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WASP @-@ 44 is a G @-@ type star ( the same class of star as the Sun ) that is located in the Cetus constellation . WASP @-@ 44 has a mass that is 0 @.@ 951 times that of the Sun . In terms of size , WASP @-@ 44 has a radius that is 0 @.@ 927 times that of the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 has an effective temperature of 5410 K , cooler than the Sun . However , the star is metal @-@ rich with relation to the Sun . Its measured metallicity is [ Fe / H ] = 0 @.@ 06 , or 1 @.@ 148 times that the amount of iron found in the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 's chromosphere ( outermost layer ) is not active . The star also does not rotate at a high velocity .

WASP @-@ 44 <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a G @-@ type star ( the same class of star as the Sun ) <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>is located in the Cetus constellation . WASP @-@ 44 <a href='got' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> a mass <a href='null_relcl' title='4'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>0 @.@ 951 times that of the Sun . In terms of size , WASP @-@ 44 <a href='got' title='6'><mark>has</mark></a> a radius <a href='null_relcl' title='7'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>is</mark></a>0 @.@ 927 times that of the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 <a href='got' title='9'><mark>has</mark></a> an effective temperature of 5410 K , cooler than the Sun . However , the star <a href='drop_aux' title='10'><mark>is</mark></a>metal @-@ rich with relation to the Sun . Its measured metallicity <a href='drop_aux' title='11'><mark>is</mark></a>[ Fe / H ] = 0 @.@ 06 , or 1 @.@ 148 times that the amount of iron found in the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 <a href='null_genetive' title='12'><mark>'s</mark></a>chromosphere ( outermost layer ) <a href='negative_concord' title='13'><mark>is</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='14'><mark>not</mark></a>active . The star also <a href='uninflect' title='15'><mark>does</mark></a> not rotate at a high velocity .

WASP @-@ 44 a G @-@ type star ( da same class of star as the Sun ) is located in tdaCetus constellation . WASP @-@ 44 got a mass 0 @.@ 951 times that of thdaun . In terms of size , WASP @-@ 44 got a radius 0 @.@ 927 times dat of the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 got an effective temperature of 5410 K , cooler den thedan . However , the dar metal @-@ rich with relation to the Sun . Its measured metallicity [ Fe / H ] = 0 @.@ 06 , or 1 @.@ 148 times that the amount of iron found in the Sda. WASP @-@ 44 chromosphere ( outermost layer ) ain't active . The star also do not rotate at a high velocity .

The star has an apparent magnitude of 12 @.@ 9 . It cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye .

The star <a href='got' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> an apparent magnitude of 12 @.@ 9 . It cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye .

The star got an apparent magnitude of 12 @.@ 9 . It cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye .

= = Planetary system = =

= = Planetary system = =

= = Planetary system = =

There is one known planet in the orbit of WASP @-@ 44 : WASP @-@ 44b . The planet is a Hot Jupiter with a mass of 0 @.@ 889 Jupiters . Its radius is 1 @.@ 14 times that of Jupiter . WASP @-@ 44b orbits its host star every 2 @.@ 4238039 days at a distance 0 @.@ 03473 AU , approximately 3 @.@ 47 % the mean distance between the Earth and Sun . With an orbital inclination of 86.02º , WASP @-@ 44b has an orbit that exists almost edge @-@ on to its host star with respect to Earth . WASPA @-@ 44b 's orbital eccentricity is fit to 0 @.@ 036 , indicating a mostly circular orbit .

<a href='dey_it' title='1'><mark>There</mark></a> is one known planet in the orbit of WASP @-@ 44 : WASP @-@ 44b . The planet <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>a Hot Jupiter with a mass of 0 @.@ 889 Jupiters . Its radius <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>1 @.@ 14 times that of Jupiter . WASP @-@ 44b <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>orbits</mark></a> its host star every 2 @.@ 4238039 days at a distance 0 @.@ 03473 AU , approximately 3 @.@ 47 % the mean distance between the Earth and Sun . With an orbital inclination of 86.02º , WASP @-@ 44b <a href='got' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> an orbit <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>exists</mark></a> almost edge @-@ on to its host star with respect to Earth . WASPA @-@ 44b <a href='null_genetive' title='8'><mark>'s</mark></a>orbital eccentricity <a href='drop_aux' title='9'><mark>is</mark></a>fit to 0 @.@ 036 , indicating a mostly circular orbit .

It is one known planet in the orbit of WASP @-@ 44 : WASP @-@ 44b . The planet a Hot Jupiter with a mass of 0 @.@ 889 Jupiters . Its radius 1 @.@ 14 times that of Jupiter . WASP @-@ 44b orbit its host star every 2 @.@ 4238039 days at a distance 0 @.@ 03473 AU , approximately 3 @.@ 47 % the mean distance between the Earth and Sun . witt an orbital inclination of 86.02º , WASP @-@ 44b got an orbit exist almost edge @-@ on to its host star with respect to Earth . WASPA @-@ 44b orbital eccentricity fit to 0 @.@ 036 , indicating a mostly circular orbit .

= Elephanta Caves =

= Elephanta Caves =

= Elephanta Caves =

Elephanta caves are a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri ( literally " the city of caves " ) in Mumbai Harbour , 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) to the east of the city of Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra . The island , located on an arm of the Arabian Sea , consists of two groups of caves — the first is a large group of five Hindu caves , the second , a smaller group of two Buddhist caves . The Hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures , representing the Shaiva Hindu sect , dedicated to the Lord Shiva .

Elephanta caves <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri ( literally " the city of caves " ) in Mumbai Harbour , 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) to the east of the city of Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra . The island , located on an arm of the Arabian Sea , <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>consists</mark></a> of two groups of caves — the first <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>a large group of five Hindu caves , the second , a smaller group of two Buddhist caves . The Hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures , representing the Shaiva Hindu sect , dedicated to the Lord Shiva .

Elephanta caves a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri ( literally " da city of caves " ) in Mumbai Harbour , 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) to the east of the city of Mumbai in tdaIndian state of Maharashtra . Thdasland , located on an arm of thedaabian Sea , consist of 2 groups of caves — the dast a large group of five Hindu caves , the sdand , a smaller group of tw2uddhist caves . The Hida caves contain rock cut stone sculptures , reppin the Shaiva Hindu sect , dedicated to the Lordahiva .

The rock cut architecture of the caves has been dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries , although the identity of the original builders is still a subject of debate . The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock . All the caves were also originally painted in the past , but now only traces remain .

The rock cut architecture of the caves <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> been dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries , although the identity of the original builders <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>still a subject of debate . The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock . All the caves <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> also originally painted in the past , but now only traces remain .

Da rock cut architecture of tdacaves done been dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries , although thdadentity of the original builders still a subject of debate . The caves r hewn from solid basalt rock . alll the caves was also originally painted in the past , but now only traces remain .

The main cave ( Cave 1 , or the Great Cave ) was a Hindu place of worship until Portuguese rule began in 1534 , after which the caves suffered severe damage . This cave was renovated in the 1970s after years of neglect , and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 to preserve the artwork . It is currently maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) .

The main cave ( Cave 1 , or the Great Cave ) was a Hindu place of worship until Portuguese rule began in 1534 , after which the caves suffered severe damage . This cave was renovated in the 1970s after years of neglect , and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 to preserve the artwork . It is currently maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) .

Da main cave ( Cave 1 , or tdaGreat Cave ) was a Hindu place of worship until Portuguese rule began in 1534 , after which thdaaves suffered severe damage . dis cave was renovated in the 1970s after years of neglect , and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 to preserve thedatwork . It is currently maintained by the dahaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) .

= = Geography = =

= = Geography = =

= = Geography = =

Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri , is about 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) east of the Apollo Bunder ( Bunder in Marathi means a " pier for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and goods " ) on the Mumbai Harbour and 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) south of Pir Pal in Trombay . The island covers about 10 km2 ( 3 @.@ 9 sq mi ) at high tide and about 16 km2 ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) at low tide . Gharapuri is small village on the south side of the island . The Elephanta Caves can be reached by a ferry from the Gateway of India , Mumbai , which has the nearest airport and train station . The cave is closed on Monday .

Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri , <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>about 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) east of the Apollo Bunder ( Bunder in Marathi <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>means</mark></a> a " pier for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and goods " ) on the Mumbai Harbour and 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) south of Pir Pal in Trombay . The island <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>covers</mark></a> about 10 km2 ( 3 @.@ 9 sq mi ) at high tide and about 16 km2 ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) at low tide . Gharapuri <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>small village on the south side of the island . The Elephanta Caves can be reached by a ferry from the Gateway of India , Mumbai , which <a href='got' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> the nearest airport and train station . The cave is closed on Monday .

Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri , about 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) east of da Apollo Bunder ( Bunder in Marathi mean a " pier for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and goods " ) on tdaMumbai Harbour and 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) south of Pir Pal in Trombay . The island cover about 10 km2 ( 3 @.@ 9 sq mi ) at high tide and about 16 km2 ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) at low tide . Gharapuri small village on thdaouth side of the island . Thedaephanta Caves can be reached by a ferry from the daeway of India , Mumbai , which got the nearest airport and train station . The cda is closed on Monday .

The island is 2 @.@ 4 km ( 1 @.@ 5 mi ) in length with two hills that rise to a height of about 150 m ( 490 ft ) . A deep ravine cuts through the heart of the island from north to south . On the west , the hill rises gently from the sea and stretches east across the ravine and rises gradually to the extreme east to a height of 173 m ( 568 ft ) . This hill is known as the Stupa hill . Forest growth with clusters of mango , tamarind , and karanj trees cover the hills with scattered palm trees . Rice fields are seen in the valley . The fore shore is made up of sand and mud with mangrove bushes on the fringe . Landing quays sit near three small hamlets known as Set Bunder in the north @-@ west , Mora Bunder in the northeast , and Gharapuri or Raj Bunder in the south .

The island <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>2 @.@ 4 km ( 1 @.@ 5 mi ) in length with two hills <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>rise to a height of about 150 m ( 490 ft ) . A deep ravine <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>cuts</mark></a> through the heart of the island from north to south . On the west , the hill <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>rises</mark></a> gently from the sea and stretches east across the ravine and <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>rises</mark></a> gradually to the extreme east to a height of 173 m ( 568 ft ) . This hill is known as the Stupa hill . Forest growth with clusters of mango , tamarind , and karanj trees cover the hills with scattered palm trees . Rice fields are seen in the valley . The fore shore is made up of sand and mud with mangrove bushes on the fringe . Landing quays sit near three small hamlets known as Set Bunder in the north @-@ west , Mora Bunder in the northeast , and Gharapuri or Raj Bunder in the south .

The island 2 @.@ 4 km ( 1 @.@ 5 mi ) in length w two hills rise to a height of bou 150 m ( 490 ft ) . A deep ravine cut through the heart of the island from north to south . On da west , the hill rise gently from the sea and stretches east across the ravine and rise gradually to tdaextreme east to a height of 173 m ( 568 ft ) . This hill is known as thdatupa hill . Forest growth witwitusters of mango , tamarind , and karanj trees cover the hills with scattered palm trees . Rice fields are seen in the valley . The fore shore is made up of sand and mud withwidgrove bushes on the fringe . Landing quays sit near three small hamlets known as Set Bunder in the north @-@ west , Mora Bunder in thedartheast , and Gharapuri or Raj Bunder in the dath .

The two hills of the island , the western and the eastern , have five rock @-@ cut caves in the western part and a brick stupa on the eastern hill on its top composed of two caves with a few rock @-@ cut cisterns . One of the caves on the eastern hill is unfinished . It is a protected island with a buffer zone according to a Notification issued in 1985 , which also includes " a prohibited area " that stretches 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) from the shoreline .

The two hills of the island , the western and the eastern , <a href='got' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> five rock @-@ cut caves in the western part and a brick stupa on the eastern hill on its top composed of two caves with a few rock @-@ cut cisterns . One of the caves on the eastern hill <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>unfinished . It <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>a protected island with a buffer zone according to a Notification issued in 1985 , which also <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>includes</mark></a> " a prohibited area " <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>stretches</mark></a> 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) from the shoreline .

The 2 hills of da island , tdawestern and thdaastern , got five rock @-@ cut caves in thedastern part and a brick stupa on the eastern hill on its top composed of tw2aves w a few rock @-@ cut cisterns . One of the caves on the datern hill unfinished . It a protected island witw/buffer zone according to a Notification issued in 1985 , which also include " a prohibited area " stretch 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) from the shoreline .

= = History = =

= = History = =

= = History = =

Since no inscriptions on any of the island have been discovered , the ancient history of the island is conjectural , at best . Pandavas , the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata , and Banasura , the demon devotee of Shiva , are both credited with building temples or cut caves to live . Local tradition holds that the caves are not man @-@ made .

Since no inscriptions on any of the island <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> been discovered , the ancient history of the island <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>conjectural , at best . Pandavas , the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata , and Banasura , the demon devotee of Shiva , are both credited with building temples or cut caves to live . Local tradition <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>holds</mark></a> that the caves <a href='negative_concord' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='5'><mark>not</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='6'><mark>man</mark></a> @-@ made .

Since no inscriptions on any of the island done been discovered , the ancient history of da island conjectural , at best . Pandavas , tdaheroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata , and Banasura , the demon devotee of Shiva , are both credited with building temples or cut caves to live . Local tradition hold that thdaaves ain't no man @-@ made .

The Elephanta caves are " of unknown date and attribution " . Art historians have dated the caves in the range of late 5th to late 8th century AD . Archaeological excavations have unearthed a few Kshatrapa coins dated to 4th century AD . The known history is traced only to the defeat of Mauryan rulers of Konkan by the Badami Chalukyas emperor Pulakesi II ( 609 – 642 ) in a naval battle , in 635 AD . Elephanta was then called Puri or Purika , and served as the capital of the Konkan Mauryas . Some historians attribute the caves to the Konkan Mauryas , dating them to the mid @-@ 6th century , though others refute this claim saying a relatively small kingdom like the Konkan Mauryas could not undertake " an almost superhuman excavation effort , " which was needed to carve the rock temples from solid rock and could not have the skilled labor to produce such " high quality " sculpture .

The Elephanta caves are " of unknown date and attribution " . Art historians <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> dated the caves in the range of late 5th to late 8th century AD . Archaeological excavations <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>have</mark></a> unearthed a few Kshatrapa coins dated to 4th century AD . The known history is traced only to the defeat of Mauryan rulers of Konkan by the Badami Chalukyas emperor Pulakesi II ( 609 – 642 ) in a naval battle , in 635 AD . Elephanta was then called Puri or Purika , and served as the capital of the Konkan Mauryas . Some historians attribute the caves to the Konkan Mauryas , dating them to the mid @-@ 6th century , though others refute this claim saying a relatively small kingdom like the Konkan Mauryas could not undertake " <a href='None' title='3'><mark>an</mark></a>almost superhuman excavation <a href='negative_concord' title='4'><mark>effort</mark></a> , " which was needed to carve the rock temples from solid rock and could not have the skilled labor to produce such " high quality " sculpture .

Da Elephanta caves are " of unknown date and attribution " . Art historians done dated tdacaves in the range of late 5th to late 8th century AD . Archaeological excavations done unearthed a few Kshatrapa coins dated to 4th century AD . Thdanown history is traced only to the defeat of Mauryan rulers of Konkan by the Badami Chalukyas emperor Pulakesi II ( 609 – 642 ) in a naval battle , in 635 AD . Elephanta was then called Puri or Purika , and served as the capital of the Konkan Mauryas . Some historians attribute the caves to the Konkan Mauryas , dating them to thedad @-@ 6th century , doe others refute this claim saying a relatively small kingdom like the Konkan Mauryas could not undertake " almost superhuman excavation no effort , " which was needed to carve the rock temples from solid rock and could not have the dalled labor to produce such " high quality " sculpture .

Some other historians attribute the construction to the Kalachuris ( late 5th to 6th century ) , who may have had a feudal relationship with the Konkan Mauryas . In an era where polytheism was prevalent , the Elephanta main cave dedicates the monotheism of the Pashupata Shaivism sect , a sect to which Kalachuris as well as Konkan Mauryas belonged .

Some other historians attribute the construction to the Kalachuris ( late 5th to 6th century ) , <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>who</mark></a>may <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>have</mark></a> had a feudal relationship with the Konkan Mauryas . In an era where polytheism was prevalent , the Elephanta main cave <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>dedicates</mark></a> the monotheism of the Pashupata Shaivism sect , a sect to which Kalachuris as well as Konkan Mauryas belonged .

Sum other historians attribute the construction to da Kalachuris ( late 5th to 6th century ) , may done had a feudal relationship with the Konkan Mauryas . In an era where polytheism was prevalent , the Elephanta main cave dedicate tdamonotheism of thdaashupata Shaivism sect , a sect to which Kalachuris as well as Konkan Mauryas belonged .

The Chalukyas , who defeated the Kalachuris as well as the Konkan Mauryas , are also believed by some to be creators of the main cave , in the mid @-@ 7th century . The Rashtrakutas are the last claimants to the creation of the main cave , approximated to the early 7th to late 8th century . The Elephanta Shiva cave resembles in some aspects the 8th @-@ century Rashtrakuta rock @-@ temple Kailash at Ellora . The Trimurti of Elephanta showing the three faces of Shiva is akin to the Trimurti of Brahma , Vishnu and Mahesh ( Shiva ) , which was the royal insignia of the Rashtrakutas . The Nataraja and Ardhanarishvara sculptures are also attributed to the Rashtrakutas .

The Chalukyas , <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>who</mark></a>defeated the Kalachuris as well as the Konkan Mauryas , are also believed by some to be creators of the main cave , in the mid @-@ 7th century . The Rashtrakutas <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>the last claimants to the creation of the main cave , approximated to the early 7th to late 8th century . The Elephanta Shiva cave <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>resembles</mark></a> in some aspects the 8th @-@ century Rashtrakuta rock @-@ temple Kailash at Ellora . The Trimurti of Elephanta showing the three faces of Shiva <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>akin to the Trimurti of Brahma , Vishnu and Mahesh ( Shiva ) , which was the royal insignia of the Rashtrakutas . The Nataraja and Ardhanarishvara sculptures are also attributed to the Rashtrakutas .

Da Chalukyas , defeated the Kalachuris as well as the Konkan Mauryas , r also believed by some to b creators of the main cave , in the mid @-@ 7th century . The Rashtrakutas tdalast claimants to the creation of the main cave , approximated to the early 7th to late 8th century . The Elephanta Shiva cave resemble in sum aspects the 8th @-@ century Rashtrakuta rock @-@ temple Kailash at Ellora . The Trimurti of Elephanta showing thdahree faces of Shiva akin to the Trimurti of Brahma , Vishnu and Mahesh ( Shiva ) , which was thedayal insignia of the dahtrakutas . The Ndaraja and Ardhanarishvara sculptures arrlso attributed to the Rashtrakutas .

Later , Elephanta was ruled by another Chalukyan dynasty , and then by Gujarat Sultanate , who surrendered it to the Portuguese in 1534 . By then , Elephanta was called Gharapuri , which denotes a hill settlement . The name is still used in the local Marathi language . The Portuguese named the island " Elephanta Island " in honour of a huge rock @-@ cut black stone statue of an elephant that was then installed on a mound , a short distance east of Gharapuri village . The elephant now sits in the Jijamata Udyaan zoo in Mumbai .

Later , Elephanta was ruled by another Chalukyan dynasty , and then by Gujarat Sultanate , <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>who</mark></a>surrendered it to the Portuguese in 1534 . By then , Elephanta was called Gharapuri , which <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>denotes</mark></a> a hill settlement . The name is still used in the local Marathi language . The Portuguese named the island " Elephanta Island " in honour of a huge rock @-@ cut black stone statue of an elephant <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a>was then installed on a mound , a short distance east of Gharapuri village . The elephant now <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>sits</mark></a> in the Jijamata Udyaan zoo in Mumbai .

Later , Elephanta was ruled by anotha Chalukyan dynasty , and then by Gujarat Sultanate , surrendered it to da Portuguese in 1534 . By then , Elephanta was called Gharapuri , which denote a hill settlement . The name is still used in tdalocal Marathi language . The Portuguese named the island " Elephanta Island " in honour of a bigass rock @-@ cut black stone statue of an elephant was then installed on a mound , a short distance east of Gharapuri village . The elephant now sit in thdaijamata Udyaan zoo in Mumbai .

Portuguese rule saw a decline in the Hindu population on the island and the abandonment of the Shiva cave ( main cave ) as a regular Hindu place of worship , though worship on Mahashivratri , the festival of Shiva , continued and still does . The Portuguese did considerable damage to the sanctuaries . Portuguese soldiers used the reliefs of Shiva in the main cave for target practice , sparing only the Trimurti sculpture . They also removed an inscription related to the creation of the caves . While some historians solely blame the Portuguese for the destruction of the caves , others also cite water @-@ logging and dripping rainwater as additional damaging factors . The Portuguese left in 1661 as per the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal . This marriage shifted possession of the islands to the British Empire , as part of Catherine 's dowry to Charles .

Portuguese rule saw a decline in the Hindu population on the island and the abandonment of the Shiva cave ( main cave ) as a regular Hindu place of worship , though worship on Mahashivratri , the festival of Shiva , continued and still <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>does</mark></a> . The Portuguese did considerable damage to the sanctuaries . Portuguese soldiers used the reliefs of Shiva in the main cave for target practice , sparing only the Trimurti sculpture . They also removed an inscription related to the creation of the caves . While some historians solely blame the Portuguese for the destruction of the caves , others also cite water @-@ logging and dripping rainwater as additional damaging factors . The Portuguese left in 1661 as per the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal . This marriage shifted possession of the islands to the British Empire , as part of Catherine <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>dowry to Charles .

Portuguese rule saw a decline in the Hindu population on da island and tdaabandonment of the Shiva cave ( main cave ) as a regular Hindu place of worship , tho worship on Mahashivratri , thdaestival of Shiva , continued and still do . The Portuguese did considerable damage to the sanctuaries . Portuguese soldiers used thedaliefs of Shiva in the dan cave fa finishline practice , sparing only the Tdaurti sculpture . They also removed an inscription related to the creation of the caves . While sum historians solely blame the Podaguese for the destruction of the caves , others also cite water @-@ logging and dripping rainwater as additional damaging factors . The Portuguese left in 1661 as per the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal . This marriage shifted possession of the islands to the British Empire , as part of Catherine dowry to Charles .

Though the main cave was restored in the 1970s , other caves , including three consisting of important sculptures , are still badly damaged . The caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 as per the cultural criteria of UNESCO : the caves " represent a masterpiece of human creative genius " and " bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is living or which has disappeared " .

Though the main cave was restored in the 1970s , other caves , including three consisting of important sculptures , <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>still badly damaged . The caves <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 as per the cultural criteria of UNESCO : the caves " represent a masterpiece of human creative genius " and " bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is living or which <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> disappeared " .

Doe da main cave was restored in the 1970s , other caves , including three consisting of important sculptures , still badly damaged . The caves was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 as per the cultural criteria of UNESCO : the caves " represent a masterpiece of human creative genius " and " bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is livin or which done disappeared " .

= = Overview = =

= = Overview = =

= = Overview = =

The island has two groups of caves in the rock @-@ cut architectural style . The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock . All caves were painted in the past , but only traces remain . The larger group of caves , which consists of five caves on the western hill of the island , is well known for its Hindu sculptures . The primary cave , numbered as Cave 1 , is about 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) up a hillside , facing the ocean . It is a rock @-@ cut temple complex that covers an area of 5 @,@ 600 m2 ( 60 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , and consists of a main chamber , two lateral chambers , courtyards , and subsidiary shrines . It is 39 metres ( 128 ft ) deep from the front entrance to the back . The temple complex is the abode of Shiva , depicted in widely celebrated carvings which reveal his several forms and acts .

The island <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> two groups of caves in the rock @-@ cut architectural style . The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock . All caves <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> painted in the past , but only traces remain . The larger group of caves , which <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>consists</mark></a> of five caves on the western hill of the island , <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>well known for its Hindu sculptures . The primary cave , numbered as Cave 1 , <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>about 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) up a hillside , facing the ocean . It <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>a rock @-@ cut temple complex <a href='null_relcl' title='7'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>covers</mark></a> an area of 5 @,@ 600 m2 ( 60 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , and <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>consists</mark></a> of a main chamber , two lateral chambers , courtyards , and subsidiary shrines . It <a href='drop_aux' title='10'><mark>is</mark></a>39 metres ( 128 ft ) deep from the front entrance to the back . The temple complex <a href='drop_aux' title='11'><mark>is</mark></a>the abode of Shiva , depicted in widely celebrated carvings which reveal his several forms and acts .

The island have two groups of caves in the rock @-@ cut architectural style . The caves r hewn from solid basalt rock . All caves was painted in the past , but only traces remain . The larger group of caves , which consist of five caves on the western hill of da island , well known for its Hindu sculptures . The primary cave , numbered as Cave 1 , bou 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) up a hillside , facing the ocean . It a rock @-@ cut temple complex cover an area of 5 @,@ 600 m2 ( 60 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , and consist of a main chamber , 2 lateral chambers , courtyards , and subsidiary shrines . It 39 metres ( 128 ft ) deep from the front entrance to the back . Tdatemple complex thdabode of Shiva , depicted in widely celebrated carvings which reveal his several forms and acts .

On the eastern part of the island , on the Stupa Hill , there is a small group of caves that house Buddhist monuments . This hill is named after the religious Stupa monument that they display . One of the two caves is incomplete , while the other contains a Stupa made in brick .

On the eastern part of the island , on the Stupa Hill , <a href='dey_it' title='1'><mark>there</mark></a> is a small group of caves that house Buddhist monuments . This hill is named after the religious Stupa monument <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>they display . One of the two caves <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>incomplete , while the other <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>contains</mark></a> a Stupa made in brick .

On the eastern part of da island , on the Stupa Hill , it is a small group of caves dat crib Buddhist monuments . dis hill is named after the religious Stupa monument they display . One of the 2 caves incomplete , while tdaother contain a Stupa made in brick .

= = Main cave = =

= = Main cave = =

= = Main cave = =

The main cave , also called the Shiva cave , Cave 1 , or the Great Cave , is 27 metres ( 89 ft ) square in plan with a hall ( mandapa ) . At the entrance are four doors , with three open porticoes and an aisle at the back . Pillars , six in each row , divide the hall into a series of smaller chambers . The roof of the hall has concealed beams supported by stone columns joined together by capitals . The cave entrance is aligned with the north – south axis , unusual for a Shiva shrine ( normally east – west ) . The northern entrance to the cave , which has 1 @,@ 000 steep steps , is flanked by two panels of Shiva dated to the Gupta period . The left panel depicts Yogishvara ( The Lord of Yoga ) and the right shows Nataraja ( Shiva as the Lord of Dance ) . The central Shiva shrine ( see 16 in plan below ) is a free @-@ standing square cell with four entrances , located in the right section of the main hall . Smaller shrines are located at the east and west ends of the caves . The eastern sanctuary serves as a ceremonial entrance .

The main cave , also called the Shiva cave , Cave 1 , or the Great Cave , <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>27 metres ( 89 ft ) square in plan with a hall ( mandapa ) . At the entrance are four doors , with three open porticoes and an aisle at the back . Pillars , six in each row , divide the hall into a series of smaller chambers . The roof of the hall <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> concealed beams supported by stone columns joined together by capitals . The cave entrance is aligned with the north – south axis , unusual for a Shiva shrine ( normally east – west ) . The northern entrance to the cave , which <a href='got' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> 1 @,@ 000 steep steps , is flanked by two panels of Shiva dated to the Gupta period . The left panel <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>depicts</mark></a> Yogishvara ( The Lord of Yoga ) and the right <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>shows</mark></a> Nataraja ( Shiva as the Lord of Dance ) . The central Shiva shrine ( see 16 in plan below ) <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>a free @-@ standing square cell with four entrances , located in the right section of the main hall . Smaller shrines are located at the east and west ends of the caves . The eastern sanctuary <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>serves</mark></a> as a ceremonial entrance .

The main cave , also called the Shiva cave , Cave 1 , or the Great Cave , 27 metres ( 89 ft ) square in plan witt a hall ( mandapa ) . At da entrance r four doors , with three open porticoes and an aisle at the bck . Pillars , six in each row , divide the hall into a series of smaller chambers . The roof of the hall done concealed beams supported by stone columns joined together by capitals . Tdacave entrance is aligned with the north – south axis , unusual for a Shiva shrine ( normally east – west ) . The northern entrance to the cave , which got 1 @,@ 000 steep steps , is flanked by 2 panels of Shiva dated to the Gupta period . Thdaeft panel depict Yogishvara ( Thedard of Yoga ) and the rite show Nataraja ( Shiva as the Lord of Dance ) . The central Shiva shrine ( see 16 in plan below ) a free @-@ standin square cell with 4 entrances , located in the daht section of the main hall . Smaller shrines arrocated at the east and west ends of the cdas . The eastern sanctuary serve as a ceremonial entrance .

Each wall has large carvings of Shiva , each more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) in height . The central Shiva relief Trimurti is located on the south wall and is flanked by Ardhanarisvara ( a half @-@ man , half @-@ woman representation of Shiva ) on its left and Gangadhara to its right , which denotes the River Ganges ' descent from Shiva 's matted locks . Other carvings related to the legend of Shiva are also seen in the main hall at strategic locations in exclusive cubicles ; these include Kalyanasundaramurti , depicting Shiva 's marriage to the goddess Parvati , Andhakasuravadamurti or Andhakasuramardana , the slaying of the demon Andhaka by Shiva , Shiva @-@ Parvati on Mount Kailash ( the abode of Shiva ) , and Ravananugraha , depicting the demon @-@ king Ravana shaking Kailash .

Each wall <a href='got' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> large carvings of Shiva , each more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) in height . The central Shiva relief Trimurti is located on the south wall and is flanked by Ardhanarisvara ( a half @-@ man , half @-@ woman representation of Shiva ) on its left and Gangadhara to its right , which <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>denotes</mark></a> the River Ganges <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'</mark></a>descent from Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>matted locks . Other carvings related to the legend of Shiva are also seen in the main hall at strategic locations in exclusive cubicles ; these include Kalyanasundaramurti , depicting Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>marriage to the goddess Parvati , Andhakasuravadamurti or Andhakasuramardana , the slaying of the demon Andhaka by Shiva , Shiva @-@ Parvati on Mount Kailash ( the abode of Shiva ) , and Ravananugraha , depicting the demon @-@ king Ravana shaking Kailash .

Each wall got large carvings of Shiva , each more den 5 metres ( 16 ft ) in height . da central Shiva relief Trimurti is located on tdasouth wall and is flanked by Ardhanarisvara ( a half @-@ man , half @-@ woman representation of Shiva ) on its left and Gangadhara to its right , which denote thdaiver Ganges descent from Shiva matted locks . Other carvings related to the legend of Shiva are also seen in the main hall at strategic locations in exclusive cubicles ; these include Kalyanasundaramurti , depicting Shiva marriage to the goddess Parvati , Andhakasuravadamurti or Andhakasuramardana , thedaaying of the demon Andhaka by Shiva , Shiva @-@ Parvati on Mount Kailash ( the abode of Shiva ) , and Ravananugraha , depicting the daon @-@ king Ravana shaking Kailash .

The main cave blends Chalukyan architectural features such as massive figures of the divinities , guardians , and square pillars with custom capitals with Gupta artistic characteristics , like the depiction of mountains and clouds and female hairstyles .

The main cave <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>blends</mark></a> Chalukyan architectural features such as massive figures of the divinities , guardians , and square pillars with custom capitals with Gupta artistic characteristics , like the depiction of mountains and clouds and female hairstyles .

The main cave blend Chalukyan architectural features such as massive figures of the divinities , guardians , and square pillars witt custom capitals w/ Gupta artistic characteristics , like da depiction of mountains and clouds and female hairstyles .

Layout :

Layout :

Layout :

= = = Shiva @-@ Parvati on Kailash and Ravana lifting Kailash = = =

= = = Shiva @-@ Parvati on Kailash and Ravana lifting Kailash = = =

= = = Shiva @-@ Parvati on Kailash and Ravana lifting Kailash = = =

The carving on the south wall to the east of the portico depicts Shiva and Parvati seated on their abode Mount Kailash . The four @-@ armed Shiva is seen with a crown and a disc behind it ( all damaged ) , the sacred thread across his chest , and a dressing gown covering up to the knee . Parvati , dressed in her finery with her hair falling to the front , looks away . Behind her at the right is a woman attendant holding the child , identified with her son Kartikeya , the war @-@ god . Many male and female attendants are seen behind the main figures . Shiva 's attendant , the skeleton @-@ like Bhringi , is seated at his feet . Other figures , not distinct , depict , among others , a royal @-@ looking tall person , ascetics , a fat figure , a dwarf , a bull ( the mount of Shiva ) , features of a Garuda , and two monkeys . The scenic beauty of the mountain is sculpted with the sky background amidst heavenly beings showering flowers on Shiva @-@ Parvati . This scene is interpreted as a gambling scene , where Parvati is angry as Shiva cheats in a game of dice .

The carving on the south wall to the east of the portico depicts Shiva and Parvati seated on their abode Mount Kailash . The four @-@ armed Shiva is seen with a crown and a disc behind it ( all damaged ) , the sacred thread across his chest , and a dressing gown covering up to the knee . Parvati , dressed in her finery with her hair falling to the front , <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>looks</mark></a> away . Behind her at the right <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>a woman attendant holding the child , identified with her son Kartikeya , the war @-@ god . Many male and female attendants are seen behind the main figures . Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>attendant , the skeleton @-@ like Bhringi , is seated at his feet . Other figures , not distinct , depict , among others , a royal @-@ looking tall person , ascetics , a fat figure , a dwarf , a bull ( the mount of Shiva ) , features of a Garuda , and two monkeys . The scenic beauty of the mountain is sculpted with the sky background amidst heavenly beings showering flowers on Shiva @-@ Parvati . This scene is interpreted as a gambling scene , where Parvati <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>angry as Shiva cheats in a game of dice .

The carving on the south wall to da east of the portico depicts Shiva and Parvati seated on their abode Mount Kailash . The four @-@ armed Shiva is seen with a crown and a disc behind it ( alll damaged ) , the sacred thread across his chest , and a dressin gown covering up to the knee . Parvati , dressed in her finery with her hair falling to tdafront , look away . Behind her at the rite a woman attendant holding thdahild , identified with her son Kartikeya , the war @-@ god . Many male and female attendants are seen behind thedain figures . Shiva attendant , the skeleton @-@ like Bhringi , is seated at his feet . Other figures , not distinct , depict , among others , a royal @-@ looking tall person , ascetics , a fat figure , a dwarf , a bull ( the mount of Shiva ) , features of a Garuda , and 2 monkeys . The danic beauty of the mountain is sculpted witt the sky background amidst heavenly beings showering flowers on Shiva @-@ Parvati . This scene is interpreted as a gambling scene , where Parvati angry as Shiva cheats in a game of dice .

The carved panel facing this one is a two @-@ level depiction of Ravana lifting Kailash . The upper scene is Mount Kailash , where Shiva and Parvati are seated . The eight @-@ armed , three @-@ eyed Shiva wears headgear with a crescent and disc behind it . Most of his arms are broken , two of them resting on attendants ' heads . The Parvati figure , seated facing Shiva , remains only as a trunk . The panel is flanked by door keepers . Attendants of Shiva are also seen in the relief but mostly in a damaged state . Bhringi is seated near Shiva 's feet and to his left is the elephant @-@ headed son of Shiva , Ganesha . In this ensemble , the ten @-@ headed demon @-@ king Ravana is seen , with only one head left unscathed , and out of his twenty arms , only a few are discernible . Around Ravana are several demons . Numerous figures are seen above Shiva : the god Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , to his left ; a skeleton @-@ figure ; and in a recess , Parvati 's mount , a tiger is depicted .

The carved panel facing this one <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a two @-@ level depiction of Ravana lifting Kailash . The upper scene <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>Mount Kailash , where Shiva and Parvati are seated . The eight @-@ armed , three @-@ eyed Shiva wears headgear with a crescent and disc behind it . Most of his arms are broken , two of them resting on attendants <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'</mark></a>heads . The Parvati figure , seated facing Shiva , <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>remains</mark></a> only as a trunk . The panel is flanked by door keepers . Attendants of Shiva are also seen in the relief but mostly in a damaged state . Bhringi is seated near Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>feet and to his left <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>the elephant @-@ headed son of Shiva , Ganesha . In this ensemble , the ten @-@ headed demon @-@ king Ravana is seen , with only one head left unscathed , and out of his twenty arms , only a few <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>are</mark></a>discernible . Around Ravana <a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>are</mark></a>several demons . Numerous figures are seen above Shiva : the god Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , to his left ; a skeleton @-@ figure ; and in a recess , Parvati <a href='null_genetive' title='9'><mark>'s</mark></a>mount , a tiger is depicted .

The carved panel facing this one a 2 @-@ level depiction of Ravana lifting Kailash . da upper scene Mount Kailash , where Shiva and Parvati r seated . The eight @-@ armed , three @-@ eyed Shiva wears headgear with a crescent and disc behind it . Most of his arms arrroken , two of em resting on attendants heads . TdaParvati figure , seated facing Shiva , remain only as a trunk . Thdaanel is flanked by door keepers . Attendants of Shiva are ro seen in the relief but mostly in a damaged state . Bhringi is seated near Shiva feet and to his left thedaephant @-@ headed son of Shiva , Ganesha . In this ensemble , the ten @-@ headed demon @-@ king Ravana is seen , with only one head left unscathed , and out of his twenty arms , only a few discernible . Around Ravana several demons . Numerous figures are seen above Shiva : the da Vishnu , ridin his mount Garuda , to his left ; a skeleton @-@ figure ; and in a recess , Parvati mount , a tiger is depicted .

A legend relates to both these panels . Once , Parvati was annoyed with Shiva . At this moment , Ravana , who was passing by Mount Kailash , found it as an obstruction to his movement . Upset , Ravana shook it vigorously and as a result , Parvati got scared and hugged Shiva . Enraged by Ravana 's arrogance , Shiva stamped down on Ravana , who sang praises of Shiva to free him of his misery and turned into an ardent devotee of Shiva . Another version states that Shiva was pleased with Ravana for restoring Parvati 's composure and blessed him .

A legend <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>relates</mark></a> to both these panels . Once , Parvati was annoyed with Shiva . At this moment , Ravana , <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>who</mark></a>was passing by Mount Kailash , found it as an obstruction to his movement . Upset , Ravana shook it vigorously and as a result , Parvati got scared and hugged Shiva . Enraged by Ravana <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>arrogance , Shiva stamped down on Ravana , <a href='null_relcl' title='4'><mark>who</mark></a>sang praises of Shiva to free him of his misery and turned into an ardent devotee of Shiva . Another version <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>states</mark></a> that Shiva was pleased with Ravana for restoring Parvati <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>composure and blessed him .

A legend relate to both dese panels . Once , Parvati was annoyed witt Shiva . At dis moment , Ravana , was passing by Mount Kailash , found it as an obstruction to his movement . Upset , Ravana shook it vigorously and as a result , Parvati got scared and hugged Shiva . Enraged by Ravana arrogance , Shiva stamped dwn on Ravana , sang praises of Shiva to free em of his misery and turned into an ardent devotee of Shiva . Another version state that Shiva was pleased with Ravana for restoring Parvati composure and blessed hem.

= = = Trimurti , Gangadhara and Ardhanarishvara = = =

= = = Trimurti , Gangadhara and Ardhanarishvara = = =

= = = Trimurti , Gangadhara and Ardhanarishvara = = =

Described as a " masterpiece of Gupta @-@ Chalukyan art " , the most important sculpture in the caves is the Trimurti , carved in relief at the back of the cave facing the entrance , on the north @-@ south axis . It is also known as Trimurti Sadashiva and Maheshmurti . The image , 6 m ( 20 ft ) in height , depicts a three @-@ headed Shiva , representing Panchamukha Shiva . The three heads are said to represent three essential aspects of Shiva : creation , protection , and destruction . The right half @-@ face ( west face ) shows him as a young person with sensuous lips , embodying life and its vitality . In his hand he holds an object resembling a rosebud , depicting the promise of life and creativity . This face is closest to that of Brahma , the creator or Uma or Vamadeva , the feminine side of Shiva and creator of joy and beauty . The left half @-@ face ( east face ) is that of a moustached young man , displaying anger . This is Shiva as the terrifying Aghora or Bhairava , the one whose anger can engulf the entire world in flames , leaving only ashes behind . This is also known as Rudra @-@ Shiva , the Destroyer . The central face , benign and meditative , resembles the preserver Vishnu . This is Tatpurusha , " master of positive and negative principles of existence and preserver of their harmony " or Shiva as the yogi Yogeshwar in deep meditation praying for the preservation of humanity . The aspects Sadyojata and Ishana ( not carved ) faces are considered to be at the back and top of the sculpture . The Trimurti sculpture , with the Gateway of India in the background , has been adopted as the logo of the Maharashtra Tourism Department ( MTDC ) .

Described as a " masterpiece of Gupta @-@ Chalukyan art " , the most important sculpture in the caves <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>the Trimurti , carved in relief at the back of the cave facing the entrance , on the north @-@ south axis . It is also known as Trimurti Sadashiva and Maheshmurti . The image , 6 m ( 20 ft ) in height , <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>depicts</mark></a> a three @-@ headed Shiva , representing Panchamukha Shiva . The three heads are said to represent three essential aspects of Shiva : creation , protection , and destruction . The right half @-@ face ( west face ) <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>shows</mark></a> him as a young person with sensuous lips , embodying life and its vitality . In his hand he <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>holds</mark></a> an object resembling a rosebud , depicting the promise of life and creativity . This face <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>closest to that of Brahma , the creator or Uma or Vamadeva , the feminine side of Shiva and creator of joy and beauty . The left half @-@ face ( east face ) <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>that of a moustached young man , displaying anger . This <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>is</mark></a>Shiva as the terrifying Aghora or Bhairava , the one whose anger can engulf the entire world in flames , leaving only ashes behind . This is also known as Rudra @-@ Shiva , the Destroyer . The central face , benign and meditative , <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>resembles</mark></a> the preserver Vishnu . This <a href='drop_aux' title='9'><mark>is</mark></a>Tatpurusha , " master of positive and negative principles of existence and preserver of their harmony " or Shiva as the yogi Yogeshwar in deep meditation praying for the preservation of humanity . The aspects Sadyojata and Ishana ( not carved ) faces are considered to be at the back and top of the sculpture . The Trimurti sculpture , with the Gateway of India in the background , <a href='been_done' title='10'><mark>has</mark></a> been adopted as the logo of the Maharashtra Tourism Department ( MTDC ) .

Described as a " masterpiece of Gupta @-@ Chalukyan art " , the most important sculpture in the caves da Trimurti , carved in relief at the back of tdacave facing the entrance , on thdaorth @-@ south axis . It is also known as Trimurti Sadashiva and Maheshmurti . Thedaage , 6 m ( 20 ft ) in height , depict a three @-@ headed Shiva , reppin Panchamukha Shiva . The daee heads r said to represent three essential aspects of Shiva : creation , protection , and destruction . The right half @-@ face ( west face ) show him as a young person with sensuous lips , embodying life and its vitality . In his hand he hold an object resembling a rosebud , depicting the promise of life and creativity . dis face closest to dat of Brahma , the cdator or Uma or Vamadeva , the feminine side of Shiva and creator of joy and beauty . The left half @-@ face ( east face ) that of a moustached young man , displaying anger . This Shiva as the terrifying Aghora or Bhairava , the one whose anger can engulf the endae world in flames , leaving only ashes behind . Tdisis also known as Rudra @-@ Shiva , the Desdayer . The centda face , benign and meditative , resemble the preserver Vishnu . This Tatpurusha , " master of positive and negative principles of existence and preserver of their harmony " or Shiva as the yogi Yogeshwar in deep meditation praying fa the preservation of humanity . The aspecdaSadyojata and Ishana ( not carved ) faces arronsidered to b at the back and top of the sculpture . The Trimurdasculpture , with the Gatewayda India in the background , done been adopted as the logo of the Maharashtra Tourism Department ( MTDC ) .

The Gangadhara image to the right of the Trimurti is an ensemble of divinities assembled around the central figures of Shiva and Parvati , the former bearing the River Ganges as she descends from heaven . The carving is 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 5 @.@ 207 m ( 17 @.@ 08 ft ) high . The image is highly damaged , particularly the lower half of Shiva seen seated with Parvati , who is shown with four arms , two of which are broken . From the crown , a cup with a triple @-@ headed female figure ( with broken arms ) , representing the three sacred rivers Ganges , Yamuna , and Sarasvati , is depicted . Shiva is sculpted and bedecked with ornaments . The arms hold a coiling serpent whose hood is seen above his left shoulder . Another hand ( partly broken ) gives the semblance of Shiva hugging Parvati , with a head of matted hair . There is a small snake on the right hand and a tortoise close to the neck , with a bundle tied to the back . An ornamented drapery covers his lower torso , below the waist . Parvati is carved to the left of Shiva with a coiffured hair dress , fully bedecked with ornaments and jewellery , also fully draped , with her right hand touching the head of a female attendant who carries Parvati 's dress case . The gods Brahma and Indra , with their mystic regalia and mounts , are shown to the right of Shiva ; Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , is shown to the left of Parvati . Many other details are defaced but a kneeling figure in the front is inferred to be the king who ordered the image to be carved . There are many divinities and attendant females at the back . The whole setting is under the sky and cloud scenes , with men and women , all dressed , shown showering flowers on the deities .

The Gangadhara image to the right of the Trimurti <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>an ensemble of divinities assembled around the central figures of Shiva and Parvati , the former bearing the River Ganges as she <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>descends</mark></a> from heaven . The carving <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 5 @.@ 207 m ( 17 @.@ 08 ft ) high . The image is highly damaged , particularly the lower half of Shiva seen seated with Parvati , <a href='null_relcl' title='4'><mark>who</mark></a>is shown with four arms , two of which are broken . From the crown , a cup with a triple @-@ headed female figure ( with broken arms ) , representing the three sacred rivers Ganges , Yamuna , and Sarasvati , is depicted . Shiva is sculpted and bedecked with ornaments . The arms hold a coiling serpent whose hood is seen above his left shoulder . Another hand ( partly broken ) <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>gives</mark></a> the semblance of Shiva hugging Parvati , with a head of matted hair . <a href='dey_it' title='6'><mark>There</mark></a> is a small snake on the right hand and a tortoise close to the neck , with a bundle tied to the back . An ornamented drapery <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>covers</mark></a> his lower torso , below the waist . Parvati is carved to the left of Shiva with a coiffured hair dress , fully bedecked with ornaments and jewellery , also fully draped , with her right hand touching the head of a female attendant <a href='null_relcl' title='8'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>carries</mark></a> Parvati <a href='null_genetive' title='10'><mark>'s</mark></a>dress case . The gods Brahma and Indra , with their mystic regalia and mounts , are shown to the right of Shiva ; Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , is shown to the left of Parvati . Many other details are defaced but a kneeling figure in the front is inferred to be the king <a href='null_relcl' title='11'><mark>who</mark></a>ordered the image to be carved . <a href='dey_it' title='12'><mark>There</mark></a> are many divinities and attendant females at the back . The whole setting is under the sky and cloud scenes , with men and women , all dressed , shown showering flowers on the deities .

The Gangadhara image to da right of tdaTrimurti an ensemble of divinities assembled around thdaentral figures of Shiva and Parvati , the former bearing thedaver Ganges as she descend from heaven . The carving 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 5 @.@ 207 m ( 17 @.@ 08 ft ) high . The image is highly damaged , particularly the lower half of Shiva seen seated with Parvati , is shown witt 4 arms , 2 of which r broken . From the dawn , a cup w a triple @-@ headed female figure ( with broken arms ) , reppin the three sacred rivers Ganges , Yamuna , and Sarasvati , is depicted . Shiva is sculpted and bedecked witwidnaments . The ada hold a coiling serpent whose hood is seen above his left shoulder . Another hand ( partly broken ) give the sedaance of Shiva hugging Parvati , with a head of matted hair . It is a small snake on the ryte hand and a tortoise close to the neck , withwitundle tied to the bak . An ornamented drapery cover his lower torso , below the waida. Parvati is carved to the left of Shiva with wiffured hair dress , fully bedecked with ornaments and jewellery , also fully draped , with her right hand touchin the head of a female attendant carry Parvati dress case . The gods Brahma and Indra , with their mystic regalia and mounts , are shown to the rryteof Shiva ; Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , is shown to the leftda Parvati . Many other details are defaced but a kneeling figure in the front is inferred to b the king ordered the imageda bbcarved . It is many divinities and attendant females at the back . The whole settin is under the sky andaloud scenes , with men and women , all dressed , shown showering flowers on the deitiesda

In the chamber to the east of the Trimurti is the four @-@ armed Ardhanarishvara carving . This image , which is 5 @.@ 11 m ( 16 @.@ 8 ft ) in height , has a headdress ( double @-@ folded ) with two pleats draped towards the female head ( Parvati ) and the right side ( Shiva ) depicting curled hair and a crescent . The female figure has all the ornamentation ( broad armlets and long bracelets , a large ring in the ear , jewelled rings on the fingers ) but the right male figure has drooping hair , armlets and wristlets . One of his hands rests on Nandi ’ s left horn , Shiva 's mount , which is fairly well preserved . The pair of hands at the back is also bejewelled ; the right hand of the male holds a serpent , while the left hand of the female holds a mirror . The front left hand is broken but conjectured as holding the robe of the goddess . The central figure is surrounded by divinities .

In the chamber to the east of the Trimurti <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>the four @-@ armed Ardhanarishvara carving . This image , which <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>5 @.@ 11 m ( 16 @.@ 8 ft ) in height , <a href='got' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> a headdress ( double @-@ folded ) with two pleats draped towards the female head ( Parvati ) and the right side ( Shiva ) depicting curled hair and a crescent . The female figure <a href='got' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> all the ornamentation ( broad armlets and long bracelets , a large ring in the ear , jewelled rings on the fingers ) but the right male figure <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> drooping hair , armlets and wristlets . One of his hands rests on Nandi ’ <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>s</mark></a>left horn , Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>mount , which is fairly well preserved . The pair of hands at the back is also bejewelled ; the right hand of the male <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>holds</mark></a> a serpent , while the left hand of the female <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>holds</mark></a> a mirror . The front left hand is broken but conjectured as holding the robe of the goddess . The central figure is surrounded by divinities .

In the chamber to da east of the Trimurti the four @-@ armed Ardhanarishvara carving . This image , which 5 @.@ 11 m ( 16 @.@ 8 ft ) in height , got a headdress ( double @-@ folded ) w/ two pleats draped towards the female head ( Parvati ) and the ryte side ( Shiva ) depicting curled hair and a crescent . Tdafemale figure got all thdarnamentation ( broad armlets and long bracelets , a large ring in the ear , jewelled rings on thedangers ) but the right male figure have drooping hair , armlets and wristlets . One of his hands rests on Nandi ’ left horn , Shiva mount , which is fairly well preserved . The dar of hands at the bda is also bejewelled ; the right hand of the male hold a serpent , while the left hand of the fedae hold a mirror . The front left hand is broken but conjectured as holding the robdaf the goddess . The central figure is surrounded by divinities .

= = = Shiva slaying Andhaka and Wedding of Shiva = = =

= = = Shiva slaying Andhaka and Wedding of Shiva = = =

= = = Shiva slaying Andhaka and Wedding of Shiva = = =

The engraved panel in the north end of the aisle is considered to be a unique sculpture , and shows Bhairava , or Virabhadra , a frightful form of Shiva . In the carved panel Shiva 's consort is seen sitting next to him , looking terrified . A female attendant is next to her . The central figure , which is much ruined below the waist , is 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) high and posed as if running . His headgear has a ruff on the back , a skull and cobra over the forehead , and the crescent high on the right . His facial expression is of intense anger discerned from his furrowed brow , swollen eyes , and tusks . The legs and five of the eight arms are broken , attributed to Portuguese vandalism . The smaller broken image Andhaka is seen below Bhairava 's image . It is interpreted that Shiva is spearing him with the front right hand , as conjectured by the spear seen hanging without any hold . Also seen is the back hand lifted up and holding an elephant 's skin as a cover ; the elephant 's head , carved tusk , and trunk are seen hanging from the left hand . The second left hand depicts a snake coiled round it . The hand holds a bowl to collect the blood dripping from the slain Andhaka . Furthermore , pieces of a male and two female forms , figures of two ascetics , a small figure in front , a female figure , and two dwarfs are also seen in the carved panel . An unusual sculpture seen above the head of the main figure of Shiva is of a " very wide bottle with a curved groove in the middle of it " , which can interpreted variously as : the aum or the linga or a Shiva shrine .

The engraved panel in the north end of the aisle is considered to be a unique sculpture , and <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>shows</mark></a> Bhairava , or Virabhadra , a frightful form of Shiva . In the carved panel Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>consort is seen sitting next to him , looking terrified . A female attendant <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>next to her . The central figure , which is much ruined below the waist , <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) high and posed as if running . His headgear <a href='got' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> a ruff on the back , a skull and cobra over the forehead , and the crescent high on the right . His facial expression is of intense anger discerned from his furrowed brow , swollen eyes , and tusks . The legs and five of the eight arms are broken , attributed to Portuguese vandalism . The smaller broken image Andhaka is seen below Bhairava <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>image . It is interpreted that Shiva is spearing him with the front right hand , as conjectured by the spear seen hanging without any hold . Also seen is the back hand lifted up and holding an elephant <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>skin as a cover ; the elephant <a href='null_genetive' title='8'><mark>'s</mark></a>head , carved tusk , and trunk are seen hanging from the left hand . The second left hand <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>depicts</mark></a> a snake coiled round it . The hand <a href='uninflect' title='10'><mark>holds</mark></a> a bowl to collect the blood dripping from the slain Andhaka . Furthermore , pieces of a male and two female forms , figures of two ascetics , a small figure in front , a female figure , and two dwarfs are also seen in the carved panel . An unusual sculpture seen above the head of the main figure of Shiva is of a " very wide bottle with a curved groove in the middle of it " , which can interpreted variously as : the aum or the linga or a Shiva shrine .

Da engraved panel in the north end of tdaaisle is considered to be a unique sculpture , and show Bhairava , or Virabhadra , a frightful form of Shiva . In the carved panel Shiva consort is seen sitting nxt to em , lookin terrified . A female attendant nnxtto her . The central figure , which is much ruined below thdaaist , 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) high and posed as if running . His headgear got a ruff on the bk , a skull and cobra ova thedarehead , and the crescent high on the daht . His facial expression is of intense anger discerned from his furrowed brow , swollen eyes , and tusks . The legs and five of the edat arms are broken , attributed to Portuguese vandalism . The smdaer broken image Andhaka is seen below Bhairava image . It is interpreted that Shiva is spearing him wit the front right hand , as conjectured by the spedaseen hangin without any hold . Also seen is the back hand lifted up and holdin an elephant skin as a cover ; the elephant head , carved tusk , and trunk are seen hanging from the left hand . The secodaleft hand depict a snake coiled round it . The hand dad a bowl to collect the blood dripping from the slain dahaka . Furthermore , pieces of a male and two female forms , figures of two ascetics , a small figure in front , a female figure , and 2 dwarfs r also seen in the carved dael . An unusual sculpture seen above the head of the main figure of Shiva is of a " very wide bottle with a curved groove in the middle of it " , which can interpreted variously as : the aum or tdalinga or a Shiva shrine .

The niche image carved on the south wall is an ensemble of divinities assembled around the central figures of Shiva and Parvati shown getting married ( Kalyanasundara icon ) . Parvati is seen standing to Shiva 's right , the ordained place for a Hindu bride at the wedding . The carvings are substantially damaged ; only one of Shiva 's four hands is fully seen and the right leg is missing . Shiva has a headdress with a shining disc attached to it . His garments are well @-@ draped , and well @-@ tied at the waist . The sacred thread is seen across his chest . Parvati is carved as a perfect figure with coiffured hair dress , well adorned with jewellery and is draped tightly to display depressions below the waist only . She is seen with a coy expression and is led by her father who has his right hand on her shoulder . Even though both her hands are damaged , it is inferred that her left hand clasped Shiva 's right hand as a mark of holy alliance . Brahma is sitting as the officiating priest for the marriage . Vishnu is witness to the marriage . Mena , the mother of Parvati , is seen standing next to Vishnu . The moon @-@ god Chandra , seen with a wig and a crescent , is standing behind Parvati holding a circular pot with nectar for the marriage ceremony . Just above the main images , a galaxy of divinities , bearded sages , apsaras ( nymphs ) , Vidyadharas , Yakshis , Gandharvas , Bhringi , and other male and female attendants are seen as witness to the marriage ceremony showering flowers on the divine couple .

The niche image carved on the south wall <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>an ensemble of divinities assembled around the central figures of Shiva and Parvati shown getting married ( Kalyanasundara icon ) . Parvati is seen standing to Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>right , the ordained place for a Hindu bride at the wedding . The carvings are substantially damaged ; only one of Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>four hands is fully seen and the right leg is missing . Shiva <a href='got' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> a headdress with a shining disc attached to it . His garments <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>are</mark></a>well @-@ draped , and well @-@ tied at the waist . The sacred thread is seen across his chest . Parvati is carved as a perfect figure with coiffured hair dress , well adorned with jewellery and is draped tightly to display depressions below the waist only . She is seen with a coy expression and is led by her father <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='got' title='7'><mark>has</mark></a> his right hand on her shoulder . Even though both her hands are damaged , it is inferred that her left hand clasped Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='8'><mark>'s</mark></a>right hand as a mark of holy alliance . Brahma is sitting as the officiating priest for the marriage . Vishnu <a href='drop_aux' title='9'><mark>is</mark></a>witness to the marriage . Mena , the mother of Parvati , is seen standing next to Vishnu . The moon @-@ god Chandra , seen with a wig and a crescent , is standing behind Parvati holding a circular pot with nectar for the marriage ceremony . Just above the main images , a galaxy of divinities , bearded sages , apsaras ( nymphs ) , Vidyadharas , Yakshis , Gandharvas , Bhringi , and other male and female attendants are seen as witness to the marriage ceremony showering flowers on the divine couple .

The niche image carved on the south wall an ensemble of divinities assembled around da central figures of Shiva and Parvati shown gettin married ( Kalyanasundara icon ) . Parvati is seen standing to Shiva rite , tdaordained place for a Hindu bride at the wedding . Thdaarvings are substantially damaged ; only one of Shiva 4 hands is fully seen and the right leg is missing . Shiva got a headdress with a shining disc attached to it . His garments well @-@ draped , and well @-@ tied at the waist . The sacred thread is seen across his chest . Parvati is carved as a perfect figure w coiffured hair dress , well adorned with jewellery and is draped tightly to display depressions below the waist only . She is seen with a coy expression and is led by her father got his right hand on her shoulder . Even though both her hands are damaged , it is inferred that her left hand clasped Shiva rrytehand as a mark of holy alliance . Brahma is sitting as the officiating priest fir the marriage . Vishnu witness to the marriage . Mena , thedather of Parvati , is seen standin nxt to Vishnu . The dan @-@ god Chandra , seen witwitwig and a crescent , is sstandinbehind Parvati holding a circular pot with nectar for the marriage ceremony . Just above the mda images , a galaxy of divinities , bearded sages , apsaras ( nymphs ) , Vidyadharas , Yakshis , Gandharvas , Bhringi , and other male and female attendants r seen as witness to the marriage ceremony showering flowers on the divine couple .

= = = Yogishvara and Nataraja = = =

= = = Yogishvara and Nataraja = = =

= = = Yogishvara and Nataraja = = =

The panel to the east of the north portico is Shiva in a Yogic position called Yogisvara , Mahayogi , Dharmaraja and Lakulish . Resembling a Buddha , Shiva is in a dilapidated condition with only two broken arms . Shiva is seated in padmasana yogic posture ( cross legged ) on a lotus carried by two Nāgas . His crown is carved with details adorned by a crescent , a round frill at the back , and hair curls dropping on either side of the shoulders . His face is calm in mediation , his eyes half @-@ closed . This represents Shiva in penance sitting amidst the Himalayan mountains after the death of his first wife Sati , who was later reborn as Parvati . He is surrounded by divinities in the sky and attendants below . Also seen is a plantain with three leaves already open and one opening , as well as a sunflower blossom . These are flanked by two attendants . Other figures discerned from a study of the broken images are : Vishnu riding Garuda on a plantain leaf ; the Sun @-@ god Surya riding a fully saddled horse ( head missing ) ; a saint with a rosary ; two female figures in the sky draped up to their thighs ; a faceless figure of the moon with a water container ; three identical figures of a male flanked by two females ; the skeleton of a sage ; Brahma ( without one arm ) riding a swan ; and Indra without his mount ( elephant missing ) .

The panel to the east of the north portico <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>Shiva in a Yogic position called Yogisvara , Mahayogi , Dharmaraja and Lakulish . Resembling a Buddha , Shiva is in a dilapidated condition with only two broken arms . Shiva is seated in padmasana yogic posture ( cross legged ) on a lotus carried by two Nāgas . His crown is carved with details adorned by a crescent , a round frill at the back , and hair curls dropping on either side of the shoulders . His face is calm in mediation , his eyes half @-@ closed . This <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>represents</mark></a> Shiva in penance sitting amidst the Himalayan mountains after the death of his first wife Sati , <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>who</mark></a>was later reborn as Parvati . He is surrounded by divinities in the sky and attendants below . Also seen <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>a plantain with three leaves already open and one opening , as well as a sunflower blossom . These are flanked by two attendants . Other figures discerned from a study of the broken images are : Vishnu riding Garuda on a plantain leaf ; the Sun @-@ god Surya riding a fully saddled horse ( head missing ) ; a saint with a rosary ; two female figures in the sky draped up to their thighs ; a faceless figure of the moon with a water container ; three identical figures of a male flanked by two females ; the skeleton of a sage ; Brahma ( without one arm ) riding a swan ; and Indra without his mount ( elephant missing ) .

The panel to da east of the north portico Shiva in a Yogic position called Yogisvara , Mahayogi , Dharmaraja and Lakulish . Resembling a Buddha , Shiva is in a dilapidated condition witt only 2 broken arms . Shiva is seated in padmasana yogic posture ( cross legged ) on a lotus carried by tw2āgas . His crown is carved witt details adorned by a crescent , a round frill at tdaback , and hair curls dropping on either side of the shoulders . His face is calm in mediation , his eyes half @-@ closed . This represent Shiva in penance layin amidst thdaimalayan mountains after thedaath of his first wife Sati , was later reborn as Parvati . He is surrounded by divinities in the sky and attendants below . Also seen a plantain with three leaves already open and one opening , as well as a sunflower blossom . dese are flanked by two attendants . Other figures discerned from a study of the daken images r : Vishnu riding Garuda on a plantain leaf ; the Sda@-@ god Surya ridin a fully saddled horse ( head missing ) ; a saint with a rosary ; two female figures in the skdaraped up to their thighs ; a faceless figure of the moodaith a water container ; three identical figures of a male flanked by two females ; the skeldan of a sage ; Brahma ( w/o one arm ) riding a swan ; and Indra withw/o mount ( elephant missing ) .

The panel carving in the west niche opposite Yogishvara depicts Shiva as Nataraja performing the Tandava ( cosmic dance ) . The niche is 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 3 @.@ 4 m ( 11 ft ) high and set low on the wall . He wears well @-@ decorated headgear . The Shiva image displays a dance pose and had ten arms , but the first right and third left hands are missing . The remaining first right arm is held across the breast and touches the left side , the second right hand that is seen damaged with an out @-@ flaying pose is broken at the elbow . The third arm is damaged at the elbow , and the fourth is also broken but inferred to have held a Khatvanga ( skull @-@ club ) . The left arms , seen hanging , are damaged near the wrists . The third hand is bent ( but broken ) towards Parvati standing on the side and the fourth hand is raised up . The right thigh ( broken ) is lifted up , and the left leg is not seen at all , the elaborate armlets are well @-@ preserved and a skirt round the waist is tied by a ribbon . A tall figurine of Parvati stands to the left of Shiva , which is also seen partly broken but well bejewelled . An airborne female figure is seen behind Parvati . Other figures seen in the relief are : Vishnu riding a Garuda ; Indra riding his elephant ; the elephant @-@ headed Ganesha ; Kartikeya ; Bhrngi ; sages and attendants .

The panel carving in the west niche opposite Yogishvara <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>depicts</mark></a> Shiva as Nataraja performing the Tandava ( cosmic dance ) . The niche <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 3 @.@ 4 m ( 11 ft ) high and set low on the wall . He <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>wears</mark></a> well @-@ decorated headgear . The Shiva image <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>displays</mark></a> a dance pose and had ten arms , but the first right and third left hands are missing . The remaining first right arm is held across the breast and <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>touches</mark></a> the left side , the second right hand <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>that</mark></a>is seen damaged with an out @-@ flaying pose is broken at the elbow . The third arm is damaged at the elbow , and the fourth is also broken but inferred to <a href='been_done' title='7'><mark>have</mark></a> held a Khatvanga ( skull @-@ club ) . The left arms , seen hanging , are damaged near the wrists . The third hand <a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>is</mark></a>bent ( but broken ) towards Parvati standing on the side and the fourth hand is raised up . The right thigh ( broken ) is lifted up , and the left leg is not seen at all , the elaborate armlets are well @-@ preserved and a skirt round the waist is tied by a ribbon . A tall figurine of Parvati <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>stands</mark></a> to the left of Shiva , which is also seen partly broken but well bejewelled . An airborne female figure is seen behind Parvati . Other figures seen in the relief are : Vishnu riding a Garuda ; Indra riding his elephant ; the elephant @-@ headed Ganesha ; Kartikeya ; Bhrngi ; sages and attendants .

Da panel carving in tdawest niche opposite Yogishvara depict Shiva as Nataraja performing thdaandava ( cosmic dance ) . The niche 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 3 @.@ 4 m ( 11 ft ) high and set low on thedall . He wear well @-@ decorated headgear . The dava image display a dance pose and had ten arms , but the first rite and third left hands are missing . The remaining first rritearm is held across the bdast and touch the left side , the second ririteand is seen damaged witt an out @-@ flaying pose is broken at the elda . The thidaarm is damaged at the elboda and the fourtdas also broken but inferred to done held a Khatvanga ( skull @-@ club ) . The left arms , seen hanging , are damaged near the wrists . The third hand bent ( but broken ) towards Parvati standing on the side and the fourthdand is raised up . The rigriteda ( broken ) is lifted up , and the left legdan't seen at all , the elaborate armlets r well @-@ preserved and a skirt round the waist is dad by a ribbon . A tall figurine of Parvati stand to the left of Shiva , which is also seen partly broken but well bejewelled . An airborne female figure is seen behind Parvati . Other figures seen in the relief arrdashnu riding a Garuda ; Indra riding his elephant ; the elephant @-@ headed Ganesha ; Kartikeya ; Bhrngi ; sages and attendants .

= = = Main cave shrine = = =

= = = Main cave shrine = = =

= = = Main cave shrine = = =

The central shrine is a free @-@ standing square cell , with entrances on each of its sides . Each door is flanked by two dvarapalas ( gate keepers ) . The Linga , the symbol of Shiva in union with the Yoni , and the symbol of Parvati together symbolise the supreme unity that is deified by the shrine . The Linga is set on a raised platform above the floor of the shrine by 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Six steps lead to this level from the floor level . The height of the eight dvarapalas varies from 4 @.@ 521 – 4 @.@ 623 m ( 14 @.@ 83 – 15 @.@ 17 ft ) . All are in a damaged condition except those at the southern door to the shrine . The southern gate statue has many unusual features – unusual headgear ; a large skull above the forehead ; lips parted with protruding teeth ; statues adorned with a single bead necklace , earrings , plain twisted armlets and thick wristlets ; a stooped right shoulder ; a globe held at navel level ; the robe is held at the right thigh by the left hand , and the legs are shapeless .

The central shrine <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a free @-@ standing square cell , with entrances on each of its sides . Each door is flanked by two dvarapalas ( gate keepers ) . The Linga , the symbol of Shiva in union with the Yoni , and the symbol of Parvati together symbolise the supreme unity <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>is deified by the shrine . The Linga is set on a raised platform above the floor of the shrine by 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Six steps lead to this level from the floor level . The height of the eight dvarapalas varies from 4 @.@ 521 – 4 @.@ 623 m ( 14 @.@ 83 – 15 @.@ 17 ft ) . All are in a damaged condition except those at the southern door to the shrine . The southern gate statue <a href='got' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> many unusual features – unusual headgear ; a large skull above the forehead ; lips parted with protruding teeth ; statues adorned with a single bead necklace , earrings , plain twisted armlets and thick wristlets ; a stooped right shoulder ; a globe held at navel level ; the robe is held at the right thigh by the left hand , and the legs <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>shapeless .

Da central shrine a free @-@ standin square cell , with entrances on each of its sides . Each door is flanked by two dvarapalas ( gate keepers ) . TdaLinga , thdaymbol of Shiva in union with the Yoni , and the symbol of Parvati together symbolise the supreme unity is deified by the shrine . Thedanga is set on a raised platform above the floor of the daine by 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Six steps lead to this level from the fdar level . The height of the eight dvarapalas varies from 4 @.@ 521 – 4 @.@ 623 m ( 14 @.@ 83 – 15 @.@ 17 ft ) . All r in a damaged condition except those at the sodaern door to the shrine . The southern gate statue got many unusual features – unusual headgear ; a bigass skull above the fordaad ; lips parted with protruding teeth ; statues adorned with a single bead necklace , earrings , plain twisted armlets and thick wristlets ; a stooped rite shoulder ; a globe held at navel level ; the robe is held at the right thigh by the left hand , and the legs shapeless .

= = = East wing = = =

= = = East wing = = =

= = = East wing = = =

Several courtyards to the east and west of the main cave are blocked , though there is a 17 m ( 56 ft ) -wide courtyard that is accessible by entering the eastern part and climbing nine steps . A temple on the southern wall of the court depicts a well @-@ preserved fresco . The circular pedestal seen in the courtyard in front of the Shiva 's shrine near the east end , in the open area , is said to be the seat of Nandi , Shiva 's mount .

Several courtyards to the east and west of the main cave are blocked , though <a href='dey_it' title='1'><mark>there</mark></a> is a 17 m ( 56 ft ) -wide courtyard <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>accessible by entering the eastern part and climbing nine steps . A temple on the southern wall of the court <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>depicts</mark></a> a well @-@ preserved fresco . The circular pedestal seen in the courtyard in front of the Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>shrine near the east end , in the open area , is said to be the seat of Nandi , Shiva <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>mount .

Several courtyards to the east and west of da main cave are blocked , though it is a 17 m ( 56 ft ) -wide courtyard accessible by entering tdaeastern part and climbin nine steps . A temple on the southern wall of the court depict a well @-@ preserved fresco . The circular pedestal seen in thdaourtyard in front of the Shiva shrine near thedast end , in the open area , is said to be the seat of Nandi , Shiva mount .

On each side of the steps leading to the temple @-@ cave portico is a winged lion , or leogriff , each seated with a raised forepaw . The portico has chambers at each end and a Linga @-@ shrine at the back . Five low steps and a threshold lead into the central Linga @-@ shrine which is 4 @.@ 2 m ( 14 ft ) wide and 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep and has a circumambulatory path ( Pradakshina @-@ path ) around it . At the back of the portico , near the east end , is a gigantic statue of a four @-@ armed doorkeeper with two attendant demons . At the north end is a standing figure holding a trident . His left hand rests on a defaced demon @-@ figure . The west wall depicts the Ashta @-@ Matrikas ( eight mother goddesses ) , flanked by Kartikeya and Ganesha , the sons of Shiva . Some of Matrikas are depicted with children , but all of them are shown by their respective mounts ( bull , swan , peacock , a Garuda , etc . ) which identify them . At the east end of the portico is another chapel with a plain interior and sunken floor . Water drips in this chapel .

On each side of the steps leading to the temple @-@ cave portico <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a winged lion , or leogriff , each seated with a raised forepaw . The portico <a href='got' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> chambers at each end and a Linga @-@ shrine at the back . Five low steps and a threshold lead into the central Linga @-@ shrine which <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>4 @.@ 2 m ( 14 ft ) wide and 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep and <a href='got' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> a circumambulatory path ( Pradakshina @-@ path ) around it . At the back of the portico , near the east end , <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>a gigantic statue of a four @-@ armed doorkeeper with two attendant demons . At the north end <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>a standing figure holding a trident . His left hand rests on a defaced demon @-@ figure . The west wall <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>depicts</mark></a> the Ashta @-@ Matrikas ( eight mother goddesses ) , flanked by Kartikeya and Ganesha , the sons of Shiva . Some of Matrikas are depicted with children , but all of them are shown by their respective mounts ( bull , swan , peacock , a Garuda , etc . ) which identify them . At the east end of the portico <a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>is</mark></a>another chapel with a plain interior and sunken floor . Water drips in this chapel .

On each side of the steps leading to da temple @-@ cave portico a winged lion , or leogriff , each seated with a raised forepaw . The portico got chambers at each end and a Linga @-@ shrine at tdaback . Five low steps and a threshold lead into the central Linga @-@ shrine which 4 @.@ 2 m ( 14 ft ) wide and 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep and got a circumambulatory path ( Pradakshina @-@ path ) around it . At the back of thdaortico , near the east end , a gigantic statue of a four @-@ armed doorkeeper with two attendant demons . At the north end a standing figure holdin a trident . His left hand rests on a defaced demon @-@ figure . The west wall depict the Ashta @-@ Matrikas ( eight mother goddesses ) , flanked by Kartikeya and Ganesha , thedans of Shiva . sum of Matrikas are depicted wit children , but alll of em r shown by their respective mounts ( bull , swan , peacock , a Garuda , etc . ) which identify them . At the east end of the portico another chapel with a plain interior and sunken floor . Water drips in this chapel .

= = = West wing = = =

= = = West wing = = =

= = = West wing = = =

The west wing , entered through the main cave , is in a semi @-@ ruined state . It has a small chapel and a cistern enclosed within the pillared cave , which is believed to be Buddhist . Another shrine to the west of the courtyard , with a portico , has carvings of Shiva in a yogic pose seated on a lotus carried by “ two fat , heavy , wigged figures ” . This carving also depicts a three @-@ faced bearded Bramha and several other figurines . Entering through the back door of the portico is a cave enshrined with a multifaceted Shiva Linga erected over roughly hewn salunkhs . At the door entrance on both flanks , statues of gatekeepers standing over demons and two fat , poised figures are seen . On the southern side of the door is an ensemble of a number of statues . Prominent among these is the Shiva carving , which is depicted with six arms and the third eye in the forehead . Though in a partly ruined state , the carving shows Shiva with an ornamented crown fixed with a crescent , seen carrying a cobra in the left hand , a club in another hand , and discerned to be in a dancing pose . Next to this image are a figure under a plantain tree and a Shiva image ( Yogishvara ) seated on a lotus . Also seen in the panel are a male figure riding a bull with a bell fastened to its neck , a female figure and another carving to left of Shiva , a female figure with a jewel on her forehead with neatly looped headdress , Indra riding an elephant , Vishnu with four arms , holding a discus in one of his left hands and riding on Garuda flanked by a small flying figure , and a male figure with crescent in his hair .

The west wing , entered through the main cave , is in a semi @-@ ruined state . It <a href='got' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> a small chapel and a cistern enclosed within the pillared cave , which is believed to be Buddhist . Another shrine to the west of the courtyard , with a portico , <a href='got' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> carvings of Shiva in a yogic pose seated on a lotus carried by “ two fat , heavy , wigged figures ” . This carving also <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>depicts</mark></a> a three @-@ faced bearded Bramha and several other figurines . Entering through the back door of the portico <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>a cave enshrined with a multifaceted Shiva Linga erected over roughly hewn salunkhs . At the door entrance on both flanks , statues of gatekeepers standing over demons and two fat , poised figures are seen . On the southern side of the door <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>an ensemble of a number of statues . Prominent among these <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>the Shiva carving , which is depicted with six arms and the third eye in the forehead . Though in a partly ruined state , the carving <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>shows</mark></a> Shiva with an ornamented crown fixed with a crescent , seen carrying a cobra in the left hand , a club in another hand , and discerned to be in a dancing pose . Next to this image <a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>are</mark></a>a figure under a plantain tree and a Shiva image ( Yogishvara ) seated on a lotus . Also seen in the panel <a href='drop_aux' title='9'><mark>are</mark></a>a male figure riding a bull with a bell fastened to its neck , a female figure and another carving to left of Shiva , a female figure with a jewel on her forehead with neatly looped headdress , Indra riding an elephant , Vishnu with four arms , holding a discus in one of his left hands and riding on Garuda flanked by a small flying figure , and a male figure with crescent in his hair .

Da west wing , entered through the main cave , is in a semi @-@ ruined state . It got a small chapel and a cistern enclosed within the pillared cave , which is believed to b Buddhist . anotha shrine to the west of the courtyard , with a portico , got carvings of Shiva in a yogic pose seated on a lotus carried by “ two fat , heavy , wigged figures ” . This carving also depict a three @-@ faced bearded Bramha and several other figurines . Entering through tdaback door of thdaortico a cave enshrined witt a multifaceted Shiva Linga erected ova roughly hewn salunkhs . At the door entrance on both flanks , statues of gatekeepers standing oovademons and 2 fat , poised figures are seen . On the southern side of the door an ensemble of a number of statues . Prominent among these the Shiva carving , which is depicted with six arms and the third eye in thedarehead . Though in a partly ruined state , the daving show Shiva w/ an ornamented crown fixed with a crescent , seen carrying a cobra in the lda hand , a club in another hand , and discerned to be in a dancing pose . Next to dis image a figure under a plantain tree and a Shiva image ( Yogishvara ) seated on a lotus . Also seen in the panel a male figure ridin a bull with a bell fastened to its neck , a female figure and aanothacarving to left of Shiva , a female figure wiw jewel on her forehead with neatly looped headdress , Indra riding an elephant , Vishnu with wid arms , holding a discus in one of his left hands and riding on Garuda flanked by a small flying figure , and a male figure with cwitent in his hair .

= = Other notable caves = =

= = Other notable caves = =

= = Other notable caves = =

To the south @-@ east of the Great Cave is the second excavation , which faces east @-@ northeast . It includes a chapel at the north end . The front of this cave is completely destroyed ; only fragments of some semi @-@ columns remain . The interior has suffered water damage . The portico is 26 m ( 85 ft ) long and 11 m ( 36 ft ) deep . The chapel is supported by eight eight @-@ cornered columns and two demi @-@ columns and is irregular in shape . At the back of the portico are three chambers ; the central one has an altar and a water channel ( pranalika ) , though the Linga is lost . The shrine door has some traces of sculpture ( a boy , a fat figure , alligators on the frieze , and broken animal figures at the head of a doorjamb ) . The door @-@ keepers of the shrine are now in fragments .

To the south @-@ east of the Great Cave <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>the second excavation , which <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>faces</mark></a> east @-@ northeast . It <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>includes</mark></a> a chapel at the north end . The front of this cave is completely destroyed ; only fragments of some semi @-@ columns remain . The interior <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> suffered water damage . The portico <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>26 m ( 85 ft ) long and 11 m ( 36 ft ) deep . The chapel is supported by eight eight @-@ cornered columns and two demi @-@ columns and <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>irregular in shape . At the back of the portico are three chambers ; the central one <a href='got' title='7'><mark>has</mark></a> an altar and a water channel ( pranalika ) , though the Linga is lost . The shrine door <a href='got' title='8'><mark>has</mark></a> some traces of sculpture ( a boy , a fat figure , alligators on the frieze , and broken animal figures at the head of a doorjamb ) . The door @-@ keepers of the shrine <a href='drop_aux' title='9'><mark>are</mark></a>now in fragments .

To the south @-@ east of the Great Cave da second excavation , which face east @-@ northeast . It include a chapel at tdanorth end . Thdaront of this cave is completely destroyed ; only fragments of sum semi @-@ columns remain . The interior done suffered water damage . The portico 26 m ( 85 ft ) long and 11 m ( 36 ft ) deep . The chapel is supported by eight eight @-@ cornered columns and two demi @-@ columns and irregular in shape . At thedack of the datico are three chambers ; the central one got an altar and a water channel ( pranalika ) , though the Ldaa is lost . The shdae door got ssumtraces of sculpture ( a boi , a fat figure , alligators on the frida , and broken animal figures at the head of a doorjamb ) . The door @-@ keepers of the shridanow in fragments .

A little to the south of the last cave is another cave in worse condition , with water damage . It is a portico in which each end probably had a chapel or room with pillars in front . Two of them have cells at the back . The central door at the back of the portico leads to a damaged shrine . The shrine door has door @-@ keepers at each side , leaning on dwarfs with flying figures over the head , with door @-@ keepers and demons on the jamb and architrave . The shrine is a plain room 6 m ( 20 ft ) deep by 5 @.@ 7 m ( 19 ft ) wide with a low altar , holding a Linga . South of this cave is a cavern that may be used as a cistern .

A little to the south of the last cave <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>another cave in worse condition , with water damage . It <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>a portico in which each end probably had a chapel or room with pillars in front . Two of them <a href='got' title='3'><mark>have</mark></a> cells at the back . The central door at the back of the portico <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>leads</mark></a> to a damaged shrine . The shrine door <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> door @-@ keepers at each side , leaning on dwarfs with flying figures over the head , with door @-@ keepers and demons on the jamb and architrave . The shrine <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>a plain room 6 m ( 20 ft ) deep by 5 @.@ 7 m ( 19 ft ) wide with a low altar , holding a Linga . South of this cave <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>is</mark></a>a cavern <a href='null_relcl' title='8'><mark>that</mark></a>may be used as a cistern .

Alil to the south of da last cave another cave in worse condition , with water damage . It a portico in which each end deff had a chapel or room with pillars in front . 2 of them got cells at the back . The central door at tdaback of the portico lead to a damaged shrine . Thdahrine door have door @-@ keepers at each side , leaning on dwarfs with flyin figures ova the head , with door @-@ keepers and demons on thedamb and architrave . The daine a plain room 6 m ( 20 ft ) deep by 5 @.@ 7 m ( 19 ft ) wide with a low altar , holdin a Linga . South of dis cave a cavern may be used as a cistern .

Above these caves is a tiger sculpture , which was worshipped as the tiger goddess Vaghesheri . This sculpture may be a guardian of the north entrance of Cave 1 . A Linga is also found near a small pond at top of the hill . Sculptures depicting a stone with a sun and a moon and a mother suckling a child ( now moved ) were also found nearby .

Above these caves <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a tiger sculpture , which was worshipped as the tiger goddess Vaghesheri . This sculpture may be a guardian of the north entrance of Cave 1 . A Linga is also found near a small pond at top of the hill . Sculptures depicting a stone with a sun and a moon and a mother suckling a child ( now moved ) <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> also found nearby .

Above dem caves a tiger sculpture , which was worshipped as the tiger goddess Vaghesheri . dis sculpture may b a guardian of da north entrance of Cave 1 . A Linga is also found near a small pond at top of the hill . Sculptures depicting a stone with a sun and a moon and a mother suckling a child ( now moved ) was also found nearby .

Across the top of the ravine from Cave 1 is large hall known as Sitabai 's Temple ( cave ) . The portico has four pillars and two pilasters . The hall has 3 chambers at the back , the central one a shrine and the rest for priests ( both are plain rooms ) . The door of the central shrine has pilasters and a frieze , with the threshold having lion figures at the end . The shrine has an altar , a water channel , and hole in the centre , in which a statue of Parvati may have been worshipped . A 17th @-@ century record states that " this cave [ has ] a beautiful gate with a porch of exquisitely wrought marble " and two idols , one of goddess Vetal Candi and a head being in a large square seat .

Across the top of the ravine from Cave 1 <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>large hall known as Sitabai <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>Temple ( cave ) . The portico <a href='got' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> four pillars and two pilasters . The hall <a href='got' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> 3 chambers at the back , the central one a shrine and the rest for priests ( both are plain rooms ) . The door of the central shrine <a href='got' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> pilasters and a frieze , with the threshold having lion figures at the end . The shrine <a href='got' title='6'><mark>has</mark></a> an altar , a water channel , and hole in the centre , in which a statue of Parvati may <a href='been_done' title='7'><mark>have</mark></a> been worshipped . A 17th @-@ century record <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>states</mark></a> that " this cave [ <a href='got' title='9'><mark>has</mark></a> ] a beautiful gate with a porch of exquisitely wrought marble " and two idols , one of goddess Vetal Candi and a head being in a large square seat .

Across the top of the ravine from Cave 1 bigass hall known as Sitabai Temple ( cave ) . da portico got 4 pillars and two pilasters . The hall got 3 chambers at the bacc , tdacentral one a shrine and thdaest for priests ( both are plain rooms ) . Thedaor of the datral shrine got pilasters and a frieze , with the threshold having lion figures at the eda. The shdae got an altar , a water channel , and hole in the centre , in which a statue of Parvati may done been worshipped . A 17th @-@ century record state dat " this cave [ got ] a beautiful gate with a porch of exquisitely wrought marble " and two idols , one of goddess Vetal Candi and a head bein in a large square seat .

Passing along the face of the eastern hill to the north of Sitabai 's cave is a small Hindu excavation with a veranda , which was probably to be three cells , but was abandoned following the discovery of a flaw in the rock . Towards the east of hill is a dry pond , with large artificial boulders and Buddhist cisterns along its banks . At the end of the north spur of the main hill is a mound that resembles a Buddhist stupa .

Passing along the face of the eastern hill to the north of Sitabai <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>cave <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>a small Hindu excavation with a veranda , which was probably to be three cells , but was abandoned following the discovery of a flaw in the rock . Towards the east of hill <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>a dry pond , with large artificial boulders and Buddhist cisterns along its banks . At the end of the north spur of the main hill <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>a mound <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>resembles</mark></a> a Buddhist stupa .

Passing along the face of the eastern hill to the north of Sitabai cave a small Hindu excavation with a veranda , which was probably to b three cells , but was abandoned following the discovery of a flaw in the rock . Towards da east of hill a dry pond , with bigass artificial boulders and Buddhist cisterns along its banks . At the end of tdanorth spur of thdaain hill a mound resemble a Buddhist stupa .

= = Preservation = =

= = Preservation = =

= = Preservation = =

The threats to Elephanta Caves have been identified as the following : developmental pressures ( mainly due to its location within the Mumbai harbour ) , anthropogenic pressure due to growth of population of the communities residing on the island , industrial growth of the port facilities close to the island , no risk preparedness plan to address natural calamities such as earthquake , cyclones and terrorist attacks , unsustainable tourism and tourist facilities on the island , and poor management of the heritage monument .

The threats to Elephanta Caves <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> been identified as the following : developmental pressures ( mainly due to its location within the Mumbai harbour ) , anthropogenic pressure due to growth of population of the communities residing on the island , industrial growth of the port facilities close to the island , no risk preparedness plan to address natural calamities such as earthquake , cyclones and terrorist attacks , unsustainable tourism and tourist facilities on the island , and poor management of the heritage monument .

The threats to Elephanta Caves done been identified as da following : developmental pressures ( mainly due to its location within the Mumbai harbour ) , anthropogenic pressure due to growth of population of tdacommunities residing on the island , industrial growth of the port facilities close to the island , no risk preparedness plan to address natural calamities such as earthquake , cyclones and terrorist attacks , unsustainable tourism and tourist facilities on thdasland , and poor management of the heritage monument .

Preservation of Elephanta Island as a whole with its monuments has been ensured both through legislation and by physical restoration of the caves and its sculptures . The basic legislations enacted are : The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958 and Rules ( 1959 ) ; The Elephanta Island ( Protected Monument ) Rules of 1957 , which prohibits mining , quarrying , blasting , excavation and other operations near the monument ; the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act promulgated in 1972 with its Rules promulgated in 1973 ; a Notification issued in 1985 declaring the entire island and a 1 @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) area from the shore as " a prohibited area " ; a series of Maharashtra State Government environmental acts protecting the site ; the 1966 Regional and Town Planning Act ; and the 1995 Heritage Regulations for Greater Bombay .

Preservation of Elephanta Island as a whole with its monuments <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> been ensured both through legislation and by physical restoration of the caves and its sculptures . The basic legislations enacted <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>: The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958 and Rules ( 1959 ) ; The Elephanta Island ( Protected Monument ) Rules of 1957 , which <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>prohibits</mark></a> mining , quarrying , blasting , excavation and other operations near the monument ; the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act promulgated in 1972 with its Rules promulgated in 1973 ; a Notification issued in 1985 declaring the entire island and a 1 @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) area from the shore as " a prohibited area " ; a series of Maharashtra State Government environmental acts protecting the site ; the 1966 Regional and Town Planning Act ; and the 1995 Heritage Regulations for Greater Bombay .

Preservation of Elephanta Island as a whole w/ its monuments done been ensured both thru legislation and by physical restoration of the caves and its sculptures . The basic legislations enacted : The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958 and Rules ( 1959 ) ; The Elephanta Island ( Protected Monument ) Rules of 1957 , which prohibit mining , quarrying , blasting , excavation and other operations near the monument ; da Antiquities and Art Treasures Act promulgated in 1972 with its Rules promulgated in 1973 ; a Notification issued in 1985 declaring tdaentire island and a 1 @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) area from thdahore as " a prohibited area " ; a series of Maharashtra State Government environmental acts protecting the site ; theda66 Regional and Town plannin Act ; and the 1995 Heritage Regulations fir Greater Bombay .

The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) , Aurangabad Circle , on the basis of the above legislation and rules , maintain and manage the monuments . The physical measures undertaken for conservation cover include stabilisation of the rock face , construction of supports to the cave structures where pillars have collapsed , and consolidation of cave floors and construction of a parapet wall surrounding the site . In addition , visitor facilities at the site have been upgraded ( such as toilet facilities , railing construction , pathways , and a flight of steps from the jetty to the caves ) . An on @-@ site museum has been established and a conservation plan has been put in place . Overall , conservation of the property is stated to be good . The site receives approximately 25 @,@ 000 visitors per month . Public information brochures are also available at the venue of the monuments . During the World Heritage Day on 18 April and World Heritage Week between 19 and 25 November there are special events held at the caves . Another popular event organised is an annual traditional dance festival that attracts many visitors .

The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) , Aurangabad Circle , on the basis of the above legislation and rules , maintain and manage the monuments . The physical measures undertaken for conservation cover include stabilisation of the rock face , construction of supports to the cave structures where pillars <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> collapsed , and consolidation of cave floors and construction of a parapet wall surrounding the site . In addition , visitor facilities at the site <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>have</mark></a> been upgraded ( such as toilet facilities , railing construction , pathways , and a flight of steps from the jetty to the caves ) . An on @-@ site museum <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> been established and a conservation plan <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> been put in place . Overall , conservation of the property is stated to be good . The site <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>receives</mark></a> approximately 25 @,@ 000 visitors per month . Public information brochures <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>are</mark></a>also available at the venue of the monuments . During the World Heritage Day on 18 April and World Heritage Week between 19 and 25 November <a href='dey_it' title='7'><mark>there</mark></a> are special events held at the caves . Another popular event organised <a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>is</mark></a>an annual traditional dance festival <a href='null_relcl' title='9'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='10'><mark>attracts</mark></a> many visitors .

The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) , Aurangabad Circle , on da basis of tdaabove legislation and rules , maintain and manage thdaonuments . The physical measures undertaken for conservation cover include stabilisation of thedack face , construction of supports to the cave structures where pillars done collapsed , and consolidation of cave floors and construction of a parapet wall surrounding the dae . In addition , visitor facilities at the site done been upgraded ( such as toilet facilities , railing construction , pathways , and a flight of steps from the jetty to the cdas ) . An on @-@ site museum done been established and a conservation plan done been put in place . Overall , conservation of the property is stated to b gud . The site receive approximately 25 @,@ 000 visitors per month . Public information brochures also available at the veda of the monuments . During the World Heritage Day on 18 April and World Heritage Week between 19 and 25 November it is special events held at the cavda. Another popular event organised an annual traditional dance festival attract many visitors .

After declaring the caves a World Heritage Site , UNESCO granted $ 100 @,@ 000 to document the site 's history and draw up a site plan . A part of the grant was used for conservation of the caves . Based on assessments by UNESCO , management plans include : better communication and collaboration between the ASI , on @-@ site staff , and other responsible government departments ; improved public information and awareness programs ; monitoring environmental impact of tourists on the cave and island environment ; greater attention to the maintenance of the rocks to address water leakages into the caves ; and daily monitoring of both structural and chemical conservation measures .

After declaring the caves a World Heritage Site , UNESCO granted $ 100 @,@ 000 to document the site <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>history and draw up a site plan . A part of the grant was used for conservation of the caves . Based on assessments by UNESCO , management plans include : better communication and collaboration between the ASI , on @-@ site staff , and other responsible government departments ; improved public information and awareness programs ; monitoring environmental impact of tourists on the cave and island environment ; greater attention to the maintenance of the rocks to address water leakages into the caves ; and daily monitoring of both structural and chemical conservation measures .

After declaring the caves a World Heritage Site , UNESCO granted $ 100 @,@ 000 to document the site history and draw up a site plan . A part of the grant was used for conservation of the caves . Based on assessments by UNESCO , management plans include : better communication and collaboration between da ASI , on @-@ site staff , and other responsible government departments ; improved public information and awareness programs ; monitoring environmental impact of tourists on the cave and island environment ; greater attention to the maintenance of the rocks to address water leakages into tdacaves ; and daily monitoring of both structural and chemical conservation measures .

The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ( INTACH ) is also involved with the Archaeological Survey of India in improving the local conditions at the cave site . A book has been published jointly by UNESCO , INTACH and the Government of India which presents a comprehensive site plan for restoration and a brief history of each sculpture constructed inside the caves .

The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ( INTACH ) <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>also involved with the Archaeological Survey of India in improving the local conditions at the cave site . A book <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> been published jointly by UNESCO , INTACH and the Government of India which <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>presents</mark></a> a comprehensive site plan for restoration and a brief history of each sculpture constructed inside the caves .

Da Indian National Trust fa Art and Cultural Heritage ( INTACH ) also involved with tdaArchaeological Survey of India in improving thdaocal conditions at the cave site . A book done been published jointly by UNESCO , INTACH and thedavernment of India which present a comprehensive site plan ffarestoration and a brief history of each sculpture constructed inside the caves .

= Devin Townsend =

= Devin Townsend =

= Devin Townsend =

Devin Garret Townsend ( born May 5 , 1972 ) is a Canadian musician , songwriter and record producer . He was the founder , songwriter , vocalist , and guitarist in extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad from 1994 to 2007 and has an extensive career as a solo artist .

Devin Garret Townsend ( born May 5 , 1972 ) <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a Canadian musician , songwriter and record producer . He was the founder , songwriter , vocalist , and guitarist in extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad from 1994 to 2007 and <a href='got' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> an extensive career as a solo artist .

Devin Garret Townsend ( born May 5 , 1972 ) a Canadian musician , songwriter and record producer . He was the founder , songwriter , vocalist , and guitarist in extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad from 1994 to 2007 and got an extensive career as a solo artist .

After performing in a number of heavy metal bands in high school , Townsend was discovered by a record label in 1993 and was asked to perform lead vocals on Steve Vai 's album Sex & Religion . After recording and touring with Vai , Townsend was discouraged by what he found in the music industry , and vented his anger on the solo album Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing released under the pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He soon assembled a band under the name , and released the critically acclaimed City in 1997 . Since then , he has released three more studio albums with Strapping Young Lad , along with solo material released under his own independent record label , HevyDevy Records .

After performing in a number of heavy metal bands in high school , Townsend was discovered by a record label in 1993 and was asked to perform lead vocals on Steve Vai <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>album Sex & Religion . After recording and touring with Vai , Townsend was discouraged by what he found in the music industry , and vented his anger on the solo album Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing released under the pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He soon assembled a band under the name , and released the critically acclaimed City in 1997 . Since then , he <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> released three more studio albums with Strapping Young Lad , along with solo material released under his own independent record label , HevyDevy Records .

After performing in a number of heavy metal bands in high school , Townsend was discovered by a record label in 1993 and was asked to perform lead vocals on Steve Vai mixtape Sex & Religion . After recording and touring with Vai , Townsend was discouraged by wht he found in the music industry , and vented his anger on the solmixtapeum Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing released under da pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He soon assembled a band under the name , and released tdacritically acclaimed City in 1997 . Since then , he done released three more studio albums with Strapping Young Lad , along wid solo material released under his own independent record label , HevyDevy Records .

Townsend 's solo albums , a diverse mix of hard rock , progressive metal , ambient , and new @-@ age , have featured a varying lineup of supporting musicians . In 2002 he formed the Devin Townsend Band , a dedicated lineup which recorded and toured for two of his solo releases . In 2007 , he disbanded both Strapping Young Lad and the Devin Townsend Band , taking a break from touring to spend more time with his family . After a two @-@ year hiatus , he began recording again , and soon announced the formation of the Devin Townsend Project . The project began with a series of four albums , released from 2009 to 2011 , each written in a different style , and Townsend continues to record and tour under the new moniker .

Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>solo albums , a diverse mix of hard rock , progressive metal , ambient , and new @-@ age , <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>have</mark></a> featured a varying lineup of supporting musicians . In 2002 he formed the Devin Townsend Band , a dedicated lineup which recorded and toured for two of his solo releases . In 2007 , he disbanded both Strapping Young Lad and the Devin Townsend Band , taking a break from touring to spend more time with his family . After a two @-@ year hiatus , he began recording again , and soon announced the formation of the Devin Townsend Project . The project began with a series of four albums , released from 2009 to 2011 , each written in a different style , and Townsend <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>continues</mark></a> to record and tour under the new moniker .

Townsend solo albums , a diverse mix of hard rock , progressive metal , ambient , and new @-@ age , done featured a varying lineup of supporting musicians . In 2002 he formed da Devin Townsend Band , a dedicated lineup which recorded and toured for 2 of his solo releases . In 2007 , he disbanded both Strapping Young Lad and the Devin Townsend Band , takin a break from touring to spend more time with his family . After a two @-@ year hiatus , he began recording again , and soon announced tdaformation of the Devin Townsend Project . The project began with a series of four albums , released from 2009 to 2011 , each written in a different style , and Townsend continue to record and tour under thdaew moniker .

Across all his bands and projects , Townsend has released twenty @-@ three studio albums and three live albums . Townsend 's trademark production style , featuring a heavily multitracked wall of sound , has been compared to the styles of Phil Spector and Frank Zappa . His versatile vocal delivery ranges from screaming to an opera @-@ esque singing , and his songwriting is similarly diverse . Townsend 's musical style is rooted in metal , and his albums are written to express different aspects of his personality .

Across all his bands and projects , Townsend <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> released twenty @-@ three studio albums and three live albums . Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>trademark production style , featuring a heavily multitracked wall of sound , <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> been compared to the styles of Phil Spector and Frank Zappa . His versatile vocal delivery <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>ranges</mark></a> from screaming to an opera @-@ esque singing , and his songwriting <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>similarly diverse . Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>musical style is rooted in metal , and his albums are written to express different aspects of his personality .

Across all his bands and projects , Townsend done released twenty @-@ three studio albums and three live albums . Townsend trademark production style , featuring a heavily multitracked wall of sound , done been compared to the styles of Phil Spector and Frank Zappa . His versatile vocal delivery range from yellin to an opera @-@ esque singin , and his songwriting similarly diverse . Townsend musical style is rooted in metal , and his albums are written to express diffrent aspects of his personality .

= = Biography = =

= = Biography = =

= = Biography = =

= = = Early musical career ( 1972 – 1994 ) = = =

= = = Early musical career ( 1972 – 1994 ) = = =

= = = Early musical career ( 1972 – 1994 ) = = =

Devin Townsend was born in New Westminster , British Columbia , on May 5 , 1972 . Townsend picked up the banjo when he was five , and began playing guitar when he was 12 . As an early teenager he befriended Brian " Beav " Waddell , who would later play guitars as part of the Devin Townsend Band and bass on the Devin Townsend Project . He participated in several metal bands while he was in high school , and founded Grey Skies at the age of 19 . Around the same time he joined a popular local group called Caustic Thought , replacing Jed Simon on guitar and playing alongside bassist Byron Stroud , both of whom would later become members of Townsend 's flagship band , Strapping Young Lad . In 1993 , Townsend began writing material under the name Noisescapes , a project he later described as " just as violent as Strapping Young Lad " .

Devin Townsend was born in New Westminster , British Columbia , on May 5 , 1972 . Townsend picked up the banjo when he was five , and began playing guitar when he was 12 . As an early teenager he befriended Brian " Beav " Waddell , <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>who</mark></a>would later play guitars as part of the Devin Townsend Band and bass on the Devin Townsend Project . He participated in several metal bands while he was in high school , and founded Grey Skies at the age of 19 . Around the same time he joined a popular local group called Caustic Thought , replacing Jed Simon on guitar and playing alongside bassist Byron Stroud , both of whom would later become members of Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>flagship band , Strapping Young Lad . In 1993 , Townsend began writing material under the name Noisescapes , a project he later described as " just as violent as Strapping Young Lad " .

Devin Townsend was born in New Westminster , British Columbia , on May 5 , 1972 . Townsend picked up the banjo when he was five , and began playin guitar when he was 12 . As an early teenager he befriended Brian " Beav " Waddell , would later play guitars as part of the Devin Townsend Band and bass on the Devin Townsend Project . He participated in several metal bands while he was in high school , and founded Grey Skies at the age of 19 . Around the same time he joined a popular local group called Caustic Thought , replacing Jed Simon on guitar and pplayinalongside bassist Byron Stroud , both of whom would later become members of Townsend flagship band , Strapping Young Lad . In 1993 , Townsend began writing material under the name Noisescapes , a project he later described as " jus as violent as Strapping Young Lad " .

Townsend recorded a Noisescapes demo and sent copies to various record labels . Relativity Records responded to Townsend with a record deal and Townsend began work on what was to be the first Noisescapes album , Promise . Shortly afterward , the label introduced him to musician Steve Vai . Impressed with Townsend 's vocal work , Vai offered him the role of the lead vocalist on his new album Sex and Religion . After recording Sex and Religion , Townsend accompanied Vai on a world tour in support of the album . Townsend soon landed a second touring gig , this time with the opening band of Vai 's tour , the Wildhearts . He played live with the band throughout half of 1994 in Europe , and appeared as a guest musician on their single Urge . Ginger , the band 's frontman , remained close friends with Townsend , later co @-@ writing several songs on Infinity and the Christeen + 4 Demos EP .

Townsend recorded a Noisescapes demo and sent copies to various record labels . Relativity Records responded to Townsend with a record deal and Townsend began work on what was to be the first Noisescapes album , Promise . Shortly afterward , the label introduced him to musician Steve Vai . Impressed with Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>vocal work , Vai offered him the role of the lead vocalist on his new album Sex and Religion . After recording Sex and Religion , Townsend accompanied Vai on a world tour in support of the album . Townsend soon<a href='been_done' title='2'><mark></mark></a> landed a second touring gig , this time with the opening band of Vai <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>tour , the Wildhearts . He played live with the band throughout half of 1994 in Europe , and appeared as a guest musician on their single Urge . Ginger , the band <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>frontman , remained close friends with Townsend , later <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>co</mark></a> @-@ writing several songs on Infinity and the Christeen + 4 Demos EP .

Townsend recorded a Noisescapes demo and sent copies to various record labels . Relativity Records responded to Townsend with a record deal and Townsend began wrk on wht was to be the first Noisescapes album , Promise . Shortly afterward , the label introduced him to musician Steve Vai . Impressed with Townsend vocal work , Vai offered him da role of the lead vocalist on his new album Sex and Religion . After recording Sex and Religion , Townsend accompanied Vai on a world tour in support of the mixtape . Townsend soon done landed a second touring gig , this time with tdaopening band of Vai tour , the Wildhearts . He played live with thdaand throughout half of 1994 in Europe , and appeared as a guest musician on their single Urge . Ginger , the band frontman , remained close friends with Townsend , later coed @-@ writing several songs on Infinity and thedaristeen + 4 Demos EP .

While on tour with the Wildhearts , Townsend formed a short @-@ lived thrash metal project with Metallica 's then @-@ bassist Jason Newsted . The band , known as IR8 , featured Newsted on vocals and bass , Townsend on guitar , and Tom Hunting of Exodus on drums . The group recorded a few songs together , although Townsend says that they never intended to go further than that . " People heard about it and thought we wanted to put out a CD , which is absolutely not true , " he explains . " People took this project way too seriously . " A demo tape was put together , but the material was not released until 2002 , when Newsted published the IR8 vs. Sexoturica compilation .

While on tour with the Wildhearts , Townsend formed a short @-@ lived thrash metal project with Metallica <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>then @-@ bassist Jason Newsted . The band , known as IR8 , featured Newsted on vocals and bass , Townsend on guitar , and Tom Hunting of Exodus on drums . The group recorded a few songs together , although Townsend <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>says</mark></a> that they never intended to go further than that . " People heard about it and thought we wanted to put out a CD , which <a href='negative_concord' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a> absolutely <a href='negative_concord' title='4'><mark>not</mark></a>true , " he <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>explains</mark></a> . " People took this project way too seriously . " A demo tape was put together , but the material was not released until 2002 , when Newsted published the IR8 vs. Sexoturica compilation .

While on tour with da Wildhearts , Townsend formed a short @-@ lived thrash metal project wit Metallica then @-@ bassist Jason Newsted . The band , known as IR8 , featured Newsted on vocals and bass , Townsend on guitar , and Tom Hunting of Exodus on drums . Tdagroup recorded a few songs together , although Townsend say that they never intended to go further than that . " People heard bout it and thought we wanted to put out a CD , which ain't absolutely true , " he explain . " People took this project way too wht . " A demo tape was put together , but thdaaterial was not released till 2002 , when Newsted published the IR8 vs. Sexoturica compilation .

Though Townsend was proud of what he had accomplished so early in his career , he was discouraged by his experience with the music industry . " I was becoming a product of somebody else 's imagination , and it was mixing with my own personality , " he later reflected . " This combination was appalling . " He pushed to get his own projects off the ground . Despite getting notable touring gigs with other musicians , however , Townsend continued to face rejection of his own music . Relativity Records dropped Noisescapes from their label shortly after Townsend accepted Vai 's offer , seeing no commercial appeal in Townsend 's music . " I have a hunch they only offered me a deal to get me to sing with Steve , " he mused . While touring with the Wildhearts , Townsend received a phone call from an A & R representative for Roadrunner Records , expressing an interest in his demos and an intention to sign him . The offer was ultimately rescinded by the head of Roadrunner , who regarded Townsend 's recordings as " just noise " .

Though Townsend was proud of what he <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>had</mark></a> accomplished so early in his career , he was discouraged by his experience with the music industry . " I was becoming a product of somebody else <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>imagination , and it was mixing with my own personality , " he later reflected . " This combination was appalling . " He pushed to get his own projects off the ground . Despite getting notable touring gigs with other musicians , however , Townsend continued to face rejection of his own music . Relativity Records dropped Noisescapes from their label shortly after Townsend accepted Vai <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>offer , seeing no commercial appeal in Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>music . " I <a href='got' title='5'><mark>have</mark></a> a hunch they only offered me a deal to get me to sing with Steve , " he mused . While touring with the Wildhearts , Townsend received a phone call from an A & R representative for Roadrunner Records , expressing an interest in his demos and an intention to sign him . The offer was ultimately rescinded by the head of Roadrunner , <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>who</mark></a>regarded Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>recordings as " just noise " .

Though Townsend was proud of what he done accomplished so early in his career , he was discouraged by his experience wid da music industry . " I was becoming a product of sumbody else imagination , and it was mixin with my own personality , " he later reflected . " dis combination was appalling . " He pushed to get his own projects offf tdaground . Despite gettin notable touring gigs wwother musicians , however , Townsend continued to face rejection of his own music . Relativity Records dropped Noisescapes from their label shortly after Townsend accepted Vai offer , seeing no commercial appeal in Townsend music . " I got a hunch they only offered me a deal to get me to sing with Steve , " he mused . While touring withwit Wildhearts , Townsend received a phone call from an A & R representative for Roadrunner Records , expressing an interest in his demos and an intention to sign em . The offer was ultimately rescinded by the head of Roadrunner , regarded Townsend recordings as " just noise " .

= = = Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing through Infinity ( 1994 – 1998 ) = = =

= = = Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing through Infinity ( 1994 – 1998 ) = = =

= = = Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing thru Infinity ( 1994 – 1998 ) = = =

In 1994 , Century Media Records offered Townsend a contract to make " some extreme albums " . He agreed to a five @-@ album deal with the record label , and also provided much of the guitar work on the 1994 album Millennium and the 1995 album Hard Wired by Vancouver industrial band Front Line Assembly . Townsend began to record material under the pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He avoided using his real name at this point in career , looking for a fresh start after his high @-@ profile Vai gig . " At the beginning , I wanted to avoid at all cost to use my name because I was known as the singer for Steve Vai and it wasn 't the best publicity to have , " he later explained . " I was playing somebody else 's music and I was judged in respect to that music . " Townsend produced and performed nearly all the instruments on the debut studio album , Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing , which was released in April 1995 .

In 1994 , Century Media Records offered Townsend a contract to make " some extreme albums " . He agreed to a five @-@ album deal with the record label , and also provided much of the guitar work on the 1994 album Millennium and the 1995 album Hard Wired by Vancouver industrial band Front Line Assembly . Townsend began to record material under the pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He avoided using his real name at this point in career , looking for a fresh start after his high @-@ profile Vai gig . " At the beginning , I wanted to avoid at all cost to use my name because I was known as the singer for Steve Vai and it wasn 't the best publicity to have , " he later explained . " I was playing somebody else <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>music and I was judged in respect to that music . " Townsend produced and performed nearly all the instruments on the debut studio album , Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing , which was released in April 1995 .

In 1994 , Century Media Records offered Townsend a contract to make " sum extreme albums " . He agreed to a five @-@ mixtape deal with the record label , and also provided much of the guitar work on da 1994 album Millennium and tda1995 album Hard Wired by Vancouver industrial band Front Line Assembly . Townsend began to record material under thdaseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He avoided using his real name at dis point in career , looking for a fresh start after his high @-@ profile Vai gig . " At thedaginning , I wanted to avoid at all cost to use mah name because I was known as the singer fir Steve Vai and it wasn 't the best publicity to have , " he later explained . " I was playing sumbody else music and I was judged in respect to that music . " Townsend produced and performed nearly alll the instruments on the debut studio album , Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing , which was released in April 1995 .

Following the release of the record , Townsend and several other musician friends he knew in Vancouver recorded his first solo album in 1996 entitled Punky Brüster – Cooked on Phonics . Written and recorded in under a month , the album was produced as a parody of punk rock bands and documents the act of selling out for mainstream success . Townsend founded his own independent record label , HevyDevy Records , to release the album . Townsend assembled a permanent lineup of Strapping Young Lad to record City , including prolific metal drummer Gene Hoglan , along with Townsend 's former bandmates Jed Simon on guitar and Byron Stroud on bass . The industrial @-@ influenced album was released in 1997 . To this day , the album is widely considered Strapping Young Lad 's best work , with Metal Maniacs calling it " groundbreaking " and Revolver naming it " one of the greatest metal albums of all time " . Townsend himself considers it the band 's " ultimate " album . Later that year , Townsend released his second solo album , Ocean Machine : Biomech . The album featured a mix of hard rock , ambient , and progressive rock .

Following the release of the record , Townsend and several other musician friends he knew in Vancouver recorded his first solo album in 1996 entitled Punky Brüster – Cooked on Phonics . Written and recorded in under a month , the album was produced as a parody of punk rock bands and documents the act of selling out for mainstream success . Townsend founded his own independent record label , HevyDevy Records , to release the album . Townsend assembled a permanent lineup of Strapping Young Lad to record City , including prolific metal drummer Gene Hoglan , along with Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>former bandmates Jed Simon on guitar and Byron Stroud on bass . The industrial @-@ influenced album was released in 1997 . To this day , the album is widely considered Strapping Young Lad <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>best work , with Metal Maniacs calling it " groundbreaking " and Revolver naming it " one of the greatest metal albums of all time " . Townsend himself <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>considers</mark></a> it the band <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>" ultimate " album . Later that year , Townsend<a href='been_done' title='5'><mark></mark></a> released his second solo album , Ocean Machine : Biomech . The album featured a mix of hard rock , ambient , and progressive rock .

Following the release of da record , Townsend and several other musician friends he knew in Vancouver recorded his first solo mixtape in 1996 entitled Punky Brüster – Cooked on Phonics . Written and recorded in under a month , tdaalbum was produced as a parody of punk rock bands and documents thdact of sellin outt for mainstream success . Townsend founded his own independent record label , HevyDevy Records , to release thmixtapeum . Townsend assembled a permanent lineup of Strapping Young Lad to record City , including prolific metal drummer Gene Hoglan , along w/ Townsend former bandmates Jed Simon on guitar and Byron Stroud on bass . The industrial @-@ influenced album was released in 1997 . To this day , thedabum is widely considered Strapping Young Lad best work , with Metal Maniacs calling it " groundbreaking " and Revolver naming it " one of the greatest metal albums of alll time " . Townsend himself consider it the band " ultimatmixtapelbum . Later that year , Townsend done released his second solo album , Ocean Machine : Biomech . The album featured a mix of hard rock , ambient , and progressive rock .

After the completion of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , Townsend began to approach a mental breakdown . " I started to see human beings as little lonesome , water based , pink meat , " he explained , " life forms pushing air through themselves and making noises that the other little pieces of meat seemed to understand . " In 1997 , he checked himself into a mental @-@ health hospital , where he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder . The diagnosis helped him understand where the two sides of his music were coming from ; he felt his disorder " gave birth to the two extremes that are Strapping 's City record and Ocean Machine : Biomech . " After being discharged from the hospital , Townsend found that " everything just clicked " and he was able to write his third solo album , Infinity , which he described as " the parent project " of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , with music influenced by Broadway . Townsend returned to the studio , accompanied by Hoglan , to work on the album , on which Townsend played most of the instruments . Infinity was released in October 1998 . Later in his career , Townsend has cited Infinity as his favorite solo record .

After the completion of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , Townsend began to approach a mental breakdown . " I started to see human beings as little lonesome , water based , pink meat , " he explained , " life forms pushing air through themselves and making noises that the other little pieces of meat seemed to understand . " In 1997 , he checked himself into a mental @-@ health hospital , where he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder . The diagnosis helped him understand where the two sides of his music <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> coming from ; he felt his disorder " gave birth to the two extremes <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>are</mark></a>Strapping <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>City record and Ocean Machine : Biomech . " After being discharged from the hospital , Townsend found that " everything just clicked " and he was able to write his third solo album , Infinity , which he described as " the parent project " of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , with music influenced by Broadway . Townsend returned to the studio , accompanied by Hoglan , to work on the album , on which Townsend played most of the instruments . Infinity was released in October 1998 . Later in his career , Townsend <a href='been_done' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> cited Infinity as his favorite solo record .

After the completion of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , Townsend began to approach a mental breakdown . " I started to see human beings as little lonesome , water based , pink meat , " he explained , " life forms pushing air through themselves and making noises dat da other little pieces of meat seemed to understand . " In 1997 , he checked himself into a mental @-@ health hospital , where he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder . The diagnosis helped him understand where the two sides of his music was coming from ; he felt his disorder " gave birth to the two extremes Strapping City record and Ocean Machine : Biomech . " After being discharged from tdahospital , Townsend found that " everything jus clicked " and he was able to write his third solo mixtape , Infinity , which he described as " the parent project " of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , wid music influenced by Broadway . Townsend returned to thdatudio , accompanied by Hoglan , to work on thmixtapeum , on which Townsend played most of the instruments . Infinity was released in October 1998 . Later in his career , Townsend done cited Infinity as his fav solo record .

With Infinity , Townsend began to label all albums outside of Strapping Young Lad under his own name , dropping the Ocean Machine moniker , to reduce confusion . He wanted to show that despite the highly varied nature of his projects , they are all simply aspects of his identity . The album Biomech was relabeled and redistributed as Ocean Machine : Biomech , under Townsend 's name , to reflect the new arrangement . Townsend 's bandmates began to play two sets at their shows , one as Strapping Young Lad , and one as the Devin Townsend Band , playing songs from Townsend 's solo albums .

With Infinity , Townsend began to label all albums outside of Strapping Young Lad under his own name , dropping the Ocean Machine moniker , to reduce confusion . He wanted to show that despite the highly varied nature of his projects , they are all simply aspects of his identity . The album Biomech was relabeled and redistributed as Ocean Machine : Biomech , under Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>name , to reflect the new arrangement . Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>bandmates began to play two sets at their shows , one as Strapping Young Lad , and one as the Devin Townsend Band , playing songs from Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>solo albums .

Witt Infinity , Townsend began to label alll albums outside of Strapping Young Lad under his own name , droppin the Ocean Machine moniker , to reduce confusion . He wanted to show dat despite the highly varied nature of his projects , they are all simply aspects of his identity . The mixtape Biomech was relabeled and redistributed as Ocean Machine : Biomech , under Townsend name , to reflect da new arrangement . Townsend bandmates began to play two sets at their shows , one as Strapping Young Lad , and one as the Devin Townsend Band , playing songs from Townsend solo albums .

= = = Physicist and Terria ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = =

= = = Physicist and Terria ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = =

= = = Physicist and Terria ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = =

Townsend 's next project took several years to come to fruition . After the creation of the IR8 demo tape , Townsend and Jason Newsted had begun work on a new project called Fizzicist , which they described as " heavier than Strapping Young Lad " . When the IR8 tape was leaked , Newsted 's Metallica bandmates James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich learned of the project . Hetfield was " fucking pissed " that Newsted was playing outside the band , and Newsted was prevented by his bandmates from working on any more side projects . With the project stalled , Townsend instead wrote the album himself , entitling it Physicist . Townsend assembled his Strapping Young Lad bandmates to record it , the only time this lineup was featured on a Devin Townsend album . The thrash @-@ influenced Physicist was released in June 2000 , and is generally considered a low point in Townsend 's career . Hoglan and the rest of the band were dissatisfied with the way the sound was mixed , and Townsend considers it his worst album to date .

Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>next project took several years to come to fruition . After the creation of the IR8 demo tape , Townsend and Jason Newsted <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>had</mark></a> begun work on a new project called Fizzicist , which they described as " heavier than Strapping Young Lad " . When the IR8 tape was leaked , Newsted <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>Metallica bandmates James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich learned of the project . Hetfield was " fucking pissed " that Newsted was playing outside the band , and Newsted was prevented by his bandmates from working on any more side projects . With the project stalled , Townsend instead wrote the album himself , entitling it Physicist . Townsend<a href='been_done' title='4'><mark></mark></a> assembled his Strapping Young Lad bandmates to record it , the only time this lineup was featured on a Devin Townsend album . The thrash @-@ influenced Physicist was released in June 2000 , and is generally considered a low point in Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>career . Hoglan and the rest of the band <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> dissatisfied with the way the sound was mixed , and Townsend <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>considers</mark></a> it his worst album to date .

Townsend nxt project took several years to come to fruition . After the creation of the IR8 demo tape , Townsend and Jason Newsted done begun work on a new project called Fizzicist , which they described as " heavier than Strapping Young Lad " . When da IR8 tape was leaked , Newsted Metallica bandmates James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich learned of the project . Hetfield was " fukin pissed " dat Newsted was playing outside tdaband , and Newsted was prevented by his bandmates from workin on any more side projects . wid the project stalled , Townsend instead wrote thdalbum himself , entitling it Physicist . Townsend been assembled his Strapping Young Lad bandmates to record it , thedaly time dis lineup was featured on a Devin Townsend mixtape . The thrash @-@ influenced Physicist was released in June 2000 , and is generally considered a low point in Townsend career . Hoglan and the rest of the dad was dissatisfied with the way the sound was mixed , and Townsend consider it his worsmixtapeum to date .

Feeling he had " ostracized a bunch of fans " with Physicist , Townsend felt he had the chance to make a more personal and honest record . Townsend was inspired one morning while driving across Canada with his band , and looked to write an " introspective " album dedicated to his homeland . He produced and recorded Terria , a " highly illustrated stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness " album , with Gene Hoglan on drums , Craig McFarland on bass and Jamie Meyer on keyboards . Townsend cited Ween 's White Pepper as an inspiration for the album . Terria was released in November 2001 .

Feeling he <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>had</mark></a> " ostracized a bunch of fans " with Physicist , Townsend felt he had the chance to make a more personal and honest record . Townsend was inspired one morning while driving across Canada with his band , and looked to write an " introspective " album dedicated to his homeland . He<a href='been_done' title='2'><mark></mark></a> produced and recorded Terria , a " highly illustrated stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness " album , with Gene Hoglan on drums , Craig McFarland on bass and Jamie Meyer on keyboards . Townsend cited Ween <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>White Pepper as an inspiration for the album . Terria was released in November 2001 .

Feeling he done " ostracized a bunch of fans " wid Physicist , Townsend felt he had the chance to make a more personal and honest record . Townsend was inspired one mornin while driving across Canada ww/his band , and looked to write an " introspective " album dedicated to his homeland . He been produced and recorded Terria , a " highly illustrated stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness " album , with Gene Hoglan on drums , Craig McFarland on bass and Jamie Meyer on keyboards . Townsend cited Ween White Pepper as an inspiration fir the album . Terria was released in November 2001 .

= = = Strapping Young Lad through Synchestra ( 2003 – 2006 ) = = =

= = = Strapping Young Lad through Synchestra ( 2003 – 2006 ) = = =

= = = Strapping Young Lad through Synchestra ( 2003 – 2006 ) = = =

Townsend 's solo run lasted until 2002 . After a five @-@ year break from recording , Strapping Young Lad reunited to record a new album . Townsend credits the album , Strapping Young Lad , as an emotional response to the attacks of September 11 , 2001 , in the United States . " If the world 's about to blow up , " said Townsend , " let 's write the soundtrack for it . " The album 's lyrics were based more around fear and insecurity than the " hostile " lyrics of City . Musically , Strapping Young Lad was less industrial than City , and more reminiscent of death metal , with a " larger @-@ than @-@ life " rock production style . Townsend cited Front Line Assembly , Grotus , and Samael 's Passage as influences . The self @-@ titled album was released in February 2003 . It received lukewarm reviews , with critics finding it inferior to City , but it was the band 's first charting album , entering at 97th place on Billboard 's Top Heatseekers chart .

Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>solo run lasted until 2002 . After a five @-@ year break from recording , Strapping Young Lad reunited to record a new album . Townsend <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>credits</mark></a> the album , Strapping Young Lad , as an emotional response to the attacks of September 11 , 2001 , in the United States . " If the world 's about to blow up , " said Townsend , " let 's write the soundtrack for it . " The album <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>lyrics <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> based more around fear and insecurity than the " hostile " lyrics of City . Musically , Strapping Young Lad was less industrial than City , and more reminiscent of death metal , with a " larger @-@ than @-@ life " rock production style . Townsend cited Front Line Assembly , Grotus , and Samael <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>Passage as influences . The self @-@ titled album was released in February 2003 . It received lukewarm reviews , with critics finding it inferior to City , but it was the band <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>first charting album , entering at 97th place on Billboard <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>Top Heatseekers chart .

Townsend solo run lasted until 2002 . After a five @-@ year break from recording , Strapping Young Lad reunited to record a new album . Townsend credit the album , Strapping Young Lad , as an emotional response to the attacks of September 11 , 2001 , in the United States . " If the world 's finna blow up , " said Townsend , " let 's write da soundtrack for it . " Tdamixtape lyrics was based more around fear and insecurity than the " hostile " lyrics of City . Musically , Strapping Young Lad was less industrial den City , and more reminiscent of death metal , w a " larger @-@ than @-@ life " rock production style . Townsend cited Front Line Assembly , Grotus , and Samael Passage as influences . Thdaelf @-@ titled album was released in February 2003 . It received lukewarm reviews , with critics finding it inferior to City , but it was the band first charting album , entering at 97th place on Billboard Top Heatseekers chart .

While Strapping Young Lad was being reunited , Townsend formed a new , permanent band " on par with Strapping " to record and tour for his solo releases . The Devin Townsend Band consisted of Brian " Beav " Waddell on guitar , Mike Young on bass , Ryan Van Poederooyen on drums , and Dave Young on keyboards . Townsend performed guitar , vocals , and production , as he did in Strapping Young Lad . Townsend worked on the band 's first album , Accelerated Evolution , at the same time he was working on Strapping Young Lad , spending half the week on one and half on the other . Accelerated Evolution , named for the pace of putting a new band together in under a year , was released a month after Strapping Young Lad . Mike G. of Metal Maniacs called it " the album of the year " , praising it for " the hard @-@ to @-@ accomplish trick of being extreme yet accessible , simultaneously heavy ' n ' rockin ' yet majestic and beautiful . " Prior to the formation of the Devin Townsend Band , Townsend had represented his solo releases live with the Strapping Young Lad lineup ; the band would play one set of Strapping Young Lad songs and one set of Devin Townsend songs . After the release of Accelerated Evolution , Townsend 's two bands toured separately for their separate albums .

While Strapping Young Lad was being reunited , Townsend formed a new , permanent band " on par with Strapping " to record and tour for his solo releases . The Devin Townsend Band<a href='been_done' title='1'><mark></mark></a> consisted of Brian " Beav " Waddell on guitar , Mike Young on bass , Ryan Van Poederooyen on drums , and Dave Young on keyboards . Townsend performed guitar , vocals , and production , as he did in Strapping Young Lad . Townsend worked on the band <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>first album , Accelerated Evolution , at the same time he was working on Strapping Young Lad , spending half the week on one and half on the other . Accelerated Evolution , named for the pace of putting a new band together in under a year , was released a month after Strapping Young Lad . Mike G. of Metal Maniacs called it " the album of the year " , praising it for " the hard @-@ to @-@ accomplish trick of being extreme yet accessible , simultaneously heavy ' n ' rockin ' yet majestic and beautiful . " Prior to the formation of the Devin Townsend Band , Townsend <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>had</mark></a> represented his solo releases live with the Strapping Young Lad lineup ; the band would play one set of Strapping Young Lad songs and one set of Devin Townsend songs . After the release of Accelerated Evolution , Townsend <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>two bands toured separately for their separate albums .

While Strapping Young Lad was being reunited , Townsend formed a new , permanent band " on par with Strapping " to record and tour for his solo releases . da Devin Townsend Band done consisted of Brian " Beav " Waddell on guitar , Mike Young on bass , Ryan Van Poederooyen on drums , and Dave Young on keyboards . Townsend performed guitar , vocals , and production , as he did in Strapping Young Lad . Townsend worked on the band first mixtape , Accelerated Evolution , at tdasame time he was working on Strapping Young Lad , spending half the week on one and half on the other . Accelerated Evolution , named for the pace of putting a new band together in under a year , was released a month after Strapping Young Lad . Mike G. of Metal Maniacs called it " thdalbum of the year " , thnk it fir " thedard @-@ to @-@ accomplish trick of being extreme yet accessible , simultaneously heavy ' n ' rockin ' yet majestic and beautiful . " Prior to the damation of the Devin Townsend Band , Townsend done represented his solo releases live with the Strapping Young Lad lineup ; the bda would play one set of Strapping Young Lad songs and one set of Devin Townsend songs . After the release of Accelerated Evolution , Townsend 2 bands toured separately fir their separate albums .

Strapping Young Lad began working on their next album , Alien , in March 2004 . Feeling that the band 's previous album did not live up to expectations , Townsend decided to take his music to a new extreme . To prepare for the new album , Townsend stopped taking the medication prescribed to treat his bipolar disorder . " I think that as an artist , in order for me to get to the next plateau , I kind of feel the need to explore things and sometimes that exploration leads you to places that are a little crazy , " he explains . " And Alien was no exception with that . " Although Townsend considered the album an " impenetrable mass of technicality " , it was well received on its release , selling 3 @,@ 697 copies in its first week and appearing on several Billboard charts . Around this time , Townsend also contributed to the soundtrack of the video game Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel .

Strapping Young Lad began working on their next album , Alien , in March 2004 . Feeling that the band <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>previous album did not live up to expectations , Townsend decided to take his music to a new extreme . To prepare for the new album , Townsend stopped taking the medication prescribed to treat his bipolar disorder . " I think that as an artist , in order for me to get to the next plateau , I kind of feel the need to explore things and sometimes that exploration <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>leads</mark></a> you to places <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>a little crazy , " he <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>explains</mark></a> . " And Alien was no exception with that . " Although Townsend considered the album an " impenetrable mass of technicality " , it was well received on its release , selling 3 @,@ 697 copies in its first week and appearing on several Billboard charts . Around this time , Townsend also contributed to the soundtrack of the video game Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel .

Strapping Young Lad began working on their next mixtape , Alien , in March 2004 . feelin dat da band previoumixtapeum did not live up to expectations , Townsend decided to take his music to a new extreme . To prepare for the new album , Townsend stopped takin tdamedication prescribed to treat his bipolar disorder . " I think that as an artist , in order for me to get to the next plateau , I kind of feel the gotta explore things and sometimes that exploration lead you to places a little krazy , " he explain . " And Alien was no exception with tdat. " Although Townsend considered the album an " impenetrable mass of technicality " , it was well received on its release , sellin 3 @,@ 697 copies in its first week and appearing on several Billboard charts . Around this time , Townsend also contributed to the soundtrack of thdaideo game Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel .

Shortly thereafter Townsend began putting together the next Devin Townsend Band record , with the working title Human . Townsend intended the album as the more " pleasant " counterpart to Alien . " It 's basically a record about coming back down to earth after being in space with Alien for a while . " The album ended up being renamed Synchestra and was released in January 2006 . Townsend showcased a wide variety of musical styles in Synchestra , blending his trademark " pop metal " with influences from folk , polka , and Middle Eastern music . The final Strapping Young Lad album , The New Black , was released later in 2006 .

Shortly thereafter Townsend began putting together the next Devin Townsend Band record , with the working title Human . Townsend intended the album as the more " pleasant " counterpart to Alien . " It 's basically a record about coming back down to earth after being in space with Alien for a while . " The album ended up being renamed Synchestra and was released in January 2006 . Townsend showcased a wide variety of musical styles in Synchestra , blending his trademark " pop metal " with influences from folk , polka , and Middle Eastern music . The final Strapping Young Lad album , The New Black , was released later in 2006 .

Shortly thereafter Townsend began putting together the nxt Devin Townsend Band record , w/ da working title Human . Townsend intended tdamixtape as the more " pleasant " counterpart to Alien . " It 's basically a record bou coming bck down to earth after being in space with Alien for a while . " Thmixtapeum ended up bein renamed Synchestra and was released in January 2006 . Townsend showcased a wide variety of musical styles in Synchestra , blending his trademark " pop metal " wiw/nfluences from folk , polka , and Middle Eastern music . The final Strapping Young Lad album , The New Black , was released later in 2006 .

= = = Ziltoid the Omniscient and hiatus ( 2006 – 2008 ) = = =

= = = Ziltoid the Omniscient and hiatus ( 2006 – 2008 ) = = =

= = = Ziltoid the Omniscient and hiatus ( 2006 – 2008 ) = = =

Townsend withdrew from touring to spend time with his family . From home , Townsend completed his second solo ambient album , The Hummer , releasing it exclusively on his website in November 2006 .

Townsend withdrew from touring to spend time with his family . From home , Townsend completed his second solo ambient album , The Hummer , releasing it exclusively on his website in November 2006 .

Townsend withdrew from touring to spend time w his family . From home , Townsend completed his second solo ambient mixtape , da Hummer , releasing it exclusively on his website in November 2006 .

In May 2007 , Townsend released Ziltoid the Omniscient , a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek rock opera about the eponymous fictional alien . This was truly a solo album ; he programmed the drums using Drumkit from Hell , a software drum machine that uses samples recorded by Tomas Haake of Meshuggah and played all other instruments himself . Shortly after the album 's release , Townsend announced that he no longer planned to tour or make albums with Strapping Young Lad or the Devin Townsend Band . He explained that he was " burnt out on travelling , touring , and self promotion " and wished to do production work , write albums , and spend time with his family without the stress of interviews or touring .

In May 2007 , Townsend released Ziltoid the Omniscient , a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek rock opera about the eponymous fictional alien . This was truly a solo album ; he programmed the drums using Drumkit from Hell , a software drum machine <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>uses</mark></a> samples recorded by Tomas Haake of Meshuggah and played all other instruments himself . Shortly after the album <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>release , Townsend announced that he no longer planned to tour or make albums with Strapping Young Lad or the Devin Townsend Band . He explained that he was " burnt out on travelling , touring , and self promotion " and wished to do production work , write albums , and spend time with his family without the stress of interviews or touring .

In May 2007 , Townsend released Ziltoid the Omniscient , a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek rock opera about da eponymous fictional alien . dis was truly a solo mixtape ; he programmed tdadrums usin Drumkit from Hell , a software drum machine use samples recorded by Tomas Haake of Meshuggah and played all other instruments himself . Shortly after the album release , Townsend announced dat he no longer planned to tour or make albums with Strapping Young Lad or the Devin Townsend Band . He explained that he was " burnt outt on travelling , touring , and self promotion " and wished to do production wrk , write albums , and spend time with his family without the stress of interviews or touring .

In 2008 , Townsend lent his voice to characters in several episodes of the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse ( see Musician cameos in Metalocalypse for more ) . The original character design for Pickles the Drummer , one of the series ' main characters , bore a striking resemblance to Townsend . The series ' co @-@ creator Brendon Small acknowledged the similarity , and altered the design before the series began . " We made sure he didn 't look like Devin Townsend . We gave him the goatee and the dreadover so he wouldn 't look like that . "

In 2008 , Townsend lent his voice to characters in several episodes of the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse ( see Musician cameos in Metalocalypse for more ) . The original character design for Pickles the Drummer , one of the series <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'</mark></a>main characters , bore a striking resemblance to Townsend . The series ' <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>co</mark></a> @-@ creator Brendon Small acknowledged the similarity , and altered the design before the series began . " We made sure he <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>didn</mark></a> 't look like Devin Townsend . We gave him the goatee and the dreadover so he wouldn 't look like that . "

In 2008 , Townsend lent his voice to characters in several episodes of the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse ( see Musician cameos in Metalocalypse for more ) . da original character design fir Pickles the Drummer , one of the series main characters , bore a striking resemblance to Townsend . Tdaseries ' coed @-@ creator Brendon Small acknowledged thdaimilarity , and altered the design b4 the series began . " We made sure he didned 't look like Devin Townsend . We gave em the goatee and thedaeadover so he wouldn 't look like dat . "

= = = Devin Townsend Project ( 2008 – 2012 ) = = =

= = = Devin Townsend Project ( 2008 – 2012 ) = = =

= = = Devin Townsend Project ( 2008 – 2012 ) = = =

After removing himself from the music industry , Townsend cut his trademark hair off and gave up drinking and smoking . Townsend found it " disconcerting " that he had difficulty writing music without drugs , and that he had trouble identifying his purpose as a musician . He spent a year producing albums in absence of writing , but found it unrewarding and decided to " pick up the guitar and just write " . This began a period of " self discovery " where he learned " how to create without drugs " .

After removing himself from the music industry , Townsend cut his trademark hair off and gave up drinking and smoking . Townsend found it " disconcerting " that he had difficulty writing music without drugs , and that he had trouble identifying his purpose as a musician . He spent a year producing albums in absence of writing , but found it unrewarding and decided to " pick up the guitar and just write " . This began a period of " self discovery " where he learned " how to create without drugs " .

After removing hisself from da music industry , Townsend cut his trademark hair off and gave up drinking and smoken . Townsend found it " disconcerting " that he had difficulty writing music w/o drugs , and that he had trouble identifying his purpose as a musician . He spent a year producing albums in absence of writing , but found it unrewarding and decided to " pick up the guitar and just write " . This began a period of " self discovery " where he learned " how to create without drugs " .

Over two years , Townsend wrote over 60 songs , and found that they fit into " four distinct styles " . In March 2009 , Townsend announced his plans for a four @-@ album series called Devin Townsend Project , with the goal of clarifying his musical identity and being " accountable " for the persona he projects to the public . The project 's concept includes a different " theme " and a different group of musicians on each album .

Over two years , Townsend wrote over 60 songs , and found that they fit into " four distinct styles " . In March 2009 , Townsend announced his plans for a four @-@ album series called Devin Townsend Project , with the goal of clarifying his musical identity and being " accountable " for the persona he <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>projects</mark></a> to the public . The project <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>concept <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>includes</mark></a> a different " theme " and a different group of musicians on each album .

Over 2 years , Townsend wrote ova 60 songs , and found that they fit into " 4 distinct styles " . In March 2009 , Townsend announced his plans fir a fou4@ album series called Devin Townsend Project , witt da goal of clarifying his musical identity and being " accountable " for tdapersona he project to the public . The project concept include a different " theme " and a diff group of musicians on each album .

Ki , the first album of the Devin Townsend Project tetralogy was written to " set the stage " for the subsequent albums . Townsend channelled his new @-@ found control and sobriety into Ki , a " tense , quiet " album , which contrasts with much of the music he had been known for . Additional female vocals were provided by Ché Aimee Dorval ( Casualties of Cool ) . Ki was released in May 2009 .

Ki , the first album of the Devin Townsend Project tetralogy was written to " set the stage " for the subsequent albums . Townsend <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>channelled</mark></a> his new @-@ found control and sobriety into Ki , a " tense , quiet " album , which <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>contrasts</mark></a> with much of the music he <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>had</mark></a> been known for . Additional female vocals <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> provided by Ché Aimee Dorval ( Casualties of Cool ) . Ki was released in May 2009 .

Ki , the first album of the Devin Townsend Project tetralogy was written to " set da stage " for the subsequent albums . Townsend channeled his new @-@ found control and sobriety into Ki , a " tense , quiet " mixtape , which contrast wit much of tdamusic he done been known fir . Additional female vocals was provided by Ché Aimee Dorval ( Casualties of Cool ) . Ki was released in May 2009 .

The second entry , a " commercial , yet heavy " album called Addicted , was released in November 2009 and features lead vocals from Townsend and Dutch singer Anneke van Giersbergen . Brian " Beav " Waddell was recruited from the Devin Townsend Band to play bass .

The second entry , a " commercial , yet heavy " album called Addicted , was released in November 2009 and <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>features</mark></a> lead vocals from Townsend and Dutch singer Anneke van Giersbergen . Brian " Beav " Waddell was recruited from the Devin Townsend Band to play bass .

The second entry , a " commercial , yet heavy " album called Addicted , was released in November 2009 and feature lead vocals from Townsend and Dutch singer Anneke van Giersbergen . Brian " Beav " Waddell was recruited from da Devin Townsend Band to play bass .

Townsend returned to the stage in January 2010 , touring North America with headliner Between the Buried and Me as well as Cynic and Scale the Summit . This was followed by a headlining tour in Australia and a series of high @-@ profile shows in Europe ( for example co @-@ headlining the Brutal Assault festival in Czech Republic ) . He headlined a North American tour with UK label mates TesseracT supporting , which began in October 2010 , and toured in Europe with support from Aeon Zen and Anneke van Giersbergen .

Townsend returned to the stage in January 2010 , touring North America with headliner Between the Buried and Me as well as Cynic and Scale the Summit . This was followed by a headlining tour in Australia and a series of high @-@ profile shows in Europe ( for example co @-@ headlining the Brutal Assault festival in Czech Republic ) . He headlined a North American tour with UK label mates TesseracT supporting , which began in October 2010 , and toured in Europe with support from Aeon Zen and Anneke van Giersbergen .

Townsend returned to the stage in January 2010 , touring North America w headliner Between the Buried and Me as well as Cynic and Scale da Summit . This was followed by a headlining tour in Australia and a series of high @-@ profile shows in Europe ( for example co @-@ headlining tdaBrutal Assault festival in Czech Republic ) . He headlined a North American tour with UK label mates TesseracT supporting , which began in October 2010 , and toured in Europe with support from Aeon Zen and Anneke van Giersbergen .

The third and fourth albums in the Devin Townsend Project series , Deconstruction and Ghost , were released simultaneously on June 21 , 2011 . In December 2011 all four Devin Townsend Project albums with additional material were released as the Contain Us box set . Townsend performed all four of Devin Townsend Project albums in London and recorded them for a DVD box set called By a Thread : Live in London 2011 that was released on June 18 , 2012 . The first three shows were held at the University of London Union , November 10 – 12 , 2011 . Ki , Addicted , and Deconstruction were each performed on one night , respectively . The show for Ghost was held at the Union Chapel , Islington on November 13 , 2011 . These four shows were each entitled " An Evening with the Devin Townsend Project " .

The third and fourth albums in the Devin Townsend Project series , Deconstruction and Ghost , <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> released simultaneously on June 21 , 2011 . In December 2011 all four Devin Townsend Project albums with additional material <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> released as the Contain Us box set . Townsend performed all four of Devin Townsend Project albums in London and recorded them for a DVD box set called By a Thread : Live in London 2011 <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a>was released on June 18 , 2012 . The first three shows <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> held at the University of London Union , November 10 – 12 , 2011 . Ki , Addicted , and Deconstruction <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>were</mark></a> each performed on one night , respectively . The show for Ghost was held at the Union Chapel , Islington on November 13 , 2011 . These four shows <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> each entitled " An Evening with the Devin Townsend Project " .

The third and fourth albums in da Devin Townsend Project series , Deconstruction and Ghost , was released simultaneously on June 21 , 2011 . In December 2011 all four Devin Townsend Project albums w/ additional material was released as tdaContain Us box set . Townsend performed alll 4 of Devin Townsend Project albums in London and recorded them fa a DVD box set called By a Thread : Live in London 2011 was released on June 18 , 2012 . The first three shows was held at the University of London Union , November 10 – 12 , 2011 . Ki , Addicted , and Deconstruction was each performed on one night , respectively . Thdahow ffaGhost was held at thedaion Chapel , Islington on November 13 , 2011 . These fou4ows was each entitled " An Evening wiwidhe Devin Townsend Project " .

Despite the Devin Townsend Project being originally a four @-@ album series , Townsend decided to continue working under the moniker and released the fifth album , Epicloud on September 18 , 2012 . Again featuring Anneke van Giersbergen on vocals , Epicloud appeared on several European charts , peaking at number 8 in Finland . On October 27 , 2012 , Devin Townsend performed a one @-@ off show covering his musical career called The Retinal Circus at Roundhouse in London . The 3 @-@ hour performance was recorded in high definition and released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on September 30 , 2013 . Also in 2012 , Townsend played bass on the debut Bent Sea album Noistalgia . He also produced the record .

Despite the Devin Townsend Project being originally a four @-@ album series , Townsend decided to continue working under the moniker and released the fifth album , Epicloud on September 18 , 2012 . Again featuring Anneke van Giersbergen on vocals , Epicloud appeared on several European charts , peaking at number 8 in Finland . On October 27 , 2012 , Devin Townsend performed a one @-@ off show covering his musical career called The Retinal Circus at Roundhouse in London . The 3 @-@ hour performance was recorded in high definition and released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on September 30 , 2013 . Also in 2012 , Townsend played bass on the debut Bent Sea album Noistalgia . He also produced the record .

Despite the Devin Townsend Project bein originally a four @-@ album series , Townsend decided to continue workin under the moniker and released da fifth album , Epicloud on September 18 , 2012 . Again featuring Anneke van Giersbergen on vocals , Epicloud appeared on several European charts , peaking at number 8 in Finland . On October 27 , 2012 , Devin Townsend performed a one @-@ offf show covering his musical career called The Retinal Circus at Roundhouse in London . The 3 @-@ hour performance was recorded in high definition and released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on September 30 , 2013 . Also in 2012 , Townsend played bass on the debut Bent Sea mixtape Noistalgia . He also produced the record .

Another project Townsend has mentioned several times between 2009 and 2012 is Obviouser , an album featuring " creepy , bass driven apocalyptic music " created with an " Ampeg rig " and an " Icelandic choir " . Working with many projects simultaneously at that time , Townsend stated in 2012 the Obviouser project is vying for pole position until " he wakes up and says ' he wants to do it ' " .

Another project Townsend <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> mentioned several times between 2009 and 2012 <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>Obviouser , an album featuring " creepy , bass driven apocalyptic music " created with an " Ampeg rig " and an " Icelandic choir " . Working with many projects simultaneously at that time , Townsend stated in 2012 the Obviouser project is vying for pole position until " he <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>wakes</mark></a> up and <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>says</mark></a> ' he <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>wants</mark></a> to do it ' " .

Anotha project Townsend done mentioned several times between 2009 and 2012 Obviouser , an album featuring " creepy , bass driven apocalyptic music " created with an " Ampeg rig " and an " Icelandic choir " . Working w many projects simultaneously at that time , Townsend stated in 2012 the Obviouser project is vying for pole position til " he wake up and say ' he want to do it ' " .

= = = Casualties of Cool and Z2 ( 2012 – present ) = = =

= = = Casualties of Cool and Z2 ( 2012 – present ) = = =

= = = Casualties of Cool and Z2 ( 2012 – present ) = = =

After Deconstruction and Ghost , Townsend announced a new album , Casualties of Cool , with which he started to work after the release of Epicloud . The album features Ché Aimee Dorval ( from Ki ) on vocals and Morgan Ågren on drums . Townsend described the album sounds like " haunted Johnny Cash songs " and " late night music " , highlighting it will be different than anything he has done before . Townsend referred the music of the album to be " closest to his heart " at this point of his life , and that it is an important and satisfying project he doesn 't want to rush .

After Deconstruction and Ghost , Townsend announced a new album , Casualties of Cool , with which he started to work after the release of Epicloud . The album <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>features</mark></a> Ché Aimee Dorval ( from Ki ) on vocals and Morgan Ågren on drums . Townsend described the album <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>sounds</mark></a> like " haunted Johnny Cash songs " and " late night music " , highlighting it will be different than anything he <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> done before . Townsend referred the music of the album to be " closest to his heart " at this point of his life , and that it <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>an important and satisfying project he <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>doesn</mark></a> 't want to rush .

After Deconstruction and Ghost , Townsend announced a new album , Casualties of Cool , wit which he started to work after the release of Epicloud . da album feature Ché Aimee Dorval ( from Ki ) on vocals and Morgan Ågren on drums . Townsend described the mixtape sound like " haunted Johnny Cash songs " and " late nite music " , highlighting it gon b different than anything he have done before . Townsend referred the music of thmixtapeum to be " closest to his heart " at dis point of his life , and that it an important and satisfying project he doesned 't want to rush .