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The relationship between dairy and the west sends a convoluted message. Dairy products often evoke a sense of comfort in food as well as appealing to our reward senses. However the dairy industry and the products being produced are by in large not beneficial to our overall health and there are many leading experts who promote removing it from your diet entirely. The milk you drink today is far removed from idyllic scenes presented by the media, but aside from this the product is also laden with hormones. Often times when this topic is broached the counter argument is that we as humans have used milk in our diet for thousands of years, however this is a one dimensional view of the situation. Dr Ganmaa Davaasambuu p.h.d uses Mongolia as an example in her advanced study published by Harvard. There, in traditional herding societies, cows are milked for human consumption only five months a year and, if pregnant, only in the early stages. Consequently, levels of hormones in the milk are much lower. Modern cultivation of dairy is the issue itself as cows are milked about 300 days a year. In order to meet this demand, the cows are pregnant and they often produce dairy until a much later age than natural, meaning a high increase in hormones with over 10 times more progesterone and oestrogen. On top of large amounts of oestrogen and progesterone being present in the milk, Bovine Growth Hormone is also injected on a weekly basis into dairy cows in some countries to make them grow bigger faster, and produce more milk to sell. International bestselling book The China Study by Dr. T. Colin Campbell is the largest comprehensive study of human nutrition ever conducted. It was launched via a partnership between Cornell University, Oxford University, and the Chinese Academy of Preventative Medicine and in it the relationship between dairy and disease is explored at length. It is shown that Bovine causes the chemical IGF-1 to be released. This has been linked to a whole host of diseases, including breast and prostate cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and gynecomastia. There are many other hormones present in dairy such as casein, which is found to promote cancers at all stages,and VEGF which has a high correlation to disease. If you also take into account the link between acidosis and disease there are quite a few arguments for adopting a dairy free diet. You may wonder why, if dairy is so dangerous, there is not more done to highlight the risks? This could be related to vested interests as the dairy industry represents 12% of Britains GDP. The good news is there are many fantastic resources available to help you on your journey and in my 4 years of being dairy free I have never found it a struggle to travel or eat out at restaurants. For British women leading the revolution I suggest following Deliciously Ella, Natasha Corrett and Amelia Freer. Vegan Nut Cheese Recipe: Gluten Free, Dairy Free and Sugar Free. - Take 1.5 cups of plant milk - 1/2 cups of walnuts - 1 tbsp of lemon juice - 2 tsp of celtic or himalayan sea salt - 1 tbsp agar powder - 2 tbsp tapioca starch - 1/2 cup boiled water - 1/3 cup of walnuts roughly chopped - 5 pitted medjool dates roughly chopped. Take all of the above and blend until smooth, pour into a pan and bring to boil and leave for 10 minutes tops. Pour into “cheese moulds” and let cool for a while before popping it into the fridge to set for over an hour… Voila!

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The research, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, is based on an analysis of 50,000 men and women. Researchers used bone-density tests, which show the amount of fat an individual carries. he academics found those with the lowest BMI had a higher risk of dying early than those with an average BMI, probably because of pre-existing illness or malnutrition. Those with high body fat scores also had a high risk of dying early, no matter what their BMI. Dr William Leslie, from the University of Manitoba in Canada, told the Daily Mail: “The simple messaging that we’re all too fat and should be thinner is based on BMI.

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The History of India in Space Space technology has allowed the nation of India to move into the world of high technology, a place previously occupied only by more-developed nations. India has been up there since July 18, 1980, when it became the eighth to demonstrate it could send a satellite to orbit above Earth. India launched the satellite Rohini 1 on an Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) rocket from the Sriharikota Island launch site. Indian cosmonaut Rakesh Sharma spent eight days in 1984 aboard the USSR’s space station Salyut 7. In recent years, India has concentrated much of its space development work on complex applications satellites and more powerful rockets. The nation’s two main interests are satellites for remote sensing and communications — used for weather pictures, disaster warnings and feeds to 552 television and 164 radio stations on the ground. Here’s a partial chronology: - 1963 – The first sounding rocket was launched Nov. 21 from TERLS. - 1965 -Space Science & Technology Centre (SSTC) was established in Thumba. - 1967 – Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station was erected at Ahmedabad. - 1969 – Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was created August 15 in the Department of Atomic Energy. Since then, ISRO has managed India’s space research and the uses of space for peaceful puroposes. - 1972 – The government established the Space Commission and the Department of Space (DOS) in June. DOS conducts the nation’s space activities for ISRO at four space centres across the country. DOS reports directly to the Prime Minister. - 1972 – ISRO placed under DOS on June 1. - 1975 – ISRO made a Government Organisation on April 1. - 1975 – Aryabhata, the first Indian space satellite, was launched for India on April 19. - 1979 – Bhaskara-I, an experimental satellite for earth observations, launched on June 7. - 1979 – The first experimental launch of an SLV-3 rocket on August 10 did not place its Rohini Technology Payload satellite in orbit. - 1980 – India successfully launched its own Rohini-1 satellite on July 18 on a Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) rocket from the Sriharikota Island launch site. - 1983 – The Rohini-3 communications satellite, launched in August, had by the end of 1985 extended nationwide television coverage from 20 percent to 70 percent of the population. Today it is about 90 percent. - 1984 – The first Indian cosmonaut became the 138th man in space when he spent eight days aboard the USSR’s space station Salyut 7. Squadron Leader Rakesh Sharma, a 35 year old Indian Air Force pilot, was launched to space along with two Soviet cosmonauts aboard Soyuz T-11 on April 2. While in space, Sharma conducted multispectral photography of the northern region of India in preparation for construction of hydroelectric power stations in the Himalayas. Sharma and his backup, Wing Commander Ravish Malhotra, had prepared in advance an elaborate series of zero-gravity Yoga exercises that Sharma carried out while aboard Salyut 7. Indian Space Research Organisation’s manned space program has depended for the most part on the Soviet Union. - 1987 – The first developmental launch of a larger Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) rocket on March 24 did not place its SROSS-1 satellite in orbit. It could lift a 300-lb. satellite to an orbit 250 miles above Earth. - 1988 – The second developmental launch of an ASLV in July also failed. Later, the third and fourth attempts would be successful. - 1992 – The Indian-built INSAT-2 geostationary communications and meteorological satellite superseded an American-built INSAT-1. - 1993 – The even larger Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) debuted in September, but failed to attain orbit. Its individual elements were successful. PSLV can lift a one-ton satellite to a Sun-synchronous polar orbit. - 2001 — The first launch of a still larger Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket was successful on April 18. GSLV can boost a 2.5-ton satellite. In addition to placing large communications and weather satellites in high stationary orbits, India plans to use GSLV rockets to send probes away from Earth to explore the planets. Missions to Mercury, Venus and Mars are under consideration.

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Art is as old as the existence of human beings itself and people used it to serve different purposes, and it has come a long way just like humans have. Art is based on the different forms; the artists differ too, but what people need to understand is that even though they are practicing different forms of art, all of them belong to one and the same spectrum. Visual art is the result of merging and mixing different worlds brought in the same place, and people are constantly trying to enhance this particular form by giving it different shapes and space. Visual art is basically a relationship developed by merging the art and design together and today, the art can be found anywhere right from the illustration, painting to communication. It is a term that acts as an umbrella that further consists of a broader category. These days, this particular form has become an important way to manifest feelings and emotions, and whatever form of art you are coming across are all the form of visual arts. Today, you see art dominating the other worlds and different forms are uniting and merging to create something new out of an existing form. There are people who are now bridging the gaps and bringing life to arts by experimenting with different techniques and natural materials. Visual art has given way to all the artists practicing and delving deeper in different forms to come and share the same space with other artists across the world.

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The great dispute at News International newspapers in 1986-87 was a turning point in the history of the British press. The sacking of virtually an entire workforce by the owner Rupert Murdoch introduced the age of corporate control that today determines what people are told about the world by the professional media. In 2011 the 25th anniversary of the year-long strike and the ruthless dismissal of 5500 workers by Rupert Murdoch was marked by an exhibition which presented the workers’ story of the dispute and provided a political context. At the same time a scandal erupted that, at times, overwhelmed almost all other news. The British public was exposed to the revelations of phone hacking, bribery and corruption of police and public officials, the grooming of politicians and more on the part of the Murdoch press. As a visitor to the exhibition remarked at the time “everyone knows about Murdoch now”. But in 1986 they did not. The dismissed workers, their families and their supporters were disbelieved at best, blamed and vilified at worst for bringing about their own destruction. The full strength of the law was used against their trade unions. Police lies and brutality against pickets and demonstrators reflected the same contempt they had displayed towards striking miners and later the Liverpool football fans at Hillsborough. Most of the published accounts of what became known as the Wapping dispute have blamed the workers in one way or another. The News International Dispute Archive which emerged from the 25th anniversary exhibition and especially this website offer for the first time opportunities to discover the workers’ version of events in London, Glasgow and elsewhere in more detail.. Original and primary source material is accessible as well as images and printed material and documents produced at the time. The website includes photographs and film footage, and an oral history. We welcome contributions of documents, memorabilia, and personal recollections of events and issues, especially from those who were directly involved. There will be additions to the site, including a more extensive archive and audio-visual content as new material is prepared. The website will be an important and continuing asset for anyone interested in the history of Britain’s media, trade unions, and workers rights. Use the tabs at the top of this page to follow the story of the dispute and its many dimensions and to find your way around the website.

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Answer: Thomas Mifflin As the Commonwealth’s gubernatorial race heats up, it is interesting to remember that Pennsylvania once elected a President instead of a Governor. Perhaps even more interesting is the man who held both offices: Thomas Mifflin. Prior to the establishment of the governor's office with Pennsylvania's 1790 constitution, the Supreme Executive Council administered the state’s executive branch. At the head of this council sat the president of the state. Seven men – including Benjamin Franklin and John Dickinson – served as president between 1776 and 1790. Thomas Mifflin was both the state's last president (serving from 1788-1790) as well as its first and longest-serving "governor" (serving from 1790 to 1799). The son of a merchant and city alderman, Mifflin was born into a prosperous Quaker family in Philadelphia in 1744. Educated at the College of Philadelphia (later part of the University of Pennsylvania), Mifflin became an outspoken critic of the British Parliament’s taxation policies as early as 1769. A Pennsylvania delegate to both Continental Congresses – where he championed colonial rights and pressed for independence – Mifflin joined the Continental Army following the skirmishes at Lexington and Concorde in 1775. Mifflin worked initially as General George Washington's aide-de-camp until appointed Quartermaster General, tasked with procuring and distributing supplies to the Continental Army. Despite his Quaker faith, Mifflin went on to become a decorated officer, participating directly in the battles of Long Island and Trenton and eventually attaining the rank of brigadier general. For his participation in the war, Mifflin was expelled from the Society of Friends. Returning to politics after the war, Mifflin continued in the Pennsylvania legislature (1785-88), succeeded Franklin as president of the Supreme Executive Council (1788-90), and chaired the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention (1789-90). In this last capacity, Mifflin oversaw the writing of the state's constitution, which abolished the office of President and created the role of state governor. Mifflin ran without a party affiliation – the only Pennsylvania governor to do so – and was elected under the new constitution in 1790. During his 9-year tenure as governor, Mifflin contended with popular uprisings, financial problems and one of the worst outbreaks of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia in 1793. His administration oversaw the organization of state political parties and addressed Pennsylvania’s war debt – incurred during the Revolution. Mifflin again served in the field, personally commanding the Pennsylvania militia that quelled the Whiskey Rebellion (1794). Ironically, Mifflin was able to manage the expenses of the Continental Army and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania but woefully unable to managing his own personal finances. Quite literally chased out of Philadelphia by his creditors in 1799, Mifflin died the following year in Lancaster. He was buried, at state expense, at the German Lutheran Church in Lancaster. In HSP's library are a number of books about the formation of Pennsylvania's 1790 constitution and Thomas Mifflin, such as Thomas Mifflin and the Politics of the Revolution (call number Gm. 506) and Politics as Played when Philadelphia was the National Capital, 1790-1800 (call number Wn*.73.).

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The economic warfare between Great Britain and the colonists began well before the colonies declared their Independence in 1776. Regulations from the crown were met with fierce opposition from the colonists. After lobbies and petitions proved ineffective,the colonists turned to boycotting imported English goods. Boycotting proved to be successful in crippling British trade. After a second boycott in 1768 parliament Townshend duties except for the tax on tea. The colonists persisted and the American boycott on tea ultimately culminated in the Boston Tea party of 1773.

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What Do They Say about Islam In one of her lectures, Carly Fiorina, the Former CEO of Hewlett-Packard, said: " I'll end by telling a story. There was once a civilization that was the greatest in the world. It was able to create a continental super-state that stretched from ocean to ocean, and from northern climes to tropics and deserts. Within its dominion lived hundreds of millions of people, of different creeds and ethnic origins. One of its languages became the universal language of much of the world, the bridge between the peoples of a hundred lands. Its armies were made up of people of many nationalities, and its military protection allowed a degree of peace and prosperity that had never been known. The reach of this civilization's commerce extended from Latin America to China, and everywhere in between. And this civilization was driven more than anything, by invention. Its architects designed buildings that defied gravity. Its mathematicians created the algebra and algorithms that would enable the building of computers, and the creation of encryption. Its doctors examined the human body, and found new cures for disease. Its astronomers looked into the heavens, named the stars, and paved the way for space travel and exploration. Its writers created thousands of stories. Stories of courage, romance and magic. Its poets wrote of love, when others before them were too steeped in fear to think of such things. When other nations were afraid of ideas, this civilization thrived on them, and kept them alive. When censors threatened to wipe out knowledge from past civilizations, this civilization kept the knowledge alive, and passed it on to While modern Western civilization shares many of these traits, the civilization I'm talking about was the Islamic world from the year 800 to 1600, which included the Ottoman Empire and the courts of Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo, and enlightened rulers like Suleiman the Magnificent. Although we are often unaware of our indebtedness to this other civilization, its gifts are very much a part of our heritage. The technology industry would not exist without the contributions of Arab mathematicians." Source: A What does our future demand of leaders today? Download the full lecture in PDF format "My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels." "Of humble origins, Muhammad founded and promulgated one of the world's great religions, and became an immensely effective political leader. Today, thirteen centuries after his death, his influence is still powerful and pervasive." Michael H. Hart's The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History "Four years after the death of Justinian, A.D. 569, was born at Makkah, in Arabia the man who, of all men exerciesed the greatest influence upon the human race .. MUHAMMAD .. " John William Draper A History of the Intellectual Development of Europe

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- Henry Moore OM, CH 1898–1986 - Object: 2375 x 3683 x 1988 mm - Presented by the artist 1978 Not on display Made in 1963–4, Two Piece Reclining Figure No.5 is the fifth work in a series of two-piece sculptures that Moore began in 1959 and developed throughout the 1960s. It comprises two separate bronze forms attached to a bronze base that together represent a reclining human figure, although the boulder-like shapes of the forms, coupled with their separation, render this identification problematic (fig.1). The vertically orientated form contains more elements identifiable with the human body, most notably an upright protrusion that occupies the position of a head, which features two flat sides separated by a vertical ridge akin to a nose (fig.2). The central mass of this section of the body is thin and long, although bulbous forms emerge from the area just below the head and may denote shoulders or breasts, although on one side these forms contain oval-shaped depressions. Two truncated appendages made up of flat and rounded faces project outwards from the central body at different angles into the gap between the two separate pieces of the sculpture and may be regarded as limbs (fig.3). From certain angles the other piece of the sculpture appears to be comprised of two interlocking forms, but the flat surface facing the gap between the two parts of the sculpture reveals that this single unit has been sculpted so that two forms appear to project from this face at different heights and angles (fig.4). One of these extends diagonally upwards from the base in the shape of a cylinder before swelling into a bulbous mass, while the other form arches over and around it until it reaches the base. Viewed from one side of the sculpture these two forms might be deemed to represent one leg crossing another (fig.5). Although Moore’s large-scale reclining figures are usually identified as female, the gender of the figure is not stated in the title nor easily ascertained by looking at the sculpture itself. Sources and themes The Henry Moore Gift and loan to Kenwood House Henry Moore at Perry Green, London 2011, p.17. Henry Moore cited in Albert Elsen, ‘Henry Moore’s Reflections on Sculpture’, Art Journal, vol.26, no.4, summer 1967, p.355. Henry Moore in ‘Henry Moore Talking to David Sylvester’, 7 June 1963, transcript of Third Programme, BBC Radio, broadcast 14 July 1963, Tate Archive TGA 200816, p.18. (An edited version of this interview was published in Listener, 29 August 1963, pp.305–7.) Moore cited in Gemma Levine, With Henry Moore: The Artist at Work, London 1978, p.57. Henry Moore cited in Donald Hall, ‘Henry Moore: An Interview by Donald Hall’, Horizon, November 1960, reprinted in Alan Wilkinson (ed.), Henry Moore: Writings and Conversations, Aldershot 2002, p.226. Henry Moore cited in John Hedgecoe, Henry Moore, London 1968, p.300. Henry Moore in ‘Henry Moore Talking to David Sylvester’, 1963, p.10. See Roger Berthoud, The Life of Henry Moore, 1987, 2nd edn, London 2003, pp.323–4. Henry Moore, letter to Heinz Ohff, 8 March 1967, Henry Moore Foundation Archive. See ‘Henry Moore Talking to David Sylvester’, 1963, pp.3–4. Henry Moore, ‘Two-Piece Reclining Figures 1959 and 1960’, artist’s statement sent to Martin Butlin, 13 April 1961, Tate Artist Catalogue File, Henry Moore, A23945, reprinted in Mary Chamot, Dennis Farr and Martin Butlin, Tate Gallery Catalogue: The Modern British Paintings, Drawings and Sculpture, London 1964, p.28. .louisiana, accessed 13 August 2013. .dk /uk /Menu /The +collection /The +Sculpture +Park Berthoud 2003, p.343. Alan Bowness (ed.), Henry Moore. Volume 4: Complete Sculpture 1964–73, London 1977, p.39. Erich Neumann, The Archetypal World of Henry Moore, London 1959, pp.23–5. Moore cited in Hedgecoe 1968, p.75. Richard Morphet, ‘T.2287 Two-Piece Reclining Figure No.3’, in The Tate Gallery 1978–80: Illustrated Catalogue of Acquisitions, London 1981, p.130. Donald Hall, Henry Moore: The Life and Work of a Great Sculptor, London 1966, p.160. See John Hedgecoe, Henry Moore: My Ideas, Inspiration and Life as an Artist, London 1986, p.35. See Elsen 1967 and, for example, Neumann 1959. Elsen 1967, p.354. Herbert Read, The Philosophy of Modern Art, New York 1953, p.204. Henry Moore, ‘Statement for Unit One’, in Herbert Read (ed.), Unit One: The Modern Movement in English Architecture, Painting and Sculpture, London 1934, pp.29–30, cited in Read 1953, p.207. Elsen 1967, p.355. Christa Lichtenstern, Henry Moore: Work-Theory-Impact, London 2008, p.241. Henry Moore, ‘Sculpture for Landscape’, in Selection, Winchester 1962, pp.12, 15, reprinted in Wilkinson 2002, p.245. Alan Bowness, Greater London Council Exhibition, Battersea Park, London 1966, exhibition catalogue, Battersea Park, London 1966, unpaginated. David Sylvester, Henry Moore, exhibition catalogue,Tate Gallery, London 1968, p.93. See ‘Note on the Henry Moore Gift’, 1978, Tate Public Records TG 4/6/10/4. These figures are based on those listed in a memo in the exhibition’s records; see Tate Public Records TG 92/344/2. Norman Reid, letter to Mary Danowski, 31 August 1978, Tate Public Records TG 4/6/10/4. ‘T.2294 Henry Moore, Two Piece Reclining Figure No.5 (1963–4)’, Tate Conservation Report, January 1981, Tate Conservation Records. Ian Dejardin, ‘Henry Moore Bronze Sculpture in Kenwood Park’, memo to Tate, 2 July 1992, Tate Conservation Records. ‘T.2294 Henry Moore, Two Piece Reclining Figure No.5 (1963–4), Long Term Loan to English Heritage, Kenwood House. Summary’, Tate Conservation Records. Jehannine Mauduech, email to Tate, 25 October 2000, Tate Conservation Records. See Henry Moore’s sales log book, Henry Moore Foundation Archive. You might like 1963–5, cast date unknown

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Solve the Problem of Overpopulation Lesson 2 of 6 Objective: SWBAT design solution to a the problem of overpopulation of deer. Next Generation Science Standard Connection This lesson is connected to K-2-ETS1-1 to because the students learn about the problem of overpopulation in deer, and then they design a solution to the problem. This is a great opportunity to engage students in a real world problem solving situation which really activates their higher order thinking. The students area also expected to communicate the information they learn and design which connects to SP8. They also are asked to present their argument and justify their agreement or disagreement with their peers presentation and design. This connects to SP7 which is about justifying your argument using evidence from information you gained. The lesson begins in the lounge where we engage in activating my students knowledge. In the explore section the class learns about the problem, and they explain what they understand about the problem of deer overopulation in the explain section. During the exploration section we design solutions and then learn about some solution that are already in place. Last the class rejoins in the lounge where the students present their designs and evaluate each others designs using specific evidence from our lesson. I like to make the lesson relevant, assess students prior knowledge, and get the class excited in this section. So, I post this article on my Smart Board. Now, I read the article, but I leave out the part about the deaths. I say, "Several people were hurt really bad." I do this because I really don't want to get too graphic about the issue, and I just want the students to see that overpopulation of deer is a big issue. The newspaper article proves the point to the class that deer are causing a real problem. I still need to assess their prior knowledge, so I say, "Turn and talk to your partner about anything you know about deer. Tell them how too many deer may be dangerous to people." I have a partner video: peanut butter jelly partner. I listen to assess their prior knowledge. I also have a fun way to stop discussion. Then I share some of the conversations I hear just to share the information that the students already know. Now that I have brought relevance to the lesson and assessed their prior knowledge, I want to get the class excited. I say, "We are going to learn about some problems deer cause and you are going to create a solution to the problem. After you make your solution, we will explore some solutions that people are trying. Then you can add to your design." Telling the class the specific things we are going to do really helps them relax and follow through with all of my expectations. Now we explore the problem. I take this article and rewrite it in a kid friendly way, so my students understand how deer are causing a problem. I shorten sentences and use vocabulary that my students understand. It seems like I can never find an article that is written simple enough for my students to read, and has the content I want to present. So, I often find or read several article like the one I have in the link. Then I just write a paragraph or two about the content. Sometimes I am able to simply shorten sentences or change vocabulary in a text, but it is easier to just write the text I want the class to read. First, I give each child a copy of the text: Deer Overpopulation Problem, and I read it to them three times. I do this, because many first graders are not fluent readers at this point, September, and I want to expose them to the important content and information. This exposure to repeated reading is a great strategy to help students learn from listening to complex text. After reading, I ask, "So, what are some problems caused by deer? Tell your partner." Then I listen to assess their understanding. Now, I ask the student to highlight the problems in the text that they see the deer are causing. I watch and walk around to make sure the students are finding the information. I also reread the text and allow the students to highlight as I am reading. Finding this evidence in the text is one strategy I use to help my students as they prepare their argument later in the lesson as they justify why their peers are accurate or inaccurate in their design. You may want to check out my video on how I help my students complex tasks. Now it is time to allow the students to share any new knowledge. I say, "Talk to your partner about what you have learned is a problem caused by deer." Now, I listen to make sure each group is engaging in text based and accurate information. Then I ask, "Will somebody share the information they highlighted?" This is when we really engage in a productive discourse where they students share the information they gain. This is more powerful than if I distribute the content, because they are learning from their peers. I introduce the concept of designing a solution by showing the class one way that people have already attempted to solve the problem of overpopulation of deer. Then I explain how hunting is one attempt to solve the problem. "Hunters are only allowed to hunt during certain times, and they must have taken a hunter safety course. In addition they have to buy a ticket to actually kill a deer." I even have a model illustration: deer illustration model. This is a nice way of giving students a model which helps them complete the complex task of designing their own solution. It is my attempt to just give them an example of what a solution might be like. Then I say, "Do you understand what a solution is?" I need to know if the students need more explanation before they begin working. I am asking this especially, since I know how challenging this might be, and I want to support the students to keep them from getting frustrated. Next, they begin to design their own solution to the problem. I allow the students to work with a partner to create their solution. Partnering students of different abilities helps students assist each other. The standard says to "design a solution," so I just let the students illustrate and label their design. They also have the option of writing their design out in word form. Now, I show the students some current designs:solutions to deer overpopulation problem that are being used to help with the deer problem. After sharing, the students take about ten more minutes to add to or change their design. This is a good opportunity for the students to add details that make their solution and design more powerful. During this section I try to get the students to communicate the information they learned and the solution they created. In addition the students need to defend their solution during the peer evaluation section. The solutions must address either lyme disease, ghost forest, or vehicle collisions, since these are the presented in the text. I ask several groups to present their solutions, and they explain how their solution will work. The solution I presented are fencing, hunting, and adding a deer market. So, I am hoping they add to their design with some component of the models I showed in the previous section. The other students engage in peer feedback, and hopefully use evidence from the text to agree or disagree with the presenters solution. I have a chart I check off to see who's turn it is to present and their partner must stand beside them as they present. As far as my assessment goes I want to see that the students create solutions that are based on the evidence from this lesson. I also keep a spreadsheet: assessment piece hanging on board where I give a check or minus for correct content, speaking loud and clear, and for giving evidenced based peer feedback. I find that many first graders tend to refer to prior knowledge instead of evidence they learned in the text. My other expectation is that the students actually provide evidence based peer feedback that connects to the information they have gained in this lesson.

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Tuesday, January 8th 2013, 3:23 AM EST There were five named solar minima in the last millennium – the Oort, Wolf, Spörer, Maunder and Dalton minima. At least the last four were all associated with cold climates. The astrophysics community has elected to name the current period of low solar activity the Eddy Minimum. John A. Eddy was an American astronomer who compiled data demonstrating the periods of low solar activity prior to the Dalton Minimum. The Eddy Minimum will include at least Solar Cycles 24 and 25, and could continue until late in the 21st Century. Benjamin Franklin was the first to suggest that volcanic eruptions might affect climate, in a 1784 communication to the Literary and Philosophical Association of Manchester: “During several of the summer months of 1783, when the effect of the sun’s rays to heat the earth in these northern regions should have been greatest, there existed a constant fog over all of Europe, and a great part of North America. This fog was of a permanent nature; it was dry, and the rays of the sun seemed to have little effect toward dissipating it, as they easily do to a moist fog, arising from water. They were indeed rendered so faint in passing through it, that when collected in the focus of a burning glass, they would scarce kindle brown paper. Of course, their summer effect in heating the earth was exceedingly diminished. Hence the surface was early frozen. Hence the first snows remained on it unmelted, and received continual additions. Hence the air was more chilled, and the winds more severely cold. Hence perhaps the winter of 1783-84 was more severe, than any that had happened for many years. Benjamin Franklin was referring to the Laki eruption in Iceland of 1783. This was accompanied by an abnormally hot summer in Europe and then an exceptionally cold winter in Europe, the United States and Japan. In the United States, Charleston Harbour froze and the Mississippi River froze at New Orleans between 13th and 19th February, 1784. When this logjam of ice broke up, ships encountered ice flows in the Gulf of Mexico 100 km south of the delta. The famine in Iceland caused by the Laki eruption killed 24 percent of the population. In the second half of the Modern Warm Period, when solar activity was at its highest for 8,000 years, there was one volcanic eruption large enough to affect climate. This was the eruption of Mt Pinatubo in the Philippines starting on 15th June, 1991. It ejected 10 cubic kilometres of magma and 20 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide. The aerosols it injected into the stratosphere lowered the global temperature by 0.5°C in 1992, with a peak effect of 0.7°C. The impact on agriculture though was not significant. Some wheat farmers in the northern part of the Canadian wheat belt found that the cool growing conditions didn’t allow their crops to mature in time before winter set in. They resorted to using Roundup to make hay from their standing wheat crops. When major eruptions are overprinted on a period of cold climate, the effect is far more severe. As John A. Eddy said in reference to the Mount Tambora eruption of 10th April, 1815, “The unusual summer of 1816 is commonly attributed to the increase in atmospheric turbidity that followed the eruption of Mount Tambora. The awesome eruption occurred, in fact, during a span of several decades of colder climate that had interrupted the gradual global warming that followed seventeenth century extrema of the Little Ice Age. These background trends may well explain a particularly severe seasonal response in 1816 to a short-term injection of volcanic dust.” The impact on climate and agriculture of the Mount Tambora eruption on the North-eastern United States is reasonably well documented. The current great grain producing area of the United States is 1,100 kilometres to the west. Nevertheless, what happened in the north-eastern states two hundred years ago is a good proxy for how the Corn Belt will respond to a major volcanic eruption during a climatic cool period. Visitors to the mid-western states in that period noted mid-summer frosts up to the mid-19th Century. William R. Baron compiled the weather record of the north-eastern United States in his paper contained in the book “The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816”: “The year began, at least in Phillipstown, Massachusetts, with enough snow on the ground for sleighing. All over New England, January was a snowy, stormy month until the very end when a sudden thaw caused localised flooding such as the one reported by Isaiah Thomas at Worcester, Massachusetts on 23rd January where some mill dams were carried off and some items stored in a warehouse were destroyed. According to among others, Leonard Hill of East Bridgewater, Massachusetts, February was a mild and pleasant month with only three snows reported. By the beginning of March there was little deep snow anywhere with the exception of most of northern New England. Early March was clear and cold, and was followed by a series of three snow storms around mid-month that produced a few days of sleighing but soon melted. On 28th and 30th March, warm air returned producing thunder and lightning as reported by Elijah Kellogg at Portland, Maine and Thomas at Worcester. April quickly turned cold again with frequent frosts and some snow. However, by 14th April, there was little snow left at Hallowell, Maine. By 19th April, Alexander Miller of Wallingford, Vermont had begun to plough his fields; Stephen Longfellow of Gorham, Maine was already planting wheat; and Theodore Lincoln of Dennysville (in far down-east Maine) was reporting ice-out on the local streams – a sure sign of coming spring. At the end of the month, Joshua Lane of Sanbornton, New Hampshire already was reporting the start of a drought that would later plague all of northern New England. In early May, farmers throughout the region completed planting their major crop, corn. By mid-month, the weather had become “backward” with a “heavy black frost’ that froze the ground to at least one-half inch reported on 15th May as far south as Trenton, New Jersey. Miller, at Wallingford, Vermont, reported snow on 14, 17 and 29 May while Lane, over at Sanbornton, saw a large frost on 29th May, and ended the month with further complaints about the continuing drought. B.F. Robbins, visiting Concord, New Hampshire noted that May ended with two days of “remarkable cold” that froze the ground “to near an inch.” June is the month most remembered for its outbreak of cold weather. On 4th June, there were frosts at Wallingford, Vermont and Norfolk, Connecticut. By 5th June, the cold front was reported over most of northern New England. On 6th June, snow was reported at Albany, New York and Dennysville, Maine, and there were killing frosts at Fairfield, Connecticut. 7th June brought reports of severe killing frosts from across the region, and as far south as Trenton, New Jersey. Typical of comments by diarists concerning this day are those by George W. Featherstonehaugh of Albany, New York, who wrote that the frost killed most of the fruit, as many apple trees were then just finishing blossoming. Leaves on most of the trees were “blasted” by the cold. Corn and vegetable crops were injured. He also feared that many of the sheep that had just been sheared might die of cold. Cold weather continued through the night of 10th June. By the end of the month most observers were reporting the return of warm weather, but by then most crops were either killed or “backward” and stunted in their growth. In northern New England, those crops that survived the frosts were hit by what was now a very serious drought, greatly reducing the production of one of the area’s primary crops, hay. In early July there was another outbreak of cold weather in northern New England. On 5th July, at Gorham, Maine, there was a very hard frost. Benjamin Kimball of Concord, New Hampshire and Thomas Robbins of Norfolk, Connecticut reported hard frost on 7th July. There was frost on 8th July at Portland, Maine and on the following day at Sanbornton, New Hampshire. Thereafter the cold held off for the remainder of the month. Dry conditions, generally reported earlier in northern areas, persisted throughout the entire month. Frosts returned on the morning of 21st August, being reported at York and Portland, Maine and Wallingford, Vermont. By 22nd August hard frosts were noted all over the region and as far south as Trenton where buckwheat crops were killed. Thomas, at Worcester, Massachusetts, reported that these frosts “cut off Indian corn in many places”, while others such as Hill at East Bridgewater, Massachusetts observed that frosts did little or no damage. The frosts continued into September. In northern New England there were frosts on 10th and 11th September and throughout New England during 25th to 27th September. On 28th September, there was a killing frost throughout the region extending as far south as Trenton. It killed any vegetation that had somehow survived to that date. The drought in northern New England was finally broken by rains in the last week of the month. The remainder of autumn was very mild with very few snowfalls or storms. December was also mild, until the last 10 days or so, when it turned cold enough to freeze the harbour at Beverley, Massachusetts. The year ended as it began, with enough snow on the ground at Phillipstown, Massachusetts to use a sleigh.” 1816 had an extremely short growing season. In southern Maine, it had averaged 140 days up until then but plunged to 70 days in 1816. Consequently farmers experienced an almost total failure of major crops. There was a fair yield of winter grain, but other crops such as corn and hay failed leading to the loss of many sheep and cattle for lack of feed during the following winter. As a result, 1816 has come down to as the “cold year”, “the famine year” and ‘eighteen hundred and froze to death”. For eastern Massachusetts, 1816 is the only year in which young corn was killed in the spring after it had sprouted and in which corn that survived replanting was killed in the autumn, before it could reach maturity. Under these circumstances, it is safe to assume that in most places in New England corn crops were an almost total failure. The story for 1816 is the same for New Hampshire and Maine. There were a number of periods in which corn crops were hit by late spring or early autumn frosts. Particularly difficult periods include: 1793-96, 1812-17, and 1835-36. The effect of the Mount Tambora eruption is also well documented in Europe. From 1813 to 1815, harvests were generally lower than expected. However, 1816 was a year of calamity for most of the continent. Spring saw heavy rains which were followed by snow in June and July that caused widespread harvest failures. Wheat yields in France, England and Ireland were at least 75 percent lower than at the beginning of that decade. Wholesale wheat and rye prices responded by roughly doubling in 1817 across the continent. The area affected the most was southern Germany where prices increased by three hundred percent by the period May to June of 1817. In Germany and Switzerland, people resorted to eating rats, cats, grass and straw as well as their own horses and watchdogs. This was the last great subsistence crisis of western civilisation. The climate of Switzerland in 1816 inspired Mary Shelley to write the novel Frankenstein and her host, Lord Byron, to write his poem Darkness in July of that year. The first nine lines of the poem give a sense of what the days were like: I had a dream, which was not all a dream. The bright sun was extinguish’d, and the stars Did wander darkling in the eternal space, Rayless, and pathless, and the icy earth Swung blind and blackening in the moonless air; Morn came and went–and came, and brought no day, And men forgot their passions in the dread Of this their desolation; and all hearts Were chill’d into a selfish prayer for light With a solar activity now falling away and return to cold climate conditions imminent, it would be a useful exercise to calculate what would happen to American crop yields using the year-by-year climate conditions of the first half of the 19th Century. This would give an indication of the size of the problem. It could be that grain production might fall 60 percent from what it is now in the event of a major volcanic eruption during the Eddy Minimum. No American need starve if they were happy to live on a diet that was mostly corn and soybeans. The price of meat would skyrocket and a large portion of the national herd of lot-fed cattle and pigs would be slaughtered to avoid the cost of feeding them. Grain production in Canada in an 1816-type year would be wiped out completely. An indication of what would happen to food pricing and availability is the price response of oats in the north-eastern United States in 1816, which rose from 12 cents a bushel to 92 cents a bushel. A repeat of the climate experience of 1816 in the world’s temperate region grain belts would most likely result in almost all of the grain exporting countries ceasing exports in order to conserve grain for domestic consumption. The effect on countries currently importing grain would go beyond calamity to catastrophe. The resultant mass starvation event would become the largest event in human history. Current grain stocks carried by countries around the world assume that tomorrow will be much the same as today. As at year-end 2012, total world grain stocks were estimated to have been 328 million tonnes, which equates to 21% of annual demand. The days of the continuous benign climate of the second half of the 20th Century, due to the highest solar activity for the last 8,000 years, are now past. Perhaps continuing cooling over the rest of this decade will suggest to some that it would be prudent to plan on the basis that the climate for grain growing will continue to get worse, before there is another major volcanic eruption. Absence of planning could be considered as a suicidal tendency. Major volcanic eruptions occur about every 45 years on average. At the present, in the year 2013, with the oceans warmer than they have been for 800 years, the chance of a Mount Tambora-like eruption causing another mass famine is very slight. The world will be much cooler by 2020 though, and with an average period between eruptions of 45 years the chance of any individual year witnessing a mass famine event after 2020 will be about two percent. The cumulative chance rises to near 40 percent for the period 2020 to 2040. The world may dodge that bullet. Or it may not. Cold-driven reductions in grain supply will be quite distressing even to those who are fully prepared. The unprepared will become quite dead.

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I look little....but I PRINT Click the printer icon with the crayon cursor for a high quality large coloring page. You may print in black and white or after you've colored the artwork. Scroll down the page to see detailed instructions. State of Missouri - Missouri State Flag Color Flag Meaning: A blue band with 24 stars surrounds the state seal that sits on three stripes - one red, one white and one blue. The same 24 stars are repeated inside the seal. The stars represent Missouri as the 24th state to join the Union. Numerous symbols are used within the state seal that represent both the state and the nation: shields of both lie side by side in the center of the seal. The two grizzlies represent support for both state and nation. The words around the shield state necessity for the Union. A helmet symbolizes enterprise and hardihood. White represents purity, blue for vigilance, and red for hardiness and valor. The date Missouri's constitution was adopted is shown in Roman numerals. The state motto is above that date. The flag was adopted in 1913. Click on one of the colors in the color palette to choose a color. With your selected color, click on a part of a picture to fill it with that color. You may change your colors as often as you like. When you are happy with your coloring, you may print out your picture by clicking on the printer icon on the coloring page (Says "Full Page Print"). Only your artwork with sentence will print - advertisements, directions, and color palette will not print. Graphics print crisply If you wish to color your page offline, hit the printer icon on the coloring page BEFORE filling in any colors. If you already started to color online, you can color the parts white or hit refresh to get just the outline. These Missouri coloring pages make great mouse practice activities for younger children but can also be used with older children beginning to learn how to read. If the child is unable to read the sentence that goes with the state of Missouri coloring page, have them click on each word to hear the sentence. This activity reinforces reading skills. Check out our additional ideas on how to use our state of Missouri coloring pages for reading

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About Washington Irving About the author Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He was best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle", both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. Irving also served as the U.S. minister to Spain from 1842 to 1846. Irving in 1809 He made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the Morning Chronicle, written under the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle. After moving to England for the family business in 1815, he achieved international fame with the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. in 1819. He continued to publish regularly—and almost always successfully—throughout his life, and completed a five-volume biography of George Washington just eight months before his death, at age 76, in Tarrytown, New York. Irving, along with James Fenimore Cooper, was among the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe, and Irving encouraged American authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe. Irving was also admired by some European writers, including Sir Walter Scott, Lord Byron, Thomas Campbell, Francis Jeffrey, and Charles Dickens. As America's first genuine internationally best-selling author, Irving advocated for writing as a legitimate profession, and argued for stronger laws to protect American writers from copyright infringement. Washington Irving's parents were William Irving, Sr., originally of Quholm, Shapinsay, Orkney and Sarah (née Sanders), Scottish-English immigrants. They married in 1761 while William was serving as a petty officer in the British Navy. They had eleven children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. Their first two sons, each named William, died in infancy, as did their fourth child, John. Their surviving children were: William, Jr. (1766), Ann (1770), Peter (1772), Catherine (1774), Ebenezer (1776), John Treat (1778), Sarah (1780), and Washington. The Irving family was settled in Manhattan, New York City as part of the city's small, vibrant merchant class when Washington Irving was born on April 3, 1783, the same week city residents learned of the British ceasefire that ended the American Revolution; Irving’s mother named him after the hero of the revolution, George Washington. At age six, with the help of a nanny, Irving met his namesake, who was then living in New York after his inauguration as president in 1789. The president blessed young Irving, an encounter Irving later commemorated in a small watercolor painting, which still hangs in his home today. Several of Washington Irving's older brothers became active New York merchants, and they encouraged their younger brother's literary aspirations, often supporting him financially as he pursued his writing career. An uninterested student, Irving preferred adventure stories and drama and, by age fourteen, was regularly sneaking out of class in the evenings to attend the theater. The 1798 outbreak of yellow fever in Manhattan prompted his family to send him to healthier climes upriver, and Irving was dispatched to stay with his friend James Kirke Paulding in Tarrytown, New York. It was in Tarrytown that Irving became familiar with the nearby town of Sleepy Hollow, with its quaint Dutch customs and local ghost stories. Irving made several other trips up the Hudson as a teenager, including an extended visit to Johnstown, New York, where he passed through the Catskill mountain region, the setting for "Rip Van Winkle". "[O]f all the scenery of the Hudson", Irving wrote later, "the Kaatskill Mountains had the most witching effect on my boyish imagination". The 19-year old Irving began writing letters to the New York Morning Chronicle in 1802, submitting commentaries on the city's social and theater scene under the name of Jonathan Oldstyle. The name, which purposely evoked the writer's Federalist leanings, was the first of many pseudonyms Irving would employ throughout his career. The letters brought Irving some early fame and moderate notoriety. Aaron Burr, a co-publisher of the Chronicle, was impressed enough to send clippings of the Oldstyle pieces to his daughter, Theodosia, while writer Charles Brockden Brown made a trip to New York to recruit Oldstyle for a literary magazine he was editing in Philadelphia. Concerned for his health, Irving's brothers financed an extended tour of Europe from 1804 to 1806. Irving bypassed most of the sites and locations considered essential for the development of an upwardly-mobile young man, to the dismay of his brother William. William wrote that, though he was pleased his brother's health was improving, he did not like the choice to "gallop through Italy... leaving Florence on your left and Venice on your right". Instead, Irving honed the social and conversational skills that would later make him one of the world's most in-demand guests. "I endeavor to take things as they come with cheerfulness", Irving wrote, "and when I cannot get a dinner to suit my taste, I endeavor to get a taste to suit my dinner". While visiting Rome in 1805, Irving struck up a friendship with the American painter Washington Allston, and nearly allowed himself to be persuaded into following Allston into a career as a painter. "My lot in life, however", Irving said later, "was differently cast". Irving returned from Europe to study law with his legal mentor, Judge Josiah Ogden Hoffman, in New York City. By his own admission, he was not a good student, and barely passed the bar in 1806. Irving began actively socializing with a group of literate young men he dubbed "The Lads of Kilkenny". Collaborating with his brother William and fellow Lad James Kirke Paulding, Irving created the literary magazine Salmagundi in January 1807. Writing under various pseudonyms, such as William Wizard and Launcelot Langstaff, Irving lampooned New York culture and politics in a manner similar to today's Mad magazine. Salmagundi was a moderate success, spreading Irving's name and reputation beyond New York. In its seventeenth issue, dated November 11, 1807, Irving affixed the nickname "Gotham"—an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "Goat's Town"—to New York City. Irving’s home in New York In late 1809, while mourning the death of his seventeen year old fiancée Matilda Hoffman, Irving completed work on his first major book, A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809), a satire on self-important local history and contemporary politics. Prior to its publication, Irving started a hoax akin to today's viral marketing campaigns; he placed a series of missing person adverts in New York newspapers seeking information on Diedrich Knickerbocker, a crusty Dutch historian who had allegedly gone missing from his hotel in New York City. As part of the ruse, Irving placed a notice—allegedly from the hotel's proprietor—informing readers that if Mr. Knickerbocker failed to return to the hotel to pay his bill, he would publish a manuscript Knickerbocker had left behind. Unsuspecting readers followed the story of Knickerbocker and his manuscript with interest, and some New York City officials were concerned enough about the missing historian that they considered offering a reward for his safe return. Riding the wave of public interest he had created with his hoax, Irving—adopting the pseudonym of his Dutch historian—published A History of New York on December 6, 1809, to immediate critical and popular success. "It took with the public", Irving remarked, "and gave me celebrity, as an original work was something remarkable and uncommon in America". Today, the surname of Diedrich Knickerbocker, the fictional narrator of this and other Irving works, has become a nickname for Manhattan residents in general. After the success of A History of New York, Irving searched for a job and eventually became an editor of Analectic magazine, where he wrote biographies of naval heroes like James Lawrence and Oliver Perry. He was also among the first magazine editors to reprint Francis Scott Key's poem "Defense of Fort McHenry", which would later be immortalized as "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States. Like many merchants and New Yorkers, Irving originally opposed the War of 1812, but the British attack on Washington, D.C. in 1814 convinced him to enlist. He served on the staff of Daniel Tompkins, governor of New York and commander of the New York State Militia. Apart from a reconnaissance mission in the Great Lakes region, he saw no real action. The war was disastrous for many American merchants, including Irving's family, and in mid-1815 he left for England to attempt to salvage the family trading company. He remained in Europe for the next seventeen years. Irving spent the next two years trying to bail out the family firm financially but was eventually forced to declare bankruptcy.] With no job prospects, Irving continued writing throughout 1817 and 1818. In the summer of 1817, he visited the home of novelist Walter Scott, marking the beginning of a lifelong personal and professional friendship for both men. Irving continued writing prolifically—the short story "Rip Van Winkle" was written overnight while staying with his sister Sarah and her husband, Henry van Wart in Birmingham, England, a place that also inspired some of his other works. In October 1818, Irving's brother William secured for Irving a post as chief clerk to the United States Navy, and urged him to return home. Irving, however, turned the offer down, opting to stay in England to pursue a writing career. Rip Van Winkle In the spring of 1819, Irving sent to his brother Ebenezer in New York a set of essays that he asked be published as The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. The first installment, containing "Rip Van Winkle", was an enormous success, and the rest of the work would be equally successful: it was published over the course of 1819-1820 in seven installments in New York and in two volumes in London ("The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" would appear in the sixth issue of the New York edition and the second volume of the London edition). Like many successful authors of this era, Irving struggled against literary bootleggers. In England, some of his sketches were reprinted in periodicals without his permission, an entirely legal practice as there was no international copyright law at the time. To prevent further piracy in Britain, Irving paid to have the first four American installments published as a single volume by John Miller in London. Irving appealed to Walter Scott for help procuring a more reputable publisher for the remainder of the book. Scott referred Irving to his own publisher, London powerhouse John Murray, who agreed to take on The Sketch Book. From then on, Irving would publish concurrently in the United States and England to protect his copyright, with Murray being his English publisher of choice. Irving's reputation soared, and for the next two years, he led an active social life in Paris and England, where he was often feted as an anomaly of literature: an upstart American who dared to write English well. With both Irving and publisher John Murray eager to follow up on the success of The Sketch Book, Irving spent much of 1821 travelling in Europe in search of new material, reading widely in Dutch and German folk tales. Hampered by writer's block—and depressed by the death of his brother William—Irving worked slowly, finally delivering a completed manuscript to Murray in March 1822. The book, Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists, A Medley (the location was based loosely on Aston Hall, occupied by members of the Bracebridge family, near his sister's home in Birmingham) was published in June 1822. The format of Bracebridge was similar to that of The Sketch Book, with Irving, as Crayon, narrating a series of more than fifty loosely connected short stories and essays. While some reviewers thought Bracebridge to be a lesser imitation of The Sketch Book, the book was well-received by readers and critics. "We have received so much pleasure from this book," wrote critic Francis Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Review, "that we think ourselves bound in gratitude . . . to make a public acknowledgement of it." Irving was relieved at its reception, which did much to cement his reputation with European readers. Still struggling with writer's block, Irving traveled to Germany, settling in Dresden in the winter of 1822. Here he dazzled the royal family and attached himself to Mrs. Amelia Foster, an American living in Dresden with her five children. Irving was particularly attracted to Mrs. Foster's 18-year-old daughter Emily, and vied in frustration for her hand. Emily finally refused his offer of marriage in the spring of 1823. He returned to Paris and began collaborating with playwright John Howard Payne on translations of French plays for the English stage, with little success. He also learned through Payne that the novelist Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was romantically interested in him, though Irving never pursued the relationship. In August 1824, Irving published the collection of essays Tales of a Traveller—including the short story "The Devil and Tom Walker"—under his Geoffrey Crayon persona. "I think there are in it some of the best things I have ever written," Irving told his sister. But while the book sold respectably, Traveller largely bombed with critics, who panned both Traveller and its author. "The public have been led to expect better things," wrote the United States Literary Gazette, while the New-York Mirror pronounced Irving "overrated." Hurt and depressed by the book's reception, Irving retreated to Paris where he spent the next year worrying about finances and scribbling down ideas for projects that never materialized. While in Paris, Irving received a letter from Alexander Hill Everett on January 30, 1826. Everett, recently the American Minister to Spain, urged Irving to join him in Madrid, noting that a number of manuscripts dealing with the Spanish conquest of the Americas had recently been made public. Irving left for Madrid and enthusiastically began scouring the Spanish archives for colorful material. With full access to the American consul's massive library of Spanish history, Irving began working on several books at once. The first offspring of this hard work, The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, was published in January 1828. The book was popular in the United States and in Europe and would have 175 editions published before the end of the century. It was also the first project of Irving's to be published with his own name, instead of a pseudonym, on the title page. The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada was published a year later, followed by Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus in 1831. Irving's writings on Columbus are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history/historical fiction. Irving based them on extensive research in the Spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story. The first of these works is the source of the durable myth that medieval Europeans believed the Earth was flat. In 1829, Irving moved into Granada's ancient palace Alhambra, "determined to linger here", he said, "until I get some writings under way connected with the place". Before he could get any significant writing underway, however, he was notified of his appointment as Secretary to the American Legation in London. Worried he would disappoint friends and family if he refused the position, Irving left Spain for England in July 1829. Arriving in London, Irving joined the staff of American Minister Louis McLane. McLane immediately assigned the daily secretary work to another man and tapped Irving to fill the role of aide-de-camp. The two worked over the next year to negotiate a trade agreement between the United States and the British West Indies, finally reaching a deal in August 1830. That same year, Irving was awarded a medal by the Royal Society of Literature, followed by an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford in 1831. Following McLane's recall to the United States in 1831 to serve as Secretary of Treasury, Irving stayed on as the legation's chargé d'affaires until the arrival of Martin Van Buren, President Andrew Jackson's nominee for British Minister. With Van Buren in place, Irving resigned his post to concentrate on writing, eventually completing Tales of the Alhambra, which would be published concurrently in the United States and England in 1832. Irving was still in London when Van Buren received word that the United States Senate had refused to confirm him as the new Minister. Consoling Van Buren, Irving predicted that the Senate's partisan move would backfire. "I should not be surprised", Irving said, "if this vote of the Senate goes far toward elevating him to the presidential chair". Washington Irving arrived in New York, after seventeen years abroad on May 21, 1832. That September, he accompanied the U.S. Commissioner on Indian Affairs, Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, along with companions Charles La Trobe and Count Albert-Alexandre de Pourtales, on a surveying mission deep in Indian Territory. At the completion of his western tour, Irving traveled through Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, where he became acquainted with the politician and novelist John Pendleton Kennedy. Frustrated by bad investments, Irving turned to writing to generate additional income, beginning with A Tour on the Prairies, a work which related his recent travels on the frontier. The book was another popular success and also the first book written and published by Irving in the United States since A History of New York in 1809. In 1834, he was approached by fur magnate John Jacob Astor, who convinced Irving to write a history of his fur trading colony in the American Northwest, now known as Astoria, Oregon. Irving made quick work of Astor's project, shipping the fawning biographical account titled Astoria in February 1836. During an extended stay at Astor's, Irving met the explorer Benjamin Bonneville, who intrigued Irving with his maps and stories of the territories beyond the Rocky Mountains. When the two met in Washington, D.C. several months later, Bonneville opted to sell his maps and rough notes to Irving for $1,000. Irving used these materials as the basis for his 1837 book The Adventures of Captain Bonneville. These three works made up Irving's "western" series of books and were written partly as a response to criticism that his time in England and Spain had made him more European than American. In the minds of some critics, especially James Fenimore Cooper and Philip Freneau, Irving had turned his back on his American heritage in favor of English aristocracy. Irving's western books, particularly A Tour on the Prairies, were well-received in the United States, though British critics accused Irving of "book-making". In 1835, Irving purchased a "neglected cottage" and its surrounding riverfront property in Tarrytown, New York. The house, which Irving named Sunnyside in 1841, would require constant repair and renovation over the next twenty years. With costs of Sunnyside escalating, Irving reluctantly agreed in 1839 to become a regular contributor to Knickerbocker magazine, writing new essays and short stories under the Knickerbocker and Crayon pseudonyms. Irving was regularly approached by aspiring young authors for advice or endorsement, including Edgar Allan Poe, who sought Irving's comments on "William Wilson" and "The Fall of the House of Usher". Irving also championed America's maturing literature, advocating for stronger copyright laws to protect writers from the kind of piracy that had initially plagued The Sketch Book. Writing in the January 1840 issue of Knickerbocker, he openly endorsed copyright legislation pending in the U.S. Congress. "We have a young literature", Irving wrote, "springing up and daily unfolding itself with wonderful energy and luxuriance, which... deserves all its fostering care". The legislation did not pass. Irving at this time also began a friendly correspondence with the English writer Charles Dickens, and hosted the author and his wife at Sunnyside during Dickens's American tour in 1842. In 1842, after an endorsement from Secretary of State Daniel Webster, President John Tyler appointed Irving as Minister to Spain. Irving was surprised and honored, writing, "It will be a severe trial to absent myself for a time from my dear little Sunnyside, but I shall return to it better enabled to carry it on comfortably". While Irving hoped his position as Minister would allow him plenty of time to write, Spain was in a state of perpetual political upheaval during most of his tenure, with a number of warring factions vying for control of the twelve-year-old Queen Isabella II. Irving maintained good relations with the various generals and politicians, as control of Spain rotated through Espartero, Bravo, then Narvaez. However, the politics and warfare were exhausting, and Irving—homesick and suffering from a crippling skin condition—grew quickly disheartened: I am wearied and at times heartsick of the wretched politics of this country. . . . The last ten or twelve years of my life, passed among sordid speculators in the United States, and political adventurers in Spain, has shewn me so much of the dark side of human nature, that I begin to have painful doubts of my fellow man; and look back with regret to the confiding period of my literary career, when, poor as a rat, but rich in dreams, I beheld the world through the medium of my imagination and was apt to believe men as good as I wished them to be.” With the political situation in Spain relatively settled, Irving continued to closely monitor the development of the new government and the fate of Isabella. His official duties as Spanish Minister also involved negotiating American trade interests with Cuba and following the Spanish parliament's debates over slave trade. He was also pressed into service by the American Minister to the Court of St. James's in London, Louis McLane, to assist in negotiating the Anglo-American disagreement over the Oregon border that newly-elected president James K. Polk had vowed to resolve. Returning from Spain in 1846, Irving took up permanent residence at Sunnyside and began work on an "Author's Revised Edition" of his works for publisher George Palmer Putnam. For its publication, Irving had made a deal that guaranteed him 12 percent of the retail price of all copies sold. Such an agreement was unprecedented at that time. On the death of John Jacob Astor in 1848, Irving was hired as an executor of Astor's estate and appointed, by Astor's will, as first chairman of the Astor library, a forerunner to the New York Public Library. As he revised his older works for Putnam, Irving continued to write regularly, publishing biographies of the writer and poet Oliver Goldsmith in 1849 and the 1850 work about the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In 1855, he produced Wolfert's Roost, a collection of stories and essays he had originally written for Knickerbocker and other publications, and began publishing at intervals a biography of his namesake, George Washington, a work which he expected to be his masterpiece. Five volumes of the biography were published between 1855 and 1859. Irving traveled regularly to Mount Vernon and Washington, D.C. for his research, and struck up friendships with Presidents Millard Fillmore and Franklin Pierce. He continued to socialize and keep up with his correspondence well into his seventies, and his fame and popularity continued to soar. "I don’t believe that any man, in any country, has ever had a more affectionate admiration for him than that given to you in America", wrote Senator William C. Preston in a letter to Irving. "I believe that we have had but one man who is so much in the popular heart". By 1859, author Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. noted that Sunnyside had become "next to Mount Vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land". On the evening of November 28, 1859, only eight months after completing the final volume of his Washington biography, Washington Irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside at the age of 76. Legend has it that his last words were: "Well, I must arrange my pillows for another night. When will this end?" He was buried under a simple headstone at Sleepy Hollow cemetery on December 1, 1859. Irving and his grave were commemorated by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his 1876 poem, "In The Churchyard at Tarrytown", which concludes with: How sweet a life was his; how sweet a death! Living, to wing with mirth the weary hours, Or with romantic tales the heart to cheer; Dying, to leave a memory like the breath Of summers full of sunshine and of showers, A grief and gladness in the atmosphere. Irving is largely credited as the first American Man of Letters, and the first to earn his living solely by his pen. Eulogizing Irving before the Massachusetts Historical Society in December 1859, his friend, the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, acknowledged Irving's role in promoting American literature: "We feel a just pride in his renown as an author, not forgetting that, to his other claims upon our gratitude, he adds also that of having been the first to win for our country an honorable name and position in the History of Letters". Irving perfected the American short story, and was the first American writer to place his stories firmly in the United States, even as he poached from German or Dutch folklore. He is also generally credited as one of the first to write both in the vernacular, and without an obligation to the moral or didactic in his short stories, writing stories simply to entertain rather than to enlighten. Irving also encouraged would-be writers. As George William Curtis noted, there "is not a young literary aspirant in the country, who, if he ever personally met Irving, did not hear from him the kindest words of sympathy, regard, and encouragement." Some critics, however—including Edgar Allan Poe—felt that while Irving should be given credit for being an innovator, the writing itself was often unsophisticated. "Irving is much over-rated", Poe wrote in 1838, "and a nice distinction might be drawn between his just and his surreptitious and adventitious reputation—between what is due to the pioneer solely, and what to the writer". A critic for the New-York Mirror wrote: "No man in the Republic of Letters has been more overrated than Mr. Washington Irving." Some critics noted especially that Irving, despite being an American, catered to British sensibilities and, as one critic noted, wrote "of and for England, rather than his own country Other critics were inclined to be more forgiving of Irving's style. William Makepeace Thackeray was the first to refer to Irving as the "ambassador whom the New World of Letters sent to the Old", a banner picked up by writers and critics throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. "He is the first of the American humorists, as he is almost the first of the American writers", wrote critic H.R. Hawless in 1881, "yet belonging to the New World, there is a quaint Old World flavor about him". Early critics often had difficulty separating Irving the man from Irving the writer—"The life of Washington Irving was one of the brightest ever led by an author", wrote Richard Henry Stoddard, an early Irving biographer—but as years passed and Irving's celebrity personality faded into the background, critics often began to review his writings as all style, no substance. "The man had no message", said critic Barrett Wendell. Yet, critics conceded that despite Irving's lack of sophisticated themes—Irving biographer Stanley T. Williams could be scathing in his assessment of Irving's work—most agreed he wrote elegantly. Irving popularized the nickname "Gotham" for New York City, later used in Batman comics and movies, and is credited with inventing the expression "the almighty dollar". The surname of his Dutch historian, Diedrich Knickerbocker, is generally associated with New York and New Yorkers, and can still be seen across the jerseys of New York's professional basketball team, albeit in its more familiar, abbreviated form, reading simply Knicks. In Bushwick, Brooklyn, a neighborhood of New York City, there are two parallel streets named Irving Avenue and Knickerbocker Avenue; the latter forms the core of the neighborhood's shopping district. One of Irving's most lasting contributions to American culture is in the way Americans perceive and celebrate Christmas. In his 1812 revisions to A History of New York, Irving inserted a dream sequence featuring St. Nicholas soaring over treetops in a flying wagon—a creation others would later dress up as Santa Claus. In his five Christmas stories in The Sketch Book, Irving portrayed an idealized celebration of old-fashioned Christmas customs at a quaint English manor, that depicted harmonious warm-hearted English Christmas festivities he experienced while staying in Aston Hall, Birmingham, England, that had largely been abandoned. He used text from The Vindication of Christmas (London 1652) of old English Christmas traditions, he had transcribed into his journal as a format for his stories. The book contributed to the revival and reinterpretation of the Christmas holiday in the United States. Charles Dickens later credited Irving as an influence on his own Christmas writings, including the classic A Christmas Carol. The Community Area of Irving Park in Chicago was named in Irving's honor. The Irving Trust Corporation (now the Bank of New York Mellon Corporation) was named after him. Since there was not yet a federal currency in 1851, each bank issued its own paper and those institutions with the most appealing names found their certificates more widely accepted. His portrait appeared on the bank's notes and contributed to their wide appeal. In his biography of Christopher Columbus, Irving introduced the erroneous idea that Europeans believed the world to be flat prior to the discovery of the New World. Borrowed from Irving, the flat-Earth myth has been taught in schools as fact to many generations of Americans Washington Irving's home, Sunnyside, is still standing, just south of the Tappan Zee Bridge in Tarrytown, New York. The original house and the surrounding property were once owned by 18th-century colonialist Wolfert Acker, about whom Irving wrote his sketch Wolfert's Roost (the name of the house). The house is now owned and operated as a historic site by Historic Hudson Valley and is open to the public for tours. About the Legend of Sleepy Hollow "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a short story by Washington Irving contained in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., written while he was living in Birmingham, England, and first published in 1820. With Irving's companion piece "Rip Van Winkle", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is among the earliest examples of American fiction still read today. The story is set circa 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town (based on Tarrytown, New York), in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, who is a lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel. As Crane leaves a party he attended at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night, he is pursued by the Headless Horseman, who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head". Ichabod mysteriously disappears from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was "to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related". Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation, the story implies that the Horseman was really Brom in disguise. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving: hard bound book with a flowered silk cover and gold foil lettering, printed circa 1907. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow was based on a German folktale set in the Dutch culture of Post-Revolutionary War in New York State. The original folktale was recorded by Karl Musäus. An excerpt of Musäus: The headless horseman was often seen here. An old man who did not believe in ghosts told of meeting the headless horseman coming from his trip into the Hollow. The horseman made him climb up behind. They rode over bushes, hills, and swamps. When they reached the bridge, the horseman suddenly turned into a skeleton. He threw the old man into the brook and sprang away over the treetops with a clap of thunder. The dénouement of the fictional tale is set at the bridge over the Pocantico River in the area of the Old Dutch Church and Burying Ground in Sleepy Hollow. The characters of Ichabod Crane and Katrina Van Tassel may have been based on local residents known to the author. The character of Katrina is thought to have been based upon Eleanor Van Tassel Brush, in which case her name is derived from that of Eleanor's aunt Catriena Ecker Van Texel. Irving, while he was an aide-de-camp to New York Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, met an army captain named Ichabod Crane in Sackets Harbor, New York during an inspection tour of fortifications in 1814. He may have patterned the character in "The Legend" after Jesse Merwin, who taught at the local schoolhouse in Kinderhook, further north along the Hudson River, where Irving spent several months in 1809. The story was the longest one published as part of The Sketch Book, which Irving issued using the pseudonym "Geoffrey Crayon" in 1820. FOUND AMONG THE PAPERS THE LATE DIEDRICH KNICKERBOCKER. A pleasing land of drowsy head it was, Of dreams that wave before the half-shut eye; And of gay castles in the clouds that pass, Forever flushing round a summer sky. CASTLE OF INDOLENCE. In the bosom of one of those spacious coves which indent the eastern shore of the Hudson, at that broad expansion of the river denominated by the ancient Dutch navigators the Tappan Zee, and where they always prudently shortened sail and implored the protection of St. Nicholas when they crossed, there lies a small market town or rural port, which by some is called Greensburgh, but which is more generally and properly known by the name of Tarry Town. This name was given, we are told, in former days, by the good housewives of the adjacent country, from the inveterate propensity of their husbands to linger about the village tavern on market days. Be that as it may, I do not vouch for the fact, but merely advert to it, for the sake of being precise and authentic. Not far from this village, perhaps about two miles, there is a little valley or rather lap of land among high hills, which is one of the quietest places in the whole world. A small brook glides through it, with just murmur enough to lull one to repose; and the occasional whistle of a quail or tapping of a woodpecker is almost the only sound that ever breaks in upon the uniform tranquility. I recollect that, when a stripling, my first exploit in squirrel-shooting was in a grove of tall walnut-trees that shades one side of the valley. I had wandered into it at noontime, when all nature is peculiarly quiet, and was startled by the roar of my own gun, as it broke the Sabbath stillness around and was prolonged and reverberated by the angry echoes. If ever I should wish for a retreat whither I might steal from the world and its distractions, and dream quietly away the remnant of a troubled life, I know of none more promising than this little valley. From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by the name of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rustic lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the neighboring country. A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere. Some say that the place was bewitched by a High German doctor, during the early days of the settlement; others, that an old Indian chief, the prophet or wizard of his tribe, held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson. Certain it is, the place still continues under the sway of some witching power, that holds a spell over the minds of the good people, causing them to walk in a continual reverie. They are given to all kinds of marvellous beliefs, are subject to trances and visions, and frequently see strange sights, and hear music and voices in the air. The whole neighborhood abounds with local tales, haunted spots, and twilight superstitions; stars shoot and meteors glare oftener across the valley than in any other part of the country, and the nightmare, with her whole ninefold, seems to make it the favorite scene of her gambols. The dominant spirit, however, that haunts this enchanted region, and seems to be commander-in-chief of all the powers of the air, is the apparition of a figure on horseback, without a head. It is said by some to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper, whose head had been carried away by a cannon-ball, in some nameless battle during the Revolutionary War, and who is ever and anon seen by the country folk hurrying along in the gloom of night, as if on the wings of the wind. His haunts are not confined to the valley, but extend at times to the adjacent roads, and especially to the vicinity of a church at no great distance. Indeed, certain of the most authentic historians of those parts, who have been careful in collecting and collating the floating facts concerning this spectre, allege that the body of the trooper having been buried in the churchyard, the ghost rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head, and that the rushing speed with which he sometimes passes along the Hollow, like a midnight blast, is owing to his being belated, and in a hurry to get back to the churchyard before daybreak. Such is the general purport of this legendary superstition, which has furnished materials for many a wild story in that region of shadows; and the spectre is known at all the country firesides, by the name of the Headless Horseman of Sleepy Hollow. It is remarkable that the visionary propensity I have mentioned is not confined to the native inhabitants of the valley, but is unconsciously imbibed by everyone who resides there for a time. However wide awake they may have been before they entered that sleepy region, they are sure, in a little time, to inhale the witching influence of the air, and begin to grow imaginative, to dream dreams, and see apparitions. I mention this peaceful spot with all possible laud, for it is in such little retired Dutch valleys, found here and there embosomed in the great State of New York, that population, manners, and customs remain fixed, while the great torrent of migration and improvement, which is making such incessant changes in other parts of this restless country, sweeps by them unobserved. They are like those little nooks of still water, which border a rapid stream, where we may see the straw and bubble riding quietly at anchor, or slowly revolving in their mimic harbor, undisturbed by the rush of the passing current. Though many years have elapsed since I trod the drowsy shades of Sleepy Hollow, yet I question whether I should not still find the same trees and the same families vegetating in its sheltered bosom. In this by-place of nature there abode, in a remote period of American history, that is to say, some thirty years since, a worthy wight of the name of Ichabod Crane, who sojourned, or, as he expressed it, "tarried," in Sleepy Hollow, for the purpose of instructing the children of the vicinity. He was a native of Connecticut, a State which supplies the Union with pioneers for the mind as well as for the forest, and sends forth yearly its legions of frontier woodmen and country schoolmasters. The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person. He was tall, but exceedingly lank, with narrow shoulders, long arms and legs, hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves, feet that might have served for shovels, and his whole frame most loosely hung together. His head was small, and flat at top, with huge ears, large green glassy eyes, and a long snipe nose, so that it looked like a weather-cock perched upon his spindle neck to tell which way the wind blew. To see him striding along the profile of a hill on a windy day, with his clothes bagging and fluttering about him, one might have mistaken him for the genius of famine descending upon the earth, or some scarecrow eloped from a cornfield. His schoolhouse was a low building of one large room, rudely constructed of logs; the windows partly glazed, and partly patched with leaves of old copybooks. It was most ingeniously secured at vacant hours, by a withe twisted in the handle of the door, and stakes set against the window shutters; so that though a thief might get in with perfect ease, he would find some embarrassment in getting out,--an idea most probably borrowed by the architect, Yost Van Houten, from the mystery of an eelpot. The schoolhouse stood in a rather lonely but pleasant situation, just at the foot of a woody hill, with a brook running close by, and a formidable birch-tree growing at one end of it. From hence the low murmur of his pupils' voices, conning over their lessons, might be heard in a drowsy summer's day, like the hum of a beehive; interrupted now and then by the authoritative voice of the master, in the tone of menace or command, or, peradventure, by the appalling sound of the birch, as he urged some tardy loiterer along the flowery path of knowledge. Truth to say, he was a conscientious man, and ever bore in mind the golden maxim, "Spare the rod and spoil the child." Ichabod Crane's scholars certainly were not spoiled. I would not have it imagined, however, that he was one of those cruel potentates of the school who joy in the smart of their subjects; on the contrary, he administered justice with discrimination rather than severity; taking the burden off the backs of the weak, and laying it on those of the strong. Your mere puny stripling, that winced at the least flourish of the rod, was passed by with indulgence; but the claims of justice were satisfied by inflicting a double portion on some little tough wrong-headed, broad-skirted Dutch urchin, who sulked and swelled and grew dogged and sullen beneath the birch. All this he called "doing his duty by their parents;" and he never inflicted a chastisement without following it by the assurance, so consolatory to the smarting urchin, that "he would remember it and thank him for it the longest day he had to live." When school hours were over, he was even the companion and playmate of the larger boys; and on holiday afternoons would convoy some of the smaller ones home, who happened to have pretty sisters, or good housewives for mothers, noted for the comforts of the cupboard. Indeed, it behooved him to keep on good terms with his pupils. The revenue arising from his school was small, and would have been scarcely sufficient to furnish him with daily bread, for he was a huge feeder, and, though lank, had the dilating powers of an anaconda; but to help out his maintenance, he was, according to country custom in those parts, boarded and lodged at the houses of the farmers whose children he instructed. With these he lived successively a week at a time, thus going the rounds of the neighborhood, with all his worldly effects tied up in a cotton handkerchief. That all this might not be too onerous on the purses of his rustic patrons, who are apt to consider the costs of schooling a grievous burden, and schoolmasters as mere drones, he had various ways of rendering himself both useful and agreeable. He assisted the farmers occasionally in the lighter labors of their farms, helped to make hay, mended the fences, took the horses to water, drove the cows from pasture, and cut wood for the winter fire. He laid aside, too, all the dominant dignity and absolute sway with which he lorded it in his little empire, the school, and became wonderfully gentle and ingratiating. He found favor in the eyes of the mothers by petting the children, particularly the youngest; and like the lion bold, which whilom so magnanimously the lamb did hold, he would sit with a child on one knee, and rock a cradle with his foot for whole hours together. In addition to his other vocations, he was the singing- master of the neighborhood, and picked up many bright shillings by instructing the young folks in psalmody. It was a matter of no little vanity to him on Sundays, to take his station in front of the church gallery, with a band of chosen singers; where, in his own mind, he completely carried away the palm from the parson. Certain it is, his voice resounded far above all the rest of the congregation; and there are peculiar quavers still to be heard in that church, and which may even be heard half a mile off, quite to the opposite side of the millpond, on a still Sunday morning, which are said to be legitimately descended from the nose of Ichabod Crane. Thus, by divers little makeshifts, in that ingenious way which is commonly denominated "by hook and by crook," the worthy pedagogue got on tolerably enough, and was thought, by all who understood nothing of the labor of headwork, to have a wonderfully easy life of it. The schoolmaster is generally a man of some importance in the female circle of a rural neighborhood; being considered a kind of idle, gentlemanlike personage, of vastly superior taste and accomplishments to the rough country swains, and, indeed, inferior in learning only to the parson. His appearance, therefore, is apt to occasion some little stir at the tea-table of a farmhouse, and the addition of a supernumerary dish of cakes or sweetmeats, or, peradventure, the parade of a silver teapot. Our man of letters, therefore, was peculiarly happy in the smiles of all the country damsels. How he would figure among them in the churchyard, between services on Sundays; gathering grapes for them from the wild vines that overran the surrounding trees; reciting for their amusement all the epitaphs on the tombstones; or sauntering, with a whole bevy of them, along the banks of the adjacent millpond; while the more bashful country bumpkins hung sheepishly back, envying his superior elegance and address. From his half-itinerant life, also, he was a kind of travelling gazette, carrying the whole budget of local gossip from house to house, so that his appearance was always greeted with satisfaction. He was, moreover, esteemed by the women as a man of great erudition, for he had read several books quite through, and was a perfect master of Cotton Mather's "History of New England Witchcraft," in which, by the way, he most firmly and potently believed. He was, in fact, an odd mixture of small shrewdness and simple credulity. His appetite for the marvellous, and his powers of digesting it, were equally extraordinary; and both had been increased by his residence in this spell-bound region. No tale was too gross or monstrous for his capacious swallow. It was often his delight, after his school was dismissed in the afternoon, to stretch himself on the rich bed of clover bordering the little brook that whimpered by his schoolhouse, and there con over old Mather's direful tales, until the gathering dusk of evening made the printed page a mere mist before his eyes. Then, as he wended his way by swamp and stream and awful woodland, to the farmhouse where he happened to be quartered, every sound of nature, at that witching hour, fluttered his excited imagination,--the moan of the whip-poor-will from the hillside, the boding cry of the tree toad, that harbinger of storm, the dreary hooting of the screech owl, or the sudden rustling in the thicket of birds frightened from their roost. The fireflies, too, which sparkled most vividly in the darkest places, now and then startled him, as one of uncommon brightness would stream across his path; and if, by chance, a huge blockhead of a beetle came winging his blundering flight against him, the poor varlet was ready to give up the ghost, with the idea that he was struck with a witch's token. His only resource on such occasions, either to drown thought or drive away evil spirits, was to sing psalm tunes and the good people of Sleepy Hollow, as they sat by their doors of an evening, were often filled with awe at hearing his nasal melody, "in linked sweetness long drawn out," floating from the distant hill, or along the dusky road. Another of his sources of fearful pleasure was to pass long winter evenings with the old Dutch wives, as they sat spinning by the fire, with a row of apples roasting and spluttering along the hearth, and listen to their marvellous tales of ghosts and goblins, and haunted fields, and haunted brooks, and haunted bridges, and haunted houses, and particularly of the headless horseman, or Galloping Hessian of the Hollow, as they sometimes called him. He would delight them equally by his anecdotes of witchcraft, and of the direful omens and portentous sights and sounds in the air, which prevailed in the earlier times of Connecticut; and would frighten them woefully with speculations upon comets and shooting stars; and with the alarming fact that the world did absolutely turn round, and that they were half the time topsy-turvy! But if there was a pleasure in all this, while snugly cuddling in the chimney corner of a chamber that was all of a ruddy glow from the crackling wood fire, and where, of course, no spectre dared to show its face, it was dearly purchased by the terrors of his subsequent walk homewards. What fearful shapes and shadows beset his path, amidst the dim and ghastly glare of a snowy night! With what wistful look did he eye every trembling ray of light streaming across the waste fields from some distant window! How often was he appalled by some shrub covered with snow, which, like a sheeted spectre, beset his very path! How often did he shrink with curdling awe at the sound of his own steps on the frosty crust beneath his feet; and dread to look over his shoulder, lest he should behold some uncouth being tramping close behind him! And how often was he thrown into complete dismay by some rushing blast, howling among the trees, in the idea that it was the Galloping Hessian on one of his nightly scourings! All these, however, were mere terrors of the night, phantoms of the mind that walk in darkness; and though he had seen many spectres in his time, and been more than once beset by Satan in divers shapes, in his lonely perambulations, yet daylight put an end to all these evils; and he would have passed a pleasant life of it, in despite of the Devil and all his works, if his path had not been crossed by a being that causes more perplexity to mortal man than ghosts, goblins, and the whole race of witches put together, and that was--a woman. Among the musical disciples who assembled, one evening in each week, to receive his instructions in psalmody, was Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and only child of a substantial Dutch farmer. She was a blooming lass of fresh eighteen; plump as a partridge; ripe and melting and rosy-cheeked as one of her father's peaches, and universally famed, not merely for her beauty, but her vast expectations. She was withal a little of a coquette, as might be perceived even in her dress, which was a mixture of ancient and modern fashions, as most suited to set off her charms. She wore the ornaments of pure yellow gold, which her great-great-grandmother had brought over from Saardam; the tempting stomacher of the olden time, and withal a provokingly short petticoat, to display the prettiest foot and ankle in the country round. Ichabod Crane had a soft and foolish heart towards the sex; and it is not to be wondered at that so tempting a morsel soon found favor in his eyes, more especially after he had visited her in her paternal mansion. Old Baltus Van Tassel was a perfect picture of a thriving, contented, liberal-hearted farmer. He seldom, it is true, sent either his eyes or his thoughts beyond the boundaries of his own farm; but within those everything was snug, happy and well-conditioned. He was satisfied with his wealth, but not proud of it; and piqued himself upon the hearty abundance, rather than the style in which he lived. His stronghold was situated on the banks of the Hudson, in one of those green, sheltered, fertile nooks in which the Dutch farmers are so fond of nestling. A great elm tree spread its broad branches over it, at the foot of which bubbled up a spring of the softest and sweetest water, in a little well formed of a barrel; and then stole sparkling away through the grass, to a neighboring brook, that babbled along among alders and dwarf willows. Hard by the farmhouse was a vast barn, that might have served for a church; every window and crevice of which seemed bursting forth with the treasures of the farm; the flail was busily resounding within it from morning to night; swallows and martins skimmed twittering about the eaves; and rows of pigeons, some with one eye turned up, as if watching the weather, some with their heads under their wings or buried in their bosoms, and others swelling, and cooing, and bowing about their dames, were enjoying the sunshine on the roof. Sleek unwieldy porkers were grunting in the repose and abundance of their pens, from whence sallied forth, now and then, troops of sucking pigs, as if to snuff the air. A stately squadron of snowy geese were riding in an adjoining pond, convoying whole fleets of ducks; regiments of turkeys were gobbling through the farmyard, and Guinea fowls fretting about it, like ill-tempered housewives, with their peevish, discontented cry. Before the barn door strutted the gallant cock, that pattern of a husband, a warrior and a fine gentleman, clapping his burnished wings and crowing in the pride and gladness of his heart,--sometimes tearing up the earth with his feet, and then generously calling his ever-hungry family of wives and children to enjoy the rich morsel which he had discovered. The pedagogue's mouth watered as he looked upon this sumptuous promise of luxurious winter fare. In his devouring mind's eye, he pictured to himself every roasting-pig running about with a pudding in his belly, and an apple in his mouth; the pigeons were snugly put to bed in a comfortable pie, and tucked in with a coverlet of crust; the geese were swimming in their own gravy; and the ducks pairing cosily in dishes, like snug married couples, with a decent competency of onion sauce. In the porkers he saw carved out the future sleek side of bacon, and juicy relishing ham; not a turkey but he beheld daintily trussed up, with its gizzard under its wing, and, peradventure, a necklace of savory sausages; and even bright chanticleer himself lay sprawling on his back, in a side dish, with uplifted claws, as if craving that quarter which his chivalrous spirit disdained to ask while living. As the enraptured Ichabod fancied all this, and as he rolled his great green eyes over the fat meadow lands, the rich fields of wheat, of rye, of buckwheat, and Indian corn, and the orchards burdened with ruddy fruit, which surrounded the warm tenement of Van Tassel, his heart yearned after the damsel who was to inherit these domains, and his imagination expanded with the idea, how they might be readily turned into cash, and the money invested in immense tracts of wild land, and shingle palaces in the wilderness. Nay, his busy fancy already realized his hopes, and presented to him the blooming Katrina, with a whole family of children, mounted on the top of a wagon loaded with household trumpery, with pots and kettles dangling beneath; and he beheld himself bestriding a pacing mare, with a colt at her heels, setting out for Kentucky, Tennessee,--or the Lord knows where! When he entered the house, the conquest of his heart was complete. It was one of those spacious farmhouses, with high- ridged but lowly sloping roofs, built in the style handed down from the first Dutch settlers; the low projecting eaves forming a piazza along the front, capable of being closed up in bad weather. Under this were hung flails, harness, various utensils of husbandry, and nets for fishing in the neighboring river. Benches were built along the sides for summer use; and a great spinning-wheel at one end, and a churn at the other, showed the various uses to which this important porch might be devoted. From this piazza the wondering Ichabod entered the hall, which formed the centre of the mansion, and the place of usual residence. Here rows of resplendent pewter, ranged on a long dresser, dazzled his eyes. In one corner stood a huge bag of wool, ready to be spun; in another, a quantity of linsey-woolsey just from the loom; ears of Indian corn, and strings of dried apples and peaches, hung in gay festoons along the walls, mingled with the gaud of red peppers; and a door left ajar gave him a peep into the best parlor, where the claw-footed chairs and dark mahogany tables shone like mirrors; andirons, with their accompanying shovel and tongs, glistened from their covert of asparagus tops; mock- oranges and conch-shells decorated the mantelpiece; strings of various-colored birds eggs were suspended above it; a great ostrich egg was hung from the centre of the room, and a corner cupboard, knowingly left open, displayed immense treasures of old silver and well-mended china. From the moment Ichabod laid his eyes upon these regions of delight, the peace of his mind was at an end, and his only study was how to gain the affections of the peerless daughter of Van Tassel. In this enterprise, however, he had more real difficulties than generally fell to the lot of a knight-errant of yore, who seldom had anything but giants, enchanters, fiery dragons, and such like easily conquered adversaries, to contend with and had to make his way merely through gates of iron and brass, and walls of adamant to the castle keep, where the lady of his heart was confined; all which he achieved as easily as a man would carve his way to the centre of a Christmas pie; and then the lady gave him her hand as a matter of course. Ichabod, on the contrary, had to win his way to the heart of a country coquette, beset with a labyrinth of whims and caprices, which were forever presenting new difficulties and impediments; and he had to encounter a host of fearful adversaries of real flesh and blood, the numerous rustic admirers, who beset every portal to her heart, keeping a watchful and angry eye upon each other, but ready to fly out in the common cause against any new competitor. Among these, the most formidable was a burly, roaring, roystering blade, of the name of Abraham, or, according to the Dutch abbreviation, Brom Van Brunt, the hero of the country round, which rang with his feats of strength and hardihood. He was broad-shouldered and double-jointed, with short curly black hair, and a bluff but not unpleasant countenance, having a mingled air of fun and arrogance. From his Herculean frame and great powers of limb he had received the nickname of BROM BONES, by which he was universally known. He was famed for great knowledge and skill in horsemanship, being as dexterous on horseback as a Tartar. He was foremost at all races and cock fights; and, with the ascendancy which bodily strength always acquires in rustic life, was the umpire in all disputes, setting his hat on one side, and giving his decisions with an air and tone that admitted of no gainsay or appeal. He was always ready for either a fight or a frolic; but had more mischief than ill-will in his composition; and with all his overbearing roughness, there was a strong dash of waggish good humor at bottom. He had three or four boon companions, who regarded him as their model, and at the head of whom he scoured the country, attending every scene of feud or merriment for miles round. In cold weather he was distinguished by a fur cap, surmounted with a flaunting fox's tail; and when the folks at a country gathering descried this well-known crest at a distance, whisking about among a squad of hard riders, they always stood by for a squall. Sometimes his crew would be heard dashing along past the farmhouses at midnight, with whoop and halloo, like a troop of Don Cossacks; and the old dames, startled out of their sleep, would listen for a moment till the hurry-scurry had clattered by, and then exclaim, "Ay, there goes Brom Bones and his gang!" The neighbors looked upon him with a mixture of awe, admiration, and good-will; and, when any madcap prank or rustic brawl occurred in the vicinity, always shook their heads, and warranted Brom Bones was at the bottom of it. This rantipole hero had for some time singled out the blooming Katrina for the object of his uncouth gallantries, and though his amorous toyings were something like the gentle caresses and endearments of a bear, yet it was whispered that she did not altogether discourage his hopes. Certain it is, his advances were signals for rival candidates to retire, who felt no inclination to cross a lion in his amours; insomuch, that when his horse was seen tied to Van Tassel's paling, on a Sunday night, a sure sign that his master was courting, or, as it is termed, "sparking," within, all other suitors passed by in despair, and carried the war into other quarters. Such was the formidable rival with whom Ichabod Crane had to contend, and, considering all things, a stouter man than he would have shrunk from the competition, and a wiser man would have despaired. He had, however, a happy mixture of pliability and perseverance in his nature; he was in form and spirit like a supple-jack--yielding, but tough; though he bent, he never broke; and though he bowed beneath the slightest pressure, yet, the moment it was away--jerk!--he was as erect, and carried his head as high as ever. To have taken the field openly against his rival would have been madness; for he was not a man to be thwarted in his amours, any more than that stormy lover, Achilles. Ichabod, therefore, made his advances in a quiet and gently insinuating manner. Under cover of his character of singing-master, he made frequent visits at the farmhouse; not that he had anything to apprehend from the meddlesome interference of parents, which is so often a stumbling-block in the path of lovers. Balt Van Tassel was an easy indulgent soul; he loved his daughter better even than his pipe, and, like a reasonable man and an excellent father, let her have her way in everything. His notable little wife, too, had enough to do to attend to her housekeeping and manage her poultry; for, as she sagely observed, ducks and geese are foolish things, and must be looked after, but girls can take care of themselves. Thus, while the busy dame bustled about the house, or plied her spinning-wheel at one end of the piazza, honest Balt would sit smoking his evening pipe at the other, watching the achievements of a little wooden warrior, who, armed with a sword in each hand, was most valiantly fighting the wind on the pinnacle of the barn. In the meantime, Ichabod would carry on his suit with the daughter by the side of the spring under the great elm, or sauntering along in the twilight, that hour so favorable to the lover's eloquence. I profess not to know how women's hearts are wooed and won. To me they have always been matters of riddle and admiration. Some seem to have but one vulnerable point, or door of access; while others have a thousand avenues, and may be captured in a thousand different ways. It is a great triumph of skill to gain the former, but a still greater proof of generalship to maintain possession of the latter, for man must battle for his fortress at every door and window. He who wins a thousand common hearts is therefore entitled to some renown; but he who keeps undisputed sway over the heart of a coquette is indeed a hero. Certain it is, this was not the case with the redoubtable Brom Bones; and from the moment Ichabod Crane made his advances, the interests of the former evidently declined: his horse was no longer seen tied to the palings on Sunday nights, and a deadly feud gradually arose between him and the preceptor of Sleepy Hollow. Brom, who had a degree of rough chivalry in his nature, would fain have carried matters to open warfare and have settled their pretensions to the lady, according to the mode of those most concise and simple reasoners, the knights-errant of yore,-- by single combat; but Ichabod was too conscious of the superior might of his adversary to enter the lists against him; he had overheard a boast of Bones, that he would "double the schoolmaster up, and lay him on a shelf of his own schoolhouse;" and he was too wary to give him an opportunity. There was something extremely provoking in this obstinately pacific system; it left Brom no alternative but to draw upon the funds of rustic waggery in his disposition, and to play off boorish practical jokes upon his rival. Ichabod became the object of whimsical persecution to Bones and his gang of rough riders. They harried his hitherto peaceful domains; smoked out his singing school by stopping up the chimney; broke into the schoolhouse at night, in spite of its formidable fastenings of withe and window stakes, and turned everything topsy-turvy, so that the poor schoolmaster began to think all the witches in the country held their meetings there. But what was still more annoying, Brom took all opportunities of turning him into ridicule in presence of his mistress, and had a scoundrel dog whom he taught to whine in the most ludicrous manner, and introduced as a rival of Ichabod's, to instruct her in psalmody. In this way matters went on for some time, without producing any material effect on the relative situations of the contending powers. On a fine autumnal afternoon, Ichabod, in pensive mood, sat enthroned on the lofty stool from whence he usually watched all the concerns of his little literary realm. In his hand he swayed a ferule, that sceptre of despotic power; the birch of justice reposed on three nails behind the throne, a constant terror to evil doers, while on the desk before him might be seen sundry contraband articles and prohibited weapons, detected upon the persons of idle urchins, such as half-munched apples, popguns, whirligigs, fly-cages, and whole legions of rampant little paper gamecocks. Apparently there had been some appalling act of justice recently inflicted, for his scholars were all busily intent upon their books, or slyly whispering behind them with one eye kept upon the master; and a kind of buzzing stillness reigned throughout the schoolroom. It was suddenly interrupted by the appearance of a negro in tow-cloth jacket and trowsers, a round-crowned fragment of a hat, like the cap of Mercury, and mounted on the back of a ragged, wild, half-broken colt, which he managed with a rope by way of halter. He came clattering up to the school door with an invitation to Ichabod to attend a merry-making or "quilting frolic," to be held that evening at Mynheer Van Tassel's; and having delivered his message with that air of importance, and effort at fine language, which a negro is apt to display on petty embassies of the kind, he dashed over the brook, and was seen scampering away up the hollow, full of the importance and hurry of his mission. All was now bustle and hubbub in the late quiet schoolroom. The scholars were hurried through their lessons without stopping at trifles; those who were nimble skipped over half with impunity, and those who were tardy had a smart application now and then in the rear, to quicken their speed or help them over a tall word. Books were flung aside without being put away on the shelves, inkstands were overturned, benches thrown down, and the whole school was turned loose an hour before the usual time, bursting forth like a legion of young imps, yelping and racketing about the green in joy at their early emancipation. The gallant Ichabod now spent at least an extra half hour at his toilet, brushing and furbishing up his best, and indeed only suit of rusty black, and arranging his locks by a bit of broken looking-glass that hung up in the schoolhouse. That he might make his appearance before his mistress in the true style of a cavalier, he borrowed a horse from the farmer with whom he was domiciliated, a choleric old Dutchman of the name of Hans Van Ripper, and, thus gallantly mounted, issued forth like a knight- errant in quest of adventures. But it is meet I should, in the true spirit of romantic story, give some account of the looks and equipments of my hero and his steed. The animal he bestrode was a broken-down plow-horse, that had outlived almost everything but its viciousness. He was gaunt and shagged, with a ewe neck, and a head like a hammer; his rusty mane and tail were tangled and knotted with burs; one eye had lost its pupil, and was glaring and spectral, but the other had the gleam of a genuine devil in it. Still he must have had fire and mettle in his day, if we may judge from the name he bore of Gunpowder. He had, in fact, been a favorite steed of his master's, the choleric Van Ripper, who was a furious rider, and had infused, very probably, some of his own spirit into the animal; for, old and broken-down as he looked, there was more of the lurking devil in him than in any young filly in the country. Ichabod was a suitable figure for such a steed. He rode with short stirrups, which brought his knees nearly up to the pommel of the saddle; his sharp elbows stuck out like grasshoppers'; he carried his whip perpendicularly in his hand, like a sceptre, and as his horse jogged on, the motion of his arms was not unlike the flapping of a pair of wings. A small wool hat rested on the top of his nose, for so his scanty strip of forehead might be called, and the skirts of his black coat fluttered out almost to the horses tail. Such was the appearance of Ichabod and his steed as they shambled out of the gate of Hans Van Ripper, and it was altogether such an apparition as is seldom to be met with in broad daylight. It was, as I have said, a fine autumnal day; the sky was clear and serene, and nature wore that rich and golden livery which we always associate with the idea of abundance. The forests had put on their sober brown and yellow, while some trees of the tenderer kind had been nipped by the frosts into brilliant dyes of orange, purple, and scarlet. Streaming files of wild ducks began to make their appearance high in the air; the bark of the squirrel might be heard from the groves of beech and hickory- nuts, and the pensive whistle of the quail at intervals from the neighboring stubble field. The small birds were taking their farewell banquets. In the fullness of their revelry, they fluttered, chirping and frolicking from bush to bush, and tree to tree, capricious from the very profusion and variety around them. There was the honest cock robin, the favorite game of stripling sportsmen, with its loud querulous note; and the twittering blackbirds flying in sable clouds; and the golden-winged woodpecker with his crimson crest, his broad black gorget, and splendid plumage; and the cedar bird, with its red-tipt wings and yellow-tipt tail and its little monteiro cap of feathers; and the blue jay, that noisy coxcomb, in his gay light blue coat and white underclothes, screaming and chattering, nodding and bobbing and bowing, and pretending to be on good terms with every songster of the grove. As Ichabod jogged slowly on his way, his eye, ever open to every symptom of culinary abundance, ranged with delight over the treasures of jolly autumn. On all sides he beheld vast store of apples; some hanging in oppressive opulence on the trees; some gathered into baskets and barrels for the market; others heaped up in rich piles for the cider-press. Farther on he beheld great fields of Indian corn, with its golden ears peeping from their leafy coverts, and holding out the promise of cakes and hasty- pudding; and the yellow pumpkins lying beneath them, turning up their fair round bellies to the sun, and giving ample prospects of the most luxurious of pies; and anon he passed the fragrant buckwheat fields breathing the odor of the beehive, and as he beheld them, soft anticipations stole over his mind of dainty slapjacks, well buttered, and garnished with honey or treacle, by the delicate little dimpled hand of Katrina Van Tassel. Thus feeding his mind with many sweet thoughts and "sugared suppositions," he journeyed along the sides of a range of hills which look out upon some of the goodliest scenes of the mighty Hudson. The sun gradually wheeled his broad disk down in the west. The wide bosom of the Tappan Zee lay motionless and glassy, excepting that here and there a gentle undulation waved and prolonged the blue shadow of the distant mountain. A few amber clouds floated in the sky, without a breath of air to move them. The horizon was of a fine golden tint, changing gradually into a pure apple green, and from that into the deep blue of the mid- heaven. A slanting ray lingered on the woody crests of the precipices that overhung some parts of the river, giving greater depth to the dark gray and purple of their rocky sides. A sloop was loitering in the distance, dropping slowly down with the tide, her sail hanging uselessly against the mast; and as the reflection of the sky gleamed along the still water, it seemed as if the vessel was suspended in the air. It was toward evening that Ichabod arrived at the castle of the Heer Van Tassel, which he found thronged with the pride and flower of the adjacent country. Old farmers, a spare leathern- faced race, in homespun coats and breeches, blue stockings, huge shoes, and magnificent pewter buckles. Their brisk, withered little dames, in close-crimped caps, long-waisted short gowns, homespun petticoats, with scissors and pincushions, and gay calico pockets hanging on the outside. Buxom lasses, almost as antiquated as their mothers, excepting where a straw hat, a fine ribbon, or perhaps a white frock, gave symptoms of city innovation. The sons, in short square-skirted coats, with rows of stupendous brass buttons, and their hair generally queued in the fashion of the times, especially if they could procure an eel-skin for the purpose, it being esteemed throughout the country as a potent nourisher and strengthener of the hair. Brom Bones, however, was the hero of the scene, having come to the gathering on his favorite steed Daredevil, a creature, like himself, full of mettle and mischief, and which no one but himself could manage. He was, in fact, noted for preferring vicious animals, given to all kinds of tricks which kept the rider in constant risk of his neck, for he held a tractable, well-broken horse as unworthy of a lad of spirit. Fain would I pause to dwell upon the world of charms that burst upon the enraptured gaze of my hero, as he entered the state parlor of Van Tassel's mansion. Not those of the bevy of buxom lasses, with their luxurious display of red and white; but the ample charms of a genuine Dutch country tea-table, in the sumptuous time of autumn. Such heaped up platters of cakes of various and almost indescribable kinds, known only to experienced Dutch housewives! There was the doughty doughnut, the tender oly koek, and the crisp and crumbling cruller; sweet cakes and short cakes, ginger cakes and honey cakes, and the whole family of cakes. And then there were apple pies, and peach pies, and pumpkin pies; besides slices of ham and smoked beef; and moreover delectable dishes of preserved plums, and peaches, and pears, and quinces; not to mention broiled shad and roasted chickens; together with bowls of milk and cream, all mingled higgledy- piggledy, pretty much as I have enumerated them, with the motherly teapot sending up its clouds of vapor from the midst-- Heaven bless the mark! I want breath and time to discuss this banquet as it deserves, and am too eager to get on with my story. Happily, Ichabod Crane was not in so great a hurry as his historian, but did ample justice to every dainty. He was a kind and thankful creature, whose heart dilated in proportion as his skin was filled with good cheer, and whose spirits rose with eating, as some men's do with drink. He could not help, too, rolling his large eyes round him as he ate, and chuckling with the possibility that he might one day be lord of all this scene of almost unimaginable luxury and splendor. Then, he thought, how soon he'd turn his back upon the old schoolhouse; snap his fingers in the face of Hans Van Ripper, and every other niggardly patron, and kick any itinerant pedagogue out of doors that should dare to call him comrade! Old Baltus Van Tassel moved about among his guests with a face dilated with content and good humor, round and jolly as the harvest moon. His hospitable attentions were brief, but expressive, being confined to a shake of the hand, a slap on the shoulder, a loud laugh, and a pressing invitation to "fall to, and help themselves." And now the sound of the music from the common room, or hall, summoned to the dance. The musician was an old gray-headed negro, who had been the itinerant orchestra of the neighborhood for more than half a century. His instrument was as old and battered as himself. The greater part of the time he scraped on two or three strings, accompanying every movement of the bow with a motion of the head; bowing almost to the ground, and stamping with his foot whenever a fresh couple were to start. Ichabod prided himself upon his dancing as much as upon his vocal powers. Not a limb, not a fibre about him was idle; and to have seen his loosely hung frame in full motion, and clattering about the room, you would have thought St. Vitus himself, that blessed patron of the dance, was figuring before you in person. He was the admiration of all the negroes; who, having gathered, of all ages and sizes, from the farm and the neighborhood, stood forming a pyramid of shining black faces at every door and window, gazing with delight at the scene, rolling their white eyeballs, and showing grinning rows of ivory from ear to ear. How could the flogger of urchins be otherwise than animated and joyous? The lady of his heart was his partner in the dance, and smiling graciously in reply to all his amorous oglings; while Brom Bones, sorely smitten with love and jealousy, sat brooding by himself in one corner. When the dance was at an end, Ichabod was attracted to a knot of the sager folks, who, with Old Van Tassel, sat smoking at one end of the piazza, gossiping over former times, and drawing out long stories about the war. This neighborhood, at the time of which I am speaking, was one of those highly favored places which abound with chronicle and great men. The British and American line had run near it during the war; it had, therefore, been the scene of marauding and infested with refugees, cowboys, and all kinds of border chivalry. Just sufficient time had elapsed to enable each storyteller to dress up his tale with a little becoming fiction, and, in the indistinctness of his recollection, to make himself the hero of every exploit. There was the story of Doffue Martling, a large blue-bearded Dutchman, who had nearly taken a British frigate with an old iron nine-pounder from a mud breastwork, only that his gun burst at the sixth discharge. And there was an old gentleman who shall be nameless, being too rich a mynheer to be lightly mentioned, who, in the battle of White Plains, being an excellent master of defence, parried a musket-ball with a small sword, insomuch that he absolutely felt it whiz round the blade, and glance off at the hilt; in proof of which he was ready at any time to show the sword, with the hilt a little bent. There were several more that had been equally great in the field, not one of whom but was persuaded that he had a considerable hand in bringing the war to a happy termination. But all these were nothing to the tales of ghosts and apparitions that succeeded. The neighborhood is rich in legendary treasures of the kind. Local tales and superstitions thrive best in these sheltered, long-settled retreats; but are trampled under foot by the shifting throng that forms the population of most of our country places. Besides, there is no encouragement for ghosts in most of our villages, for they have scarcely had time to finish their first nap and turn themselves in their graves, before their surviving friends have travelled away from the neighborhood; so that when they turn out at night to walk their rounds, they have no acquaintance left to call upon. This is perhaps the reason why we so seldom hear of ghosts except in our long-established Dutch communities. The immediate cause, however, of the prevalence of supernatural stories in these parts, was doubtless owing to the vicinity of Sleepy Hollow. There was a contagion in the very air that blew from that haunted region; it breathed forth an atmosphere of dreams and fancies infecting all the land. Several of the Sleepy Hollow people were present at Van Tassel's, and, as usual, were doling out their wild and wonderful legends. Many dismal tales were told about funeral trains, and mourning cries and wailings heard and seen about the great tree where the unfortunate Major André was taken, and which stood in the neighborhood. Some mention was made also of the woman in white, that haunted the dark glen at Raven Rock, and was often heard to shriek on winter nights before a storm, having perished there in the snow. The chief part of the stories, however, turned upon the favorite spectre of Sleepy Hollow, the Headless Horseman, who had been heard several times of late, patrolling the country; and, it was said, tethered his horse nightly among the graves in the churchyard. The sequestered situation of this church seems always to have made it a favorite haunt of troubled spirits. It stands on a knoll, surrounded by locust-trees and lofty elms, from among which its decent, whitewashed walls shine modestly forth, like Christian purity beaming through the shades of retirement. A gentle slope descends from it to a silver sheet of water, bordered by high trees, between which, peeps may be caught at the blue hills of the Hudson. To look upon its grass-grown yard, where the sunbeams seem to sleep so quietly, one would think that there at least the dead might rest in peace. On one side of the church extends a wide woody dell, along which raves a large brook among broken rocks and trunks of fallen trees. Over a deep black part of the stream, not far from the church, was formerly thrown a wooden bridge; the road that led to it, and the bridge itself, were thickly shaded by overhanging trees, which cast a gloom about it, even in the daytime; but occasioned a fearful darkness at night. Such was one of the favorite haunts of the Headless Horseman, and the place where he was most frequently encountered. The tale was told of old Brouwer, a most heretical disbeliever in ghosts, how he met the Horseman returning from his foray into Sleepy Hollow, and was obliged to get up behind him; how they galloped over bush and brake, over hill and swamp, until they reached the bridge; when the Horseman suddenly turned into a skeleton, threw old Brouwer into the brook, and sprang away over the tree-tops with a clap of thunder. This story was immediately matched by a thrice marvellous adventure of Brom Bones, who made light of the Galloping Hessian as an arrant jockey. He affirmed that on returning one night from the neighboring village of Sing Sing, he had been overtaken by this midnight trooper; that he had offered to race with him for a bowl of punch, and should have won it too, for Daredevil beat the goblin horse all hollow, but just as they came to the church bridge, the Hessian bolted, and vanished in a flash of fire. All these tales, told in that drowsy undertone with which men talk in the dark, the countenances of the listeners only now and then receiving a casual gleam from the glare of a pipe, sank deep in the mind of Ichabod. He repaid them in kind with large extracts from his invaluable author, Cotton Mather, and added many marvellous events that had taken place in his native State of Connecticut, and fearful sights which he had seen in his nightly walks about Sleepy Hollow. The revel now gradually broke up. The old farmers gathered together their families in their wagons, and were heard for some time rattling along the hollow roads, and over the distant hills. Some of the damsels mounted on pillions behind their favorite swains, and their light-hearted laughter, mingling with the clatter of hoofs, echoed along the silent woodlands, sounding fainter and fainter, until they gradually died away,--and the late scene of noise and frolic was all silent and deserted. Ichabod only lingered behind, according to the custom of country lovers, to have a tête-à-tête with the heiress; fully convinced that he was now on the high road to success. What passed at this interview I will not pretend to say, for in fact I do not know. Something, however, I fear me, must have gone wrong, for he certainly sallied forth, after no very great interval, with an air quite desolate and chapfallen. Oh, these women! these women! Could that girl have been playing off any of her coquettish tricks? Was her encouragement of the poor pedagogue all a mere sham to secure her conquest of his rival? Heaven only knows, not I! Let it suffice to say, Ichabod stole forth with the air of one who had been sacking a henroost, rather than a fair lady's heart. Without looking to the right or left to notice the scene of rural wealth, on which he had so often gloated, he went straight to the stable, and with several hearty cuffs and kicks roused his steed most uncourteously from the comfortable quarters in which he was soundly sleeping, dreaming of mountains of corn and oats, and whole valleys of timothy and clover. It was the very witching time of night that Ichabod, heavy-hearted and crestfallen, pursued his travels homewards, along the sides of the lofty hills which rise above Tarry Town, and which he had traversed so cheerily in the afternoon. The hour was as dismal as himself. Far below him the Tappan Zee spread its dusky and indistinct waste of waters, with here and there the tall mast of a sloop, riding quietly at anchor under the land. In the dead hush of midnight, he could even hear the barking of the watchdog from the opposite shore of the Hudson; but it was so vague and faint as only to give an idea of his distance from this faithful companion of man. Now and then, too, the long-drawn crowing of a cock, accidentally awakened, would sound far, far off, from some farmhouse away among the hills--but it was like a dreaming sound in his ear. No signs of life occurred near him, but occasionally the melancholy chirp of a cricket, or perhaps the guttural twang of a bullfrog from a neighboring marsh, as if sleeping uncomfortably and turning suddenly in his bed. All the stories of ghosts and goblins that he had heard in the afternoon now came crowding upon his recollection. The night grew darker and darker; the stars seemed to sink deeper in the sky, and driving clouds occasionally hid them from his sight. He had never felt so lonely and dismal. He was, moreover, approaching the very place where many of the scenes of the ghost stories had been laid. In the centre of the road stood an enormous tulip-tree, which towered like a giant above all the other trees of the neighborhood, and formed a kind of landmark. Its limbs were gnarled and fantastic, large enough to form trunks for ordinary trees, twisting down almost to the earth, and rising again into the air. It was connected with the tragical story of the unfortunate André, who had been taken prisoner hard by; and was universally known by the name of Major André's tree. The common people regarded it with a mixture of respect and superstition, partly out of sympathy for the fate of its ill- starred namesake, and partly from the tales of strange sights, and doleful lamentations, told concerning it. As Ichabod approached this fearful tree, he began to whistle; he thought his whistle was answered; it was but a blast sweeping sharply through the dry branches. As he approached a little nearer, he thought he saw something white, hanging in the midst of the tree: he paused and ceased whistling but, on looking more narrowly, perceived that it was a place where the tree had been scathed by lightning, and the white wood laid bare. Suddenly he heard a groan--his teeth chattered, and his knees smote against the saddle: it was but the rubbing of one huge bough upon another, as they were swayed about by the breeze. He passed the tree in safety, but new perils lay before him. About two hundred yards from the tree, a small brook crossed the road, and ran into a marshy and thickly-wooded glen, known by the name of Wiley's Swamp. A few rough logs, laid side by side, served for a bridge over this stream. On that side of the road where the brook entered the wood, a group of oaks and chestnuts, matted thick with wild grape-vines, threw a cavernous gloom over it. To pass this bridge was the severest trial. It was at this identical spot that the unfortunate André was captured, and under the covert of those chestnuts and vines were the sturdy yeomen concealed who surprised him. This has ever since been considered a haunted stream, and fearful are the feelings of the schoolboy who has to pass it alone after dark. As he approached the stream, his heart began to thump; he summoned up, however, all his resolution, gave his horse half a score of kicks in the ribs, and attempted to dash briskly across the bridge; but instead of starting forward, the perverse old animal made a lateral movement, and ran broadside against the fence. Ichabod, whose fears increased with the delay, jerked the reins on the other side, and kicked lustily with the contrary foot: it was all in vain; his steed started, it is true, but it was only to plunge to the opposite side of the road into a thicket of brambles and alder bushes. The schoolmaster now bestowed both whip and heel upon the starveling ribs of old Gunpowder, who dashed forward, snuffling and snorting, but came to a stand just by the bridge, with a suddenness that had nearly sent his rider sprawling over his head. Just at this moment a plashy tramp by the side of the bridge caught the sensitive ear of Ichabod. In the dark shadow of the grove, on the margin of the brook, he beheld something huge, misshapen and towering. It stirred not, but seemed gathered up in the gloom, like some gigantic monster ready to spring upon the traveller. The hair of the affrighted pedagogue rose upon his head with terror. What was to be done? To turn and fly was now too late; and besides, what chance was there of escaping ghost or goblin, if such it was, which could ride upon the wings of the wind? Summoning up, therefore, a show of courage, he demanded in stammering accents, "Who are you?" He received no reply. He repeated his demand in a still more agitated voice. Still there was no answer. Once more he cudgelled the sides of the inflexible Gunpowder, and, shutting his eyes, broke forth with involuntary fervor into a psalm tune. Just then the shadowy object of alarm put itself in motion, and with a scramble and a bound stood at once in the middle of the road. Though the night was dark and dismal, yet the form of the unknown might now in some degree be ascertained. He appeared to be a horseman of large dimensions, and mounted on a black horse of powerful frame. He made no offer of molestation or sociability, but kept aloof on one side of the road, jogging along on the blind side of old Gunpowder, who had now got over his fright and waywardness. Ichabod, who had no relish for this strange midnight companion, and bethought himself of the adventure of Brom Bones with the Galloping Hessian, now quickened his steed in hopes of leaving him behind. The stranger, however, quickened his horse to an equal pace. Ichabod pulled up, and fell into a walk, thinking to lag behind,--the other did the same. His heart began to sink within him; he endeavored to resume his psalm tune, but his parched tongue clove to the roof of his mouth, and he could not utter a stave. There was something in the moody and dogged silence of this pertinacious companion that was mysterious and appalling. It was soon fearfully accounted for. On mounting a rising ground, which brought the figure of his fellow-traveller in relief against the sky, gigantic in height, and muffled in a cloak, Ichabod was horror-struck on perceiving that he was headless!--but his horror was still more increased on observing that the head, which should have rested on his shoulders, was carried before him on the pommel of his saddle! His terror rose to desperation; he rained a shower of kicks and blows upon Gunpowder, hoping by a sudden movement to give his companion the slip; but the spectre started full jump with him. Away, then, they dashed through thick and thin; stones flying and sparks flashing at every bound. Ichabod's flimsy garments fluttered in the air, as he stretched his long lank body away over his horse's head, in the eagerness of his flight. They had now reached the road which turns off to Sleepy Hollow; but Gunpowder, who seemed possessed with a demon, instead of keeping up it, made an opposite turn, and plunged headlong downhill to the left. This road leads through a sandy hollow shaded by trees for about a quarter of a mile, where it crosses the bridge famous in goblin story; and just beyond swells the green knoll on which stands the whitewashed church. As yet the panic of the steed had given his unskilful rider an apparent advantage in the chase, but just as he had got half way through the hollow, the girths of the saddle gave way, and he felt it slipping from under him. He seized it by the pommel, and endeavored to hold it firm, but in vain; and had just time to save himself by clasping old Gunpowder round the neck, when the saddle fell to the earth, and he heard it trampled under foot by his pursuer. For a moment the terror of Hans Van Ripper's wrath passed across his mind,--for it was his Sunday saddle; but this was no time for petty fears; the goblin was hard on his haunches; and (unskilful rider that he was!) he had much ado to maintain his seat; sometimes slipping on one side, sometimes on another, and sometimes jolted on the high ridge of his horse's backbone, with a violence that he verily feared would cleave him asunder. An opening in the trees now cheered him with the hopes that the church bridge was at hand. The wavering reflection of a silver star in the bosom of the brook told him that he was not mistaken. He saw the walls of the church dimly glaring under the trees beyond. He recollected the place where Brom Bones's ghostly competitor had disappeared. "If I can but reach that bridge," thought Ichabod, "I am safe." Just then he heard the black steed panting and blowing close behind him; he even fancied that he felt his hot breath. Another convulsive kick in the ribs, and old Gunpowder sprang upon the bridge; he thundered over the resounding planks; he gained the opposite side; and now Ichabod cast a look behind to see if his pursuer should vanish, according to rule, in a flash of fire and brimstone. Just then he saw the goblin rising in his stirrups, and in the very act of hurling his head at him. Ichabod endeavored to dodge the horrible missile, but too late. It encountered his cranium with a tremendous crash,--he was tumbled headlong into the dust, and Gunpowder, the black steed, and the goblin rider, passed by like a whirlwind. The next morning the old horse was found without his saddle, and with the bridle under his feet, soberly cropping the grass at his master's gate. Ichabod did not make his appearance at breakfast; dinner-hour came, but no Ichabod. The boys assembled at the schoolhouse, and strolled idly about the banks of the brook; but no schoolmaster. Hans Van Ripper now began to feel some uneasiness about the fate of poor Ichabod, and his saddle. An inquiry was set on foot, and after diligent investigation they came upon his traces. In one part of the road leading to the church was found the saddle trampled in the dirt; the tracks of horses' hoofs deeply dented in the road, and evidently at furious speed, were traced to the bridge, beyond which, on the bank of a broad part of the brook, where the water ran deep and black, was found the hat of the unfortunate Ichabod, and close beside it a shattered pumpkin. The brook was searched, but the body of the schoolmaster was not to be discovered. Hans Van Ripper as executor of his estate, examined the bundle which contained all his worldly effects. They consisted of two shirts and a half; two stocks for the neck; a pair or two of worsted stockings; an old pair of corduroy small- clothes; a rusty razor; a book of psalm tunes full of dog's-ears; and a broken pitch-pipe. As to the books and furniture of the schoolhouse, they belonged to the community, excepting Cotton Mather's "History of Witchcraft," a "New England Almanac," and a book of dreams and fortune-telling; in which last was a sheet of foolscap much scribbled and blotted in several fruitless attempts to make a copy of verses in honor of the heiress of Van Tassel. These magic books and the poetic scrawl were forthwith consigned to the flames by Hans Van Ripper; who, from that time forward, determined to send his children no more to school, observing that he never knew any good come of this same reading and writing. Whatever money the schoolmaster possessed, and he had received his quarter's pay but a day or two before, he must have had about his person at the time of his disappearance. The mysterious event caused much speculation at the church on the following Sunday. Knots of gazers and gossips were collected in the churchyard, at the bridge, and at the spot where the hat and pumpkin had been found. The stories of Brouwer, of Bones, and a whole budget of others were called to mind; and when they had diligently considered them all, and compared them with the symptoms of the present case, they shook their heads, and came to the conclusion that Ichabod had been carried off by the Galloping Hessian. As he was a bachelor, and in nobody's debt, nobody troubled his head any more about him; the school was removed to a different quarter of the hollow, and another pedagogue reigned in his stead. It is true, an old farmer, who had been down to New York on a visit several years after, and from whom this account of the ghostly adventure was received, brought home the intelligence that Ichabod Crane was still alive; that he had left the neighborhood partly through fear of the goblin and Hans Van Ripper, and partly in mortification at having been suddenly dismissed by the heiress; that he had changed his quarters to a distant part of the country; had kept school and studied law at the same time; had been admitted to the bar; turned politician; electioneered; written for the newspapers; and finally had been made a justice of the Ten Pound Court. Brom Bones, too, who, shortly after his rival's disappearance conducted the blooming Katrina in triumph to the altar, was observed to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related, and always burst into a hearty laugh at the mention of the pumpkin; which led some to suspect that he knew more about the matter than he chose to tell. The old country wives, however, who are the best judges of these matters, maintain to this day that Ichabod was spirited away by supernatural means; and it is a favorite story often told about the neighborhood round the winter evening fire. The bridge became more than ever an object of superstitious awe; and that may be the reason why the road has been altered of late years, so as to approach the church by the border of the millpond. The schoolhouse being deserted soon fell to decay, and was reported to be haunted by the ghost of the unfortunate pedagogue and the plowboy, loitering homeward of a still summer evening, has often fancied his voice at a distance, chanting a melancholy psalm tune among the tranquil solitudes of Sleepy Hollow.

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The physical education program at Abingdon Elementary School is an integral part of the children’s education. Physical education helps the children develop healthy fitness habits andalso helps teach them how to become independent learners. It teaches them social skills and does this by promoting interaction with other students. At AES, the focus in grade Pre-K through First Grade is on developing fundamental movement patterns, locomotor skills and further develop fundamental non-locomotor & manipulative skills in educational games, dance and gymnastics. In grades 2-5, this focus is continued but students are introduced to different sports. They work cooperatively & responsibly in groups and are capable of resolving conflicts. At the 4th and 5th grade levels, fitness assessment is appropriate. Students make assessments of their fitness results and set personal goals based on these results. Students particiapte in the American Heart Association's Jump Rope for Heart event as well as the Mileage Club where students accumulate miles run/walked on our school track and receive a necklace to collect tokens for their efforts. Links of Interest

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Air Conditioning Frequently Asked Questions How does an air conditioner work? An air conditioner seems as if it cools your home’s air, but in reality an air conditioner makes your home less warm by removing heat from the indoor air and transferring that heat to the outdoor air. Heat is extracted from the home by passing indoor air across a refrigerant coil. Refrigerant lines then carry the heat to the outdoor unit, where it is released into the outside air. The cooling cycle continues until the indoor temperature reaches the thermostat setting. What does it mean when my A/C freezes up? Icing on the condenser coil on the indoor portion of your air conditioner, or ice on the refrigerant lines outside can be caused by several conditions. The most common culprit is reduced or restricted airflow from a dirty air filter or restricted air ducts. In some instances, a refrigerant (commonly called Freon) leak can cause a condition where ice accumulates on the indoor coil. This condition may damage your system, so report any ice buildup to our service experts as soon as possible. What should my thermostat be set to at night during the cooling season? Normal temperatures in the summer can fluctuate depending on the region. If the thermostat is set at the desired temperature during the day, consider a slightly higher temperature at night. Most automatic thermostats have intelligent recovery which enables the thermostat to adjust the temperature gradually. These programmable thermostats also help to optimize energy savings without sacrificing comfort. What size air conditioner do I need? Every home is different, and there are many environmental variables that must be taken into account. There is not a set size that can be recommended without a Heating and Cooling Load calculation. New higher efficiency A/C systems need proper airflow to meet their designed efficiency levels. A load calculation must be performed on the home to determine the proper system size that meets all the physical requirements. Ultimately the size determination should be made by a qualified air conditioning specialist. What do all those air conditioner and heat pump ratings mean? Efficiency Ratings: SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) is a system for rating the efficiency of cooling equipment. The higher the SEER rating, the less your unit will cost to operate. HSPF (Heating Seasonal Performance Factor) is a measurement similar to SEER, but it measures the efficiency of the heating portion of a heat pump. The higher the HSPF rating, the less your unit will cost to operate. What is a heat pump? Heat pumps are often misunderstood or not understood at all. Because of this, you may not realize that there may be a better heating and cooling option than a furnace or air conditioner. A heat pump is an efficient method of cooling your home in the summer and warming it in the winter. Although heat pumps are new to many people, they have been around for decades. A heat pump looks like an air conditioner, but that’s only the outside appearance. It actually has two functions based on the same principles for both. In warm weather situations, the heat pump works as a normal air conditioner. It extracts heat from inside the home and transfers it to the outdoor air. In colder weather, however, the process reverses, collecting heat from the outdoor air and transferring it inside your home. Even when the air outside feels extremely cold, the air still contains some heat. The heat pump pulls the heat from this cold outdoor air and sends it inside to warm your home. When there is not enough heat in the outside air to meet the demand of the thermostat setting, an auxiliary heater supplements the outdoor air to warm the home. While many people find the winter operation of a heat pump the most difficult to understand, it is during the heating cycle that the heat pump produces the most savings. Unlike a furnace that turns fossil fuel or electricity into heat, the heat pump collects heat that already exists in the outdoor air by means of its refrigeration cycle. Consequently, a heat pump will produce two to three times more heat than the energy it uses. In addition, a heat pump can be an effective add-on option to use in conjunction with an existing gas furnace. With a dual-fuel system, the two systems share the heating load but never function at the same time. Each system operates when it is most cost effective. The heat pump will be the primary heating and cooling system. However, when the temperature drops below the heat pump’s ability to operate as efficiently as the gas furnace, the gas furnace will take over until the temperature rises enough for the heat pump to operate more efficiently. Why does my air conditioner keep running? More than likely the air conditioner is undersized and/or working harder to keep to the desired indoor design temperature. An air conditioner works properly and efficiently at the temperature it was designed to achieve during installation. If there are hotter than normal days, the A/C will try to maintain the indoor design temperature. This does not necessarily mean there is an undersized unit. It means that the particular hot day is outside the normal range of the calculated design for the A/C unit. A proper load calculation from an air conditioning contractor can determine if the air conditioner is properly sized for the geographic location.

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A history of the Beating of the Boundaries in Helston The ancient ritual of Beating the Bounds is one that has been in existence since the second charter of Queen Elizabeth in 1585. The ancient borough of Helston, granted by a charter of King John in 1201, is believed to have been staked out using a stone at three corners and a toft – a tuft of grass – at the fourth. The actual boundary followed an irregular perimeter enclosing lands and houses owned by the burgesses. The boundaries of the parishes were established in a similar way and in the days before maps it was essential to regularly walk the exact boundary to guard against encroachments. This was done by taking local young boys on the route, and bumping them against trees, walls or posts, so that when they grew up they would be able to pass on their knowledge of the boundary. Before 1934, the borough enclosed a relatively small area and only three stones now remain in position on the inner boundary. They can be found in Redruth Road, Church Hill and Prospect Place. In 1934 the boundaries were extended to include Porthleven and parts of the parishes of Sithney and Wendron to form a modern borough of Helston. In 1985 the boundaries were changed again, when Helston and Porthleven separated to become independent parishes. The boundaries of the new Helston town parish were then extended towards Trenethick, Lowertown, Sithney and Porthleven. In days gone by the schoolchildren were armed with sticks. A sod of turf was cut, which was then beaten with the sticks, a sprig of May was stuck into the turf and three cheers were given. Then some of the children were turned upside down to have their heads bumped on the turfed stone. Beating of the Bounds continues in a number of places in the country. It seems to have been connected with, or to have been developed from the ancient Rogationtide processions, when it was customary for the parish priest along with choir and servers to go through the fields near the parish church singing litanies and asking God’s blessing on the crops. This accounts for the fact that beating the bounds at Helston normally takes place on the eve of Ascension Day. The modern Beating of the Bounds ceremony still calls for local children (and sometimes the not-so-young) to be turned upside-down and have their heads gently tapped on the boundary stones. The length of the town boundary means that roughly one third of the boundary is walked each year. The sections are: Carminowe Creek - Boundary Stone No. 1 at the Fairground, Porthleven Road and Boundary Stone No. 18 at R.N.A.S. Culdrose. Lowertown, Newham Old Hill, Squire’s Lane to Porthleven Hill and Penventon Farm. Pemboa – Boundary No. 11 at Lower Junction on the Redruth Road and Boundary Stone No. 18 at Culdrose.

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In folk tales, they’re depicted as cunning, intelligent pranksters (and on the walls of ancient Egyptian tombs and temples, even as gods); jackals have always been known for their ability to adapt themselves to any environment. Even today, as so many wildlife populations suffer from the effects of increased human presence and habitat destruction, jackals continue to thrive. Part of that success can be attributed to their strong familial bonds. One of the few mammalian species that mate for life, jackals often hunt in pairs, using their speed and dexterity to “tag-team” prey. Parents are able to go off to hunt thanks to help from the kids; older pups often care for their younger offspring (in families where this occurs, significantly more pups survive to adulthood). Of course like all families, just because they pitch in doesn’t mean young jackals always get along; there’s pretty serious sibling rivalry from a young age among black-backed jackals (a prevalent species in Tanzania), and dominance hierarchies are established early, and relatively rigid. Another reason for their success is their relative intelligence. Closely related to dogs and wolves, black-backed jackals communicate effectively, especially among family members (black-backed jackals will answer their family member’s cries and ignore those of strangers). Different cries convey different information; a fox-like cackle indicates they’re trapped, a woof means they’ve been surprised, and a yell tells family members a predator is near. But perhaps the single greatest factor in the jackal’s success is simple: it’s just not that picky. Omnivores, they eat everything from termites, spiders, and scorpions; to rodents and hares; to antelope ranging in size from tiny dik-dik to full-grown impala (though jackals will generally only pursue an injured or otherwise weakened animal of that size). Jackals that live near the coast even eat beached marine mammals, mussels, and fish. Jackals will eat almost anything, a trait that comes in very handy in the wild. “2012-bb-jackal-1” by Yathin S Krishnappa – Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg#mediaviewer/File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg Of course there are still threats to jackals; in the wild, leopards are a regular antagonist, and for years, farmers have killed animals that harry their livestock, or simply those whose pelts look especially lush (though jackals have been known to even outwit human hunters; when poisoning became popular, they learned to regurgitate the poisoned bait). But through it all, the jackal has continually learned new ways to adapt. Perhaps that’s the greatest trick it knows how to play! Author: Thomson Safaris Thomson Safaris has been providing photographic Tanzania safaris and Mount Kilimanjaro treks for over 35 years.

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Countries around the world are beginning to apply the science of well-being to the decisions they make. News from the 5th International Conference on Gross National Happiness. The study of happiness is experiencing a boom. Its practitioners include economists who believe that gross domestic product (GDP) is too limited a tool to measure the success of societies, psychologists and sociologists who feel that their disciplines have focused too much on neuroses and social problems and not enough on determining what kind of activities and policies actually contribute to happier societies, and political leaders who want to know how to make use of their findings. During the 5th International Gross National Happiness Conference, held last week in Brazil, happiness proponents from around the world were able to come together and compare notes about the practical application of “happiness science.” The Science of Happiness Not surprisingly, that science has found that beyond a certain minimum level of income, greater happiness comes from strong and plentiful human connections, a sense of control over one’s life and employment, meaningful work, good health, basic economic security, trust in others and in government, and other factors less directly connected with monetary remuneration. I was invited to the conference to speak about the connection between work (or overwork), health, and happiness. I made the case that shorter working hours are crucial to happiness, health, and long-term sustainability. The United States, with among the longest working hours in the industrial world, scores far below northern European nations in calculations of leisure time, longevity, and overall health, while having an ecological footprint nearly twice as large—facts which are clearly related. Studies of life satisfaction can now compare regular polling data from many countries, making it easier to understand how economic and policy decisions impact national happiness. In recent years, such polls have consistently found that the highest levels of satisfaction are found in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, and Sweden—countries with a strong sense of social solidarity and attention to work-life balance, small income gaps, high taxation rates, and strong social safety nets. These studies also find that many relatively income-poor nations, such as Costa Rica and Colombia, also have high rates of life satisfaction, leading one group of British researchers to establish a “Happy Planet Index,” which compares life satisfaction scores, life expectancies, and ecological footprints to produce a net rating for happiness. Many so-called developing countries actually rank at the top of their index. Gross National Happiness One country that takes happiness very seriously is Bhutan, the small Himalayan kingdom that hosted the first Gross National Happiness Conference. In 1972, Bhutan’s king proclaimed in 1972 that “Gross National Happiness is more important then Gross National Product.” Land of the Thunder Dragon JenFu Cheng's photo essay of Bhutan JenFu Cheng's photo essay of Bhutan Since then, Bhutan has enshrined the concept in its constitution and looked for ways to apply it and measure it. Karma Ura, the Bhutanese director of the Center for Bhutan Studies and a speaker at the conference, explained that, over time, the Bhutanese have identified nine aspects that factor into analyses of happiness. They include: psychological well-being; good health; time use (work-life balance); community vitality; education; cultural preservation; environmental protection; good governance; and financial security. They have developed questionnaires, used in regular polls of the Bhutanese people, by which they assess life satisfaction in each of these areas. Included are such questions as: How safe do you feel from human harm? Rarely? Usually? Always? Bhutan then uses the results of its questionnaires to guide public policy. Each governmental decision is based on assurance that it will not lower—and should in fact raise—overall life satisfaction. One such analysis led Bhutan’s government to decide not to join the World Trade Organization. Bhutan’s research, frameworks, and results can be found at its excellent website. While the country is among the world’s poorest materially, the Bhutanese have quite a high level of Gross National Happiness, especially in the countryside, and especially when compared to the resources they consume. Bhutan is far from the only country where happiness has become a serious topic of conversation. This fall, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, only two years ago the champion of economic growth and American-style economics, made headlines by singing a very different tune: he organized a commission led by Nobel Prize economists Joseph Stiglitz and Amartya Sen to re-examine how France measures progress. The commission called for a focus on indicators such as health, family cohesion, and leisure time instead of the current emphasis on GDP. Sarkozy embraced their recommendations and suggested they be adopted by the European community. In August, a European Union commission released a report called “GDP and Beyond: Measuring Progress in a Changing World.” It recommends more accurate reporting on economic inequality as well as the development of social and environmental indicators—including a comprehensive measurement of environmental stewardship that would consider water and air pollution, climate change and energy use, biodiversity, waste, and resource use. John Hall, leader of the Global Project on Measuring the Progress of Societies—a project of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), ratified by 30 countries—reported that the OECD is developing a whole new set of indicators on which to judge the progress of member countries. Its new “Global Project” aims at collecting so-called “best practices”—social and economic policies that are clearly shown to increase life satisfaction. In October, the 3rd OECD World Forum in Busan, South Korea brought together 2,000 researchers and activists from more than 100 countries to consider policies that focus on happiness instead of economic growth. “It really is a movement now,” Hall declared. John de Graaf wrote this article for YES! Magazine, a national, nonprofit media organization that fuses powerful ideas with practical actions. John is the Executive Director of Take Back Your Time and a documentary filmmaker.

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Sriharikota (Andhra Pradesh): Country's first dedicated satellite for astronomical research, Astrosat, will be launched today from here at 10 a.m. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-C30 will carry it into a low earth equatorial orbit after its take-off from the first launch pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, along with six small satellites of international customers. PSLV will fly in its extended configuration this time, keeping in view the total payload weight of 1631 kg. The Astrosat has the ability to observe celestial bodies like distant stars and cosmic X-Ray sources in different wavelengths simultaneously. The scientists of the Indian Space Research Organization ISRO are giving the launch vehicle PSLV-C30 final touches for its 31st flight tomorrow. Along with Astrosat, four identical nano-satellites of Spire Global Inc., the US, a micro-satellite from Indonesia and a nano-satellite of the University of Toronto, Canada are also set to take off. Within 22 minutes 33 seconds of ignition of the PSLV, it would lob Astrosat in its 650 km orbit, followed by the smaller payloads. The science research mission Astrosat with five years of intended operational life would serve as a space observatory.

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Here is the classic James Tone Stack as used, for example, in the 120-watt Orange Graphic. To keep the mathematics from becoming overwhelming, we'll make a few assumptions. First, we'll assume that the driving circuit has an output impedance of zero. For a low-impedance driver like a cathode follower, this is a highly-accurate assumption. A typical 12AX7 voltage amplifier, however, has an output impedance of almost 40k, which reduces the accuracy of our formulas. Second, we'll assume tone control resistances are infinite, because typical 1M controls are much greater than the other resistor values in the circuit. Finally, we'll assume that the tone stack output drives an infinite input impedance. Typically the input impedance to the next stage is at least 1M. These assumptions make it easier to design the James tone stack and calculate the required parts values. Once the circuit is finalized we can test the results under real circuit conditions. Let's begin by setting the bass and treble controls at maximum. This shorts C1 and connects R3 to C3. Because we're assuming the control potentiometers have much larger values than the fixed resistors, their resistances are effectively disconnected from the circuit. C3 is smaller than C2 and dominates performance only at treble frequencies. At bass and midrange frequencies we'll assume it is an open circuit. This approximation will prove very helpful in understanding circuit performance. In the spirit of divide-and-conquer, we'll look only at the low frequencies first. Because we're driving an open circuit, there is no current through R3 and by Ohm's Law there is no voltage across it. Thus we can treat it as a short circuit, giving us a classic voltage divider where Z1 = R1 and Z2 is equal to the impedance of R2 in series with the capacitor impedance. The frequency response is then (If the variable "s" looks unfamiliar, please see our tutorial on Laplace notation.) With some re-arranging we get the following formula suitable for creating a Bode magnitude plot: There is a zero at s = -b and a pole at s = -a. Let's look at the extremes of frequency. At DC, where s = 0, we get H(s) = 1, so there is no attenuation. As the frequency goes to infinity we get This makes sense, because at very high frequencies the capacitor is a short circuit and we get just a voltage divider formed by R1 and R2. This represents midrange attenuation. There is a transition frequency based on the pole: Above this frequency the response transitions to its midrange value, decreasing at a rate of 6dB per octave (20dB per decade) until we reach the bass-midrange transition frequency based on the zero: Here we are arriving at midrange, and the response is only 3dB above its final midrange value of Let's say all this once more and then introduce some hard numbers to make it even more clear. We have the bass control set to maximum, so we have no attenuation at very low frequencies. At the first transition frequency attenuation begins, ultimately decreasing at a rate of 20dB per decade until we reach the bass-midrange transition frequency where the gain levels off at a steady midrange attenuation value that lasts until we reach treble frequencies and C3 starts conducting significant current. Now for some hard numbers. The Orange Graphic uses R1 = 100k, R2 = 22k, and C2 = 0.022uF. This means the midrange gain is -15dB. At low bass frequencies there is no attenuation. When the frequency rises to which is 59 Hz, the gain has fallen by 3dB and is starting to decrease at a rate of 20dB per decade. It finally starts leveling off at the bass-midrange transition frequency of which is 329Hz. At this point the gain is 3dB above its midrange value of -15dB. Now we are ready to draw the Bode magnitude plot for low and midrange frequencies with the bass control at maximum. For the pole we draw a horizontal line at 0dB until we reach the transition frequency of 59Hz. Then we draw a line sloping downward at the rate of 20dB per decade. For the zero we also draw a horizontal line at 0dB until we reach 329Hz, where we then draw a line sloping upward at 20dB per decade. The actual frequency response is very close to the sum of these two approximations. Here is the plot. The approximate pole response and the approximate zero response are the dotted and dashed lines, respectively. The actual response, which includes the 3dB differences at the transition points, is the solid curve. At high frequencies C2 acts as a short circuit and C3 comes into play. The frequency response is This makes sense, because at DC, where s = 0, the response is The capacitor is an open circuit at DC, there is no current through R3 and thus no voltage drop across it. Thus the output voltage is equal to the input voltage reduced in magnitude by the voltage divider formed by R1 and R2. At extremely high frequencies, as s goes to infinity, the response becomes This also makes sense, because at infinitely high frequencies the capacitor is a short circuit. When R3 = R1, as in the Orange Graphic and many other designs, the response becomes From these formulas we see that there is a gain of b/a and transition frequencies for a pole at -a and a zero at -b: The second represents the midrange-treble transition frequency and the first represents a transition to zero attenuation at high treble frequencies. The gain thus begins at the midrange level created by the voltage divider formed by R1 and R2. It then breaks upward due to the zero at the midrange-treble transition frequency, ultimately rising at a maximum rate of 20dB per decade. Finally it breaks back to a flat response at the second transition frequency due to the pole. The Orange Graphic uses C3 = 1500pF, for which the transition frequencies are 162Hz and 900Hz. Here is the Bode magnitude plot. Here are the two Bode plots superimposed. The bass-to-midrange plot is only valid at low frequencies and the midrange-to-treble plot is only valid at high frequencies. The complete response is a gradual combining of the two plots. Our calculations assume an ideal source, an ideal load, and infinite-impedance tone controls. Here is the actual response using Electronics Workbench Multisim®. The plot assumes 1M tone controls, a driving circuit output impedance of 49k (using the Orange Graphic's 220k plate resistor), and a driven circuit input impedance of 1M. (The horizontal axis is a log scale of frequency from 10Hz to 10kHz and the vertical scale is from -20dB to 0dB.) We see that the real world impedances of the driving and driven circuits cause additional attenuation, but otherwise there are no surprises. Maximum attenuation occurs right where we expect. When the tone controls are set to minimum we get this circuit: which has this frequency response: When R3 = R1 then this simplifies, at least slightly, to For reasonable values, in particular when R1 and R3 are equal and substantially larger than R2, then the response is approximately At DC, where s = 0, and at infinitely high frequencies, where s approaches infinity, the equation shows that the response is zero, which makes sense when the controls are at minimum because at DC the capacitor C1 is an open circuit and at the extremes of treble capacitor C4 is a short circuit. There is a zero at s = 0 and there are poles at s = -a1 and s = -a2. The -3dB transition frequencies for the two poles are At extremely low frequencies, because of the zero, gain increases at a rate of 20dB per decade. It would ultimately reach 0dB at a frequency of but at the first transition frequency a pole kicks in and the gain starts leveling out. At the second transition frequency the other pole causes the gain to drop 3dB. Thereafter gain decreases further at the rate of 20dB per decade. For Orange Graphic's C4 = 0.01uF the lower transition frequency is 130Hz. For C1 = 2200pF the upper transition frequency is 593Hz. These are shown in the Bode magnitude plot: Here is the response using Electronics Workbench Multisim®. (1M tone controls, a driving circuit output impedance of 49k, and a driven circuit input impedance of 1M.) (The vertical scale is -50dB to 0dB.) Here we see that under real circuit conditions the attenuation is less dramatic and shifted downward in frequency. To convert our analysis into a practical design procedure we need to translate the equations that determine the frequency response based on parts values into equations that determine parts values based on the desired frequency response. We take that step and put the formulas to practical use here: Copyright © 2005-2017 Amp Books LLC All Rights Reserved

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Field Note terms Some terms people may be struggling with when they run across them in Woolley and Mallowans notes: adze - woodworking tool resembling an ax, but with a blade set perpendicular to the shaft. battered - in architectural terms, a wall that is sloped rather than vertical. bellum - a form of boat with high bow and stern, models of which are often found in graves. bitumen - a sticky, black substance that is essentially tar, sometimes called pitch. It was used for many purposes in the ancient world just as today, chiefly in waterproofing. bugle - tubular shape that flares out at one end to resemble a bugle, usually used to describe certain types of beads Bur Sin - also written BurSin or Bursin: name of an UrIII king which scholars now read as Amar Sin. Keep Woolley's term when transcribing, however. burnt brick - Woolley uses this term a lot, probably for 'baked brick' meaning intentionally fired clay bricks rather than burned in a conflagration. It could well apply to burning from destruction levels, though. carinated - term for a sharp transition in a pot or other vessel, typically at the shoulder or neck. The word is also seen in the noun form 'carination'. carnelian - a semi-precious red stone. conoid - a shape of bead that is rounded and somewhat conical. corbel-vault - an architectural feature; a form of vault made by stepping bricks closer in until they meet at the top of the arch. drab clay - common description of non-descript pottery material. double conoid - a bead shape that is rounded/conical at both ends Dungi - name of an UrIII king which scholars now read as Shulgi. Keep Woolley's term when transcribing, however. frit - material often used in making beads and amulets; it is similar to glass in composition but not heated enough to vitrify. Also called faience. frontage - Woolley uses this term something like the word facade, the facing part of a wall. In his handwriting, it often looks like the word portage or pontage. haematite - iron-bearing stone that is typically dark and dense. More typically today spelled hematite. inhumation - type of burial not using a coffin or other container, simply placing the body in the ground. Kassite - general name of the group of people ruling over Babylon in part of the Middle Bronze Age. It is sometimes used as a term for the time period at Ur just after the Old Babylonian period. kisu - an Akkadian word referring to a revetment wall used to protect an outer wall. Kurigalzu - name of a Kassite king often used as a temporal marker in Woolley's notes to show the general Kassite time period. Sometimes this name is actually found stamped on bricks at Ur. lapis or lapis lazuli - a semi-precious blue stone. larnax - a form of clay coffin, the general shape of a bathtub. Larsa - a city in Mesopotamia whose name is also used for a time period during which that city was politically ascendant. The period is often called the Isin-Larsa period and it falls between the UrIII and Old Babylonian. lentoid - elongated oval shape, usually used to describe certain types of beads. lunate - crescent or moon-shaped, usually used to describe jewelery like earrings. Nannar - patron deity of Ur. He is the Moon God, typically transcribed tody as Nanna. In Akkadian he was known by the name Sin or Suen. Nin-gal - consort to Nanna worshiped alongside him. Her name means Great Lady. plano-convex - a term designating a particular shape of brick that is relatively fat in the middle but narrow at the ends. The use of this type of brick, laid in a herring-bone pattern, was typically seen in the Early Dynastic period at Ur. reveal - an architectural term for the part of a door jamb that is visible between the door and the outer wall. Reveals can be very decorative and in important Mesopotamian buildings are often stepped in toward the doorway. Note: Mallowan writes this word 'revil' in his notes. Sin-balatsu-iqbi - a governor of Ur in the Neo-Babylonian period. His restorations to buildings are often documented in inscriptions. soffit - architectural term; often refers to the eaves of a roof. spindle whorl - a small, pierced, round object used to weight a spindle when spinning wool into thread. steatite - a dark stone, often relativley green in color. stratum - layer of dirt, brick, pottery, or pretty much anything else that forms a vertical division when digging. strata - plural of stratum. Tell el Obeid - A site near Ur, now mostly written Ubaid rather than Obeid, that was excavated in the second season at Ur as part of the project. temenos - enclosed area; at Ur this is the area of the Ziggurat terrace. It is surrounded by an enclosure wall (temenos wall) which is sometimes referred to as the temenos. The wall and thus the area it enclosed was expanded at various periods. trough - type of burial where the grave is sunk into the ground, comparable to an inhumation grave.

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Saint John's Marsh Creek has seen a 99 per cent reduction in fecal coliform bacteria in some areas, compared to last year, according to recent tests by a local environmental group. The bacteria are used as an indicator for the potential presence of other disease-causing pathogens, such as amoebic dysentery and hepatitis. Tim Vickers, executive director of the Atlantic Coastal Action Program (ACAP), credits the Saint John Harbour cleanup project, which cut off the flow of raw sewage into the east side creek. "Previous years, when we would step out in to the water, it was just basically a colloidal mixture — almost like a milkshake, just grey with toilet paper and other nasties," he said. But this year, Vickers says he could see a change in the water, even before the latest test results came back. "One of the first things we noticed when we waded out was that we could actually see our feet — the bottom of our waders when we were walking — and there was no toilet paper on the nets whatsoever. So immediately we realized something was going on, and there were some esthetic improvements right off the bat." Still above federal guidelines The fecal bacteria levels are still above the federal water safety guidelines of 200 counts per 100 millilitres of water for recreational use. But the results are encouraging, said Vickers. And there's no longer any smell, which is good for the city and its reputation, said Deputy Mayor Shelley Rinehart. "They say first impressions last a life time, and so certainly the hold your breath while you drive past a certain area of the city didn't leave people with the image we want, so dealing with this is a huge step forward," she said. The wildlife has bounced back in the area, with sandpipers, Great Blue Herons and raccoons combing the shore. Vickers hopes Saint John citizens won't be far behind. "I don't think it will take long when people realize that the water quality is much, much better to turn towards the creek, rather than turn their backs on it like they used to," he said. ACAP has been testing water quality at Marsh Creek since 1995. In 2006, all levels of government agreed on a $100-million cleanup of the Saint John Harbour. Saint John council awarded the final contract for the project last fall. Galbraith Construction is building a sewage lift station on Mill Street. Once complete, the cleanup project will be diverting an estimated 200 swimming pools worth of raw sewage every day.

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>Any personal finance adviser will tell you that developing and maintaining a financial budget is the best way to meet monthly expenses, save for financial emergencies and plan for the future. Keeping a budget basically means totaling your income for the month and subtracting the total of all your expenses. A budget calculator allows you to itemize your expenses so you can see where all your spending is going, especially for non-fixed discretionary items like groceries, music downloads, fast food, entertainment, computer software and the like that may be keeping you from paying off your credit debts or building a sufficient savings account. This aptly named budget calculator is straightforward and includes expense boxes for many of the most typical types of fixed and non-fixed expenses—rent or mortgage, electricity, water, phone, Internet, etc. You need to input of course what applies to your personal finances. It also contains boxes for monthly savings, IRA, and investments. After you enter the amounts and press “Calculate Budget” you can view and print out your budget for the month. As the site points out, “If the amount you get is a negative number check your expenses and savings to find out what is causing you to spend more than you make, and if you have money left over, put more money into savings or put it towards ‘Fun and Entertainment‘”. This calculator is not as extensive as the one above, but if your expenses are limited to the basics – rent or mortgage, one or two credit cards, car loan, entertainment, etc – then this calculator is useful for quick results. If going to college is in your plans, the banking website, Chase.com, has a free student loan and budget calculator that computes your assets. This includes job income, scholarships, grants, parents/other, and your expenses – tuition, books and fees, room board, etc. Free Financial Advice also has a basic budget calculator, but it also features lots of short article advice for personal finance management and savings, including investing for beginners, ideas for earning extra money, saving gas, clothing, computer software, landscaping, paying off debts, etc. Free Financial Advice doesn’t require you to register or provide your email. DebtSteps has three extensive budget and loan calculators – Free Household Budget Form, Mortgage Payment Calculator, and a Credit Card Payoff Calculator. When you click on the household budget form, select the Print View option at the bottom of the page, and you will get a very extensive list for income and assets boxes, and numerous one for expenses – including unsecured debts, and gifts and donations. Home Budget Calculator does what the above calculators do, but it includes two other unique features. It provides data boxes for you and your spouse’s income as well as more specific data, such as your tax withholdings, FICA, and retirement deductions or expenses. The calculator also includes a visual pie chart that depicts your monthly expenses. Frugalpig is a site dedicated to providing readers with tips and strategies for frugal living. It includes its own budget calculator for finding what the site calls “budget leaks”. If you need or want an old fashion pen and paper method for budgeting, you can also download the site’s free PDF family budget worksheet. Frugalpig also provides lots of tips about saving money on groceries, gas, home expenses, entertainment, and shopping in general. When you get into the habit of creating and maintaining a budget, you will typically start looking for how you can tighten your budget to either meet monthly expenses, pay off a huge debt, or create emergency savings. Bankrate has a budget calculator as well, but it also includes several other budget calculators for mortgages, auto loans, credit card transfers, and home equity calculations. Let us know what you think of these sites and which online financial tools you have found useful for controlling your budget. Image Credit: Shutterstock

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Coastal Zone Management Program The United States Congress enacted the federal Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972. To comply with the Act, the Hawaii State Legislature passed Public Law 92-583: The Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Act of 1977. The State law contains a number of wide ranging objectives and policies. These are intended to guide the conservation and development of land and water resources within the coastal zone in light of competing demands for limited and sensitive coastal resources. Hawaii’s designated coastal zone includes all land areas of the state and extends seaward three miles to the limit of the state’s jurisdiction. At the federal level, the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) administers the federal coastal zone management program and regularly evaluates each participating State's coastal management programs to ensure consistency and provide funding of coastal projects and programs. At the State level, the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program (HICZMP) uses a broad management framework to integrate decisions made by state and county agencies and provide greater coordination of existing laws and rules. The HICZMP administers the programs federal financing and ensures that both state and county agencies comply with CZM law. State agencies such as the Land Use Commission, the Department of Lands and Natural Resources, Department of Health, Department of Transportation and Department of Agriculture frequently participate in the HICZMP. To date, 34 of 35 eligible States have federally-approved programs with NOAA first approving Hawaii’s coastal zone management program in September 1978. The Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Act provides Maui County with regulatory control and authority over all development within Special Management Areas (SMA) and Shoreline Setback Areas (SSA) of the Isle's coastal zone. The Maui County Planning Department administers the HICZMP by providing permitting and assessment, a Shoreline Access Report that provides an inventory of shoreline access points, and technical support for beach restoration and nourishment activities.

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Australian vets are quick to volunteer during disasters. Now the Australian Veterinary Emergency Response Team has been established to coordinate their efforts, reports Harry Pearl In the week following Victoria’s Black Saturday Fires in 2009, in which 173 people died, the Victorian office of the Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) was inundated with calls from vets and members of the public asking for advice. As the fires raged across the state on February 7 and 8—incinerating homes, crops and schools—scores of animals were caught by the fast-moving flames. The RSPCA later put the death toll of livestock and wildlife at more than one million. Callers to the AVA wanted to know what was going on, how they could help and who they should contact about animals burnt in the fire. But the scale of the disaster caught veterinary and animal welfare organisations off guard. It soon became clear, according to the AVA submission to the Victorian Bushfire Royal Commission, that there was no effective coordination of veterinary response. Truckloads of supplies that started arriving from interstate were distributed haphazardly. The role of different organisations was unclear. And, despite the best intentions of vets and vet nurses who volunteered their services, there was no screening process to make sure demands for specific veterinary services were matched with people who had the right skills. “They were totally overrun,” says Maryann Dalton, chief executive of Vets Beyond Borders (VBB). For Dalton—and many others in the veterinary field—the incident highlighted the need for a national emergency response structure that ensured the right people were on the ground at the right time. “If they had a database of people that they could have called on, who were prepared to go out in these type of events—and we collected information on all the different skills that they had—then that could be invaluable,” she says. Six years later, VBB started work on the Australian Veterinary Emergency Response Team. The initiative, known as AVERT, was launched in May last year and now provides a database of experienced volunteer vets, vet nurses and technicians who can be deployed in the event of an emergency. “We’ve got to have all this in place in advance so that we can mobilise. When it happens that’s not the time to think, ‘Heck, how can we get more people here?”—Ian Douglas, chairman, AVERT Australia is prone to a range of natural disasters and regularly sees bushfires, floods, cyclones and droughts. It’s also not immune to disease outbreaks like foot-and-mouth disease, mad cow disease and rabies, which could have a devastating impact on rural businesses. In an emergency, state and territory authorities are responsible for rescues, care and disposal of animals. But often government-employed vets can be overwhelmed and require assistance. That’s where a well-trained and organised pool of volunteer vets can fit in, says Ian Douglas, chairman of AVERT. “We’re positioning ourselves to be able to respond on a regional, state or national basis depending on what situation arises,” Douglas says. “It’s not just bushfires; it’s as much about the emergence of exotic diseases as anything else.” So far, the response to the initiative has been overwhelmingly positive. State and Commonwealth governments have been supportive of the idea. So have the AVA and Animal Health Australia. Dr Norm Blackman, who was called on to help coordinate the AVA response following the bushfires, said a group like AVERT could be invaluable in the wake of future disasters. “Pre-planning is critical to any emergency—having plans in place that allow you to bring together the right people quickly and respond. I think that is where AVERT could really make a difference,” he says. More than 200 vets, vet nurses and technicians have registered with the program. Volunteers are screened, with professionals who have worked in disaster zones or with animal diseases looked on particularly favourably. However, vets who are willing to undergo training—often via online courses—are welcomed too. Volunteers are kept up to date with regular bulletins, telling them about weather emergency warnings and training opportunities. All professionals who register and pay a small fee are insured. “It’s an invaluable source and everyone thinks it’s wonderful. But we are struggling to get funding for it—that’s our main problem.”—Maryann Dalton, chief executive, Vets Beyond Borders But despite the positive feedback, funding has been less forthcoming than VBB had hoped for and presents a major obstacle to AVERT’s future success. VBB needs $150,000 to run the program and has no specific funds available to allocate. A budget has been prepared to cover the cost of employing a program manager to handle the day-to-day operation, including keeping the database updated, communicating with stakeholders, marketing and fundraising. Thirty thousand dollars has been earmarked to cover travel costs in the case of an emergency. “We applied for $50,000 from the Commonwealth Government, $50,000 through the states and we’re trying to fund $50,000 through appeals from industry, corporates and donors,” Dalton says. “So far the governments have both said, ‘We don’t have any money.’” Dalton says the program has been getting some support from pharmaceutical companies and corporate bodies, but it’s not enough. The cost of running the program is eating into the finances of VBB. “To me it’s an invaluable resource and everyone thinks it’s wonderful. But we are struggling to get funding for it—that’s our main problem,” she says. Although AVERT is yet to deploy any volunteers, it has a growing database of qualified veterinary workers who are ready to go, organisers say. AVERT vets with burns experience were put on stand-by following the bushfires that ravaged parts of New South Wales on February 12 and 13 this year. They also have professionals prepared to respond to an emergency animal disease outbreak. Many volunteers have experience working with animal diseases because they have volunteered with VBB abroad. Douglas says exotic diseases and natural disasters do not respect borders and it is essential Australia is prepared. “We’ve got to have all this in place in advance so that we can mobilise,” Douglas says. “When it happens that’s not the time to think, ‘Heck, how can we get more people here?’ That’s what has been going on up until now and it’s not really a very valid or effective response.”

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This French classic was quite popular in the English-speaking world during the early 19th-century, now seen as a sort of vintage classic, the name may hold appeal to those who are endeared to such names as Josephine, Louise or Marguerite. The name has its origins in the Greek male name, Delphinos, who, in Greek mythology was a dolphin lord under the god Poseidon. When his master was wooing the beautiful Naiad Amphitrite, Poseidon demanded Delphinos to seek Amphitrite and to propose to her on his behalf. When Delphinos found the Naiad and brought her before the sea god, Poseidon made Delphinos into a constellation in gratitude for his services. Alternately, the name could also be taken from the Greek city, Delphi, which ultimately has the same origin as Delphinos, meaning “dolphin.” In the mortal world, the name first made its appearance in France around the 14th-century. It was borne by a Provençal saint. It was thereafter commonly used among the French aristocracy. The name was also the subject of a famous French book entitled Delphine by Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, (1802). The Delphinium plant has the same root and meaning as the name Delphine. In English, delphine is also used as the adjectival form of dolphin. Currently, Delfina is the 15th most popular female name in Argentina, (2009). - Delphia (Greek) - Delphina (Latin) - Delphinia (Latin) - Delfina (Italian/Polish/Spanish) - Delfino (Provençal) It also has some male incarnations such as the French Delphin (del-FAHn). Other forms include - Delfin (French/Polish) - Delphinos (Greek) - Delphinus (Latin) - Delfino (Italian/Spanish) Its designated name-day is November 9th.

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How did life on Earth get started? Three new papers co-authored by Mike Russell, a research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., strengthen the case that Earth’s first life began at alkaline hydrothermal vents at the bottom of oceans. Scientists are interested in understanding early life on Earth because if we ever hope to find life on other worlds — especially icy worlds with subsurface oceans such as Jupiter’s moon Europa and Saturn’s Enceladus — we need to know what chemical signatures to look for. Two papers published recently in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B provide more detail on the chemical and precursor metabolic reactions that have to take place to pave the pathway for life. Russell and his co-authors describe how the interactions between the earliest oceans and alkaline hydrothermal fluids likely produced acetate (comparable to vinegar). The acetate is a product of methane and hydrogen from the alkaline hydrothermal vents and carbon dioxide dissolved in the surrounding ocean. Once this early chemical pathway was forged, acetate could become the basis of other biological molecules. They also describe how two kinds of “nano-engines” that create organic carbon and polymers — energy currency of the first cells — could have been assembled from inorganic minerals. A paper published in the journal Biochimica et Biophysica Acta analyzes the structural similarity between the most ancient enzymes of life and minerals precipitated at these alkaline vents, an indication that the first life didn’t have to invent its first catalysts and engines. “Our work on alkaline hot springs on the ocean floor makes what we believe is the most plausible case for the origin of the life’s building blocks and its energy supply,” Russell said. “Our hypothesis is testable, has the right assortment of ingredients and obeys the laws of thermodynamics.” Russell’s work was funded by the NASA Astrobiology Institute through the Icy Worlds team based at JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. The NASA Astrobiology Institute, based at NASA’s Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif., is a partnership among NASA, 15 U.S. teams and 13 international consortia. The Institute is part of NASA’s astrobiology program, which supports research into the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life on Earth and the potential for life elsewhere. Note : The above story is based on materials provided by NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

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The next day, 4 birdwatchers happened to drive by the lake and when one of them called out in surprise at what he saw, the others didn't believe him. Wild swans had not been seen in Arkansas for at least 80 years so their doubts were justified. However, their sharp-eyed friend convinced them to stop and look for themselves. When they walked back and spotted the 3 swans, they were astonished. "Those aren't Trumpeter swans, are they?" As if on cue, one of the birds called out and there was no doubt. The loud, trumpet-like sound which gives them their name cannot be mistaken for anything else. For a few days anyway, the endangered Trumpeter Swan, the largest fowl in North America and the rarest of swans was back in Arkansas. The owner of the lake and surrounding farmland, Perry Lindner, for a number of years had been feeding corn to the wintering waterfowl who came to Magness Lake. When he came out several days later, he saw the new visitors so he spread extra handfuls of corn along the shore near them. The hungry birds eagerly ate all he put out. They enjoyed their new home and the free corn so much that instead of staying just a few days, they didn't leave until February 24th. Nobody expected the swans to return after that first visit. Evidently they liked Magness Lake so much though that not only did they return on Christmas Day, they brought several friends. They were then joined in January by a female and her mate who had been banded in Minnesota. This time the group stayed until the last day of February. The next year, the same group returned and this time the banded female and her mate brought 3 cygnets (juvenile swans) with them. Since then, the swans have taken a break on their way south and returned every year bringing mates, family members and friends. More than 150 swans now stop at Magness Lake and surrounding ponds for several winter months to rest and replenish with the deer corn people bring to feed them. By a quirk of fate, where once there were no swans in the whole state, there are now many and the people who make the effort can stand within a few feet of North America's largest, most beautiful waterfowl. It's an experience you will probably never forget.

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Newswise — By studying laboratory mice, scientists at The Johns Hopkins University have succeeded in plotting the labyrinthine paths of some of the largest nerve cells in the mammalian brain: cholinergic neurons, the first cells to degenerate in people with Alzheimer’s disease. “For us, this was like scaling Mount Everest,” says Jeremy Nathans, Ph.D., professor of molecular biology and genetics, neuroscience, and ophthalmology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. “This work reveals the amazing challenges that cholinergic neurons face every day. Each of these cells is like a city connected to its suburbs by a single, one-lane road, with all of the emergency services located only in the city. You can imagine how hard it would be in a crisis if all of the emergency vehicles had to get to the suburbs along that one road. We think something like this might be happening when cholinergic neurons trying to repair the damage done by Alzheimer’s disease.” Each cholinergic neuron, Nathans explains, has roughly 1,000 branch points. If lined up end to end, one neuron’s branches would add up to approximately 15 times the length of the mouse brain. But all of the branches are connected by a single, extremely thin “pipeline” to one hub — the cell body — that provides for the needs of the branches. The challenge of moving material through this single pipeline could make it very difficult for cholinergic neurons to combat the challenges that come with a disorder like Alzheimer’s disease, he says. Now, by mapping the branches and pipelines, scientists will likely get a better fix on what happens when the neurons fail to meet the challenges. A summary of the research was published online in the journal eLife on May 7. Cholinergic neurons are among the largest neurons in the mammal brain. Named for their release of a chemical messenger called acetylcholine, they number only in the thousands in mouse brains, a tiny fraction of the 50 to 100 million total neurons. Their cell bodies are located at the base of the brain near its front end, but their branches extend throughout the cerebral cortex, the outermost, wrinkled layer of “grey matter” that is responsible for the mind’s most advanced intellectual functions. Therefore, although there are relatively few cholinergic neurons, they affect a very large part of the brain, Nathans says. Due to the technical challenge of visualizing the complicated paths of hundreds of tiny branches from a single neuron tangled within millions of other neurons, the actual size and shape of individual cholinergic neurons — and the territory they cover — had been unknown until now, Nathans says. Using genetic engineering methods, the Nathans team programmed several cholinergic neurons per mouse to make a protein that could be seen with a colored chemical reaction. Critical to the success of the work was the ability to limit the number of cells making the protein — if all of the cholinergic neurons made the protein, it would have been impossible to distinguish individual branches. Because microscopes cannot see through thick tissue, Nathans and his team preserved the mouse brains and then thinly sliced them to produce serial images. The branching path of each neuron was then painstakingly reconstructed from the serial images and analyzed. In adult mice, he says, the average length of the branches of a single cholinergic neuron, lined up end to end, is 31 cm (12 inches), varying from 11 to 49 cm (4 to 19 inches). The average length of a mouse brain is only 2 cm — a bit less than one inch. Although each cholinergic neuron, on average, contains approximately 1,000 branch points, they vary significantly in the extent of the territory that they cover. The researchers used the same techniques to study the cholinergic neurons of mice with a rodent form of Alzheimer’s disease and found that the branches were fragmented. They also found clumps of material that may have been debris from the disintegrating branches. Although the cholinergic neurons of human brains have not been individually traced, Nathans’ team was able to calculate that the average cholinergic neuron in the human brain has a total branch length of approximately 100 meters, a bit longer than a football field. “That is a really long pipeline, especially if one considers that the pipes have diameters of only 30 thousandths of a millimeter, far narrower than a human hair,” says Nathans. He adds, “Although our study only defined a few simple, physical properties of these neurons, such as size and shape, it has equipped us to form and test better hypotheses about what goes wrong with them during disease.” Other authors of the report include Hao Wu and John Williams of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. This work was supported by grants from the Human Frontier Science Program, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Brain Science Institute of The Johns Hopkins University. On the Web:

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i’m personally always on the lookout for articles to help me when writing, and here’s one all about creating characters which I find especially useful. Types of Characters In Fiction To promote fair use of the material, I’m posting a link only. Characters are important to books. What is a character? I feel it’s a good starting point to define that. “A character is any person, animal, or figure represented in a literary work. Main characters have the greatest effect on the plot or are the most affected by the events of the story. Types of characters include protagonists, antagonists, dynamic, static, round, flat and stock.” (Character- Wikipedia). Characterisation, then, is the creation of a character (also called character “building.”

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Meaning: illegal abduction, transport, imprisonment and torture of suspects in secret locations - The US military carried out "extraordinary rendition" in other countries to avoid charges of torture under US law. - Many ISIS members say they were tortured during "extraordinary rendition" when they were younger. This example of doublespeak was created by the U.S. government to describe an illegal program of abduction, transport, imprisonment and torture of terrorism suspects by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the U.S. Armed Forces. Suspects were held and tortured in secret locations outside the USA to avoid US laws that prohibit torture. The program began soon after the 9/11 attacks on the USA, and it is now known that most of the people abducted and tortured had no ties to the 9/11 attacks or any terrorist groups. Later, however, many claim to have joined ISIS and other terrorist groups as a direct result of the torture and inhumane treatment they'd suffered during "extraordinary rendition". Variety: This is typically used in American English but may be used in other varieties of English too. "Extraordinary rendition" allowed the US military to avoid This entry is in the following categories: Contributor: Matt Errey

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Get Great Hair, Skin And Nails With Great NutritionWhy should you give a hoot about nutrition? Well, nutrition is the building block to all life. What you put into your body is what you get out of it, so nutrition is a great way to enhance the quality of your day-to-day life. This article will outline a few simple ways you can get on the path to better nutrition, with just a few little things! When you are on a diet, remember that healthy eating starts with what you buy. Your cart at the grocery store should be balanced the same way you balance your meals. This means making about half your purchases in produce, a quarter in grains, and the final quarter in lean protein sources. This way, the healthy options are always available when you get hungry. Have a doctor check your blood for levels of various minerals and vitamins in your blood stream. Ask for a complete check. That way, if you find you are deficient in any one thing, or a few things, you can immediately start taking steps to change your diet so you stay well and healthy. what is collagen booster is an important part of a healthy diet. It acts as an antioxidant, ridding the body of free radicals that have the ability to damage your cells and help to cause cancer and cardiovascular disease. Immune function and DNA repair are also helped by Vitamin E. You can get Vitamin E in vegetables oils, fortified cereals, nuts, beans, whole grains and leafy green vegetables. Try to incorporate colorful foods into your diet. Brightly-colored fruits and vegetables provide many health benefits without a lot of calories. Every meal should include at least one or two fruits and vegetables. collagen reduce stretch marks are loaded with antioxidants, so try eating them, too. Don't eat as much salt. There is a lot of salt in fast foods and also most junk foods. If you don't consume so much salt daily, you'll probably start to be able to taste salt easier. Foods that aren't good for your health are going to become too salty tasting suddenly. Your body will adjust, and your cravings will go away in time. Beans, beans what a wonderful food. Studies have shown that eating beans can reduce your chances of developing heart disease and could also prevent breast cancer. These great properties are thanks to beans' high protein, vitamin, and fiber content. To reduce the chance of indigestion, add them to your diet gradually. When you are attempting to reduce the amount of refined sugar in your diet, watch out for corn syrup as well. Condiments, such as ketchup, contain corn syrup, so take care to read the nutritional labels of all foodstuffs and products you are eating. Be aware of what you drink. Avoid any drinks that contain alcohol or sugar, replacing them with water, low-fat milk or tea. Sugary drinks are packed full of empty calories that add no nutritional value to your diet. Drinking one sugary drink a day can cause you to put on unnecessary weight, and increases your risk of developing high blood pressure. If you find yourself feeling kind of mucus filled after consuming dairy products or if you have an allergy to dairy products, it may be time to give it up. You can get the nutrition that diary provides by switching to Greek style yogurt, cottage cheese and high-quality whey protein. Good nutrition can go a long way in relieving some of the common discomforts of pregnancy. Avoid fried foods, excessive spices and too many fatty foods to help combat the heartburn that often comes along when you are pregnant. Eat fiber rich foods to increase intestinal movement and avoid constipation. If you choose the right kinds, nuts can be quite nutritious. Munching on a handful or two of almonds is not only a tasty snack, but is full of fiber, too. Make just click the up coming internet page of your meals or snacks includes some protein, and try to get an adequate amount of healthy fat each day. Both fat and protein will make you feel more satified than if you got the same number of calories from a sugary snack. Additionally, protein is necessary if you're exercising as well as dieting, to ensure that you don't lose too much muscle along with fat. Eggplants have a softness that adds texture to variety of foods including baba ghanoush and eggplant parmesan. Eggplants are a great food full of folic acid, potassium and also act as a great antioxidant agent. One step to a more nutritious lifestyle is to cut out all refined flour from your diet. This includes changing to whole-wheat pastas and breads. There are many benefits to adding whole-wheat products to your diet. If you're worried about getting used to the different taste, don't. Your taste will quickly change, and you will love it! Do not be afraid to pamper yourself with your favorites or comfort foods. The main idea is to target quantity over quality. You have already loved these foods which mean that "quality" should not be a factor. Keep your portions in control and do not over do it throughout your week. Earn the reward through willpower. This article should have helped you learn that eating a healthy diet doesn't have to be difficult. There's no need to resort to complicated formulas or the latest fad to get the nutrition you need. Just remember the basic advice you've learned from this article, and soon you'll be eating healthier than ever.

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Beacon Hill and the Beacon Hill Wildflower Exhibition is a great local resource to use for a Natural and Cultural Heritage lesson. Julia Colvin (MMAEP) recently organised a trip for learners from Silindile, Yarrow, Triandra and Sifisesihle schools (all registered with the WESSA Eco-School programme) and compiled this report. The excursion was a joint effort between the Howick uMngeni Museum (HuM) and the Midlands Meander Association Education Project (MMAEP), assisted by a group of dedicated volunteers – from the Friends of Howick Museum and Friends of Beacon Hill and Charlene Russell. The children were all given multi-coloured hats and bright bandanas – always guaranteed to infuse that little bit of extra, much needed, energy – as the climb to the top of Beacon Hill is quite steep, but well worth the effort.At the top one is treated to a panoramic view of Howick. On reaching the summit there were many “Oohs! And Aahs!” as they saw the expanse of Midmar and a different perspective from one the children are used to. Looking at Howick with new eyes. They quickly identified landmarks on the map – which had been specifically created by Greg Moore, of the uMngeni Municipality GIS department, as a practical aid for learners to locate landmarks on the map and then develop a key. They learnt why it is important to care for our fast diminishing grasslands. Many of the children shook their heads in disbelief when we told them that like the Zebra, we too, rely on grasses as a staple food source – sugar, wild rice, porridge, bread and mielie meal. After tea, we returned to the museum to complete a treasure hunt, followed by some dramatic action where we animated a story from the past, leaping back in time to Howick in 1913. Time travel into another era is an opportunity for children to connect with the past, using real life displays to understand events, circumstances and how people lived a simpler, slower paced life a 100 years ago. We dressed our main characters and took the excited mobile audience around the museum “scenes” using real props from 1913; a telephone, a dentists room, a typical kitchen, the parlour and, of course, Beacon Hill. An impressive character was the wise Inyanga we consulted (played by Tau Lenkane – Museum Assistant). Back in 1913 he was used his knowledge of medicinal plants on Beacon Hill to prepare muthi for a child with tooth ache. We continued these social science activities with a recap session outside under an old Yellowwood tree. It became evident that the children had understood many of the lessons from the past. By enjoying this learning experience, they will not only grow in knowledge but hopefully develop a sense of responsibility for local heritage. Mr Mkizwe, Grade 5 Teacher from Sifisesihle was thrilled with the Beacon Hill excursion. He said that “We as teachers never got to leave the classroom to see for ourselves what lies beyond. Many of the teachers are unable teach about the outdoor because they have never really had the chance. The children are still talking about the trip and that have learnt more about nature than a book or a teacher, standing in front of a blackboard could ever tell them, thank you special Bugs”. Great learning, creative education and partnership. A perfect day out, right on our doorstep.

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Gajabahu I was a Sinhalese king who reigned 22 years in Anuradhapura at the begin of the 2nd century C.E. The Pali name “Gajabahu”, also spelt "Gaja Bahu", means “elephant’s arm” and obviously refers to strength. Gajabahu, known as “Gajaba” in Sinhala, is a popular figure in Sri Lanka’s history, though not much is known about King Gajabahu from the island’s ancient Mahavamsa chonicle or from inscriptions. A stone inscription in Brahmi characters, dating to Gajabahu’s reign, orders that part of the customs collected at the seaport of Godavaya in southern Sri Lanka should be donated to the local monastery. Meritorious donations for the Buddhist order’s sake are mentioned in the Mahavamsa, too. But there are much later popular legends, maybe from the late Middle Ages, and the Rajavaliya chronicle from the Kandyan era, which tell the story, that Gajabahu invaded South India and that he introduced the cult of Pattini from there. This goddess became highly respected as one of the four main guardian deities of the island not before the Kandyan period and may have been venerated locally since the end of the Polonnaruwa period. The legend of Gajabahu's patronage was most probably created to generate legitimacy for the goddess, in retrospect. However, there appears to be a reference to Gajabahu in a very early piece of Southindian literature, the Silappatikaram, also transcribed Cilappatikaram or Silapathikaram. The name of this poetic work can be translated as “Story of the anklet”. The Silappatikaram is a very popular epic, its significance for the Tamil culture is comparable to that of the Iliad for ancient Greece. The epic tells the story of Kannagi, who lost her husband to a miscarriage of justice at the court of the Pandyan kings in Madurai and then wreaks her revenge on the Pandyan capital city by burning it. Kannagi became venerated by Tamils as goddess and later on also by Sinhalese, who call her: Pattini. From comparative studies between the Silappatikaram and Buddhist and Jain literature, it has been dated to the 5th or 6th century C.E. The Silappatikaram mentions, that a king called “Kayavaku” from the Sinhalese island attended a ceremony of the Chera king Senguttuvan (Cen Kuttuvan). “Kayavaku”, of course, is a transcription of the Tamil spelling. There is no other name of a Sinhalese monarch that could be meant by “Kayavaku” than King Gajabahu. (There is a Gajabahu II in the 12th century, who lived much later than the time of writing of the Silappatikaram.). The so-called “Gajabahu synchronism” is of utmost significance for dating reigns if Tamil kings and writings of Tamil poets in Southern India. But critics of the “Gajabahu synchronism” suggest that the cordial meeting between Gajabahu and Senguttuvan is a purely fictional poetic compilation. The Silappatikaram mentions Gajabahu as a neighbouring king of the Tamil Cheras, who takes part in a ceremony in honour of Kannagi (Pattini). Opposed to this amicable picture, the later Sinhalese chronicles depict Gajabahu as a powerful enemy of South India, who went there in revenge for a previous invasion and cruelties committed by a Tamil king from Southern India. So the popular Sinhalese Gajaba-story goes: During the short reign of Gajabahu’s father Vankanasika Tissa, son and successor of the first Lambakanna King Vasabha, the Cholas from mainland India attacked the island and deported 12,000 men, who then were forced to work at the Kaveri river dam in the Tamil Chola kingdom (neighbouring the Southindian Tamil Chera kingdom mentioned above). Gajabahu, while walking in Anuradhapura one night, heard a woman weeping. When he asked her for the reason, she told him that her children had been carried off to India. This is how King Gajabahu became aware of what had happened to the 12,000 abducted. The Rajavaliya tells: “Taking the giant Nila with him he went and struck the sea with an iron mace, divided the waters in twain, and going quietly on arrived at the Soli capital, struck terror into the king of Soli [Chola], and seated himself on the throne like King Sak; whilst the giant Nila seized the elephants in the city and killed them by striking one against another. The ministers informed the king of Soli of the devastation of the city thus being made. Thereupon he inquired of Gajaba, ‘Is the Sinhala host come to destroy this city?’ Gajaba repiled, ‘I have a little boy who accompanied me; there is no army,’ and caused the giant Nila to be brought and made to stand by his side. Thereupon the king of Soli asked, ‘Why has your Majesty come along without an army?’ Gajaba replied, ‘I have come to take back the 12,000 persons whom your royal father brought here as prisoners in the time of my father.’ To this the king of Soli saying, ‘A king of our family it was who, in time past, went to the city of the gods and gained victory in the war with the Asuras,’ refused to send for and deliver the men. Then Gajaba grew wroth and said, ‘Forthwith restore my 12,000 people, giving 12,000 more besides them; else will I destroy this city and reduce it to ashes.’ Having said this, he squeezed out water from sand and showed it; squeezed water from his iron mace and showed that. Having in this way intimidated the king of Soli he received the original number supplemented by an equal number of men as interest, making 24,000 persons in all. He also took away the jewelled anklets of the goddess Pattini, and the insignia of the gods of the four devala, and also the bowl-relic which had been carried off in the time of king Valagamba; and admonishing the king not to act thus in future, departed.” The word “Gajabuja”, which may be derived from “Gajabahu”, has indeed become a common Tamil slang used to denote superlatives. The Sri Lankan Army has an infantry unit called “Gajaba Regiment” named after the Sinhalese warrior king. In 1972, the Sri Lanka Navy renamed a frigate “SLNS Gajabahu”. all Sri Lanka blog articles by region, by topic and A-Z here...

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Photo from magazine Land of Sunshine, December 1901. I did a post a while back about the magazine Land of Sunshine, a monthly published from the mid-1890s through the early 1920s. It offers some excellent articles and great photography on the people, places and culture of southern California at the time, especially during the editorship of Charles Fletcher Lummis, from 1893 to 1909. Lummis was a prolific researcher, writer and photographer of the southwestern United States. He was also an activist. Among issues he spoke and wrote about were the rights of Native Americans and the need for historic preservation. In 1895 he was among the founders of the Landmarks Club, its proclaimed purpose “to conserve the missions and other historic landmarks of southern California.” Such volunteer efforts marked the beginning of the historic preservation movement in California. A story in the magazine’s December 1901 issue describes a visit by Lummis and other club members the previous month to Pala “to arrange for the immediate repair of the Old Mission Chapel.” The project, Lummis wrote, had been initiated by a grant from Phoebe Hearst, at that time a well-known philanthropist and advocate of women’s rights as well as the mother of William Randolph Hearst. But Lummis added that the project was “now as generously facilitated by the patriotism of the people of Pala.” “The old chapel was found in much better condition for salvage than had been feared,” wrote Lummis. “The earthquake of two years ago—which was particularly severe at this point—ruined the roof and cracked the characteristic belfry, which stands apart. But thanks to repairs to the roof made five or six years ago by the unassisted people, the adobe walls of the chapel are in excellent preservation.” Still, a lot of work needed to be done to restore the building to its original condition, and Lummis spoke glowingly of the support extended by the local residents. “In the evening, after the committee had made its measures and specifications for the necessary repairs, there was a little gathering [at the nearby general store].” About 15 heads of families attended, Lummis stated, reflecting the local population of Native Americans and descendants of Mexican families from the mission days, and the newer Anglo arrivals since 1848. “After a brief statement of the situation, the Paleños were asked if they would help. ‘I will give 10 days work,’ said John A. Giddens, the first to respond. ‘Another ten,’ said Luis Carillo. And so it went. There was not a man present who did not promise assistance.” “The entire trip was heart-warming;” wrote Lummis, “and the liberal spirit of this little settlement…surpasses all records in the Club’s history.” Source for this post was the magazine Land of Sunshine. It is in the public domain and has been scanned and digitized on the archives.com website. Go to https://archive.org/ and search for Land of Sunshine. Get Updates Automatically-Become A Follower of the San Diego History Seeker You can get weekly updates of San Diego History Seeker automatically in your email by clicking on the “Follow” button in the lower right corner of the blog page. You’ll then get an email asking you to confirm. Once you confirm you’ll be an active follower.

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|Back to Back Issues Page| Downy Mildew - Looks like it's here to stay. Learn about it. May 16, 2013 Welcome to the Flying Butterfly! In 2012 I saw nurseries recommending that gardeners rotate planting locations of Impatiens just as a farmer would rotate planting crops to revitalize the soil. After witnessing this for the second time I called the Master Gardener extension of The Ohio State University agriculture department. They did know what it was – Downy Mildew. With the 2013 gardening season getting underway I am seeing many articles pop up regarding this problem and it appears for good reason. Downy mildew is now spreading across the United States and Canada and is reportedly here to stay. Already an epidemic in Europe, downy mildew’s early signs went undetected when it hit our shores in 2007. With various plant leaves turning color, commercial growers originally thought it was nutritional deficiency. It is now coming to our home gardens by way of Impatiens plants. Here’s what has been learned since then:Downy mildew is a generic term. There are different microbe parasitic organisms that effect different plants. In the case of our Impatiens plants it is a fungus-like organism called Plasmopara obducens. Plasmopara obducens shows up as a white powder on the underside of a yellow or green Impatiens leaf. Depending on the Impatiens walleriana variety there may be subtle gray markings on the upper leaf surface. Symptoms typically start with a few leaves turning yellow to white with possible stippling. Over time leaves become completely yellow, then brown killing them. Eventually leafless stems become soft and the plant collapses. So what do we do if our Impatiens are looking sickly?First, check under the leaves. Just because its color is yellow to brown does not mean downy mildew infection. The plant could only need water. If there is a white powder on the underside of leaf, that indicates downy mildew. Upon detection of an infected plant remove it immediately and put it in a plastic bag to avoid spreading organisms. Don’t replant Impatiens in the same area for several years. Does this mean we can’t plant any more Impatiens? That’s up to you. Currently it is only Impatiens walleriana that is affected. You can always opt for different types of Impatiens like New Guinea Impatiens or the hybrid Sun-patiens. So far these two varieties are showing a high resistance to the organism. There are fungicides available but so far only to commercial growers and landscapers. To have affected areas of your garden treated you would have to contact them. When buying Impatiens walleriana:You may not see white powder under the leaves upon inspection. The organism could still be present, however. Keep the telephone number handy of your local extension office. You'd be surprised how many questions they can answer for you! Until next time, Happy Gardening! |Back to Back Issues Page|

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Hearts, cupids, boxed chocolates, and mailboxes stuffed with greeting cards are all signs that we’re approaching Feb. 14 or, more formally, St. Valentine’s Day. Americans will purchase 145 million valentine’s cards this year, the Greeting Card Association estimates, and we can add to that an uncounted number of electronic The holiday brings to mind childhood viewings of Charlie Brown’s V-day travails, and probably a mixture of sweet and painful memories of relationships past. It’s anticipated with glee or dread depending on people’s mindsets, but whatever the emotional reception, Valentine’s Day is seldom thought of in its historical con-text, and this is a holiday that has history to spare, though there is no clear answer to the question, “Where did St. Valentine’s Day come from?” The holiday draws on a mixture of Christian and pre-Christian Roman activity. One tradition holds that mid-February was when the pagan Romans celebrated Lupercalia, a fertility revelry that ended in the matching up of young lovers with the hope for marriage. The ceremony was quite unlike your Valentine’s Day tradition of buying flowers or chocolate and going out to dinner at a nice restaurant. According to History.com, the Lupercalia celebrants sacrificed a goat and a dog, and then they would cut “the goat’s hide into strips, dip them into the sacrificial blood and take to the streets, gently slapping both women and crop fields with the goat hide.” The Christian church, which has long posed as dog’s best friend and has opposed the slapping of women with goat skin on general principle, eventually sought to get rid of Lupercalia because it was declared to be un-Christian. There are several possible relevant individuals who could plausibly be St. Valentine in Roman Catholic history, though the one story that might be most promising relates to a priest who married young couples in secret, defying an imperial order by Emperor Claudius II against marriage for young men, because the ruler thought that single men made better soldiers. Discovery News correspondent Rossella Lorenzi writes, “When the priest of love was eventually arrested, legend has it that he fell deeply in love with his jailer’s daughter. Before his death by beating and decapitation, he signed a farewell note to her: ‘From your Valentine.'” Eventually, the early church began to celebrate St. Valentine’s feast day in mid-February in an attempt to Christianize a pagan holiday, just like they had so much success Christianizing the pagan predecessor to the Christmas holiday, which is why every year we celebrate the Virgin Mary’s battle with other parents for a talking Justin Bieber doll at Wal-Mart. At the end of the fifth century, Pope Gelasius officially declared Feb. 14 to be St. Valentine’s Day. Case closed. But others claim that Lupercalia has no connection to modern Valentine’s Day and the celebration of love. Chaucer is sometimes given credit for making that link in a 1382 poem in honor of a royal wedding, mentioning “seynt Volantynys day.” But there is disagreement about whether he could have been referring to a mid-February holiday, because he also refers, in his spelling-challenged way, to “euery brid comyth there” (every bird cometh there) — and it will take a lot more global warming before England fills up with birds in the middle of winter. The Huffington Post published a history of the holiday a couple years ago, noting a popular belief “thatValentine’s Day grew out of a Middle Ages tradition of celebrating Feb. 14 as the day ‘the birds began to pair.'” For the past few hundred years, Valentine’s Day has increasingly come to resemble the holiday we know today. The practice of sending valentines — handwritten or mass-produced messages professing love — began in the late 1700s, imported to the United States in the middle of the 1800s by Massachusetts printer Esther Howland, who produced elaborate cards with layers, embossed flowers and lift-up flaps, according to the Greeting Card Association. Whatever the exact origins of the holiday and its connection to the celebration of love, it certainly grew and evolved over centuries in Western Europe, likely mixing together a number of traditions. Today, St. Valentine’s Day is popularly celebrated around the world, though mostly in Western countries. Besides the Roman Catholic Church, it is recognized as an official religious holiday in the Anglican, Lutheran and Eastern Orthodox traditions, though the Eastern Orthodox celebrate it during the summer rather than in February. Alas, it is not a U.S. government holiday, so you still need to go to work and feed the parking meters. A small price to pay for saving the dogs and goats.

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Planet Hunters on Safari Of the 30 extrasolar planets around Sun-like stars detected previously, all have been the size of Jupiter or larger. The existence of these Saturn-sized candidates suggests that many stars harbor smaller planets in addition to the Jupiter-sized ones. Above: This is an artist's concept of a giant planet recently discovered orbiting the sun-like star 79 Ceti, located 117 light-years away in the constellation Cetus the sea monster. The planet was not directly photographed but indirectly detected by its gravitational pull on the star. The planet is in an elliptical orbit about the star, which carries it closer to the star than Mercury is to our sun. Credit: Greg Bacon. [more information from the Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute] Finding Saturn-sized planets reinforces the theory that planets form by a snowball effect of growth from small ones to large, in a star-encircling dust disk. The 20-year-old theory predicts there should be more smaller planets than large planets, and this is a trend the researchers are beginning to see in their data. "Now we are confident we are seeing a distinctly different population of bodies that formed out of dust disks like the disks Hubble Space Telescope has imaged around stars," said Marcy. These planets are very close to their stars and so have short orbits. They whirl around their parent stars with periods of 3.02 days and 75 days respectively. This allowed for their relatively rapid discovery. |Mass of planet (Jupiter = mass of 1)| |Number of Planets||10||7||5||2||3||1||2||1||0||1||0| The astronomers detected the small wobble of a star caused by the gravitational tug of the unseen planets. For the past five years Marcy and Butler have used this technique successfully to catalog 21 extrasolar planets. Boosted by the light-gathering power of Keck, they have steadily increased the precision of their measurements so they can look for the gravitational effects of ever-smaller bodies. In this latest detection, the change in a star's velocity -- rhythmically moving toward and then away from Earth -- is only 36 feet per second, a little faster than a human sprints. The Saturn-mass planets are presumably gas giants, made mostly of primordial hydrogen and helium, rather than the rocky material Earth is made of. They are so close to their parent stars they are extremely hot, and are not abodes for life as we know it. The planet orbiting 79 Ceti has an average temperature of 1530 degrees Fahrenheit (830 degrees Celsius). The planet orbiting HD46375 has an average temperature of 2070 degrees Fahrenheit (1130 degrees Celsius). Right: Diagram shows the orbit of planet of HD 46375 as compared with the orbits of Mercury and Venus. The orbit of this planet is very close to its star - approximately 1/5th of the diameter of Mercury's orbit around our Sun. Their research is part of a multi-year project to look for wobbles among 1,100 stars within 300 light-years of Earth. The project is supported by NASA and the National Science Foundation.Web Links Planet Hunters on Trail of Worlds Smaller than Saturn - from the Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute. More related links - about planet hunting.

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Lesson Plans for TC Writing Unit 1 Grade 1: Small Moments Session 6: Partnerships and Storytelling Session 7: Reading our writing like we read our books Session 8: Unfreezing Our Characters and Our Writing Session 9: Telling Stories in Itsy-Bitsy Steps Session 10: Bringing What’s Inside Out (Making Characters Think and Feel) Feedback welcomed. Enjoy!

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While many museums refer to freedom of expression in their mission statements, their specificity as exhibiting institutions complicates the implementation of this principle. Whereas libraries have the capacity to hold thousands of books, museums curate a limited number of shows and programs. Not only do museums have an active role in selecting work and promoting individual artists, they deal in the visual, which often has a strong immediate emotional impact while also generating multiple interpretations (and misinterpretations). This power of images is well understood by the media, by politicians, and by activists (on and offline) who have variously generated and used museum controversy to their own ends. Controversies in themselves are not bad, however their financial and community fallout often results in institutional self-censorship. The questions we face then are: How do we empower museums to fulfill their role as key actors in a lively but severely conflicted public sphere, while realizing that fulfilling that role is likely to entail controversy? How do we then help these key cultural institutions turn potential controversy to productive ends? The presentation will outline several initiatives the Arts Advocacy Project at the National Coalition Against Censorship has developed to meet these challenges. Presented by Svetlana Mintcheva, National Coalition Against Censorship

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The centrepiece of the book Is There Still a Place for God? offers a psychological interpretation of the Old Testament story as told by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Jack Miles (God: A Biography).This book’s interpretation displays how Judaism fostered the inner strength of the "chosen" people. A quantum view of the universe and the understanding of the power of projection are used to make the case that there is still a place for God.As a starting point, the uncertainty of an Anglican bishop concerning belief and faith is used as an example of present day doubt regarding religious belief and practice, as well as demonstrating the part that projection can play.The author wrote this book with the concern that we may be losing religious sensitivity, without recognising the cultural losses that may result. Compartir: Permitido según las limitaciones (6 Dispositivos) - Editorial: STRATEGIC BOOK PUBLISHING AND RIGHTS CO. Opinión de lectores

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What is persuasion? As a leader, your skills of persuasion are often the most critical determinants of your success. Or at least, that’s what many people believe. If it’s so important then, why do so few people actually develop this competency? It is a skill that (much like leadership itself) is something many think that you either have it, or you do not. You may even have said of someone, in some awe, “Oh, s/he’s very persuasive”. So what is it and how do you develop this skill? Let me start with the dictionary again… Firstly, what is persuasion? per·sua·sion \per-swey-zhuhn\ –noun 1. the act of persuading or seeking to persuade. 2. the power of persuading; persuasive force. 3. the state or fact of being persuaded or convinced. 4. a deep conviction or belief. So when we talk about persuuading someone, the skill is to persuade or your persuasiveness… Persuasive Per*sua”sive, n. That which persuades; an inducement; an incitement; an exhortation. — Per*sua”sive*ly, adv. — the power to induce the taking of a course of action or the embracing of a point of view by means of argument or entreaty; “the strength of his argument settled the matter” The literature usually instructs us to follow two parallel streams of logic. First, we are taught to frame the message based on the other party’s needs and the specifics of the situation. Sadly, this advice is tantamount to telling an insomniac that the best cure for his problem is a good night’s sleep. ‘Framing’ your message should be based on the needs and the situation. (Sussman 1999). Secondly, the message should be constructed such that the recipient perceives it with an overarching theme, either evaluative or descriptive. For example, we may want the recipient to interpret the message through a filter of “good-bad”, “profit-loss”, or “cost-benefit”. A frame orients the recipient to examine a message with a certain disposition or inclination. Framing a message focuses recipient’s attention on data and premises within the frame – i.e. attempts to reduce ‘noise’ and external environment influences that may detract from the intended message. By framing a message we achieve three interrelated goals. First, we select an evaluative theme or perspective believed to be the most credible, compelling and appropriate to our intent. This perspective provides a filter through which we want the recipient to assess our position and supporting evidence. Secondly, we select specific evidence that best supports the perspective. Finally, we create a structure for organizing the evidence. Thus, the frame provides the recipient with a focus of perspective and rational supporting evidence presented in a clear sequential pattern. Sussman (1999) presents four practical steps to creating a frame. Determine your specific objective. What specifically do you want the decision-maker to do? - Conduct a focused SWOT analysis on the other party’s current status. This enables you to develop strategies that either make the most of the recipient’s strengths and external opportunities or minimize internal weaknesses and external threats. Sussman’s advice is to focus attention on the most significant element in each of the four quadrants rather than being exhaustive. - Determine the recipient’s core values. Values reflect character, motives and behaviour. For some individuals and groups, the values are implicit and must be inferred. One useful technique for developing a frame based on analyzing core values is to demonstrate any inconsistency between what other party’s espouse and how they actually behave. This technique is an application of Festinger’s (1957) cognitive dissonance theory. If you are able to frame your message by demonstrating a contradiction between stated values and actual behaviour, you have tapped into a powerful persuasive technique. - Write a simple, vivid, evaluative statement that links steps 1 and 2. - he statement should be simple and short to convey the message quickly. Use of ‘emotional’ words makes the statement vivid. The frame created by the statement must orient the decision-maker from the specific perspective that casts the most favourable light on the proposal. This prepares the recipient to judge the subsequent arguments and evidence as being on either end of the following value dichotomies: good-bad, right-wrong, smart-stupid, risky-conservative. Williams and Miller (2002) identify five styles of decision-making and the ways to influence each. Their study of over 1600 executives across a wide range of industries identified the different styles of decision-making exhibited by senior executives in a purchasing decision. Whilst recognizing that executives may not exhibit only one style exclusively, they suggest that they will typically show a default style. The five styles are: - Charismatics – enthusiastic, captivating, talkative and dominant characteristics – they are easily intrigued by a new idea but experience has taught them to decide based on balanced information. - Thinkers – cerebral, intelligent, logical and academic characteristics – impressed with arguments supported by data, tending to be risk averse. - Skeptics – demanding, disruptive, disagreeable and rebellious characteristics – tend to be highly suspicious of every data especially anything challenging their own worldview – often aggressive and combative. - Followers – responsible, cautious, brand-driven and bargain conscious characteristics – make decisions based on similar choices in the past or how others have made them. - Controllers – logical, unemotional, sensible, detail-oriented, accurate and analytical characteristics – abhor uncertainty and ambiguity – tend to focus on the pure facts of an argument. Williams and Miller suggest tactics for dealing with each style fitting with the way in which decisions are made. In practice, the styles are useful guides but it is especially difficult to pigeonhole a decision-maker in a short period of time. Questioning and probing skills may reveal underlying characteristics as discussions unfold, though this may be too late to change tactics mid-stream or indeed prepare for a different decision-making style. However, preparing in advance for each of the different styles makes for thorough preparation and the persuader’s art is in choosing the approach that instinctively feels right given their current understanding. Strategic selling techniques Heiman and Sanchez (1998) have developed a sales system that encourages a detailed analytical and strategic approach to each sales situation. Key to this technique is how a salesperson works with the various buyers in a sales decision process. They identify four key Buyer Influences: - Economic – releases the money - User – judges impact on the job - Technical – screens out - Coaches – guides the salesperson on a particular sale In addition they identify five critical factors to consider about each individual’s dgree of influence on the sales process: - Organizational impact – where in the organization will the proposal have the greatest impact? - Level of expertise – who is the most knowledgeable and likely to be referred in the area of expertise being judged? - Location – where in the world are the key influencers… and can you get to them? - Personal priority – those who place this proposal highest in their personal priorities are likely to deliberately exert greater influence - Politics – consider the politics of the proposal and how it might impact. Are you likely to be treading on somebody else’s turf? Festinger, A. (1957). Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, Stanford University Press. Heiman, S. E. and D. Sanchez (1998). The New Strategic Selling. London, Kogan Page. Sussman, L. (1999). “How to frame a message: the art of persuasion and negotiation.” Business Horizons 42(4): 2-7. Williams, G. A. and R. B. Miller (2002). “Change the way you persuade.” Harvard Business Review May 2002.

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Edward Bland, a Virginia merchant, explored the region between the Meherrin and Roanoke Rivers in North Carolina in the late summer of 1650. A Tuscarora Indian chief in the lower Roanoke River country had invited trade with Virginia, and Bland hoped to negotiate with the Tuscarora for that purpose. Leaving Fort Henry (now Petersburg, Va.) in August, Bland and a party of Virginians rode southeast on horseback along the north side of Blackwater River, turned south through Nottoway Indian country, and crossed the Nottoway and Meherrin Rivers before entering present-day North Carolina on 31 August. The party's immediate destination was what was known to Bland as the Hocomawananck (Roanoke) River and renamed by him Blandina River. After a night camping three or four miles above the falls of the Roanoke, the party moved south to the falls and approximately opposite the present town of Roanoke Rapids. Here they were disappointed in not making contact with the Tuscarora chief who had invited the Virginians to his territory. Warned that the Indians might have dangerous suspicions as to the whites' intentions, Bland's expedition turned back northward on 1 September. They made inquiries among the Roanoke Tuscarora about an unidentified "Englishman amongst them, and . . . an English woman cast away long since." Although apparently nothing was learned of the woman, the man was said to be at a Tuscarora village some distance farther on. Before leaving, Bland's party wrote "to the Englishman in English, Latin, Spanish, French and Dutch," there being evidently some question as to his nationality. (Three years later, explorers from Lynnhaven River learned from Tuscarora near the mouth of the Roanoke that a Spaniard lived at a nearby Tuscarora village.) The Bland Expedition is of interest because it establishes the location of the Tuscarora village known to the first Jamestown settlers as Ocamahawan. It was the understanding of John Smith and others that not only some Spaniards but also several refugees from John White's 1587 Lost Colony resided at one time or another at Ocamahawan during or before 1611. In any event, soon after 1650 Virginia traders were successful in establishing a fur trade with the Tuscarora, and for the next half century this tribe remained an important factor in Virginia's commerce. Clarence Alvord and Lee Bidgood, eds., The First Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region by the Virginians (1912). Lewis R. Binford, "An Ethnohistory of the Nottoway, Meherrin and Weanock Indians of Southeastern Virginia," Ethnohistory 14 (Summer-Fall 1967). Early Exploration, NC Historical Marker A-31: http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?sp=search&k=Markers&sv=A-31 "The Search of Edward Bland's New Britain." The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Publication Info Subscribe or Renew Published by: Virginia Historical Society. The discovery of New Brittaine. Began August 27, Anno Dom. 1650 (1873); By: Bland, Edward, d. 1653; Woode, Abraham; Brewster, Sackford; Pennant, Elias. 1 January 2006 | Parramore, Thomas C.

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What is G-CAFH? Six months following Hurricane Katrina, Columbia University’s National Center for Disaster Preparedness and the Children’s Health Fund’s Operation Assist conducted a random household survey of the health and well-being of 555 Louisiana households that had been displaced or severely impacted by the disaster. This study focused on identifying health and social service needs among this displaced and heavily-impacted population shortly thereafter the study was replicated in 524 households along Mississippi’s Gulf Coast. The study follows a cohort of 1,079 households in order to assess post-disaster recovery via indicators such as infrastructure rehabilitation and stability, community redevelopment and housing stability, economic recovery, social re-engagement, and personal resilience and recovery. The first follow-up round of interviews (Wave 2) was conducted in 2007, 20-23 months post-Katrina, and focused specifically on the physical and mental health effects and social and economic consequences resulting from exposure to the hurricane and subsequent displacement. A second follow-up survey (Wave 3), was conducted in 2008, 33-38 months post-Katrina, but was suspended upon the imminence of Hurricane Gustav. At the time of suspension, 718 of the 1,055 eligible respondents had completed the survey. Immediately after Hurricane Gustav, a supplemental survey was administered to 528 of the already-interviewed 718 respondents from G-CAFH Wave 3, allowing for pre- and post- Gustav comparison. After about 4 weeks, the Hurricane Gustav Supplemental survey was completed regular Wave 3 interviews resumed. Wave 3 was completed with 777 interviews. Future interview waves will continue to investigate the G-CAFH objectives of understanding the ongoing health and social service needs of children and families affected by Hurricane Katrina, exploring factors associated with resiliency and recovery, and tracking individual-level measures of recovery.

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“Golden Bell City” Cabuyao City was known before as the “Richest Municipality in the Philippines”. This was due to the fact of the large imigrants who work in the city. There are also lots of industrial estates in the city which include Nestle Philippines, Asia Brewery, Inc., San Miguel Corporation, Tanduay Distillers, Inc., Wyeth Philippines, Inc., Procter and Gamble Philippines, Light Industry and Science Park of the Philippines and Malayan Colleges. After the colonization of Manila by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1570, he instructed Captain Juan de Salcedo to conquer all settlements or barangays around the lake of Ba-i (Laguna de Bay). The first settlement conquered by Capt. Juan de Salcedo was on the eastern portion of the lake, known today as Taytay and Cainta in the province of Rizal. Then, he crossed the lake of Ba-i and Acheron at Barangay Pinagsangahan, which is Pagsanjan today, and continued inland and conquered other settlements, known today as Nagcarlan and Majayjay. Because the place was already mountainous, the party of Capt. Juan de Salcedo went back to the Lake of Ba-i and continued to conquer the settlements in the northern portion of Lake Ba-i, now called the town of Bay. In their journey, they anchored at the shore of Tabuko. Just like the settlement of Ba-i, Tabuko had large plain area and rich forestry and the climate was suited to farm crops. On January 16, 1571, it was announced by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi that Tabuko be considered as “encomienda” or a town under Gaspar Ramirez. And that the settlement or barangay Malabanan, Calamba and Sta. Rosa be under the administration of Tabuko government. This was the time that Tabuko had a definite boundary. The boundary at the north was Tunasan, south was Ba-i, west was Sungay and at the east was Lake Ba-i. The town of Tabuko was located near the corner of a river and the lake of Ba-i which used bancas or raft as the common means of transportation going to Tabuko. When Franciscan priests came to Tabuko under Father Velin, there were many native females doing their laundry chore near the wharf where the boat of the Franciscan priests docked. There were many trees of “Kabuyaw”, the fruit of which was used as shampoo, growing around the area. When the priest asked for the name of the place, the native females readily answered “Kabuyaw” thinking that the priest was asking for the name of the trees growing around the wharf. From then on, the priests and other Spanish officials called the town of Tabuko as Kabuyaw. Population/ Language/ Area According to the 2010 population census, Cabuyao City has a total population of 248,436. It has a total land area of 43.30 km2 (16.72 sq mi). The City of Cabuyao is located about 43 kilometres (27 mi) southeast of Metro Manila, at the western portion of Laguna. It is bordered by the Laguna de Bay, the country’s largest lake, to the north (N), Calamba City to the east (E) with Barangays Uwisan (NE), Banlic & San Cristobal (E) and Mapagong & Canlubang (SE), some portion of Silang, Cavite (Brgy. Puting Kahoy) to the south (S) and by the Santa Rosa City to the west (W) with the Barangays Malitlit (SW), Dita (W) and Caingin (NW) respectively. Cabuyao is approximately 54 kilometres (34 mi) away from Santa Cruz, the provincial capital, and 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the city center of Calamba City, the chartered city and regional center of CALABARZON region. - Batingaw Festival – A festivity commemorating the legendary Kampanang Ginto which Cabuyao is known.The celebration always starts with the simultaneous ringing of church bells, which Cabuyeños believe that it brings good agricultural harvest. - Cabuyao Day – It consists a week long celebration starting from a Parade of Floats of each barangay, in which the decorations of each float feature and showcase the way of living of the community of each barangay of Cabuyao. Followed by Street Dancing Competition at the City Proper, in which all College and High Schools compete for the said competition. The celebration also includes different amateur shows like Orchestra, Music Band and Celebrity shows at the City Plaza.

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The Building of the Cathedral The Norse Cathedral The Usage of the Cathedral in History The Usage of the Cathedral Today The Art of the Cathedral Behind the Scenes in the Cathedral Famous Orcadians & Others With Links Blind arcadings - SMC056 An arcade is a series of connected archways which are carried on either columns or piers. A blind arcade, sometimes called a wall arcade, is a set of connected archways set into a wall. In St Magnus Cathedral blind arcading can be found on both sides of the nave and in both transepts and is clearly Romanesque in style. As the arcading travels no further than the fifth bay of the nave this can be seen as the extent of the first building campaign. Wall arcading was used as an ornamental feature to vary plain areas of masonry and also as a method to decrease the weight of a wall.

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- slide 1 of 2 The vast amount of energy that the sun is radiating needs to be focused in order to utilize it in a proper manner. There are various ways of collecting the energy of the sun and parabolic troughs are one of these as you will learn in this article. Basically it is something like putting a trough shaped object when it is raining so that the water gets collected at the bottom of the trough. The solar parabolic trough is quite similar with the only exception that it is used for the collection of something which is visible yet intangible namely sunlight. - slide 2 of 2 The Parabolic Trough The concept of a parabolic trough can be best understood if you take a look at the picture below which gives an overview of a section of the parabolic trough. Upon seeing the picture you will intuitively realize the reason for the name given to this arrangement. The term parabolic signifies the shape and it is a trough since it is used for collection of sunlight. When sunlight falls on the parabolic shape which is coated which is having a reflective material so that it absorbs the minimum possible light but reflects the maximum possible light that falls on its surface; the sunlight gets reflected and due to the shape of the trough it concentrates at a point which is the focus of the concave shaped trough. There are absorbing tubes running across the length of these troughs passing through the foci of the series of troughs. These pipes have water running in them and you can very well imagine who the system works. Since the sunlight is reflected at the focus and the tube is located at the same point, it absorbs most of this light since it is made out of special materials which absorb the heat. This heat naturally gets transferred to the water flowing inside these tubes and gets transported to along with the flowing water This water is then utilized as boiler feed water which generates steam and that steam is used to turn the turbines which in turn provide rotary power to the electric generators. Of course the water itself is not sufficient to generate steam and the boiler also consumes fuel to convert the water into steam, yet the pre-heating of water using the freely available sunlight saves a considerable amount of fuel. Hence we see that parabolic trough solar power collectors help to increase the efficiency of conventional power plants by helping to heat the feed water by a significant amount. Another advantage of this arrangement is that when the sunlight is not fully available due to weather conditions, the plant does not get effected since it can still generate steam by using more quantity of fuel during that time period.

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Overview of Public Health Services Provided to Schools and Daycares Communicable Disease Control Public Health staff work with schools and daycares in an effort to limit the spread of disease and to reduce absenteeism by: - Working with staff when disease outbreaks occur to identify and implement measures to curtail the outbreak. - Assisting staff to develop communicable disease prevention and surveillance plans to minimize disease and health nuisances that may disrupt attendance (i.e. food-borne illnesses, influenza, head lice, scabies, etc.). - Providing guidance with State-required immunization status reports. - Providing two food safety inspections each year to schools with kitchens licensed to prepare school lunches. - The first inspection is a facility inspection where food temperatures are taken and the condition of the kitchen is noted. - The second inspection is a Food Safety Program Inspections using HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) principles. - Provide inspections at the schools that provide a swimming pool. Public Health staff act as a resource related to health promotion by: - Providing information that enhance the health of the community (i.e. community wellness programs, etc.) or that may contribute to curriculum (i.e. local incidence of sexually transmitted infections, hand washing, safe food handling, Healthy Sheboygan County 2020 initiatives such as activity and nutrition, alcohol, tobacco, drugs, mental health, etc.). - Providing information via Public Health Alerts, newsletters, and the Division of Public Health website regarding issues of immediate concern. - Sharing educational resources and screening equipment for school use (i.e. hand washing education materials, tobacco education materials, blood borne pathogen materials, vision and hearing equipment, etc.). - Acting as a community resource for pregnant teens through the provision of Public Health Nurse visits. The scope of practice within the Sheboygan County Division of Public Health does not allow for the delegation of nursing acts to school or daycare personnel (i.e. insulin injection, tube feedings, dressing changes, catheterizations, etc.) or routine visits for the purpose of health promotion or consultation. School District board-hired or contracted School Nurse(s) are prepared to meet the unique or special health care needs of individual students in the school setting and have been found to be an effective health resource for the school community. To contact a public health staff member related to school/daycare health issue, please refer to the school/daycare contact list page. For general information or questions, please call (920) 459-3031 or email [email protected].

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Some ideas for short stories include the beauty of an ugly concept, a mixture of random ideas or words that form the basis of the plot, and a pre-written first line that begins the story. These ideas can all help writers get started and generate ideas.Continue Reading Try taking an ugly concept such as war, death, fear, hate or cruelty and examining it to find something positive. Rather that writing in favor of these subjects, writers can try to think about what effects they create and how these can be beneficial. After considering how beauty comes from ugliness, try to write a story that illustrates this idea. Constraints can often breed creativity, and combining a random sequence of words, images or ideas that all must be used in a story can be one way to get started. Creative Writing Now offers a list of writing prompts, such as “a taxi, an old enemy and Valentine’s Day,” but writers can just as easily write ideas down on pieces of paper and randomly select a few in order to dictate the parameters of their stories. Taking a pre-existing first line as the start of a new story is another way to begin writing. Writing Forward offers a range of first lines that trail off into ellipses, forcing writers to continue the stories. Alternately, try taking a random line from a book or another story and using it as a starting point.Learn more about Writing

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Written by Sophie Lynford, Acting Assistant Curator of American Art The term “Hudson River School” first appeared in print in 1879 in a review by the American art critic Earl Shinn. “Hudson River School” is an appellation that is still broadly applied to landscape paintings produced in the United States during the 19th century. Shinn, though, did not intend the moniker as a compliment. In his article, he pitted the Hudson River School against the newly minted American Impressionists. Landscape painters such as Martin Johnson Heade, David Johnson, Worthington Whittredge, and Jasper Francis Cropsey adhered to what Shinn believed was an outmoded style. Works by these artists are currently on view in our exhibition A Hudson River School Legacy: The Newman Bequest and Other Gifts. They hang alongside paintings by Thomas Cole, Frederic Church, and Albert Bierstadt, long acknowledged as the leading figures of 19th-century American landscape painting. First used as an insult, the designation “Hudson River School” has shed its pejorative connotations and is today widely regarded as the country’s first homegrown art movement. But the label “Hudson River School” carries with it a set of imperfect assumptions: that its artists represented the Hudson River Valley and its surrounds; that its adherents shared a set of practices; and that the painters—who did not use this label to describe themselves—were unified into a group that subscribed to the same artistic principles. Our current exhibition, however, allows us to dismantle some of these assumptions. The exhibition demonstrates the heterogeneity of experiences and aesthetics of these landscape painters and reveals that they cannot be neatly accommodated under one art-historical umbrella. They did not confine themselves to representing the Hudson River Valley: Church’s Cayambe (1858) features an Andean volcano; Louis Remy Mignot was fascinated by Ecuador’s built environment, as his three works in the exhibition attest; and Heade’s Study of an Orchid (1872) was part of a group of over one hundred canvases inspired by the artist’s trip to Brazil. One painter in the exhibition, Robert Scott Duncanson (1821–1872), never painted the Hudson River Valley, Catskills, Adirondacks, or Connecticut River Valley—the regions made famous by artists in the Northeast. His career occupies a distinct position in the history of American painting. Duncanson is often referred to as the only African American painter of the Hudson River School. Indeed, he is regarded as the first African American artist in the United States to achieve an international reputation. Duncanson’s unconventional career and body of work allow us to challenge the notion that artists classified as members of the Hudson River School were a homogeneous group. Born in 1821 in Seneca County, New York, Duncanson was the son of a Scottish-Canadian father and a free black mother, whose family, by some accounts, was three-generations removed from slavery. Duncanson spent the majority of his childhood in Canada with his father, reuniting with his mother in 1841 in Cincinnati. Over the 1840s, Duncanson progressed from housepainter to traveling portraitist to a well-respected fixture in Cincinnati’s burgeoning art scene. Although slavery was abolished in Ohio in 1802, Cincinnati was a border town between the North and the South and the site of several violent encounters between its black and white communities throughout the 19th century. Duncanson’s career, which ended with his death in 1872, spanned three decades, and during that time he encountered the city first as an antebellum center for abolitionist activity and later during the tumultuous eras of Emancipation and Reconstruction. Few artists of color received significant attention in the 19th-century art world, which was, both before and after his time, dominated by white male artists living in northeastern states. Reviews of his work locally and abroad rarely mentioned the color of Duncanson’s skin. Nonetheless, Duncanson’s social position as a black artist was formative in the development of his career. Duncanson painted portraits of several local anti-slavery advocates including James G. Birney, Reverend Robert H. Bishop, Lewis Cass, and Richard S. Rust. Other prominent abolitionists such as Reverend Charles Avery, Senator Charles Sumner, and Henry A. Walker were either gifted paintings by Duncanson or commissioned works by the artist. There are other reasons Duncanson resists characterization as a Hudson River School painter. Instead of the depictions of famous or characteristic American scenery painted by his contemporaries, many of Duncanson’s landscapes incorporate mythical themes, taking inspiration from works by the British Romantic poets and novelists, including William Wordsworth, Walter Scott, and Thomas Moore. The masterpiece of Duncanson’s career, Land of the Lotos Eaters, was based on Alfred Tennyson’s “The Lotos-Eaters,” which was itself inspired by Homer’s The Odyssey. Duncanson was less attracted to the texts by American authors that his contemporaries found most resonant, including those by transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau and writers William Cullen Bryant and James Fenimore Cooper. Duncanson’s attraction to Romantic poetry developed on trips to Europe taken over a period of 20 years, funded by wealthy Cincinnati patrons and a local anti-slavery league. These grand tours of the continent, a rite of passage for many contemporary American painters, allowed artists like Duncanson to study works by old masters and witness the picturesque ruins that dotted the Italian countryside. Two paintings by Duncanson on view in A Hudson River School Legacy are works he completed in the U.S. following his first trip abroad in 1853. Italian Landscape with Ruin and Italian Landscape (1861) are small oval canvases depicting imagined Italian scenery, featuring ancient or medieval ruins. Although these two paintings are of modest dimensions, they testify assertively to Duncanson’s visual literacy not only with the work of his American predecessors but also with the oeuvre of the 17th-century painter Claude Lorrain and the picturesque tradition he established, as well as the painterly conventions of British Romanticism. Duncanson, as did his contemporaries, painted American landscapes in the middle decades of the 19th century and crossed the Atlantic in search of a more expansive pictorial repertoire. But these Italian compositions powerfully evince both the uniqueness of experience and the diverse sources that belonged exclusively to Duncanson. Banner image: Detail of Land of the Lotos Eaters. Robert S. Duncanson. 1861. Oil on canvas. Swedish Royal Collections, Stockholm. - John K. Howat, American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art: Distributed by H.N. Abrams, 1987). - Joseph D. Ketner, “Robert S. Duncanson (1821-1872): The Late Literary Landscape Paintings,” American Art Journal 15.1 (1983): 35–47. - David M. Lubin, Picturing a Nation: Art and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century America (Yale University Press, 1994). - Robert S. Duncanson: A Centennial Exhibition, Cincinnati Art Museum March 16 – April 30 1972 (Cincinnati: Cincinnati Art Museum, 1972). - Margaret Rose Vendryes, “Race Identity/Identifying Race: Robert S. Duncanson and Nineteenth-Century American Painting,” Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies 27.1 (2001): 82–104.

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- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey The three queen bumble bees (Bombus melanopygus) we found buzzing around our porch light the night of Jan. 9 are still very much alive. Who would have "thunk?" Native pollinator specialist Robbin Thorp, emeritus professor of entomology at the University of California, Davis, is caring for them at the Harry H. Laidlaw Jr. Honey Bee Research Facility on Bee Biology Road. Thorp, who officially retired in 1994, maintains an active research and bee monitoring/identification program based as the Laidlaw facility. He recently co-authored a book on Bumble Bees of North America: An identification Guide (Princeton University Press), to be released in March. So yesterday photographer/artist Allan Jones of Davis and I checked out "The Lovely Ladies at the Laidlaw." Yes, they're very much alive. But it sure was strange on Jan. 9 to see them as as night fliers, or porch-light bumble bees. I figured they were parasitized. I figured that a florid fly, Apocephalus borealis, which lays its eggs in such insects as bumble bees, wasps and honey bees, had nailed them. I figured they'd be goners within a few days. I hope I'm wrong. It's long been known that Apocephalus borealis infests bumble bees. However, Professor John Hafernik of San Francisco State University and his colleagues caused quite a media stir when they discovered that this fly infests honey bees as well. They published their work, "A New Threat to Honey Bees, the Parasitic Phorid Fly, Apocephalus borealis," in PLOS ONE back in January 2012. They revealed that the parasitized, disoriented honey bees (which they nicknamed "Zombies" or "ZomBees") leave their hives at night and head for the lights. "After being parasitized by the fly, the bees abandon their hives in what is literally a flight of the living dead to congregate near lights," said Andrew Core of the Hafernik lab. 'When we observed the bees for some time—the ones that were alive—we found that they walked around in circles, often with no sense of direction." Fingers crossed that the three queen bumble bees aren't parasitized. Fingers crossed that they will survive. Fingers crossed that they will continue to be "The Lovely Ladies at the Laidlaw."/span>

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Common Relay Pin Configuration (Bosch-type) Relays are widely used in electrical applications where one circuit is to be energized or turned "on" by the presence of a voltage, provided by another circuit. An example of this is when an automotive radio sends out a triggering voltage to turn on an external amplifier or activate a motorized antenna. Anywhere a switch can go in a circuit, a relay can replace it, (as long as there is a triggering voltage available to activate it). The "switch" in a relay is more often called a solenoid. A solenoid is like a piston that pushes outward when energized with electricity. This push mechanically trips the switch in the relay, completing circuit and allowing the switched voltage output. A relay can be triggered with an electrical pulse as small as 150 milliamps. The switched output can be as high as 30 or 40 amps. The terminals of a relay are defined as follows: Note: in many cases, the connection of pins 85 and 86 can be interchangeable, but NOT if there is a diode wired across the coil.

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This material must not be used for commercial purposes, or in any hospital or medical facility. Failure to comply may result in legal action. Premature Atrial Contractions WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW: What are premature atrial contractions (PACs)? PACs are an interruption in your heart rhythm. PACs happen when your heart gets an early signal to pump. PACs are common and usually have no cause. Most people have skipped heartbeats from time to time. Follow up with your healthcare provider so the cause of your PAC can be diagnosed and treated. What increases my risk for PACs? - Stress or fatigue - Caffeine, alcohol, or tobacco - Medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, or hyperthyroidism What are the signs and symptoms of PACs? - Palpitations (fast, forceful heartbeats in an irregular rhythm) - A missed or skipped heartbeat - Chest pain or shortness of breath - Lightheadedness, dizziness, or feeling faint - Tiredness with exercise or activity How are PACs diagnosed? Your healthcare provider will ask if you have a family history of heart problems. You may also need any of the following: - An EKG records your heart rhythm and how fast your heart beats. It is used to check for PACs. - A Holter monitor is a device that you wear for a period of time. It records how fast your heart beats, and if it beats in a regular pattern. You may need to wear it up to 72 hours. This will show how frequent your PACs are during your normal daily activities. How are PACs treated? PACs usually do not need treatment. You may be given medicine to strengthen or regulate your heartbeat. How can I help prevent more PACs? - Do not have alcohol or caffeine. These can increase your PACs. - Do not smoke. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and cigars can increase heart problems. Ask your healthcare provider for information if you currently smoke and need help to quit. E-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco still contain nicotine. Talk to your healthcare provider before you use these products. - Exercise as directed. Exercise helps keep your heart healthy. Ask your healthcare provider about the best exercise plan for you. Call 911 for any of the following: You have any of the following signs of a heart attack: - Squeezing, pressure, or pain in your chest that lasts longer than 5 minutes or returns - Discomfort or pain in your back, neck, jaw, stomach, or arm - Trouble breathing - Nausea or vomiting - Lightheadedness or a sudden cold sweat, especially with chest pain or trouble breathing When should I contact my healthcare provider? - Your symptoms do not go away, or they get worse. - You have questions or concerns about your condition or care. Care AgreementYou have the right to help plan your care. Learn about your health condition and how it may be treated. Discuss treatment options with your caregivers to decide what care you want to receive. You always have the right to refuse treatment. The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you. © 2017 Truven Health Analytics Inc. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. All illustrations and images included in CareNotes® are the copyrighted property of A.D.A.M., Inc. or Truven Health Analytics. The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you.

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Honors classes, sports, theater, volunteering and an active social life sound like a recipe for a well-rounded high school student. But a busy schedule and pressure to succeed also mean stress. “These activities can be rewarding and fun, but there has to be a balance,” said Stephanie Kohlbeck, Ph.D., a Marshfield Clinic child psychologist. Signs of stress Your teen may not tell you she’s feeling overwhelmed, so look for these signs of stress: - Stomach aches - Changes in eating habits - Sleep problems - Lower grades - Change in performance in after-school activities You can help them with these stress-reducing tips: 1. Get organized Busy schedules are easier to manage if teens know what they need to do and make time to accomplish it. Kohlbeck recommends using a planner to stay on task and Google Calendar to keep the family informed about important dates. A clean bedroom, locker and backpack will reduce the stress of a misplaced assignment or uniform. It sounds simple, but it works. 2. Prioritize needs and wants Talk to your teens about what they need to do, what they want to do and what they’re most passionate about. Prioritizing will help your teens decide where to focus their energy. When your child is asked to participate in something new, discuss where it fits in the list of priorities. If it’s low on the list, remind him or her it’s okay to say “no.” 3. Teach teens to say “no” “Sometimes teens feel if they don’t do everything and respond to everyone, they’re going to miss something,” Kohlbeck said. It may be time for your teen to say no to activities when stress affects performance. Encourage teens to start small, with something they don’t need or want to do. “Once they set that first boundary and discover nothing bad happens, it will be easier to do it in the future,” Kohlbeck said. 4. Work hard, play hard Remind teens to stay focused when they’re working or studying. When they’re having fun, let them enjoy the moment instead of bringing up things that need to get done. “Life can be busy and stressful, so you have to work hard and play hard,” Kohlbeck said.

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It has been called the paradox of the German energy transition. Although Germany is on track to generate a third of its electricity from renewables this year – the highest share among major industrialised countries – it continues to lead the world in the amount of energy produced from the most-CO2 intensive fossil fuel: lignite coal. Rather than being pushed out of the market by its clean competitors, coal-fired power generation has held steady in Germany. Together hard coal and lignite generate more than 40% of Germany’s electricity, and the share of lignite has stubbornly remained at around 25% of gross power generation. Its share of Germany’s primary energy mix currently stands at 12%. According to German environmentalists, the resilience of coal is a result of the lack of a consistent energy policy – including a clear approach to coal. The Merkel government has now taken a first step towards the goal of a permanent coal phase-out by 2050. It recently reached a deal with energy utilities to gradually shut down the country’s most polluting lignite plants by 2020. The decision to take 2.7 GW of coal-fired power, some 13% of current lignite capacity, off the grid between 2016 and 2019. This will result in emissions reductions of 12 million tonnes, more than half of the 22 million tonne gap Germany will need to close if it is to meet its 2020 goal of reducing carbon emissions 40% below 1990 levels. “Everyone in Germany knows that this is only a first step towards decarbonising the power sector,” says Patrick Graichen, director of the energy policy think-tank Agora Energiewende in Berlin. Even though the German "coal renaissance" of 2012 and 2013, when coal-fired power generation increased substantially, turned out to be short-lived, Germany’s addiction to coal remains difficult to break. Germany is the world’s biggest producer of lignite, and with 40 billion tonnes, it is has some of the world’s largest reserves. The country’s lignite-fueled power plants emit some 170 million tonnes of CO2 per year, almost half of the total CO2 emissions from the German power sector. The brown coal is cheap to mine and has to be burnt locally because its high moisture content and low energy density make it inefficient to transport or trade. Comparatively expensive hard coal-fired plants have also held up relatively well due to the slumping price of coal on world markets, the result of slowing consumption in China and the US shale oil boom. According to German environmentalists, the resilience of coal has more to do with mistakes in energy policymaking than with the decision in 2011 to phase out nuclear energy after the disaster in Fukushima in Japan (the new coal plants brought online post-Fukushima were commissioned long before the accident). Domestically, some policymakers now regret decisions taken during the energy transition’s early days. Under the European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), utility companies were given strong incentives to decommission old power plants and replace them with more efficient ones. But in the initial years of its implementation in Germany there were no incentives to switch fuel sources, explains Arne Jungjohann, an independent energy analyst based in Stuttgart. According to Jungjohann, these incentives, and not the nuclear phase-out that was reinstated by the Merkel government after the nuclear disaster in Fukushima in 2011, prompted the “coal renaissance” in 2012. In their report “The German Coal Conundrum” he and his co-author Craig Morris point out that, rather than filling a gap left by nuclear, additional lignite capacity came online at a time when Germany – thanks to the boom in renewables – started producing more energy than it needed, exporting record amounts to neighbouring countries. The German government should have focused on strengthening the position of gas plants in the power sector rather than throwing coal a lifeline, says Jungjohann. Natural gas is the fossil fuel that is most compatible with renewable energy. Gas plants are less carbon intensive than coal plants and their relative flexibility makes them the fuel of choice to compensate the irregular production cycles of the weather-dependent renewables. When the European cap-and-trade system started in 2005, policymakers also hoped that putting a price on carbon would increase gas-fired generation's cost-effectiveness relative to coal-fired generation. Looking back, most experts agree that the cap was not set at a level ambitious enough to reach this goal. The global economic crisis of 2008 led to lower economic output and lower emissions, causing the carbon price to drop to record lows – with the effect that gas rather than coal plants were being pushed out of the market. Between 2010 and 2014, gas’s share of Germany’s power mix declined from more than 14% to under 10% of Germany’s power mix. All agree that it is extremely hard to fix this market. “In order to substitute coal with gas, we would need an emissions trading price of a minimum of 40 euros per tonne of CO2,” estimates Claudia Kemfert, head of energy research at the German Institute for Economic Research in Berlin. “But the price right now is 7 euros per ton of CO2.” Despite recent steps to reduce the oversupply of emissions certificates on the EU ETS market, Kemfert does not believe the price of CO2 will rise high enough to phase out coal. Instead, a political decision was needed to herald the end of coal-fired power generation in Germany. And just as during the introduction of the European cap-and-trade system, the German government had to compromise to reach an agreement with the industry and its unions. The initial plan was to impose a tax on the plants that would likely have led to their shutdown. But, bowing to pressure from mining unions and their local allies, the Merkel government sweetened the deal. Under the recently revised policy, power companies RWE, Vattenfall and Mibrag will be paid not to produce power during a transition phase – with the exception of the unlikely event of emergency conditions in which energy demand would exceed supply. For German consumers, this means they will have to pay €0.05 more per kilowatt hour to fund reimbursements to the providers of around €230 million per year, adding up to €1.6 billion over seven years. The decision has been criticised as an unnecessary farewell gift to the power companies, with some critics even asking if the reimbursements would violate EU guidelines on unnecessary government subsidies. “We already have a capacity reserve for winter times which is big enough to provide energy security at all times,” Kemfert notes. Also, as energy analyst Jungjohann remarks, coal plants are not suited to a reserve role since heating them up takes too long to overcome a short-term supply bottleneck. Nevertheless, Graichen, a former environmental policy-maker in the German government, calls the compromise a major accomplishment. “This was the first time ever that utilities, unions and the government agreed on shutting down power plants as part of climate policy,” he says. While he acknowledges that the 21,000 jobs in the lignite industry are a tiny part of Germany’s workforce, he notes that the industry remains a key economic contributor to some regions, and that “it will be important to offer those employees new perspectives and job opportunities.” Meanwhile, lignite miners and power plant operators in East Germany’s economically-depressed Lausitz region might get yet another reprieve. In order to divest itself of lignite, Swedish utility company plans to sell all of its facilities in the region. According to news reports, two Czech consortiums are in the running to acquire the assets. The environmental campaign group Greenpeace had also previously expressed its interest to purchase the mines and plants with the intent to shut them down, but has been informed by Citigroup, the bank that handles the transaction, that it has been excluded from the bidding process. Graichen refuses to speculate about any serious potential buyers’ motivation, but he makes it clear that the proposed deal sounds like a bad idea to him: “To my mind, investing in high carbon assets is not only morally wrong but also financially very risky since it would be a bet against future decarbonisation policies.” He and others in the German environmental community continue to express confidence that the country’s recent coal renaissance, rather than being a turnaround in the industry’s fortunes, has more than likely been its last hoorah.

<urn:uuid:aed7e0dd-da2b-4961-8d26-1c6491f091ed>

CC-MAIN-2017-26

https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/8314-Long-goodbye-for-Germany-s-dirty-coal

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319688.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622181155-20170622201155-00232.warc.gz

en

This project will install climate change and air quality monitoring infrastructure, and enable data collection, training and processing of the data to inform decision-making and enforcement activities. The infrastructure will provide data for regulators and be used as a research and capacity building tool in higher learning institutions. Data will be provided to climate modellers to increase climate change consequence modelling in this region. 1. Air quality equipment installed (Air quality management system established) 2. Climate Change Observatory enhanced to understand local emissions relating to climate change 3. Capacity building of local scientific ability to answer air quality and climate change issues in Rwanda 4. Policy development, research, and outreach (Research and Outreach enhanced and policy formulation enabled) Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA), Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Rwanda

<urn:uuid:108155b7-7751-4286-b61f-eedb08954094>

CC-MAIN-2017-26

http://fonerwa.org/portfolio/rwanda-air-quality-and-climate-change-monitoring-project

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en

As you know, Ruby on Rails has long included the ability to load up an interactive console environment for your application. Simply running rails c would start this console, which allows you to do things like ActiveRecord queries, troubleshooting, and much more. Since the full Rails stack gets loaded you have access to pretty much anything your application has access to. This is useful to troubleshoot things on the spot. Starting with Ruby on Rails 4.2, developers will have access to a web based version of this console. The good news is that you don’t have to wait for Ruby on Rails 4.2 to hit in order to take advantage of this awesome capability. You can quickly and easily use the web console in your current Rails application by performing the steps below. To use the Rails web console, we need to include the web-console gem. Simply add the line below to your Gemfile, then run a bundle install to install it. 1 2 3 Next, we need to turn on the web console in our application configuration. To do this, simply add the following line to your development.rb environment file: Now, let’s create a controller to play with the console. Run the command below to create a controller that we can use to play around with the console. For this example, we will create a controller called Homes with a method called show. Now, open up your routes file and modify it so that it looks like the code listed below: 1 2 3 Now open up the show view for the Homes controller and add in the code listed below: If you start a rails server and navigate to your development environment, you’ll notice that there is a console at the bottom of the screen. You can execute Ruby and Rails code here. The console is running within your Rails application so pretty much anything goes. By default, console application is mounted to http://yoursite/console. However, what if we wish to change the path? We can easily do it by adding the line listed below to our development.rb file: The console by default only works with if you are accessing it locally via 127.0.0.1. If you are on a network or using a VM, you may need to add your ip to a whitelist. You can easily do that by adding the line listed below to your development.rb file. Don’t forget to restart your Rails server for changes to take effect. You can also add an entire subnet. Remember to make sure you add 127.0.0.1 or the local machine won’t have access. Run Other Commands By default the console runs the rails console. However, you can have it run another command instead. For instance, we can turn the web console into an terminal running bash by adding the following line to our development.rb file: Be aware that passwords sent using this method are sent in plaintext. if that concerns you, you should consider using SSL. At this point, it’s not advisable to run this on production. Exposing the console endpoint in a production environment means anyone can get access to the Rails console and therefore access to the system itself. Stick to the development/test environments. Hopefully in the future the Rails team will provide additional features that will allow console use in a production environment. As mentioned earlier, console information is sent plain text. If this concerns you, consider using SSL or not using the web console. So far so good, That’s it!!! See ya!!! :)

<urn:uuid:be2a7938-263a-4fbf-9f05-852cb0da634f>

CC-MAIN-2017-26

http://geekhmer.github.io/blog/2015/04/19/ruby-on-rails-web-console/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00313.warc.gz

en

Robert Browning My Last Duchess Context of the poem Set in the 16th Century Italian Renaissance in Ferrara. The persona is based on the Duke of Ferrara, Alfonso II The object is an envoy sent by the Count of Tyrol to negotiate the Duke’s next marriage to his daughter Details: Browning first published poem under the title "I. Italy" in 1842 in Dramatic Lyrics, a collection of sixteen Browning poems. Browning changed the title of the poem to "My Last Duchess" before republishing it in 1849 in another collection, Dramatic Romances and Lyrics. Remember this fact. When you read the poem later think about the significance of the change in title. What difference would this make? Ferrara, Italy The Duke Fra Pandolf Artist Structure and form The poem is a dramatic monologue in which the character of the Duke is revealed 28 rhymed couplets of iambic pentameter – creating a controlled, regular beat in the poem The lines are using enjambment to create a driving force in the poem (through the lack of end-stopped lines), reflecting the Duke’s forceful personality. The enjambment also creates the natural tempo of a conversation The Duke interrupts the flow of his speech using questions and parenthetical comments showing his true nature and motivations breaking through the surface of his everyday language Structure and Language The elevated language is the Duke showing off his educated side: “that pictured countenance” (face) and, “your master’s known munificence” (generosity). These are two examples of his over-wordy speech Structurally, the fact that there are no stanza breaks and that the Count speaks uninterrupted for 56 lines points to a man who likes the sound of his own voice and is full of his own importance. The poem begins and ends with references to art and culture, emphasising the Duke’s civilised exterior. Themes Hubris The destructive nature of jealousy The objectification of women Art and culture used to create social status Hubris Excessive pride and arrogance – so much so that the relationship with reality is lost Hubris The Duke’s flaw, his arrogance, links to the way that he sees his treatment of the Duchess as justified. It also accounts for his apparent lack of judgement when speaking to the envoy. The Duke’s language conveys his hubris throughout the poem. The Duke’s sense of hubris comes from his aristocratic background, and is also shown in his choice of art and cultured items. The bronze statue shows his fantasy of mastering the natural world. The Duke clearly sees himself in the statue of Neptune. The destructive nature of jealousy The Duke’s jealousy causes the reader to become caught up in the psychological nature of the poem. The actions of the Duchess are never overtly evidence of infidelity, her guilt is confirmed in his mind. The Duke only allows himself to draw the curtain over the painting – showing his possessive and controlling nature. The objectification of women The last Duchess and the possible next Duchess are traded for money and social standing in the poem. The image of Neptune and the sea horse emphasises the way the Duke has objectified the Duchess by “taming” her and the power he has over her is conveyed by the statue. The painting is the final objectification of the Duchess – she literally becomes an objet d’art and the Duke has full control over her. Art and culture used to create social standing The Duke’s art collection marks him out as a Renaissance (meaning the rebirth of art, history, literature and science) The Duke’s cultured exterior and his aristocratic title masks his criminality. Art and culture of this type exclusive to the educated elite who controlled it in much the same way that the Duke controls the painting of the duchess. In this way, the Duchess can be seen to represent art and culture itself. Groups Group 1 – Anna, James, Shonie and Caroline (Objectification of women) Group 2 – Dionne, Nicole, Lauren and Keith (Hubris) Group 3 – Melanie, Sophie F, Lauren and Josh (The destructive nature of jealousy) Group 4 – Sophie M, Lisa, Danielle and Siobhan (Art and culture used to create social standing) Example “Nay, we’ll go/Together down, Sir!” As an aristocrat, the Duke could insist on walking ahead of the emissary, yet he makes this superficial egalitarian gesture. However the language reveals the Duke’s controlling nature as, despite the facade of politeness and etiquette -“Sir”, he is issuing commands to the emissary through the use of the imperative: “we’ll go” thereby emphasising his underlying domineering nature. Analysis Remember to fully explain what is said Relate it to the theme Explain how it is done (use of techniques) Essay Question 16. Choose a poem in which the tone is sinister or seductive or cynical. Show how the poem creates this tone and discuss its relative importance in your appreciation of the poem.

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

http://slidegur.com/doc/29473/my-last-duchess-2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00313.warc.gz

en

The topics of the fifth meeting of English Teachers Training at LBI FIB UI were very interesting: “Teaching Grammar” and “Using Games”. Let me tell you first about teaching grammar. I said teaching grammar was interesting topic because since long time a go, ‘grammar’ had been the focus of teaching foreign language, though from time to time, the method in Teaching English has developed and offered different approaches. Some people might worry about learning grammar because of the inappropriate teaching method. So, how should teachers teach grammar? This training session actually made me feel guilty, realizing that I’ve made many mistakes when I taught the students grammar. Well, it was because I didn’t know how to teach it effectively. Based on my experience, it needs extra effort to teach grammar since lots of students argue that grammar is hard, so teachers should create context first to make them understand, including tenses, if conditional, expression of quantity, etc. Ms.Nadya delivered the materials well, and firstly asked the trainees to give comments on “teaching grammar”. She gave us a provoking question, “Is grammar important?” most of trainees said yes, but some others said no. It was ‘yes’ because to be a professional author or orator, for example, we need grammar. Others said that grammar was not that important because when we talk to foreigners, they will understand what we mean without focusing much on grammar. After a quite long discussion we then agreed that grammar is important because it enables people to carry out their communication purpose and accomplish defined communication tasks. We then learned about two approaches in teaching grammar; deductive and inductive approach, and also how to convey grammatical meaning. After that, Ms.nadya divided us into peer group and let us discuss the right grammar presentation techniques for the case study given. Actually there are so many techniques in teaching grammar, and each has its own advantages and possible problems. However, we can apply the technique depends on the materials and the purpose. The second session of the training was using games. Games were needed to break the ice and enable students to more easily understand the materials. Well, this session was so fun because Ms.Nadya let the trainee practice to play the games. This is very beneficial because games are very effective to teach teen students English. Ms.Nadya also told about how to manage the games, and asked the trainees to analyze certain conditions, and which game appropriate with such conditions. I believe that this training session will be worth my effort and motivate me to teach better and effectively (*)

<urn:uuid:98222cfa-473c-4f9f-b284-ca1a703b8078>

CC-MAIN-2017-26

https://alfisyahriyani.wordpress.com/2012/06/28/english-teachers-training-teaching-grammar-and-using-games-journal-5/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00313.warc.gz

en

So you have seen the Canadian Heritage Moment ads on TV and you too realize that there are many other stories to be told. Like that the some of the most prominent suffragettes were eager eugenics supporters, or that the ‘Canadian’ state took it upon itself to rename and settle every Inuk they could find along their imperialist expansion into the Artic. This territory has many other stories to be remembered, recounted and represented. Stories can shape our perceptions and in turn our actions. They can inspire us and guide us as they broaden our imagination of the world that is possible and help us to realize that our struggles are not new or isolated but have both historical roots and contemporary links. This project is a space for such moments, a space for other non-dominant narratives and sections of facts. There are others stories to be told tell them.

<urn:uuid:80b1335e-954d-442c-b590-44849aee3010>

CC-MAIN-2017-26

https://heritagemoments.ca/about/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00313.warc.gz

en

Increasing voter awareness, ensuring protection from voter intimidation, and changing abusive gerrymandering laws are crucial to putting power back into the hands of voters. This list is a work-in-progress, but issues we are concerned about are below. The 2016 election was the first time since the Voting Rights Act was gutted in 2015. This made a great impact on the election, and was designed specifically to target African-American voters. — Conjecture on the Future of Voting Rights — Voting Problems Present in 2016, But Further Study Needed to Determine Impact – Unlocking the Power of the “Sista” Vote is More Complex Than You Think – How States Moved Toward Stricter Voter ID Laws SEE VOTING RESTRICTIONS MAPS VIA: BRENNAN CENTER OR ACLU FOCUS ON VOTER-ORIENTED SOLUTIONS >>> such as: 2017 North Carolina redistricting in the fall = GROUND GAMEEEEEEZZZZ to get voters to vote in the fall election to choose a new legislature >>> governors of Virginia and New Jersey (2) research and focus on districts that are particularly flippable; (3) network with local organizations and collate across-the-board best practices; (4) use those to combat and/or work around discriminatory laws which are unlikely to change soon; —–> (eventually) gain progressive footholds; ———-> (even longer-term) overturn crappy voting rights policies; —————> (forever and ever) repeat! - VOTER REGISTRATION — Learn effective ways to conduct voter registration drives — Work with existing organizations to register: LGBTQ, youth voters, African-Americans, Hispanics, Asian-Americans — Pledge to take others to the DMV to attain their Voter IDs - GOOD PRACTICES — Early voting — Engage voters to call their constituents, make demands, keep a constant dialogue going - VOTER INTIMIDATION: Where and who is trying to combat it already? — Asian-American groups — Black Panthers — More groups — Various civil rights and lawyers groups - VOTER GUIDES: How to encourage development and promotion? — Tech-friendly, issue-by-issue simplifications, like ballot.fyi (CA) — Philosophically-vetted, like The Progressive Voters Guide of Washington State — Politically transparent, like California League of Conservation Voters’ legislative scorecards — National Election Protection Coalition (!!! !!! !!!) — Search more via the term, “Election Protection” PUSH LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS - PAST LAWS & PRECEDENTS: What’s negative or positive about them? — Project Vote v. Blackwell (Ohio) — Help America Vote Act (HAVA) - BILLS THAT DIDN’T PASS: Why not? — Voter Empowerment Act - LAWS IN POTENTIAL DANGER: How can they be defended? — National Voter Registration Act or voter registration drives - DISTRICT-BY-DISTRICT BREAKDOWNS: What’re the demographics of flippable districts? — Sister District - GOOD PRACTICES: How likely are they, state-by-state? — Ranked voting in Maine — Paper ballots — Early voting - GERRYMANDERING: What can combat it? — California Citizens Redistricting Commission - VOTER INTIMIDATION: What are the laws against it? — Snopes re: Breitbart claims about the DoJ — ACLU breakdown of laws - LESSER-KNOWN DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES — Interstate Crosscheck Program — “Exact match” voter registration processing systems — List maintenance tricks like wrongful purges, voter caging, “no match, no vote” programs SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS THAT PROMOTE VOTER’S RIGHTS |National||Black Youth Vote! Black Youth Vote! identifies youth-focused organizations in communities and on campuses, and engages their youth leaders on the effects of the political and civic process. BYV! develops tactics to increase civic engagement among young adults, including: civic education, issue education, voter registration, message development, voter mobilization, voter protection and accountability. (BLACK VOTERS) |National||Election Protection Coalition The national, nonpartisan Election Protection coalition was formed to ensure that all voters have an equal opportunity to participate in the political process. Made up of more than 100 local, state and national partners, Election Protection works year-round to advance and defend the right to vote. FairVote is a non-partisan, 501(c)(3)h non-profit organization that seeks to make democracy fair, functional, and more representative. Operating since 1992 and with a staff of more than 20 people in 2016, they work with scholars, civic leaders, policymakers, journalists and national, state, and local reform partners to advance fairer elections. In this section, you can read more about our story, our staff, upcoming employment opportunities and opportunities to support our work. |National||League of Women Voters (Various) The League of Women Voters is a citizens’ organization that has fought since 1920 to improve our government and engage all citizens in the decisions that impact their lives. We operate at national, state and local levels through more than 800 state and local Leagues, in all 50 states as well in DC, the Virgin Islands and Hong Kong. Find a local league. |National||Mi Familia Vota (Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Nevada, Texas) Mi Familia Vota has integrated local organizing, leadership development, advocacy and building broad community partnerships with their voter engagement work; focusing on local, state and federal elections. Comprehensive immigration reform, education, healthcare, workers’ rights, climate change and the environment, and voter rights have been the core issues at the heart of their work, locally and nationally. (HISPANIC VOTERS) |National||National Coalition on Black Civic Participation The National Coalition on Black Civic Participation (The National Coalition) is a 501©3, non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to increasing civic engagement and voter participation in Black and underserved communities. The National Coalition strives to create an enlightened community by engaging people in all aspects of public life through service/volunteerism, advocacy, leadership development and voting. (BLACK VOTERS) |National||Project Vote (Washington DC) Project Vote is a national, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization founded on the belief that an organized, diverse electorate is the key to a better America. Project Vote’s mission is to build an electorate that accurately represents the diversity of this nation’s citizenry, and to ensure that every eligible citizen can register, vote, and cast a ballot that counts. |National||Verified Voting (California) A non-partisan non-profit organization that advocates for legislation and regulation that promotes accuracy, transparency and verifiability of elections. VoteRiders is making sure that no eligible citizen is denied his or her right to vote for lack of ID. VoteRiders focuses on states with government-issued voter ID laws or that require documentary proof of citizenship to register to vote. Our current priority state is Wisconsin, and we are also supporting efforts in AL, AZ, FL, GA, IN, KS, MS, NC, ND, NH, RI, SC, TN, TX, and VA. |National||The Voter Participation Center (Washington DC) The Voter Participation Center’s mission is to increase civic engagement among the Rising American Electorate: unmarried women, people of color, and millennials. The Rising American Electorate is responsible for over 80% of the growth in the U.S. population since 2000, and now comprises the majority of voting-eligible Americans. But because RAE members are statistically less likely to be registered to vote or engaged in the political process, they’re underrepresented in the voting booth. |National||Voto Latino (Washington DC) To date, Voto Latino has registered more than 300,000 young voters, innovated the use of text messaging by launching the first text-to-register voter registration campaign, co-founded National Voter Registration Day and informed our audience of restrictive voting laws in their area via social media. (HISPANIC VOTERS) ACCE Institute has worked up and down the state door knocking and phone banking voters and connecting the issues that matter most to them with the importance of voting. ACCE Institute’s reach during elections includes 66,000 voters in their geographies from San Diego to Sacramento. |California||ArtsVote (Los Angeles) The ArtsVote Campaign is a multi-strategy campaign designed to engage residents, provide opportunities for public discourse, bolster volunteerism, and provide avenues for arts organizations to show their #ArtsVote power. |California||Building Bridges Not Walls Building Bridges, Not Walls works to empower Californians to engage in the electoral process and vote for candidates and policies that will move America forward. They encourage Californians to register and turn out to vote, and want to engage them to become activists who will in turn encourage people in swing states to engage in the electoral process. |California||California League of Conservation Voters The California League of Conservation Voters (CLCV) is the non-partisan political action arm of California’s environmental movement through voter education and electoral campaigns. |California||LA Youth Vote (NOT ACTIVE) Student Leaders registered over 3,000 of their peers across LAUSD for the May 19th, 2015 general election. (YOUTH VOTERS) |Georgia||New Georgia Project A nonpartisan effort to register and civically engage Georgia’s population, which is growing and becoming increasingly diverse. In 2014, NGP launched an ambitious voter registration program resulting in roughly 69,000 new voters making the polls. They meet new voters in their communities and advocate for voting rights reforms. |Georgia||The People’s Agenda Citizen Education program for students and adults, designed to empower the electorate. |Kentucky||Kentuckians for the Commonwealth KFTC members understand the importance of voting, and we also know that a healthy democracy requires so much more. They work to strengthen democracy in Kentucky by empowering voters, making their voices heard in the Kentucky General Assembly and the Congress, working to restore voting rights, and encouraging people to participate in KFTC’s own democratic process and that of other local institutions. |Minnesota||Citizens for Election Integrity Minnesota Citizens for Election Integrity Minnesota (CEIMN) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that advocates for verifiable, transparent, and accurate elections in Minnesota and across the country. CEIMN was formed shortly after the 2004 election after learning of reports in Ohio of electronic voting problems, the disenfranchisement of minority voters, discarded ballots, and other voting irregularities. |North Carolina||Democracy North Carolina Democracy North Carolina is a nonpartisan organization that uses research, organizing, and advocacy to increase voter participation, reduce the influence of big money in politics and achieve a government that is truly of the people, by the people and for the people. Democracy NC grew out of Democracy South which began as a project of the Institute for Southern Studies. |Wisconsin||Dane County Voter ID Coalition The League of Women Voters Dane County has joined with the Dane County NAACP to form the Dane County Voter ID Coalition. The mission of the Coalition is to educate voters about the requirement to show a voter photo ID to receive a ballot on Election Day or when voting absentee. A specific goal is to identify voters who may not have an acceptable voter photo ID, and to arrange for direct assistance to those voters who may need help obtaining one. |Wisconsin||League of Women Voters of Dane County The League is a non-profit, non-partisan, national organization whose purpose is to promote informed and active participation of citizens in government at all levels. The League came into being in 1920.

<urn:uuid:1ab92ddf-dcef-42f6-bb1d-222e34f8b86d>

CC-MAIN-2017-26

http://socialdefensenetwork.com/voter-empowerment/

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en

Home Medications and Treatments for Athletes Foot Athlete’s foot, also known as Tinea Pedis, is a common fungal infection of the feet. This fungus typically thrives when the feet, and in particular the area between the toes, remain most, warm and irritated. Athlete’s foot infects the outermost layer of the skin. It occurs between the toes but in severe cases it may spread to the toenails, the sides of the feet and the soles. The infection can also spread to other areas of the body or a similar infection can be observed on other areas of the body, such as the armpits, knees, elbows, and groin. The infection is known as athlete’s foot because it spreads commonly in changing rooms and communal showers that are shared by athletes, fitness enthusiasts and swimmers. Athlete’s foot is contagious and anyone can develop the infection if his or her foot is exposed to tiny flakes of skin from an infected person. The typical symptoms of athlete’s foot are characterized as dryness, itching, stinging, burning, scaling, inflammation between the toes, and inflammation throughout other areas of the foot. Athlete’s foot may also incite the formation of blisters that can eventually burst and expose the inner layers of the skin. This exposure causes pain and swelling and increases the skin’s vulnerability to bacterial attack and further spreading of the infection. The body hosts a variety of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. Some microorganisms may be beneficial for the body whereas some have the ability to rapidly multiply and cause infections under certain conditions. Athlete’s foot typically affects young people and active athletes whose feet are usually covered with shoes. This creates a warm, moist and dark environment that is optimal for fungal growth The risk of contracting athlete’s foot increases under the following conditions: Wearing tight-fitting and closed shoes, especially if they are not lined with breathable fabric. Keeping the feet wet for a long duration or not properly drying the feet. Developing a minor skin or nail injury in the foot. Although children and women are capable of contracting athlete's foot, the risk for men is higher. Athlete's foot rarely occurs before adolescence. Athlete’s foot is contagious and can be transmitted through contaminated materials such as floors, water, mats, towels, rugs, and clothes. Therefore individuals who utilize public showers, locker rooms, pools, gym mats, saunas and similar public services are more vulnerable to contracting athlete’s foot. Athlete’s foot can also be transferred between individuals and from infected pets to their owners. Athlete’s foot can be contracted by simply touching an infected area and if untreated, it can last for an extended duration. Preventive actions are crucial in avoiding athlete’s foot and the best way to prevent athlete’s foot is to utilize proper hygiene and care. To prevent athlete’s foot you should: - Maintain dryness around the feet, particularly around the area between the toes. Fungus needs moisture to thrive so fungal growth can be prevented by the elimination of moisture around the feet. While at home, maintain bareness of the feet or remove shoes occasionally to allow the feet to breathe and sweat to dry. - Wear socks made of natural fabric such as cotton or wool instead of nylon and lycra. Always wear clean socks and change them frequently. - Avoid shoes that are made of synthetic material such as rubber or vinyl. Instead wear well-ventilated, light shoes made of natural, breathable material because these aid in maintaining dryness of the feet. - Obtain more than one pair of shoes and utilize different pairs on alternate days because this will assist in reducing the moisture in shoes and in preventing fungal growth. - Always use your own shoes and socks. Do not borrow shoes or socks from anyone. - Use waterproof sandals while using public facilities like showers and saunas. - Treat your feet with anti-fungal powder on a daily basis, especially after using public showers, locker rooms, saunas and swimming pools. Athlete’s foot may still be contracted despite preventive actions. Fungal infections have the ability to grow quickly so rashes may develop suddenly. Some natural remedies may be utilized for treatment during the initial stages but it is advised to consult a podiatrist or health-care provider before trying any of these remedies. Tea Tree Oil Tea tree oil is known to have anti-fungal properties. It can be utilized on the affected area to obtain relief from itching and this relief aids in the healing of lesions and the control of the infection. Prepare a mixture of white vinegar and warm water with a ratio of one to four, respectively. Soak feet in this solution twice each day for 20 to 30 minutes. Continue this process until the infection completely disappears or until the irritation stops. Topical Application of Baking Soda Baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate, is an excellent fungicide. The topical application of this white crystalline compound has the ability to soothe athlete’s foot. Add one tablespoon of baking soda to lukewarm water and rub the mixture on the affected area. Allow the solution to remain on the area for 15 minutes and proceed to rinse it off. Rub cornstarch on the affected area to reduce the itchiness because this will aid in the healing process and prevent cracks in the skin that result from scratching. This remedy may be used simultaneously with baking soda. Foods containing a significant amount of sugars and yeast, along with fruits, should be avoided when an individual is experiencing athlete's foot because fungus thrives from these things. Individuals should consume plain yogurt, green vegetables, and a large amount of water to aid in the treatment of athlete's foot. Got a question ask it on the Athlete’s Foot Forum or share your knowledge and experience with others.

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ΣΩΜΑΔΥΠΑΚΡΟΠΟΛΗΙΦΕΡΩΝΤΑΡΧΥΣΕΝ[ΑΘΗΝΣ or ΑΘΗΝΕΩΝ “Here is where king Codrus son of Melanthus fell, stranger, a death which also fortified great Asia. And the people of Athens carried his body and buried it beneath the Acropolis, raising his glory to the Immortals.” “This Codrus was noble not in family alone, but was entirely noble, in a spiritual sense. For once when the Laconians and Athenians were fighting, an oracle was given to the Laconians that they would be entirely defeated if one of them were to kill the leader of the Athenians. Learning which, Codrus, putting on the outfit of a woodsman, killed a certain Laconian with an axe, then was killed in return. And when they understood what they had done, the Laconians fled immediately.” Tzetzes Chiliades Hist. 4-5, 170-199 “Do you suppose,’ she asked, ‘that Alcestis would have died for Admetus, or Achilles have sought death on the corpse of Patroclus, or your own Codrus have welcomed it to save the children of his queen, if they had not expected to win “a deathless memory for valor,” which now we keep? Of course not. I hold it is for immortal distinction and [208e] for such illustrious renown as this that they all do all they can, and so much the more in proportion to their excellence. They are in love with what is immortal.” Plato Symposium 208d “Codrus was a descendant of Deucalion, as Hellanicus says . . . (3) And Codrus the son of Melanthus received the kingship, he who died for his country in following manner. When the Athenians were at war with the Dorians, the god gave an oracle to the Dorians that they would conquer Athens provided they did not kill king Codrus. Having learned this, Codrus clothed himself in the simple garb of a woodsman, took a scythe, and went forth to the camp of his enemies. When two of these enemies met him, he struck and felled one, and, since the other did not recognize who he was, he smote Codrus, who died, leaving the rule of Athens to Medon, the older of his sons.” Hellenicus, FGH 323a F 23 = Schol. Plato Symposium 208d “His [Plato’s] father too is said to be in the direct line from Codrus, the son of Melanthus, and, according toThrasylus, Codrus and Melanthus also trace their descent from Poseidon.” Diogenes Laertius Plato 1 “They (the Pisistratid family) had ruled the Athenians for thirty-six years and were in lineage of the house of Pylos and Neleus, born of the same ancestors as the families of Codrus and Melanthus, who had formerly come from foreign parts to be kings of Athens. It was for this reason that Hippocrates gave his son the name Pisistratus as a remembrance, calling him after Pisistratus the son of Nestor.” Herodotus Histories 5.65 “Whose son was Codrus, who became king? Was it not of Melanthus, an exile from Messenê?” Plutarch On Exile 607B “More noble than Codrus. The son of Melanthus of Messene, father of Medon and Neleus. This Codrus — when the Dorians were making war against the Athenians (after they received the exiles from the Peloponnese, among whom was Melanthus) and when an oracle was given to the Dorians that they would sack the city, if they would not harm the king of their enemies – when he had learned of the oracle, he put on the clothes of a woodsman and chancing upon some guards of the Dorians, he killed one of them; and the rest of the guards, capturing him, killed him in a rage, as Demon writes.” Demon FGH 327 F 22 = Photius Lexicon s.v. eugenesteros Kodrou “The greatest virtue of your city is that she has set the Greeks an example of noble conduct. In age she surpasses every city, and in valor too our ancestors have no less surpassed their fellows. Remember the reign of Codrus. The Peloponnesians, whose crops had failed at home, decided to march against our city and, expelling our ancestors, to divide the land amongst themselves. They sent first to Delphi and asked the God if they were going to capture Athens, and when He replied that they would take the city so long as they did not kill Codrus, the king of the Athenians, they marched out against Athens. But a Delphian Cleomantis, learning of the oracle, secretly told the Athenians. Such, it seems, was the goodwill which our ancestors always inspired even among strangers. And when the Peloponnesians invaded Attica, what did our ancestors do, gentlemen of the jury? They did not desert their country and retire as Leocrates did, nor surrender to the enemy the land that reared them and its temples. No. Though they were few in number, shut inside the walls, they endured the hardships of a siege to preserve their country. And such was the nobility, gentlemen, of those kings of old that they preferred to die for the safety of their subjects rather than to purchase life by the adoption of another country. That at least is true of Codrus, who, they say, told the Athenians to note the time of his death and, taking a beggar’s clothes to deceive the enemy, slipped out by the gates and began to collect firewood in front of the town. When two men from the camp approached him and inquired about conditions in the city he killed one of them with a blow of his sickle. The survivor, it is said, enraged with Codrus and thinking him a beggar drew his sword and killed him. Then the Athenians sent a herald and asked to have their king given over for burial, telling the enemy the whole truth and the Peloponnesians restored the body but retreated, aware that it was no longer open to them to secure the country. To Cleomantis of Delphi the city made a grant of maintenance in the Prytaneum for himself and his descendants for ever. Is there any resemblance between Leocrates’ love for his country and the love of those ancient kings who preferred to die for her and outwit the foe, giving their own life in exchange for the people’s safety? It is for this reason that they and only they have given the land their name and received honors like the Gods, as is their due. For they were entitled, even after death, to a share in the country which they so zealously preserved.” Lycurgus Against Leocrates 84-87 “And Codrus is said in the war against the Dorians and Peloponnesians voluntarily to have died on behalf of his land.Therefore even those people who can tell of such acts of their fellow citizens can say nothing more than what you have done, but the city initiated such acts through its great and still more numerous examples, and no more could be done either publicly or privately. Then it has befallen to the city not to be inferiour to other peoples even in a single respect, nor when it defeated all the enemies whom I named, to have been deficient in gratitude to those who on its side made these resolves on its behalf. But it will also clearly have surpassed these in its benefits: in respect to Codrus by having given office to his sons and by having honored his race at home and abroad; and for the maidens by having established a temple for them and in honoring them by having thought them worthy of a divine instead of a mortal portion; and by having given Erechtheus a share in the ceremonies of the gods on the Acropolis.” Aristides The Panathenaic Oration 87 “On Codrus: The Peloponnesians, making war against the Athenians, received an oracle stating that they should not kill Codrus the king. But they killed him before the wall as he was gathering sticks, and so they lost their chance for victory.” Anecdota Graeca (Bekker 1 192) “The rivers that flow through Athenian territory are the Ilisus and its tributary the Eridanus, whose name is the same as that of the Celtic river. This Ilisus is the river by which Oreithyia was playing when, according to the story, she was carried off by the North Wind. With Oreithyia he lived in wedlock, and be cause of the tie between him and the Athenians he helped them by destroying most of the foreigners’ warships. The Athenians hold that the Ilisus is sacred to other deities as well, and on its bank is an altar of the Ilisian Muses. The place too is pointed out where the Peloponnesians killed Codrus, son of Melanthus and king of Athens.” Pausanias Description of Greece 1.19.5 “By the orators, indeed, to die for our country is always considered not only as glorious, but even as happy: they go back as far as Erechtheus, whose very daughters underwent death, for the safety of their fellow-citizens: they instance Codrus, who threw himself into the midst of his enemies, dressed like a common man, that his royal robes might not betray him, because the oracle had declared the Athenians conquerors, if their king was slain. ” Cicero Tusculan Disputations 1.48 “After the return of the Heraclidæ, and the partition of the country, many of the former possessors were banished from their own land by the Heraclidæ, and by the Dorians, who came with them, and migrated to Attica. Among these was Melanthus, the king of Messene. He was voluntarily appointed king of the Athenians, after having overcome in single combat, Xanthus, the king of the Bœotians. When Attica became populous by the accession of fugitives, the Heraclidæ were alarmed, and invaded Attica, chiefly at the instigation of the Corinthians and Messenians; the former of whom were influenced by proximity of situation, the latter by the circumstance that Codrus, the son of Melanthus, was at that time king of Attica. They were, however, defeated in battle and relinquished the whole of the country, except the territory of Megara, of which they kept possession, and founded the city Megara, where they introduced as inhabitants Dorians in place of Ionians. They destroyed the pillar also which was the boundary of the country of the Ionians and the Peloponnesians.” Strabo Geography 9.1.7 “Pherecydes says concerning this seaboard that Miletus and Myus and the parts round Mycale and Ephesus were in earlier times occupied by Carians, and that the coast next thereafter, as far as Phocaea and Chios and Samos, which were ruled by Ancaeus, was occupied by Leleges, but that both were driven out by the Ionians and took refuge in the remaining parts of Caria. He says that Androclus, legitimate son of Codrus the king of Athens, was the leader of the Ionian colonization, which was later than the Aeolian, and that he became the founder of Ephesus; and for this reason, it is said, the royal seat of the Ionians was established there. And still now the descendants of his family are called kings; and they have certain honors, I mean the privilege of front seats at the games and of wearing purple robes as insignia of royal descent, and staff instead of sceptre, and of the superintendence of the sacrifices in honor of the Eleusinian Demeter. Miletus was founded by Neleus, a Pylian by birth. The Messenians and the Pylians pretend a kind of kinship with one another, according to which the more recent poets call Nestor a Messenian; and they say that many of the Pylians accompanied Melanthus, father of Codrus, and his followers to Athens, and that, accordingly, all this people sent forth the colonizing expedition in common with the Ionians. There is an altar, erected by Neleus, to be seen on the Poseidium. Myus was founded by Cydrelus, bastard son of Codrus; Lebedus by Andropompus, who seized a place called Artis; Colophon by Andraemon a Pylian, according to Mimnermus in his Nanno;3 Priene by Aepytus the son of Neleus, and then later by Philotas, who brought a colony from Thebes; Teos, at first by Athamas, for which reason it is by Anacreon called Athamantis, and at the time of the Ionian colonization by Nauclus, bastard son of Codrus, and after him by Apoecus and Damasus, who were Athenians, and Geres, a Boeotian; Erythrae by Cnopus, he too a bastard son of Codrus; Phocaea by the Athenians under Philogenes; Clazomenae by Paralus; Chios by Egertius, who brought with him a mixed crowd; Samos by Tembrion, and then later by Procles.” Strabo Geography 14.1.3 “Since we have now come to the wars of the Athenians, which were carried on, not only beyond expectation as to what could be done, but even beyond belief as to what was done, the efforts of that people having been successful beyond their hopes, the origin of their city must be briefly set forth; for they did not, like other nations, rise to eminence from a mean commencement, but are the only people that can boast, not only of their rise, but also of their birth. It was not a concourse of foreigners, or a rabble of people collected from different parts, that raised their city, but men who were born on the same ground which they inhabit; and the country which is their place of abode, was also their birthplace. It was they who first taught the art of working wool, and the use of oil and wine. They also showed men, who had previously fed on acorns, how to plough and sow. Literature and eloquence, it is certain, and the state of civil discipline which we enjoy, had Athens as their temple. Before Deucalion’s time, they had a king named Cecrops, whom, as all antiquity is full of fables, they represented tc have been of both sexes, because he was the first to join male and female in marriage. To him succeeded Cranaus, whose daughter Atthis gave name to the country. After him reigned Amphictyon, who first consecrated the city to Minerva, and gave it the name of Athens. In his days, a deluge swept away the greater part of the inhabitants of Greece. Those only escaped, whom a refuge on the mountains protected, or who went off in ships to Deucalion, king of Thessaly, by whom, from this circumstance, the human race is said to have been restored. The crown then descended, in the course of succession, to Erectheus, in whose reign the sowing of corn was commenced by Triptolemus at Eleusis; in commemoration of which benefit the nights sacred to the mysteries of Ceres were appointed. Aegeus also, the father of Theseus, was king of Athens, from whom Medea divorcing herself, on account of the adult age of her step-son, returned to Colchis with her son Medus, whom she had had by Aegeus. After Aegeus reigned Theseus, and after Theseus his son Demophoon, who afforded aid to the Greeks against the Trojans. Between the Athenians and Dorians there had been animosities of long standing, which the Dorians, intending to revenge in war, consulted the oracle about the event of the contest. The answer was, that the “Dorians would have the advantage, if they did not kill the king of the Athenians.” When they came into the field, the Doric soldiers were charged above all things to take care not to attack the king. At that time the king of the Athenians was Codrus, who, learning the answer of the god and the directions of the enemy, laid aside his royal dress, and entered the camp of the enemy in rags, with a bundle of sticks on his back. Here, among a crowd of people that stood in his way, he was killed by a soldier whom he had purposely wounded with a pruning knife. His body being recognized as that of the king, the Dorians went off without coming to battle; and thus the Athenians, through the bravery of a prince who submitted to death for the safety of his country, were relieved from war. AfterCodrusthere was no king at Athens; a circumstance which is attributed to the respect paid to his memory. The government of the state was placed in the hands of magistrates elected annually. At this period the people had no laws, for the wills of their princes had always been received instead of laws. Solon, a man of eminent integrity, was in consequence chosen to found the state, as it were afresh, by the establishment of laws.” Pompeius Trogus = Justin Epitome ii. 6 “About eighty years after the capture of Troy, and a hundred and twenty after Hercules had departed to the gods, the descendans of Pelops, who, during all this time had sway in the Peloponnesus after they had driven out the descendants of Hercules, were again in turn driven out by them. The leaders in the recovery of the sovereignty were Temenus, Cresphontes, and Aristodemus, the great-great-grandsons of Hercules. It was about this time that Athens ceased to be governed by kings. The last king of Athens was Codrus the son of Melanthus, a man whose story cannot be passed over. Athens was hard pressed in war by the Lacedaemonians, and the Pythian oracle had given the response that the side whose general should be killed by the enemy would be victorious. Codrus, therefore, laying aside his kingly robes and donning the garb of a shepherd, made his way into the camp of the enemy, deliberately provoked a quarrel, and was slain without being recognized. By his death Codrus gained immortal fame, and the Athenians the victory. Who could withhold admiration from the man who sought death by the selfsame artifice by which cowards seek life? His son Medon was the first archon at Athens. It was after him that the archons who followed him were called Medontidae among the people of Attica. Medon and all the succeeding archons until Charops continued to hold that office for life. The Peloponnesians, when they withdrew from Attic territory, founded Megara, a city midway between Corinth and Athens.” Velleius Paterculus History of Rome I.2 “[1136 -] Castoris de regno Athenensium: exponemus autem et Atheniensium reges cognomento Erechthidas a Cecrope Diphye usque ad Thymoeten, quorum omne tempus invenitur ann. CCCCXXVIIII. Post quos suscepit regnum Melanthus Pyliensis, Andropompi filius, et huius filius Codrus, qui imperarunt simul ann. LVIII. 1128 Erechthidarum imperio destructo Atticorum principum regnum ad aliud genus translatum est, cum Thymoetes provocasset Xanthus Boeotius et Thymoete recusante Melanthius Pyliensis Andropompi filius suscepisset singulare certamen ac deinde regnasset, hinc et Apatourion, id est fallaciarum sollemnitas celebratur quia victoria fraude processerit. 1101 in Lacedaemone regnavit primus Eurystheus ann XLII. Corinthi regnavit primus Aletes ann. XXXV. Heraclidarum descensus in Peloponnesum. 1090/85 Iones profugi Athenas se contulerunt. 1086/80 Peloponnenses contra Athenas dimicant. 1069 Post quem principes quos mors finiebat, quorum primus Medon, Codri filius ann. XX [1069 ] Peloponnenses contra Athenas dimicant. Codrus iuxta responsum se ipsum morti tradens interimitur bello Peloponnensiaco. In quo Erechthidarum regnum destructum est, quod CCCCLXXXVII ann. perseveraverat.” Eusebius of Caesarea Chronikon “It is recorded that Panyasis was a cousin of Herodotus the historian; for Panyasis was the son of Polyarchus, while Herodotus was the son of Lyxes, Polyarchus’ brother. But some have recorded that it was not Lyxes [sc. who connects the two of them], but that [it was] Rhoea, the mother of Herodotus, a sister of Panyasis. Panyasis was alive in the 78th Olympiad, but according to some [he was] much older; for he was alive at the time of the Persian Wars. He was killed by Lygdamis, third tyrant of Halicarnassus. Among poets he is ranked behind Homer, and according to some, also behind Hesiod and Antimachus. He wrote a Heracleias in 14 books, consisting of 9,000 verses, and an Ionica in pentameter, which is about Codrus and Neleus and the Ionian colonies, and consists of 7,000 verses.” Panyassis Ionica = Suda s.v. Panyassis

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SO, WHAT DID MARIA MONTESSORI SAY ABOUT MOVEMENT? Dr. Montessori’s Own Handbook, Maria Montessori, pg 52 “The education of the movements is very complex, as it must correspond to all the coordinated movements which the child has to establish in his physiological organism. The child, if left without guidance, is disorderly in his movements, and these disorderly movements are the special characteristic of the little child. In fact, he “never keeps still,” and “touches everything.” This is what forms the child’s so-called “unruliness” and “naughtiness.” The adult would deal with him by checking these movements, with the monotonous and useless repetition “keep still.” As a matter of fact, in these movements the little one is seeking the very exercise which will organize and coordinate the movements useful to man. We must, therefore, desist from the useless attempt to reduce the child to a state of immobility. We should rather give “order” to his movements, leading them to those actions towards which his efforts are actually tending. This is the aim of muscular education at this age. The Essential Montessori, Elizabeth G. Hainstock, pg 102 Montessori felt that gymnastics programs in the regular schools were inadequate, and she objected to the disciplined regimen used in presenting it to children. She felt that this repressed their spontaneous movements. We must understand by gymnastics and in general by muscular education a series of exercises teaching to aid the normal development (such as walking, breathing, speech), to protect this development, when the child shows himself backwards or abnormal in any way, and to encourage in the children those movements which are useful in the achievement of the most ordinary acts of life; such as dressing, undressing, buttoning their clothes, and lacing their shoes, carrying such objects as balls, cubes, etc. If there exists an age in which it is necessary to protect a child by means of a series of gymnastic exercises, between three to six years is undoubtedly the age. (MM, 130) Once again, through observation, Montessori worked out various exercises to aid the children in muscular control and coordination of movements, while exercising different parts of the body. There were also “free” gymnastics, the normal childhood games played with balls, hoops, bean bags, etc., and preferably done outdoors to take advantage of the fresh air. She felt exercises pertaining to correct carriage, the respiratory system, speech habits, and exercise for fingers were all of equal importance. Naturally, the exercises for practical life are the sensory materials aided her plan for muscular education. The educational value of a movement depends on the finality of the movement; and it must be such that it helps the child to perfect something in himself; either it perfects the voluntary muscular system; or some mental capacity; or both. Educational movement must always be an activity which builds and fortifies the personality, giving him a new power and not leaving him where he was…(D, 142)Physical education was an integral part of developing the total child. Apart from gymnastics it also emphasized the hygienic aspect of fresh air, through visits to the park or beach and walks within the city. Not restricting the child’s movements with excessive clothing was something that Montessori also stressed.

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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained. attributive Relating to the diaphragm.‘the phrenic nerves’ mental, emotional, intellectual, inner, non-physical, cerebral, brain, rational, cognitive, abstract, conceptual, theoreticalView synonyms - ‘These carry the rhythmic bursts of impulses, relayed from the brain stem via the phrenic motor neurons in the spinal cord, which cause regular inspiration.’ - ‘A rare variant affects the phrenic nerves and diaphragm.’ - ‘An advantage of the axillary block is that needle placement is far from the dome of the lung and the phrenic nerve.’ - ‘Hiccups are believed to be caused mainly by irritation of either the phrenic or vagus nerves anywhere along their paths.’ - ‘A dissection of both the tectonic ontological nature as well as the mental, or phrenic, nature is the goal, primarily through the eyes of architecture.’ - ‘Thymic tissue can span from the level of the diaphragm to the thyroid, making surgical dissection difficult (especially in light of the proximity of the phrenic and vagus nerve and other vital structures).’ Early 18th century: from French phrénique, from Greek phrēn, phren- ‘diaphragm, mind’ (because the mind was once thought to lie in the diaphragm). In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.

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||This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)| According to the Book of Mormon, Chemish (//) was a Nephite record keeper. He received the Book of Mormon record from his brother Amaron, and penned a single verse in the Book of Omni (Omni 1:9) before passing the record to his son Abinadom: 9 Now I, Chemish, write what few things I write, in the same book with my brother; for behold, I saw the last which he wrote, that he wrote it with his own hand; and he wrote it in the day that he delivered them unto me. And after this manner we keep the records, for it is according to the commandments of our fathers. And I make an end. |Nephite record keeper of the small plates Sometime after 279 B.C. |This article related to the Latter Day Saint movement is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

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The new edition of Arid Zone Geomorphology aims to encapsulate the advances that have been made in recent years in the investigation and explanation of landforms and geomorphological processes in drylands. Building on the success of the previous two editions, the Third Edition has been completely revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in the field. Whilst this latest edition will remain a comprehensive reference to the subject, the book has been restructured to include regional case studies throughout to enhance student understanding and is clearly defined into five distinct sections; Firstly, the book introduces the reader to Large Scale Controls and Variability in Drylands and then moves on to consider Surface Processes and Characteristics; The Work of Water, The Work of the Wind. The book concludes with a section on Living with Dryland Geomorphology that includes a chapter on geomorphological hazards and the human impact on these environments. Once again, recognised world experts in the field have been invited to contribute chapters in order to present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of current knowledge about the processes shaping the landscape of deserts and arid regions. In order to broaden the appeal of the Third Edition, the book has been reduced in extent by 100 pages and the Regional chapters have been omitted in favour of the inclusion of key regional case studies throughout the book. The Editor is also considering the inclusion of a supplementary website that could include further images, problems and case studies.

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Inputs in Python 3 - input replaces raw_input Python 3 - What is new, what's changed and why example from a Well House Consultants training course More on Python 3 - What is new, what's changed and why [link] Source code: input_3.py Module: Y300 print ("A program to add up some ages") name = input("What is your name? ") age1 = int(input("How old are you? ")) age2 = int(input("How old is your partner? ")) print ("Between you,",name,", you are",age1+age2,"years old") Learn about this subject This module and example are covered on the following public courses: * Learning to program in Python * Python Programming * Intermediate Python Also available on on site courses for larger groups Books covering this topic Yes. We have over 700 books in our library. Books covering Python are listed here and when you've selected a relevant book we'll link you on to Amazon to order. This example comes from our "Python 3 - What is new, what's changed and why" training module. You'll find a description of the topic and some other closely related examples on the "Python 3 - What is new, what's changed and why" module index page. Full description of the source code You can learn more about this example on the training courses listed on this page, on which you'll be given a full set of training notes. Many other training modules are available for download (for limited use) from our download centre under an Open Training Notes License. • Our Solutions centre provides a number of longer technical articles. • Our Opentalk forum archive provides a question and answer centre. • The Horse's mouth provides a daily tip or thought. • Further resources are available via the resources centre. • All of these resources can be searched through through our search engine • And there's a global index here. Purpose of this website This is a sample program, class demonstration or answer from a training course. It's main purpose is to provide an after-course service to customers who have attended our public private or on site courses, but the examples are made generally available under conditions described below. Web site author This web site is written and maintained by Well House Consultants. Conditions of use Past attendees on our training courses are welcome to use individual examples in the course of their programming, but must check the examples they use to ensure that they are suitable for their job. Remember that some of our examples show you how not to do things - check in your notes. Well House Consultants take no responsibility for the suitability of these example programs to customer's needs. This program is copyright Well House Consultants Ltd. You are forbidden from using it for running your own training courses without our prior written permission. See our page on courseware provision for more details. Any of our images within this code may NOT be reused on a public URL without our prior permission. For Bona Fide personal use, we will often grant you permission provided that you provide a link back. Commercial use on a website will incur a license fee for each image used - details on request. PH: 01144 1225 708225 • FAX: 01144 1225 793803 • EMAIL: [email protected] • WEB: http://www.wellho.net • SKYPE: wellho PAGE: http://www.wellho.net/resources/ex.php4 • PAGE BUILT: Sun Jan 31 13:04:01 2016 • BUILD SYSTEM: WomanWithCat

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The English Bill of Rights and Common Sense Essay The English Bill of Rights and Common Sense The English Bill of Rights, the Cahier of the Third Estate of the City of Paris and Common Sense were all written during a time of revolution in their respective countries. Although all three political writings originated in a different country, they each share several important similarities. Each document also addressed specific issues, which the others did not. The English Bill of Rights, the Cahier of the Third Estate of the City of Paris and Common Sense all served as a bridge between their countries’ different forms of political structure. The English Bill of Rights came after the reign of the first two Stuart kings, James I (1603-1625) and his son Charles I (1625-1649). Both kings ran into problems with the House of Commons over religious, economic and other political issues. The birth of James’s II son led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689. The revolution resulted in Mary II and her husband, William of Orange of Holland taking the Crown and signing the English Bill of Rights. The English Bill of Rights was signed by Parliament in 1689. The English Bill of Rights placed parliamentary limitations on the authority of the crown, which is still a central part of England’s political system. The Cahier of the Third Estate of the City of Paris resulted after Louis XVI of France could not balance the national budget. In an attempt to correct the budget problem, Louis called the Estates General, France’s representative assembly, to convene in the hopes it would establish new taxes that would balance the nation’s budget. The convening of the Estates General had a much larger effect on France than Louis had expected. At the assembly, the forty thousand attendants wrote cahier de doleances, which listed local and national issues that needed to be addressed. The cahier of the Third Estate of the city of Paris was a document that contained the grievances of many people including: lawyers, businessmen, upper-middle-class, peasants, artisans, shopkeepers and women. Due to the Estates General, the nobility lost most of their privileges and the king lost most of his power. Later, in 1793, Louis was beheaded as a traitor. Common Sense was a 35 page political pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776. During the beginning of the American Revolution, many Americans still hoped that America could reconcile with Great Britain. Paine wrote the pamphlet as a reaction to the Battle of Lexington and Concord in April of 1775. Paine’s pamphlet expressed many American’s worries concerning Great Britain, as well as the Colonies’ hopes to create their own free independent nation. Common Sense encouraged the Second Continental Congress to create the United States of America on July 2, 1776. The pamphlet also contributed to the United States Declaration of Independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776. There are several major similarities between the three political texts. Each text was written at a time of political revolution within their country and each was written as a reaction to current political hardships. Another major similarity all three texts shared was the importance of freely elected representatives. The timing of the documents as well as the configuration of assemblies plays a large role in the restructuring of their countries. The English Bill of Rights and the French Cahier of the Third Estate share several important ideals. Both the English and French documents addressed religious matters. The English Bill of Rights stopped the practice of creating courts that try religious cases, while the Cahier of the Third Estate asked for religious toleration. Another major similarity between the English and French documents regarded taxes. The English Bill of Rights declared that there would be no more collecting of taxes without the permission of the Parliament. The Cahier of the Third Estate also stated that the elected officials should only establish the collecting of taxes. The final major similarity between the two documents has to do with the treatment of prisoners. The English Bill of Rights was the first document to coin the phrase “cruel and unusual punishment” when it declared that treatment of prisoners should be humane. The Cahier of the Third Estate also addressed the treatment of prisoners by banning torture. The English Bill of Rights shared one major similarity to Thomas Paine’s Common Sense. Although the French Cahier of the Third Estate did not address when assemblies should be held, both the English and American did address the issue. The English Bill of Rights declared that Parliaments should be held frequently, and Paine suggested in Common Sense that assemblies should be held every year. The concept of frequent parliamentary meeting was unheard of before this time. Previously, assemblies could go over a decade without convening. The French Cahier of the Third Estate and Paine’s Common Sense also shared a major similarity. The Cahier of the Third Estate wanted the Kingdom to be divided into assemblies, which would be represented by freely elected officials. The Cahier of the Third Estate also wanted individual cities, towns and villages to have elected officials that would decide local issues. Thomas Paine presented a similar idea in Common Sense. Paine suggested that the colonies should be divided into districts and each district should be represented in the assembly. Although all three documents shared similar characteristics, there were differences between the English Bill of Rights, the Cahier of the Third Estate and Common Sense. Each document addressed issues that were specific to their individual needs as a country. Although the problems addressed may not have been unique to their country, the fact that their political text contained a remedy to the problem is distinctive. The English Bill of Rights addressed several issues that the other documents did not. The English Bill of Rights declared that the quartering of soldiers was against the law. Although the quartering of soldiers was present in America, Thomas Paine did not choose to address the issue in Common Sense. The English Bill of Rights also stated that the King should not have an army during a time of peace without the permission of Parliament. Neither the French or American political texts addressed this issue. The English text also gave Protestants the right to bear arms for self-defense. An important point made in the English Bill of Rights, which was not addressed in the other documents, was that of freedom of speech in Parliament. The Cahier of the Third Estate of the City of Paris was a very unique document. The French political texts included the greatest amount of new, unique political concepts. The Cahier of the Third Estate was the only document to state, “all men are equal in rights.” Before this time, people were granted different rights based on their social and economic standing. The Cahier of the Third Estate created great change pertaining to the execution of laws. The French document stated that citizens could not be arrested or punished without a legal trial. The document also stated that no citizen could be arrested without a just cause and an order from a judge. The Cahier of the Third Estate went on to state that citizens had a right to call a lawyer before interrogation began. The document also declared that all citizens should receive the same punishment for their crimes, no matter their rank in society. The final major change dealing with punishments for crimes was the ending of torture and dungeons. Cleanliness and moral rules were set in place for prisons. The Cahier of the Third Estate established that prisons are for securing prisoners, not punishing them. The French political text also put an end to many other hardships including: personal servitude, compulsory military service, tampering with the mail, hunting monopolies and exclusive privileges. Although the English Bill of Rights and the Cahier of the Third Estate were both a list of grievances, neither document attacked the current political order with the zeal that Common Sense contained. Thomas Paine ripped apart the political structure of Great Britain and declared that the American constitution should have no resemblance to that of England. Paine believed that the constitution of England was far too complex and its complexity had caused many years of hardship. Paine also believed that hereditary succession was wrong and should not be practiced. Common Sense asserted that the American constitution should be based on “union, faith and honor.” Paine expressed two major exceptional ideas in Common Sense. Paine believed that in America a President, and not a King, should head the executive branch of government. Paine also believed that all laws should be passed by a majority of the assembly, or Congress. Paine suggested that a majority should be considered no less than three fifths of Congress. England, France and America all went through political revolutions within a relatively close time period. As a result of the new political ideals, in each country a text was written upon which the future government was to be based. Although each of the documents contained distinct characteristics, the major ideas and end results were very similar for each country.

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We have been looking at the lives of Vikings in our social studies unit on Early Societies. Now that you have learned a little about the lives of the ancient Viking civilization, it is up to you to be a Viking of your own! Go on an adventure and complete your very own Viking Quest and see if you have what it takes to lead your own crew on a voyage. You will be faced with a series of questions that will determine your success or failure as a Viking. Good Luck and May Odin guide your path! |Bayeux Tapestry, Bayeux / Personal picture taken by user Urban, February 2005. Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tapisserie_bato1.jpg| Over the past couple weeks we have been learning and researching the lives of the ancient Viking Civilizations. We have looked at their lifestyle, ships and their culture at this time. I have requested that students now go to the website above and complete their very own Viking Quest. This website credited by BBC provides students with an interactive game that reviews many important historical elements of the lives of Vikings and calls on the students to try and make the proper decision in front of them to succeed on the test. I encourage you to sit and play the game with your child as it is a fun experience that you both will want to try again and again. If anything comes up that is confusing, I ask you contact me or note them for your child to bring back to class. This game is very fun and interactive but it also covers a large amount of the curriculum expectations in the Early Civilizations strand. For the purpose of today we will look at covering the following curriculum expectations: A3.1 identify the location of some different early societies on a globe or on print, digital, and/or interactive maps, and demonstrate the ability to extract information on early societies’ relationship with the environment from thematic maps A3.9 describe some key reasons why different groups in early societies cooperated or came into conflict at different times I invite you to view the the Curriculum document yourself and see how great this game is! I hope you enjoy this experience and remember not to hesitate to contact me if you have any questions of concerns.

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Complementary food for infants in developing countries - especially those where corn is a staple food - must be protected against fumonisin, a toxin produced by fungi, says an international team of scientists. Until now, physicians thought the growth retardation of children in those regions was to be blamed on the poor nutritional value of the complementary maize porridge they receive when breast milk is no longer sufficient. But toxins indeed are involved, the scientists report in the journal Molecular Nutrition and Food Research The call is made by scientists of the Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp and their colleagues of the Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority and Gent University. Until now, not much attention was paid to mycotoxins in food (mycotoxins are toxins produced by fungi) - with the exception of aflatoxin, of mouldy nuts ill fame. But their research in rural Tanzania does connect fumonisin with stunting and underweight. It is the first time anybody establishes this association. Worldwide, 1 child in 3 suffers from growth retardation and 1 in 4 is underweight. The problems of stunting and underweight are associated with over 5 million deaths of children less than 5 years annually. 70% of these deaths are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Malnutrition is implicated in the majority of these deaths. Already in 2004, the same researchers reported that improving the nutritional quality of complementary foods does not reduce stunting and underweight in Tanzanian toddlers. This raises questions about the actual management of malnutrition by international aid organisations. So the research team went looking for other possible causes of poor growth as soon as breastfeeding falls off and maize porridge is introduced. They knew aflatoxin, the most notorious mycotoxin, had been observed to impair child growth in Benin and Togo. So they explored for other fungal toxins that could end up in maize based complementary foods. They observed that children of twelve months, who through their corn flour based complementary food were exposed to fumonisin above the WHO maximum tolerable daily intake (2μg/kg body weight), were significantly shorter and lighter than their counterparts. Fumonisin enters the food chain through fungi growing on maize, the staple food in Tanzania - and in many other parts of the world. The fungus can be present without being visible to the untrained eye. It can be prevented by correct storage of the maize.

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Fifty years ago the term “homeowners association” or HOA for short, was relatively unknown in the United States. Various sources have estimated that the total number of HOAs in the U.S. as of 1963 was perhaps no more than five hundred. Other than a handful of large, established planned developments such as Rancho Santa Fe in San Diego County, California and Forest Hills Gardens in Queens, NY, most of these HOAs were small by comparison and were concentrated in relatively few areas of the country including Southern California, Florida and to a lesser extent fast-growing cities like Phoenix, AZ and Houston, TX. As a result of increasing demand for new housing which had been steadily growing since the end of World War II, development of residential real estate was booming. Local municipalities were eager to enlarge the tax base of their communities through development that would lead to an increase in the inventory of taxable real estate. As the urban core of many cities expanded into suburban sprawl, developers often found that local governments were reluctant to assume responsibility for the long term stewardship of the growing infrastructure that was required to serve the emerging suburban landscape. As urban planners, developers and municipal governments began collaborating on residential development projects to meet the demand for new housing, it became apparent that there was significant municipal economy and profit potential to be realized from the privatization of what had historically been publicly-owned infrastructure (the “commons”); and by condensing the footprint of residential developments. This strategy would allow more homes to be built on smaller parcels of land, with the goal of reducing the sprawling effects of residential development. Or at least that was the hope. In order to achieve the goal of smaller lot sizes, shared recreational spaces such as parks, playgrounds, swimming pools and green-space were proposed; thereby allowing homes to be built on smaller lots because less individual yard space was needed for outdoor recreation. The inclusion of shared, or “common area” spaces within residential developments was not a new idea. Although evidence of shared housing arrangements may be found in ancient cultures throughout the world, the modern-day “father” of urban planning and the CID is considered by many to be one Ebenezer Howard, an Englishman who in 1898 published a book titled, “To-morrow: A Peaceful Path To Real Reform.” In 1902 Howard published a revised edition of the book under the name, “Garden Cities of To-morrow.” It is this book which arguably began the century long march toward the privatization of the American neighborhood and the birth of the modern-day HOA. In spite of the efforts of Mr. Howard, who died in 1928, and others, HOAs were not that commonplace even as recently as the 1960s. Increasing demand for new housing, combined with the reluctance many municipalities had for maintaining the new infrastructure that was destined to be built, were significant forces that helped give birth to the common interest development (CID) movement within the real estate industry. The term “common interest” refers to the shared or “common ownership” aspects of such developments, in which the individual home owners share in the use, benefit and ownership responsibility of a wide variety of community owned assets and amenities. In some instances these commonly owned assets have come to include major infrastructure components such as community water systems and roads but in the majority of cases these “common area improvements” are more often things like recreational amenities, fencing and barrier walls, landscaping, green space and other site improvements. In the early days, CIDs were mostly what could be termed “traditional” subdivisions in which detached, single-family homes were located on individually platted lots. Homeowners were left with the responsibility of maintaining their individual homes and lot improvements, often under mandatory guidelines imposed by the HOA. Meanwhile the common area improvements would be owned and maintained by a legal entity comprised of the property owners who purchased homes in the development. This legally incorporated entity is what we commonly refer to today as a homeowners association or HOA. In addition to the envisioned benefits of shared ownership of community assets, developers and planners perceived the need for a set of rules that would place restrictions on the use of the land within the development and to establish the rights and responsibilities of the individual property owners to the HOA and the HOA to the property owners. The rules and restrictions established by the developer and recorded with the deeds to the lots would become known as the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions & Restrictions (CC&Rs); although in the vernacular of the layperson and even many industry professionals, the term CC&Rs is now used in a broader sense when referring to the HOA’s bylaws, rules and regulations as well as the actual CC&Rs. It is these CC&Rs, combined with the bylaws, rules and regulations of the HOA which have, in effect, become the de facto “charter” for a new form of privatized residential government known as the homeowners association. In the 1960s condominiums and other attached housing schemes were not nearly as common as they are today, which was perhaps a good thing as the governance and administration of HOAs in general would prove to be more of a challenge than many may have anticipated. As a result, homeowners and industry practitioners would face a long, steep learning curve to acquire the skills needed to manage and govern these organizations effectively. In particular with respect to the management and governance of condominiums. The legal construct of the modern day HOA has evolved over the last fifty years. This is particularly true of condominiums and other attached housing schemes, which have become the predominant form of new housing in many of the nation’s larger cities. In Part II of this series we will examine the emergence of the HOA as the predominant form of residential development in the United States.

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COLOR DISCRIMINATION AND IDENTIFICATION Users need to be able to discriminate among any colors used to distinguish data. In some applications they also need to be able to identify the colors. A number of visual and cognitive factors affect discriminability and identifiability of colors. Under some conditions the number of usable colors may run into the thousands. In others the number may be on the order of six, with several having restricted meanings. If some of the intended users have anomolous color discrimination ("color blind"), the choices may be even more limited. Conditions for Good Discrimination Small color differences can be distinguished when the areas to be discriminated are large, immediately adjacent to each other (share an edge near the viewed point) and are displayed at the same time. These conditions occur, for example, in visualization of quantized continuous data as in maps of weather, temperatures, pressures or terrain. Larger color differences are required whenever conditions deviate from this optimum. Here the immediately adjacent stripes are clearly visually discriminable (though not necessarily identifiable). Size and Discrimination Here are the same colors as in the figure above, but the areas are smaller and the patches are separated from each other by the contrasting white background. Adjacent pairs are difficult or impossible to discriminate. As the area of the patches is reduced further even large color differences can become very hard to detect. In each row the set of five colors is identical at the level of the digital data. (On some displays, esp. CRTs, the physical color differences among the patches are reduced at the smaller sizes). On my LCD monitor I have difficulty distinguishing the blue, cyan and green patches in the middle row and in the top row I can distinguish only two color classes (the red/magenta and the green/cyan/blue). Individual Differences in Color Discrimination identification are even more complicated for observers with anomalous color vision. True dichromats' color perception varies along only two of the three dimensions of normal color vision. Since the color confusions of dichromats are well-defined mathematically it is possible to choose (smaller) sets of colors for labeling that can be discriminated by dichromats. Even given such a set, though, it is possible that identification performance of dichromats could be different from that of color normals. If the user population is not restricted to color normals, all important distinctions among symbols should include non-color graphic variables. Left: To deuteranopes, the most common kind of dichromat, the three elements within Set A are indistinguishable on the basis of hue, as are the three elements in Set B. Edge vs. Smooth Gradient Color discrimination is best when a sharp edge separates the colors to be discriminated, for example, between a symbol and a uniform background color. When a smooth gradient separates two color patches the smallest detectable difference in color is larger than it would be if the patches were adjacent and separated by a sharp edge, and the difference of color appearance is reduced. Smooth gradients are common when a continuous variable over a background area (for example, map elevations) is color coded. Left: The top row includes three of the pairs of adjacent colors from the figure at the top of the page, with a sharp edge between each pair. The bottom row is the same pairs as the top row but with a smooth gradient across the middle third of each. Labeling with Color Individual Differences in Color Vision Discrimination and Identification Color Guidelines

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Submitted to: Industria Avicola Publication Type: Trade Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 2/1/2003 Publication Date: 4/1/2003 Citation: Mauldin, J.M., Berrang, M.E., Cox Jr, N.A. 2003. Saneamiento Mecánico de Huevos Incubables. Poultry USA. 50:14-19. Interpretive Summary: Technical Abstract: Thirty or forty years ago, sanitation of hatching eggs in the United States was done by immersing a wire basket of eggs in a container with disinfectant and a heat source. Some eggs were not submerged long enough and others were submerged for too long, but the most significant problem was that the disinfectant solution was not changed often enough. Treatment efficacy was lost because organic material such as feces, dirt, and egg contents built up and the eggs were sometimes inoculated with bacteria rather than sanitized. The solution was cooled by the eggs, reducing the effect of the disinfectant. Bacterial contamination of the eggs caused problems during hatching and prejudiced the entire industry against wetting hatching eggs, even with disinfectant. In the last ten years, however, sanitizing of eggs has reappeared. Mechanical sanitation is very effective because it has eliminated the problems of immersion, such as time, temperature of the solution and organic material contamination of the sanitizing solution. Mechanical sanitation of hatching eggs gives the poultry industry one more opportunity to reduce the transfer from the breeder farm to the hatchery and from there to the chick and ultimately the processed broiler carcass.

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One of Britain’s most majestic ruins and once a controlling gateway through the Purbeck Hills, the castle boasts breathtaking views and several waymarked walks. Steeped in history, an interactive exhibition uncovers many stories of treachery and treason. Defended during the Civil War by the prudent and virtuous Lady Bankes, the castle fell, due to betrayal from within, and was subsequently partially destroyed by the Parliamentarians. Many fine Norman and early English features remain. Winner of Sandford Award 1998, 2003. When Lord Chief Justice Bankes was summoned to attend King Charles I. at York in 1642, his wife and her children retired to Corfe, and lived there in peace till May 1, 1643, when, under the pretence of attending an annual stag hunt on that day in the Isle of Purbeck, the Parliamentarians from Poole attempted to surprise and capture the castle, but Lady Bankes had the gate shut, and the force, thwarted in their design, retired. They then demanded the delivery of four small 3-pounder cannon that were in the castle, but the lady, with the help of her five men and her maids, brought one of these guns to bear on the party, who decamped at its discharge. With great difficulty Lady Bankes then introduced some stores and powder into the castle and summoned aid from Prince Maurice who was at Blandford, and who sent Captain Lawrence to take command. On June 23, the enemy, 500 to 600 strong, under Sir Walter Erle, came against the place, with “a demi-cannon, a culverin, and two sakers”, and commenced the attack of the fortress, assisted by two engines of shelter, called a Boar and a Sow, which were used for approaching the walls. They were assisted by a party of sailors, sent by the Earl of Warwick, well armed and having scaling ladders, and with this force the storm was commenced, the men being incited by promises and excited by strong drink. They made a simultaneous assault on the middle ward defended by Captain Lawrence, and the upper ward where the lady of the castle and her brave men and women kept off the attacks by throwing down stones, and hot cinders and “wild fire”. The Roundhead attempt failed, with a loss of 100 men, and then, learning the approach of the Earl of Carnarvon in force, Erle broke up and retired to Poole on August 4. Another attempt was made to take the castle in June 1645, at the time when the Parliamentary forces were very active in the western counties, but this, too, was beaten off for a time by Lady Bankes and her friends. At the close of that year, however, when scarcely any other garrison but this hoisted the Royal flag between Exeter and London, Corfe was beset anew by Colonel Bingham, the Governor of Poole, with three regiments, in addition to which Fairfax reinforced him in December with other two. Still with even this strong force they might have failed again, such was the strength of the fortress, but for the treachery of an officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Pitman, who by deception introduced .100 men of the enemy in place of a like body of friendly troops, and these men admitted the besiegers, Feb. 20, 1646. Then the garrison had to surrender at discretion, their lives being spared, the siege having lasted, according to Sprigg’s Table, forty-eight days, and after an heroic defence by the lady of the castle of three years. A vote was then passed in the Commons to “slight” the fortress—that is, to ruin its defences and the structure, and as an order of the House at that period met with strict obedience, the destruction of Corfe was thorough. After the place had been plundered, the towers and walls were blown up, or shattered by being undermined and propped up with wood, which was then set on fire, as was done at the keep of Raglan. The lead and timbers were stolen or sold, and thus this venerable fortress was reduced to a state of utter ruin. Fortunately the presence of building stone in abundance in the vicinity has saved Corfe from the common fate of being converted into a quarry. The castle, which has a triangular trace enclosing nearly four acres, stands on an isolated chalk hill, which partly fills a gap in a higher range of hills running E. and W., on the S. side of the castle, and through which two streams, the Wicken and the Dyle, flowing on either side of the fortress, unite and pass under St. Edward’s Bridge, and then form the Corfe river, falling into Poole Harbour on the N. On the S., between the two brooks, there was a deep ditch, cutting off the castle from the town of Corfe. The hill has a natural scarp all round, and along the crest runs the line of the outer walls, flanked by thirteen strong mural towers and bastions. The entrance is by a grand bridge of four lofty arches over the ditch at the town end, and leads at once under the great outer gatehouse, with a large circular tower on each side of the gateway, the upper storeys of both having disappeared. Here is the entrance to the first of the three wards into which the castle is divided, and in which are six of the neural towers besides those of the gatehouse. This is all later work, but across this ward, or bailey, stretched a curved ditch, 20 feet deep, attributed to King John, having on its S. side a breastwork mounting artillery, which commanded the ward; and at the W. end of the ditch access is obtained to a second or middle gatehouse, which was like the outer one and had a drawbridge over a fosse of 50 feet breadth. Passing this and its portcullis the second ward is reached, which extends to the N.W. angle of the fortress where the salient is formed by the huge octagonal Buttavant tower. Between the second gate and this tower exists some very ancient masonry, which appears to be due to Saxon times, and where may have been the dwelling of Elfrida, the murderous Queen-mother; it is at any rate older than the Norman keep. (Clark.) All through this ward the ground rises rapidly to the inner ward, which occupies the summit of the hill, and contains the keep and dwellings. This part also forms an irregular triangle, of which the S.E. angle is of solid masonry, whence to its W. point at the great bastion—where five guns were mounted at the siege—runs an immensely strong wall, 12 feet thick, and without any towers, the natural strength of the ground not requiring any. Here are two gateways, the keep, the Queen’s tower, and the apartments and offices. The keep is quadrangular, 60 feet square and 80 high, all pure Norman work, having flat pilasters and originally an outside staircase (as at Castle Rising, Norfolk). The basement is covered, and the first floor contained a single large dreary chamber; on the second floor was the hall, the floors being of wood; the battlements are gone, but this upper part has the appearance of an addition. A large garderobe tower is attached on the S. side. The Queen’s hall, or tower, on the E. side of the keep is Early English with pointed windows (Henry III.). In carrying out the slighting order an unnecessary amount of powder seems to have been expended, for the vast masses of masonry are riven and shattered and displaced in the wildest confusion. The towers of the outer gatehouse are blown forwards, and the vault is split, the E. curtain wall is broken down in parts, and on the W. not only is the wall down, but the mural towers are rent, and one is dislodged bodily. The middle gatehouse was overthrown by undermining, and two-thirds of the Buttavant lower are gone, but happily the great wall between the middle gatehouse and keep remains intact: “It is one of the finest in Britain, and almost equal to Cardiff”. (Clark.) Of the great keep the whole N. wall and two-thirds of the W. lie about in enormous fragments, crushing the inner gateway and adjacent walls. A piece of the Norman E. wall remains unhurt to its summit; “a marvel of Norman masonry, and shrouded in ivy”. The outside staircase is gone, and the Queen’s tower is quite destroyed, with the offices and chapel. The destruction apparently exceeds anything known elsewhere in England. (Castles Of England, Sir James D. Mackenzie, 1896)

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Poor sleep is common at high altitude. Most trekkers don’t sleep well at a higher altitude. Trekkers commonly report intense dreams, feeling of being suffocated and wake up feeling unrefreshed. Trekkers arriving at higher altitude commonly experience poor quality sleep. Sleep at a higher altitude can become fitful and difficult. High altitude can have many effects on the body. Oxygen which is at 20.8% (approx.) at sea level dwindles to 13% at an altitude of 3,600 meters. The lack of oxygen causes the preliminary disturbance in the sleep pattern. It causes rapid breathing to maintain proper oxygen flow. The rapid intake of oxygen also causes a faster rate of Carbon dioxide release. The carbon dioxide sensors in the body try to control the rapid release by slowing the rate of exhaling of CO2. Due to these adjustments in fast and slow breathing, a trekker experiences a disturbed sleep pattern (Sleep Apnea). We take this opportunity to acknowledge the importance of sleep in a high altitude Trek. After careful examination of the sleep architecture at high altitude, we come out with few handy tips for trekkers. We hope they come in handy. Tip #1: Focus on being properly acclimatized on a Trek Acclimatization is the biggest consideration for any high altitude trekking. Poor Acclimatization triggers a range of symptoms that take away the fun of trekking. Issues of trekkers complaining about hypoxia, hypoventilation, sleep apnea are sometimes linked with Acute Mountain Sickness. It is wise to sleep at an intermediate altitude for one or more days before sleeping at the higher altitude to help the body cope with the altitude. Some trekkers notice that this helps quite a bit, while others still have trouble with the higher altitude; some don’t face any problems at all. Tip #2: Stay hydrated and avoid alcohol/caffeinated beverages on a Trek While trekking, the fluid loss via sweat can be extreme. Dehydration can inhibit the production of sleep-promoting chemicals causing poor sleep. The fluid loss comes in many forms. At high altitude, rapid breathing causes an accelerated fluid loss. With every breath, we lose fluid in the form of vapor. Those who breathe through the mouth are susceptible to faster loss of fluids. Those who take Diamox (Acetazolamide) need to be extra careful. Diamox is a diuretic drug that causes more fluid loss via your urine. Finally, keep in mind that alcohol acts to ultimately dehydrate the body, so do not make the mistake of relying on an alcoholic beverage to help you sleep. The same goes for Coffee before sleep. Tip #3: Eat a light Dinner Meal on a Trek | Avoid Junk Food Eating a heavy dinner is bad for you on a Trek. Consuming a heavy meal at night overloads your digestive system. It doesn’t get adequate rest through the night, thereby slowing your body physically and mentally for the next day. Avoid a high sugar, fat, protein diet at night. This will help you avoid acidity, keeping the tummy problems at bay in the night. You should have your dinner by 7 PM and sleep not before 9 PM. This will help to sleep better. Having said that, one should not skip this meal either. Skipping Dinner will result in a very large gap between your last meal of the day and the first meal of the next day. This can cause ravenous hunger, severe acidity, nausea, blackouts and a disturbed sleep. Tip #4: Keep your mobile devices away before Sleeping Using Mobile and other portable devices can be great fun at campsites. It can keep you entertained on a bad weather day inside your tent. However, they are not always helpful. Light from these devices stimulates the brain, making it harder to wind down for sleep. So Turn off your phone, I-Pad, Kindle Paperwhite at least an hour before sleeping. Tip #5. Use a Nasal Spray This is a useful tip that many people miss. A nasal spray helps keep a general nasal hygiene to keep the nose free of dust, pollen, etc. It can be very useful for those who suffer from difficulty in breathing due to nasal congestion. Taking 1-2 (drops or sprays) in each nostril before going to sleep. Nasal Spray comes in different variants. The strong (more effective) one has Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride as a key ingredient. It works by shrinking swollen and congested nasal tissues (mucous membranes) by constricting blood vessels. This should not be used more than 3 to 5 days without consulting with a Doctor. Saline Nasal Solution, on the other hand, is mild and safer option. It has Sodium Chloride which works like a salt based solution in cleaning your nose. It has no side effect if used regularly. Tip #6. Change your Sleeping Posture Sometimes countering sleep discomfort requires out of the box approach. Eating large meals or lying down right after a meal can cause heartburn, bloating of the stomach and acidity. This can hamper sleep. Sleeping on your back can cause the acid in the stomach to enter your Esophagus. This can cause the windpipe to contract, causing shortness of breath, cough, burping etc. Sleeping in an elevated position can help. An elevated head helps prevent the acid from causing coughing, breathing and other digestion-related problems that interfere with one’s sleep. Use your backpack or a few extra clothes as an elevated pillow. Raise your head sleeping position by 20 to 30 degree upward. This will help you to ease out and breathe better. Lead Picture Credit: SummitPost.org Any reproduction of this Blog (including Pictures) without obtaining a written permission will be subject to copyright violation. Strict Legal action will be taken. You may write to us at [email protected] for such requests.

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Improve your home insulation Roof vents come in two forms, powered and unpowered. Unpowered roof vents require no energy supply and are wind driven. Constructed of lightweight materials, the roof vents can turn in a light breeze removing heat. The greater the wind, the faster roof vents will turn and ventilating more heat. The ventilation is also aided by natural convection in the roof which causes hot air to rise towards the vents. The hot air is then replaced by cooler air. Powered roof vents utilise a small power supply to use an internal fan or operate a louvre system. These roof vents can be connected to either mains power supply or through a solar panel making it an independent electrical system. This system is of particular benefit in either low or non-existent wind conditions. Whilst each system has its own benefits, the choice of system is dependent upon individual circumstances and budget. Besides removing heat from the roof space, roof vents also provide the additional benefit of removing moisture from the roof space in winter. Most homes which utilise exhaust vents in bathrooms and kitchens, often vent the steam into the roof space. Excessive moisture in the roof space can lead to mould, health problems, rotting roof and wall timbers and rusted metal. Health problems can include asthma and other respiratory problems brought about by fungal infections and large amounts of bacteria. With a greater drive towards making houses more airtight and energy efficient, adequate ventilation has become increasingly important. Insulguard can provide high quality, roof mounted vents in a classic design that utilises modern technology and features for a long lasting performance. Vents come with an extended warranty and are available in extensive range of over 28 colours to suit most roof colours. Vents can be installed on tile, shingle or tin (colorbond) roofs. To maximise effectiveness of roof vents, eave vents should also be installed to allow cooler air to enter the roof and increasing convection. Manufacturers and Insulguard recommends one roof vent for every 50 square metres of roof space. This will ensure maximum efficiency in ventilating the roof space. • Roof vents reduce heat and moisture in roof spaces • Reducing the temperature in roof spaces will also reduce the temperature in living areas • Reduction in moisture can help prevent mould, fungus and other contaminates from growing in the roof. • Reduce instances of respiratory problems and asthma caused by reducing or eliminating excessive bacteria, mould spores or fungus in the roof space. • Roof vents, when installed correctly, will not allow water to enter your roof. • Available in a range of styles and 28 colours to suit any roof colour and style. • Different sizes available for either industrial/commercial or domestic use. You need more Information ? Call Us : 0414 772 818 Get Your Quote Today Insulation Quote Get It For Free With our custom measurements software we can give you a direct quote without any measurements or having to come out to your home. Fill out the simple form below and receive your insulation quote today.

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posted by Anonymous . A shot-putter throws the shot with an initial speed of 4.0 m/s from a height of 4.7 ft above the ground. Calculate the range of the shot for each of the following launch angles. You have provided no launch angles. Write down the equation for range in terms of launch angle, Vo, g and initial height, and solve. Make sure you convert 4.7 ft to 1.43 m.

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Grappling the existential concept of freedom Do you find philosophy tough? I do, but I enjoy it because philosophers tackle tough issues of existence. The existential philosophers Camus and Sartre did not always agree. Most philosophers seldom agree with anyone, even themselves. Albert Camus loved paradoxes. He was an absurdist existential philosopher, which means that he believed our existence is ultimately what we create, and that in the end the whole universe is absurd. In a world which is not free, of which earth is an example, one must behave with absolute freedom in order to resist and rebel. But what he means by "become absolutely free" is difficult to understand here. Is freedom a state of mind, a physical state, or both? How can the world be unfree while you remain free? You can be free regardless of the circumstances around you, if you create an internal identity, a space that no one else can touch. When you find freedom and latch on to it, you are rebelling against whatever binds or confines you, according to Albert Camus. Paul Sartre suggests that humans are condemned to existence, which sounds like Camus' term an "unfree world." He is correct in that we do not have a choice in being born. We are not free to choose whether we come into existence or not. He believed that we are "responsible for everything" we do, and so he is correct that we are condemned. The problem is that he is not clear on who we are responsible to. Within the context of Paul Sartre's existentialism, that would be ourselves. So, we are condemned because we are born without choice, and we are responsible for every act we make after that. But, we are also free to choose what morality is. You might also enjoy these power quotes: What are your thoughts on existence and freedom? Do you feel condemned to exist or are you happy to be here? How might you make your existence happier? By Darin L. Hammond Works for BlogCatalog, owns and writes at ZipMinis.com, and freelances as a writer and designer. Darin Publishes across the web on sites like Technorati, BC Blog, Blog Critics, Broowaha, Demand Media Studios, and Social Media Today. Google

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Earth Rangers online strategy shows kids they can make a difference Course: CDPR108, Ryerson University, Toronto Week 8, October 29, 2012 This blog covers my weekly assignments and learning for Ryerson University’s Social Media in PR course, part of Ryerson’s well-respected public relations certificate program. Follow this blog through the fall 2012 semester as we move from A – Z in social media. We’re moving on to social web strategies this week – how to develop them and what makes them successful. That got me thinking about how one organization uses a social web strategy to build environmental awareness in young children. Last year, my daughter became an Earth Ranger and quickly raised $50 to protect the habitat for an endangered animal. After hearing about it on TV, she went to the website and with little help from me found out about four endangered species, chose an animal to support, set up her fundraising campaign and spread the news by e-mail and on Facebook. She was eight years old. Fifty dollars doesn’t sound like much, but fundraising is beside the point. The important thing is the strong impression this experience made on her. She loves animals and felt she was making a difference by getting involved. We were proud of her initiative, and we weren’t the only ones who noticed. We expected grandparents and other usual suspects to answer her call. We didn’t expect neighbours and our broader circle of friends to cheer her on, and even donate. But they did. She liked wearing the mantle of environmental protection. She liked being known for standing up for animals and the wild parts of our world. It made her feel good. Earth Rangers is a charity whose mission is “to educate children about the importance of biodiversity and empower them to protect animals and their habitat,” according to its website. What can we learn from their strategy? 1. Create content your audience enjoys The key to this strategy is that it uses something kids are naturally attracted to – animals. Earth Rangers tells stories about animals whose homes are threatened to teach children about environmental conservation and the effects of urbanization, industrial development, climate change and other factors on the environment. Children know animals are part of the natural environment and feel that animals are important. Therefore, they can easily understand that protecting the places they live is also important. Using animals to tell stories is interesting for kids and effective in helping the organization live up to its mission statement. This is not the “social” part of Earth Rangers’ strategy, but the point is relevant when thinking about creating content for a social web strategy. 2. Create ways to get involved Another important aspect of this strategy is allowing kids to take action by becoming an Earth Ranger (essentially an environmental ambassador) and raising money to protect the habitats of endangered species. The site makes fundraising easy by leveraging social channels and gives children a sense of ownership and pride in protecting the environment. Crowdsourcing ideas, sharing stories and know-how, or sending pictures of experiences can do the same thing – reinforce membership in the community, build relationships and create ownership of issues. 3. Make it fun and accessible Because the target audience is young children whose reading skills are still developing, the organization uses video effectively on its website, You Tube and Facebook page to help kids get the message. The content is colourful and takes many forms – from games to contests – keeping it fresh and fun for kids. 4. Don’t forget “un-social” channels This strategy includes traditional TV and print advertising and media relations, as well as a website and social media channels, primarily Facebook, You Tube and Twitter. The website features animal and conservation information, multi-media content (Wild Wire blog, pictures, fun facts, games, contests, pictures, maps, video) and news about conservation and Super Earth Rangers – kids whose fundraising efforts are featured. 5. Facebook and Twitter keep community engaged between campaigns In this strategy, most of the action happens on the organization’s website. Facebook and Twitter are used to maintain the audience between activities and campaigns and remind children that being an Earth Ranger doesn’t end with reaching their fundraising goal. The Facebook platform seems to be the most popular. It has generated over 110K likes on stories and pictures, and its posts often generate hundreds of comments from the community. 6. Being too slick can smother community interaction As a social web strategy, one weakness in Earth Rangers’ effort is that two-way and lateral conversation on their social channels is somewhat meagre. Although the community does comment heavily on the Facebook page, the overall communications effort is pretty slick and does not take advantage of user-generated content. Their blog features real participants from time to time and generates comments, but not that many. Asking actual Earth Rangers to share real success stories in words, video or pictures would reinforce the pride they share in their role as ambassadors for the cause. Have a look at their website. Maybe a child you know would like to be an Earth Ranger too.

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The most striking feature of China’s behavior in its maritime disputes this year has been efforts to redefine the status quo. In its disputes with the Philippines and Japan, China has used the presence of its civilian maritime law enforcement agencies to create new facts on the water to strengthen China’s sovereignty claims. Before April 2012, neither China nor the Philippines maintained a permanent presence at Scarborough Shoal. Fishermen from the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan and China operated in and around the large reef. At times in the past, especially in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Philippine navy had arrested Chinese fishermen who were inside the shoal. Since then, Chinese patrols have sailed by the shoal, but no effort has been undertaken to exercise effective control over the shoal or its surrounding waters. The situation changed following the standoff over sovereignty of Scarborough Shoal. The standoff began in April 2012 when the Philippine navy prepared to arrest Chinese fishermen who were operating in the shoal’s lagoon. After receiving a distress call, two China Marine Surveillance (CMS) vessels arrived on the scene, blocking the entrance to the lagoon and preventing the arrest of the Chinese fishermen. After the fishing boats left the shoal, however, government ships from both sides remained to defend claims to sovereignty over the shoal. By the end of May, China had deployed as many as seven CMS and Bureau of Fisheries Administration ships. In early June, the Philippines announced that an agreement had been reached with China for a mutual withdrawal of ships. Although China never publicly confirmed the existence of such an agreement, ships from both sides left in mid June as a typhoon approached the area. Later, however, Chinese ships returned and appear have maintained a permanent presence in the waters around the shoal since then. In mid July 2012, for example, an intrepid news crew from Al Jazeera videotaped an attempt to visit the shoal, only to be turned away by a combination of CMS and fisheries administration vessels. China has also roped off the sole entrance to the lagoon inside the shoal to control access to it. Before the standoff, China had no permanent presence at Scarborough Shoal. Three months later, China had effective control of the shoal and the surrounding waters, thereby altering the status quo in this dispute in its favor. As an editorial in the Global Times noted, China has “directly consolidated control” of the shoal. A similar dynamic is underway in the East China Sea over the Senkaku / Diaoyu Islands. Before the Japanese government’s purchase of three of the islets from a private citizen in September 2012, Chinese government ships had generally avoided entering the 12 nautical mile limit of Japan’s territorial waters around the islands. As I wrote several years ago, China and Japan appeared to have a tacit agreement from the mid-2000s to limit the presence of ships and citizens near the islands in an effort to manage the potential for escalation. In September 2010, the detention of a Chinese fishing captain whose boat had broached the 12 nautical mile limit and then rammed a Japanese Coast Guard ship sparked a crisis in China-Japan relations. Part of China’s response included increasing the number of patrols by marine surveillance and fisheries vessels near the islands. Most of the time, these boats remained beyond Japan’s 12 nautical mile territorial waters around the Senkakus or crossed this line only briefly. China in practical terms continued to accept Japanese de facto control of the islands and their associated territorial waters (over which a state enjoys sovereignty rights under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea). After the purchase of the islands last month, however, China has abandoned this approach. China firstissued baselines to claim its own territorial waters around the islands and then began to conduct almost daily patrols within its newly-claimed waters – directly challenging the Japanese control that it had largely accepted before. The purpose of the patrols is two-fold: to demonstrate that the purchase of the islands will not affect China’s sovereignty claims and to challenge Japan’s position that there is no dispute over the sovereignty of the islands. Although China does not control the waters around the Senkakus (unlike the situation at Scarborough), it no longer accepts de facto Japanese control. On October 31, a Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesmanasserted that a new status quo had been created. After describing China’s new patrols as “routine,” Hong Lai stated that “the Japanese side should face squarely the reality that a fundamental change has already occurred in the Diaoyu Islands.” In both cases, China responded to challenges to its claims with an enhanced physical presence to bolster China’s position and deter any further challenges. These responses suggest an even greater willingness to pursue unilateral actions to advance its claims. In neither case is a return to the status quo ante likely. [This originally appeared in The Diplomat.]

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Breast cancer is said to be the commonest type of cancer afflicting women in both developed and developing countries. According to the World Health Organisation, its frequency in the developing world is on the rise, contrary to the belief that it is a disease of the developed world. For instance, the WHO said almost 50 per cent of cases and 58 per cent of deaths from breast cancer occur in developing countries. Scientists say that cancer can strike almost any part of the body. Researchers have also said that cancerous cells were normal cells before undergoing some changes which made them cancerous. The Chief Medical Director, Medical Art Centre, Professor Oladapo Ashiru, says toxins or carcinogens in the environment, as well as food and contraceptives can be linked to breast cancer. In an article titled ‘What every woman needs to know about cancer’, Ashiru said, “Carcinogens linked to breast cancer include ethyl alcohol, tobacco smoke, aromatic amines in plastics and DES in contraceptives. Recently the wearing of bras with metallic supports has been linked to breast cancer. “The study of toxins and ‘carcinogenesis’ (development of cancer) is a very complex and dynamic field as more and more toxins are discovered. As noted before, toxins can be in the water you drink, your food, immediate environment (work, schools, house and other places), pesticides, solvents and so on. Toxins are involved in carcinogenesis, a very complex and sometimes poorly understood topic. It is pertinent to note that cancer cells are usually normal cells at first that undergo certain changes that cause them to begin to divide in an uncontrollable manner and spread.’’ Prevention is still the best cure With the disease and its grave effects on the rise, experts have said that prevention, through a monthly self-examination, is important in detecting the disease early and seeking treatment. For instance, a Consultant Oncologist with the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Prof. Remi Ajekigbe, says that women and girls need to learn the process of breast self-examination. According to him, early detection is important in cutting mortality rate. “The incidence of all cancers is increasing. But that of breast cancer is even worse. Unfortunately we are still seeing patients presenting late. Cancer of the breast is on the increase but this may be due to increasing awareness. Wea re tellign women to examine their breasts. It is your breast, you see it and touch it everyday. If you notice any change in the shape or you notice a discharge, come to the hospital immediately. Any liquid that comes out of the breast aside from breast milk should be sent to the pathologists for examination. The chances of surviving breast cancer increases when it is detected early. But most patients present late and this is why we need to improve on awareness. When it comes to any type of cancer, prevention is the best cure,’’ he says. Breast cancer screening can be done through mammogram, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound scan and breast self-examination. But experts say the latter is the first in a long process of life-saving measures that can stop breast cancer in its tracks. According to the Executive Director, Care, Organisation, Public Enlightenment, Mrs. Ebunola Anozie, the first symptom of breast cancer that most women notice is a lump or an area of thickened tissue in the breast. “Most lumps are not cancerous but it is always best to have them checked by your doctor,’’ she says. Anozie, whose non-governmental organisation provides free breast screening and support for breast cancer patients and survivors respectively, says that BSE should ideally start with a visual inspection and then a manual inspection with the hands. She advises that women should first leave their hands out and check for lumps and depressions around the breasts and towards the armpits. “In the privacy of your bathroom, strip to the waist and stand before a mirror. You will need to see both breasts at the same time. Stand with your hands on your hips and check the appearance of your breasts. Look at size, shape, and contour. Note changes, if any, in the skin color or texture. Look at the nipples and areolas, to see how healthy they look. “Raise your left arm overhead and use your right-hand fingers to apply gentle pressure to the left breast. Stroke from the top to the bottom of the breast, moving across from the inside of the breast all the way into your armpit area. You can also use a circular motion, being sure to cover the entire breast area. Take note of any changes in texture, colour, or size. Switch sides and repeat. This is best done in the shower, as wet skin will have the least resistance to the friction of your fingers. “Still facing the mirror, lower both arms. With the index and middle fingers of your right hand, gently squeeze the left nipple and pull forward. Does the nipple spring back into place? Does it pull back into the breast? Note whether or not any fluid leaks out. Reverse your hands and check the right nipple in the same way. Place a pillow on the bed so that you can lie with both your head and shoulders on the pillow. Lie down and put your left hand behind your head. Use your right hand to stroke the breast and underarm.” All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH. Contact: [email protected]

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Santorini Volcano Ash, Traced Afar, Gives a Date of 1623 B.C. By WALTER SULLIVAN Published: June 7, 1994 ASH believed to be from a great explosive eruption that buried the Minoan colony on the island of Santorini 36 centuries ago has been extracted from deep in an ice core retrieved last year from central Greenland. Its depth in the core indicated that the Aegean eruption, which may have given rise to the Atlantis legend, occurred in or about 1623 B.C. From the top half of the 9,000-foot core evidence has been found of some 400 volcanic eruptions in the past 7,000 years. The ash spewed into the air was high and voluminous enough to reach Greenland, about 3,500 miles away. A prominent ash layer at a depth corresponding to 4803 B.C. may have come from the eruption in Oregon that destroyed Mount Mazama, leaving the giant caldera that is now Crater Lake. Results of the analysis were reported last month in the journal Science by Dr. Gregory A. Zielinski of the University of New Hampshire and colleagues at the university and from the Army's Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, N.H., and Pennsylvania State University. The study was part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2, which extracted an ice core from the entire thickness of ice at Greenland's summit. A second core extracted nearby by a European team is also being analyzed. Microscopic Analysis Dr. Zielinski left yesterday to take microscopic ash fragments from some of the largest eruptions, including the one believed to have occurred at Santorini, to Queens University in Belfast, Northern Ireland, for analysis. Chemical analysis of ash from the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea has shown that it all apparently came from the Santorini explosion. Because wind systems in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere are somewhat independent, most eruptions evident in the Greenland ice have been attributed to volcanoes in the Northern Hemisphere. But there are exceptions. One in about A.D. 177 is believed to have been at Taupo, New Zealand, whose ash may have risen almost 40 miles. Ash layers in the core have been identified by their sulfur content. Fifty-seven of 69 events recorded for the last 2,000 years were matched with known eruptions. This was true, however, of only 30 percent of the older record, to 7,000 B.C. The Greenland core records 18 huge eruptions that took place from 7,000 to 9,000 years ago, depositing unusually heavy layers of ash. That was when the great ice sheets were melting and, the authors of the Science article suggest, may have been when molten material deep within the earth's volcanic zones welled up in response to the diminishing burden of ice. Those zones included Kamchatka, the Aleutians and Iceland, all upwind of Greenland or relatively near. The earliest exactly dated eruption was that of Vesuvius, which destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum in A.D. 79, preserving their precious frescoes under a blanket of ash. The same thing happened 16 centuries earlier at Santorini, which is also known as Thira. The island was buried under ash that in places was more than 900 feet deep, preserving wall paintings that document in vivid detail the Minoan way of life. Wall paintings on Crete, the chief Minoan center 75 miles to the south, were not similarly protected from weathering, earthquakes and tidal waves and have been a major restoration challenge. Wide Area of Fallen Ash Ash from the Santorini explosion has already been identified deep in sediment layers on the floor of the Eastern Mediterranean, in Egypt's Nile delta and in parts of the Black Sea. There are also suspicions that its ash cloud persisted long enough to stunt the growth of oak trees in Irish bogs and of bristlecone pines in the White Mountains of California, producing tightly packed tree rings. Uncovering the buried city on Santorini was first stimulated in the 1860's when it was found that the ash made ideal waterproof cement. Shiploads were exported to build the Suez Canal, but not until 1967 did large-scale excavation of the buried city begin, to be led for many years by Dr. Spyridon Marinatos of Greece. The demise of the Minoan civilization has long been a mystery and for many years Dr. Marinatos attributed it to ash clouds, earthquakes and tidal waves from the Santorini eruption and the collapse that formed its caldera. More precise datings, however, indicate that the Minoan decline on Crete came many years later. The eruption, however, was clearly catastrophic and many archeologists believe that flooding and burial of Akrotiri, the Santorini city, could have been the basis for Plato's account of Atlantis. Layering in walls of the Santorini caldera show that it has been the scene of many catastrophic eruptions. Plato's account is the primary source of the Atlantis legend. He attributed the account to Solon, an Athenian statesman of an earlier century. Many elements of the story seem improbable, such as an attack on Greece 9,000 years earlier by warriors from an island, "Atlantis," in an ocean beyond the Pillars of Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar). Yet Plato's description of the destroyed island refers to many features, like the pursuit and sacrifice of sacred bulls, that were hallmarks of the Minoan civilization of Crete and Santorini. The Atlantis invaders, said Plato, were defeated when there were "violent earthquakes and floods; and in a single day and night of misfortune all your warlike body of men in a body sank into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared in the depths of the sea." Map of Greece showing location of Santorini.

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A few months ago, I wrote a post about children’s books that address the topic of immigration. Today I came across a wonderful opportunity for children to send holiday wishes of love and hope to refugee families living in detention centers in the United States. The following is a description of the Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services (LIRS) Hope for the Holidays project: In 2014, the U.S. government returned to the inhumane practice of detaining mothers and children in jail-like settings in three family detention facilities in Texas and Pennsylvania. Consequently, many mothers and children will spend the holidays in detention, separated from the love of their families and the comfort of their traditions. Join LIRS in bringing hope and joy to children and mothers in immigration detention through sending Christmas cards and gifts. Write a message of hope to a family in detention and then mail your cards to LIRS. We will ensure that they are delivered to families in detention and to those children who arrive at our borders alone. The holiday cards are needed by December 12th and instructions on where and how to send them are on the LIRS website. They particularly need cards with messages written in Spanish, and their website provides appropriate examples. This project would pair nicely with the picture book Mama’s Nightingale by Edwidge Danticat, which I described in a previous post. The mother in this story is living in a detention center while her husband and daughter anxiously wait for her to be released. Because Donald Trump’s presidential campaign focused strongly on illegal immigration, many young children in the U.S. have become more aware of this issue. It is being discussed at home, in classrooms and on the playground. While we may feel that the issue is too complex for children to understand, we also need to recognize that they will likely be exposed to it whether we feel they are ready or not. Like so many other issues in our world, I believe that it is important to teach children to approach the subject of immigration with compassion. We can help them understand the reasons why we secure our borders and require people to follow a specific path to citizenship, while also acknowledging the desperation and despair that leads refugees to flee their home countries. If we lived in a country where boys are recruited as child soldiers, where drug cartels terrorize the community, where there is no work, no food, and no hope, can we really say we would stay in that environment? Or would we flee to a new country despite the legality of that decision and the dangers that were in front of us? The goal is to help children see the complexities of the issue and respond with compassion because, in the end, those refugees living in the detention center could be any of us. Wishing peace to all of you this holiday season… PHOTO credit: Morgue File, chilombiano, http://mrg.bz/fafe41

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The portrait of Ginevra de'Benci that hangs in the National Gallery of Art is one of only three portraits of women painted by the Renaissance polymath, Leonardo da Vinci. It is the earliest of the three and was painted when the artist was still a young man studying in the studio of Verrocchio. The other two portraits were painted at fifteen year intervals and illustrate the artist's technical development over time. The second portrait, "Lady with an Ermine," is of Cecilia Gallerani, the mistress of Ludivico Sforza, the Duke of Milan, with whom da Vinci was trying to curry favor. The third is, of course, the famed "Mona Lisa," a portrait of the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, a wealthy Florentine silk merchant. All three portraits are cited by art critics and historians as examples of what they like to call psychological portraiture, paintings which go beyond the surface of the subject and get at the inner workings of their consciousness, the sub-text. Indeed, according to one critic, the Ginevra portrait, since it is the earliest, and since da Vinci is the first to do it, may well be the first example of this kind of psychological infusion. The history of this remarkable painting and its eventual trip to its current home in the National Gallery of Art is the subject of a documentary newly released on DVD. It is a two sided disc, one side in English narrated by Meryl Streep, the other in Italian, narrated by Isabella Rossellini. It begins by providing some information about the sixteen year old subject of the painting, and tries to explain how the young novice painter was awarded the commission. It explains how the painting was authenticated as a da Vinci, before it was purchased by the National Gallery in 1967 from the Prince of Liechtenstein for five million dollars, a record for that time. The description of the secrecy involved in the bidding for the painting and then getting it shipped to the United States is the stuff of spy fiction, complete with secret codes, special valises, and FBI agents. There are also excellent explanations of the processes involved in the 1991 restoration of the painting, as well as a quite remarkable discussion of the attempt to produce a possible reconstruction of a missing portion of the bottom of the panel on which the portrait is painted. Computer artists used a da Vinci drawing of hands housed at Windsor Castle to complete the portrait, on the theory that the drawing may well have been a sketch meant for use in the painting as well as the critical judgment that hands were a very important expressive element in the artist's other work. There is also some interesting newsreel footage of the painting's arrival in the country and well as of the opening of its exhibit on St. Patrick's Day and the later visit of the Mona Lisa to the States. While the film concentrates on the three portraits of women, especially that of Ginevra, there is also some attempt to provide insight into the artist's other work. There is some discussion of "The Annunciation," an early painting just before the portrait of Ginevra, and "The Last Supper." Da Vinci's mechanical and scientific pursuits are also discussed and his technical drawings illustrated. Of course, the film's central aim is to explain what it is that accounts for the portrait's greatness, and unfortunately, as with many discussions of art, the explanations are couched in the kind of impressionistic language which leaves the viewer with little in the way of solid criteria. What we have here objectively is a picture of a very pale young lady who may be sad orperhaps pensive set against a background of a juniper bush painted on one side of a small wood panel. On the back of the panel, an emblem made up of wreath of laurel and palm framing another juniper plant with a Latin motto scrolled over it. The motto can be translated "beauty adorns virtue," which is the emblem of Ginevra's family. The juniper bush is a visual pun on the Italian word for the plant which echoes the young subject's name. The one attempt to define the painting's greatness that resonates with some semblance of authority comes from art historian, Martin Kemp of Oxford University. Kemp asserts that in each of the three portraits da Vinci manages to create not only an individual, but an archetypal figure as well, a figure that compares with the greatest characters created by Shakespeare, for example. One might argue that this may well be true for the Mona Lisa, whether it as clearly applies to Ginevra is perhaps open to question. Whether or not its greatness can be adequately explained analytically, however, is in some sense beside the point. For many the name da Vinci is signification enough of greatness. One of the talking heads in the film asserts that to the ordinary citizen on the strand there are three great names in painting—Van Gogh, Picasso, and da Vinci. Now while, one may quarrel with this list, there is no argument that they are all legitimate candidates for and top three list, and the painter of the Mona Lisa and "The Last Supper" is probably the likeliest for the top spot. One has to wonder, however, if the Ginevra portrait has necessarily helped to put him there.

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The type of bush determines when the bush should be trimmed. Foliage bushes are trimmed throughout the year, and flowering and evergreen bushes are trimmed according to their new growth cycles.Continue Reading Bushes that are grown primarily for their foliage are trimmed at any time of the year except in late fall. Any major trimming is done in the winter when the bush is dormant. Flowering bushes that bloom during the summer are trimmed during the winter when they are dormant, because the flowers they produce come from their new growth during the current growing season. If it is not possible to trim the bushes during the winter, they should be trimmed in early spring before their new growth emerges. Flowering bushes that bloom in early spring are trimmed immediately after they finish blooming in late spring. Trimming bushes that bloom in early spring during the winter or later during their growing season decreases the number of spring blooms and removes the still-developing flower buds. Evergreen bushes are trimmed in the early spring before they begin their spring growth spurt. Minor pruning of evergreen bushes is also done with no harmful effects throughout the year. Needle-leaf evergreen bushes are pruned in the early part of their growing season, but they must not be cut back all the way to the wood, because the bush does not sprout any new growth to replace what was trimmed away.Learn more about Trees & Bushes

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The new archaeological find uncovers a missing link in the ancient water system, known as the "Lower Aqueduct." This system channeled water from Solomon’s Pools near Bethlehem (located several miles south of Jerusalem) directly to the national focal point of Jewish worship - the Temple Mount. Solomon’s pools, situated just north of the modern Jewish town of Efrat, cover an area of about 7 acres and can hold three million gallons of water. A lengthy aqueduct conveyed the water from the lowest pool through Bethlehem, across the Gihon valley, along the western slope of the Tyropoeon valley, and into the cisterns underneath the Temple Mount. Today, the water from the pools reaches only Bethlehem due to the destruction of the aqueducts. The plastered hewn-stone mikva (ritual bath) unearthed at the excavation is from the Second Temple period. It was originally situated in the foundation level of a private home during the time of the Second Temple. The ritual bath was damaged at a later date when the bedrock cliff opposite it was hewn into a vertical wall that rose up to a maximum height of about thirty feet. Read the entire article here hat-tip The Way of the Fathers (Mike has an additional link as well)

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How often do we stop to think about the consequences our choices have? On ourselves? On others? Are our choices worth the consequences that we will face? A woman by the name of Joy was an executive at the Coca Cola Corporation. She made the choice to try to sell the Coke formula to Pepsi for over a million dollars. Can you imagine what you could do with that much money? How many things you could buy? Instead, the Pepsi Corporation called Coke to inform them that one of their employees was attempting to sell the formula. Joy was arrested and taken to federal court where she was found guilty and sentenced eight years. What if that was your mother? If you were 12 years old at the beginning of the sentence your mother would miss the major events of your childhood including your high school graduation, prom, graduation from college, and possibly even your wedding. So is it worth it? What is more valuable, the money or the memories? Remember choices have consequences, whether good or bad, we have to think about the consequences of our choices before we make them.

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By Sergio Duarte and Jenifer Mackby* On February 14, 2017 the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean – Treaty of Tlatelolco – celebrated its 50th anniversary. The Treaty prohibits the testing, use, manufacture, production or acquisition of nuclear weapons. All 33 countries in the region are party to it. This article casts a close look at the vital importance of the treaty. NEW YORK (IDN-INPS | TRANSCEND Media Service) - As the first of its kind in a populated area, the Treaty made a fundamental contribution to both global and regional disarmament, peace and security. It includes a number of innovative provisions, such as indefinite duration, prohibition of reservations, a definition of nuclear weapon, a commitment by nuclear-weapon States to respect the militarily denuclearized status of the Zone through negative security assurances and the engagement of its Parties to utilize nuclear energy exclusively for peaceful purposes. JAPANESE The Treaty enshrined the principle that nuclear weapon free zones do not constitute an end in themselves, but rather a means to achieve general and complete disarmament and particularly nuclear disarmament. Last but not least, it also upholds the principles of equality of States and of non-discrimination among its parties. OPANAL is the international organization responsible for ensuring compliance with its obligations. In 1992 the IAEA was given exclusive authority to carry out inspections. Because all Latin American and Caribbean countries have also adhered to the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), they are subject to the IAEA safeguards provided in its Article III. They have also signed and ratified the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). Moreover, under a Quadripartite Agreement, Brazil and Argentina are subject to inspections by the IAEA and ABACC, an Argentine-Brazilian agency established in 1991. Over time, other regions of the world emulated the Latin American example: there are now four other zones free of nuclear weapons, in the South Pacific, Southeast Asia, Africa and Central Asia. A total of 113 countries are parties of these zones, besides Mongolia, whose territory was recognized in 1998 by the United Nations as free of such weapons. The majority of them are located in the Southern Hemisphere, making it virtually a nuclear-weapons free hemisphere. The genesis and the success of the negotiation of the Treaty of Ttalelolco owe much to the common Iberian origin of the Latin American countries and their diplomatic tradition, peaceful coexistence and cooperation, and faith in international law and in negotiating mechanisms to deal with the problems of the region. In 1962 the Brazilian representative to the United Nations General Assembly, Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco, proposed for the first time the establishment of a zone free of nuclear weapons in the Latin American space. A few weeks later, the international crisis resulting from the placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba contributed decisively to general support for the idea. Bolivia, Chile and Ecuador, together with Brazil, introduced in 1963 a draft resolution proposing the creation of the Zone. In the following year the Presidents of these four countries, plus Mexico, announced formally their decision to negotiate and sign an international instrument to bring about the denuclearization of the Latin American continent. Negotiations started in 1964 in Mexico City and concluded successfully in 1967 with the signature of the Treaty, which entered in full force for all its 33 Latin American and Caribbean parties in 2002. Mexican Ambassador Alfonso Garcia Robles was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982 for his outstanding role in the negotiating process and for his achievements in favor of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. Under Protocol II of the Treaty of Tlatelolco, the five nuclear weapon States (declared by the NPT) undertook to respect the nuclear-weapon free status of the Latin American and Caribbean zone and to provide security guarantees to its Parties. Upon ratifying this Protocol, some nuclear-armed States made unilateral interpretative declarations regarding their commitments. The Parties to the Treaty consider such interpretations incompatible with the purpose and spirit of the Protocol and have requested their review or withdrawal because they can be understood as permitting the transit of nuclear weapons within the zone of application of the Treaty as well as the use or threat of use of such weapons in certain circumstances. It is important that Parties to the Treaty and Parties to the Protocols share a common understanding on these issues, and for this reason OPANAL is consulting with the nuclear-weapon States and other nuclear-weapon free zone organizations in order to arrive at common positions on questions of mutual interest. It is interesting to note that 29 years before the conclusion of negotiations in 1996 of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), a broad prohibition on testing nuclear weapons was included in the Treaty of Tlatelolco. This highlights the fact that the CTBT is still not formally in force. It is imperative that the eight remaining States whose ratification is necessary for entry into force do so. Like the five international treaties establishing nuclear weapon free zones, the CTBT is a key element in the effort to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Tlatelolco is an auspicious occasion that coincides with the beginning of negotiations on a ban on nuclear weapons, following a historic 2016 decision at the United Nations. The successful outcome of these negotiations would go a long way towards the fulfillment of a longstanding objective that most members of the international community have been pursuing since the Charter of the United Nations was signed in 1945. Similarly, the adoption by all States of effective measures to ensure the security of nuclear materials is essential in the effort to avoid the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The elimination of nuclear arms forever is an urgent and vital task to prevent a nuclear catastrophe and guarantee the survival of the human race. *Sergio Duarte is Brazilian Ambassador, former United Nations High Representative for Disarmament Affairs; former Chairman of the Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; former President of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Jenifer Mackby – Senior Fellow, Federation of American Scientists. This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 13 February 2017. [IDN-InDepthNews – 13 February 2017] Photo: UN High Representative for Disarmament Sergio Duarte at the Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty on 23 September 2011. Credit: James Leynse | CTBTO Preparatory Commission IDN is flagship agency of the International Press Syndicate.

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Maran, later known as Nammalvar and by other names like Satagopa, Parankusa, etc., was born as the avatara of Senai Mudaliar (God’s Chief of Hosts). His father Kariyar belonged to Tirukkuruhur on the banks of the Tamraparni in the Tirunelveli district. For the first sixteen years of his life, Maran remained without food and drink, with his eyes closed, under a tamarind tree (the avatara, it is believed, of Adisesha, the serpent on which God, Sri Narayana, reclines), near the temple of Lord Adinatha at Tirukkuruhur. He opened his eyes and spoke for the first time when one Madurakavi, who later on became his disciple, put a question to him: “When what is little is born in the dead, what will it eat and where will it lie?” Nammalvar answered the question thus: “It will eat the dead and lie on it.” Even after this, Nammalvar never left the shade of the tamarind tree. He remained there singing his hymns. All the deities of the hundred and eight divya desas (the divine shrines) came to Tirukkuruhur, it is said, to give him “darsan”. When he had finished the four works attributed to him, the call came and he joined the feet of the Lord for which he had yearned all his life. ‘Tiruviruttam’ (Tiru Viruttam) is a poem of a hundred four-lined stanzas. Each stanza is a ‘Kattalai Kalitturai’, a special type of verse, each line having five feet and all the four lines in the stanza rhyming initially. Viruttam, besides denoting a kind of verse, means a message or an event. It is generally held that the poem is a submission made by Nammalvar to God of an event, the event of his falling in love with Him. The first stanza of the poem indicates this: To save us from false knowledge, From evil ways and the dirt of the body, To save us from coming again and again, To all these, And to give us Life, Thou, Lord of the Immortals, Camest down here, Taking birth in many a womb, And accepting many a form. Hearken, Lord, to my submission true. 1

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Experiments to determine how the H5N1 bird flu virus might gain the ability to spread easily among humans are no longer off limits. Nearly a year ago, a group of about 40 scientists from around the world voluntarily agreed to temporarily stop their work after controversy over the research erupted. This moratorium was intended to allow time for governments to re-assess biosafety considerations and to address public anxiety. "There has been a lot of discussion, so I think the need for this voluntary moratorium has passed," said Richard Webby, a virologist at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Tennessee, during a press conference held on Jan. 23. Another researcher who had also agreed to stop his work, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, argued for the urgent need to continue the research on mutated bird flu virus. "We want to resume H5N1 transmission studies, because we believe this research is important to pandemic preparedness. Our research to understand how avian viruses adapt to mammals will lead to better surveillance and vaccines," Kawaoka said. "The greater risk is not doing research." In December 2012, news of not-yet published work in the labs of Kawaoka and Ron Fouchier of Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands sparked the debate. Using different techniques, both labs engineered this bird flu virus so that it could spread among ferrets via airborne droplets. The goal of these studies was to see how the virus might evolve in nature to become capable of causing a pandemic among humans. [Mutant Bird Flu: Test Yourself] Concerns that the mutated virus would be released accidentally or that important details might fall into the hands of terrorists prompted calls for an end to the research or for the withholding of critical details from publications. Ultimately, however, the journals Science and Nature published the research without removing details. Biosecurity was not a driving concern behind the moratorium, Fouchier said during the press conference. Discussions with security officials indicated that "the risk of this information in manuscripts being misused by malicious people would be very, very small, if not negligible," he said. Not all studies on the topic have a green light. In the United States, federal health officials have yet to finalize guidelines for this type of research, Kawaoka said. As a result, research on H5N1 transmission that uses funds from the U.S. National Institutes of Health cannot yet resume. This includes Kawaoka's own transmission work and some of Fouchier's research. Related on LiveScience and MNN:

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Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes | Edition: 4 Author: Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. Bullard publisher Date: 07/27/2015 Schools: University of Houston，Rochester Institute of Technology，University of Tennessee at Chattanooga，Tufts University，Worcester Polytechnic Institute，Texas A&M University，University of Michigan -Ann Arbor North，Unversity of Mississippi，Penn State University，Clemson University，Johns Hopkins University，University Of Pennsylvnaia Description: This introduction to chemical processes lays the foundation for a chemical engineering curriculum. It shows beginning students how to apply engineering techniques to the solution of process-related problems by breaking each problem down into individual component parts, defining the relationships between them, and reuniting them in a single solution. Providing detailed practical examples with every problem, and self-test questions at the end of each chapter, it uses predominantly SI units in its coverage of theoretical components of an engineering calculation, processes and process variables, fundamentals of material balances, single and multiphase systems, energy and energy balances, balances on nonreactive processes, and more.

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The idea of growing a piece of meat in a lab, without an animal, is sure to make a few readers gag–and understandably so. But when considered against the monumental environmental (not to mention ethical) impact of factory farming, 3D-printed hamburgers and pork chops slowly become more appealing. In the above lecture from Solve for X (think smaller-scale TED Talks), Andras Forgacs, chief executive of bioprinting firm Modern Meadow, explains just how the process is done. It’s similar to the idea of 3D-printed human organs: scientists take a small sample of cells from a living animal, then use printers to arrange it in such a way that it begins behaving as it would in nature, reproducing and growing into tissue on its own. And it has been done–Forgacs says he’s already tasted his own pork. No word on how it tastes, but Modern Meadow is working with chefs on making it more realistic and palatable. The process is too expensive for the mass market now, at thousands of dollars for a single pound of meat, but Forgacs believes scaling business up will eventually bring costs down. The first half of the video is a rehash of things any vegetarian worth his salt already knows, but at around seven minutes in, things start to get interesting.

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EasyFunSchool has over 1,500 pages of free unit studies, science projects, recipe and craft ideas, history activities & many other resources to make homeschooling more enjoyable for both child and parent! Who Really Discovered America? Looking for a high-interest, fun study? Here’s a great geography lesson masquerading as a history lesson … with a little high seas adventure thrown in. Before beginning on the activities below, check out the following websites for differing views. More than one of these sites are titled “Who Really Discovered America?” And each one of these has a different answer to the question. Read them and draw your own conclusions. Who Really Discovered America? (1) Columbus Discovered America Earlier Who Really Discovered America? (2) Who Really Discovered America? (3) From a Mormon Point of View Who Really Discovered America? (4) Where Did America Get Its Name? The Discoverer of America Were Pre-Columbian Indians Actually Hindu? Who Really Discovered America? (5) Who Really Discovered America First? Now that you’ve had a chance to see the vast array of opinions on the question “Who Discovered America?”, you can try your hand at the following activities. 1. Check out the meanings of these vocabulary words: 2. Near Kensington, Minnesota there is a stone marker with ancient Viking writing on it. Read about the Kensington Runestone and write a one-page report on it. (If the linked site doesn’t give you enough information or you would like to explore the history of this item further, go to the Google Search Engine and type in “Kensington Runestone” in the search feature. Several URLs will come up.) With your page, include a hand-drawn picture of the runestone. 3. Using an encyclopedia, or other resources such as the interent, make a chart of the earliest Indians in North and South America. Include the tribal names and the locations of the tribal islands. 4. On a world map, mark the trail taken by ancient Asians across the Bering Strait and down the Americas. 5. The Vikings didn’t share their explorations with the rest of Europe. Why do you think this is so? 6. Leif Ericson Day is celebrated in the United States on October 9th. Find out about why Leif Ericson was considered an import person to American history. More sites and online lessons to add interest and fun: Nordic Sagas: Viking Ships Nova: Vikings in America Gander Academy’s Theme Page on Vikings (really good) Webquest: On The Viking Trail Lotta links for Christopher Columbus Early American History from an Archaeological View Via the Internet More Columbus lesson ideas Early Explorers of America Core Knowledge Viking Lessons can be found on this page, you just have to look for them Viking Clickable Worksheet Vikings 2000 (student sites) Online Game: Viking Voyage 1000

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The name “Societas Jesu” had been born by a military order approved and recommended by Pius II in 1450, the purpose of which was to fight against the Turks and aid in spreading the Christian faith. The early Jesuits were sent by Ignatius first to pagan lands or to Catholic countries; to Protestant countries only at the special request of the pope and to Germany, the cradle-land of the Reformation, at the urgent solicitation of the imperial ambassador. Society of Jesus, religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. Its members are called Jesuits. St. Ignatius of Loyola, its founder, named it Compañia de Jesús [Span.,=(military) company of Jesus]; in Latin it is Societas Jesu (abbr. S.J.). Today the society numbers about 19,000 members; in the United States, where there were approximately 2,900 Jesuits in 2007, there are many Jesuit schools and colleges (e.g., Georgetown, Fordham, and St. Louis universities). The war Ignatius saw was the war against Lucifer, chief of the fallen angels, who roamed the human environment seeking to destroy–whether by the homicide of war, by the destruction of religious culture, or by the degradation of poverty, injustice, and suffering–the image of God and the grace of Christ in the souls of men and women everywhere. As Lucifer’s war against Christ and his grace and salvation was universal, so the war against Lucifer and his followers had to be correspondingly universal.

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The Water Cycle The water cycle is a process that the water goes through between sea,land and atmosphere.It is a cycle that never starts Going and never ends but never starts. Evaporation is when the water turns into steam to go up into the atmosphere and create clouds.On very hot days there's more evaporation because the sun is beaming down on the water which makes more steam.It is a invisble process because it’s mass if it’s from the lake;that’s why you can’t see it.Vapor in the air is called humidty in hot places the humidty.After the water evaporates it condensates into clouds. When all the vapor condensates into the atmosphere and then they form into rain clouds.When it builds up to much that’s when it starts to rain.Precipitation,There are 4 types of precipitation eg: rain,hail,snow and sleet,Snow forms when it is very cold.When it’s in the cloud it’s a gas;when it starts to rain it turns into a liquid,When it’s snow it’s a solid.When it hits the ground it goes to a runoff furthermore which goes back to the sea then starts the process again. Runoff is when the rain finds a stream of a river and runs back to the sea.After it in the mountains they will go under ground (Ground-water) or if it’s the runoff it stays above ground it will find a river and go back to the sea.Runoff is the precipitation that didn’t get infiltrated so it stayed above ground and went back to the sea.Ground-water is the water that did get infiltarted and goes underground,and that is our drinking water. The water cycle is a key thing in the survival and the steps of the water cycle are evaporation,condensation,precipitation and runoff water cycle is key for human and other speicies and that’s what keeps us alive.

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This text was copied from Wikipedia on 22 June 2017 at 3:25PM. Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield PC (c. 1618 – 7 January 1694) was an English aristocrat, soldier and courtier. The eldest son of Sir Charles Gerard, he was a member of an old Lancashire family, his great-grandfather having been Sir Gilbert Gerard (died 1593) of Ince, in that county, one of the most distinguished judges in the reign of Elizabeth I. His mother was Penelope Fitton, sister and heiress of Sir Edward Fitton of Gawsworth Hall, Cheshire. Nothing is known about Gerard's education until he entered Leyden University 23 March 1633. He was also educated in France under John Goffe of Magdalen College, Oxford, brother of Stephen Goffe. Dugdale states that he was "trained in the discipline of war from his youth in the United Provinces", and that on the outbreak of the First English Civil War he joined the King at Shrewsbury, and raised a troop of horse at his own charge. Early Civil War battles and sieges At the Battle of Edgehill, Gerard commanded a brigade of Royalist infantry, the steadiness of which largely contributed to avert absolute defeat. In this battle, as also in the operations before Lichfield in April 1643, he was wounded. He was present at the siege of Bristol (July 1643), and arranged the very rigorous terms of the capitulation. He fought with distinction in the First Battle of Newbury (20 September 1643), and took part in the relief of Newark (March 1644), when he was again wounded, thrown from his horse, and taken prisoner, but released on parole shortly before the besiegers capitulated. Shortly afterwards Gerard was appointed to succeed Richard Vaughan, Earl of Carbery in the general command in South Wales, then strongly held by Parliamentary forces, and by 19 May 1644 had succeeded in collecting a force of two thousand five hundred horse and foot with which to begin operations. He marched by Chepstow to Cardiff, which surrendered to him, and took Kidwelly. By 12 June he had already penetrated into Carmarthenshire, and before the 18th he was in possession of Carmarthen. He rapidly reduced Cardigan, Newcastle Emlyn, Laugharne, and Roch castles, and seems to have experienced no check until he was already threatening Pembroke about the middle of July, when the garrison of that place by a sortie routed a portion of his force and obtained supplies. On 22 August he took Haverfordwest, and before the end of the month had invested Pembroke and was threatening Tenby. His forces are said to have been largely composed of Irish levies, of whose barbarous atrocities loud complaint is made in the Kingdom's Intelligencer (15–23 October 1644). In September Gerard received orders to join Prince Rupert at Bristol, and in October he began his retreat, marching by Usk and Abergavenny, and thus evading General Edward Massey he reached Bristol towards the end of the month. November he spent in Oxford or the neighbourhood, whence in December he transferred his headquarters to Worcester, where he remained until 11 March 1645, when he marched to Cheshire to co-operate with Rupert, Maurice, and Sir Marmaduke Langdale against General Sir William Brereton. Their combined forces succeeded in relieving Beeston Castle on 17 March. Gerard was then ordered back to South Wales, where the Parliamentary general, Rowland Laugharne, had gained some successes. He marched through Wales from Chester in a south-westerly direction, carrying all before him and ravaging the country as he went. After a brush with Sir John Price at Llanidloes, he fell in with Laugharne before Newcastle Emlyn on 16 May, and completely defeated him. Haverfordwest and Cardigan Castle, which had been recovered by the Roundheads, were evacuated on his approach. Picton Castle offered a stout resistance, but was carried by assault. Carew Castle also fell into his hands. Pembroke and Tenby, closely invested, alone held out. With King Charles after Naseby The ascendency of the royalists being thus re-established in South Wales, Gerard received orders to move eastward again, and was marching on Hereford at the head of five thousand horse and foot when the Battle of Naseby was fought (14 June 1645). After the battle King Charles and Rupert, with the fragments of their army, fell back upon Hereford in the hope of effecting a junction with Gerard, who, however, seems to have been unexpectedly delayed; and Rupert, pushing on to Bristol, sent orders that part of Gerard's forces should join him there, while the King required a portion of the cavalry to attend his person. From Hereford Charles retreated to Abergavenny and thence to Cardiff, with the hope of raising a fresh army in Wales, but found the Welsh much disaffected, owing (according to Clarendon) to the irritation engendered by the extraordinary rigour with which Gerard had treated them; so that when news came that Hereford had been invested by the Scottish army and must fall unless relieved within a month, Charles could only induce the Welsh to move by superseding Gerard, promising at the same time to make him a baron. Gerard chose the title of Baron Brandon, for no better reason, says Clarendon, than "that there was once an eminent person called Charles Brandon who was afterwards made a duke". Gerard had become lieutenant-general of all the King's Horse, and assumed the command of his body-guard. On the night of 4 August 1645 he escorted Charles from Cardiff to Brecknock, and thence to Ludlow, and throughout his progress to Oxford (28 August). Thence they returned to Hereford (4 September), the Scots raising the siege on their approach. At Hereford on 14 September Charles heard of the fall of Bristol, and determined if possible to join Montrose in the north. Escorted by Gerard, he made for Chester, and succeeded in entering the city, having first detached Gerard to the assistance of Sir Marmaduke Langdale, who was endeavouring to muster the royalists in force outside the city, with the view of raising the siege. After much apparently purposeless marching and counter-marching the royalists risked an engagement with the besiegers on Rowton Heath (23 September 1645), but were totally defeated by General Sydnam Poyntz. Gerard was carried from the field desperately wounded. The King then evacuated Chester and retired to Newark, where he arrived with Gerard on 4 October, and fixed his headquarters for the winter. Gerard was dismissed from the King's service before the end of the month for taking part with Rupert and some other Cavaliers in a disorderly protest against the supersession of Sir Richard Willis, the governor of the place. With Prince Rupert and exile Gerard now attached himself closely to Rupert's party, which consisted of about four hundred officers. They established themselves at Worton House, some fourteen miles from Newark-on-Trent, and made overtures to Parliament with the view of obtaining passes out of the country. Parliament, however, required that they should take an oath never again to bear arms against it. The Cavaliers therefore temporised, being really anxious for a reconciliation with the King on honourable terms. They were ordered to the neighbourhood of Worcester by Parliament, and there remained during the winter, but early in the following year (1646) returned to their allegiance and the King at Oxford. There Gerard raised another troop of horse, with which he scoured the adjoining country, penetrating on one occasion as far as the neighbourhood of Derby, where he was routed in a skirmish. At one time he seems to have been in command of Wallingford Castle, but when the lines of investment began to be drawn more closely round Oxford he withdrew within the city walls, where he seems to have remained until the surrender of the city on 24 June 1646). He probably left England with Rupert, as he was at the Hague on 27 December 1646. Form late 1646 until the Restoration Gerard's movements are very hard to trace. He was at St. Germain-en-Laye in September 1647 with Rupert, Digby, and other Cavaliers. He was appointed vice-admiral of the fleet in November 1648, and on 8 December passed through Rotterdam on his way to Helvoetsluys to enter on his new duties. In April 1649 he was at the Hague as Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the King Charles II. He apparently belonged to the "queen's faction", which was understood to favour the policy of coming to an understanding with the commissioners from the Scottish Parliament, who were then at the Hague, but were denied an audience by Charles. In October of the same year he was with Charles in Jersey when the celebrated declaration addressed to the English people was published, and he was a member, and probably an influential member, of the council which advised the King to treat with the Scottish Parliament as a "committee of estates". He returned with the King to the Hague, where this policy was put in execution. On 18 March 1650 Hyde wrote from Madrid to Secretary Nicholas praising Gerard somewhat faintly as a "gallant young man" who "always wants a friend by him"; to which Nicholas replied on 4 May that Gerard is "the gallantest, honestest person now about the King, and the most constant to honourable principles". In the following November (1650) Nicholas writes to Gerard that he has the commission appointing him general of Kent, but that the fact must be kept secret "because the King in his late declaration promised the Scots to grant none." In March 1650–1 Gerard left the Hague for Breda in attendance on the Duke of York, who was anxious to avoid certain "things called ambassadors," as Nicholas scornfully terms the Scottish envoys. In the following November he was in Paris, where he seems to have remained for at least a year. On 13 May 1652 Gerard was appointed to the command of the corps of life guards then being raised. In 1653 he went to Utrecht, where Dr. Robert Creighton "wrought a miracle" upon him. He remained there through part of 1654, was present at the siege of Arras, serving under Marshal Turenne as a volunteer in August of that year, and then returned to Paris, where he divided his energies between quarrelling with Hyde, intriguing on behalf of Queen Henrietta Maria, and instigating his cousin, John Gerard, to assassinate the Protector. The plot (Gerard's conspiracy), to which the King appears to have been privy (Gerard had presented his cousin to the King early in 1654), was discovered, and John Gerard was beheaded on Tower Hill. Exile and return A letter from one F. Coniers to the King, dated London, 11 January 1655, accuses Gerard of having treated with Thurloe for the poisoning of Cromwell. This the writer professes to have discovered by glancing over some papers incautiously exposed in Thurloe's chambers. "The story is obviously a mere invention" (Rigg 1890). In July 1655 Gerard was at Cologne, closely watched by Thurloe's spies. As Hyde wrote to Nicholas from Paris, 24 April 1654, Gerard was never without projects. From Cologne he went to Antwerp "to attempt the new modelling of the plot", returning to Paris in September. There he appears to have resided until May 1656, busily employed in collecting intelligence. In this work he seems to have been much aided by the postal authorities, who, according to one of Thurloe's correspondents, allowed him to intercept whatever letters he pleased. In July he was at Cologne awaiting instructions. In February 1657 he was at the Hague, corresponding under the name of Thomas Enwood with one Dermot, a merchant at the sign of the Drum, Drury Lane. The only fragment of this correspondence which remains is unintelligible, being couched in mercantile phraseology, which gives no clue to its real meaning. From the Hague Gerard went to Brussels, where in April he received instructions to raise a troop of horse guards at once and a promise of an allowance of four hundred guilders a day for his family. From Brussels he returned to Paris in March 1658. He was almost immediately despatched to Amsterdam, apparently for the purpose of chartering ships, and he spent the rest of that year and the first six months of the next partly in the Low Countries and partly at Boulogne, returning to Paris between August and September 1659. There he appears to have spent the latter part of the year, joining Secretary Nicholas at Brussels in the following January. From Brussels in the spring of 1660 Gerard went to Breda (where the King was holding court), and in May returned with the King to England. On 17 May 1660, he was commissioned captain of the life guards. He rode at their head in the King's progress to Whitehall on 29 May 1660. On 29 July 1660 Gerard received a grant in reversion of the office of Remembrancer of the Tenths and First-Fruits. On 13 September his estates, which had been forfeited by Parliament, were restored to him. On 15 May 1661 Gerard petitioned for the post of ranger of Enfield Chase, which he obtained. His title, however, was disputed by the late ranger, James Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, and he was soon involved in litigation with Captains Thomas and Henry Batt, keepers of Potter's Walk and bailiffs of the Chase, whose patents he refused to recognise. Both matters were referred to the lord chancellor for decision. As against the Batts, Gerard succeeded on the technical ground that their patent was under the great seal, whereas by statute it should have been under that of the duchy of Lancaster. It does not appear how the question with the Earl of Salisbury was settled. In 1662 Gerard was granted a pension charged on the customs. Towards the end of the year he was sent as envoy extraordinary to the French court, where he was very splendidly received. About this time he became a member of the Royal African Company, which obtained in January 1663 a grant by letters patent of the region between Port Sallee and the Cape of Good Hope for the term of one thousand years. Litigation in which he was this year engaged with his cousin, Alexander Fitton, afterwards Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was watched with much interest by his enemies. The dispute was about the title to the Gawsworth estate in Cheshire, of which Fitton was in possession, but which Gerard claimed. The title depended on the authenticity of a certain deed which Gerard alleged to be a forgery, producing one Granger, who swore that he himself had forged it. Gerard obtained a verdict at the Chester assizes and ejected Fitton. Fitton, however, published a pamphlet in which he charged Gerard with having procured Granger's evidence by intimidation. Gerard moved the House of Lords on the subject, and the pamphlet was suppressed. Fitton was imprisoned for scandalum magnatum, the offence of libelling a peer: he remained in prison for almost 20 years. In March 1665 Gerard was granted a pension of £1,000 per annum to retire from the post of captain of the guard, which Charles desired to confer on the Duke of Monmouth. His retirement, however, did not take place until 1668, when Pepys says that he received £12,000 for it. Pepys also states that it was his practice to conceal the deaths of the troopers that he might draw their pay; and one of his clerks named Carr drew up a petition to the House of Lords charging him with peculation to the extent of £2,000 per annum. The petition found its way into print before presentation, and was treated by the house as a breach of privilege, voted a "scandalous paper", and ordered to be burned by the common hangman. Carr was sentenced to pay a fine of £1,000, to stand in the pillory for three hours on each of three different days, and to be imprisoned in the Fleet during the king's pleasure. Gerard subsequently indicted him as a deserter from the army. On 5 January 1667 Gerard had been appointed to the general command of the Hampshire and Isle of Wight militia, with special instructions to provide for the security of the Isle of Wight and Portsmouth in view of the threatening attitude of the Dutch. In this capacity he was busily engaged during the spring and summer of 1667 in strengthening the fortifications of Portsmouth. He continued to hold the post of Gentleman of the Bedchamber, with a pension of £1,000 attached to it, during the reign of Charles II. On 23 July 1679 he was created Earl of Macclesfield. On the occasion of the Duke of Monmouth's unauthorised return from abroad in November 1679, Gerard was sent by Charles to him "to tell him out of his great tenderness he gave him till night to be gone". The messenger was ill-chosen, Gerard being himself one of the band of conspirators of which Monmouth was the tool. His name appears in the Journal of the House of Lords, with that of the Earl of Shaftesbury, as one of the protesters against the rejection of the Exclusion Bill on 15 November 1680. Lord Grey de Werke in his Confession (p. 61) asserts that Gerard suggested to Monmouth the expediency of murdering the Duke of York by way of terrorising Charles. In August 1681 Gerard was dismissed from the post of Gentleman of the Bedchamber. On 5 September 1682 he entertained the Duke of Monmouth at his seat in Cheshire. In 1684 the question of the Gawsworth title was revived (partly no doubt as a political move) by an application on the part of Fitton to the lord keeper, Francis, Lord Guilford, to review the case. Roger North, the 17th century biographer, who being Guildford's brother was well placed to know the facts, wrote that as Fitton was then in favour at court, while Macclesfield (Gerard) was "stiff of the anti-court party", it was generally anticipated that the lord keeper would, independently of the merits of the case, decide in favour of Fitton. In fact, however, he refused the application on the ground that the claim was stale, a "pitch of heroical justice" which North cannot adequately extol, and which so impressed Macclesfield that he expended a shilling in the purchase of the lord keeper's portrait. The grand jury of Cheshire having presented Macclesfield on 17 September as disaffected to the government and recommended that he should be bound over to keep the peace, Macclesfield retaliated by an action of scandalum magnatum against a juryman named Starkey, laying the damages at £10,000. The case was tried in the exchequer chamber on 25 November 1684, and resulted in judgement for the defendant. On 7 September 1685 a royal proclamation was issued for Macclesfield's apprehension. He fled to the continent, and sentence of outlawry was passed against him. Macclesfield spent the next three years in Germany and the Netherlands, returning to England in the revolution of 1688. During the progress of the Prince of Orange from Torbay to London, Gerard commanded his body-guard, a troop of some two hundred cavaliers, mostly English, mounted on Flemish chargers, whose splendid appearance excited much admiration. In February 1689 he was sworn of the Privy Council, and appointed lord president of the council of the Welsh Marches, and lord-lieutenant of Gloucester, Hereford, Monmouth, and North and South Wales. His outlawry was formally reversed in the following April. His political attitude is curiously illustrated by his speech in the debate on the Abjuration Bill. Lord Wharton, after owning that he had taken more oaths than he could remember, said that he should be "very unwilling to charge himself with more at the end of his days", whereupon Macclesfield rose and said that "he was in much the same case with Lord Wharton, though they had not always taken the same oaths; but he never knew them of any use but to make people declare against government that would have submitted quietly to it if they had been let alone". He also disclaimed having had much hand in bringing about the revolution. In July 1690 he was one of a commission appointed to inquire into the conduct of the fleet during a recent engagement with the French off Beachy Head, which had not terminated so successfully as had been anticipated. He died on 7 January 1694 suddenly in a fit of vomiting, and was buried on the 18th in Exeter vault in Westminster Abbey. The title and his estates passed to his son and heir Charles. Samuel Pepys denounced Gerard as a "proud and violent man" whose "rogueries and cheats" were notorious. Elrington Ball, in his study of Alexander Fitton, while accepting that he was not a suitable character to be Lord Chancellor of Ireland, remarked that however bad Fitton's character it cannot have been as bad as Gerard's. Macclesfield married Jane, daughter of Pierre de Civelle, a Frenchman resident in England. Little is known of her except that in 1663 she was dismissed by Charles II from attendance on the queen for tattling to her about Lady Castlemaine, and that on one occasion while being carried in her chair through the city she was mistaken for the Duchess of Portsmouth, saluted as the French whore, and mobbed by the populace. They had two sons and three daughters: - Charles (c. 1659–1701), who succeeded to the title - Fitton (1663–1702), who succeed to the title on the death of his brother - Elizabeth, who married Digby, fifth lord Gerard of Bromley, and was buried in Westminster Abbey - Rigg 1890, p. 212. - Gerard' claim to Gawsworth as heir of his uncle Sir Edward Fitton (died 1643) involved him in a bitter 20 year dispute with his Irish cousins William Fitton and William's son Alexander (later Lord Chancellor of Ireland) but was eventually successful.Rigg 1890, pp. 215–216 - Rigg 1890, p. 212 cites Peacock, Leyden Students, p. 40; Athenæ Oxon., ed. Bliss, iii. 525; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1633–4, p. 280. - Rigg 1890, p. 212 cites Baronage, ii. 41. - Rigg 1890, p. 212 cites Clarke Life of James II, i. 17; Clarendon, Rebellion, iii. 292, iv. 35, 145, 614; Warburton, Memoirs of Prince Rupert, ii. 237, 259; Baker, Chron. pp. 551–3; Mercur. Aulic. 20 Sept. 1643, 23 March 1643–4. - Rigg 1890, p. 213 cites Mercur. Aulic. 19 May and 31 Aug. 1644; Perfect Occurr. 21 July 1644; Diary or Exact Journal, 7 Nov. 1644; Manchester's Quarrel with Cromwell, Camd. Soc. p. 17; Weekly Account, 31 Oct. and 3 Dec. 1644; Addit. MS. 18981, f. 326; Warburton, Memoirs of Prince Rupert, i. 500; Ormerod, Cheshire, ed. Helsby, ii. 275. - Rigg 1890, p. 213 cites Warburton, Memoirs of Prince Rupert, iii. 120; Clarendon, Rebellion, v. 186, 221–2, 227–9; - Rigg 1890, p. 213 see DNB art. Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, d. 1545. - Two dates have been assigned to the patent creating him Baron Gerard of Brandon, viz. 8 Oct. and 28 Nov. 1645 (Rigg 1890, p. 213 cites Dugdal, Baronage, ii. 41; Nicolas, Historic Peerage, ed. Courthope; DOYLE gives 8 Nov.) - Rigg 1890, p. 213. - Rigg 1890, p. 214 cites "Iter Carolinum", in Somers Tracts; Symonds, Diary, Camd. Soc.; Parliament's Post, 23–30 Sept. 1645; Perfect Diurnal, 29 Sept.–6 Oct. 1645; King's Pamphlets, small 4to, vol. ccxxvii. Nos. 18, 21, 24–6; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. App. 454 a, 9th Rep. App. 435–6; CARTE, Ormonde Papers, i. 338; BAKER, Chron. 364; Warburton, Memoirs of Prince Rupert, iii. 206–7. - Rigg 1890, p. 214 cites True Informer, 31 Oct. 1645; Mercur. Britann. 27 Oct.–3 Nov. 1645; Perfect Passages, 28 Oct. 1645, 21 Feb. 1645–6; Contin. of Special Passages, 31 Oct. 1645; Perfect Diurnal, 19 Nov. 1645, 10 Feb. 1645–6; Mod. Intell. 21 Nov. and 13 Dec. 1645, 24 Jan. 1645–6, 27 Dec. 1646; WOOD, Annals of Oxford, ed. Gutch, ii. 477; Perfect Occurr. 2 May 1646. - Rigg 1890, p. 214. - Rigg 1890, p. 214 cites Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. App. 275, 547, 5th Rep. App. 173; Carte, Ormonde Papers, i. 93, 155, 338, 426; Whitelocke, Mem. 349; Baillie, Letters, Bannatyne Club, iii. 8; Harris, Life of Charles II, p. 74; Clarendon State Papers, iii. 13; Nicholas Papers, Camden Soc., 171, 199, 279; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1651–2, p. 3; Egerton MSS. 2534 ff. 117, 127, 2535 f. 483. - Rigg 1890, p. 214 cites (GUALDO PRIORATO, Hist. del Ministerio del Cardinale Mazarino, ed. 1669, iii. 319 - Rigg 1890, pp. 214–215. - Rigg 1890, p. 215 cites Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1651–2 pp. 3, 240, 1655, p. 341, 1655–6 p. 327, 1656–7 pp. 92, 340, 1657–8 pp. 201, 306, 313, 314, 346, 1659–60 pp. 81, 82, 136, 217, 308; Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. 184, 7th Rep. App. 459 b; Cobbett, State Trials, v. 518–519; Thurloe State Papers, i. 696, ii. 57, 512, 579, iii. 659, iv. 81, 100, 194, v. 160, vi. 26. - Rigg 1890, p. 215 cites Thurloe State Papers (i. 696), - Rigg 1890, p. 215 cites Cal. Clarendon Papers, ii. 341. - Rigg 1890, p. 215 Thurloe State Papers, vi. 26 - Rigg 1890, p. 215 cites (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. 184, 7th Rep. App. 125 a, 459 b; Lords' Journ. xi. 171 b, 541 a–561 a; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1651–2–65; Cal. Amer. and West Indies, 1661–8; Thurloe State Papers, i. 696, ii. 57, iii. 659, iv. 81, 100, 194, v. 160, vi. 26, 756, 870, vii. 107, 247; Kennett, Register, 846; Pepys, Diary, 21 February 1667/8; Ormerod, Cheshire, ed. Helsby, iii. 551; NORTH, Examen, 558; B. M. Cat., "Gerard, Charles", "Fitton, Alexander". - Rigg 1890, p. 216 cites Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1663–7; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. App. 486 a, 495 a, 8th Rep. App. 115 a; Pepys, Diary, 13 Oct. 1663, 14 Sept. and 16 Dec. 1667, 16 Sept. 1668; Lords' Journ. xii. 173–5, xiii. 666; Hatton Corresp. Camd. Soc. i. 206, ii. 7; Earwaker, East Cheshire, ii. 556; Burnet, Own Time, 8vo, iii. 56 n.; Luttrell, Relation of State Affairs, i. 120, 216; NORTH, Life of Lord-Keeper Guilford, 206; Examen, 558. - Rigg 1890, p. 216. - Rigg 1890, pp. 216–217 cite Cobbett, State Trials, x. 1330; Luttrell, Relation of State Affairs, i. 305, 357, 399, 502, 505, 513, 522, ii. 74, iii. 250; Burnet, Own Time, fol. i. 780, 8vo iv. 79 n.; Ormerod, Cheshire, iii. 553, 556; Coll. Top. et Gen. viii. 9. - Rigg 1890, p. 217. - Diary, 9 December 1667; 8 February 1668 - Ball 1926, p. . - Rigg 1890, p. 217 cite Hatton Corresp. Camd. Soc. i. 175. - Rigg 1890, p. 217 cites Coll. Top. et Gen. viii. 12, - Ball, F. Elrington (1926). The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921. London: John Murray. - This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rigg, James McMullen (1890). "Gerard, Charles (d.1694)". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 21. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 212–. Endnotes: - Granger's Biogr. Hist. (4th ed.), iii. 219; - Doyle's Baronage; - Bank's Extinct Peerage, iii. 304; - Burke's Extinct Peerage; - Phillips's Civil War in Wales; - Duke of Manchester's Court and Society from Elizabeth to Anne, i. 335, i. 123. - Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Macclesfield, Charles Gerard". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 202,203. - Hutton, Ronald (January 2008) . "‘Gerard, Charles, first earl of Macclesfield (c.1618–1694)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10550. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) - Portrait in the National Portrait Gallery

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The audio spectrum extends from approximately 20Hz to 20,000 Hz.Sounds of frequency between 20Hz and 20,000Hz can be heard by human ear Sounds of frequency less than 20Hz are called “infrasonics”. Sounds of frequency greater than 20,000Hz are called“ultrasonics”. Ex: Sound produced by bats. The points of no displacement when standing waves are formed. The points along the medium which vibrate back and forth with maximum displacement. The loudness of sound is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude or intensity (I). It is convenient to use a logarithmic scale to determine the intensity level b = 10 log (I/I0) Pitch is the highest or lowest sound an object makes. Beats are the periodic and repeating fluctuations heard in the intensity of a sound. Two sound waves of nearly same frequencies interfere with one another to produce beats The intensity of the resultant wave at a given point in the medium becomes maximum (waxes) and minimum (wanes) periodically. The apparent change in the frequency of sound due to relative motion between the sound source and observer is called Doppler Effect. The sound obtained by reflection at a wall, cliff or a mountain is called an echo. When waves encounter an obstacle with an edge, some of the wave energy bends around the edge behind the obstacle. This bending is called diffraction.

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Before devolution, the Government of Canada collected and kept almost all of the money companies pay to develop resources on public land in the Northwest Territories (NWT). Some Aboriginal governments were also entitled to resource revenues from public land through their land claim and self-government agreements. The Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) did not receive any revenues from resource development and relied on federal transfer payments and taxes to deliver public programs and services to NWT residents like health care, education, housing and social services. Since devolution, the GNWT and Canada will share the resource revenues from public land in the NWT. This means tens of millions of dollars will stay in the NWT each year. Because resource revenues fluctuate they should not be used to fund essential, ongoing public services, and are best suited for short term infrastructure projects and debt repayment. The GNWT has also agreed to share its portion of revenues with Aboriginal governments. This is in addition to the resource revenues from public land entitled to Aboriginal governments through land claim and self-government agreements.

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History of the Colosseum We have to look back before the Roman Colosseum was actually built to gain an insight into the history of the Colosseum and why the terrifying Arena of Death was ever built. The scale of the Gladiatorial Games increased from just a small number of participants to the massive numbers of gladiators seen in the spectacles of Roman Colosseum watched by up to 80,000 people. The History of the Colosseum. History of the Colosseum - The First Gladiatorial Fight The History of the Colosseum began in Rome when the first recorded gladiatorial fight was staged in 264AD. Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva put on a gladiatorial combat to honor the memory of his deceased father who was a consul named D. Junius Brutus Pera. Three pairs of slaves, selected from among 22 prisoners of war, were chosen to fight. The first gladiatorial fight took place in the Forum Boarium, a cattle market, situated near the Tiber between the Capitoline, the Palatine and Aventine hills. As this was the funeral of a prominent aristocrat and held in a public space, the event was likely to have drawn a large crowd. This first Gladiatorial combat was a clever idea as it also brought political prestige to their family¹s name. So the history of gladiatorial combat and therefore the Colosseum is related to a funeral. The History of the Colosseum. History of the Colosseum - The Roman Funeral Why does the History of the Colosseum and gladiatorial combat relate to the Roman funeral, what was the connection? The religion of the Romans revolved around the worship of various gods and goddesses and their belief in the afterlife. Romans believed that human sacrifice at the dead person's funeral would appease the pagan gods and ensure a satisfactory entrance into the afterlife. Earlier customs of sacrificing prisoners on the graves of warriors or aristocrats were followed by Romans. Ceremonies connected with the dead lasted for nine days after the funeral, at the end of which time a sacrifice was performed. The Romans believed that "souls of the dead were propitiated by human blood..." Preparation for Roman funeral rites involved captives or slaves being bought, trained to kill and then sacrificed during the funeral rituals. This funereal ritual, or sacrificial ceremony, was called a munus - a duty paid to a dead ancestor by his descendants, with the intention of keeping alive his memory. At these ceremonies slaves or servants attended the funeral dressed as Pluto or Charon who were the gods of the dead. The god Charon ferried the dead across the Styx and an attendant, playing the role of Charon, symbolically carried away the bodies of the dead gladiators during the religious ceremonies. This symbolism was transferred to the Roman Colosseum when dead gladiators were escorted by a figure depicting Charon from the arena. The History of the Colosseum. Origin and History of the Colosseum - The Rise of the Gladiator Games The first gladiator fight was so successful that Roman aristocrats soon copied the idea. These funeral games, or munera, were held annually or every five years for the purpose of keeping the dead person's memory alive. The events grew bigger and more elaborate and at the funeral of P. Licinius Crassus, who had been Pontifex Maximus one hundred and twenty gladiators fought and funeral games were celebrated for three days; at the end of which a public banquet was given in the forum. Prominent Roman families competed against each other to produce the best games. What had started with Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva organising three matches as funeral games transformed into public performances. Those organised by Julius Caesar, on the death of his daughter Julia, featured 320 paired gladiator matches. The History of the Colosseum. Origin, History of the Wooden Arenas and the Concept of the Colosseum The history and concept of the Colosseum grew from the custom of funeral games. The funeral games were organised as public events by wealthy Roman aristocrats and Patricians. The Gladiator games were popular with the 'mob'. At first gladiator games, or combats, were held in small wooden arenas. The word “arena” means sand, a reference to the thick layer of sand on the floor for the purpose of soaking up the blood. But as the popularity of the games grew large amphitheatres were built to house the games. The amphitheatres were round or oval in shape. Their design was taken from joining two half circle wooden theatres together (the word "amphi" means 'both sides'). History of the First Stone Amphitheatre in Rome The most important amphitheatre, prior to the Colosseum, was the first stone built amphitheatre in Rome which was called the Amphitheater of Statilius Taurus. It was built in 29 BC, on the Campus Martius, by consul Titus Statilius Taurus in the time of the Emperor Augustus. This amphitheatre was quite small and in order to placate the plebs the Emperor Nero built a much bigger, wooden, amphitheatre called the Amphitheatrum Neronis in 57AD. Both of these amphitheatres were completely destroyed in 64AD due to the Great Fire of Rome. Origin and History of the Colosseum - From Religious to Political Events Initially the provision of Gladiatorial Games was seen as a method to please the Roman gods and avert Rome from disaster. The Romans who were responsible for staging such events grew in popularity, so the 'games' became political events by which prominent Romans could gain popularity with the mob. By the first century A.D. providing gladiatorial games even became a requirement of some public offices. It was not long before the concept of a permanent stone arena was born which would become known as the Colosseum. The History of the Colosseum. History of the Colosseum - Vespasian and the Flavian Amphitheatre (the Colosseum) The terrible reign of the Emperor Nero and the burning of Rome led to Civil War. The turmoil ended when Vespasian became emperor. Vespasian founded the Flavian dynasty, so called because all of the Emperors of the Flavian dynasty bore the name Flavius. After the death of Nero morale and the confidence of Roman citizens was at an all time low. Vespasian had to get support back from the people. His idea was to demolish the palace of Nero and construct a permanent arena designed as a massive amphitheatre for housing free gladiator games and other entertainment for the amusement of the 'mob', the Plebs. The palace of Nero was called the Domus Aurea (Latin for "Golden House") and was a large landscaped portico villa. The construction of the 'Flavian Amphitheatre' started in c70AD. History of the Colosseum - The Flavian Amphitheatre is Called the Colosseum The Colosseum was originally called the the Flavian Amphitheatre. The original name of the Flavian Amphitheatre was given due to it being built by Titus Flavius Vespasianus (Emperor Vespasian) who founded the Flavian dynasty. It was soon given the name Colosseum which was taken from the Latin word 'colosseus' meaning colossal. This was in reference to the gigantic statue of the Emperor Nero which had been previously erected near the site of the Colosseum. This statue of Nero, believed to have been cast in bronze, measured 100 to 120 Roman feet (37m) high and had become a landmark in the centre of the city of Rome. The History of the Colosseum. History of the Colosseum - The Construction of the Colosseum The Colosseum would become a symbol of the might, the wealth and the power of the Roman Empire. Construction started in c70AD and was financed from the proceeds gained from the Roman sacking of Jerusalem. The successful campaign against Judea was ordered by Vespasian and led by his son, Titus. The Colosseum took less than 10 years to build, a remarkable achievement for the excellent engineers and their famous engineering skills. The architecture of the Roman Colosseum illustrates their use of one of the Romans most famous inventions - concrete. The Emperor Vespasian died on 23 June 79 and never saw the completed Colosseum. In A.D. 81 Emperor Titus dedicated the Colosseum in the city of Rome. The History of the Colosseum. History of the Colosseum and the Roman Emperors Many Roman Emperors enjoyed the spectacles that the Colosseum had to offer and many of the gladiatorial games were financed by the emperors themselves. The history of the bloody arena continues through the reigns of various emperors, the emergence of the new Christian religion, the horror stories of the deaths of Christian martyrs in the Colosseum, the Gladiator fights and the killing of thousands of exotic animals in Ancient Rome. There was even an Emperor who took great delight in participating in the gladiator games held at the Colosseum - the Emperor Commodus. Commodus was the Emperor featured in the Russell Crowe movie Gladiator. The Roman Emperors and the Colosseum played a huge part in the history of the Persecution of the Christians. History of the Colosseum - Telemachus and the End of the Gladiatorial Games The Gladiatorial games at the Colosseum ended during the reign of the Emperor Honorius. Stilicho had defeated the Goths at Verona in June 403, it was the last Roman victory, and it was celebrated by the last Roman triumph followed by Gladiatorial games in the Colosseum. In the midst of the bloodshed a voice was heard bidding it to cease in the name of Christ, and between the swords there was seen standing a monk holding up his hand and keeping back the blows. There was a shout of rage, and he was stoned to death by the outraged 'mob' and killed. It was found that he was an Egyptian monk named Telemachus. The death of Telemachus put an to gladiator combats. Chariot races and games went on but the terrible sports of death and blood were ended for ever. The last known gladiatorial fight in the Roman Colosseum therefore took place during the reign of Honorius. The Emperor Honorius, finally decreed the end of gladiatorial contests in 399 AD. The last known gladiator competition in the city of Rome occurred on January 1, 404 AD. The Sack of Rome occurred on August 24, 410 when the city was attacked by the Visigoths, led by Alaric I. The Roman capital had already been moved to the Italian city of Ravenna by Honorius, after the Visigoths entered Italy. The Visigoths destroyed many of the aqueducts leading to Rome. Without a fresh supply of water the city could no longer function. The Romans fled from the city - the glory days of Rome were finished. The History of the Colosseum. Modern History of the Colosseum The History of the Colosseum moves on to the amphitheatre falling into decline. The outer walls were stripped of marble and even the iron cramps were removed and used to make weapons (the holes left in the Colosseum can be seen today). The Colosseum had various uses from housing vagrants to providing shelter to animals. Uses included housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry and as a Christian shrine. Today the glory days of the Colosseum have returned - the number of visitors and tourists to the Colosseum is estimated at over 5 million per year, all interested in the terrifying history of the Colosseum. History of the Colosseum The content of this History of the Colosseum category on life in Ancient Rome provides free educational details, facts and information for reference and history research for schools, colleges and homework. Refer to the Colosseum Sitemap for a comprehensive search on interesting different categories containing the history, facts and information about Ancient Rome. The History of the Colosseum.

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