ever wonder ... How does the light affect how bright a color appears? Updated: Apr. 19, 2011

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Parkinson’s disease, a chronic, degenerative disorder of the nervous system, results from dopamine-producing brain cell deficiency. Rather than spend time and money on allopathic treatments that can often do more harm than good, there are natural remedies you can take that may effectively combat Parkinson’s. In particular, herbs and spices for Parkinson’s disease are among the most researched. Not many people can say a bad thing about organic green tea these days, and for good reason. In addition to aiding weight loss, fighting cancer, and helping with graceful aging, green tea shows signs of being able to help against Parkinson’s disease. Research by Dr. Baolu Zhao specifically indicates green tea’s polyphenols protect dopamine neurons . In a similar study at the Seoul National University College of Medicine found that EGCG, the neuroprotective agent in green tea slashed the neuronal death rate by half when administered to mice . Also known as Bacopa, this Ayurvedic herb is often used in the United States as water plants in aquariums. Some practitioners like Ray Sahelian, MD, advocate its use as a memory enhancement as it has been used for centuries in India. According to University of Maryland Medical Center studies, brahmi may improve circulation to the brain and even protect brain cells. Another study by Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine applied brahmi seed powder to rodent models of Parkinson’s. Results showed promise in conquering the disease and protecting the brain from damage. A popular herb in India, cowhage, or kapikachu, is found in bushes of lowland forests throughout the country. It drew the attention of the University of Maryland Medical Center, which speculated that cowhage, which contains levodopa or L-dopa, might perform better than L-dopa administered as a drug against Parkinson’s disease. We can’t stop talking about turmeric, and there’s many reasons why. Michigan State University researcher Basir Ahmad seems to be a fan of it, too . He led a team of researchers who found that curcumin, a compound of turmeric, may help fight Parkinson’s disease by disrupting proteins responsible for the disease and preventing said proteins from aggregating. While not performing as well as green tea in rigorous laboratory tests, ginkgo remains a potentially beneficial herb for Parkinson’s sufferers. In a 2012 study at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Mexico, a patented extract of ginkgo leaves were dispensed to animal models of Parkinson’s . The extract showed neuroprotective and neurorecovery effects against midbrain dopamine neuron damage and even damage to locomotion. Researchers declared, “These studies suggest it as an alternative in the future treatment of PD.” Certified organic virgin cold pressed coconut oil is also being used to aid the symptoms of parkinson’s. People are getting good results with 1 tablespoon 2-3x daily. by Dr. Edward Group DC, NP, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM - Dr. Baolu Zhao. Green tea may protect brain cells against parkinson’s disease. Biological Psychiatry. 2007 December 13. - Kim JS, Kim JM, O JJ, Jeon BS. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and cell death by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a green tea catechin, in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2010 Sep;17(9):1165-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.01.042. Epub 2010 Jun 11. - Ahmad B, Lapidus LJ. Curcumin prevents aggregation in α-synuclein by increasing reconfiguration rate. J Biol Chem. 2012 Mar 16;287(12):9193-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.325548. Epub 2012 Jan 20. - Rojas P, Montes P, Rojas C, Serrano-García N, Rojas-Castañeda JC. Effect of a phytopharmaceutical medicine, Ginko biloba extract 761, in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease: therapeutic perspectives. Nutrition. 2012 Nov-Dec;28(11-12):1081-8. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.03.007. Epub 2012 Jul 17. Review.

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Lauren Wong grew up hearing her grandmother’s stories of her incarceration at Tule Lake Segregation Center. Although she was inspired to learn more about Japanese-American history because of her grandmother, she found that it was neglected in history classes at school. “Students do not generally get the opportunity to learn about the mistreatment of Japanese Americans during World War II," Wong said in a blog post for the Japanese American National Museum (JANM) in Los Angeles. "Even today, many of my school friends do not know about the camps.” This lack of awareness inspired Wong — who is a Girl Scout Ambassador for Troop 881 in Anaheim, California — to create an educational tool called “Experience the Past” for her Girl Scout Gold Award project. The Gold Award is the highest achievement for a Girl Scout, and requires applicants to spotlight a community issue and create a program to educate, inspire, and promote awareness of that issue. “Experience the Past” provides three worksheets targeting different age groups — one for elementary school students, one for middle school students, and one for high school students and adults. The worksheets can be requested any day at JANM, and guide a viewing of the museum's core exhibition, “Common Ground: The Heart of Community,” with questions and exercises that prompt conversation and provoke deeper thought for visitors. "My goal is to educate the general public and inspire them to appreciate the lives they have today and not let history repeat itself," Wong wrote in her blog post. JANM offers Girl Scouts couts another opportunity to earn patches through their own Girl Scout programs, which revolve around their temporary exhibitions. In January, a private tour of JANM’s current exhibition, Giant Robot Biennale 4, was made available to Girl Scouts, who also attended a zine-making workshop with artist Yumi Sakugawa, whose work is featured in the exhibition. Previous exhibitions with Girl Scout patch programs include a Hello Kitty exhibition, a mixed-race exhibition focusing on identity, and an origami exhibition. Lynn Yamasaki, School Programs Director for JANM, told NBC News that, when assessing an exhibition for a Girl Scout program, JANM seeks “something that is appealing to a younger audience and also one that has some sort of activity to go along with it.” “It’s been a really good experience for us," Yamasaki said of working with Girl Scouts to provide a deeper insight into Asian-American history and identity. "It started out as a partnership outreach with the Girl Scouts of Los Angeles and has become a program that we are really happy to continue.”

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

http://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/girl-scouts-earn-patches-japanese-american-national-museum-n494306

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en

Flu is caused by the influenza viruses. Although there are a few types of flu viruses, the same symptoms generally appear. These include: These are very much the same symptoms as may be experienced with colds. However, in general, flu gives rise to more severe symptoms and a severe cold may sometimes be treated as flu. Occasionally, severe flu symptoms may be experienced with the development of serious medical conditions or complications. The length of flu infection will depend on the individual. Generally speaking, symptoms persist for about a week, although this can be much longer with a severe infection or in someone with a weakened immune system. The first indication that you have the flu is often a sudden high temperature and fever. You may feel that you have achy muscles. Your temperature will probably go down within 48 hours. After this, your symptoms may become more like a cold. You might suffer from a sore throat, and a dry cough. This is because your immune system is now releasing chemicals to attack the flu virus, but these chemicals irritate your respiratory system causing these symptoms. You may also start to have a runny nose. This reaction removes any cells from your body which your immune system has already killed. You may begin to feel congested with a blocked nose after 3 or 4 days. This happens when the mucous discharge becomes thicker. This can cause a chesty cough as your body tries to get rid of the excess mucus. You may also experience a headache. Eventually, by the end of the week, your symptoms should begin to subside and you will begin to feel like your normal self again. However, it can take a couple of weeks before you feel that you have fully recovered. It can sometimes be difficult to tell whether you have a bad cold or the flu. To say that flu is caused by the influenza virus, and that a cold is caused by one of about 200 different viruses, is really no help at all. However, a look at the symptoms and how they arrive might make it easier to establish whether you are suffering from the cold or flu. Cold symptoms generally appear gradually. You might have a sore throat for a couple of days before any other symptoms develop. With the flu, however, all the symptoms will hit you like a brick wall from day one. You are more likely to suffer a fever with the flu, and diarrhoea and vomiting are not uncommon. Generally, it will not take long after your cold symptoms have gone to be up and running as usual. However, with the flu, you may still feel drained and fatigued for a week or more. If you are normally healthy, then the flu may make you feel worn out while it runs its course, but it should not present any medical complications. However, sometimes a complication of flu will develop, particularly if you have a weakened immune system. These include: - Bronchitis – this is an inflammation of the tubes which carry air to and from your lungs. It makes it difficult to breathe, and can often result in a chesty, mucous cough. This can develop into pneumonia - Pneumonia – sometimes a viral or bacterial chest infection can lead to pneumonia. This is the most common complication of the flu. It occurs when lung tissue becomes inflamed, making it difficult to breathe and is likely to need treatment in hospital - Ear infections – the most common type of ear infection is when fluid and pus build up in the middle ear. This is most common in children after a bout of cold or flu. It may clear up by itself after a few days, or need antibiotics to clear the infection. Weak immune function makes it more difficult for the body to withstand infection, so an early sign of a weak immune system is a tendency for the body to pick up infections such as colds and flu more easily. This happens because a poorly functioning immune system can’t spot the nasty invaders efficiently. In addition, the immune system may also take longer to overcome bugs. It is important to remember that people with weak immune systems such as children, the elderly, and those with underlying medical problems may suffer more severe symptoms with the flu, and are more likely to need medical attention. You should seek medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

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Fracking well at Roan Plateau, Colorado. Many of America's important public lands are simply “too wild to drill," which is why The Wilderness Society continues to fight against drilling in those places. In places where drilling—and hydraulic fracturing or "fracking"—does occur, we want to ensure that drilling is done in the cleanest, safest manner. This month, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) will be asking for public input on an important rule regarding fracking on our nation’s federal public lands. This is a crucial opportunity for you to help ensure that the new federal rules for fracking on public lands protect the environment and set leading standards for how the industry operates. Jonah oil and gas fields, Wyoming. Photo: Ecoflight Advances in fracking technology have allowed for the development of shale gas that was previously inaccessible, threatening wild lands and important community water sources. Fracking requires millions of gallons of water, so in arid places like the West, this could mean less water for fish and wildlife. Operations are already industrializing wild and rural lands, and putting our world class recreation resources at risk. Without rigorous safeguards, fracking could lead to poisoned water and blighted landscapes. This is why, as energy development occurs on our public lands, it's critical that regulation to safeguard our precious natural resources and human health are set at the highest standards achievable by the federal government. For fracking this means: Requiring public disclosure of fracking fluid composition Stronger assurances of cement jobs and well integrity Better storage of flow back water, specifically in a secure storage tank, and not a lined pond The Wilderness Society urges you to contact your representative and tell them to strengthen fracking standards that will protect our lands and water for future generations of Americans.

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

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The Sante Fe Trail ran across northern Osage County, passing through Overbrook, Scranton, and Burlingame. Originally organized as Weller county in 1855, it was named for Congressman John B. Weller of Ohio who was later governor of California. It was renamed in 1859 for the Osage river which flows through the county. The Santa Fe Trail stretched for approximately 775 miles from around Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico, with 500 of those miles being in Kansas. In the northern part of Osage County, from east of Overbrook to west of Burlingame, along what is now Highway 56, the Santa Fe Trail ran for some 25 miles. Visitors to Osage County can retrace some of those miles that were followed by the pioneers who ventured into the unknown void of the plains which might hold the fear of hardship or the promise of adventure. (When sightseeing, please note that many Santa Fe Trail Historical sites lie on private property. Thank you for respecting the rights of property owners by not entering private land.) Starting near Baldwin City (to the east of Osage County), was a part of the Santa Fe Trail called Ridgeway, since for some 20 miles through here lies a ridge. The Trail, which followed the “route of least resistance” generally, followed this natural divide to minimize the number of rivers and creeks to be forded. Water north of the Trail typically flowed northward and water south of the Trail typically drained southward. (1) The first good watering spot on the prairie was Willow Springs, and from there, travel was southwest toward the Hill or later called Simmons’ Point—where the microwave tower now stands, east of Overbrook. This was a stage stop during the later years of the Trail. (2) About 1 1⁄2 miles on west of Simmons' Point was a major crossing area (just north of Highway 56 about 150 yards.) Ruts of both the Santa Fe Trail and other trails can be seen here. Water could also be found at this intersection. (3) A little farther wet along Highway 56, a Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R.) marker can be found. This marks where the Trail crossed to the south. (4) Nearly 400 yards west of the marker is a white farm house on the north side of the Highway. Across the road from the house are ruts. (5) About 1 1⁄2 miles east of Overbrook, the Trail runs through the old Bryson farm. Here the farmhouse faces north in the middle of the section. When the house was built, it faced north onto the Trail. About 300 yards west was a place called Rock Creek Springs #1. This was a campground and a watering stop on the Santa Fe Trail. At one time, a blacksmith shop, general store, inn and post office were located here. (6) From this spring, the Santa Fe Trail continued west to where the Overbrook Cemetery now is. Faint outlines of ruts can be seen going toward the school building. Near the 200 block of Ash, in Overbrook, was a spring used for a watering stop. (7) The Trail then ran due west through Overbrook down the present Santa Fe Trail Street. At Sycamore Street it veered to the north a bit and continued through what is now the Brookside Manor Nursing Home. (8) The Santa Fe Trail then turned north where the old railroad bridge is located on Highway 56 west of Overbrook. Just west of the bridge north of the highway, can be seen a windmill. The spring located here was called Flag Spring or Santa Fe Spring. (9) About 4 miles west of Overbrook was a place called Boneyard. Here a wagon train of traders was caught in a blizzard. They were trying to make it back to Westport in today’s Kansas City. The men were able to walk to the safety of 110-Mile Crossing, but the oxen perished in the storm. For years, wagons going and coming on the trail used the bleached bones as a marker. (10) The Trial continued west through where the Santa Fe Trail High School is located. (11) West of the school, on the Osage State Fishing Lake road, looking back east toward the school, the depression of the ruts can still be seen. From here the Trail headed southwest. (12) Just south of Four Corners on Highway 75, another DAR marker is located. About 1⁄2 mile west of the marker was the 110 Mile Crossing. It was so named because, according to the survey of 1825, it was 110 miles from the start of the Trail. In Missouri. (13) At 110 Mile Crossing, Fry McGee Tavern and Hotel was located. McGee also had a toll bridge across the creek. Records show that the crossing charge was 25 cents per wagon and that some days, as much as $30.00 was collected. McGee Tavern was a very well known spot on the Santa Fe Trail. Here intersected the Santa Fe Trail going west, the fort Scott road from the southeast and the 110 Mile road going north. Also, a trail called the Morman Trail started here and ran northwest to Fort Riley. (14) From here, the Trail proceeded on westward and ran through the southern edge of Scranton. A D.A.R. marker in the northeast corner of Jones Park, two blocks east of Highway 56 on Boone Street, marks the Trail’s passage. (15) From Scranton, the Trail continued southeast to Burlingame, and entered it at the east end of the present Santa Fe Street, proceeding through downtown. (16) Burlingame was second only to Council Grove in its importance as a place to get supplies and blacksmith work done, before going further west on the Santa Fe Trail. Burlingame’s Santa Fe Street offers not only a nostalgic panorama with its classic red brick streets, antique-style street lights and historic brick and stone buildings, but also a unique reminder of those early Trail days. The wide expanse between the store buildings is reminiscent of the days of the Trail when the street (Trail) was wide enough for the ox-drawn freight wagons to circle as the wagon trains camped to restock supplies and make repairs before heading on west. Today, residents park their cars in the middle of the street, as well as at the curbs. The Santa Fe Trail then headed west over the hill and out of town, roughly paralleling what is now Highway 31. (17) A marker on the southwest corner of Santa Fe and Dacotah (where the bricks end) honors Fannie Geiger Thompson, who, having seen the importance of the Santa Fe Trail, led the Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R.) in 1906 to mark the Trail’s route. School children gave their pennies to help purchase the quartz stones, each one with a different shape and size, for the stones to mark the Trail from Missouri to Mexico. (18) Three miles west of Burlingame, Highway 31 crossed Dragoon Creek. Another D.A.R. marker 1 1⁄2 miles on west marks the Trail. About 100 yards south of the Highway, and just to the east, are stone walls of the Havana Stage Station and Inn, built in 1858. The ruts or swales of the Trail can still be seen in the field south of the roadside marker as they continue southwest from the Havana Station.

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

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Obstructive sleep apnea, the disorder in which breathing pauses many times in a night’s sleep, had particularly large impacts on truck drivers. It’s well known that sleep apnea causes severe daytime drowsiness as a result of very poor sleep quality, and that’s a hard enough side effect to deal with when working in a building or at a desk, but chronic daytime fatigue takes on a whole new meaning for truckers. According to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, there are 7 million people employed as active interstate drivers, with 341,000 crashes occurring each year. Of those crashes, 31% are listed as being caused by fatigue. It goes without saying that fatigue-related crashes involving 18-wheelers are devastating both to the truck driver and any other cars on the road. In fact, commercial-vehicle crashes are seven times more likely to cause fatalities than other types of crashes. Though there is no exact number, it’s believed that sleep apnea impacts between 30% and 80% of commercial truck drivers, a statistic that is exacerbated by the fact that many truckers are middle-aged men who don’t have time for physical exercise. Every truck driver with untreated sleep apnea drastically increases his risk of causing a fatigue-related accident. It’s of the utmost importance that truck drivers receive the treatment they need, because just one night of sleep apnea treatment with a portable device can lower crash risk, eliminate daytime drowsiness, and stimulate more attentive driving- not to mention the plethora of other benefits included from such treatment like stronger heart health. However, problems have long prevented truckers from diagnosing sleep apnea. Some are concerned that a diagnosis will put their jobs at risk and place them in financial jeopardy, while others are seen by doctors not educated enough about apnea to properly identify the root issue. Since no clear and specific rules exist regarding truck drivers and sleep apnea, most companies are not implementing systematic screening efforts, and the problem just keep continuing. This is a shame, since sleep apnea is common, easy to identify, and simple to treat. Ignoring or missing the diagnosis leads to incredible expenses, injuries, and fatal crashes.

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

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Most women experience a moderate case of heartburn and indigestion while pregnant. Some women, however, may experience a more extreme case and need to eliminate certain foods to find relief. The result of indigestion during pregnancy is due to the hormonal change that causes the muscles in the digestive tract to relax and pressure on your stomach from your growing uterus, explains the March of Dimes. While completely eliminating indigestion during pregnancy may not be possible, avoiding certain trigger foods can help. All products containing caffeine, including chocolate, can contribute to indigestion. Coffee, cola and tea cause the esophageal sphincter to relax, which can make heartburn worse. In addition to indigestion, caffeinated beverages and foods also increase blood pressure and heart rate, which may pose health risks during pregnancy. According to the American Pregnancy Association, caffeine can pass through the placenta to your baby. Keep in mind that as a stimulant, coffee may cause changes in your unborn baby’s sleeping patterns and keep you awake at night. Replace caffeinated beverages with water or non-citrus fruit juices and limit the amount of chocolate you consume to help improve indigestion. Citrus fruits and tomatoes offer healthy vitamins and minerals, but may also trigger heartburn and indigestion. Oranges, limes, lemons and grapefruit put digestive enzymes to work, increasing the production of acids that may lead to indigestion. Tomatoes and tomato-based foods, such as ketchup and marinara sauce, can contribute to indigestion due to the high level of acidity. To ease indigestion, avoid excessive consumption of tomatoes or citrus fruits. While some women may crave spicy foods during pregnancy, the seasoning of spicy foods may cause heartburn and indigestion. Spicy food causes stomach acids to return to the esophagus by weakening the lower esophageal sphincter. Onions, garlic, curry, chili and hot sauces often cause indigestion in pregnant women. If you crave spicy foods while pregnant, monitor your body’s reaction to the foods to determine whether or not they cause indigestion. Greasy foods that are high in fat take longer to digest than healthy, high-fiber foods. This may increase the chance of indigestion because stomach acids are at work for a longer period of time. Like spicy foods and caffeine, foods high in fat content cause the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach to relax, making indigestion or heartburn more likely. Avoid greasy, high-fat foods, including fried food, fast food and heavy-cream-based sauces.

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

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Ecclesiastes 7-9New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) A Disillusioned View of Life 7 A good name is better than precious ointment, 14 In the day of prosperity be joyful, and in the day of adversity consider; God has made the one as well as the other, so that mortals may not find out anything that will come after them. The Riddles of Life 15 In my vain life I have seen everything; there are righteous people who perish in their righteousness, and there are wicked people who prolong their life in their evildoing. 16 Do not be too righteous, and do not act too wise; why should you destroy yourself? 17 Do not be too wicked, and do not be a fool; why should you die before your time? 18 It is good that you should take hold of the one, without letting go of the other; for the one who fears God shall succeed with both. 19 Wisdom gives strength to the wise more than ten rulers that are in a city. 20 Surely there is no one on earth so righteous as to do good without ever sinning. 21 Do not give heed to everything that people say, or you may hear your servant cursing you; 22 your heart knows that many times you have yourself cursed others. 23 All this I have tested by wisdom; I said, “I will be wise,” but it was far from me. 24 That which is, is far off, and deep, very deep; who can find it out? 25 I turned my mind to know and to search out and to seek wisdom and the sum of things, and to know that wickedness is folly and that foolishness is madness. 26 I found more bitter than death the woman who is a trap, whose heart is snares and nets, whose hands are fetters; one who pleases God escapes her, but the sinner is taken by her. 27 See, this is what I found, says the Teacher,[a] adding one thing to another to find the sum, 28 which my mind has sought repeatedly, but I have not found. One man among a thousand I found, but a woman among all these I have not found. 29 See, this alone I found, that God made human beings straightforward, but they have devised many schemes. Obey the King and Enjoy Yourself 8 Who is like the wise man? And who knows the interpretation of a thing? 2 Keep[b] the king’s command because of your sacred oath. 3 Do not be terrified; go from his presence, do not delay when the matter is unpleasant, for he does whatever he pleases. 4 For the word of the king is powerful, and who can say to him, “What are you doing?” 5 Whoever obeys a command will meet no harm, and the wise mind will know the time and way. 6 For every matter has its time and way, although the troubles of mortals lie heavy upon them. 7 Indeed, they do not know what is to be, for who can tell them how it will be? 8 No one has power over the wind[c] to restrain the wind,[d] or power over the day of death; there is no discharge from the battle, nor does wickedness deliver those who practice it. 9 All this I observed, applying my mind to all that is done under the sun, while one person exercises authority over another to the other’s hurt. God’s Ways Are Inscrutable 10 Then I saw the wicked buried; they used to go in and out of the holy place, and were praised in the city where they had done such things.[e] This also is vanity. 11 Because sentence against an evil deed is not executed speedily, the human heart is fully set to do evil. 12 Though sinners do evil a hundred times and prolong their lives, yet I know that it will be well with those who fear God, because they stand in fear before him, 13 but it will not be well with the wicked, neither will they prolong their days like a shadow, because they do not stand in fear before God. 14 There is a vanity that takes place on earth, that there are righteous people who are treated according to the conduct of the wicked, and there are wicked people who are treated according to the conduct of the righteous. I said that this also is vanity. 15 So I commend enjoyment, for there is nothing better for people under the sun than to eat, and drink, and enjoy themselves, for this will go with them in their toil through the days of life that God gives them under the sun. 16 When I applied my mind to know wisdom, and to see the business that is done on earth, how one’s eyes see sleep neither day nor night, 17 then I saw all the work of God, that no one can find out what is happening under the sun. However much they may toil in seeking, they will not find it out; even though those who are wise claim to know, they cannot find it out. Take Life as It Comes 9 All this I laid to heart, examining it all, how the righteous and the wise and their deeds are in the hand of God; whether it is love or hate one does not know. Everything that confronts them 2 is vanity,[f] since the same fate comes to all, to the righteous and the wicked, to the good and the evil,[g] to the clean and the unclean, to those who sacrifice and those who do not sacrifice. As are the good, so are the sinners; those who swear are like those who shun an oath. 3 This is an evil in all that happens under the sun, that the same fate comes to everyone. Moreover, the hearts of all are full of evil; madness is in their hearts while they live, and after that they go to the dead. 4 But whoever is joined with all the living has hope, for a living dog is better than a dead lion. 5 The living know that they will die, but the dead know nothing; they have no more reward, and even the memory of them is lost. 6 Their love and their hate and their envy have already perished; never again will they have any share in all that happens under the sun. 7 Go, eat your bread with enjoyment, and drink your wine with a merry heart; for God has long ago approved what you do. 8 Let your garments always be white; do not let oil be lacking on your head. 9 Enjoy life with the wife whom you love, all the days of your vain life that are given you under the sun, because that is your portion in life and in your toil at which you toil under the sun. 10 Whatever your hand finds to do, do with your might; for there is no work or thought or knowledge or wisdom in Sheol, to which you are going. 11 Again I saw that under the sun the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, nor bread to the wise, nor riches to the intelligent, nor favor to the skillful; but time and chance happen to them all. 12 For no one can anticipate the time of disaster. Like fish taken in a cruel net, and like birds caught in a snare, so mortals are snared at a time of calamity, when it suddenly falls upon them. Wisdom Superior to Folly 13 I have also seen this example of wisdom under the sun, and it seemed great to me. 14 There was a little city with few people in it. A great king came against it and besieged it, building great siegeworks against it. 15 Now there was found in it a poor wise man, and he by his wisdom delivered the city. Yet no one remembered that poor man. 16 So I said, “Wisdom is better than might; yet the poor man’s wisdom is despised, and his words are not heeded.” 17 The quiet words of the wise are more to be heeded 2 Corinthians 13New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) 13 This is the third time I am coming to you. “Any charge must be sustained by the evidence of two or three witnesses.” 2 I warned those who sinned previously and all the others, and I warn them now while absent, as I did when present on my second visit, that if I come again, I will not be lenient— 3 since you desire proof that Christ is speaking in me. He is not weak in dealing with you, but is powerful in you. 4 For he was crucified in weakness, but lives by the power of God. For we are weak in him,[a] but in dealing with you we will live with him by the power of God. 5 Examine yourselves to see whether you are living in the faith. Test yourselves. Do you not realize that Jesus Christ is in you?—unless, indeed, you fail to meet the test! 6 I hope you will find out that we have not failed. 7 But we pray to God that you may not do anything wrong—not that we may appear to have met the test, but that you may do what is right, though we may seem to have failed. 8 For we cannot do anything against the truth, but only for the truth. 9 For we rejoice when we are weak and you are strong. This is what we pray for, that you may become perfect. 10 So I write these things while I am away from you, so that when I come, I may not have to be severe in using the authority that the Lord has given me for building up and not for tearing down. Final Greetings and Benediction 11 Finally, brothers and sisters,[b] farewell.[c] Put things in order, listen to my appeal,[d] agree with one another, live in peace; and the God of love and peace will be with you. 12 Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the saints greet you. 13 The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the communion of[e] the Holy Spirit be with all of you.

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“Good job!” “What a wonderful story!” “Your painting is beautiful!” Sound familiar? If you are like me, you have used these words to encourage children, hoping they will feel good about themselves, their work, and their efforts. Our intentions are good but what if the affect is not what we intended? What if our words leave children wondering—or even worrying—about all the times when they didn’t do a good job, or wrote a mediocre story or tore the paper when they were painting? What happens next time when we aren’t there to bestow our blessing on their work? It is not our approval, evaluation or critique of a child’s work that matters. Children need to make their own conclusions and our comments should merely help inform that self-assessment. Dr. Haim Ginott (author of Teacher and Child: A Book for Parents and Teachers), famously wrote about how to communicate with children. If you are not familiar with his work, you can watch video footage of him in interviews on YouTube. He is entertaining, and his deep respect for children is very apparent. One of the topics he addressed was praise. (Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish, authors of How to Talk So Kids Will Listen & Listen So Kids Will Talk, continue the discussion.) While Dr. Ginott describes various subtleties in how we talk to children, the most important message is to replace evaluative praise with descriptive praise. What Is Evaluative Praise? When we judge what we see instead of describing it, we are providing evaluative praise (e.g., good, best, perfect, beautiful, great). When we attach a character trait to a child, instead of describing what they did, we are providing evaluative praise (e.g., honest, smart, generous, helpful, hardworking). According to Dr. Ginott evaluative praise creates dependence. The child looks to the person giving the praise to determine his self-worth. What is Descriptive Praise? Instead of judging what we see, we can simply describe what we see the child has done (e.g., mixed red and yellow to make orange, played a piece of music with crescendos in just the right places, wrote a story that helps the reader feel what the character is feeling). Descriptive praise is very specific and comes from thoughtful observation. Instead of describing an action we could describe what the child might be feeling. “You hung up your jacket all by yourself, and last month you couldn’t reach the hook. You look really pleased with yourself.” Let the child evaluate his or her own actions. Some More Examples When my daughter practices her violin, it is tempting to just say, “It sounds beautiful,” but instead I really listen to her playing and I tell her I notice the way she subtly draws out just the right notes with her bow, creating a certain mood. Or when she shares her latest piece of writing, I notice her strong, unique voice in the characters she creates and the way she talks to the reader. When my 3-year-old son finishes a puzzle, I acknowledge how he feels (based on his expression): “You did that puzzle all by yourself. You must be so pleased.” When he makes up a song on his Ukulele, I notice the instrumental introduction, the way he keeps a steady beat, how he changes things up by clapping or plucking the strings instead of strumming. (His lyrics consisted mostly of bathroom words, but never mind.) You get the idea. Suggestions to Make Praise More Descriptive - Be specific. Throw out the list of character traits for labeling behavior and simply describe what you observe. “You put all the trucks on the shelves where they belong. Now you’ll know right where to find them next time.” - Show appreciation. Name exactly what the child did and how it helps you. “Thank you for setting the table tonight. Now I have more time to read books with you.” - Leave out “you.” Use “I” statements or focus on the action, but not the person. “The paint spilled on the table. Here’s a towel.” Or reword the praise above: “The trucks were put back on the shelves where they belong. They will be easy to find next time.” - Ask more questions. Instead of praise, ask questions. “How did you make that?” “How did you decide what to paint?” “What do you like about… (the materials used or the product)?” - What would I say to Shakespeare? Ginott describes how adults speak differently to other adults. If we met Shakespeare we would not say, “Wow! Great job. You used your sparkle words.” We might comment on our favorite passage or marvel at his play on words. - Be observant. In order to change how we praise children, we need to really look and listen. It requires more time and more attention to detail. - Take some advice from Lilly (of Lilly’s Purple Plastic Purse fame) and just say, “Wow” because sometimes that’s all you can say. And beam. Is it easy? No. Do my children want to hear how great they are? Of course. But as fabulous as they may be in my eye, ultimately they need to know their own worth.

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Pope Benedict XVI today launched a crusade against climate change in his own tiny country by holding his first "ecologically friendly" public gathering at a Vatican audience hall newly powered by solar panels. The 2,400 solar panels placed on more than an acre of undulating roof of the Vatican's hall were officially activated today, providing the energy required by the the hall itself and the adjacent large buildings. The audience hall is a striking modernist construction amid centuries-old historical buildings. Built in 1969 and designed by the renowned Italian architect Pier Luigi Nervi, it is used for concerts and indoor papal audiences that are held there when the weather is poor. The solar panels will produce about 300,000 kilowatt hours of clean energy a year, offsetting the Vatican's annual Co2 production estimated at 10,000 tons. The system is part of the Vatican's commitment to using renewable energy for 20 percent of its needs by 2020, a goal most European Union countries are striving toward. In so doing, the Vatican will become more self-sustainable and less dependant on Italy for its energy supply. Throughout the summer, the solar panels, which were donated to the pope by the German company Solar World, were painstakingly slotted on the roof by the engineers. The complete system, including the solar panels and inverters that feed the electricity directly into the Vatican's grid, is worth nearly $1.5 million. In a statement issued in January, the company's director, Frank Asbeck said, "with our gift we are paying tribute to the German pope. We support the commitment of the Catholic Church to a responsible use of the resources of creation." He added, amusingly, "If the three Wise Men from the East came to Bethlehem today, they would in all probability bring solar cell in addition to gold, frankincense and myrrh. It is the symbol for the creation and the energy supply of the future." Italian Carlo Rubbia, the Nobel prize-winner physicist, will lecture later today on alternative energy that respects historical and artistic building in the Pontifical Academy of the sciences in front of a distinguished gathering of architects, engineers and energy managers. Great care has been taken by the project designers to ensure that the solar panels are not detectable from St. Peter's Square and will not disrupt the Vatican's skyline. The pope has shown concern for the issue of climate change linked to global warming for some time. The Vatican hosted a scientific conference last year on climate change and global warming and issued a set of suggestions this summer to travellers and tourist to minimize and offset environmental damage. This included taking less luggage on planes and car journeys, planting trees to offset tourists' carbon footprints and choosing vacation spots in clear harmony with nature. The Vatican has also been involved this year in a reforestation project in Hungary designed to offset its carbon emissions. The first saplings of oak, white willow, black poplar and wild fruit trees in the Vatican Climate Forest were planted this month in more than 600 acres of forests along the Tisza River. Pope John Paul II, this pope's predecessor, who was often depicted as a lover of nature and the outdoors, made strong calls to protect the environment during his long papacy. The present pope, who is 81, has also made a number of appeals to protect the environment. In his speeches on God's creation, Benedict XVI has repeatedly illustrated how the earth was created to sustain human life but neglect, greed and short-sightedness have led to damage. He has often stressed that caring for the environment is part of believing God created all things and showing respect of God's plan. Speaking to Catholic youths gathered for World Youth Day in Australia this summer, the pope spoke of the fragile state of the planet. "We have become more and more aware of our need for humility before the delicate complexity of the world," he said.

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Palestine, as a territory, is destitute of forests suitable for building material. When, therefore, King David projected a grand edifice which should be the crowning glory of the reign of his son Solomon, and an evidence of the national devotion to God, he made application to Hiram, the Phoenician monarch, whose possessions included the powerful mountain ranges of Lebanon, for a supply of the cedars which grew there in unparalleled abundance. The Tyrian king, between whom and King David there existed a more than royal friendship, readily acceded to his request; and thus the work of preparation for building was expedited. So large was the supply of this material furnished to King Solomon, that, after the completion of the edifice upon Mount Moriah, which occupied seven years and upward, King Solomon erected, upon the contiguous hill westward, a palace for his own use, in which, so abundantly did the cedar enter, that it was entitled ‘the House of Lebanon.’ On Lebanon’s majestic brow The grand and lofty cedars grew That, shipped in floats to Joppa’s port Up to Jerusalem were brought. The principal groves of cedar were found about 150 miles north-west of Jerusalem, and not far from the seacoast on which the cities of Sidon, Sarepta, and Tyre stood. This suggests the mode of transhipment, which is described in the Scriptures: The trunks of trees were rudely shaped, made into floats or rafts, and brought down the coast by Phoenician mariners, the most skilful sailors of the age, about 100 miles to the port of Joppa, the only seaport opposite Jerusalem, from which it was distant but 35 miles. Here they were adapted, by the tools of the workmen, to the exact places they were to occupy in the Temple, and then carried by land to the Sacred Hill. Being incorruptible to atmospheric influences, the cedar beams and planks thus used might have remained to this day, the ornaments of Moriah and Sion, and the tokens of the brotherly covenants that connected the monarchs of Israel and Phoenicia, but for the destructive influences of invasion. The Temple, having stood for 416 years, was burned by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, who was the instrument in God’s hand to chastise a rebellious and idolatrous people. The number of cedars remaining upon Lebanon is very small — less, it is said than 100; but these are grand specimens of the Creator’s power, towering in sublimity in the valleys, where they are hidden, and suggesting what must have been the ancient glory of Lebanon, covered with a growth of such. JOPPA The peculiarly hilly, and even precipitous, character of Joppa is preserved in the traditions of the Degree of MARK MASTER, and a benevolent moral deduced, in accordance with the entire instructions of the grade. True charity, a plant divinely nursed, Fed by the hope from which it rose at first, Thrives against hope, and in the rudest scene; Storms but enliven its unfading green, Exuberant is the shadow it supplies, Its fruit on earth, its growth above the skies. Thus no opportunity is lost, either in covenants, emblems, traditions, or dramatic exercises, to impress upon the candidate’s mind the Divine lesson that, great as faith and hope are esteemed in their effects upon the human heart, “The greatest of these is charity.” Royal Arch Mason Magazine Spring 1998

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Of all the complicated episodes of Cuba-U.S. history over the past 55 years, perhaps none is sadder than the organized exodus of more than 14,000 children from Cuba to the United States that occurred between late 1960 and the fall of 1962. Dubbed “Operation Peter Pan,” (Pedro Pan) the migration of the unaccompanied children was spearheaded by Cuban parents who, fearing Fidel Castro and his rhetoric of revolution, sent their children to the United States. The operation was sponsored by the Catholic Welfare Bureau, which worked with the U.S. Department of State to have visa requirements waived. While about half of the children were met and then cared for by relatives or family friends, the others were put into the care of the Catholic Welfare Bureau, which placed them in temporary shelters and then assigned them to homes in more than 30 states. Many of the children were eventually reunited with their parents, but some were not. And some, although eventually reunited, bear emotional scars that will affect them forever. Roberto Rodríguez Díaz is among them. Rodríguez was 11 years old at the time he was sent to the U.S. by his parents. After arriving, he cycled through a series of camps and a foster home in Florida before being sent to a Texas reformatory, the latter, he says, after attempting to report that he had been sexually abused by the director of one of the camps. The violations weren’t just sexual, however, and they weren’t uncommon. According to Rodríguez, many children in the camps were given psychotropic medication to make them “controllable.” Kids who ended up in sponsor families didn’t necessarily fare better. In his case, Rodríguez claims his foster family simply went to their parish in Pompano Beach, Florida, to ask for a Cuban child, “just like they’d ask for bread,” he says. He states that the families were not subject to background checks of any sort and, he says, “we (Cuban children) were turned into slaves because they made us work for them….” Rodríguez’s report isn’t an isolated one. In an episode about Pedro Pan broadcast on Latino USA earlier this year, Nena Torres, a Latino Studies professor at The University of Illinois at Chicago, talked about her own experiences as a Pedro Pan child, as well as what she learned about the experiences of other Pedro Pan kids, including those who were sexually abused, while interviewing them years later. Famous Cuban artist Ana Mendieta, herself a Pedro Pan child, is quoted in the broadcast , saying that, like Rodríguez, she and her sister were treated like “the help” by the German family who took them in. The group Operation Pedro Pan, Inc., responded to the broadcast by saying that the total number of Pedro Pan kids who were abused was less than one percent. For Rodríguez, that’s hardly a comfort, especially since he was among that one percent. He blames the Catholic Church for the abuse he and other Pedro Pan kids suffered, and that’s the reason why he’s spent the past several weeks devoted to seeking an audience with Pope Francis, who will arrive in Cuba later this week. Why is he seeking a one-on-one meeting with Pope Francis? To ask that the pontiff issue an apology for the treatment of the Peter Pan kids. Waiting for an apology “The idea to contact the Holy Father came after hearing about (other) apologies he has given,” Rodríguez told Latin Correspondent, “and the changes he has made to bring the church into the 21st-century.” Rodríguez believes Pope Francis cares about children and is concerned about the church’s problems with abuse, and he says that if he is able to speak with Pope Francis directly, he is confident a papal apology will ensue. Rodríguez has been dogged in his pursuit, conducting hundreds of searches online, reaching out to people in Rome, and seeking audiences with high-ranking officials within the Catholic Church in Cuba “It has not been an easy road,” Rodríguez admits, saying that he has spoken to Cardinal Jaime Ortega and Monsignor Tumir in Havana to ask for their intervention. Rodríguez, who returned to Cuba for the first time four years ago and who has written a book and made a documentary about his experiences (both titled “Coro de Silencio”), says that he has spoken to “many other Pedro Pans” who also want a papal apology. “It is all we have ever wanted,” he says. “It will bring closure a moment of Cuban history that cannot be ignored.”

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Baylor Professor featured in National Geographic for Work in Extreme Environments Keith Schubert studies biological patterns that could be ‘universal signature’ WACO, Texas (June 23, 2014) – When looking at the series of photos on Keith Schubert’s computer screen, most people will likely see what they believe is some sort of black goo arranged like an intricate maze on a rock wall. But Schubert, Ph.D., associate professor of electrical and computer engineering in Baylor University’s School of Engineering and Computer Science, sees life. Specifically, he sees patterns of life. From those patterns, Schubert has developed cellular automata and differential equations that he believes can help predict the movement of biological communities as well as the health of extreme environments like deserts, caves and rivers, and, possibly, environments on other planets, like Mars. That black goo in the photo? Those are billions of microorganisms, Schubert explained. The rock wall? That’s the wall of a cave in Tabasco, Mexico. And the cave? Oh yeah, it’s suffused with deadly sulfuric acid. In December, Schubert was a key player on a team of academic and NASA scientists who explored the cave as part of an expedition funded by the National Geographic Society. The expedition is featured in the July issue of National Geographic in an article titled “The Hunt for Life Beyond Earth.” Schubert was invited to be a part of the research group by team leader and colleague Penelope J. Boston, Ph.D., professor of cave and karst science at New Mexico Tech and associate director of the National Cave and Karst and Research Institute. Boston is a renowned scientist and a popular TED Talk speaker who, like Schubert, studies life in extreme environments. Boston described the expedition team as a “powerful” group of scholars and scientists with whom she’d worked individually but had never pulled together to work collectively. “This was an opportunity to bring all of these people together for a single expedition,” she said. “We had the opportunity to compare our work and see how it all fits together. Keith was a big part of that.” The expedition touched numerous scientific disciplines and is leading to myriad research projects and publications, Boston said. Schubert’s role was to build custom camera equipment, mount that equipment in the cave system and study the resulting images. Those images of the cave wall, which will be taken daily over a minimum two-year period, focus primarily on the intricate patterns formed by the microbes. “The reason we like the caves is because the caves control the environment, and I can isolate the variables,” Schubert said. “The patterns are clearer in the controlled environment, and it’s easier to solve for the equation.” He explained that biological organisms tend to congregate where life-sustaining resources are prevalent. Therefore, a dense cluster of microbes indicates that there are nutrients available in that area of the cave wall; thinner clusters of microbes reveal diminished resources; no clusters reveal a lack of resources. So what does this mean for life outside the cave? Schubert hypothesizes that scientists might have discovered that the patterns are a “universal signature” among biological populations, something replicated throughout the world. He has seen the same patterns many times before. “We’re finding that it doesn’t matter the family of microbes or the chemistry; they all make the same patterns,” he said. “All life seems to do this.” The same patterns found in the Mexican cave have been found in tidal pools in California, caves in Hawaii, in the tropics off the coast of Africa, in the cold of Alaska and in the arid deserts of Australia and Israel. The patterns are found among both plant and animal populations. “Our general belief is that the patterns move toward stability. They harvest the resources and move on,” Schubert said. “In human terms, it’s the hunter-gatherer concept.” In addition to Baylor University and New Mexico Tech, the expedition team included researchers from NASA, National Geographic Society, New Mexico State University, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco and University of New Mexico, as well as private cave researchers and photographers. Baylor University is a private Christian university and a nationally ranked research institution, characterized as having “high research activity” by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The university provides a vibrant campus community for approximately 15,000 students by blending interdisciplinary research with an international reputation for educational excellence and a faculty commitment to teaching and scholarship. Chartered in 1845 by the Republic of Texas through the efforts of Baptist pioneers, Baylor is the oldest continually operating university in Texas. Located in Waco, Baylor welcomes students from all 50 states and more than 80 countries to study a broad range of degrees among its 11 nationally recognized academic divisions. Baylor sponsors 19 varsity athletic teams and is a founding member of the Big 12 Conference. ABOUT THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE With more than 10 percent of Baylor University’s freshman class pursuing major courses of study in the School of Engineering and Computer Science (ECS), the focus remains on preparing graduates for professional practice and responsible leadership with a Christian world view. ECS majors include bioinformatics, computer science, electrical and computer engineering, general engineering, and mechanical engineering. Among ECS graduate programs are Master of Science degrees in all disciplines, a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering, and several dual degree programs. The Teal Residential College for Engineering and Computer Science, in which students and faculty live, fosters the pursuit of wisdom, academic excellence, and meaningful relationships for the development of diverse, innovative leaders.

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Everyone knows Valentine’s Day is celebrated in the United States on February 14 with candy, cards and flowers. But before this holiday was commercialized, it was based on something more. The day we call Valentine’s Day is named after a Christian martyr dating back to the 5th century AD, but even before then it was a celebrated festival in ancient Rome called the Lupercalia. Although no one knows the exact origins of the festival, which took place every February 15 under the supervision of priests called Luperci, many believe the derivation of the festival’s name comes from the Latin word “lupus,” which means “wolf.” This fits nicely, as the Lupercalia was a fertility festival dedicated to Romulus and Remus, the mythic founders of Rome who were saved and suckled by a she-wolf. The Lupercalia would begin with the Luperci gathering at the entrance to the cave where it was believed Romulus and Remus lived with their wolf-guardian. There the priests would make sacrifices, traditionally a goat for fertility and a dog for purification. After this, the Luperci would cut the goat’s skin into strips, dip it into the blood, and wander the Roman streets as they slap the women with the strips. This may sound a bit odd, but their reasoning was this: The Romans believed that being touched by the bloodied strips on this day would make the women (and crops) more fertile in the year to come. Enter the Christian church, which recognizes three saints that we know of, all named Valentine or Valentinus. All three were martyred. Obviously the church looked down upon the pagan festival of Lupercalia, however in the church’s infancy it did not want to alienate the thousands of people who celebrated it. Therefore, some claim it placed Valentine’s Day in the middle of February to Christianize the pagan festival, while others say it is because this is the approximate anniversary of the death of St. Valentine. Either way, Lupercalia survived the initial rise of Christianity, but by the end of the 5th century AD Pope Gelasius declared it unlawful to celebrate it. St. Valentine’s Day was lawful, however, but it wasn’t until the Middle Ages that it was associated fully with love. Fun Fact: In 1415 Charles, Duke of Orleans, wrote a Valentine to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London. This is the oldest known Valentine in existence, and you can read it in the British Library. Sadly, the Duchess died before the Valentine reached her. Here is an excerpt: I am already sick of love, My very gentle Valentine, Since for me you were born too soon, And I for you was born too late. God forgives him who has estranged Me from you for the whole year. I am already, etc. My very gentle, etc. Well might I have suspected That such a destiny, Thus would have happened this day, How much that Love would have commanded. I am already, etc.

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The United States Congress designated the Holy Cross Wilderness (map ) in 1980 and it now has a total of 122,446 acres All of this wilderness is located in Colorado and is managed by the Forest Service. The Holy Cross Wilderness is characterized by rugged ridgelines and glacier-carved valleys complete with spruce-fir forests, cascading streams and dozens of lakes. The wilderness is named after Mount of the Holy Cross, which became famous in 1873 when William Henry Jackson first photographed the cross of snow on the northeast face of the mountain. Over 150 miles of trail traverse the area, providing excellent opportunities for day hiking and backpacking trips.

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HTTP functions as a request-response technique in the client-server handling model. A web online online browser, for example, may be the client and an system running on a computer on the hosting support a website may be the server. The client sends an HTTP requirement idea to the server. The server, which provides resources such as HTML files and other content, or works other functions on part of the client, profits a reaction idea to the client. The reaction contains finalization position information about the requirement and may also contain asked for content in its idea body. A web online online browser is an example of a client agent (UA). Other types of client agent include the record system used by search providers (web crawlers), voice web online browser, cell phone applications, and other system that accesses, takes in, or shows web content. HTTP is designed to permit advanced system elements to improve or enable e-mails between clients and web web servers. High-traffic websites often benefit from web storage space storage cache web web servers that deliver content on part of upstream web web servers to improve reaction time. Web web online browser storage space storage cache previously utilized web resources and recycle them when possible to reduce system visitors. HTTP proxy servers web web servers at private system restrictions can accomplish connections for clients without a globally routable address, by delivering information with exterior web web servers. HTTP is an system part technique designed within the structure of the Internet Method Package. Its definition represents on an actual and reliable transportation part technique, and Transferring Control Method (TCP) is commonly used. However HTTP can use untrustworthy techniques such as the Customer Datagram Method (UDP), for example in Simple Service Finding Method (SSDP). HTTP resources are identified and located on the system by Reliable Resource Identifiers (URIs)—or, more specifically, Reliable Resource Locators (URLs)—using the http or https URI techniques. URIs and links in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) information form internets of inter-linked hypertext information. HTTP/1.1 is an alteration of the exclusive HTTP (HTTP/1.0). In HTTP/1.0 a individual connection to the same server is made for every resource requirement. HTTP/1.1 can recycle a connection many times to download images, programs, stylesheets, etc after the website has been provided. HTTP/1.1 e-mails therefore experience less latency as the organization of TCP connections provides significant expense. History Of HTTP The term HyperText was created by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Venture, which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's viewpoint (1930's) of the microfilm-based information restoration and management "memex" system described in his article As We May Think (1945). Tim Berners-Lee and his group are recognized with producing the exclusive HTTP along with HTML and the associated technology for a web server and a text-based web online online browser. Berners-Lee first recommended the "WorldWideWeb" project in 1989 — now known as the World Wide Web. The first version of the technique had only one technique, namely GET, which would requirement a website from a server. The reaction from the server was always an HTML website. The first documented version of HTTP was HTTP V0.9 (1991). Lady Raggett led the HTTP Working Team (HTTP WG) in 1995 and wanted to succeed the technique with extended functions, extended conversation, better meta-information, connected with a security technique which became more efficient by adding additional techniques and news areas. RFC 1945 officially presented and identified HTTP V1.0 in 1996. The HTTP WG planned to post new requirements in Dec 1995 and the support for pre-standard HTTP/1.1 depending on the then developing RFC 2068 (called HTTP-NG) was rapidly applied by the major online online browser designers in early 1996. By Objective 1996, pre-standard HTTP/1.1 was strengthened in Field, Netscape 2.0, Netscape Gps Gold 2.01, Variety 2.7, Lynx 2.5, and in Internet Visitor 2.0. End-user implementing of the new web online browser was fast. In Objective 1996, one web support agency exposed that over 40% of web online browser in use on the Internet were HTTP 1.1 qualified. That same web support agency exposed that by This summer 1996, 65% of all web online browser obtaining their web web servers were HTTP/1.1 qualified. The HTTP/1.1 traditional as described in RFC 2068 was officially released in Jan 1997. Improvements and up-dates to the HTTP/1.1 traditional were released under RFC 2616 in This summer 1999. In 2007, the HTTPbis Working Team was established, in part, to alter and explain the HTTP/1.1 requirements. In This summer 2014, the WG released an customized six-part requirements obsoleting RFC 2616.

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Is rhetoric (and exposition) inherently philosophical in nature? First off, I definitely think it’s important to consider that rhetoric and exposition provide two different purposes – should everything that applies to rhetoric also apply to exposition? Certainly not, as rhetoric persuades and exposition explains. While I agree that rhetoric forms much basis in philosophy, I believe it is important to consider the political roots of rhetoric as well. Speakers in the Greek forum certainly employed a lot of rhetoric to further their political agendas, which leads me to a question of my own: is there a distinction between using rhetoric to promote the search of enlightenment (a particular philosophy) and using rhetoric to satisfy a personal goal (say a country taking over land)? Throughout history leaders and orators alike have invoked the latter with the former as justification. They seek to satisfy a personal goal because they believe it is the one true course of action. Also, it seems possible that exposition itself can be tweaked to persuade through its exposition rather than simply inform. Something to think about.

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Physical Therapist’s Guide to Below-Knee Amputation Lower-limb amputation is a surgical procedure performed to remove a limb that has been damaged due to trauma or disease. Below-knee or “trans-tibial” amputation comprises 23% of lower-limb amputations. Amputation is possible in any age group, but the prevalence is highest among people aged 65 years and older. What is a Below-Knee Amputation? Below-knee amputation (BKA) is a surgical procedure performed to remove the lower limb below the knee when that limb has been severely damaged or is diseased. Most BKAs (60%–70%) are performed due to peripheral vascular disease, or disease of the circulation in the lower limb. Poor circulation limits healing and immune responses to injury, and foot or leg ulcers may form and not heal. They may develop an infection, and it could spread to the bone becoming severe enough to be life-threatening. Amputation is performed to remove the diseased tissue and prevent the further spread of infection. If BKA surgery is necessary, it is usually performed by a vascular or orthopedic surgeon. The diseased or severely injured part of the limb will be removed, keeping as much of the healthy tissue and bone as possible. The surgeon shapes the remaining limb to allow the best use of a prosthetic leg after recovery. The need for BKA is caused by conditions including: - Peripheral vascular disease - Foot ulcer - Trauma, causing the lower leg to be crushed or severed - Tumor/cancer (see link references at the bottom of the page for more information) |ACL Attachment: See More Detail| How Can a Physical Therapist Help? Prior to BKA surgery Before your surgery, your physical therapist may: - Prescribe exercises for preoperative conditioning, and to improve the strength and flexibility of the hip and knee - Teach you how to walk with a walker or crutches - Educate you about what to expect after the procedure Immediately after surgery Your hospital stay will be approximately 5 to 14 days. Your wound will be bandaged, and you may also have a drain at the surgery site, a tube that is inserted into the area to help remove excess fluid. Pain will be managed with medication. Physical therapy will begin soon after surgery when your condition is stable and the doctor clears you. A physical therapist will review your medical and surgical history, and visit you at your bedside. Your first 2 to 3 days of treatment may include: - Gentle stretching and range-of-motion exercises - Learning to roll in bed, sit on the side of the bed, and move safely to a chair - Learning how to position your surgical limb to prevent contractures (the inability to straighten the knee joint fully, which results from keeping the limb bent too much) When you are medically stable, the physical therapist will help you learn to move about in a wheelchair, and stand and walk with an assistive device. Prevention of contractures A contracture is the development of soft-tissue tightness that limits joint motion. The condition occurs when muscles and soft tissues become stiff and fibrous from lack of movement. The most common contracture following BKA occurs at the knee when it becomes flexed and unable to straighten. The hip may also become stiff. It is important to prevent contractures early. Contractures can become permanent if not addressed following surgery, throughout recovery, and after rehabilitation is completed. Contractures can make it difficult to wear your prosthesis, and make walking more difficult, increasing the need for an assistive device like a walker. Your physical therapist will help you maintain normal posture and range of motion at your knee and hip. The therapist will teach you how to position your limb to avoid development of a contracture, and show you stretching and positioning exercises to maintain normal range of motion. Swelling and compression It is normal to experience post-operative swelling. Your therapist will help you maintain compression on your residual limb to protect it, reduce and control swelling, and help it heal. Compression can be accomplished by: - Wrapping the limb with elastic bandages - Wearing an elastic shrinker sock These methods also help shape the limb to prepare it for fitting the prosthetic leg. In some cases a rigid dressing, or plaster cast, may be used instead of elastic bandages. An immediate post-operative prosthesis made with plaster or plastic may also be applied. The method chosen depends on each person’s situation. Your physical therapist will help monitor the fit of these devices and instruct you in their use. Your physical therapist will help with pain management in a variety of ways, including: - Electrical stimulation and TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) for pain modification. (Gentle electrical stimulation of the skin to relieve pain by blocking nerve signals from underlying pain receptors.) - Manual therapy, including massage and joint manipulation to improve circulation and joint motion. - Stump management, including skin care and stump sock use. - Desensitization to help modify how sensitive an area is to clothing pressure or touch. Desensitization involves stroking the skin with different types of touch to help reduce or eliminate the sensitivity reaction to the stimulus. Your physical therapist will work with a prosthetist to prescribe the best prosthesis for your life situation and activity goals. You will receive a temporary prosthesis at first while your residual limb continues to heal and shrink/shape over the first 6 to 9 months of healing. The prosthesis will be modified to fit as needed over this time. After you move from acute care to rehabilitation, you will learn to function more independently. Your physical therapist will help you master wheelchair mobility and walking with an assistive device like crutches or a walker. Your therapist will also teach you the skills you need for successful use of your new prosthetic limb. You will learn how to care for your residual limb with skin checks and hygiene, and continue contracture prevention with exercise and positioning. Your physical therapist will teach you how to put your new prosthesis on and take it off, and how to manage a good fit with the socket type you receive. The therapist will help you to gradually build up tolerance for wearing your prosthesis for increasingly longer times, while protecting the skin integrity of your residual limb. You will continue to use a wheelchair for getting around, even after you get your permanent prosthesis, for times when you are not wearing the limb. Prosthetic training is a process that can last up to a full year. You will begin when the physician clears you for weight bearing on the prosthesis. Your physical therapist will help you learn to stand, balance, and walk with the prosthetic limb. Most likely you will begin walking in parallel bars, then progress to a walker, and later as you get stronger, you may progress to using a cane before walking independently without any assistance. You will also need to continue strengthening and stretching exercises to achieve your fullest potential as you return to many of the activities you performed before your amputation. Can this Injury or Condition be Prevented? It is believed that 60% of amputations are preventable. The leading cause of BKA is complications from diabetes, such as peripheral vascular disease, open wounds, and infection. Prevention and management of diabetes and lower-extremity circulation problems can greatly reduce the risk of developing conditions that lead to the need for lower-extremity amputation. Make sure you protect your feet by wearing adequate foot wear. It is also important to examine your lower extremities and feet daily for signs of skin problems, such as redness or discoloration, swelling, blisters, scratches, or open wounds. It is important to promptly consult your primary health care provider should you notice a problem. Prevention of infection is a primary way to prevent below-knee amputation. It is also important to stop smoking. Smoking cigarettes can interfere with healing, and it is associated with reamputation risk 25 times greater than nonsmokers. Real Life Experiences Ed is a 75-year-old gentleman who has diabetes and peripheral artery disease of the right lower leg. Due to the lack of circulation in his lower leg, Ed has developed an open wound that has become infected. Despite the best efforts of medical care, the infection has continued to spread. Because the infection is now threatening Ed’s health and well-being, the decision is made to amputate the diseased part of his lower leg. Ed is referred to physical therapy for preoperative exercise instruction, and to learn how to walk with a walker before his scheduled surgery. The day after Ed’s surgery, a hospital physical therapist comes to Ed’s room to begin treatment. She teaches him to perform some gentle exercises for the affected limb, and exercise his uninvolved leg and arms. She helps him safely roll in bed, and teaches him about keeping his knee straight on the amputated side, and how to support his leg to reduce swelling. As Ed’s residual limb heals, his physical therapist helps him get out of bed and sit in a chair. He learns to stand on 1 leg with a walker next to his bed. As he gets stronger, he advances to 1-leg walking with a walker, with close assistance from the physical therapist. When Ed is medically stable, he transfers to a rehabilitation facility. There, he works closely with the rehabilitation physical therapist to learn how to care for the skin on his residual limb, how to position and stretch his leg to prevent contractures, and how to wrap the stump and use shrinker socks to reduce swelling and shape his residual limb. Soon, he is able to get around by propelling his wheelchair. He also works hard doing strengthening and stretching exercises as directed by his physical therapist. He gains strength and balance, allowing him to walk farther without becoming tired. Ed receives a temporary, or preparatory, prosthesis. The prosthetist fabricated a socket from a cast of his residual limb. It was connected to a pylon and prosthetic foot. Ed is now ready to begin his gait training in physical therapy with full weight bearing on his amputated leg. Ed and his physical therapist will monitor the fit of the socket several times a day to avoid pressure points on his residual limb. Ed is now able to function with minimal assistance and is discharged home. His family has been trained to help keep him safe and assist him. Ed continues physical therapy as an outpatient, and continues to build his strength and improve his walking ability. He is guided in the use of his temporary prosthesis as his stump continues to reshape. Adjustments to the prosthesis will be made as he continues rehabilitation and progresses over the next 1 to 2 months, prior to receiving his permanent prosthesis. When Ed’s residual limb stops shrinking, about 8 months after his surgery, he receives his permanent prosthesis. He works with his physical therapist and prosthetist to ensure a good fit, and to learn to improve his walking pattern. After much hard work, Ed is discharged from physical therapy, having achieved his goal of walking independently without an assistive device. What Kind of Physical Therapist Do I Need? All physical therapists are prepared through education and experience to treat below knee amputation conditions. However, you may want to consider: - A physical therapist who is experienced in treating people with rehabilitation and amputation conditions. Some physical therapists have a practice with a focus on rehabilitation and prosthetic training for extremity amputation. - A physical therapist who is a board-certified clinical specialist or who completed a residency or fellowship in amputation and rehabilitation physical therapy. This therapist has advanced knowledge, experience, and skills that may apply to your condition. You can find physical therapists who have these and other credentials by using Find a PT, the online tool built by the American Physical Therapy Association to help you search for physical therapists with specific clinical expertise in your geographic area. General tips when you’re looking for a physical therapist (or any other health care provider): - Get recommendations from family and friends or from other health care providers. - When you contact a physical therapy clinic for an appointment, ask about the physical therapists’ experience in helping people who have below-knee amputation. - During your first visit with the physical therapist, be prepared to describe your symptoms in as much detail as possible, and say what makes your symptoms worse The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) believes that consumers should have access to information that could help them make health care decisions and also prepare them for their visit with their health care provider. The following articles provide some of the best scientific evidence related to physical therapy treatment of below-knee amputation. The articles report recent research and give an overview of the standards of practice both in the United States and internationally. The article titles are linked either to a PubMed* abstract of the article or to free full text, so that you can read it or print out a copy to bring with you to your health care provider. *PubMed is a free online resource developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). PubMed contains millions of citations to biomedical literature, including citations in the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE database. Authored by Mary Kay Zane, PT, OCS. Reviewed by the MoveForwardPT.com editorial board

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NEW RESOURCES: Bureau of Justice Statistics Releases "Capital Punishment, 2010" On December 20, the Bureau of Justice Statistics released its annual set of statistical tables on the death penalty in the United States, covering information for 2010. Hightlights from the report include: -The average time spent on death row for those executed in 2010 was longer than for any previous year since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976. The average time between sentencing and execution for those executed in 2010 was 14.8 years. -During 2010, 119 inmates were removed from death row: 53 had their sentences or convictions overturned or were granted commutations; 20 died by means other than execution; and 46 (38%) were executed. -At the close of 2010, there were 388 Hispanics on death row, accounting for 12% of the nation's death row population. -Four states (California, Florida, Texas and Pennsylvania) accounted for more than 50% of all inmates on death row. -Of the 7,879 inmates sentenced to death between 1977 and 2010, 16% have been executed. Six percent (6%) died by causes other than execution, and 39% eventually received other dispositions. (Bureau of Justice Statistics, Capital Punishment, 2010 - Statistical Tables, December 20, 2011). For information on the death penalty in 2011, see DPIC's Year End Report. See Death Row, Sentencing and Studies.

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Get the most from this guide by using the tabs above or click on the links below. In this guide: Primary source materials are original research papers written by the experimenter (hint: look for purpose, method, and results in the abstract). A literature review should look at primary source materials. Secondary source materials generally summarize original research papers written by others. Examples of secondary source materials are review articles, or a description of a treatment in a textbook. Secondary source materials can lead to relevant primary source materials and provide an example of a literature review to examine. Tertiary source materials systematically analyze or critically review scientific papers. A meta-analysis is an example of a tertiary source material. Systematic reviews are literature reviews structured by explicit and auditable protocol. They contain: Meta-analyses are systematic reviews which use a quantitative way of statistically summarizing and comparing the results of the studies reviewed. Argumentative Review: literature supports or opposes an argument, assumption, or problem established within the literature Integrative Review: a review that synthesizes the literature such that new perspectives on the topic are introduced. Historical Review: looks at research throughout a time period, examining trends, evolution, developments--often pointing to future direction for research. Methodological Review: reviews the method of analyses used in studies--can highlight problems, ethical issues to be aware of in research to be conducted. Theoretical Review: looks at theories surrounding a concept/issue/phenomena establishing current thinking, degree of investigation regarding the theories, relationships between them, shortcomings, or emerging research problems unanswered by current theories. A literature review looks at key published material (scholarly articles, books, pamphlets, etc.) on a particular issue, area of research, or theory and provides not only a summary of the source, but also a critical evaluation. Each source is summarized, synthesized, and often evaluated. More than a mere summary of the sources, it highlights what is and is not known, identifies controversy surrounding a topic, formulates questions that need further research, linking the known literature to how your research adds to the larger field of study. American Psychological Association (APA) Literature Reviews: ...including research syntheses and meta-analyses, are critical evaluations of material that has already been published. Meta-analyses: ...authors use quantifative procedures to statistically combine the results of studies.

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Born: May 19, 1928 Kompong Thom, Cambodia Died: April 15, 1998 Near Anlong Veng, Cambodia Pol Pot was a leader in the Cambodian Communist movement and became premier of the government of Democratic Pol Pot was born Saloth Sar on May 19, 1928, near Anlong Veng, Cambodia, the second son of a successful landowner. Pol Pot's father had political connections at the royal court at the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh, some seventy miles from Prek Sbau, the small hamlet in Kompong Thom province where Pol Pot was born. Visits by court officials and even by Cambodian king Sisowath Monivong himself to Pol Pot's father's home appear to have been common. Pol Pot often denied that he was Saloth Sar, probably to protect his family. He adopted his new name by 1963, and even after he had become premier, people were unsure of his actual identity. Pol Pot was a poor student. He was educated by Buddhists and at a private Catholic institution in Phnom Penh, and then enrolled at a technical school (a place where mechanical or scientific subjects are taught) in the town of Kompong Cham to learn carpentry. He later obtained a government scholarship to study radio and electrical technology in Paris. However, in France Pol Pot began to spend less time studying and more time becoming involved with the Communist Party. (Communists believe in revolution to create a society in which the means of production—land, factories, and mines—are owned by the people as a whole rather than by individuals.) After returning to Cambodia in 1953, Pol Pot drifted into the Vietnamese-influenced "United Khmer Issarak (Freedom) Front" of Cambodian Communists. The Front was one of many Cambodian groups that opposed French control of Cambodia as well as the government of Prince Norodom Sihanouk. After Cambodia won its independence from the French in 1954 Pol Pot became involved with the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP), the first Cambodian Communist party. His hatred for intellectuals (people who think, study, and understand) and politicians grew during this time. He was influenced by Tou Samouth, a former Front president who was interested in making the KPRP a genuinely Cambodian organization that could rally members of different groups against Sihanouk. The KPRP had conflicts with the Vietnamese, who wanted to control the anti-Sihanouk Cambodian resistance. In September 1960 Pol Pot and a handful of followers met secretly at the Phnom Penh railroad station to found the "Workers Party of Kampuchéa" (WPK). Samouth was named secretary general. By 1963 Pol Pot had replaced Samouth as party secretary, and Samouth later disappeared under mysterious circumstances. For the next thirteen years Pol Pot and other WPK members disappeared from public view and set up their party organization in a remote forest area. During this period Pol Pot worked to strengthen his leadership position in the WPK and to hold down Vietnamese elements in the anti-Sihanouk movement. However, he carefully avoided a feud with the Vietnamese Communists, who were increasing their hold on parts of Cambodian territory. He also traveled to Beijing, China, to receive organizational training. Upon his return to Cambodia in 1966, the WPK changed its name to the Communist Party of Kampuchéa (CPK). The CPK led many demonstrations against the Sihanouk administration, which caused Sihanouk to order the execution of dozens of CPK members, whom he referred to as the Khmer Rouge ("Red Khmers"). In December 1969 and January 1970 Pol Pot and other CPK leaders prepared to take down Sihanouk. But the military in Phnom Penh beat them to it, overthrowing Sihanouk in March 1970 and bringing Lon Nol to the Cambodian presidency. In 1971 Pol Pot was reelected as CPK secretary general and as commander of its "Revolutionary Army." The Vietnamese became angry when the CPK refused their request to begin talks with Lon Nol and the United States as Vietnamese-U.S. discussions took place in Paris. By terms of the Paris Accords, the Vietnamese pulled some of their troops out of Cambodia in early 1973. CPK "Revolutionary Army" units quickly took their place, and clashes between Lon Nol's and Pol Pot's forces continued. In April 1975 Phnom Penh fell to several Communist Cambodian and pro-Sihanouk groups. For nearly a year Pol Pot and other Cambodian Communists, as well as Sihanouk, struggled for power in the new state of "Democratic Kampuchéa." Another CPK party congress in January 1976 led to Pol Pot's reelection as secretary general, but also revealed differences of opinion between Pol Pot and other members of the party. Relations with Vietnam also continued to worsen. In April 1976, after the decision by Shanouk to step down as head of state, a new Democratic Kampuchéa (DK) government was proclaimed, and Pol Pot became premier. However, his authority was challenged by Vietnam-influenced party leaders. Beginning in November 1976 Pol Pot began to remove many of his rivals, including cabinet ministers and other top party leaders. Meanwhile, Pol Pot's reform policies drove many people from major cities and forced tens of thousands into labor. The Cambodians were denied food and medical care, and mass killings of all suspected opponents—especially intellectuals or those with political experience—took place. Pol Pot was responsible for the deaths of over one million Cambodians—nearly 20 percent of the country's total population. Although opposition to Pol Pot was growing among party members, his visits to China and North Korea in September and October 1977 increased his standing among other Asian Communist leaders, even as fighting with Vietnamese border forces grew worse. Continued Vietnamese attacks on DK territory left Pol Pot with a shaky hold on power, and finally he and other DK leaders were forced to flee Phnom Penh in January 1979. They regrouped and established an underground government in western Cambodia and in the Cardamom mountain range. In July 1979 Pol Pot was sentenced to death in absentia (without him being present) for the murder of his own people. The sentence was issued by the new government of the "People's Republic of Kampuchéa," installed with the help of Vietnamese forces. With world attention focused on Cambodia, Pol Pot stepped down as DK prime minister in December 1979. However, he remained as party secretary general and as head of the CPK's military commission, making him the overall commander of the DK's thirty-thousand-man force battling the Vietnamese in Cambodia. Little was known of Pol Pot's activities after that. In September 1985 the DK announced that Pol Pot had retired as commander of the DK's "National Army" and had been appointed to be "Director of the Higher Institute for National Defense." After several years of living underground, Pol Pot was finally captured in June 1997. The Khmer Rouge had suffered from internal conflicts in recent years and finally split into opposing forces, the largest of which joined with the government of Cambodia under Sihanouk and hunted down their former leader. Pol Pot was sentenced to life in prison. While under house arrest, he died of heart failure on April 15, 1998. Chandler, David P. Brother Number One: A Political Biography. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992. Kiernan, Ben. The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996. Stefoff, Rebecca. Pol Pot. New York: Chelsea House, 1991.

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Speakers and audiences are a fundamental part of human communication around the world. Indeed, speechwriting and presentations are important tools in public relations to reach key publics on an interpersonal level. It’s easy to understand the demand for or good speechwriting. More than ever, we recognize the importance of giving large organizations a human face, desirably a face that is trustworthy, competent, friendly, and coherent. During the career as a public relations practitioner, you will be asked to write speeches for executives, prepare visual aids, conduct speaker training, get executives on the agenda of important conference, organize speaker bureaus, and publicize speeches. 1. Reading the audience and the speaker. If you are given a speechwriting assignment, the first step is to find out everything. To find out any answer to a question, you should talk with the organizers of the event or meeting. Don’t accept vague answers, keep asking, follow-up questions until you have a complete picture. You also need to learn everything you can about the speaker. Listen to the speaker talk, and see how his or her mind works, what word phrases are favored, and what kinds of opinions are expressed. In addition to listening , it is a good idea to go over material that the client has written or, if written by others, that the client admires in terms of style and method of presentation. 2. Laying the groundwork. A writer should have lengthy conversations with the speaker before beginning to write a rough draft of the talk. In a conversational setting, you and the speaker should discuss the speech in terms of objective, approach, strategy, points to emphasize, scope, and facts or anecdotes the speaker would like to include. Indeed, before you start writing a speech, you should have a thorough understand of three aspects of the speech – the objective, the key message, and the strategy approach. 3. Writing the speech. This is a multiple process involving a finely honed outline and several drafts. There needs to be an opening that is part of the speech that must get the audiences attention, establish empathy, and point toward the conclusion. The body of the speech presents the evidence that leads to the conclusion. The outline should list all the key points. The conclusion summarizes the evidence, pointing out what it means to the audience. Finally, the outline should be submitted to the speaker, and once it has been approved, you can go on to the next step.

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could u help me with my java programming? i have this problem: Thanks a lot!!!! The mathematician Augustus De Morgan was aged 43 in the year 1849AD. This is interesting because 43 squared is 1849, ie, in 1849 his age was the square root of the year. Given that no person has ever lived longer than 123 years (and assuming that no one ever will), write a Java application that will determine if it is possible that anyone who is alive today is, has ever been, or will ever be alive in a year that is the square of their age. If it is possible, your program should print out the years in which it happens and the ages that the people concerned will have in those years.

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I used a lot of fantastic mentor texts in my classroom last year and I’m proud of that. What I’m not so proud of is the way that I used them to “spark” ideas in the students for their own writing. I would read a book and then I would give them a writing prompt: “Now write about a time that you _______ (wanted something, got mad, left your favorite stuffed animal at the laundromat).” I was telling the students the experience they should have gotten from the book instead of allowing them to tell me (which leads to zero critical thinking). In order to allow students to have their own ideas, I plan to keep my mouth shut at the end of a story and let them tell me what it makes them think about. I will let them ponder the words and choose their favorites to add to their notebooks. I will encourage them to read as much as possible on their own. Here are some of my favorite mentor texts: A River of Words: The Story of William Carlos Williams by Jen Bryant Big Blue Whale by Nicola Davies Big Moon Tortilla by Joy Cowley Not Afraid of Dogs by Susanna Pitzer Those Shoes by Maribeth Boelts How else can we use mentor texts to help students with prewriting?

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The exact time and place of the military drills and what ships will take part in it has yet to be reported. It is reported that the US Navy plans to hold naval exercises close to the disputed islands in the South China Sea in early April. After a meeting between Xi Jinping and Barack Obama in Washington during which the Chinese leader warned not to harm China’s sovereignty, the information appeared. The exact time and place of the military drills and what ships will take part in it has yet to be reported. South China Sea has become a hot place since regional disputes of China with countries such as Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam have been fuelled by the US. China already has accused that countries such as the Philippines and Vietnam have deliberately used US support to escalate tensions in the South China Sea region. The Philippines unilaterally challenged China’s claim of the South China Sea in January 2013, using the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea but China categorically rejected the possibility of addressing such issues in an international arbitration court. However, the South China Sea has become a place of tension between the Chinese and the west. Several analysts suggested that the US has been backing and influencing the Chinese neighbors to stand against China in order to implement the US policy to contain China. Every year $5.3 trillion of trade passes through the South China Sea, $1.2 trillion is U.S. trade. More than half of the world’s annual merchant fleet tonnage and a third of all maritime traffic worldwide travel through Chinese waters.

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|Zone of Confidence Table| When a Hydrographer issues a chart, a table showing the Zone of Confidence, or margin of error expected, is placed in the explanatory notes alongside a plan showing the zone boundaries. The most accurate depths will be within the maintained depth channels bounded by buoys or beacons and which are required for deep draft vessels. The higher accuracy permits Masters to use Dynamic Under Keel Clearance (DUKC) to maximise loading based on computer-predicted tide heights. Less navigated areas are sounded with wider spacing and a greater margin of error. In a recent grounding incident, the vessel was navigated outside the channel to improve the angle of berth approach. Despite being a well trafficked area of the port, the ZoC was B with a depth accuracy of 1.0 metre plus 2% of the depth with hazards not expected but may exist. The Pilot had calculated an Under Keel Clearance between the vessel's draft, and allowing for squat, the tide height and the charted depths. Had the ZoC been applied, it is arguable that the Master and Pilot would not have considered departing from the channel into the Zone B area. The Antipodean Mariner is careful to qualify that the ZoC contributed to, but was not the primary factor in the grounding. Pilotage practices have been changed though when berth approach requires the vessel to leave the swept channels and a sounding program is being undertaken to ensure no more surprises are found near the busy terminals.

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News about the health and beauty of the natural world that sustains us. By 2025 half the newborn will be Autistic! That is the conclusion of Stephanie Seneff, Phd. a professor and researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She warned at a recent conference that, “At today’s rate, by 2025, one in two children will be autistic.” She noted that the side effects of autism closely mimic those of glyphosate toxicity, and presented data showing a remarkably consistent correlation between the use of Roundup on crops (and the creation of Roundup-ready GMO crop seeds) with rising rates of autism. Children with autism have biomarkers indicative of excessive glyphosate, including zinc and iron deficiency, low serum sulfate, seizures, and mitochondrial disorder." Glyphosate - Pronunciation: gli-fə-ˌsāt - Chemical formula, C3H8NO5P Common sense should tell you that anything that does what roundup does to a plant, a living being, cannot be good or harmless to any other living beings. How to Detect Autism Moms and Dads, if your child is at least 6 months old and does not smile, it’s time for some serious concern. For more information and guidance consult the Global Autism Collaboration. With the age old adage that one picture is worth a thousand words, I present two pictures that nail the lid on the coffin or Roundup. Use of this chemical should be banned. Follow this link, Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines, and you will also find that Roundup induces breast cancer cell growth. It not just herbicides that are destroying the brains and immune systems of the newborn, children and adults. The psychologists are starting to figure out what orgain gardeners, farmers and consumers have been screaming about for years An article in Psychology Today notes that “low-dose exposure to a variety of common pesticides and conditions ranging from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children to neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease in later life.” Does the USA Really Feed the World? The article explains that “By 2007, over 5 billion pounds of synthetic pesticides were sprayed, dusted, or coated on crops worldwide, according to the EPA.” But the most striking statement made is that “The U.S. uses 22 percent of the total [pesticides] to produce 4.3 percent of the world's agricultural output.” That flies in the face of the ongoing lecture that US farmers feed the world. Silent Spring Rachel Carson, one of my heroes, warned us about the dangers of chemical contamination from agriculture and industry in 1962 with her book Silent Spring. Since then the number of chemicals and the contamination of food and soil has increased by to the present level of 5 billion pounds or about four and a half pounds per person. • The work of Stephanie Seneff All MOTHER EARTH NEWS community bloggers have agreed to follow our Blogging Best Practices, and they are responsible for the accuracy of their posts. To learn more about the author of this post, click on the byline link at the top of the page.

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Today, Novu announced the latest in a series of programs meant to close gaps in care for the Medicare population: The Osteoporosis Program. It’s estimated that nearly 60% of U.S. adults age 50 or older are at risk of breaking a bone due to osteoporosis, costing the health care system $19 billion annually according to the National Osteoporosis Foundation. The threat of osteoporosis is two-fold: 1) the growing senior populations means that experts predict the cost to rise to $25.3 billion from an estimated three million fractures, and 2) osteoporosis is referred to as a “silent disease,” since it often goes undetected until after a break of fracture has resulted. For seniors, these injuries can also lead to long recovery periods, increasing costs for caregivers and families. Osteoporosis is preventable and manageable, however, and Novu’s new program was designed for any member wishing to improve the health of their bones, whether or not they have received a diagnosis. Because there is currently no cure for the bone disease, the daily steps program focuses on lifestyle changes such as nutrition, exercise, posture and relaxation techniques that help members improve their bone health and prevent further loss of bone mass. Novu invites you to help spread the word about the risks and costs associated with osteoporosis by participating in National Osteoporosis Month this May. Learn more at the National Osteoporosis Foundation’s website or by watching this video.

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The potential role of AD in tackling climate change By Matt Hale, International Sales Manager, HRS Heat Exchangers With a few notable exceptions, such as new US president Donald Trump and our own Nigel Lawson, the scientific consensus on climate change is well established. As far back as 2004, 75% of US scientific papers accepted the premise of human modification of the climate. Today, as the evidence and scientific literature has grown this figure has risen to 97% or more. The most recent provisional information from both the Met Office and NASA suggests that 2016 was the warmest year ever recorded globally, backing up a prediction that the UN’s WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) made in November last year. Without getting into a detailed discussion on national and global environment policies, it seems fairly clear that in order to avoid the very worst effects of climate change, we will need to use every available tool to decarbonise as many aspects of society as possible, from energy generation and transport, through to food production and waste disposal. When you adopt this holistic approach to decarbonising you quickly realise that it is not just about renewable, low carbon energy production, although this is obviously one of the key areas to tackle. Our modern society is dependent on many substances and processes which are directly or indirectly responsible for the release of key greenhouse gases (GHGs) including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Globally, agriculture produces around 17% of total GHGs, with a further 7-14% due to changes in land use. These emissions come from the entire agricultural cycle, from initial cultivations of soil (and longer term soil health and management), through the use of fertilisers and the raising of livestock, from the use of energy and from waste during harvesting, processing and in the supply chain. Overcoming these issues can seem insurmountable, but there is a single simple technology which has the potential to help reduce emissions from all of these areas: anaerobic digestion, or AD. AD produces green renewable energy in the form of biogas through the bacterial breakdown of organic materials under anaerobic conditions. In doing so, not only does it create a highly versatile energy carrier (biogas can be used to produce electricity, used as a replacement for natural gas or used as a transport fuel), but the residue left behind after the process is a nutrient-rich organic fertiliser and soil conditioner. Furthermore, by treating waste, including food, crop residues and livestock manures in an AD plant, any methane emissions which they may have emitted to the atmosphere during their decomposition or treatment via other means, are captured and utilised, preventing the emission of a particularly potent GHG. In order to maximise the greenhouse gas savings which AD can provide, it is important that the feedstocks used are both sustainable and produced with as low a carbon footprint as possible. It is also important to make sure that the process is as efficient as possible and that every possible unit of energy is used. Using heat exchangers to recapture heat for reuse in the AD plant or elsewhere is one of the most cost-effective ways to do this. When it comes to plant efficiency, recapturing waste heat from areas such as CHP engines, exhausts and even treated digestate, and using this for other processes will increase the overall efficiency of the plant. The uses that such recovered heat is put to can include pre-treating feedstock (to improve gas yields or reduce the time required in the digester), pasteurisation (to comply with Animal By-Products regulations or PAS 110 certification), digestate treatment or process heating, for example to dry crops. It can even be used for space or district heating schemes. Not only does using otherwise wasted heat in this way improve the environmental profile of an AD plant, but by increasing its efficiency it also improves overall economic performance over its operational life. The other key to maximising the environmental and climate benefits of AD is using the digestate in the best way possible. Most plants produce a mixture of liquid and solid digestate. Each has different logistical requirements in terms of how they can be stored and used, as well as differences in their nutritional composition. In general terms, digestate is particularly rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The nitrogen provided to crops by digestate is more readily available to plants than other sources, which not only promotes rapid crop growth, but provided it is applied at the same time, can reduce losses from the soil through leeching and volatilisation as it does not sit around unused in the soil. Another benefit of digestate, particularly the solid fraction, is that it is an excellent source of organic matter. Over the last century, modern agricultural techniques and over-cultivation have reduced the organic matter in arable soils. Not only does this create immediate soil management issues for farmers, and make soils more susceptible to erosion, but it also makes the soils themselves more susceptible to the loss of carbon. Globally, soils store almost 4,000 billion tonnes of organic carbon, more than the world’s vegetation and atmosphere combined. As carbon-rich materials are added to soils and cultivations reduced, so the soils’ overall capacity for carbon sequestration increases. A long term study is currently underway at Aberystwyth University to quantify some of these benefits to carbon sequestration. Obviously there are many sources of carbon which can be added to soils, including composts and crop residues. However, due to the unique processes in AD, the use of solid digestate avoids emissions of greenhouse gas associated with the aerobic decomposition of materials and provides nutrients and carbon in a form which is readily adsorbed by soil particles. These benefits must be offset against the greater conditioning effects of some materials such as compost. Finally, digestate is a low carbon fertiliser, helping reduce the overall carbon footprint of any crops grown with it, with some studies quoting a reduction of 13 kg CO2e/tonne of yield from this saving alone. While there can be uncertainty about potential N2O emissions from digestate applied to soil, which will have a negative effect on the overall GHG balance, careful application timing and incorporation of the digestate can help to mitigate these. Like many technologies associated with the environment, the devil is in the detail. With this in mind, it is important that plant operators and developers treat digestate as the important product that it is. There are many technologies available to increase the value and usability of digestate, including pasteurisation, separation and concentration systems. However, before investing in any system it is worth making sure that you understand what it will and will not do. For example, a simple drying system for digestate uses heat to remove water so that the digestate is easier to handle, has a higher dry matter and is lighter. Meanwhile, other specific technologies provide additional benefits. The HRS DCS (Digestate Concentration System) uses evaporation to significantly reduce digestate volumes, removing up to 80% of the water contained in the liquid fraction and concentrating it to 20% dry solids. By acid-dosing the digestate with sulphuric acid, pH levels are decreased and ammonia releases are prevented, as the ammonia is turned into ammonium sulphate. This is also an ideal biofertiliser. Therefore, while the volume of digestate is reduced, the nutrient content is not merely locked in after concentration – it actually increases. There are many different ways to maximise both the efficiency of biogas plants, and the usefulness and effectiveness of digestate. With the right advice and by choosing the correct technology, it is possible to make sound investment decisions which will not only increase plant efficient, but also improve the overall environmental profile of AD – and maximise its benefits in terms of mitigating climate change. Oreskes, N. The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change. Science. 2004: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1686.full Scientific consensus: Earth’s climate is warming. NASA: http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/ 2016: one of the warmest two years on record. Met Office, 2017: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/2017/2016-record-breaking-year-for-global-temperature 2016 warmest year on record globally, NASA and NOAA data show. NASA, 2017: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170118112554.htm Agriculture and Climate Change. OECD. Sept 2015: http://www.mapama.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/mitigacion-politicas-y-medidas/agriagricyccocde_tcm7-409687.pdf Soil organic carbon (SOC) loss. FAO. 2016: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6472e.pdf The Carbon Cycle and Soil Organic Carbon. Cornell University Cooperative Extension. 2016: http://nmsp.cals.cornell.edu/publications/factsheets/factsheet91.pdf The Use of Digestate as an Organic Fertiliser. Environmental Technology. 2014: https://www.envirotech-online.com/article/water-wastewater/17/susanna_litmanen_franz_kirchmeyr/the_use_of_digestate_as_an_organic_fertiliser/1593

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The theory behind radiometric dating is actually quite simple. Every Atom of a given element has the same number of protons, but there are varieties in the number if neutrons. These varieties are called isotopes. Some of these isotopes decay (parent isotope) into other isotopes of other elements (daughter isotope). The time is takes for half of a sample of a given isotope to decay is called its half life. The half life of a given isotope can be as small a fractions of a second to billions of years. Some as far as we know are stable and do not decay. Measurements of the half lives show that in general they are constant though there have been some reports of small variations. It is these half lives that form the theoretical bases of radiometric dating. The basic idea is that if you have x amount of the parent isotope and y amount of the daughter isotope that given a constant half life you can calculate how much time parent isotope would have to decay to produce the measured amount of the daughter isotope. Next the assumptions of Radiometric dating This email is free from viruses and malware because avast! Antivirus protection is active. Posted by: Charles Creager Jr <[email protected]> |Reply via web post||•||Reply to sender||•||Reply to group||•||Start a New Topic||•||Messages in this topic (1)|

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- The graph shows annual median speed of ships from 1750 to 2014. It is based on historical location data from 617,754 vessels in the ICOADS dataset. - Ship speeds increased by 0.2kn/decade up to 1880. This reflects incremental improvements in sailing ship technology, which reached a peak with Sovereign of the Seas (1852, capable of 22kn). - The impact of new technologies such as steam paddle ships (SS Sirius, 1837), steel hulls and screw propellors (RMS Oceanic, 1871) is not evident until the late 1800s. Then, between 1881 and 1905, median speed of ships increased at an astonishing rate ~ 3kn/decade, a near step change compared to the past. The ocean liner SS City of Paris (1889) had a cruising speed of 20kn. - From 1906 to 2014, speeds increased at a modest 0.3kn/decade on average, comparable to the rate during the sail ship era. - A striking feature of the graph is that the median speed of ships is much more variable in the modern era compared to 18th and 19th centuries. Political and economic factors, rather than technology, became dominant driving forces e.g. oil supply and financial crises. A dramatic example is the sharp decline in speed of ships at the end of 2008 following the collapse of the Lehman Brothers. Ship trajectories from ICOADS were stored in a dataframe ships with ~100 million rows. Median speeds were calculated using dplyr ships <- arrange(ships,ID,time) ships <- ships %>% group_by(ID) %>% mutate(dx = distGeo(cbind(lag(LON),lag(LAT)),cbind(LON,LAT))/1000,dt = as.numeric(difftime(time,lag(time),units="hours"))) ships$V <- ships$dx/ships$dt ships <- filter(ships, dx !=0 & dt <= 48) #data within consecutive days only ships <- arrange(testA,ID,time) shipspeeds <- ships %>% group_by(ID,year) %>% summarise(distance = sum(dx,na.rm=T),speed = median(V,na.rm=T)) The speed of a vessel was calculated whenever it’s location coordinates were available within consecutive days in ICOADS dataset.Periods of zero speed (ship docked or at anchor) were omitted. Buoy and drifter data were excluded. Insufficient data was available for the years 1864-87.

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Who doesn't love catching a big beautiful trout. Their large and small spots make for unique artwork on the canvas of life. Unfortunately, these are not the only spots that can decorate a trout's side. During one of my busier semesters this past year I had been spending my scant fishing time on the Henry's Fork of the Snake River, and what I encountered had me somewhat concerned. Diversion dams litter the landscape here in Idaho. It's how we water all those potatoes. It's not altogether a bad thing. It often presents excellent fishing opportunities, but the fact is, they are not natural, and often prevent nature from taking care of business. The situation it creates is similar to the plaque that builds up in a human artery. Poor circulation ruins health and prevents cleansing. The main culprit fueling my concern is a parasite called Neascus trematode. And, while fishermen often like worms, these little guys are a pain in the side, or neck, or whatever other fleshy surface they can sink themselves into. The process can ugly up a trout in a hurry. Neascus trematode is a type of flatworm, called a fluke. These parasites burrow into the flesh of a vertebrate (trout in this case), after which the host encapsulates the parasite in melanin, creating a little black cyst. The fluke lays dormant inside of the cyst, waiting for its host to be consumed by some type of fish-eating bird. Once the fish has been consumed by a bird, the parasite matures and lays eggs inside the bird's digestive tract. The eggs are then scattered in the birds droppings. Once in the water, the eggs hatch, and the babies look for a host to mature within. In this stage they only have a short while (roughly 24 hours) to find their next victim, which, in this ecosystem is a snail. Once in the snail, the parasite matures. Then they leave the snail, looking for a fish to burrow into, and the cycle begins all over again. Now, I'm no official biologist (though I do aspire to teach biology), but the proliferation of the parasites seems to be dependent upon how many hosts are available, for any of the given stages. In many river systems snails are a normal part of the ecosystem, but the quantity is kept in check by a lack in standing, silty water. Here is where the dams become a problem, especially on beautiful freestone rivers like the Henry's Fork. When the parasite is present, and silt and still water allow for snails to reproduce in copious amounts, the result is a spurt in parasite population. This is exactly what I have observed on the lower Henry's Fork in places that have not previously been affected by the parasite. To see it down lower, where the water meanders through silty farm fields is to be expected, since the Teton river is rampant with the parasite, but up further, on some of the water that is classified as world-class fishing, it is a frustrating find. In 2008 the Fall River Electric Cooperative was given the green light to install a rubber bladder system on top of the already constructed Chester Diversion Dam. The bladders added height to the dam, to further divert water into their little power-plant by increasing the water depth. This created even more of a lake than there already had been. Now, I'm not sure that the bladders made things worse or not, or if the increase in parasite population has been a direct result of warmer temperatures, but I had not noticed any fish infections before their installation. I feel they have slowed the flows enough to cause greater silt collection (more breeding ground for snails), and warmer water. The combo is hard on the fish. Warm water, and parasites! This past summer the vegetation in the water was incredible, which is definitely a correlation to warmer water. Now, I'm not sure how big of a role the dam changes play in this little equation, but it seems to be the straw that broke the camels back. It has the potential to be a tragedy for those who love the big feisty beautiful trout of the lower Henry's Fork. |Neascus trematode Teton River victim| |Another Neascus trematode Teton River victim| I wouldn't be too concerned if I had only noticed it on one or two fish, but I noticed it on every brown brought to hand, and I have seen just how bad it can become. Also, by way of note, this is not likely to become a concern much higher in the system, as the water maintains a decent flow. It is just frustrating to see it taking such a hold in the lower stretches. For those concerned about human health: The black spots (cysts) that result from the infestation have not been found to be fatally harmful to the fish, or even to anyone consuming the fish, though it is recommended that those who choose to eat the fish will do so after thoroughly cooking the meat. I wish I had some kind of solution for this problem, but when money is involved, I worry that much can be done. Is it a large enough cause to rally behind? Is it even a real issue, or maybe a spike in the natural ecology? Is fish and game aware? Do they even care, or do they have bigger fish to fry? (Pun extremely intended). At this point, I feel the best thing we can do is to keep an eye on it. With this winters snow pack, it bodes well for the coming year bringing a good flush. Who knows, if we have multiple winters like this one, maybe it will succeed in cleaning the system up as well as providing plenty of cool water for the fish throughout the warmer months. Let's keep our fingers crossed.

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Palm trees were once thought to be suitable for planting only in tropical enviroments, however, several cold hardy palm trees grow in Northern States where snows fall all during the winter. Much of the information regarding palm tree hardiness that is published in books, magazine articles, and Internet websites is extremely conservative, perhaps because the testing for national cold hardiness is of a very recent origin. Ty Ty Nursery can express ship very large palm tree specimens via freight, rendering normal transport issues irrelevant. The windmill palm trees, Trachycarpus fortunei, provides many resorts and homeowners with that tropical look for their pools or patios. Needle palms, although very rare and available only in limited supply, will tolerate below zero temperatures. Dwarf palmetto palm trees, Sabal minor, and Dwarf saw palmetto palm trees, Serenoa repens, demonstrate additional cold hardy qualities and are especially desirable to use as hedges, borders, and privacy blocks.

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Acrobatiq Smart Author Content for Introduction to Macroeconomics is a comprehensive look at macroeconomics including economic methods, policy, and supply and demand. The courseware covers classical and Keynesian economic theory, fiscal policy, federal budget deficit and the national debt. Students will learn how the economy operates and how the government and the Federal Reserve influence economic growth and measurement. As students interact with the learning activities, learning data is continually collected, analyzed and reported to The Learning Dashboard™, providing educators with real-time actionable insights about how well students are mastering courseware learning objectives. Introduction to Macroeconomics Includes: - 6 Units - 16 Modules - 47 Learning Objectives - Over 2700 Formative and Summative Assessment Opportunities Unit 1: Introduction to Economics Unit 2: Introduction to Macroeconomics Unit 3: Economic Theory and Fiscal Policy Unit 4: Money, Financial Markets, and Monetary Policy Unit 5: Economic Challenges Unit 6: The World Economy

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Light Therapy Diagnostic Indications and Contraindications The chief indication for light therapy is seasonal affective disorder (SAD) (Rosenthal et al. 1984) or, as classified in DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association 1994), any form of recurrent mood disorder to which the specifier “with seasonal pattern” applies ( As can be seen in Table 44-2, SAD is the only condition for which the indication for light therapy rests on a large body of scientific evidence. The use of light therapy for the other conditions listed in the table rests on a less secure scientific foundation. Subsyndromal SAD, also known as the “winter blues,” has been found to respond to light therapy in one controlled study (Kasper et al. 1989)—a predictable finding given the resemblance of this condition to its more severe syndromal counterpart. The value of light therapy for nonseasonal depression has been less clearly established. Researchers have found modest but statistically significant antidepressant effects of light therapy in nonseasonally depressed inpatients in a few controlled studies (Kripke et al. 1986). A number of open trials and case reports of light therapy alone or in combination with other antidepressant treatments have supported this view, but a definitive controlled multicenter trial is required to confirm these reports. Some studies of light therapy in nonseasonal depression have not yielded positive results. Methodologically, the question of light therapy for patients with nonseasonal depression is complicated by the observation that many of these patients experience chronic depression or dysthymic disorder with seasonal exacerbations or they have a seasonal component to their depressive recurrences. Clinical impressions suggest that light therapy is probably useful with many such persons. The status of light therapy for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (late luteal phase dysphoric disorder) is similar to that for nonseasonal depression, with the current knowledge base consisting of a few controlled studies, which yielded equivocal results, and positive clinical anecdotal impressions. With premenstrual dysphoric disorder, as with nonseasonal depression, debate centers not on the beneficial effects of light therapy, which have been observed in both of these conditions, but on whether or not such improvement is purely a function of the placebo effect. The capacity of light to shift circadian rhythms in humans is very well accepted, presumably because of the extensive literature on similar effects in animals. There is general agreement that such phase-shifting properties might be helpful to persons with circadian rhythm disturbances, and debate centers around the details of how such phase shifts can best be accomplished. Patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome, a condition in which there is an inability to fall asleep and to wake up at conventional times, have been shown to be helped by exposure to bright light in the morning and light restriction in the evening (Rosenthal et al. 1990). Likewise, it has been suggested that patients with advanced sleep phase disorder, a condition that tends to afflict older persons, may be assisted by exposure to bright light in the evening hours (Lack and Wright 1993), a treatment that is also reported to be generally beneficial for insomnia in elderly patients (Campbell et al. 1993). The effects of light exposure or restriction on human circadian rhythms can be predicted to some degree by the so-called phase-response curve (PRC), which is a graphic representation of the relationship between these parameters. Such curves appear to be a universal property of biological organisms (Winfree 1987) and apply to humans as well (Czeisler et al. 1990; Minors et al. 1991). The human PRC predicts that in most persons living according to a conventional sleep-wake schedule, light exposure at the beginning of the subjective night will shift rhythms later, whereas light exposure at the end of the subjective night will shift rhythms earlier. Light exposure in the middle of the day would be predicted to have minimal effects on circadian rhythms and corresponds to a portion of the PRC known as the dead zone. Although it is relatively easy to predict when to administer light to patients with stable disorders of circadian rhythms, as in the case of patients with delayed or advanced sleep phase syndrome, it is more difficult to do so when circadian rhythms are in flux, such as during travel across several time zones that results in jet lag, or when working on rotating shifts. Guidelines as to how light exposure (and light restriction) may be used to combat the symptoms of lethargy, fatigue, insomnia, and cognitive disturbances that may accompany such circadian rhythm disturbances go beyond the scope of this present chapter but can be located elsewhere (Eastman 1992; Oren et al. 1993). Contraindications to Light Therapy There are no absolute contraindications to light therapy, although there are some circumstances in which caution is required. These include when the patient 1) has a condition that might render his or her eyes more vulnerable to phototoxicity, 2) has a tendency toward mania, 3) has a photosensitive skin condition, or 4) is taking a photosensitizing medication or herb (such as St. John’s wort or a psoralen). Although there have been no documented cases in which light therapy, when properly administered and supervised, has caused damage to the eyes, the potential for such damage has been raised as a theoretical possibility (M. Terman et al. 1990). The likelihood of light-induced damage to the retina might be increased in patients with retinal diseases such as macular degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa. Patients with retinal abnormalities should not be given light therapy without careful prior evaluation and ongoing supervision by an ophthalmologist. The degree to which patients with normal eyes should have their eyes regularly monitored during the course of light therapy has been debated, with some advocating more stringent monitoring and others advocating less stringent monitoring (Waxler et al. 1992). Concomitant use of certain antidepressants or other medications that may enhance phototoxicity has been cited by some investigators as a reason for additional caution and more frequent monitoring (M. Terman et al. 1990), although no increased prevalence of eye damage has been reported in persons on these medications, despite regular exposure to bright sunlight. In addition, there is no evidence of any increased prevalence of eye problems in patients who have been receiving light therapy for several years, a proportion of whom have been taking concomitant medications (Schwartz et al. 1996). Although light therapy can occasionally induce hypomania or, very rarely, mania, a history of mania is not in itself an absolute contraindication to treatment. The likelihood of hypomanic symptoms can be greatly decreased by warning the patient about the possibility of such symptoms ahead of time, being vigilant of the patient’s clinical condition, and titrating the dosage of light treatment so as to minimize or counteract the development of such symptoms. Persons with a history of mania warrant increased vigilance in this regard. Physicians should be alert to prescribe light boxes that screen out most if not all ultraviolet (UV) rays (Oren et al. 1990). UV light, which may cause facial erythema similar to that seen with suntanning, may in some cases get through to the user. This type of effect may cause problems for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or others with photosensitive skin. Nevertheless, with the help of a sun-blocking cream, a few patients with SLE have been effectively treated with light therapy without induction of facial erythema (Moul 1992). This would suggest that SLE is not necessarily a contraindication to the use of light therapy. Neither is a history of skin cancer a contraindication, although when such a history is present, as with SLE and other photosensitive skin conditions, every attempt should be made to screen out UV radiation. Precautions include the use of specially coated fluorescent bulbs, the use of special UV filters on the inside of the diffusing screen, and the use of commercial sunscreen ointments (which absorb about 95% of incoming ultraviolet B light). The value of sun-blocking ointments has been called into question, however, by a recent study that found that the use of such ointments was of no value in preventing UV-induced melanomas in mice, despite the capacity of these ointments to inhibit the development of erythema (Wolf et al. 1994). The relevance of this study to the use of light therapy in persons who have previously had skin cancer is unclear at this time, but those with such vulnerability should be counseled to be attentive to any skin changes in light-exposed areas and to report such changes promptly to their doctor. The risk for these patients must surely be far less, however, than the risk posed by having the skin exposed to unfiltered sunlight, which contains levels of UV light far higher than those emitted by a light box. Revision date: July 5, 2011 Last revised: by Jorge P. Ribeiro, MD

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This is the sixteenth post in a series of posts examining excerpts from Charles Montesquieu’s book Persian Letters. Each post in this series examines a selected excerpt for study and discussion. The following is an excerpt from Letter 95: There are only two cases in which a war is just: first, in order to resist the aggression of an enemy, and second, in order to help an ally who has been attacked. …Conquest itself confers no rights. If the population survives, conquest provides assurance that peace will be maintained and that amends will be made for the wrong that had been committed; and if the population is destroyed, or scattered, it is a monument to tyranny. Men regard peace treaties with such veneration that they might almost be the voice of nature claiming its rights. They are all in accordance with law if their provisions permit both nations to continue in existence; if not, the one which is threatened with extinction may try, since it is deprived of its natural defence by a treaty of peace, to defend itself in war. For nature, which has established the different degrees of power and weakness among men, has also often made the weak equal to the powerful through the strength of their despair. This, Rhedi, is what I call international law; this is the law of nations, or rather of reason. Comments on the excerpt above: This is an example of a prelude to Of the Spirit of Laws. The only laws written by men that can truly describe natural law are those written mathematically that can be proven mathematically. Only a great advance in mathematics or physics can trickle itself down to advances in manmade common law or societal law. Montesquieu, whose time followed the mathematical advances put forth by Newton, was able to make an advance in social science in Newton’s wake. People like Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein only come around every century or two. They allow us to contemplate their mathematical genius and subsequently make a true step forward in social science. For in the 18th century, it was reason and common sense that was used to fight tyranny and give birth to the United States of America. The suffering of the people of France under the tyranny of Louis XIV gave a common purpose to the people to band together and use reason to fight tyranny in that country as well. It was these free thinkers in the age of reason that helped the religiously persecuted people escape to America in the hopes that they could have freedom of religion. This is why France and the United States were such strong allies in the latter part of the 18th century. While I don’t agree with Karl Marx’s communistic solution to capitalism, it is certainly hard to see anything but genius in his case by case examples of the conflicts between the bourgeois and the proletariat. As Montesquieu said, nature has established the different degrees of power amongst men. As Marx has said, those differences among men that allow power to concentrate in the hands of the few are eventually undone by the proletariat’s loss of hope. When a man is stripped of his natural human rights by the tyranny of other men, he has nothing to lose. When he has nothing to lose and he is in the majority of the population, he will look to his fellow citizens for support and they will band together. Together, they will always overcome the injustice of the ignoble men in power; even though the process may take generations. I don’t believe anyone could argue Marx’s take on the bourgeois versus the proletariat in this regard. This is how countries fracture into civil war. This is how multiple countries that are oppressed by one country band together to fight the ignoble. A good example of what I’m talking about today is Syria. Today is August 14, 2011. Damascus, which was once the intellectual capital of the world, has been oppressed by the Assad family for so many years. The people of Syria have zero hope that they can live free from the tyranny of the Assad family. When you’ve got nothing, you’ve got nothing to lose. Why not give your life to fight for the cause of your freedom from tyranny? This is nature at work, it’s happened again and again throughout the course of history; regardless of the ‘ism’ you may try to attach at the end of your description of the society. We have had time to contemplate the mathematical leap forward that Einstein has given us. What have we learned? How have we moved forward? Perhaps an advance will come one day to our kind that will give us the grace to relegate war to antiquity. Simply, we need to understand when the natural separation of power amongst men has run amok and power has concentrated amongst too small a percentage of the population. The key to this, I believe, is to follow the tenets of Montesquieu’s teachings and always look to separate power. Man’s natural tendency is to covet power. It is up to the law to separate power so that no one man or small group of men can have too much power. Remember what Lord Acton taught us: power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. And, we all know, corruption in the highest halls of the sovereign leads to rebellion, revolt, and destruction of the republic. . . . and further, it is part [of the nature of tyranny] to strive to see that all the affairs of the tyrant are secret, but that nothing is kept hidden of what any subject says or does, rather everywhere he will be spied upon . . . . Also it is part of these tyrannical measures to impoverish the nation so as to bolster the funds available for military defense, and so that the common citizens will be occupied with earning their livelihood and will have neither leisure nor opportunity to engage in conspiratorial acts . . . . Thus, the tyrant is inclined constantly to foment wars in order to preserve his own monopoly of power.

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Art Exhibit, Dakota Conference Examines Wounded Knee, 1973 and 1890 “Interpretations of Wounded Knee 1973 and 1890,” an exhibit commemorating the 40th anniversary of the occupation of Wounded Knee in 1973 will be on display in the Madsen/Nelson/Elmen Galleries of the Center for Western Studies’ Fantle Building March 5-May 26. On Dec. 29, 1890, Miniconjou Lakota chief Spotted Elk (Big Foot) and some 300 of his followers were gunned down on the banks of Wounded Knee Creek. Eighty-three years later, 200 Oglala Lakota seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, S.D., for 71 days. “Interpretations of Wounded Knee 1973 and 1890” is a one-time art show intended to recognize the impact of these two events in Northern Plains, Indian and American history. Discussion on “History, Memory, and the Art of Wounded Knee,” Set for Wednesday, Feb. 22 Tim Hoheisel, director of Outreach and Promotion at the Center for Western Studies, will discuss “Interpretations of Wounded Knee 1973 and 1890” at 7 p.m. on Wednesday, Feb. 22, at the Museum of Visual Materials. Jerry Fogg, Sioux Falls artist and participant in the 1973 Wounded Knee occupation, will join Hoheisel for the talk. The presentation is part of the Sioux Falls Arts Council “Grow a Scene” programming and is free and open to the public. Works by 24 artists are on display including: Kevin Bierbaum, Sioux Falls; Randall Blaze, Buffalo Gap, S.D.; Stuart Brings Plenty, Sioux Falls; Lynn Burnette, Sr., Loveland, Colo.; Gerald Cournoyer, Kyle, S.D.; Russell Cournoyer, Sioux Falls; Rodger Ellingson, Sioux Falls; Jerry Fogg, Sioux Falls; Chris Francis, Madison, S.D.; Sharon Gray, Vermillion, S.D.; Bonnie Halsey-Dutton, Spearfish, S.D.; Terry Hecker, Lakeside, Calif.; Emil Her Many Horses, Washington, D.C.; Del Iron Cloud, Rapid City, S.D.; Glenn Krupka, Sioux Falls; Dennis Linn, Rapid City; Leah Maltbie, Hay Springs, Neb.; Alan Montgomery, Madison, S.D.; Donald F. Montileaux, Rapid City; Kevin Pouirer, Scenic, S.D.; Bruce Preheim, Vermillion, S.D.; Arthur Short Bull, Estes Park, Colo.; Margaret Sisley, Rapid City; and Asher Srednas, Sioux Falls . The exhibit coincides with the 2012 Dakota Conference, the focus of which is Wounded Knee 1973, the 1890 massacre and other aspects of Northern Plains Indian history and culture. The Dakota Conference is set for April 27-28. Preliminary session speakers include Kevin McKiernan and Stew Magnuson. McKiernan covered the 1973 Wounded Knee occupation for National Public Radio. He was the only reporter in the occupied village during the last six weeks of the confrontation. He later co-produced “The Spirit of Crazy Horse” for PBS’ “Frontline.” He is currently working on a new documentary called “Line in the Sand,” a “then and now” story that focuses on the legacy of the occupation. McKiernan’s career as a journalist and filmmaker has taken him to some of the world’s most troubled regions, from Nicaragua to Iraq, from West Africa to Afghanistan. His work, nominated for the Pulitzer Prize, has been published by Time, Newsweek and The New York Times; and appeared on ABC, CBS, NBC and PBS. Magnuson is the author of “The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder.” After covering racial unrest in the remote northwest corner of his home state of Nebraska in 1999, Magnuson, a journalist, returned four years later to consider the border towns’ peoples, their paths, and the forces that separate them. Examining Raymond Yellow Thunder’s death at the hands of four white men in 1972, Magnuson looks deep into the past that gave rise to the tragedy. Situating long-ranging repercussions within 130 years of context, he also recounts the largely forgotten struggles of American Indian Movement activist Bob Yellow Bird and tells the story of Whiteclay, Nebraska, the controversial border hamlet that continues to sell millions of cans of beer per year to the “dry” reservation. Within this microcosm of cultural conflict, Magnuson explores the odds against the community’s power to transcend misunderstanding, alcoholism, prejudice, and violence. A native of Omaha and a graduate of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Magnuson has traveled or lived in 45 countries, including the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, where he served in the Peace Corps, and Peshawar, Pakistan, where he worked with Afghan refugees in the late 1980s. He lives in Arlington, Va. The Center for Western Studies is located in the Fantle Building at 2121 S. Summit Ave., Sioux Falls. Hours are 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. weekdays and 10 a.m. - 2p.m. on Saturdays. Admission is free. IMAGE ABOVE: "No Where to Run Only Die" by Donald F. Montileaux. IMAGE RIGHT: "December 1890" by Donald F. Montileaux.

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The wicked in [his] pride doth persecute the poor The "poor" is the good and gracious man, who is commonly poor in this world's things, and is sensibly poor in spirit, or sensible of his spiritual poverty; or he is so called because "afflicted", as the word signifies; and he is afflicted because he is poor: these two characters generally go together. The "wicked" man is the wicked one, the lawless one, the man of sin, and son of perdition, antichrist, the great persecutor of Christ's poor saints and faithful witnesses, more or less, ever since he has been in power; and which arises from the "pride" of his heart, not bearing that any should refuse to pay homage to him, contradict his will, or dissent from him. The word F19 signifies to follow after, to pursue, as Jarchi, Aben Ezra, Kimchi, and Ben Melech, interpret it; and "to pursue hotly", as it is rendered in ( Genesis 31:36 ) ; and denotes the vehemence and heat of his wrath and fury, with which antichrist persecutes the followers of the Lamb; hence persecution is compared to the heat of the sun, ( Matthew 13:6 Matthew 13:21 ) ; Some render the words, "through the pride of the wicked the poor is burned", or "the poor burns" F20: which may be understood either literally, of the burning of the martyrs of Jesus by antichrist, as here in Queen Mary's days; and which was foretold, that some of the saints should fall by flame, as well as by sword, captivity, and spoil; and to which that part of the description of Christ answers, whose feet are said to be like fine brass, as if it burned in a furnace; and which is prefaced to the epistle to the church at Thyatira, which is an emblem of the apostate church: see ( Daniel 11:33 ) ( Revelation 1:15 ) ( 2:18 ) ; or figuratively, of the poor saints burning with grief at the pride and wickedness of the man of sin, and with zeal for the honour and glory of God; see ( 2 Corinthians 11:29 ) ( Song of Solomon 8:6 ) ( Psalms 69:9 ) ; let them be taken in the devices that they have imagined: we read the words as a petition; and so the sense is, let the wicked persecutors be taken in the wicked and crafty schemes which they have devised for the hurt of others, as they are, or will be; see ( Psalms 9:15 Psalms 9:16 ) . But the psalmist is not yet come to petitions, nor does he until ( Psalms 10:12 ) ; but is all along describing the wickedness of the wicked one. It seems better therefore to render the words as do the Septuagint and Vulgate Latin versions, "they are taken in the devices that they have imagined": and the meaning is, that the poor, who are persecuted by the wicked, are taken by their crafty schemes they lay for them, as Jarchi interprets it, and are put to death by them. So these words show the issue and event of persecution: and this sense best agrees with the boasted success of the wicked man ( Psalms 10:3 ) . F19 (qldy) "fervide persequitur", Junius & Tremellius, Piscator; "ferventer", Gejerus; so Ainsworth. F20 "Incenditur", V. L. "ardet", Tigurine version, Muis, Cocceius.

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The week started with walking garden tours led by three folks involved in our neighboring community garden spaces. Bonnie led the class through community garden plots rented out through Burlington Parks and Recreation. She explained that a portion of these plots are part of the “family room” – a garden-based program for parents and children. A program which, some years ago, she and her children were involved in. Alisha, a UVM student who is working with New Farms for New Americans led us over the hill and into the fields of many refugee and immigrant Vermont families. This space is a project of the Association of Africans Living in Vermont (AALV) and its mission is to promote digdity and equal opportunity through farming. Derek, a recent CTG graduate, led the class around the Discovery Garden. We learned that this garden was previously focused on children’s education, but is now a space for the community at large. We finished by picking out some horseradish roots from a communal space and almost everyone happily chewed on one. Read more about the first two spaces, among others, here: Burlington Area Community Gardens and an article on the Discovery Garden here: New Discovery Garden This week she spent time at the Ethan Allen CTG, sharing her knowledge about herbalism and the medicinal plants surrounding our garden. One of the plants we stopped by to talk about was right beneath our feet, plantain. Though considered a weed or grass to mow by many, it is actually a useful herb. Medicinal folklore, science, and many more sources I am sure, explain that plaintain can be used externally as a remedy for rashes or cuts and even insect or snake bites. Open the following link for a salve recipe: Plantain Medicinal Uses and Recipe Yes, plantain can be collected and added to salves or balms but it can also be used quite simply. Kate explained the “chew and spit” method. This is as it sounds – chewing up the leaves and then spitting this liquid/pulp onto the wound or rash. Plantain is a simple perennial that propagates by seed. Another common weed we learned aboutwas Vermont’s state flower: the red clover. We also found a herb called yarrow in the garden. It is pictured below, one flowering and the other with only its segmented leaves. Yarrow, in one of our shared plots Kate showed us that this plant also grows in great abudance in the fields outside of the garden. She explained that yarrow can be used internally for helping (or even breaking) fevers, or externally as a poultice for bruises, rashes, swelling and so on. Finally, week 9 seemed to bring all pea varieties to life! The ornimental peas flowered while the shelling peas and snap peas burst bright, full and delicious.

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A graphical method that uses continuous water-level and barometric-pressure data was developed to estimate barometric efficiency. A plot of nearly continuous water level (on the y-axis), as a function of nearly continuous barometric pressure (on the x-axis), will plot as a line curved into a series of connected elliptical loops. Each loop represents a barometric-pressure fluctuation. The negative of the slope of the major axis of an elliptical loop will be the ratio of water-level change to barometric-pressure change, which is the sum of the barometric efficiency plus the error. The negative of the slope of the preferred orientation of many elliptical loops is an estimate of the barometric efficiency. The slope of the preferred orientation of many elliptical loops is approximately the median of the slopes of the major axes of the elliptical loops. If water-level change that is not caused by barometric-pressure change does not correlate with barometric-pressure change, the probability that the error will be greater than zero will be the same as the probability that it will be less than zero. As a result, the negative of the median of the slopes for many loops will be close to the barometric efficiency. The graphical method provided a rapid assessment of whether a well was affected by barometric-pressure change and also provided a rapid estimate of barometric efficiency. The graphical method was used to assess which wells at Air Force Plant 6, Marietta, Georgia, had water levels affected by barometric-pressure changes during a 2003 constant-discharge aquifer test. The graphical method was also used to estimate barometric efficiency. Barometric-efficiency estimates from the graphical method were compared to those of four other methods: average of ratios, median of ratios, Clark, and slope. The two methods (the graphical and median-of-ratios methods) that used the median values of water-level change divided by barometric-pressure change appeared to be most resistant to error caused by barometric-pressure-independent water-level change. The graphical method was particularly resistant to large amounts of barometric-pressure-independent water-level change, having an average and standard deviation of error for control wells that was less than one-quarter that of the other four methods. When using the graphical method, it is advisable that more than one person select the slope or that the same person fits the same data several times to minimize the effect of subjectivity. Also, a long study period should be used (at least 60 days) to ensure that loops affected by large amounts of barometric-pressure-independent water-level change do not significantly contribute to error in the barometric-efficiency estimate. Additional publication details USGS Numbered Series A Graphical Method for Estimation of Barometric Efficiency from Continuous Data - Concepts and Application to a Site in the Piedmont, Air Force Plant 6, Marietta, Georgia

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Michio Kaku argues brain-to-brain communication would involve not just the exchange of information, but also the transmission of emotions and feelings, “because these are also part of the fabric of our thoughts.” One thing I have been thinking about is when this occurs, what happens to the conscious mind, the individual construct? As most thoughts are subconscious, could a group-think cloud tap into these subconscious thought processes and leave the individual out of the loop? Your sub-conscious could commit brain resources to a hive mind leaving your conscious floating on the surface of some great new culture. Google, the Internet, and Artificial IntelligenceThere are strong indications that the subconscious mind, those thought-processes that by their very definition we are unaware of, are actually responsible for many, if not most, of our intellectual capabilities. Our subconscious mind might even be making most of our decisions. Depending on the physical limits on the unity of consciousness, such an internet hive mind could become a sentient super-intelligence feeding off our subconscious brain resources. We would become a conscious mind within a greater mind.

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There have been 12 monarchs of Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Kingdom of Great Britain A new Kingdom of Great Britain was formed on 1 May 1707 with the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, which had been in personal union under the House of Stuart since 24 March 1603. Queen Anne of England Queen Anne had been queen of England, Scotland and Ireland since 8 March 1702, and so became Queen of Great Britain upon the Union of England and Scotland. After the death of Queen Anne with no living children, George I, the son of Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI of Scotland and I of England through his daughter Elizabeth of Bohemia, was the closest heir to the throne who was not a Roman Catholic. The Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland On 1 January 1801, Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The union came into effect on 1 January 1801. The Acts of Union 1800 (sometimes called the Acts of Union 1801) were two complementary Acts, namely: - The Union with Ireland Act 1800 (39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67), an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, and - The Act of Union (Ireland) 1800 (40 Geo. 3 c. 38), an Act of the Parliament of Ireland. Passed on 2 July 1800 and 1 August 1800 respectively, the twin Acts united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland After most of Ireland left the union on 6 December 1922, its name was amended on 12 April 1927 to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

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Despite growing interest in natural health remedies, the amount of people taking prescription drugs is on the rise, and Americans spend more than $250 billion dollars a year on prescription medications. Unfortunately, the cost of prescription drugs doesn’t stop at our wallets; prescription drugs can cause a slew of negative side-effects and often necessitate additional drugs to deal with those side effects. Prescription medications also carry the risk of addiction and abuse, and they are the fourth leading cause of death in the Unites States. Researchers at the Mayo Clinic Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery investigated prescription drug use in the United States and found that 70 percent of Americans are on at least one prescription drug. According to the findings, which were published in the journal Mayo Clinic Proceedings, more than 50 percent of Americans are currently on two prescription drugs and 20 percent of patients are on five or more. The percentage of people who reported taking at least one prescription drug in the past 30 days has also increased by 4 percent since 1999. According to the researchers, the most commonly prescribed drugs are antibiotics, followed by antidepressants and then opioids. Drugs for the treatment of high blood pressure were the fourth most commonly prescribed, and vaccines were the fifth. “Often when people talk about health conditions they’re talking about chronic conditions such as heart disease or diabetes,” states study author Jennifer St. Sauver, Ph.D. “However, the second most common prescription was for antidepressants (which is prescribed to 13 percent of Americans) — that suggests mental health is a huge issue and is something we should focus on. And the third most common drugs were opioids, which is a bit concerning considering their addicting nature.” The research revealed that prescription drug treatment is prevalent amongst both men and women, in all age groups. However, women and older adults tend to receive the most prescriptions. “As you get older you tend to get more prescriptions, and women tend to get more prescriptions than men,” Dr. St. Sauver says. Drug prescriptions for the treatment of depression were particularly high in women aged 50 to 64 – with 25 percent of women in that age category taking them. These findings are scary to say least, and the four most commonly prescribed drugs all have the potential to cause great harm. Antibiotics kill off the healthy bacteria in the gut increasing the risk for all sorts of seemingly unrelated disorders ranging from irritable bowel disease to allergies, to depression. Likewise, antidepressants often cause far more harm than good, and side-effects can include weight gain, nervousness, upset stomach, constipation, fatigue, loss of libido, and even sudden death and suicide. Opioids are highly addictive and they can cause fatal seizures, cardiovascular damage, paranoia, choking, infertility and decreased cognitive function. According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, taking blood pressure medications may actually increase the risk of death in certain patients. If you truly want to be mentally and physically healthy, suppressing your symptoms with prescription drugs is not the answer. Natural health care methods will help you get to the root of the problem and heal your condition naturally without harmful side-effects. A whole food based diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, meditation and making deep social connections a priority will all help to bring your body back into balance. For more serious issues, consult a naturopathic doctor or qualified natural health practitioner and be sure to take things one step at a time, so that you don’t get overwhelmed.

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From the field, seed cotton moves to nearby gins for separation of lint and seed. The cotton first goes through dryers to reduce moisture content and then through cleaning equipment to remove foreign matter. These operations facilitate processing and improve fiber quality. The cotton is then air conveyed to gin stands where revolving circular saws pull the lint through closely spaced ribs that prevent the seed from passing through. The lint is removed from the saw teeth by air blasts or rotating brushes, and then compressed into bales weighing approximately 500 pounds. Cotton is then moved to a warehouse for storage until it is shipped to a textile mill for use. A typical gin will process about 12 bales per hour, while some of today’s more modern gins may process as many as 60 bales an hour.

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The water and other fluids used to open wells through hydraulic fracturing — also known as fracking — are a somewhat different matter, requiring other kinds of treatment and disposal. But a much bigger issue for the operators of these wells is the ongoing treatment of produced water, which represents a significant expense. This water is typically several times saltier than seawater, which makes it a particularly good candidate for treatment with the HDH process, Narayan says: Unlike membrane-based desalination systems, this system’s efficiency is unaffected by saltier water. In fact, he adds, “The biggest advantage is when you deal with high salinity.” A leading journal on desalination technology, Water Intelligence Report, gave the system the highest rating awarded to any system for dealing with produced water. The MIT team built a 12-foot-high test unit that has run continuously for weeks, producing about 700 liters of clean water a day. They have tested it using barrels of water from natural gas wells to demonstrate that it produces water clean enough to drink. Their next step is to scale up to a plant about two to three times the size of this initial unit, which calculations show should be an optimal size. Narayan says he expects the first commercial plants could be in operation within about two years. Thursday, February 28, 2013 Fracking Water You Can Drink Looks like the wonderboys at MIT have developed a cheaper method for water recovery. Implications are pretty huge. This doesn't appear to be a jump in technology as it is a refinement of existing technology.

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Библиотека сайта rus-linux.net On UNIX, as on Linux, all entities are in some way or another presented to the system as files with the appropriate file properties. Use of (predefined) paths allows the users and the system admin to find, read and manipulate files. We've made our first steps toward becoming an expert: we discussed the real and the fake structure of the file system, and we know about the Linux file security model, as well as several other security precautions that are taken on every system by default. The shell is the most important tool for interaction with the system. We learned several shell commands in this chapter, which are listed in the table below. Table 3-10. New commands in chapter 3: Files and the file system |bash||GNU shell program.| |cat ||Send content of file(s) to standard output.| |cd ||Enter | |chgrp ||Change the group ownership of | |chmod ||Change access permissions on | |chown ||Change file owner and group ownership.| |cp ||Copy | |df ||Reports on used disk space on the partition containing | |echo ||Display a line of text| |export||Part of bash that announces variables and their values to the system.| |file ||Determine file type of | |find ||Find files in the file system hierarchy| |grep ||Print lines in | |head ||Send the first part of | |id||Prints real and effective user name and groups.| |info ||Read documentation about command.| |less ||View | |ln ||Make a link with name | |locate ||Print all accessible files matching the search pattern.| |ls ||Prints directory content.| |man ||Format and display online (system) manual pages for command.| |mkdir ||Make a new empty directory.| |mv ||Rename or move | |newgrp ||Log in to a new group.| |pwd||Print the present or current working directory.| |quota||Show disk usage and limits.| |rm ||Removes files and directories.| |rmdir ||Removes directories.| |tail ||Print the last part of | |umask [||Show or change new file creation mode.| |wc ||Counts lines, words and characters in | |which ||Shows the full path to command.| We also stressed the fact that you should READ THE MAN PAGES. This documentation is your first-aid kit and contains the answers to many questions. The above list contains the basic commands that you will use on a daily basis, but they can do much more than the tasks we've discussed here. Reading the documentation will give you the control you need. Last but not least, a handy overview of file permissions: Только зарегистрированные пользователи могут оценивать и комментировать статьи.

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This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version.View Full Document Unformatted text preview: -most of the trees are even-aged-Even-aged – all trees are the same age-Oaks, Black Cherry, Tulip-poplar, Red Maple, White Pine, and Hickory-Wildlife is diversified-Clear cut 1,122 acres every year and the forest will still be okay (final harvest)-timber stand analysis should be done before any timber harvest is done-once timber is priced, it is sent out for bidding-Southwest region of Pennsylvania-Harvested 26,507 acres-Seedlings must be growing before harvesting can be done-stopped by overpopulation of white-tail deer-Animals that are legally hunted in the Southwest Region of Pennsylvania-Deer, bear, turkey, squirrels, pheasants, cottontail rabbit, quail, raccoons, and water fowl... View Full Document This essay was uploaded on 04/08/2008 for the course HIST 1432 taught by Professor Kane during the Spring '08 term at Pittsburgh. - Spring '08

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Nearly a quarter of a million people, more than originally thought, have been affected by the devastating floods that ripped through Malawi a month ago, and with rains still falling, many of the 230,000 who were forced to flee their homes have been unable to return and rebuild their lives, the UN said. The UN children’s agency, Unicef, said new figures from the UN and the government of Malawi showed the number of people displaced stood at 230,000, compared with an original estimate of 174,000. About 64,000 hectares (158,147 acres) of land were damaged, it added. The scale of the disaster has wreaked havoc on the densely populated country, where most people survive from subsistence farming. Crops of maize have been destroyed, villages obliterated, homes swept away and livestock killed. In mid-January, President Peter Mutharika declared half the country a disaster zone and estimated it would cost 23.9bn kwacha ($51m) to repair the damage. Unicef said 276 people had been killed or were missing, while 645 people had been injured. “With these new numbers, and while prioritising additional severely affected districts, we need to take stock of our response to ensure all children and families have access to emergency services and supplies,” said Mahimbo Mdoe, Unicef’s representative in Malawi. “We are carefully monitoring how displaced children are faring, as we know, after one month in crowded camps, disease outbreaks and increased malnutrition can occur,” he said. About 47% of Malawi’s children are already stunted, which is caused by undernutrition, so they are particularly vulnerable. Unicef has launched a $9.3m appeal to cover its emergency response for three months. The agency is concerned about possible outbreaks of cholera, dysentery and malaria as well as the risk of malnutrition. About 56,000 women and children have received healthcare in the camps, and at Unicef-supported government clinics. A total of 287 children have been admitted for treatment for severe malnutrition. “Unicef is working closely with the government and NGO partners to install enough water and sanitation facilities to keep waterborne diseases at bay, critical for the survival of young children,” said Mdoe. “One month in, we are on target, but with these new numbers we need to look at scaling up services again to cover these additional prioritised districts. We already have a $3.8m funding gap, and that’s likely to increase as we move into recovery phase,” Mdoe added. With support from Britain’s Department for International Development (DfID), the EU and USAid, Unicef is working to provide sanitation and clean water, as many water sources have been contaminated. Many of those forced from their homes have taken refuge in schools, disrupting education for around 350,000 pupils. Unicef is providing tents so that the schools can set up temporary learning spaces while still offering accommodation to families at night. Last week, the UN’s food agency said it was scaling up its food distribution in Malawi, adding that more resources were urgently required to fill a funding gap. The World Food Programme is delivering maize, beans, vegetable oil and super cereal, a flour fortified with vitamins and minerals. It has also provided 28 tonnes of high-energy biscuits to people in the hard-hit and remote Chikwawa and Nsanje districts. It requires about $19m for its operations in Malawi. By the end of January, the agency had been able to reach nearly 210,000 people with more than 1,500 tonnes of food assistance in eight districts. At the UN, member states were urged not to allow other global humanitarian crises to prevent them from supporting a full recovery in Malawi. “While we may not be able to prevent disasters from taking place, we can do much more to mitigate their impact on people and economies,” Denis Antoine, vice-president of the general assembly, told members last week. Northern and central regions of neighbouring Mozambique have also been hit by flooding that has affected around 160,000 people and entire communities. Unicef said the flooding had cut off roads, disrupted power supply and destroyed bridges, houses and schools. The Indian Ocean island of Madagascar has also been affected. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (Ocha) said in an update last week that Madagascar had received double its average rainfall since early January. This, coupled with the effects of tropical storm Chedza on 16 January, had left 74 people dead and displaced 20,000 people. Ocha said that pre-positioned relief supplies were almost exhausted, and this was a concern as there were reports of drought in the south of the island. The peak of the cyclone season is expected in February and March.

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Publisher Launches Computer Network for Schools Scholastic Inc., the well-known publisher of classroom periodicals, last week launched what it says is the nation's first computer network aimed exclusively at teachers and students. The new service, which carries a $295-a-year subscription fee, allows classes to use their computer modems to carry on electronic conversations with authors, scientists, policymakers, and other students around the country. Pupils who are plugged into the network, for example, will be able to talk by computer with such children's-book authors as Frank Asch and Virginia Hamilton, to ask questions of journalists who covered the floods that ravaged the Midwest this past summer, and to carry on science projects with students in other regions of the country. The network also sets aside space for teachers to talk with their colleagues nationwide. They can, for example, tap into the network for advice on upgrading their schools' technological services or to take part in professional conferences that will be conducted on-line. "We're looking at this as a way to facilitate on-line learning communities,'' said Susan Mernit, the director of network development for Scholastic. Officially launched on Thursday, the new service already has an estimated 500 to 600 subscribers. It is piggybacked on America Online, a nationwide computer network, and Scholastic subscribers will have access to both networks. Ease of Use Cited Unlike America Online and other national and international computer networks, which computer-savvy teachers already use to link their students with data banks and other classrooms, the Scholastic network is dedicated to instructional use. For that reason, Scholastic officials say they developed a software program that is so easy to use "a child can master it in an hour.'' Teachers can get notice of the specially designed classroom projects and events available to them on the network through listings on a computer bulletin board or in subscriber mailings. The service will also allow students to gain access to eight national news wires and to read past articles from Scholastic publications. Several databases, information from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Weather Service, and Compton's Encyclopedia will also be available by computer through the new service. "One of the real values of this kind of service is that we will be able to provide a sense of timeliness to classroom instruction,'' Ms. Mernit said. The $295 annual fee, however, may prove to be beyond the reach of some schools--particularly those that do not yet have computer equipment or a dedicated telephone line to make use of the service. There are also additional fees if subscribers use more than five hours a month of network time. Ms. Mernit said, however, that, while it hopes the new effort will turn a profit, the company is also trying to be "sensitive to the equity issues.'' The company is offering "a limited amount'' of grants to defray the cost of the service for schools in disadvantaged

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Greek tekhnologiā, systematic remedy of an art or craft : tekhnē, talent; see teks- in Indo-European roots + -logiā, -logy. While one reason for the emergence of the philosophy of technology within the twentieth century is the rapid improvement of know-how on the time, in line with the German philosopher Martin Heidegger an important further purpose must be pointed out. Quite proper, and for a more detailed and critical discussion of how earlier scholars, historians, and intellectuals have defined or thought in regards to the term technology,” you will wish to check out Michael’s different latest essay, What Are We Talking About When We Talk About Technology ?” which preceded the one cited above. Small companies have used know-how to create new methods of competing with properly established firms. In his 1999 book, Visions of Technology: A Century Of Vital Debate About Machines Systems And The Human World , Pulitizer Prize-winning historian Richard Rhodes assembled a wonderful collection of essays about know-how that spanned the entire twentieth century. Meijers, A.W.M. (Ed.) (2009): Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Sciences (Handbook of the Philosophy of Science, Volume 9), Amsterdam: North Holland. Hosted communications/collaboration: Spearheaded initially by hosted electronic mail and Web conferencing, the variety of services offerings in this area has exploded to incorporate full unified communications and/or social media (directories, blogs, wikis, etc). In this fashion, expertise” can function the core idea of the sector of philosophy of expertise. Remember, even a easy software like Flip Cams may give your students a chance to attach more deeply with content material via technology. Section 1 begins by sketching a brief history of philosophical reflection on technology from Greek Antiquity to the rise of latest philosophy of technology within the mid-19th to mid-20th century. In his New Atlantis (written in 1623 and published posthumously in 1627), he introduced a vision of a society through which natural philosophy and technology occupied a central place. Pitt, J.C. (2000): Thinking About Technology: Foundations of the Philosophy of Technology, New York & London: Seven Bridges Press. Define measures of success to gauge whether the implementation of the plan is progressing successfully. If, instead, technology is defined as any device or process created or used by people to resolve a need, then the conversation changes. While there’s a stability between these two business influences, the truth that the buying energy lies with consumers will continue to outline the way in which new devices and apps evolve. QuoteAs a highschool historical past trainer, I try to use technology within the classroom in any means I can. Technology is dynamic; it retains on improving because even our wants and demands for technology keep on altering. Technology accelerates innovation: The only manner small businesses can succeed in at this time’s competitive world is by using expertise to create new services or products. As is the case with most IT tendencies, the key for organisations is to focus on the position folks play in these processes, not simply the expertise itself.

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“…which also included an overview of problems in other western states by Melinda Kassen, Western Water Project director for Trout Unlimited.” June 5, 2007 ESTES PARK — Colorado is not the only state dealing with the shutdown or curtailment of irrigation wells. But neighboring states are addressing the problem at the state level and finding ways to mitigate present and future problems for the advantage of both surface and ground water users. That was the emphasis Monday at the summer conference of the Groundwater Management Districts Association at the Stanley Hotel in Estes Park. About 125 water users from Colorado as well as Mississippi, Texas, New Mexico, Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming and Idaho registered for the three-day conference, which concludes today. Monday’s sessions concentrated on irrigation well shutdowns or curtailment of irrigation wells in Nebraska, New Mexico, Wyoming, Idaho and Colorado, which also included an overview of problems in other western states by Melinda Kassen, Western Water Project director for Trout Unlimited. Kassen said ground water in the 1950s was seen as a new source of water, but only recently have Western states come to the realization that ground and surface water are connected and that pumping of wells has an effect on river flows. In Colorado, only 22 percent of the state’s population depends on ground water for domestic needs, but in New Mexico, 90 percent of the population depends on that source while 96 percent of Idaho’s residents use ground water. That, combined with a drought that signaled the start of the 21st century, has led to the shutdown of wells, such as those along the South Platte River last year. “Colorado’s regulatory system should have prevented that catastrophe, but it did not,” Kassen said. “That was an extraordinary wake-up call.” The over-use of ground water supplies is creating problems for many states west of the Mississippi River. Kassen said one river in Arizona has lost all but two of 13 native fish species, while in northern Montana, a developer was denied a permit for a golf resort along the Gallatin River until it could come up with a water replacement plan for the wells it wanted. That led to the Montana legislature passing a new ground water measure this year. In Nebraska, where the number of high capacity wells increased from about 6,000 in 1975, to more than 103,000 by this year, many areas are facing moratoriums, said Jim Goecke with the University of Nebraska. “Nobody wants moratoriums,” he said, but as water levels continue to decline in major aquifers, that may happen. In southern New Mexico, along the Rio Grande, the state legislature is helping to developing surface water treatment plants for use by municipalities and industry to ensure the continued use of wells in a highly productive agricultural area, said Gary Esslinger, manager of the Elephant Butte Irrigation District of Las Cruces. While no wells have been shut down in Nebraska, Goecke summed the problem. “Droughts become teachable moments,” he said.

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McMillan points out how the use of metafiction in postmodern picture books adds to the 'range of play' already available within picture book compositions and functions to 'generate reader movement between the internal and external positions constructed by the text' (5). She articulates the connection between metafiction and humour, pointing to how play-oriented activities are seen as central to a child's acquisition of language and the development of complex cognitive social skills. Drawing from John Stephens who argues that the use of intertextuality in children's texts is fundamentally problematic, McMillan discusses how metafiction and humour both work to 'foreground the gap between signs and their referents' by relying on 'an audience knowledge of intertexts', and the recognition and implications of specific signifiers (5), with a close reading of Tohby Riddle's The Great Escape from City Zoo. The reading looks at how the text 'uses satire to comment on ways of viewing the world' (7) and how the reader is positioned to question the ways in which language structures reality (10). McMillan concludes that 'while the text encodes the possibility of escaping the net of resonsibility', there is an overriding moral sense that 'victory lies in the fun of the adventure and by extension, in the enjoyment and mastery of the fictional game' (10).

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A MAGAZINE OF LITERATURE, ART, AND POLITICS. VOL. VIII—AUGUST, 1861.—NO. XLVI. TREES IN ASSEMBLAGES. The subject of Trees cannot be exhausted by treating them as individuals or species, even with a full enumeration of their details. Some trees possess but little interest, except as they are grouped in assemblages of greater or less extent. A solitary Fir or Spruce, for example, when standing in an inclosure or by the roadside, is a stiff and disagreeable object; but a deep forest of Firs is not surpassed in grandeur by one of any other species. These trees must be assembled in extensive groups to affect us agreeably; while the Elm, the Oak, and other wide-spreading trees, are grand objects of sight, when standing alone, or in any other situation. I will not detain the reader with a prolix account of the classification of trees in assemblages, but simply glance at a few points. The Romans used four different words to express these distinctions. When they spoke of a wood with reference to its timber, they used the word silva; sal[Transcriber's note: remainder of word illegible], was a collection of wild-wood in the mountains; nemus, a smaller collection, partaking of cultivation, and answering to our ideas of a grove; lucus was a wood, of any description, which was set apart for religious purposes, or dedicated to some Deity. In the English language we can make these distinctions intelligible only by the use of adjectives. A forest is generally understood to be a wild-wood of considerable extent, retaining all its natural features. A grove is a smaller assemblage of trees, not crowded together, but possessing very generally their full proportions, and divested of their undergrowth. Other inferior groups are designated as copse and thicket. The words park, clump, arboretum, and the like, are mere technical terms, that do not come into use in a general description of Nature. Groves, fragments of forest, and inferior groups only are particularly interesting in landscape. An unbroken forest of wide extent makes but a dreary picture and an unattractive journey, on account of its gloomy uniformity. Hence the primitive state of the earth, before it was modified by human hands, must have been sadly wanting in those romantic features that render a scene the most attractive. Nature must be combined with Art, however simple and rude, and associated with human life, to become deeply affecting to the imagination. But it is not necessary that the artificial objects of a landscape should be of a grand historical description, to produce these agreeable effects: humble objects, indeed, are the most consonant with Nature's sublime aspects, because they manifest no seeming endeavor to rival them. In the deep solitary woods, the sight of a woodman's hut in a clearing, of a farmer's cottage, or of a mere sheepfold, immediately awakens a tender interest, and enlivens the scene with a tinge of romance. The earth must have been originally covered with forest, like the American continent in the time of Columbus. This has in all cases disappeared, as population has increased; and groves, fragments of wild-wood, small groups, and single trees have taken its place. Great Britain, once renowned for its extensive woods, now exhibits only smaller assemblages, chiefly of an artificial character, which are more interesting to the landscape-gardener than to the lover of Nature's primitive charms. Parks, belts, arboretums, and clipped hedge-rows, however useful as contributing to pleasure, convenience, or science, are not the most interesting features of wood-scenery. But the customs of the English nobility, while they have artificialized all the fairest scenes in the country, and ruined them for the eyes of the poet or the painter, have been the means of preserving some valuable forests, which under other circumstances would have been utterly destroyed. A deer-forest belonging to the Duke of Athol comprises four hundred thousand acres; the forest of Farquharson contains one hundred and thirty thousand acres; and several others of smaller extent are still preserved as deer-parks. Thus do the luxuries of the rich tend, in some instances, to preserve those natural objects of which they are in general the principal destroyers. Immense forests still overspread a great part of Northern Russia, through which it has been asserted that a squirrel might traverse hundreds of miles, without touching the ground, by leaping from tree to tree. Since the general adoption of railroad travelling, however, great ravages have been made in these forests, and not many years will be required to reduce them to fragments. In the South of Europe a great part of the territory is barren of woods, and the climate has suffered from this cause, which has diminished the bulk of the streams and increased the severity of droughts. But Nature has established a partial remedy for the evil arising from the imprudent destruction of forests, in lofty and precipitous mountains, that serve not only to perpetuate moisture for the supply of rain to the neighboring countries, but contribute also to preserve the timber in their inaccessible ravines. Were it not for this safeguard of mountains, the South of Europe would ere this have become a desert, from the destruction of its forests, like Sahara, whose barrenness was anciently produced by the same cause. Most of the territory of North America is still comparatively a wilderness; but in the United States the forests have been so extensively invaded, that they seldom exhibit any distinct outlines, and few of them possess the character of unique assemblages. They are but scattered fragments of the original forest, through which the settlers have made their irregular progress from east to west, diversifying it with roads, farms, and villages. The recent clearings are palisaded by tall trees, exhibiting a naked outline of skeleton timber, without any attractions. It is in the old States only that we see anything like a picturesque grouping of woods; and here, the absence of art and design, in the formation and relative disposition of these groups, gives them a peculiar interest to the lover of natural scenery. There is a charm, therefore, in New-England landscape, existing nowhere else in equal degree; but this is rapidly giving place to those artificial improvements that are destined to ruin the face of the country, which owes its present attractions to the spontaneous efforts of Nature, modified only by the unartistic operations of a simple agriculture. Travelling in a forest, though delightful as an occasional recreation, is, when continued many hours in succession, unless one be engaged in scientific researches, very monotonous and wearisome. Even the productions of a forest are not so various as those of a tract in which all the different conditions of wildness and culture are intermingled. A view of an unbroken wilderness from an elevation is equally monotonous. Wood must be blended with other forms of landscape, with pasture and tillage, with roads, houses, and farms, to convey to the mind the most agreeable sensations. The monotony of unbroken forest-scenery is partially relieved in the autumn by the mixed variety of tints belonging to the different trees; but this does not wholly subdue the prevailing expression of dreariness and gloom. Nothing can surpass the splendor of this autumnal pageantry, as beheld in the Green Mountains of Vermont and Western Massachusetts, in the early part of October. This region abounds in Sugar-Maples, which are very beautifully tinted, and in a sufficient variety of other trees to delight the eye with every specious hue. A remarkable appearance may always be observed in Maples. Some trees of this kind are entirely green, with the exception perhaps of a single bough, which is of a bright crimson or scarlet. Sometimes the lower half of the foliage will be green, while the upper part is entirely crimsoned, resembling a spire of flame rising out of a mass of verdure. In other cases this order is reversed, and the tree presents the appearance of a green spire rising out of flame. We see no end to the variety of these apparently capricious phenomena, which some have explained by supposing the colored branches to be affected with partial disease that hastens their maturity: but this can hardly be admitted as the true explanation, as such appearances exist when no other symptoms of malady can be discovered. So much has been said and written of late in regard to the tints of autumn leaves, that the writer of this cannot be expected to advance anything new concerning them. Let me remark, however, that these beautiful tintings are not due to the action of frost, which is, on the contrary, highly prejudicial to them, as we may observe on several different occasions. If, for example, a frost should occur in September of sufficient intensity to cut down the tender annuals of our gardens,—after this, when the tints begin to appear, the outer portion of the foliage that was touched by the frost will exhibit a sullied and rusty hue. The effects of these early frosts are seldom apparent while the leaves are green, except on close inspection; for a very intense frost is required to sear and roll up the leaves. Early autumnal frosts seldom do more than to injure their capacity to receive a fine tint when they become mature. The next occasion that renders the injurious effects of frost apparent is later in the season, after the tints are very generally developed. Every severe frost that happens at this period impairs their lustre, as we may perceive on any day succeeding a frosty night, when the woods, which were previously in their gayest splendor, will be faded to a duller and more uniform shade,—as if the whole mass had been dipped into a brownish dye, leaving the peculiar tints of each species dimly conspicuous through this shading. The most brilliant and unsullied hues are displayed in a cool, but not frosty autumn, succeeding a moderate summer. Very warm weather in autumn hastens the coloring process, and renders the hues proportionally transient. I have known Maple woods, early in October, to be completely embrowned and stripped of their leaves by two days of summer heat. Cool days and nights, unattended with frost, are the favorable conditions for producing and preserving the beauty of autumnal wood-scenery. The effects of heat and frost are not so apparent in Oak woods, which have a more coriaceous and persistent foliage than other deciduous trees: but Oaks do not attain the perfection of their beauty, until the Ash, the Maple, and the Tupelo—the glory of the first period of autumn—have shed a great portion of their leaves. The last-named trees are in their splendor during a period of about three weeks after the middle of September, varying with the character of the season. Oaks are not generally tinted until October, and are brightest near the third week of this month, preserving their lustre, in great measure, until the hard frosts of November destroy the leaves. The colors of the different Oaks are neither so brilliant nor so variegated as those of Maples; but they are more enduring, and serve more than those of any other woods to give character to our autumnal landscapes. It would be difficult to convey to the mind of a person who had never witnessed this brilliant, but solemn pageantry of the dying year, a clear idea of its magnificence. Nothing else in Nature will compare with it: for, though flowers are more beautiful than tinted leaves, no assemblage of flowers, or of flowering trees and shrubs, can produce such a deeply affecting scene of beauty as the autumn woods. If we would behold them In their greatest brilliancy and variety, we must journey during the first period of the Fall of the Leaf in those parts of the country where the Maple, the Ash, and the Tupelo are the prevailing timber. If we stand, at this time, on a moderate elevation affording a view of a wooded swamp rising into upland and melting imperceptibly into mountain landscape, we obtain a fair sight of the different assemblages of species, as distinguished by their tints. The Oaks will be marked, at this early period, chiefly by their unaltered verdure. In the lowland the scarlet and crimson hues of the Maple and the Tupelo predominate, mingled with a superb variety of colors from the shrubbery, whose splendor is always the greatest on the borders of ponds and water-courses, and frequently surpasses that of the trees. As the plain rises into the hill-side, the Ash-trees may be distinguished by their peculiar shades of salmon, mulberry, and purple, and the Hickories by their invariable yellows. The Elm, the Lime, and the Buttonwood are always blemished and rusty: they add no brilliancy to the spectacle, serving only to sober and relieve other parts of the scenery. When the second period of the Fall of the Leaf has arrived, the woods that were first tinted have mostly become leafless. The grouping of different species is, therefore, very apparent at this time,—some assemblages presenting the denuded appearance of winter, some remaining still green, while the Oaks are the principal attraction, with an intermixture of a few other species, whose foliage has been protected and the development of their hues retarded by some peculiarity of situation. Green rows of Willows may also be seen by road-sides in damp places, and irregular groups of them near the water-courses. The foreign trees—seldom found in woods—are still unchanged, as we may observe wherever there is a row of European Elms, Weeping Willows, or a hedge-row of Privet. One might suppose that a Pine wood must look particularly sombre in this grand spectacle of beauty; but it cannot be denied that in those regions where there is a considerable proportion of Pines the perfection of this scenery is witnessed. Something is needful to relieve the eye as it wanders over such a profusion of brilliant colors. Pine woods provide this relief, and cause the tinted forest groups to stand out in greater prominence. In many districts where Pines were the original growth, they still constitute the larger sylvan assemblages, while the deciduous trees stand in scattered groups on the edge of the forest, and the contiguous plain. The verdurous Pine wood forms a picturesque groundwork to set off the various groups in front of it; and the effect of a scarlet Oak or Tupelo rising like a spire of flame in the midst of verdure is far more striking than if it stood where it was unaffected by contrast. The cause of the superior tinting of the American forest, compared with that of Europe, has never been satisfactorily explained, though it seems to be somewhat inexplicably connected with the brightness of the American climate. It is a subject that has not engaged the attention of scientific travellers, who seem to have regarded it as worthy only of the describer of scenery. It may, however, deserve more attention as a scientific fact than has been generally supposed,—particularly as one of the phenomena that perhaps distinguish the productions of the eastern from those of the western coasts of the two grand divisions of the earth. I have observed that the Smoke-tree, which is a Sumach from China, and the Cydonia Japonica, are as brightly colored in autumn as any of our indigenous shrubs; while the Silver-Maple, which, though indigenous in the Western States, probably originated on the western coast of America, shows none of the fine tinting so remarkable in the other American Maples. These facts have led me to conjecture that this superior tinting of the autumnal foliage may be peculiar to the eastern coasts both of the Old and the New Continent, in the northern hemisphere. May not this phenomenon bear some relation to the colder winters and the hotter summers of the eastern compared with the western coasts? I offer this suggestion as a query, not as a theory, and with the hope that it may induce travellers to make some particular observations in reference to it. The indigenous trees of America, or rather of the Atlantic side of this continent, are remarkable not only for their superior autumnal hues, but also for the shorter period during which the foliage remains on the trees and retains its verdure. Our fruit-trees, which are all exotics, retain their foliage long after our forest-trees are leafless; and if we visit an arboretum in the latter part of October, we may select the American from the foreign species, by observing that the latter are still green, while the others are either entirely denuded, or in that colored array which immediately precedes the fall of the leaf. The exotics may likewise be distinguished in the spring by their precocity,—their leaves being out a week or ten days earlier than the leaves of our trees. Hence, if we take both the spring and autumn into the account, the foreign, or rather the European species, show a period of verdure of three or four weeks' greater duration than the American species. Many of the former, like the Weeping Willow, do not lose their verdure, nor shed their leaves, until the first wintry blasts of November freeze them upon their branches and roll them into a crisp. In a natural forest there is a very small proportion of perfectly formed trees; and these occur only in such places as permit some individuals to stand isolated from the rest, and to spread out their branches to their full extent. When we walk in a forest, we observe several conditions which are favorable to this full expansion of their forms. On the borders of a pond or morass, or of an extensive quarry, the trees extend their branches into the opening, but, as they are cramped on the opposite side, they are only half developed. But this expansion takes place on the side that is exposed to view: hence the incomparable beauty of a wood on the borders of a pond, or on the banks of a river, as viewed from the water; also of a wood on the outside of an islet in a lake or river. Fissures or cavities sometimes occur in a large rock, allowing a solitary tree that has become rooted there to attain its full proportions. It is in such places, and on sudden eminences that rise above the forest-level, on a precipice, for example, that overlooks the surrounding wood, that the forest shows individual trees possessing the characters of standards, like those we see by the roadsides and in the open field. We must conclude, therefore, that a primitive forest must contain but a very small proportion of perfect trees: these are, for the most part, the occupants of land cleared by cultivation, and may be found also among the sparse growth of timber that has come up in pasture land, where the constant browsing of cattle prevents the formation of any dense assemblages. In the opinion of Whately, grandeur is the prevailing character of a forest, and beauty that of a grove. This distinction may seem to be correct, when such collections of wood exhibit all their proper characters: but perfectly unique forms of wood are seldom found in this country, where almost all the timber is of spontaneous growth. We have genuine forests; but other forms of wood are of a mixed character, and we have rather fragments of forest than legitimate groves. In the South of Europe many of the woods are mere plantations, in which the trees were first set in rows, with straight avenues, or vistas, passing directly through them from different points. In an assemblage of this kind there can be nothing of that interesting variety observed in a natural forest, and which is manifestly wanting even in woods planted with direct reference to the attainment of these natural appearances. "It is curious to see," as Gilpin remarks, "with what richness of invention, if I may so speak, Nature mixes and intermixes her trees, and shapes them into such a wonderful variety of groups and beautiful forms. Art may admire and attempt to plant and to form combinations like hers; but whoever observes the wild combinations of a forest and compares them with the attempts of Art has little taste, if he do not acknowledge with astonishment the superiority of Nature's workmanship." When a tract is covered with a dense growth of tall trees, especially of Pines, which have but little underbrush, the wood represents overhead a vast canopy of verdure supported by innumerable lofty pillars. No one could enter these dark solitudes without feeling a deep impression of sublimity, especially if it be an hour of general stillness of the winds. The voices of animals and of birds, particularly the hammering of the woodpecker, serve to magnify our perceptions of grandeur. A very slight sound, during a calm in one of these deep woods, like the ticking of a clock in a vast hall, has a distinctness almost startling, especially if there be but little undergrowth. These feeble sounds afford one a more vivid sense of the magnitude of the place than louder sounds, that differ less from those we hear in the open plain. The canopy of foliage overhead and the absence of undergrowth are favorable to those reverberations which are so perceptible in a Pine wood. In a grove we experience different sensations. Here pleasantness and cheerfulness are combined, and the feeling of grandeur is excited only perhaps by the sight of some noble tree. In a grove the trees are generally well formed, many of them being nearly perfect in their proportions. Their shadows are cast separately upon the ground, which is green beneath them as in an orchard. If we look upon them from a near eminence, we observe a variety of outlines, and may identify the different species by their shape, while in the forest we see one unbroken mass of foliage. A wild-wood is frequently converted into a grove by clearing it of undergrowth and leaving the space a grassy lawn. It may then yield us shade, coolness, and other agreeable sensations of a cultivated wood, but the individual trees always retain their gaunt and imperfect shapes. The greater part of the woodland of this country partakes of the characters of both forest and grove, exhibiting a pleasant admixture of each, combined with pasture and thicket. In Great Britain the woods are chiefly groves and parks: a wild-wood of spontaneous growth is now rare in that country, once renowned for the extent and beauty of its forests. Most of our American woods are fragments of forest, particularly in the Western States, where they stand out prominently, and deform the landscape by presenting a perpendicular front of naked pillars, unrelieved by any foliage. They remind one of those houses, in the city, which have been cut asunder to widen a street, leaving the interior rooms and partition-walls exposed to view. These sections of wood are the grand picturesque deformity of a country lately cleared. In the older settlements, a recent growth of wood has in many instances come up outside of these palisades, serving in a measure to conceal their baldness. The most lovely appearances in landscape are caused by the spontaneous growth of miscellaneous trees, some in dense assemblages and some in scattered groups, with here and there a few single trees standing in open space. Such is the scenery of considerable portions of the Atlantic States, both North and South. These varied assemblages of wood and shrubbery are the characteristic features of the landscape in the older villages of New England, and indeed of all the States that were established before the Revolution. But the New-England system of farming—so much abhorred by those who wish to bring agriculture to such a state of improvement as shall make it profitable exclusively to capitalists—has been more favorable to the sylvan beauty of the landscape than that of any other part of the continent. At the South, especially, where agriculture is carried on in large plantations, we see wide fields of tillage, and forest groups of corresponding size. But the small and independent farming of New England—as favorable to general happiness as it is to beautiful scenery—has produced a charming variety of wood, pasture, and tillage, so agreeably intermixed that one is never weary of looking upon it. The varied surface of the landscape, in the uneven parts which are not mountainous, has increased these advantages, producing an endless multitude of those limited views which may be termed picturesque. In no other part of the country are the minor inequalities of surface so frequent as in New England: I allude to that sort of ruggedness which is unfavorable to any "mammoth" system of agriculture, and plainly evinces that Nature and Providence have designed this part of the country for free and independent labor. Here little meadows, of a few acres in extent, are common, encircled by green pasture hills or by wood. A rolling surface is more favorable to grandeur of scenery; but nothing is more beautiful than landscape formed by hills rising suddenly out of perfect levels. As it is not my present purpose to treat of landscape in general, I will simply remark that the barrenness of a great part of the soil of the Eastern States is favorable to picturesque scenery. This may seem a paradoxical assertion to those who can see no beauty except in universal fatness; but unvaried luxuriance is fatal to variety of scenes, though it undoubtedly encourages the development of individual growth. An agreeable intermixture of various sylvan assemblages is one of the effects of a barren soil, containing numerous fertile tracts. Not having in general sufficient strength to produce timber, it covers itself with diverse groups of vegetation, corresponding with the varieties of soil and surface. Thus, in a certain degree, we are obliged to confess that beauty springs out of Nature's deficiencies. We live in a latitude and upon a soil, therefore, which are favorable to the harmonious grouping of vegetation. As we proceed southward, we witness a constant increase of the number of species gathered together in a single group. Nature is more addicted at the North to the habit of classifying her productions and of assembling them in uniform phalanxes. The painter, on this account, finds more to interest the eye and to employ his pencil in the picturesque regions of frost and snow; while the botanist finds more to exercise his observation in the crowded variety that marks the region of perpetual summer. But while vegetation is more generally social in high latitudes, several families of Northern trees are entirely wanting in this quality. Seldom is a forest composed chiefly of Elms, Locusts, or Willows. Oaks and Birches are associated in forests, Elms in groves, and Willows in small groups following the courses of streams. Those Northern trees which are most eminently social, including the two just named, are the Beech, the Maple, the Hickory, the coniferous trees, and some others; and by the predominance of any one kind the character of the soil may be partially determined. There is no tree that grows so abundantly in miry land, both North and South upon this continent, as the Red Maple. It occupies immense tracts of morass in the Middle States, and is the last tree which is found in swamps, according to Michaux, as the Birch is the last we meet in ascending mountains. The Sugar-Maple is confined mostly to the Northeastern parts of the continent. Poplars are not generally associated exclusively in forests; but at the point where the Ohio and the Mississippi mingle their waters are grand forests of Deltoid Poplars, that stamp upon the features of that region a very peculiar physiognomy. The characteristics of different woods, composed chiefly of one family of trees, would make an interesting study; but it would be tiresome to enter minutely into their details. Some are distinguished by a superfluity, others by a deficiency of undergrowth. In general, Pine and Fir woods are of the latter description, differing in this respect from deciduous woods. These differences are most apparent in large assemblages of wood, which have a flora as well as a fauna of their own. The same shrubs and herbaceous plants, for example, are not common to Oak and to Pine woods. There is a difference also in the cleanness and beauty of their stems. The gnarled habit of the Oak is conspicuous even in the most crowded forest, and coniferous woods are apt to be disfigured by dead branches projecting from the bole. The Birch, the Poplar, and the Beech are remarkable for the straightness, evenness, and beauty of their shafts, when assembled in a dense wood. Some of the most beautiful forests in high latitudes consist of White Canoe-Birches. We see them in Massachusetts only in occasional groups, but farther north, upon river-banks, they form woods of considerable extent and remarkable beauty; and with their tall shafts, and their smooth white bark, resembling pillars of marble, supporting a canopy of bright green foliage, on a light feathery spray, they constitute one of the picturesque attractions of a Northern tour. Nature seems to indicate the native habitat of this noble tree by causing its exterior to bear the whiteness of snow, and it would be difficult to estimate its importance to the aboriginal inhabitants of Northern latitudes. Yellow Birch woods are not inferior in their attractions: individual trees of this species are often distinguished among other forest timber by extending their feathery summits above the level of the other trees. The small White Birch is never assembled in large forest groups. Like the Alder, it seems to be employed by Nature for the shading of her living pictures, and for producing those gradations which are the charm of spontaneous wood-scenery. In this part of the continent, a Pitch-Pine wood is commonly fringed with White Birches, and outside of these with a lower growth of Hazels, Cornels, and Vacciniums, uniting them imperceptibly with the herbage of the plain. The importance of this native embroidery is not sufficiently considered by those industrious plodders who are constantly destroying wayside shrubbery, as if it were the pest of the farm,—nor by those "improvers," on the other hand, who wage an eternal warfare against little spontaneous groups of wood, as if they thought everything outside of the forest an intruder, if it was planted by accident, and had not cost money before it was placed there. Give me an old farm, with its stone-walls draped with Poison-Ivy and Glycine, and verdurous with a mixed array of Viburnums, Hazels, and other wild shrubbery, harboring thousands of useful birds, and smiling over the abundant harvests which they surround, before the finest artistical landscape in the world! Pines are remarkably social in their habit, and cover immense tracts in high latitudes, extending southward, on this continent, as far as the very boundary of the tropics, where they are found side by side with the Dwarf Palm of Florida. But in the region of the true Palms the Pine is wanting. It is worthy of remark, however, that in the fossil vegetation of the Eocene world these two vegetable tribes are found associated. This fact, it seems to me, should be attributed to the mixing of the mountain Pines with the Palms of the sea-level, during that revulsion of Nature by which they were hurled into the same chaotic heap. We are not obliged to infer from their contiguity in these geological remains, that the two species ever flourished together in the same region. Pine woods possess attractions of a peculiar kind: all lovers of Nature are enraptured with them, and there is a grandeur about them which is felt at once, when we enter them. Their dark verdure, their deep shade, their lofty height, and their branches which are ever mysteriously murmuring, as they are swayed by the wind, render them singularly solemn and sublime. This expression is increased by the hollow reverberating interior of the wood, caused by its clearness and freedom from underbrush. The ground beneath is covered by a matting of fallen leaves, making a smooth brown carpet, that renders a walk within its precincts as comfortable as in a garden. The foliage of the Pine is so hard and durable that in summer we always find the last autumn's crop lying upon the ground in a state of perfect soundness, and under it that of the preceding year only partially decayed. The foliage of two summers, therefore, lies upon the surface, checking the growth of humble vegetation, and permitting only certain species of plants to flourish with vigor. Mushrooms of various forms and sizes spring out of these decayed leaves, often rivalling the flowers in elegance. Monotropas, uniting some of the habits of the Fungi with the botanical characters of the flowering plants, flourish side by side with the snowy Cypripedium and the singular Coral-Weed. The evergreen Dewberry, a delicate species of Rubus, trails its glossy leaves over the turfs, and mingles its beaded fruit with the scarlet berries of the Mitchella. The Pyrola, named by the Indians Pipsissewa, and regarded by them as a specific for consumption, suspends its pale purple flowers in beautiful umbels, as if to invite the feeble invalid to accept its proffered remedies. Variety, indeed, may be found in these deep shades; but it exists without that profusion which in more favored situations often benumbs our susceptibility to the charms of Nature. The edging of a Pine wood depends on the character of the soil. The Pitch-Pine, that delights in sandy plains, is embroidered at the North by White Birches; and if a road be cut through a wood of this kind, these graceful trees immediately spring up in abundance by the wayside. If a pond occurs in the middle of a Pine wood, its margin is covered first with low bushes, such as the Andromeda, the Myrica, and the sweet-scented Azalea, then Alders and Willows rise between them and the forest. On the side of the pond that is bounded by high gravelly banks, the margin will be covered by Poplars and Birches. The White Pine, the most noble and the most beautiful tree of the whole coniferous tribe, predominates in the New-England forest; though some wide tracts are covered with the more homely Pitch-Pines, which are the trees that scent the atmosphere on damp still days with their delightful terebinthine odors. The woods in the vicinity of Concord, N.H., on the banks of the Merrimack, known by the poetic appellation of "The Dark Plains", are of this description. In still higher latitudes the dark, majestic Firs become the prevailing timber, and are regarded as typical of sub-arctic regions, where they are accompanied, as if to form a striking and cheerful contrast with their melancholy grandeur, by groups of graceful Birches, and lively, tremulous Poplars. The Pine-Barrens of the Southern States are celebrated as healthful retreats for the inhabitants of seaport towns, whither they resort in summer for security from the prevailing fevers. They are of a mixed character, consisting of the Northern Pitch-Pine, the Broom-Pine, and the Cypress, intermixed with Red Maples, Sweet Gums, and other deciduous trees. The Pines, however, are the dominant growth: but here they do not grow so compactly as in colder regions, standing widely apart, with a frequent intervening growth of Willows and shrubbery. The sparseness of these woods may be in part attributed to the practice of tapping the trees for their turpentine, which has caused them for a century past to be gradually thinned by consequent decay. Their tall, gaunt forms and almost branchless trunks show that they obtained their principal growth in a dense wood. The first time I entered one of these Pine-Barrens was some years since, in the month of June, when vegetation was in its prime, before the summer droughts had seared the green herbage, and when the flowering trees and shrubs were in all their glory. During my botanical rambles in the wood, I was struck with the multitude of beautiful flowers in its shady retreats,—seeming the more numerous to me, as I had previously confined my researches to Northern woods. The Phlox grew here in all its native grace and delicacy, where it had never known the fostering hand of Art. Crimson Rhexias, called by the inhabitants Deer-Weed, were distributed among the grassy knolls, like clusters of Picotees. Variegated Passion-Flowers were conspicuous on the bare white sand that checkered the ground, displaying their emblematic forms on their low repent vines, and reminding the wanderer in these almost trackless solitudes of that Faith which was founded on humility and crowned with martyrdom. Here, too, the Spiderwort of our gardens, in a meeker form of beauty and with a paler radiance, luxuriated under the protection of the wood. Already I observed the predominance of luxuriant vines, indicating our nearness to the tropic, wreathed gayly over the tall and branchless trunks of the trees: some, like the Bignonia, in a full blaze of crimson; others, like the Climbing Fern, draping the trees in continual verdure. These Pines constitute a great part of the timber of the flat country between the mountains and the coast, and render a journey through that region singularly monotonous and gloomy. In the low grounds, a considerable proportion of the wood consists of the Southern Cypress, a graceful and magnificent tree, whose appearance would be very lively and cheerful, were it not for the abundance of long trailing "moss" (usnea) that hangs, like funereal drapery, from its branches, and darkens the whole forest. This parasitic appendant wreathes the woods sometimes almost in darkness, especially in those immense tracts on the borders of the Mexican Gulf that consist entirely of Cypress. There it has been poetically styled the "Garlands of Death," as significant of the fevers that prevail wherever it is abundant. It is remarkable that the two extremes of climate are distinguished by the predominance of evergreens in their vegetation. Thus, the acicular-leaved trees, consisting of Pines and their congeners, mark the cold-temperate and sub-arctic zones, in north latitude,—while Myrtles, Magnolias, and other broad-leaved evergreens, mark the equatorial and tropical regions. The deciduous trees belong properly to the temperate zones, and constitute, indeed, the most interesting of all arborescent vegetation. With regard to the age of forests, it may be affirmed that there are some undoubtedly in existence which are coeval with the earliest history of nations; but no individual trees are of such antiquity. Like nations, the assemblage may be perpetual, while the members that compose it are constantly perishing, and leaving their places to be supplied by others of more recent origin. Probably the earth does not contain forests in which any tree exceeds a thousand years of age, though the oldest forest extant may be as ancient as the Chinese Empire; for the oldest trees are not found in dense assemblages, but are probably such as have grown singly in isolated situations. As soon as a tree in a forest begins to feel the infirmities of age, its place is usurped by some young and more vigorous neighbor, and it is gradually deprived of subsistence in this unequal contest. The tempests and tornadoes, it may be added, which occasionally sweep over a country, commonly make the oldest and tallest trees their victims; for events seem to follow the same course in a forest as in human society. The most vigorous growers at any period continue to flourish a certain length of time at the expense of others; but when they have risen above the common level, they become marks for destruction,—they fall before certain inimical forces that do not reach their more humble companions. It was the opinion of Humboldt, that, if any tract of wooded country deserves to be considered a part of the great "primeval forest", it is "that boundless district which, in the torrid zone of South America, connects the river-basins of the Amazon and the Orinoco." This tract, unequalled in extent by any other forest in the world, occupies an area of more than a thousand miles square. In this vast chaos of teeming vegetation, trees of the largest dimensions are connected by an undergrowth of vines and shrubbery which is almost impenetrable. Immense rivers and their tributaries intersect the forest in all directions, and constitute the only avenues of commercial intercourse. This impervious thicket is like a huge wall, separating near neighbors, rendering them, as it were, inhabitants of distant regions, and obliging them to make long and circuitous river journeys before they can hold communication. Here the leaves of the trees are always green, and flowers appear in constant succession; but the surface of the ground is without herbage, for the darkness of the wood is fatal to all humble vegetation. The small plants are mostly parasites, thousands inserting their roots into the bark of trees and garlanding them with beauty. Those that take root in the ground show but few leaves or flowers, until they have clambered upwards, through the underwood, into the light of heaven. Almost the only relief afforded the sight, in this vast solitude, comes from the rivers and other collections of water, over whose expanse the eye revels with the delight we feel on emerging from the gloom of a cavern. Every object seems to be struggling to get outside of this chaotic growth, where it can obtain the genial influence of the sun: for near the surface of the ground are perpetual shade and hideous entanglement. In this primeval forest we must not expect to realize any of our poetical ideas of the primitive residence of the first human family. Here are no Arcadian scenes of peace and rural felicity. On all sides we behold an undying competition for light and life, among both plants and animals. We are reminded here of life in a crowded city, where the excessive abundance of supplies for human wants imported from the surrounding country causes a still greater superfluity of population, and produces a struggle for a livelihood more severe than in a rural district of gravel and boulders. The oases of this great wilderness are those places in which there is an absence of the general fertility: barrenness in such circumstances is a relief,—because it allows both freedom and repose. This wood is the nursery of all descriptions of monsters, living chiefly in trees. On their branches and in their tangled recesses, adorned with all sorts of foliage and flowers, creatures the most terrible and the most loathsome are seen crowding and crouching in close proximity to the most beautiful forms of living things. They fill the air with their discordant utterances, and allow no permanent silence or tranquillity. Hours of periodical stillness and repose, occurring mostly at noonday, and affecting one with a sensation of awful grandeur, by contrast with the preceding disturbances, are followed, especially in the night, by a tumultuous roar from the legions of contending animals. "A universal hubbub wild Of stunning sounds and voices all confused, Borne through the hollow dark, assaults the ear With loudest vehemence." Even the notes of insects are a deafening crash, like the rattling of machinery in a cotton-mill. Except in the hush of noonday, the notes of singing-birds are drowned amidst the howling of monkeys, the whining of sapajous, the roar of the jaguar, and the dismal hooting of thousands of wild animals that riot in these awful solitudes. The sight of the fairest flowers and the most beautiful insects and birds only renders one more keenly sensitive to the frightful discords that startle and the perils that surround him. Similar contrasts are observed in the vegetation of this region, where the giant trees of the forest are chained in the embraces of vines that contend with them for existence and finally strangle them. Trees and other plants are crowded together so promiscuously, that Nature seems to be striving to collect into one space every possible variety of species. Trees of the most poisonous and deadly qualities grow side by side with the Bread-Fruit, the Cocoa-Nut, and the beneficent Cinchona. Here are the poison and its antidote,—the monster tree and its miniature epiphyte,—the plant that astonishes by its magnitude, and the one that delights us by its minuteness. Here, if anywhere on the face of the earth, may we form some conception of the state of our planet during the Eocene period, before the world had come under the dominion of the human race. But if Nature in this region has manifested an exuberance of animal and vegetable life, thereby rendering her bounties almost unavailable to man, there are other parts in which she seems to have provided for his particular benefit. In these favored regions, we find the Banana, the Cocoa, and the Date Palm, and other special gifts of Providence to the inhabitants of the equator. Palms are generally found only in small groups and plantations, but there are certain species of this family which are associated in extensive woods, and constitute, in some respects, one of the most charming descriptions of forest-scenery. The Dwarf Palms of the sub-tropical regions are chiefly assembled in masses, of which the Palmetto of Florida and the Chaemerops of the South of Europe are conspicuous examples. The true Palms are likewise sometimes associated in forests, though not generally of a social habit. In one of the most celebrated of these, at the mouth of the Orinoco, composed chiefly of the Mauritian Palms, the wild Guaranos have established a national existence. Like monkeys, they live almost wholly in trees, having their habitations supported either by wooden pillars or by a matting suspended from tree to tree. In the wet season, when the ground is inundated, the inhabitants travel about their village in canoes. The beauty of a grove of Palms has been a favorite theme of travellers. Humboldt, who saw Nature with the eye of a painter and the feelings of a poet, amidst all the dry details of science, regards them as the most beautiful of vegetable productions. It has always seemed to me, however, that travellers in general have been led to exaggerate the charms of Nature in the tropics, by observing the remarkable beauty of a few individual objects. Their susceptibility to be affected by the scenes presented to their view is likewise exalted by the confinement of their voyage; they are enraptured with the novelty of everything about them, by the voluptuousness of the climate and the abundance of delicious fruits, and always afterwards recur to the scenes of their tropical visit with an excited imagination. In countries near the equator, many plants which are herbs in our latitude assume arborescent forms. Such are the Tree-Grasses, which form impenetrable forests, equalling some of the Fir woods of the North in extent, if not in beauty and grandeur. In this part of the world we know the Ferns only as a low herbaceous tribe of plants, consisting of mere fronds rising out of the ground. We admire them for their beautifully compounded leaves, and their colors of red, orange, and russet that variegate our meadows in June, their garlands of verdure upon the rocky hills in winter, and the profusion of their frondage in the shady glens in summer. But in certain parts of the equatorial zone the Ferns put off the humble guise in which they appear at the North. They no longer associate with the lowly Violet, allowing themselves to be crowded by the Hellebore and overtopped by the Meadow Rue; but they rear their branches aloft and assume the dignity and stature of trees. Man, who looks down upon them in our own latitude, and tramples them under his feet, looks in that region far above his head, and beholds their magnificent fronds spread out like a great tent between him and the heavens. Tree-Ferns, though confined principally to the equatorial zone, are unable to endure the heat of the plains. They occupy an elevation that affords them the continual temperature of spring, three thousand feet above the sea,—the region of the lowest stratum of clouds,—where they receive the benefit of their moisture before it descends to the earth in showers. Humboldt ranks them with the noblest forms of tropical vegetation,—less lofty than the Palms, but surpassing them in beauty of foliage. The arborescent Ferns and Grasses are true specimens of those plants, of simple organic structure, which are found in the fossil remains of the early geological periods, and are the only plants now extant which may be considered the representatives of that epoch, when the saurians and the mastodons held dominion over the earth, and before the Angel of Light had descended from heaven to make preparation for a higher race of beings. * * * * * But that Solomon is out of fashion I should quote him, here and now, to the effect that there is a time for all things; but Solomon is obsolete, and never, no, never, will I dare to quote a dead language, "for raisons I have," as the exiles of Erin say. Yet, in spite of Solomon and Horace, I may express my own less concise opinion, that even in hard times, and dull times, and war times, there is yet a little time to laugh, a brief hour to smile and love and pity, just as through this dreary easterly storm, bringing clouds and rain, sobbing against casement and door with the inarticulate wail of tempests, there comes now and then the soft shine of a sun behind it all, a fleeting glitter, an evanescent aspect of what has been. But if I apologize for a story that is nowise tragic, nor fitted to "the fashion of these times," possibly somebody will say at its end that I should also have apologized for its subject, since it is as easy for an author to treat his readers to high themes as vulgar ones, and velvet can be thrown into a portrait as cheaply as calico; but of this apology I wash my hands. I believe nothing in place or circumstance makes romance. I have the same quick sympathy for Biddy's sorrows with Patrick that I have for the Empress of France and her august, but rather grim lord and master. I think words are often no harder to bear than "a blue bating," and I have a reverence for poor old maids as great as for the nine Muses. Commonplace people are only commonplace from character, and no position affects that. So forgive me once more, patient reader, if I offer to you no tragedy in high life, no sentimental history of fashion and wealth, but only a little story about a woman who could not be a heroine. Miss Lucinda Jane Ann Manners was a lady of unknown age, who lived in a place I call Dalton, in a State of these Disuniting States, which I do not mention for good cause. I have already had so many unconscious personalities visited on my devoted head that but for lucidity I should never mention persons or places, inconvenient as it would be. However, Miss Lucinda did live, and lived by the aid of "means," which, in the vernacular, is money. Not a great deal, it is true,—five thousand dollars at lawful interest, and a little wooden house, do not imply many luxuries even to a single-woman; and it is also true that a little fine sewing taken in helped Miss Manners to provide herself with a few small indulgences otherwise beyond her reach. She had one or two idiosyncrasies, as they are politely called, that were her delight. Plenty of dish-towels were necessary to her peace of mind; without five pair of scissors she could not be happy; and Tricopherous was essential to her well-being: indeed, she often said she would rather give up coffee than Tricopherous, for her hair was black and wiry and curly, and caps she abhorred, so that of a winter's day her head presented the most irrelevant and volatile aspect, each particular hair taking a twist on its own responsibility, and improvising a wild halo about her unsaintly face, unless subdued into propriety by the aforesaid fluid. I said Miss Lucinda's face was unsaintly,—I mean unlike ancient saints as depicted by contemporary artists: modern and private saints are after another fashion. I met one yesterday, whose green eyes, great nose, thick lips, and sallow wrinkles, under a bonnet of fifteen years' standing, further clothed upon by a scant merino cloak and cat-skin tippet, would have cut a sorry figure in the gallery of the Vatican or the Louvre, and put the tranquil Madonna of San Sisto into a state of stunning antithesis; but if Saint Agnes or Saint Catharine was half as good as my saint, I am glad of it! No, there was nothing sublime and dolorous about Miss Manners; her face was round, cheery, and slightly puckered, with two little black eyes sparking and shining under dark brows, a nose she unblushingly called pug, and a big mouth with eminently white and regular teeth, which she said were such a comfort, for they never ached, and never would to the end of time. Add to this physiognomy a small and rather spare figure, dressed in the cleanest of calicoes, always made in one style, and rigidly scorning hoops,—without a symptom of a collar, in whose place (or it may be over which) she wore a white cambric handkerchief, knotted about her throat, and the two ends brought into subjection by means of a little angular-headed gold pin, her sole ornament, and a relic of her old father's days of widowhood, when buttons were precarious tenures. So much for her aspect. Her character was even more quaint. She was the daughter of a clergyman, one of the old school, the last whose breeches and knee-buckles adorned the profession, who never "outlived his usefulness," nor lost his godly simplicity. Parson Manners held rule over an obscure and quiet village in the wilds of Vermont, where hard-handed farmers wrestled with rocks and forests for their daily bread, and looked forward to heaven as a land of green pastures and still waters, where agriculture should be a pastime, and winter impossible. Heavy freshets from the mountains that swelled their rushing brooks into annual torrents, and snow-drifts that covered five-rail fences a foot above the posts and blocked up the turnpike-road for weeks, caused this congregation fully to appreciate Parson Manners's favorite hymns,— "There is a land of pure delight," "On Jordan's stormy banks I stand." Indeed, one irreverent, but "pretty smart feller," who lived on the top of a hill known as Drift Hill, where certain adventurous farmers dwelt for the sake of its smooth sheep-pastures, was heard to say, after a mighty sermon by Parson Manners about the seven-times heated furnaces of judgment reserved for the wicked, that "Parson hadn't better try to skeer Drift-Hillers with a hot place; 't wouldn't more 'n jest warm 'em through down there, arter a real snappin' winter." In this out-of-the-way nook was Lucinda Jane Ann born and bred. Her mother was like her in many things,—just such a cheery, round-faced little body, but with no more mind than found ample scope for itself in superintending the affairs of house and farm, and vigorously "seeing to" her husband and child. So, while Mrs. Manners baked, and washed, and ironed, and sewed, and knit, and set the sweetest example of quiet goodness and industry to all her flock, without knowing she could set an example, or be followed as one, the Parson amused himself, between sermons of powerful doctrine and parochial duties of a more human interest, with educating Lucinda, whose intellect was more like his own than her mother's. A strange training it was for a young girl,—mathematics, metaphysics, Latin, theology of the driest sort; and after an utter failure at Greek and Hebrew, though she had toiled patiently through seven books of the "Aeneid," Parson Manners mildly sniffed at the inferiority of the female mind, and betook himself to teaching her French, which she learned rapidly, and spoke with a pure American accent, perhaps as pleasing to a Parisian ear as the hiss of Piedmont or the gutturals of Switzerland. Moreover, the minister had been brought up, himself, in the most scrupulous refinement of manner; his mother was a widow, the last of an "old family," and her dainty, delicate observances were inbred, as it were, in her only son. This sort of elegance is perhaps the most delicate test of training and descent, and all these things Lucinda was taught from the grateful recollection of a son who never forgot his mother, through all the solitary labors and studies of a long life. So it came to pass, that, after her mother died, Lucinda grew more and more like her father, and, as she became a woman, these rare refinements separated her more and more from those about her, and made her necessarily solitary. As for marriage, the possibility of such a thing never crossed her mind; there was not a man in the parish who did not offend her sense of propriety and shock her taste, whenever she met one; and though her warm, kind heart made her a blessing to the poor and sick, her mother was yet bitterly regretted at quiltings and tea-drinkings, where she had been so "sociable-like." It is rather unfortunate for such a position as Lucinda's, that, as Deacon Stowell one day remarked to her father, "Natur' will be Natur' as much on Drift Hill as down to Bosting"; and when she began to feel that "strong necessity of loving" that sooner or later assails every woman's heart, there was nothing for it to overflow on, when her father had taken his share. Now Lucinda loved the Parson most devoutly. Ever since the time when she could just remember watching through the dusk his white stockings, as they glimmered across the road to evening-meeting, and looked like a supernatural pair of legs taking a walk on their own responsibility, twilight concealing the black breeches and coat from mortal view, Lucinda had regarded her father with a certain pleasing awe. His long abstractions, his profound knowledge, his grave, benign manners, and the thousand daily refinements of speech and act that seemed to put him far above the sphere of his pastorate,—all these things inspired as much reverence as affection; and when she wished with all her heart and soul she had a sister or a brother to tend and kiss and pet, it never once occurred to her that any of those tender familiarities could be expended on her father: she would as soon have thought of caressing any of the goodly angels whose stout legs, flowing curls, and impossible draperies sprawled among the pictures in the big Bible, and who excited her wonder as much by their garments as their turkey-wings and brandishing arms. So she betook herself to pets, and growing up to the old-maidenhood of thirty-five before her father fell asleep, was by that time the centre of a little world of her own,—hens, chickens, squirrels, cats, dogs, lambs, and sundry transient guests of stranger kind; so that, when she left her old home, and removed to the little house in Dalton that had been left her by her mother's aunt, and had found her small property safely invested by means of an old friend of her father's, Miss Manners made one more journey to Vermont to bring in safety to their future dwelling a cat and three kittens, an old blind crow, a yellow dog of the true cur breed, and a rooster with three hens, "real creepers," as she often said, "none of your long-legged, screaming creatures." Lucinda missed her father, and mourned him as constantly and faithfully as ever a daughter could; but her temperament was more cheerful and buoyant than his, and when once she was quietly settled in her little house, her garden and her pets gave her such full occupation that she sometimes blamed herself for not feeling more lonely and unhappy. A little longer life or a little more experience would have taught her better: power to be happy is the last thing to regret. Besides, it would have been hard to be cheerless in that sunny little house, with its queer old furniture of three-legged tables, high-backed chairs, and chintz curtains where red mandarins winked at blue pagodas on a deep-yellow ground, and birds of insane ornithology pecked at insects that never could have been hatched, or perched themselves on blossoms totally unknown to any mortal flora. Old engravings of Bartolozzi, from the stiff elegances of Angelica Kaufman and the mythologies of Reynolds, adorned the shelf; and the carpet in the parlor was of veritable English make, older than Lucinda herself, but as bright in its fading and as firm in its usefulness as she. Up-stairs the tiny chambers were decked with spotless white dimity, and rush-bottomed chairs stood in each window, with a strip of the same old carpet by either bedside; and in the kitchen the blue settle that had stood by the Vermont fireside now defended this lesser hearth from the draught of the door, and held under the seat thereof sundry ironing-sheets, the blanket belonging to them, and good store of ticking and worsted holders. A half-gone set of egg-shell china stood in the parlor-closet,—cups, and teapot, and sugar-bowl, rimmed with brown and gold in a square pattern, and a shield without blazon on the side; the quaint tea-caddy with its stopper stood over against the pursy little cream-pot, and held up in its lumps of sparkling sugar the oddest sugar-tongs, also a family relic;—beside this, six small spoons, three large ones, and a little silver porringer comprised all the "plate" belonging to Miss Manners, so that no fear of burglars haunted her, and but for her pets she would have lived a life of profound and monotonous tranquillity. But this was a vast exception; in her life her pets were the great item now;—her cat had its own chair in the parlor and kitchen; her dog, a rug and a basket never to be meddled with by man or beast; her old crow, its special nest of flannel and cotton, where it feebly croaked as soon as Miss Lucinda began to spread the little table for her meals; and the three kittens had their own playthings and their own saucer as punctiliously as if they had been children. In fact, Miss Manners had a greater share of kindness for beasts than for mankind. A strange compound of learning and unworldliness, of queer simplicity, native penetration, and common sense, she had read enough books to despise human nature as it develops itself in history and theology, and she had not known enough people to love it in its personal development. She had a general idea that all men were liars, and that she must be on her guard against their propensity to cheat and annoy a lonely and helpless woman; for, to tell the truth, in her good father's over-anxiety to defend her from the snares of evil men after his death, his teachings had given her opinion this bias, and he had forgotten to tell her how kindly and how true he had found many of his own parishioners, how few inclined to harm or pain him. So Miss Lucinda made her entrance into life at Dalton, distrustful, but not suspicious; and after a few attempts on the part of the women who were her neighbors to be friendly or intimate, they gave her up as impracticable: not because she was impolite or unkind: they did not themselves know why they failed, though she could have told them; for, old maid as she was, poor and plain and queer, she could not bring herself to associate familiarly with people who put their teaspoons into the sugar-bowl, helped themselves with their own knives and forks, gathered up bits of uneaten butter and returned them to the plate for next time, or replaced on the dish pieces of cake half eaten or cut with the knives they had just introduced into their mouths. Miss Lucinda's code of minor morals would have forbidden her to drink from the same cup with a queen, and have considered a pitchfork as suitable as a knife to eat with, nor would she have offered to a servant the least thing she had touched with her own lips or her own implements of eating; and she was too delicately bred to look on in comfort where such things were practised. Of course these women were not ladies; and though many of them had kind hearts and warm impulses of goodness, yet that did not make up to her for their social misdemeanors, and she drew herself more into her own little shell, and cared more for her garden and her chickens, her cats and her dog, than for all the humanity of Dalton put together. Miss Manners held her flowers next dearest to her pets, and treated them accordingly. Her garden was the most brilliant bit of ground possible. It was big enough to hold one flourishing peach-tree, one Siberian crab, and a solitary egg-plum; while under these fruitful boughs bloomed moss-roses in profusion, of the dear old-fashioned kind, every deep pink bud with its clinging garment of green breathing out the richest odor; close by, the real white rose, which fashion has banished to country towns, unfolded its cups of pearl flushed with yellow sunrise to the heart; and by its side its damask sister waved long sprays of bloom and perfume. Tulips, dark-purple and cream-color, burning scarlet and deep-maroon, held their gay chalices up to catch the dew; hyacinths, blue, white, and pink, hung heavy bells beneath them; spiced carnations of rose and garnet crowded their bed in July and August, heart's-ease fringed the walks, May honeysuckles clambered over the board-fence, and monthly honeysuckles overgrew the porch at the back-door, making perpetual fragrance from their moth-like horns of crimson and ivory. Nothing inhabited those beds that was not sweet and fair and old-fashioned. Gray-lavender-bushes sent up purple spikes in the middle of the garden and were duly housed in winter, but these were the sole tender plants admitted, and they pleaded their own cause in the breath of the linen-press and the bureau-drawers that held Miss Lucinda's clothes. Beyond the flowers, utility blossomed in a row of bean-poles, a hedge of currant-bushes against the farther fence, carefully tended cauliflowers, and onions enough to tell of their use as sparing as their number; a few deep-red beets and golden carrots were all the vegetables beside: Miss Lucinda never ate potatoes or pork. Her housekeeping, but for her pets, would have been the proper housewifery for a fairy. Out of her fruit she annually conserved miracles of flavor and transparence,—great plums like those in Aladdin's garden, of shining topaz,—peaches tinged with the odorous bitter of their pits, and clear as amber,—crimson crabs floating in their own ruby sirup, or transmuted into jelly crystal clear, yet breaking with a grain,—and jelly from the acid currants to garnish her dinner-table or refresh the fevered lips of a sick neighbor. It was a study to visit her tiny pantry, where all these "lucent sirops" stood in tempting array,—where spices, and sugar, and tea, in their small jars, flanked the sweetmeats, and a jar of glass showed its store of whitest honey, and another stood filled with crisp cakes. Here always a loaf or two of home-made bread lay rolled in a snowy cloth, and another was spread over a dish of butter; pies were not in favor here,—nor milk, save for the cats; salt fish Miss Manners never could abide,—her savory taste allowed only a bit of rich old cheese, or thin scraps of hung beef, with her bread and butter; sauces and spices were few in her repertory, but she cooked as only a lady can cook, and might have asked Soyer himself to dinner. For, verily, after much meditation and experience, I have divined that it takes as much sense and refinement and talent to cook a dinner, wash and wipe a dish, make a bed as it should be made, and dust a room as it should be dusted, as goes to the writing of a novel or shining in high society. But because Miss Lucinda Manners was reserved and "unsociable," as the neighbors pronounced her, I did not, therefore, mean to imply that she was inhuman. No neighbor of hers, local or Scriptural, fell ill, without an immediate offer of aid from her: she made the best gruel known to Dalton invalids, sent the ripest fruit and the sweetest flowers; and if she could not watch with the sick, because it interfered with her duties at home in an unpleasant and inconvenient way, she would sit with them hour after hour in the day-time, and wait on all their caprices with the patient tenderness of a mother. Children she always eyed with strange wistfulness, as if she longed to kiss them, but didn't know how; yet no child was ever invited across her threshold, for the yellow cur hated to be played with, and children always torment kittens. So Miss Lucinda wore on happily toward the farther side of the middle Ages. One after another of her pets passed away and was replaced, the yellow cur barked his last currish signal, the cat died and her kittens came to various ends of time or casualty, the crow fell away to dust and was too old to stuff, and the garden bloomed and faded ten times over, before Miss Manners found herself to be forty-six years old, which she heroically acknowledged one fine day to the census-taker. But it was not this consciousness, nor its confession, that drew the dark brows so low over Miss Lucinda's eyes that day; it was quite another trouble, and one that wore heavily on her mind, as we shall proceed to explain. For Miss Manners, being, like all the rest of her sex, quite unable to do without some masculine help, had employed, for some seven years, an old man by the name of Israel Slater, to do her "chores," as the vernacular hath it. It is a mortifying thing, and one that strikes at the roots of Women's Rights terribly sharp blows, but I must even own it, that one might as well try to live without one's bread-and-butter as without the aid of the dominant sex. When I see women split wood, unload coal-carts, move wash-tubs, and roll barrels of flour and apples handily down cellar-ways or up into carts, then I shall believe in the sublime theories of the strong-minded sisters; but as long as I see before me my own forlorn little hands, and sit down on the top stair to recover breath, and try in vain to lift the water-pitcher at table, just so long I shall be glad and thankful that there are men in the world, and that half a dozen of them are my kindest and best friends. It was rather an affliction to Miss Lucinda to feel this innate dependence, and at first she resolved to employ only small boys, and never any one of them more than a week or two. She had an unshaped theory that an old maid was a match for a small boy, but that a man would cheat and domineer over her. Experience sadly put to flight these notions for a succession of boys in this cabinet-ministry for the first three years of her stay in Dalton would have driven her into a Presbyterian convent, had there been one at hand. Boy Number One caught the yellow cur out of bounds one day, and shaved his plumy tail to a bare stick, and Miss Lucinda fairly shed tears of grief and rage when Pink appeared at the door with the denuded appendage tucked between his little legs, and his funny yellow eyes casting sidelong looks of apprehension at his mistress. Boy Number One was despatched directly. Number Two did pretty well for a month, but his integrity and his appetite conflicted, and Miss Lucinda found him one moonlight night perched in her plum-tree devouring the half-ripe fruit. She shook him down with as little ceremony as if he had been an apple; and though he lay at Death's door for a week with resulting cholera-morbus, she relented not. So the experiment went on, till a list of casualties that numbered in it fatal accidents to three kittens, two hens and a rooster, and at last Pink himself, who was pent into a decline by repeated drenchings from the watering-pot, put an end to her forbearance, and she instituted in her viziership the old man who had now kept his office so long,—a queer, withered, slow, humorous old creature, who did "chores" for some six or seven other households, and got a living by sundry "jobs" of wood-sawing, hoeing corn, and other like works of labor, if not of skill. Israel was a great comfort to Miss Lucinda: he was efficient counsel in the maladies of all her pets, had a sovereign cure for the gapes in chickens, and could stop a cat's fit with the greatest ease; he kept the tiny garden in perfect order, and was very honest, and Miss Manners favored him accordingly. She compounded liniment for his rheumatism, herb-sirup for his colds, presented him with a set of flannel shirts, and knit him a comforter; so that Israel expressed himself strongly in favor of "Miss Lucindy," and she said to herself he really was "quite good for a man." But just now, in her forty-seventh year, Miss Lucinda had come to grief, and all on account of Israel and his attempts to please her. About six months before this census-taking era, the old man had stepped into Miss Manners's kitchen with an unusual radiance on his wrinkles and in his eyes, and began without his usual morning greeting,— "I've got so'thin' for you naow, Miss Lucindy. You're a master-hand for pets, but I'll bet a red cent you ha'n't an idee what I've got for ye naow!" "I'm sure I can't tell, Israel," said she; "you'll have to let me see it." "Well," said he, lifting up his coat and looking carefully behind him as he sat down on the settle, lest a stray kitten or chicken should preoccupy the bench, "you see I was down to Orrin's abaout a week back, and he hed a litter o' pigs,—eleven on 'em. Well, he couldn't raise the hull on 'em,—'t a'n't good to raise more 'n nine,—an' so he said, ef I'd 'a' had a place o' my own, I could 'a' had one on 'em, but, as't was, he guessed he'd hev to send one to market for a roaster. I went daown to the barn to see 'em, an' there was one, the cutest little critter I ever sot eyes on, and I've seen more 'n four pigs in my day,—'t was a little black-spotted one, as spry as an ant, and the dreffullest knowin' look out of its eyes! I fellowshipped it right off, and I said, says I, 'Orrin, ef you'll let me hev that 'ere little spotted feller, I'll git a place for him, for I do take to him consarnedly.' So he said I could, and I fetched him hum, and Miss Slater and me we kinder fed him up for a few days back, till he got sorter wonted, and I'm a-goin' to fetch him to you." "But, Israel, I haven't any place to put him in." "Well, that a'n't nothin' to hender. I'll jest fetch out them old boards out of the wood-shed, and knock up a little sty right off, daown by the end o' the shed, and you ken keep your swill that I've hed before, and it'll come handy." "But pigs are so dirty!" "I don't know as they be; they ha'n't no great conveniences for washin' ginerally; but I never heerd as they was dirtier 'n other critters, where they run wild. An' beside, that a'n't goin' to hender, nuther; I calculate to make it one o' the chores to take keer of him; 't won't cost no more to you; and I ha'n't no great opportunities to do things for folks that 's allers a-doin' for me; so't you needn't be afeard, Miss Lucindy: I love to." Miss Lucinda's heart got the better of her judgment. A nature that could feel so tenderly for its inferiors in the scale could not be deaf to the tiny voices of humanity, when they reached her solitude; and she thanked Israel for the pig so heartily that the old man's face brightened still more, and his voice softened from its cracked harshness, as he said, clicking up and down the latch of the back-door,— "Well, I'm sure you're as welcome as you are obleeged, and I'll knock up that 'ere pen right off; he sha'n't pester ye any,—that's a fact." Strange to say,—yet perhaps it might have been expected from her proclivities,—Miss Lucinda took an astonishing fancy to the pig. Very few people know how intelligent an animal a pig is; but when one is regarded merely as pork and hams, one's intellect is apt to fall into neglect: a moral sentiment which applies out of Pigdom. This creature would not have passed muster at a county fair; no Suffolk blood compacted and rounded him; he belonged to the "racers," and skipped about his pen with the alacrity of a large flea, wiggling his curly tail as expressively as a dog's, and "all but speakin'," as Israel said. He was always glad to see Miss Lucinda, and established a firm friendship with her dog Fun, a pretty, sentimental, German spaniel. Besides, he kept tolerably clean by dint of Israel's care, and thrust his long nose between the rails of his pen for grass, or fruit, or carrot- and beet-tops, with a knowing look out of his deep-set eyes that was never to be resisted by the soft-hearted spinster. Indeed, Miss Lucinda enjoyed the possession of one pet who could not tyrannize over her. Pink's place was more than filled by Fun, who was so oppressively affectionate that he never could leave his mistress alone. If she lay down on her bed, he leaped up and unlatched the door, and stretched himself on the white counterpane beside her with a grunt of satisfaction; if she sat down to knit or sew, he laid his head and shoulders across her lap, or curled himself up on her knees; if she was cooking, he whined and coaxed round her till she hardly knew whether she fried or broiled her steak; and if she turned him out and buttoned the door, his cries were so pitiful she could never be resolute enough to keep him in exile five minutes,—for it was a prominent article in her creed, that animals have feelings that are easily wounded, and are of "like passions" with men, only incapable of expression. Indeed, Miss Lucinda considered it the duty of human beings to atone to animals for the Lord's injustice in making them dumb and four-legged. She would have been rather startled at such an enunciation of her practice, but she was devoted to it as a practice: she would give her own chair to the cat and sit on the settle herself; get up at midnight, if a mew or a bark called her, though the thermometer was below zero; The tenderloin of her steak or the liver of her chicken was saved for a pining kitten or an ancient and toothless cat; and no disease or wound daunted her faithful nursing, or disgusted her devoted tenderness. It was rather hard on humanity, and rather reversive of Providence, that all this care and pains should be lavished on cats and dogs, while little morsels of flesh and blood, ragged, hungry, and immortal, wandered up and down the streets. Perhaps that they were immortal was their defence from Miss Lucinda; one might have hoped that her "other-worldliness" accepted that fact as enough to outweigh present pangs, if she had not openly declared, to Israel Slater's immense amusement and astonishment, that she believed creatures had souls,—little ones perhaps, but souls after all, and she did expect to see Pink again some time or other. "Well, I hope he's got his tail feathered out ag'in," said Israel, dryly. "I do'no' but what hair'd grow as well as feathers in a sperctooal state, and I never see a pictur' of an angel but what hed consider'ble many feathers." Miss Lucinda looked rather confounded. But humanity had one little revenge on her in the shape of her cat, a beautiful Maltese, with great yellow eyes, fur as soft as velvet, and silvery paws as lovely to look at as they were thistly to touch. Toby certainly pleaded hard for Miss Lucinda's theory of a soul; but his was no good one: some tricksy and malign little spirit had lent him his share of intellect, and he used it to the entire subjugation of Miss Lucinda. When he was hungry, he was as well-mannered and as amiable as a good child,—he would coax, and purr, and lick her fingers with his pretty red tongue, like a "perfect love"; but when he had his fill, and needed no more, then came Miss Lucinda's time of torment. If she attempted to caress him, he bit and scratched like a young tiger, he sprang at her from the floor and fastened on her arm with real fury; if he cried at the window and was not directly let in, as soon as he had achieved entrance his first manoeuvre was to dash at her ankles and bite them, if he could, as punishment for her tardiness. This skirmishing was his favorite mode of attack; if he was turned out of the closet, or off the pillow up-stairs, he retreated under the bed and made frantic sallies at her feet, till the poor woman got actually nervous, and if he was in the room made a flying leap as far as she could to her bed, to escape those keen claws. Indeed, old Israel found her more than once sitting in the middle of the kitchen-floor with Toby crouched for a spring under the table, his poor mistress afraid to move, for fear of her unlucky ankles. And this literally cat-ridden woman was hazed about and ruled over by her feline tyrant to that extent that he occupied the easiest chair, the softest cushion, the middle of the bed, and the front of the fire, not only undisturbed, but caressed. This is a veritable history, beloved reader, and I offer it as a warning and an example: if you will be an old maid, or if you can't help it, take to petting children, or donkeys, or even a respectable cow, but beware of domestic tyranny in any shape but man's! No wonder Miss Lucinda took kindly to the pig, who had a house of his own, and a servant, as it were, to the avoidance of all trouble on her part,—the pig who capered for joy when she or Fun approached, and had so much expression in his physiognomy that one almost expected to see him smile. Many a sympathizing conference Miss Lucinda held with Israel over the perfections of Piggy, as he leaned against the sty and looked over at his favorite after this last chore was accomplished. "I say for 't," exclaimed the old man, one day, "I b'lieve that cre'tur' knows enough to be professor in a college. Why, he talks! he re'lly doos: a leetle through his nose, maybe, but no more 'n Dr. Colton allers does,—'n' I declare he appears to have abaout as much sense. I never see the equal of him. I thought he'd 'a larfed right out yesterday, when I gin him that mess o' corn: he got up onto his forelegs on the trough, an' he winked them knowin' eyes o' his'n, an' waggled his tail, an' then he set off an' capered round till he come bunt up ag'inst the boards. I tell you,—that sorter sobered him; he gin a growlin' grunt, an' shook his ears, an' looked sideways at me, and then he put to and eet up that corn as sober as a judge. I swan! he doos beat the Dutch!" But there was one calculation forgotten both by Miss Lucinda and Israel: the pig would grow,—and in consequence, as I said before, Miss Lucinda came to grief; for when the census-taker tinkled her sharp little door-bell, it called her from a laborious occupation at the sty,—no more and no less than trying to nail up a board that Piggy had torn down in struggling to get out of his durance. He had grown so large that Miss Lucinda was afraid of him; his long legs and their vivacious motion added to the shrewd intelligence of his eyes, and his nose seemed as formidable to this poor little woman as the tusk of a rhinoceros: but what should she do with him? One might as well have proposed to her to kill and cut up Israel as to consign Piggy to the "fate of race." She could not turn him into the street to starve, for she loved him; and the old maid suffered from a constancy that might have made some good man happy, but only embarrassed her with the pig. She could not keep him forever,—that was evident; she knew enough to be aware that time would increase his disabilities as a pet, and he was an expensive one now,—for the corn-swallowing capacities of a pig, one of the "racer" breed, are almost incredible, and nothing about Miss Lucinda wanted for food even to fatness. Besides, he was getting too big for his pen, and so "cute" an animal could not be debarred from all out-door pleasures, and tantalized by the sight of a green and growing garden before his eyes continually, without making an effort to partake of its delights. So, when Miss Lucinda indued herself with her brown linen sack and sun-bonnet to go and weed her carrot-patch, she was arrested on the way by a loud grunting and scrambling in Piggy's quarter, and found to her distress that he had contrived to knock off the upper board from his pen. She had no hammer at hand; so she seized a large stone that lay near by and pounded at the board till the twice-tinkling bell recalled her to the house, and as soon as she had made confession to the census-taker she went back,—alas, too late! Piggy had redoubled his efforts, another board had yielded, and he was free! What a thing freedom is! how objectionable in practice, how splendid in theory! More people than Miss Lucinda have been put to their wits' end when "Hoggie" burst his bonds and became rampant instead of couchant. But he enjoyed it; he made the tour of the garden on a delightful canter, brandishing his tail with an air of defiance that daunted his mistress at once, and regarding her with his small bright eyes as if he would before long taste her and see if she was as crisp as she looked. She retreated forthwith to the shed and caught up a broom with which she courageously charged upon Piggy, and was routed entirely; for, being no way alarmed by her demonstration, the creature capered directly at her, knocked her down, knocked the broom out of her hand, and capered away again to the young carrot-patch. "Oh, dear!" said Miss Manners, gathering herself up from the ground,—"if there only was a man here!" Suddenly she betook herself to her heels,—for the animal looked at her, and stopped eating: that was enough to drive Miss Lucinda off the field. And now, quite desperate, she rushed through the house and out of the front-door, actually in search of a man! Just down the street she saw one. Had she been composed, she might have noticed the threadbare cleanliness of his dress, the odd cap that crowned his iron-gray locks, and the peculiar manner of his walk; for our little old maid had stumbled upon no less a person than Monsieur Jean Leclerc, the dancing-master of Dalton. Not that this accomplishment was much in vogue in the embryo city; but still there were a few who liked to fit themselves for firemen's balls and sleighing-party frolics, and quite a large class of children were learning betimes such graces as children in New England receive more easily than their elders. Monsieur Leclerc had just enough scholars to keep his coat threadbare and restrict him to necessities; but he lived, and was independent. All this Miss Lucinda was ignorant of; she only saw a man, and, with the instinct of the sex in trouble or danger, she appealed to him at once. "Oh, Sir! won't you step in and help me? My pig has got out, and I can't catch him, and he is ruining my garden!" "Madame, I shall!" replied the Frenchman, bowing low, and assuming the first position. So Monsieur Leclerc followed Miss Manners, and supplied himself with a mop that was hanging in the shed as his best weapon. Dire was the battle between the pig and the Frenchman. They skipped past each other and back again as if they were practising for a cotillon. Piggy had four legs, which gave him a certain advantage; but the Frenchman had most brain, and in the long run brain gets the better of legs. A weary dance they led each other, but after a while the pet was hemmed in a corner, and Miss Lucinda had run for a rope to tie him, when, just as she returned, the beast made a desperate charge, upset his opponent, and giving a leap in the wrong direction, to his manifest astonishment, landed in his own sty! Miss Lucinda's courage rose; she forgot her prostrate friend in need, and, running to the pen, caught up hammer and nail-box on her way, and, with unusual energy, nailed up the bars stronger than ever, and then bethought herself to thank the stranger. But there he lay quite still and pale.

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http://hotfreebooks.com/book/Atlantic-Monthly-Vol-8-No-46-August-1861-Various.html

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This download includes a teacher book to introduce the class to color words and shapes and an emergent reader that they can color on their own. The following vocabulary words are included purple square, blue circle, yellow triangle, orange rectangle, green heart, red rhombus, yellow star and pink oval. Pages 2 -11 are the class readers. Each page has the same text on top and bottom. Just copy and cut. Pages 12- 21 are the teacher book. Introduce shapes and color words by reading this book in class.

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https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Purple-Square-What-Do-You-See-Teacher-and-Class-Book-3186368

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en

When you see a two‐dimensional expression on the screen, you can edit it much as you would edit text. You can for example place your cursor somewhere and start typing. Or you can select a part of the expression, then remove it using the Delete key, or insert a new version by typing it in. |Ctrl+.||select the next larger subexpression| |Ctrl+Space||move to the right of the current structure| |→||move to the next character| |←||move to the previous character| |Null||evaluate the whole current cell| Shift+Ctrl+Enter (Windows/Unix/Linux) or Cmd+Return (Mac OS X) |evaluate only the selected subexpression| In most computations, you will want to go from one step to the next by taking the whole expression that you have generated, and then evaluating it. But if for example you are trying to manipulate a single formula to put it into a particular form, you may instead find it more convenient to perform a sequence of operations separately on different parts of the expression. The Basic Commands ▶ y=x tab in the Basic Math Assistant, Classroom Assistant, and Writing Assistant palettes also provides a number of convenient operations which will transform in place any selected subexpression.

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http://reference.wolfram.com/language/tutorial/EditingAndEvaluatingTwoDimensionalExpressions.html

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Gemini 3 (GT-3), launched on March 23, 1965, was the first Gemini manned flight crewed by Virgil "Gus" Grissom and John Young. It was also the final manned flight controlled from Cape Canaveral. The mission's primary goal was to test the new, maneuverable Gemini spacecraft. Although Gemini 3 was the first U.S. 2-crew manned spaceflight, it was not the first in the world; the Soviet sent a 3-crew team into space on Voskhod 1 mission in late 1964. Gemini 3 "Orbit Covers" cancelled on launch day at Cape Canaveral, signed by Gus Grissom and John Young. Photo: Gemini 3 crew (front left to right) Gus Grissom & John Young, with back-up crew (rear left to right) Walter Schirra & Thomas Stafford.

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http://signedfdc.blogspot.com/2010/03/1965-usa-project-gemini-gt-3.html

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Breastfeeding mothers carry a heavy burden when it comes to feeding their babies — and we're not just talking about massively bigger breasts. As soon as you become pregnant, eating a healthy, balanced diet isn't just important for your health, you're now 100 percent responsible for making sure your infant gets a healthy, balanced diet, too. Everything you eat or drink, they eat or drink. And chances are you're not getting enough of one vital nutrient — which means neither is your baby. Pregnant and nursing mothers aren't getting enough vitamin D, and they're passing this deficiency on to their babies, according to a new study done by the University of Chicago. It's unknown exactly how many nursing mothers are deficient in vitamin D, but the most recent data from a government study found that only 23 percent of all adults have blood levels in the healthy range. And because it's even easier for nursing women to become deficient due to the increased demands of their baby on their body, that number is likely even lower among expecting and new moms, the Chicago researchers said. Vitamin D plays a vital role in building bones and immune systems, so not getting enough can have serious consequences for infants' growth and development. This problem is only unique to breastfed babies, however, as all infant formula is required to be fortified with vitamin D. So is this the one instance when perhaps breast isn't best? Not exactly, Robert P. Heaney, a professor of medicine at Creighton University and expert on breastfeeding nutrition, wrote in a previous report. "It must seem strange that on the one hand we stress that human milk is the best source of nourishment for our babies, and on the other seem to ignore the fact that human milk doesn't contain the vitamin D those babies need," he says. "The explanation, very simply, is that the disconnect is artificial. Nursing mothers have so little vitamin D in their own bodies that there is little or none left over to put into their milk. But it has not always been this way." Dr. Heaney chalks up the difference to the poorer nutritional quality of the modern diet and the fact that we are outside far less often than our ancestors, as exposure to sunshine is the primary way our bodies make the vitamin. As a result, it's important for breastfeeding mothers to supplement, the University of Chicago researchers said. They found that the babies of mothers given "megadoses" of 2.5 mg (15,000 IUs) of supplemental vitamin D once a month for six months after delivering showed significant improvements in bone and immune health in their infants, compared to babies whose moms received a placebo. As a happy bonus, it also improved the mothers' overall health as well. So how much vitamin D should you be getting exactly? That's a controversial question. The official government recommended daily allowance is 600 IUs per day. But that's the lowest dose to prevent rickets, not the optimal dose for good health, according to the Vitamin D council. They recommend nursing women get 4,000-6,000 IUs per day, while the U.S. Endocrine Society recommends a minimum of 1,500 IUs daily. And the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends skipping the breast milk route altogether and giving your infant 400 IUs via daily oral vitamin D drops. If you're unsure what is right for you and your baby, talk to your doctor and pediatrician. They can do a blood test to see if your levels are in the healthy range or not and then give you a personalized supplement recommendation.

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http://www.redbookmag.com/body/health-fitness/news/a45749/breastfeeding-moms-arent-getting-enough-of-this-essential-vitamin/

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en

Hello. Welcome to hepatobiliary diseases. Here, our topic at first will be viral hepatitis. Remember that when you discuss hepatitis, there could many, many causes as we go through our topic of hepatites. At first, it will be viral, but it could be auto-immune, it could be alcohol, it could be many causes. Do not always assume that it’s viral. The liver tests that you should be familiar with, known as a liver function test, include the following. In hematology, we talked about bilirubin quite a bit. And here, we talk about bilirubin as being part of pre-jaundice or pre-hepatic jaundice, hepatic jaundice and post-hepatic jaundice. Here, with bilirubin accumulating, not exactly sure as to what part of bilirubin metabolism could be affected. What do you mean, Dr. Raj? Watch. Say that you brought bilirubin, unconjugated type, indirect is what – is what we use clinically. And you bring this lipid-soluble substance to the liver, but the chaperone, the albumin then drops it off. Obviously, the first step here by the liver is to make sure that it conjugates it, correct? What does conjugate mean to you? It means turning something that’s lipid-soluble into water-soluble. And why is our objective – why is this objective so important? Because we’re trying to, at some point, get this bilirubin out into excretion. And in order for you to get bilirubin to the urine, you must conjugate it at some point in time. My point is this. When you have liver disease, maybe perhaps the enzymes have been affected. What enzyme is responsible for conjugation? The operative word always is going to be called glycosylation. And let that be UDPGT or UGT (uridine glucuronosyltransferase). Without going into that type of detail, if the liver is damaged sufficiently and the enzymes are not working properly, then what component or what faction of your bilirubin are you then noticing? Good. The unconjugated bilirubin. Or let's say that there is enough damage to the liver that now, at this point, the entry point into bile has been blocked. But, remember, bilirubin is part of your bile as well. So, therefore, now, you could get conjugated. However, the type of bilirubin that you are looking for laboratory-wise could be conjugated. So, what's the point? And what are you paying attention to on your boards and on your wards? You can have a mixed picture of bilirubin, or call mixed jaundice, when you have a liver disease. Keep that in mind. If that is not clear, make sure that you go back and take a look at proper and full bilirubin metabolism. So, what I have just discussed with you medically, clinically makes a lot more sense. Next. My topic is liver function tests. What if the liver is damaged sufficiently enough where the liver inadequately doesn't put out albumin? Welcome to something like cirrhosis. Anything that causes end-stage liver disease or if there's sufficient liver damage, there is every possibility that albumin could be diminished. What does albumin contribute physiologically in your circulation? What part of your Starling’s forces? Good. Oncotic pressure. Thus, if albumin is not present, oncotic pressure drops. Where is now – fluid now escaping into? There are two coag tests or coagulation tests. You notice I didn’t say platelet test, right? What's the platelet test that you're extremely familiar with or should be? That’s bleeding time. In hemodynamics, we talked about platelets. I’m not going to bring that up here, but either platelet dysfunction or quantitatively you have thrombocytopenia, then the bleeding time will be affected. Here, however, the coagulation factors that you should be familiar with include – well, from the liver, what are you synthesizing? II, VII, IX and X, the vitamin K dependent factors, on one end, And what are the two anti-coagulation factors that the liver produces? Protein C and protein S. From henceforth, whenever you think about the liver, remember there are pro and anticoagulant factors that are, in fact, being secreted from it. Next, clinically speaking, which are the two tests are you going to measure of your coagulation to tell you that the liver may or may not be functioning properly? It's PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalizing ratio. What is the PT that you want to know in terms of the actual time? 11 to 15 seconds. You know that for your boards, you'll be in good shape. Thus, if the liver is not functioning properly, the synthesis of your coagulation factor drops, what then happens to your PT? You have ALT. This is your alanine or alkaline alanine type of aminotransferase, so you have the two transaminases, ALT and AST. And the ratio here do become very important. Since our topic in this section is going to move into viral hepatitis, would you please be able to tell me which one of these transaminases would be elevated more so? Would it be ALT or AST in viral hepatitis? Just to make sure that we’re clear and to have a little bit of fun with this, I want you to toast to AST. So, whenever you have alcohol-induced hepatitis, there the AST will be increased versus ALT, a 2 to 1 ratio. When does alkaline phosphatase come into play? And do not confuse ALP with ALT. ALP, alkaline phosphatase, would come into consideration if the biliary tree has been affected. Obviously, the liver and the biliary tree are one unit. You cannot separate one from the other. If there is enough damage that’s taken place to the liver, understand that you are then going to affect your bile or biliary canaliculi, and so therefore may cause damage or injury to the biliary system, therefore, increasing ALP. Just to make sure we’re clear, would you tell me as to what other set of diseases and they’re different type, but still ALP, would be used for? Obviously, bone disease. Now, the true tests of liver function are PT and albumin. So, those are the two that you definitely want to focus upon, but absolutely understand that each one of the components that we're dealing with here will play an important role, so that you can diagnose your patient properly. The others only signify altered function and do not correlate with overall synthetic activity of the liver. So, of all of these, the two that actually give you proper functioning of liver include PT and albumin.

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https://www.lecturio.com/medical-courses/commonly-used-live-tests.lecture

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U.S. measles cases in 2013 may be most in 17 years (CNN) — This year is on track to be the worst for measles in more than a decade, according to new numbers released Thursday by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. And people who refuse to vaccinate their children are behind the increasing number of outbreaks, health officials say. There were 159 cases of measles in the United States from January 1 through August 24, according to the CDC. If that trend continues, there will be more cases in 2013 than in any year since 1996, when some 500 cases were reported. The number would also surpass that of 2011, when there were 222 cases. Measles cases in the United States numbered in the hundreds of thousands before the advent of vaccination, and dropped dramatically throughout the 1960s. The disease was thought to have been eradicated in 2000, but the numbers have recently crept back up, largely because of visitors from countries where measles is common and because of vaccine objectors within the United States. Nearly two-thirds of the reported cases happened in three outbreaks in communities where many people don’t vaccinate their children for religious or philosophical reasons. This story was originally published at CNN.com. Click to read more.

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http://whnt.com/2013/09/16/u-s-measles-cases-in-2013-may-be-most-in-17-years/

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eCall is a perfect example of an EU supported project that developed technological solutions to save people's lives. The legislation now allows delivering real benefits of digital technology. - Commissioner Günther H. Oettinger, responsible for Digital Society and Economy It communicates the vehicle's exact location to emergency services, the time of incident and the direction of travel (most important on motorways), even if the driver is unconscious or unable to make a phone call. An eCall can also be triggered manually by pushing a button in the car, for example by a witness of a serious accident. eCall will transmit the data that is absolutely necessary in case of accident. Information only leaves the car in the event of a severe accident and is not stored any longer than necessary. The Commission estimates that, once the system is fully implemented, eCall could save hundreds of lives every year and help injured people quicker. The European Commission proposed the eCall regulation in June 2013.The text approved by the Parliament still needs to be published in the Official Journal of the European Union and will enter into force 20 days after. The EU supported the development of eCall through first the eMerge project and later its deployment through the HeERO that developed the pan-European in-vehicle emergency call service - "eCall" - based on 112, the common European Emergency number. During four years (HeERO phase 1 in 2011-2013 & HeERO phase 2 in 2013-2014), 15 countries carried out the start-up of an interoperable and harmonized emergency call system.

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https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/news/ecall-all-new-cars-april-2018

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En papillote (ahn pah-pee-YOHT or ahn PAH-peh-loht) describes a cooking method in which foods are enveloped in parchment then placed in a hot oven. The heated package puffs with steam, and foods cook in the moist, circulating air. Its healthy-nutrients can’t leach away, and little if any oil is needed. And it’s an easy ticket to dinner theatrics: diners are presented with packages torn open to a burst of fragrant steam, revealing a dish sauced in its own juices. The technique’s origins are obscure, but Jules Alciatore, of New Orleans’ legendary Antoine’s, reportedly created Pompano en Papillote to honor a Brazilian balloonist sometime in the late 1800s. The method recalls ancient preparations-before the invention of baking parchment, nature provided the wrappers. Around the globe, cooks pluck wrappers from gardens. In Indonesia, fish is steamed in banana leaves and in Mexico, tamales are cooked in cornhusks or avocado leaves. Fish and vegetables are perfect candidates for cooking en papillote. Choose foods that cook in the same time (for example, a fish fillet on top of very thinly sliced potatoes), and include flavor elements like lemon and herbs. Parchment paper is an ideal medium. Fold a square of parchment in half, cut a heart (á la your grade school Valentine), and arrange food near the fold. Starting at the top, seal the envelope by making small overlapping folds, then twisting at the bottom. —By Jo Marshall, Creator of Cookcabulary

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http://relish.com/articles/cooking-en-papillote/

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A fruticose lichen, growing in colonies 5 - 20 cm across. Distinguishing Features - Small to medium brown-coloured thallus growing loosely on the soil. Usually tufted, many lobed, and irregularly branched. Cushionlike growth, well suited to high winds in harsh environments. Draws water slowly and can endure prolonged wet periods. Alaska, south to the Pacific Northwest, throughout Canada's boreal regions to the Great Lakes states; New England, and in alpine regions of the Appalachians to Tennessee; occurs in various habitats including heaths, dunes, coastal plains, lichen woodlands, bogs, meadows, and tundra; also in forested sites and rock crevices; grows best in direct sun, and can grow on shallow, sterile soils. Because it is able to draw moisture from the air, the underlying soil is not as important a source of moisture as it is to vascular plants. Lichens quite often serve as the flash point of ignition in woodlands and tundra and have an essential role in the spread of fire. Dry lichens resemble dead litter more than live tissue in their susceptibility to fire. Continuous lichen mats present an uninterrupted surface along which fire spreads. Lichen mats typically accumulate tree and shrub litter which adds to flammability. Return to Top of Page | Ontario's North (West) Forest | Boreal Forests of the World | North (West) Forest Industry | | World Links and Resources | "Forest Finder" Search Engine | Educational Resources | | What's Happening | Contacts | Site Map |

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http://borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/iceland_moss.htm

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Exploration of 3D conformational space occupied by quadruplex DNA DNA quadruplex structures are characterized by a high degree of structural diversity. To date, only human telomeric DNA has been extensively studied via NMR and X-ray crystallography. Structural information on quadruplex-prone oncogene promoter sequences alone or in complex with ligands is sparse. The first crystal structure of a quadruplex-ligand complex was determined only recently, in 2003. Since then, ~30 X-ray and ~10 NMR structures have been solved. The small number of reported structures limits existing drug discovery platforms which require detailed knowledge of quadruplex molecular architectures and potential drug binding sites. Driven by this gap in knowledge and inspired by our recent success in solving the structure of Tel22-NMM complex, we are in the process of crystallizing: 1) a variety of oncogene promoter quadruplexes in complex with ligands studied in our laboratory; 2) sequences with high quadruplex forming potential from the genome of D. discoideum. Solving structures of new quadruplexes and their complexes with ligands will provide insights into this important therapeutic target and will facilitate the discovery of new anticancer drugs that act via stabilization of quadruplexes. Interaction of G-quadruplex DNA with water-soluble porphyrins Water-soluble porphyrins have been shown to inhibit cancer growth, possibly due to their involvement in the binding, stabilization, and structural alteration of DNA in telomeres and oncogene promoters. Telomeres protect termini of eukaryotic chromosomes from degradation and fusion. Telomeres and the enzyme telomerase that is responsible for their maintenance play an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cell mortality, as evidenced by the 2009 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Porphyrins have the necessary pharmacological properties to be successful drugs. Knowledge of the molecular details of quadruplex - porphyrin interactions will be essential for improving the affinity and selectivity of quadruplex ligands as potential anticancer agents. Our efforts are centered on human telomeric DNA repeats, dAGGG(TTAGGG)3, that can fold into a variety of secondary structures, depending on specific buffer conditions and a variety of oncogene promoter sequences. Our favorite porphyrins include N-methylmesoporpyrin IX (NMM), 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (H2T4) and its metal derivatives, CuT4, ZnT4, and PtT4. Cationic Porphyrins in Chirality Sensing Porphyrins modified with lanthanides serve as nondestructive reporters for different DNA sequences and in chirality sensing of various biological substrates. Traditionally, these probes suffer from low solubility, poor resolution, weak binding and low selectivity. In response to these limitations, our lab has modified H2T4 and its neutral analogue with various Gd, Eu, and Yb β-diketonates. These complexes are currently being characterized by CD and NMR spectroscopy for binding to chiral amino acids, amino alcohols, and natural products. In the future, the molecular basis for chiral sensing will be investigated by NMR and X-ray. The results of structural and spectroscopic studies will guide the development of chiral sensors with improved sensitivity toward specific biological substrates. Joint group meeting with Dr. Eric Brown (far left) from the University of Pennsylvania Deondre Jordan '19 and Amber Sheth '18 (center) with Dr. Amanda Reig and student Brian Van Dyke from Ursinus College, visiting Swarthmore to learn about and use our circular dichroism spectrometer Thao Tran (IECB, Bordeaux), F. Brad Johnson (UPenn Med School) Jack Nicoludis '12 and Liliya Yatsunyk at the Third International Meeting on G-quadruplex DNA and G-assembly in Italy, Sorrento, July 2011 I have established productive collaborations with US and international scientists. I have spent the 2010-11 and 2014-15 academic years on sabbatical in the laboratory of Dr. Jean-Louis Mergny, at the European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB) in France, where I and five of my students learned new biophysical, biological, and structural techniques for characterization of GQs and GQ-based higher order assemblies. I and one of my students, Jack Nicoludis, spent few weeks in the laboratory of Dr. J. Brad Chaires learning ITC and DSC calorimetric techniques. Locally, I have established collaborations with Dr. Veronika Szalai from NIST, with biologists Dr. F. Brad Johnson and Dr. Eric Brown from the University of Pennsylvania and Dr. Brett Kaufman from the University of Pittsburgh, Dr. Sharon Burgmayer from Bryn Mawr, and Dr. Mahrukh Azam from the Chemistry Department of West Chester University. Our other collaborators include Dr. Piotr Habdas from Saint Joseph's University, PA and a group of Dr. Roberto Purello from the University of Catania in Italy. Most research is our laboratory is done by Swarthmore undergraduates. Students with interest in cancer research, especially those who want to pursue graduate studies or go to medical schools, are highly encouraged to apply. Based on background and interests, students will pursue independent projects or be teamed with senior students in the lab. Contact Professor Yatsunyk via e-mail or stop by our lab and talk to students about their experience. - Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, Deciphering the structure and dynamics of quadruplex DNA and DNA-ligand complexes, 2016-2020 - Pennsylvania Department of Health, Formula Health Grant Understanding interactions between porphyrin ligands and G-quadruplex DNA. 01/15 - 12/17 - NSF MRI Acquisition of 400-MHz NMR Spectrometer, 08/13 - 07/16, Co-PI - Swarthmore College Faculty Research Award Interaction of porphyrin ligands with G-quadruplex DNA. 12/07- 06/16 - Initiative d’Excellence de l’Université de Bordeaux (IdEx Bordeaux) Visiting professor Program. 03/15 - 05/15 - Université de Bordeaux Professeur invite Invited Professor Program. 09/14 - 10/14 - HHMI-supported summer research fellowship for Scott Taylor (summer 2008) and Erica Evans (summer 2009), Karan Ahluwalia (2010), Steven Barret (2011), Vienna Tran (2012), Navin Sabharwal (2013), Katherine Bredder (off campus HHMI 2013), Kara Bledsoe (2014) - Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship for David Kornfilt for 2008 and for Michelle Ferreira for 2013 - Dreyfus Foundation summer stipends for Jack Nicoludis (summer 2011) and Cole Harbeck (summer 2012) - Research Corporation summer stipends for Jack Nicoludis (summer 2009 and 2010), Steven Barrett (summer 2010), and Amlan Bhattacharjee (summer 2009) - Starfield Summer Research Fellowship for Navin Sabharwal (summer 2012)

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A £5 million stem cell research project, led by Edinburgh University, is set to find new therapies to treat people with damaged immune systems. Researchers aim to develop treatments to repair the thymus, an organ next to the heart that produces vital immune cells but deteriorates with age. Damage to the organ leaves older people more susceptible to infections and can cause a major risk for bone marrow transplant patients. Transplanting thymus cells into patients can help to repair and restore the immune system, studies have shown. Previous research used cells from newborn babies that were removed as a normal part of heart surgery, but supplies of these specialised cells are scarce. An international team of scientists led by the University of Edinburgh hopes to grow the cells in a project called ThymiStem. Professor Clare Blackburn, from the university’s MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, said: “This exciting new project will test whether we can grow thymus stem cells in the lab and use these to make a fully functional organ for transplantation. “We will then investigate how to produce these cells in sufficient quantities and high enough quality that they could, in the future, be transferred into patients.” Funding from the European Union will be shared by nine research teams across Europe and the US, with the University of Edinburgh receiving £1.5 million. Ms Blackburn said: “The ThymiStem project includes stem cell biologists, immunologists, tissue engineers and two cell banks. “All of our skills will be needed to achieve the project’s overall goals and without this type of funding from the European Union, such a grouping could never be brought together.”

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