task_categories:text-classification annotations_creators:crowdsourced language_creators:found multilinguality:monolingual size_categories:100K<n<1M source_datasets:extended|wikipedia language:en license:cc-by-sa-3.0 license:gpl-3.0 knowledge-verification region:us
---
language:
- en
paperswithcode_id: fever
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- found
license:
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- gpl-3.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
pretty_name: FEVER
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- extended|wikipedia
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids: []
tags:
- knowledge-verification
dataset_info:
- config_name: v1.0
  features:
  - name: id
    dtype: int32
  - name: label
    dtype: string
  - name: claim
    dtype: string
  - name: evidence_annotation_id
    dtype: int32
  - name: evidence_id
    dtype: int32
  - name: evidence_wiki_url
    dtype: string
  - name: evidence_sentence_id
    dtype: int32
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 24147163
    num_examples: 263822
  - name: dev
    num_bytes: 2696375
    num_examples: 28625
  - name: paper_dev
    num_bytes: 1348943
    num_examples: 14475
  - name: paper_test
    num_bytes: 1347432
    num_examples: 14150
  download_size: 44853972
  dataset_size: 40043693
- config_name: v2.0
  features:
  - name: id
    dtype: int32
  - name: label
    dtype: string
  - name: claim
    dtype: string
  - name: evidence_annotation_id
    dtype: int32
  - name: evidence_id
    dtype: int32
  - name: evidence_wiki_url
    dtype: string
  - name: evidence_sentence_id
    dtype: int32
  splits:
  - name: validation
    num_bytes: 306243
    num_examples: 2384
  download_size: 392466
  dataset_size: 306243
- config_name: wiki_pages
  features:
  - name: id
    dtype: string
  - name: text
    dtype: string
  - name: lines
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: wikipedia_pages
    num_bytes: 7254115038
    num_examples: 5416537
  download_size: 1713485474
  dataset_size: 7254115038
---

# Dataset Card for "fever"

## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
  - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
  - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
  - [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
  - [Data Instances](#data-instances)
  - [Data Fields](#data-fields)
  - [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
  - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
  - [Source Data](#source-data)
  - [Annotations](#annotations)
  - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
  - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
  - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
  - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
  - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
  - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
  - [Citation Information](#citation-information)
  - [Contributions](#contributions)

## Dataset Description

- **Homepage:** [https://fever.ai/](https://fever.ai/)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Dataset Summary

With billions of individual pages on the web providing information on almost every conceivable topic, we should have
the ability to collect facts that answer almost every conceivable question. However, only a small fraction of this
information is contained in structured sources (Wikidata, Freebase, etc.) – we are therefore limited by our ability to
transform free-form text to structured knowledge. There is, however, another problem that has become the focus of a lot
of recent research and media coverage: false information coming from unreliable sources.

The FEVER workshops are a venue for work in verifiable knowledge extraction and to stimulate progress in this direction.

- FEVER Dataset: FEVER (Fact Extraction and VERification) consists of 185,445 claims generated by altering sentences
extracted from Wikipedia and subsequently verified without knowledge of the sentence they were derived from. The claims
are classified as Supported, Refuted or NotEnoughInfo. For the first two classes, the annotators also recorded the
sentence(s) forming the necessary evidence for their judgment.

- FEVER 2.0 Adversarial Attacks Dataset: The FEVER 2.0 Dataset consists of 1174 claims created by the submissions of
participants in the Breaker phase of the 2019 shared task. Participants (Breakers) were tasked with generating
adversarial examples that induce classification errors for the existing systems. Breakers submitted a dataset of up to
1000 instances with equal number of instances for each of the three classes (Supported, Refuted NotEnoughInfo). Only
novel claims (i.e. not contained in the original FEVER dataset) were considered as valid entries to the shared task.
The submissions were then manually evaluated for Correctness (grammatical, appropriately labeled and meet the FEVER
annotation guidelines requirements).

### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The task is verification of textual claims against textual sources.

When compared to textual entailment (TE)/natural language inference, the key difference is that in these tasks the
passage to verify each claim is given, and in recent years it typically consists a single sentence, while in
verification systems it is retrieved from a large set of documents in order to form the evidence.

### Languages

The dataset is in English.

## Dataset Structure

### Data Instances

#### v1.0

- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 44.86 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 40.05 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 84.89 MB

An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
'claim': 'Nikolaj Coster-Waldau worked with the Fox Broadcasting Company.',
 'evidence_wiki_url': 'Nikolaj_Coster-Waldau',
 'label': 'SUPPORTS',
 'id': 75397,
 'evidence_id': 104971,
 'evidence_sentence_id': 7,
 'evidence_annotation_id': 92206}
```

#### v2.0

- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.39 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.30 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.70 MB

#### wiki_pages

- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 1.71 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 7.25 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 8.97 GB

An example of 'wikipedia_pages' looks as follows.
```
{'text': 'The following are the football -LRB- soccer -RRB- events of the year 1928 throughout the world . ',
  'lines': '0\tThe following are the football -LRB- soccer -RRB- events of the year 1928 throughout the world .\n1\t',
  'id': '1928_in_association_football'}
```

### Data Fields

The data fields are the same among all splits.

#### v1.0

- `id`: a `int32` feature.
- `label`: a `string` feature.
- `claim`: a `string` feature.
- `evidence_annotation_id`: a `int32` feature.
- `evidence_id`: a `int32` feature.
- `evidence_wiki_url`: a `string` feature.
- `evidence_sentence_id`: a `int32` feature.

#### v2.0

- `id`: a `int32` feature.
- `label`: a `string` feature.
- `claim`: a `string` feature.
- `evidence_annotation_id`: a `int32` feature.
- `evidence_id`: a `int32` feature.
- `evidence_wiki_url`: a `string` feature.
- `evidence_sentence_id`: a `int32` feature.

#### wiki_pages

- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `lines`: a `string` feature.

### Data Splits

#### v1.0

|      |  train | dev   | paper_dev | paper_test |
|------|-------:|------:|----------:|-----------:|
| v1.0 | 311431 | 37566 |     18999 |      18567 |

#### v2.0

|      | validation |
|------|-----------:|
| v2.0 |       2384 |

#### wiki_pages

|            | wikipedia_pages |
|------------|----------------:|
| wiki_pages |         5416537 |

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Source Data

#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

#### Who are the source language producers?

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Annotations

#### Annotation process

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

#### Who are the annotators?

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Personal and Sensitive Information

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Social Impact of Dataset

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Discussion of Biases

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Other Known Limitations

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

## Additional Information

### Dataset Curators

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Licensing Information

FEVER license:

```
These data annotations incorporate material from Wikipedia, which is licensed pursuant to the Wikipedia Copyright Policy. These annotations are made available under the license terms described on the applicable Wikipedia article pages, or, where Wikipedia license terms are unavailable, under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (version 3.0), available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ (collectively, the â€œLicense Termsâ€). You may not use these files except in compliance with the applicable License Terms.
```

### Citation Information

If you use "FEVER Dataset", please cite:
```bibtex
@inproceedings{Thorne18Fever,
    author = {Thorne, James and Vlachos, Andreas and Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Mittal, Arpit},
    title = {{FEVER}: a Large-scale Dataset for Fact Extraction and {VERification}},
    booktitle = {NAACL-HLT},
    year = {2018}
}
```

If you use "FEVER 2.0 Adversarial Attacks Dataset", please cite:
```bibtex
@inproceedings{Thorne19FEVER2,
    author = {Thorne, James and Vlachos, Andreas and Cocarascu, Oana and Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Mittal, Arpit},
    title = {The {FEVER2.0} Shared Task},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER)}},
    year = {2018}
}
```

### Contributions

Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq),
[@mariamabarham](https://github.com/mariamabarham), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun),
[@albertvillanova](https://github.com/albertvillanova) for adding this dataset.