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001-94434
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PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 43696/04) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Okan Erdoğan (“the applicant”), on 20 October 2004. The applicant was represented by Mr M. N. Eldem, a lawyer practising in Ankara. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 15 January 2008 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant, who was born in 1980 and lives in Kayseri, was a student at a military academy. At the time of his registration at this academy, his father had signed a promissory note for the reimbursement of the applicant’s educational expenses in the event of his leaving the school, due to expulsion or otherwise. In March 2003 the applicant was expelled from the military academy following a secret security investigation conducted by the Ministry of Defence into him and his family. The applicant was not notified of the specific reasons for his expulsion. Subsequently, the applicant asked the Supreme Military Administrative Court to annul the expulsion decision. During the proceedings, he did not have access to the classified documents and information submitted by the Ministry of Defence to the Supreme Military Administrative Court in support of its decision to expel him from the military academy. On 10 December 2003 the Supreme Military Administrative Court refused to annul the expulsion decision. It stated that information and documents the confidentiality of which was required and necessitated for the performance of military service could not be disclosed to the applicant. The Court further emphasised that it was not bound by the classification made by the administration and that it made its own assessment as to whether the confidentiality of the documents was justified in each case. The written opinion submitted by the principal public prosecutor to the Supreme Military Administrative Court during the proceedings was not communicated to the applicant. On 7 April 2004 the Supreme Military Administrative Court rejected the applicant’s rectification request, which decision was served on the applicant on 20 April 2004. The Ministry of Defence subsequently filed an action with the Kayseri Civil Court against the applicant for the reimbursement of his educational expenses. On 3 May 2004 the Kayseri Civil Court ordered the applicant to pay the Ministry of Defence 5,050,500,000 Turkish liras (TRL) (approximately 3,000 euros (EUR)), plus interest running from 8 April 2003. II. RELEVANT LAW A description of the relevant domestic law can be found in the decision of Karayiğit v. Turkey ((dec.), no. 45874/05, 23 September 2008).
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{ "applicant": "Okan Erdoğan", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Okan Erdoğan
001-73185
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PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 4528/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Turkish nationals, Mr Murat Şevk and Mr Mehmet Şahin Şevk (“the applicants”), on 4 January 2002. The applicants were represented by Mr O.K. Cengiz, a lawyer practising in İzmir. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. The applicants alleged under Article 5 of the Convention that there had been no reasonable suspicion justifying their arrest and that their detention in police custody was too long. Moreover, the first applicant complained that his detention on remand was excessive and that the authorities failed to review speedily the lawfulness of his detention. On 13 December 2004 the Court decided to communicate the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1951 and 1979 respectively and live in Bodrum. The second applicant is the son of the first applicant. On 28 June 2001 the Muğla Security Directorate asked the Bodrum Chief Public Prosecutor to issue an arrest warrant for sixteen persons who were suspected of being involved in an organised criminal gang. The gang was allegedly involved in bribing officials, threatening people into selling their property and in money laundering. The first applicant’s name was included in the list. Upon the request of the Bodrum Chief Public Prosecutor, the Bodrum Magistrates’ Court issued a warrant allowing the police to conduct searches of the houses of the suspected persons and to arrest them for the purposes of interrogation. On the same day both applicants were taken into custody in Bodrum. The first applicant was arrested at his home. During the search of his residence the police found two pistols, five hunting rifles, one wire strangulation cord, one butterfly knife, four sets of handcuffs, five commando knives, two cartridge clips and twelve cartridges. The police prepared a search and arrest report, which was signed by the applicant. The second applicant was working as a security guard in an exchange office owned by Ö.A, the person suspected of being the leader of the gang. While the police were conducting a search of the exchange office in order to arrest Ö.A., the second applicant arrived on the scene and was taken into custody for interrogation. On 30 June 2001 the Muğla Security Directorate requested authorisation from the Bodrum Public Prosecutor to extend the applicants’ detention in police custody, as there were a number of suspects. On 4 July 2001 both applicants gave statements to the police. They denied any involvement with the gang. In his statement, the first applicant explained that he knew Ö.A. and had occasionally lent him money. He also confirmed that he had bought a shop from him. However, he denied the allegation that he had been instructed by Ö.A. to threaten people. On 5 July 2001 both applicants were interrogated by the Bodrum Public Prosecutor. During their questioning, the applicants repeated the statements they had made to the police. The second applicant was subsequently released. On the same day the first applicant was brought before the investigating judge at the Bodrum Magistrate’s Court, who subsequently ordered his detention on remand. On 11 July 2001 the first applicant filed an objection against the remand decision. On 23 August 2001 the İzmir State Security Court Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment with the İzmir State Security Court against the applicants and sixteen others, accusing them of being involved in the activities of an organised criminal gang, namely by bribing officials and threatening people. On 17 September 2001 the first applicant filed a petition with the court, requesting his release. On 17 October 2001 the applicants’ trial began at the İzmir State Security Court. At the end of the hearing, taking into consideration the seriousness of the offence and the evidence in the case file, the court ruled that the first applicant should be kept in detention on remand. On 23 October 2001 the first applicant’s representative challenged the decision to continue to detain the first applicant on remand before the Istanbul State Security Court, via the registry of the Izmir State Security Court. He alleged that there was insufficient evidence to keep his client in detention. Upon the request of the Istanbul State Security Court, the public prosecutor submitted an opinion on 19 October 2001. On 22 November 2001 the court refused the first applicant’s request for release. This decision was sent to the Registry of the İzmir State Security Court on 3 December 2001. On 13 December 2001 the İzmir State Security Court held its second hearing and released the first applicant pending trial. On 2 May 2002 the court sentenced the first applicant to five months’ imprisonment and acquitted the second applicant.
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{ "applicant": "Murat Şevk", "articles": [ 91, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Murat Şevk
001-59674
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 33370/96) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by three Turkish nationals, Mr Arap Yalgın, Mr Mehmet Murat Öner and Mr Muhtat Karakoca (“the applicants”), on 17 June 1996. The applicants were represented by Mrs Oya Ersoy Ataman, a lawyer practising in Ankara (Turkey). The Turkish Government did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. The applicants alleged, in particular, that the criminal proceedings brought against them had not been concluded within a “reasonable time”. The applicants Arap Yalgın and Muhtat Karakoca further submitted that their right to a fair hearing had been breached on account of their conviction by the Ankara Martial Law Court which lacked independence and impartiality. The applicants also maintained that they had been convicted on the basis of the statements they had made to the police under duress. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. Mr Rıza Türmen, the judge elected in respect of Turkey, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Mr Feyyaz Gölcüklü to sit as an ad hoc judge, in his place (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). By a decision of 11 January 2000, the Chamber retained the applicants’ complaints concerning their right to a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal and declared the remainder of their complaints inadmissible. The applicants and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A. Arrest and detention of the applicants The applicants Muhtat Karakoca, Mehmet Murat Öner and Arap Yalgın were arrested by police officers from the Ankara Security Directorate on 20 November and 12 December 1980 and 6 March 1981 respectively. They were suspected of membership of an illegal organisation, the Dev-Yol (Revolutionary Way). The Ankara Martial Law Court (sıkıyönetim mahkemesi) ordered Mr Öner and Mr Karakoca’s detention on remand on 27 January and 19 October 1981 respectively. On 11 May 1981 the court ordered Mr Yalgın’s release pending trial. B. Trial in the Ankara Martial Law Court On 26 February 1982 the Military Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment with the Martial Law Court against the applicants and 720 other defendants. The public prosecutor accused the applicants of membership of an illegal armed organisation, namely the Dev-Yol, whose object was to undermine the constitutional order and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime. He further charged the applicants with having been involved in a number of crimes such as producing false identity cards, killings, bomb attacks and collecting money for the organisation. The prosecution called for the applicants to be sentenced pursuant to Article 146 of the Turkish Criminal Code. On 1 February 1983 Mr Öner and on 16 June 1986 Mr Karakoca were released pending trial. In a judgment of 19 July 1989 the Martial Law Court, composed of two civilian judges, two military judges and an army officer, convicted the applicants of membership of the Dev-Yol. The court sentenced Mr Yalgın to six years and eight months’ imprisonment and Mr Karakoca to seven years’ imprisonment under Article 146 § 3 of the Criminal Code. Mr Öner was sentenced under Article 168 § 2 of the Criminal Code to five years and six months’ imprisonment. The court held that the applicants should be permanently debarred from employment in public service and that they should be placed under judicial guardianship. C. Proceedings on appeal The applicants appealed to the Military Court of Cassation (askeri yargıtay). Following promulgation of the Law of 27 December 1993, which abolished the jurisdiction of the martial law courts, the Court of Cassation (yargıtay) acquired jurisdiction over the cases and the files were transmitted to it. On 27 December 1995 the Court of Cassation upheld Mr Karakoca’s and Mr Yalgın’s conviction. It reviewed Mr Yalgın’s case and held that he should be sentenced to five years’ imprisonment. The court however quashed Mr Öner’s conviction and decided that the criminal proceedings against him should be discontinued since the prosecution was time-barred.
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{ "applicant": "Arap Yalgın", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2001 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Arap Yalgın
001-82580
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 1448/04) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Turkish nationals, Mr Hasan Zengin and Miss Eylem Zengin (“the applicants”) on 2 January 2004. The applicants were granted legal aid. The applicants maintained, in particular, that the manner in which the compulsory lessons in religious culture and ethics were taught infringed their rights as guaranteed by the second sentence of Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 and Article 9 of the Convention. In a decision of 6 June 2006, the Chamber declared the application admissible. A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 3 October 2006 (Rule 59 § 3 of the Rules of Court). There appeared before the Court: – for the Government Mr M. Özmen, Co-Agent, Mr H. Ünler, Ms Z.G. Acar, Ms E. Esin, Ms D. Kilislioğlu, Mr İ. Aycan, Mr S. Duman, Advisers; – for the applicants Mr K. Genç, Counsel, Mr A.Ş. Yakişan, Ms İ. Melikoff Mr T. Öker, Advisers, Mr H. Zengin, First applicant. The Court heard addresses by Mr Genç and Mr Özmen. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE Hasan Zengin, who was born in 1960, and his daughter Eylem Zengin, who was born in 1988, live in Istanbul. At the time Mr Zengin lodged the application on his own and his daughter's behalf, she was attending the seventh grade of the state school in Avcılar, Istanbul. A. Background to the case Hasan Zengin stated that his family were adherents of Alevism. Alevism originated in central Asia but developed largely in Turkey. Two important Sufis had a considerable impact on the emergence of this religious movement: Hoca Ahmet Yesevi (12th century) and Haci Bektaşi Veli (14th century). This belief system, which has deep roots in Turkish society and history, is generally considered as one of the branches of Islam, influenced in particular by Sufism and by certain pre-Islamic beliefs. Its religious practices differ from those of the Sunni schools of law in certain aspects such as prayer, fasting and pilgrimage. According to the applicant, Alevism is a belief or philosophy influenced by other cultures, religions and philosophies. It represents one of the most widespread faiths in Turkey after the Hanafite branch of Islam. It advocates close contact with nature, tolerance, modesty and love for one's neighbour, within the Islamic faith. Alevis reject the sharia (code of laws in orthodox Islam) and the sunna (forms of behaviour and formal rules of orthodox Islam) and defend freedom of religion, human rights, women's rights, humanism, democracy, rationalism, modernism, universalism, tolerance and secularism. Alevis do not pray by the Sunni rite (in particular, they do not comply with the obligation to pray five times daily) but express their devotion through religious songs and dances (semah); they do not attend mosques, but meet regularly in cemevi (meeting and worship rooms) for ritual ceremonies. Equally, Alevis do not consider the pilgrimage to Mecca as a religious obligation. They believe that Allah is present in each person. According to Alevism, Allah created Adam in his image and all his manifestations in this world are in human form. Allah is neither in the sky nor in paradise, but in the centre of the human heart. B. The applicants' request for exemption and application to have the decision set aside On 23 February 2001 the applicant submitted a request to the Provincial Directorate of National Education (“the Directorate”) at the Istanbul Governor's Office, seeking to have his daughter exempted from religious culture and ethics classes. Pointing out that his family were followers of Alevism, he stressed that, under international treaties such as, for example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, parents had the right to choose the type of education their children were to receive. In addition, he alleged that the compulsory course in religious culture and ethics was incompatible with the principle of secularism. On 2 April 2001 the Directorate replied that it was impossible to grant the exemption request. In particular, it stated: “... Article 24 of the Constitution states that 'Education and instruction in religion and ethics shall be conducted under State supervision and control. Instruction in religious culture and moral education shall be compulsory in the curricula of primary and secondary schools. Other religious education and instruction shall be subject to the individual's own desire, and in the case of minors, to the request of their legal representatives.' Article 12 of the State Education Act (Law no. 1739) ... provides that 'secularism shall be the basis of Turkish national education. Religious culture and ethics shall be among the compulsory subjects taught in primary and upper secondary schools, and in schools of these levels.'” For these reasons, your request cannot be granted.” Following the Directorate's refusal, the applicant applied to the Istanbul Administrative Court for judicial review. He alleged that the compulsory classes in religious culture and ethics were essentially based on the fundamental rules of Hanafite Islam and that no teaching was given on his own faith. He challenged, inter alia, the compulsory nature of this school subject. In a decision of 28 December 2001, the Administrative Court dismissed the applicant's request, holding, inter alia: “Article 24 of the Constitution has established that religious culture and ethics are among the compulsory subjects taught in primary and secondary schools, and section 12 of Law no. 1739 [states] that religious culture and ethics are among the compulsory subjects taught in primary and upper secondary schools of the equivalent level. In this context, the dismissal of the plaintiff's request is not contrary to the law...” The applicant appealed on points of law against that judgment, relying, inter alia, on the Convention. In a judgment of 14 April 2003, served on 5 August 2003, the Supreme Administrative Court dismissed his appeal and upheld the first-instance judgment, holding that the latter complied with the procedural rules and the legislation.
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{ "applicant": "Hasan Zengin", "articles": [ 91, 34, 112, 49, 45, 50, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Hasan Zengin
001-111840
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 10987/10) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr İbrahim Gürkan (“the applicant”), on 10 February 2010. The applicant was represented by Mr S. Sayar, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 18 January 2011 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE At the time of the events the applicant was serving in the Turkish Navy. On 8 July 2008 the military prosecutor filed an indictment against the applicant with the Kasımpaşa Military Criminal Court (Kuzey Deniz Saha Komutanlığı Askeri Mahkemesi). He accused the applicant of wilfully disobeying his superior contrary to section 87 of the Military Criminal Code. On 18 February 2009 the Kasımpaşa Military Criminal Court, composed of a military officer with no legal background and two military judges, found the applicant guilty as charged and sentenced him to two months and fifteen days’ imprisonment. On 21 July 2009 the Military Court of Cassation rejected the applicant’s appeal. The applicant stated that he learned of this decision on 23 September 2009 when he was summoned to the prosecutor’s office. The applicant served his prison sentence between 5 November and 25 December 2009.
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{ "applicant": "İbrahim Gürkan", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2012 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: İbrahim Gürkan
001-59161
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 25801/94) against Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mrs Zubeyde Dulaş (“the applicant”), on 2 May 1994. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr Kevin Boyle and Ms Françoise Hampson, lawyers practising in the United Kingdom. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agents, Mr D. Tezcan and Mr A. Kurudal. Having originally been designated before the Commission by the initials Z.D., the applicant subsequently agreed to the disclosure of her name. The applicant alleged principally that her home and property had been destroyed during an operation by gendarmes carried out in her village in south-east Turkey. Before the Commission, she invoked Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 14, 18 and former Article 25 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. The application was declared admissible by the Commission on 23 May 1996. In its report of 6 September 1999 (former Article 31 of the Convention), it expressed the opinion unanimously that there had been a violation of Articles 8 and 13 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, that there had been no violations of Articles 2, 3, 5, 14 and 18 of the Convention and that the Turkish Government had failed to comply with their obligations under former Article 25 of the Convention. The case was referred by the Commission to the Court on 23 October 1999. Before the Court, the applicant withdrew her complaints under Articles 2, 5 and 14 of the Convention. The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. Mr Türmen, the judge elected in respect of Turkey, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Mr F. Gölcüklü to sit as an ad hoc judge (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits on 20 April and 11 May 2000, respectively (Rule 59 § 1). The Chamber decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 § 2 in fine). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The facts of the case, particularly concerning events on or about 8 November 1993 when the gendarmes carried out an operation at Çitlibahçe, were disputed by the parties. The Commission, pursuant to former Article 28 § 1 (a) of the Convention, conducted an investigation with the assistance of the parties. The Commission heard witnesses in Ankara on 7 February 1997. These included the applicant; Avni Dulaş her son; and Emin Bulen, a villager. The Commission also had regard to the oral evidence given by witnesses on 3 and 4 July 1996 in the case of Çakıcı (see Çakıcı v. Turkey [GC], no. 23657/94, ECHR 1999-IV), which concerned the same operation. This included the testimony of İzzet Çakıcı, whose brother had disappeared after being taken into custody by the gendarmes; Remziye Çakıcı, a villager and spouse of the disappeared person; Fevzi Okatan, previously muhtar of the village; Ertan Altınoluk the gendarme commander of the operation; and Mehmet Bitgin, a villager. The Commission’s findings of fact are set out in its report of 6 September 1999 and summarised below (Section A). The applicant accepts the Commission’s findings of fact. The Government’s submissions concerning the facts are summarised below (Section B). A. The Commission’s findings of fact Çitlibahçe was in a district in which terrorist activity was intense in 1993. The PKK used to come to the village, holding meetings and taking food by force. The security forces made regular visits and operations were not uncommon. They told the villagers not to give food to the PKK. The applicant, Avni Dulaş and Remziye Çakıcı all recalled an incident in July 1993 when villagers were forced by the security forces to pull up their tobacco crops. Although there was some disparity amongst the witnesses as to how this was done, the witnesses’ accounts were similar in stating that the tobacco crops were destroyed by order of the security forces. The gendarme commander who gave evidence before the Delegates denied that this occurred but recalled that he had destroyed hemp crops. The Commission did not make any finding in regard of this aspect as it was not the subject-matter of any specific complaint. Shortly before 8 November 1993, PKK terrorists went to the village of Dadaş in the Hazro district and took away five teachers, the imam and the imam’s brother. All, save one of the teachers, were shot. The imam’s brother, though wounded, survived. Following the discovery of the bodies of the teachers, the gendarmes at Hazro gathered information from their contacts and sources as to what had happened and who had been involved. They had descriptions of the villagers in the area who had been assisting the PKK in holding the group of teachers. On 8 November 1993, an operation, under the command of Lieutenant Altınoluk, was carried out by the Hazro gendarmes in Çitlibahçe, while gendarmes from Lice went to Bağlan nearby. Concerning what happened during the operation at Çitlibahçe, the Commission’s Delegates had earlier found Lieutenant Altınoluk to be an evasive witness, with a volubly unhelpful response to questioning. They found a lack of sincerity in the way in which he drowned simple questions in long and complicated explanations, which were often contradictory and inconsistent. On the other hand, the Delegates had found that the villagers, Remziye Çakıcı, Fevzi Okatan and Mehmet Bitgin, who gave eyewitness accounts, were on the whole consistent and credible and that they were convincing in their demeanour and their response to questions. Their evidence was found to support the testimony of the witnesses heard in this case. In this regard, the Commission’s Delegates found the applicant to be a convincing witness, an elderly, simple and unsophisticated lady who was on the whole credible. Her oral testimony was largely consistent with the statement given by her to the Human Rights Association shortly after the incident. While there were some inconsistencies in her accounts, the Commission considered that they could be attributed to the applicant’s advanced years and the passage of time since the events in question. Her evidence accorded in essentials with that of her son Avni Dulaş and the villager Emin Bilen. The Commission found that the Hazro gendarmes included Çitlibahçe in the operation since they intended to look for and take into custody Ahmet Çakıcı, who, as a person already under suspicion of involvement in PKK activities, would be likely to have information about the kidnap group that passed through the village. When the gendarmes arrived at the village, early in the morning, they left their vehicles outside and entered. They gathered the men together in one place and the women in another. Ahmet Çakıcı had hidden. A search was carried out by the gendarmes, who also started setting fire to houses. Ahmet Çakıcı was found and taken into custody. He was last seen by the witnesses being taken by village guards and soldiers to the vehicles. The applicant had gone into her house when she saw all the soldiers but had been forced to leave by the soldiers. They set fire to her house, which had seven rooms and was made of timber. The family stored provisions, crops and wheat inside and these, along with the furniture and other household goods, were destroyed. About fifty houses in the village were burned down. She stated that once they had caught Ahmet Çakıcı the gendarmes left. After the departure of the gendarmes, the village was left in ruins and villagers were forced to leave. Having regard to the evidence as a whole, the Commission accepted the evidence of the applicant as regards its principal elements. It did not find the matters referred to by the Government as being indicative of bad faith or as materially undermining the credibility and reliability of the applicant and her witnesses, which its Delegates assessed in generally positive terms. While the Commission took note of the applicant’s age, its Delegates had not found any indication of mental infirmity that would cast doubt on her ability to give evidence. The Commission found in conclusion that the applicant’s property, furniture and possessions were deliberately burnt and destroyed during an operation by security forces in the village of Çitlibahçe on 8 November 1993. This led to the evacuation of the village. The possessions burned included a fridge, television, kitchen utensils, household goods, and produce (including tobacco, wheat, barley, lentils, and winter provisions). The applicant and other villagers went to Diyarbakır after the operation. Accompanied by her son and three or four other villagers, the applicant went to the Human Rights Association. She made a statement and thumbprinted it. Sometime later, the applicant was summoned to a police station. In his evidence to the Delegates, her son, Avni Dulaş remembered that she had been summoned to the public prosecutor’s office in about the summer of 1995. He accompanied her there. She had been asked to make a statement. The public prosecutor read out of a file, stating that she had complained to Europe about Turkey. He told the Delegates that he thought the prosecutor was trying to put pressure on his mother. B. The Government’s submissions on the facts The Government emphasised the terrorism which was prevalent in this region from the early 1990’s and created a public danger threatening the life of the nation. The PKK had killed thousands of innocent victims and exerted intolerable pressure on the local population. The operation in this case concerned an investigation into the kidnapping and killing of teachers and an imam. The applicant had made no complaint to the public prosecutor about the alleged burning of her house and property by the gendarmes during the operation on 8 February 1993. She only made a statement to the public prosecutor when he summoned her after the case was communicated to the Government by the Commission. He issued a decision of non-jurisdiction, transferring the file to the Hazro governor. The Hazro Administrative Council began an investigation and found that her claims were unsubstantiated. The Government submitted that the applicant’s various accounts, oral and written, were inconsistent and implausible, in particular the details purportedly noted down by the Human Rights Association in her application to the Commission. C. New material On 11 May 2000, the Government submitted a copy of the statement taken by the Diyarbakır public prosecutor from the applicant via an interpreter on 10 October 1995. This had not been provided to the Commission. According to the statement, thumbprinted by the applicant, the letter from the Ministry of Justice, the appended documents and the application to the Commission were read out to her through an interpreter and she was asked about them. She acknowledged that the thumbprint on the document was hers and that she did not remember who took the statement. As regarded the events, she could not remember the exact date but about two years before 20 or more army vehicles had come to Çitlibahçe, with soldiers and village guards. They rounded up the villagers and set fire to the houses. After the village burned down, she went to Diyarbakır. The statement recorded that she was shown the application and letter of authority and asked about them. She stated the thumbprints were hers. She said that she thought her application was going to Ankara to claim her rights. She was illiterate and ignorant and did not know anything about European human rights. She made her statement to them as she thought this would get something done about the damage which she had suffered. She wanted the State to vindicate her rights. She did not want to start a case in Europe in the way that he [the public prosecutor] had explained and did not agree to foreign lawyers starting such a case. It was for the State to look after her rights. When she made a statement to the HRA, there had been a lot of people with her and they described the events also. The application which had been read out was accurate though and she had no complaints to make about the person who wrote it down. She had not started any court case in Hazro or Diyarbakır as she was poor and ignorant and did not know what to do.
train
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{ "applicant": "Zubeyde Dulaş", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2001 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Zubeyde Dulaş
001-67760
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 43647/98) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by five Turkish nationals, Fatma Ormancı, Mehmet Ormancı, Gönül Ormancı, Cengiz Ormancı and Bilgen Ormancı (“the applicants”), on 13 July 1998. The applicants were represented by Mr Dinçer Söğütlü, a lawyer practising in Ankara. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Convention institutions. The applicants complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention about the length of compensation proceedings. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1. On 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). The case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section. By a decision of 27 November 2003 the Court declared the application admissible. The applicants and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). On 1 November 2004 the case was transferred to the newly composed Second Section. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1952, 1979, 1981, 1983 and 1985 respectively and live in Kahramanmaraş. On 15 April 1991 terrorists raided the applicants' village in Kahramanmaraş and killed the men of the village, including the first applicant's husband and the father of the other applicants, A. O. On 15 April 1992 the applicants brought an action before the Ankara Administrative Court against the Ministry of Internal Affairs, (hereinafter “the defendant”), claiming a breach of the State's responsibility to protect the life and security of its citizens. They requested the court to award them compensation for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage in respect of A.O's death. On 29 April 1992 the case was notified to the defendant. On 28 May 1992 the defendant submitted its observations to the court. On 16 June 1992 the observations were sent to the applicants. On 22 June 1992 the applicants submitted their response to the observations of the defendant. On 20 August 1992 the applicants' reply was sent to the defendant. On 15 September 1992 the defendant submitted additional observations. They were notified to the applicants on 29 September 1992. On 21 February 1994 the Ankara Administrative Court, after examining the parties' observations, declared itself incompetent ratione loci and sent the case file to the Gaziantep Administrative Court. On 10 August 1994 the applicants paid an advance on the court fees. On 22 December 1994 the Gaziantep Administrative Court gave an interim decision in which it requested information from different administrative authorities. The court also appointed an expert to calculate the amount of pecuniary damage the applicants had sustained as a result of the death of A.O. Between 20 and 28 February 1995 documents requested from the Land Registry, the Elbistan Social Aid, the security forces, the Social Security Institution and the Elbistan District Governor's Office were deposited with the court. On 7 March 1995 documents concerning the investigations into the killing of the applicant's husband were sent to the court by the Kahramanmaraş Gendarmerie Command. On 4 April 1995 the court requested the birth records of the Ormancı family from the Elbistan birth registry. On 5 June 1995 the files pertaining to the birth records of the Ormancı family were submitted to the court. On 4 September 1995 the case file was sent to an expert. On 22 September 1995 the expert's report was submitted to the court. On 10 November 1995 the defendant objected to the report. On 19 June 1996 the Gaziantep Administrative Court awarded the applicants compensation for non-pecuniary and pecuniary damage together with interest from the date of the action. On 30 July 1996 the court requested the applicants to pay the fee for the communication of the decision to the parties. On 27 September 1996 the court was informed that the applicants had paid the necessary fee. On 9 December 1996 the defendant appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court against the decision of the Gaziantep Administrative Court. On 13 February 1997 the applicants submitted their observations to the Supreme Administrative Court. On 28 March 1997 the case file was received by the Supreme Administrative Court. The case was allocated to the 10th Division. On 10 November 1997 the public prosecutor at the Supreme Administrative Court gave his opinion. On 10 March 1998 the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the decision of the first-instance court. The applicants were paid the amount awarded to them on 5 November 1997 and 30 April 1998.
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{ "applicant": "Fatma Ormancı", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2004 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Fatma Ormancı
001-83963
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 9464/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Orhan Bakay (“the applicant”), on 17 September 2001. The applicant was represented by Mr M.A. Altunkalem, a lawyer practising in Diyarbakır. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 28 September 2006 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaint concerning the length of the proceedings to the Government. Applying Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1973 and lives in Diyarbakır. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. On 11 August 1994 the applicant was taken into police custody on suspicion of membership of the PKK (Workers' Party of Kurdistan). During an on-site inspection the applicant showed the location of a firearm to the security forces. On 29 August 1994 the applicant was brought before a single judge at the Diyarbakır State Security Court who ordered his detention on remand. On an unspecified date, the public prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court filed a bill of indictment against the applicant, along with ten other persons. The applicant was accused of carrying out activities for the purpose of bringing about the secession of part of the national territory under Article 125 of the Criminal Code. The public prosecutor alleged that the applicant had been involved in a bombing with a certain H.Y. On 25 November 1994 the applicant denied the allegations against him before the Diyarbakır State Security Court. On the same day, the applicant's lawyer asked the first-instance court to request information as to whether criminal proceedings were initiated against H.Y. regarding the alleged bombing. The Diyarbakır State Security Court accepted the request and requested the public prosecutor at this court to submit information. On 30 March 1995 the public prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court informed the latter that there was a non-prosecution decision in respect of H.Y. On 26 October 1995 the applicant's lawyer requested the Diyarbakır State Security Court that the applicant be released pending trial. His request was dismissed. On 8 February 1996 the applicant's representative once again requested that the applicant be released pending trial. He maintained, inter alia, that according to the expert report drawn up in respect of the firearm belonging to the applicant, this gun had never been used in any illegal activity and that there was no other evidence against the applicant. His request was dismissed. Between 8 February 1996 and 15 April 1999 the applicant requested to be released pending trial several times, reiterating that there was no evidence against him. On 15 April 1999 the Diyarbakır State Security Court convicted the applicant for membership of the PKK under Article 168 § 2 of the Criminal Code and sentenced him to twelve years and six months' imprisonment. The applicant appealed. In his appeal petition, he requested not to be convicted, invoking Repentance Law no. 4450, which provided for amnesty to members of terrorist organisations, claiming that he had surrendered his weapon to the security forces and provided information about the PKK. On 18 June 1999 the Constitution was amended and the military judge sitting on the bench of the Diyarbakır State Security Court was replaced by a civilian judge. On 10 February 2000 the Court of Cassation quashed the first- instance court's judgment in respect of the applicant and another accused, İ.B., holding that the first-instance court should consider their requests under Law no. 4450. It then remitted the case-file to the Diyarbakır State Security Court. On 13 April 2000 the Diyarbakır State Security Court requested the Ministry of the Interior to submit an opinion as to whether the applicant and İ.B. could benefit from Law no. 4450. On 10 August 2000 the Ministry of the Interior replied that the accused should not benefit from the law in question. On the same day, the Diyarbakır State Security Court ordered the public prosecutor to make his submissions on the merits of the case. On 5 October 2000 the public prosecutor submitted his opinion on the merits. On 7 December 2000 the applicant filed his defence submissions. On 14 December 2000 the Diyarbakır State Security Court dismissed the applicant's and İ.B.'s requests concerning the application of Law no. 4450 and convicted them under Article 168 § 2 of the Criminal Code.The applicant was sentenced to twelve years and six months' imprisonment. He appealed. On 2 July 2001 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of 14 December 2000. In the meantime, on 21 December 2000 Law no. 4616, which governed the conditional release, suspension of proceedings or execution of sentences in respect of offences committed before 23 April 1999, came into force. The Law stipulated that parole would not be applicable to persons who had committed offences under Article 168 of the Criminal Code. Thus, the applicant could not benefit from Law no. 4616. On 31 October 2003 the applicant was released from prison during the proceedings that he had initiated in order to benefit from Law no. 4959, which provided for amnesty and mitigation of sentence for members of terrorist organisations.
train
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{ "applicant": "Orhan Bakay", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Orhan Bakay
001-94977
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 24829/03) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Fikret Çetin (“the applicant”), on 7 April 2003. The applicant was represented by Mr Mahmut Vefa, a lawyer practising in Diyarbakır. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. The applicant alleged, in particular, that the criminal proceedings brought against him had not been fair. On 6 March 2008 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS The applicant was born in 1969 and lives in Diyarbakır. A. The first trial In 1994 criminal proceedings were brought against the applicant before the Diyarbakır State Security Court (“the trial court”) for the offence of membership of an illegal organisation. On 15 April 1999 he was acquitted of the charges. When acquitting him, the trial court considered that there was insufficient evidence to prove that the applicant was a member of the illegal organisation. It found, however, that there was sufficient evidence to show that he had aided and abetted the organisation. Nevertheless, considering that the applicant had been coerced to aid and abet the organisation by its members, the trial court concluded that the applicant did not have the requisite mens rea and acquitted him. Before the appeal lodged by the prosecutor against the applicant's acquittal was examined by the Court of Cassation, the statute of limitations for the offence in question had been reached. Accordingly, on 1 February 2000 the Court of Cassation discontinued the criminal proceedings against the applicant. B. The second trial On 2 June 2000 the applicant was arrested once more and was examined by a doctor before he was placed in police custody in Diyarbakır. According to the report of the medical examination, there were no injuries on the applicant's body. According to the applicant, during his time in police custody he was subjected to ill-treatment. On 5 June 2000 police officers took the applicant to a café and two shops in the nearby town of Ergani, which had been bombed in 1993. According to the statements drawn up pertaining to those visits, the applicant told the police officers that he had carried out the bombings with the assistance of a number of other persons. In a statement taken from the applicant in police custody the same day, the applicant was reported as having detailed his activities within the PKK. On 6 June 2000 the applicant was released from police custody and was brought before a prosecutor and then before a judge, who questioned him further. The applicant denied the statements taken from him by police officers the previous day, and added that he had not been involved in any bombing. The applicant told the judge that he had signed the statements in police custody because he had thought that he would be ill-treated by the police officers if he refused to sign them. He added that in 1993 he had collected money by making threats on behalf of the PKK, taken part in demonstrations and distributed leaflets in support of that organisation, but that he had already been tried and spent time in prison for those activities (see paragraphs 6-7 above). The judge remanded the applicant in custody pending the introduction of criminal proceedings against him. The same day the applicant was examined by a doctor, who reported that there were no injuries on the applicant's body. When questioned by the police officers and subsequently by the prosecutor and the judge, the applicant was not represented by a lawyer. On 1 August 2000 the prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court filed an indictment with that court, accusing the applicant of activities carried out for the purpose of bringing about the secession of part of the national territory. In the proceedings before the trial court the applicant was represented by a lawyer. During the trial the applicant repeatedly denied his police custody statements and told the trial court that the statements had been taken from him under “intense pressure”. On 6 November 2001 the trial court found the applicant guilty of offences of membership of an illegal organisation and planting explosives. He was sentenced to seventeen years, four months and ten days' imprisonment. In convicting the applicant the trial court relied on the statements taken from him in police custody (see paragraph 11 above). In response to the applicant's lawyer's submissions that the applicant was being tried twice for the same offence, the trial court stated in its judgment that the previous trial had not concerned the bombing incidents. On 13 November 2001 the applicant appealed against his conviction and argued, inter alia, that he had been subjected to ill-treatment in police custody and that he had been forced to sign a number of documents. In his written observations submitted to the Court of Cassation the prosecutor referred to the applicant's allegations of ill-treatment and drew the Court of Cassation's attention to the trial court's failure to take into account a video recording which had apparently been made at the time when the police officers took the applicant to the café. The prosecutor's observations were not communicated to the applicant. As requested by the applicant, the Court of Cassation held a hearing before it rendered its decision on the appeal. Nevertheless, neither the applicant nor his lawyer attended the hearing. On 20 June 2002 the Court of Cassation rejected the appeal and upheld the applicant's conviction. The decision was deposited with the registry of the trial court on 16 December 2002.
train
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{ "applicant": "Fikret Çetin", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Fikret Çetin
001-88899
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29287/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by three Turkish nationals, Mr Mehmet Ali Ayhan, Mr Ali Akkurt and Mr Şükrü Töre (“the applicants”), on 11 June 2002. The applicants were represented by Mr M.A. Kırdök and Mrs M. Kırdök, lawyers practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 11 December 2006 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1961, 1959 and 1964 respectively. A. The criminal proceedings against Mr Ayhan In the course of a police operation against an illegal armed organisation, namely the TKEP (the Communist Labour Party of Turkey), the police arrested and detained Mr Ayhan in police custody on 5 May 1993. The applicant had fake identity papers on him at the time of the arrest. He was subsequently brought before a judge who remanded him in custody on 19 May 1993. By an indictment dated 30 July 1993, the public prosecutor initiated criminal proceedings against the applicant and other accused before the Istanbul State Security Court, accusing the applicant, inter alia, of participation in activities which undermined the constitutional order of the State. These included aggravated theft from various jewellery shops and involvement in the killing of Mr Y.I. and Mr M.Ö in 1990 and 1991 respectively. The prosecution sought the death penalty under Article 146 § 1 of the Criminal Code. In the course of the proceedings before the Istanbul State Security Court, the latter considered the applicant’s detention at the end of each hearing of its own motion and each time it ordered continued detention with reference to the nature of the offence, the state of the evidence and the content of the case file. At the hearing held on 28 January 1997, the applicant requested to be released for the first time. The court ordered the continuation of his detention, having regard to the nature of the offences with which he was charged and the state of the evidence. Thereafter until 30 May 2000 the applicant did not specifically request release. However, the court continued of its own motion to examine the applicant’s detention and ordered it to be continued on the same grounds as before. Between the hearings held on 30 May 2000 and 24 February 2004, the court considered the applicant’s detention regularly, either of its own motion or at the request of the applicant, and each time it ordered his continued detention, having regard to the nature of the offence, the state of the evidence and the content of the case file. On 24 February 2004 the Istanbul State Security Court convicted the applicant as charged and sentenced him to life imprisonment. This judgment was upheld by the Court of Cassation on 4 October 2004. B. The criminal proceedings against Mr Akkurt and Mr Töre On 10 February 1994 the second applicant, Mr Akkurt, and the third applicant, Mr Töre, were arrested and taken into custody on suspicion of involvement in the activities of the above-mentioned organisation. They were remanded in custody on 24 February 1994. By an indictment dated 17 May 1994, the public prosecutor initiated criminal proceedings against the applicants and other accused before the Istanbul State Security Court, accusing the applicants, inter alia, of involvement in activities which undermined the constitutional order of the State. These included aggravated theft from various jewellery shops. The prosecution sought the death penalty under Article 146 § 1 of the Criminal Code. In the course of the proceedings before the Istanbul State Security Court, the latter considered the applicants’ detention at the end of each hearing of its own motion, and each time it ordered their continued detention with reference to the nature of the offence, the state of the evidence and the content of the case file. At a hearing held on 5 August 1998, the applicants requested to be released for the first time. The court ordered the continuation of their detention, having regard to the nature of the offence and the length of their detention. Thereafter until 4 November 2002 the court considered the applicants’ detention regularly, either of its own motion or at the request of the applicants, and each time it ordered their continued detention, having regard to the nature of the offence, the state of the evidence and the content of the case file. On 4 November 2002 the applicants, at their request, were released pending trial. The court took note, in determining their request for release, of the length of time the applicants had already spent in detention and the state of the evidence. On 27 December 2006 the Istanbul Assize Court convicted the applicants as charged and sentenced them to life imprisonment. Their appeal against this decision is apparently pending before the Court of Cassation.
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{ "applicant": "Mehmet Ali Ayhan", "articles": [ 91, 34, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2008 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mehmet Ali Ayhan
001-70186
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 21179/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by Mr Sabri Taş. The applicant was represented by Mr Mesut Beştaş and Ms Meral Beştaş, lawyers practising in Diyarbakır. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 8 July 2004 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaint concerning the length of the applicant’s detention on remand and the length of the criminal proceedings to the Government. Applying Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits and admissibility (Rule 59 § 1). On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Second Section (Rule 52 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1964 and lives in Batman. On 7 February 1993 the applicant was taken into custody in Batman by police officers from the Batman Anti-Terrorist Branch and he was held in custody until 5 March 1993. On 5 March 1993 the Batman Criminal Court ordered the applicant’s remand in custody. On 6 April 1993 and on 10 October 1994 the Public Prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court filed two different bills of indictment accusing the applicant of being a member of an illegal terrorist organization and undermining the integrity of the State. On 5 May 1993 the State Security Court commenced the trial against the applicant and twenty-one other suspects, and prolonged the applicant’s detention. On 1 December 1995, the State Security Court convicted the applicant under Article 125 of the Criminal Code, and sentenced him to life imprisonment. The charges had been brought under Articles 168 and 125 of the Criminal Code. Thereafter, the Court of cassation quashed the judgment three times, remitting it to the first-instance court, which reached the same conclusions as before: – Court of Cassation decisions quashing the judgments on 9 July 1996, 31 January 2000 and 2 April 2001; – the repetitive State Security Court decisions on 11 June 1999 (after numerous hearings), 28 September 2000 (after numerous hearings in the applicant’s absence) and 31 January 2002 (also after numerous hearings). On that latter date, the State Security Court convicted the applicant under Article 168/2 of the Criminal Code and sentenced him to twelve years and six months’ imprisonment. He was released the same day. The applicant did not appeal against this judgment. On 7 February 2002 it became final.
train
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{ "applicant": "Sabri Taş", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2005 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Sabri Taş
001-90712
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 18992/03) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Turgay Elğay (“the applicant”), on 22 April 2003. The applicant was represented by Mrs M. Avcı, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 11 September 2007 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate to the Government the complaints concerning the applicant’s right to take proceedings to challenge the lawfulness of his detention and to have an enforceable right to compensation. It also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1983 and lives in Istanbul. On 10 July 2002 the applicant was arrested and placed in the anti‑terrorist branch of the Istanbul police headquarters after, during a road check, police officers saw a photograph of Abdullah Öcalan and the slogans “Biji Serok Apo” (“Long live President Apo”) and “Biji Kurdistan” (“Long live Kurdistan”) on the screen of the applicant’s mobile telephone. On the same day, the applicant made statements to the police and, subsequently, to the Gebze Magistrates’ Court, which ordered his detention on remand, having regard to the state of the evidence, the applicant’s statements to the police and the nature of the alleged offence, namely, membership of the PKK (the Kurdistan Workers’ Party), an illegal organisation. On 11 July 2002 the applicant lodged an objection to the remand order. No decision has been taken regarding the applicant’s objection. On the same day, the Gebze public prosecutor issued a decision finding that he lacked jurisdiction. The investigation file was subsequently transferred to the public prosecutor’s office at the Istanbul State Security Court. On 1 August 2002 the public prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court charged the applicant with membership of an illegal organisation, under Article 168 § 2 of the former Criminal Code. On 12 August 2002 the Istanbul State Security Court ordered the applicant’s continued detention, having regard to the nature of the alleged offence, the state of the evidence and the date of the initial order for the applicant’s detention. On 25 October 2002 the State Security Court held the first hearing in the case. The applicant’s representative requested the first‑instance court to release the applicant. The court accepted the request and ordered the applicant’s release pending trial. On 5 September 2003 the Istanbul State Security Court acquitted the applicant.
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{ "applicant": "Turgay Elğay", "articles": [ 91, 34, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Turgay Elğay
001-81831
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 48545/99) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by Mr Mehmet Şah Çelik (“the applicant”). The applicant was represented by Mr S. Çınar, a lawyer practising in Diyarbakır. On 26 February 2002 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1979. At the time of his application to the Court, he was incarcerated in the Batman E-type Prison. On 16 December 1994 police officers from the Batman Security Directorate arrested the applicant on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, namely the PKK (the Kurdish Workers’ Party), and placed him in custody. During his detention, the applicant signed statements and confessed to being a member of the PKK and to collecting money for that organisation. On 30 December 1994 the applicant was questioned by the public prosecutor attached to the Batman Magistrates’ Court. During his questioning, he repeated his statement made to the police. On the same day the Batman Magistrates’ Court ordered his detention on remand. On 11 January 1995 the prosecutor filed an indictment with the Diyarbakır State Security Court charging the applicant and thirteen co‑accused with membership of an illegal armed organisation. On 17 January 1995 the applicant was brought before that court, which ordered that his detention on remand be continued. At the first hearing held on 16 March 1995, the applicant denied all the charges made against him. He submitted that his statements to the police had been taken under duress, and that he had been forced to repeat the same statements before the Batman Magistrates’ Court and the Batman Public Prosecutor’s Office. The court rejected his request for release pending trial. His requests for release pending trial were rejected by the Diyarbakır State Security Court at each of the hearings. The court examined the applicant’s continued detention on its own motion every one and a half months or two months. In ordering his continued detention, the court relied on the nature of the offences charged, the content of the case file, the state of the evidence, and the stage reached in the proceedings, without giving detailed reasoning. At the first hearing, the court requested the following: (i) oral statements of the police officers who had interrogated one of the accused, (ii) a forensic examination of one of the accused, Mr Ferhan Arasan, in order to establish his real age, (iii) defence statements of the accused who were on conditional release, to be taken by a criminal court in the area where they resided, and finally (iv) witness statements and police records on certain allegations made by one of the accused, Mr Mehmet Emin Güngör, regarding the bombing of his house by unknown perpetrators. At the following two hearings, the court heard some of the accused and adjourned the proceedings pending a forensic report on Mr Ferhan Arasan’s age. During the following ten hearings, held between 7 September 1995 and 7 November 1996, the court repeatedly ordered the taking of statements of two of the accused who were on conditional release and the preparation of a forensic report. At the fourteenth hearing, held on 19 December 1996, the court ordered the presence of several of the accused (including the applicant) at the following hearing, and adjourned the proceedings pending submission of the forensic report. Over the course of the following twenty-four months the court held thirteen hearings without obtaining new evidence in respect of the applicant, except for one hearing, held on 8 July 1997, at which the applicant and the other accused were questioned as to whether they had any information about the bombing of Mr Mehmet Emin Güngör’s house. During that period, the court obtained only the final observations of the prosecutor and the defendants, and continued to adjourn the proceedings pending submission of the forensic report. On 18 December 1998, noting that the forensic report was still pending, the court severed the proceedings against Mr Ferhan Arasan and issued judgments in respect of the remaining accused. It found the applicant guilty of all charges and sentenced him to eight years and four months’ imprisonment. The applicant appealed. On 15 November 1999 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the Diyarbakır State Security Court.
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{ "applicant": "Mehmet Şah Çelik", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mehmet Şah Çelik
001-70931
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 78027/01) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Emrullah Karagöz (“the applicant”), on 13 November 2001. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr T. Elçi, a lawyer practising in Diyarbakır. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. The object of the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Articles 3, 5 and 13 of the Convention. The application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1. On 6 February 2003 the Chamber declared the application admissible and decided to join to the merits its examination of the Government's preliminary objections. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Second Section (Rule 52 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1978 and lives in Diyarbakır. On 28 October 2001 he was arrested by gendarmes and taken into custody at the Diyarbakır gendarmerie command. On 30 October 2001 the gendarmes took a statement from him. He was suspected of having assisted and supported the PKK (Workers' Party of Kurdistan), an illegal organisation under Turkish law. He allegedly signed his statement while blindfolded. At the end of his detention in the gendarmes' custody, he was examined by a forensic medical expert. No signs of ill-treatment were observed on his body. On 1 November 2001, after being interviewed by the public prosecutor, the applicant was brought before a judge of the Diyarbakır National Security Court, who ordered his detention pending trial. Before both the prosecutor and the judge the applicant denied the accusations against him. He was subsequently taken to Diyarbakır Prison. A. The applicant's periods of detention at the gendarmerie command On 1 November 2001, ruling on applications by the governor of the state of emergency region and the public prosecutor, and on the basis of Article 3 (c) of Legislative Decree no. 430 on additional measures to be taken in connection with the state of emergency, the judge granted leave for the applicant to be sent back to the gendarmerie command for questioning for a period not exceeding ten days. The applicant was returned to the gendarmes' custody at 10.45 p.m. that day. On 6 November 2001 the National Security Court dismissed an objection by the applicant's family, on the ground that the length of his detention was consistent with the limits laid down in domestic law. On 10 November 2001 the judge extended the applicant's detention at the gendarmerie command by ten days, again on the basis of Legislative Decree no. 430. On 15 November 2001 an objection by the applicant's representative was dismissed by the National Security Court. On 20 November 2001 the applicant was taken back to prison. On 20 and 21 November 2001 the governor of the state of emergency region and the public prosecutor, again on the basis of Legislative Decree no. 430, asked the judge to extend the applicant's detention at the gendarmerie command by a further ten days. On 21 November 2001 the judge refused that request on the ground that the case file did not contain any evidence to substantiate it and that such an omission was attributable to the authorities. The public prosecutor lodged an objection against that decision. On 22 November 2001 the National Security Court allowed the objection and observed that the applicant was the subject of three other investigations. It granted a further ten-day extension and leave for the applicant to be taken from prison for questioning. On the same day the applicant was handed over to the gendarmes. On 1 December 2001 the judge extended the applicant's detention at the gendarmerie command by a further ten days. On 12 December 2001 the applicant was taken back to Diyarbakır Prison. Each time the applicant left and returned to the prison, he was examined by a doctor. The reports subsequently drawn up did not mention any signs of blows to the applicant's body. B. The proceedings against the applicant In an indictment of 6 April 2001, the public prosecutor brought criminal proceedings against the applicant under Article 168 of the Criminal Code, by which it is an offence to be a member of an armed gang. At a hearing on 26 June 2001, the National Security Court ordered the applicant's provisional release. On 27 August 2001 he was acquitted in the absence of any evidence other than his initial statement to the gendarmes. On 20 September 2001 the judgment became final. C. Investigation into the applicant's complaint On 9 November 2001 the applicant's representative lodged a criminal complaint with the public prosecutor at the National Security Court against the gendarmes, alleging that they had ill-treated the applicant in order to obtain a confession from him. He asked for the applicant to be given a thorough medical examination. He further submitted that the applicant's recurring periods of detention at the gendarmerie command had breached both the provision of the Constitution governing the maximum length of detention in police custody and Article 5 of the Convention. On 13 November 2001 the public prosecutor at the National Security Court ruled that he did not have jurisdiction and forwarded the file to the Diyarbakır public prosecutor's office. On 13 December 2001 the applicant was interviewed by the Diyarbakır public prosecutor. He asserted that he had been sprayed with cold water, had been insulted, threatened and beaten, had had his testicles squeezed and had been placed naked in front of a fan blowing cold air. He lodged a criminal complaint against the gendarmes involved in questioning him. He also requested a medical examination and treatment. In a letter of 21 December 2001 to the Diyarbakır public prosecutor, the applicant's representative reiterated his allegations of torture and asked for his client to be examined at a specialist medical department. On 14 February 2002 the public prosecutor ordered thorough medical examinations to be carried out at the urology department and a testicular scintigram and pelvic ultrasound scan to be carried out at the nuclear medicine department of Dicle University in order to detect any signs of ill-treatment. In a document of 27 March 2002, addressed to the Diyarbakır provincial governor, the public prosecutor sought leave to bring proceedings against the gendarmes in whose custody the applicant had been held. A urological ultrasound scan of 18 April 2002 and a testicular scintigram of 13 May 2002 did not reveal any abnormalities. A preliminary investigation was opened by the Diyarbakır Provincial Administrative Council in respect of the gendarmerie commander. On 1 May 2002 the Administrative Council decided, in the absence of sufficient evidence, not to open an investigation with a view to prosecuting the official in question. On 22 May 2002 the applicant lodged an objection against that decision with the Diyarbakır Administrative Court. On 31 December 2002 the Diyarbakır Administrative Court upheld the decision. The Diyarbakır public prosecutor's office subsequently discontinued the proceedings. On 7 February 2003 the applicant appealed to the Siverek Assize Court against the decision to discontinue the proceedings. On 26 March 2003 the appeal was dismissed in view of the decision by the Diyarbakır provincial governor's office.
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{ "applicant": "Emrullah Karagöz", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2005 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Emrullah Karagöz
001-98926
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in two applications (nos. 25952/03 and 25966/03) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Turkish nationals, Mr İsa Düzdemir and Mr Gıyasettin Güner (“the applicants”), on 26 May 2003. The applicants were represented by Mr S. Çınar, a lawyer practising in Diyarbakır. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 14 September 2007 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the applications to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the applications at the same time as their admissibility (Article 29 § 3). By a letter dated 9 July 2009, the respondent Government informed the Court that the first applicant, Mr İsa Düzdemir, had died on 19 April 2008. By a letter dated 6 August 2009, the applicants' representative verified the first applicant's death on the said date and informed the Court that his heirs, namely Mr Mehmet Düzdemir, Mr Şükrü Düzdemir, Mr Ahmet Düzdemir, Mr Abdurrahman Düzdemir, Mr Harun Düzdemir and Mr Musa Düzdemir, wished to pursue his application. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASES The applicants were born in 1981 and 1961 respectively and lived in Diyarbakır. On 5 May 1999 the applicants were laid off by the Diyarbakır Sur Municipality (“the Municipality”), with which they had been temporarily employed. The applicants subsequently brought separate actions before the Diyarbakır Labour Court against the Municipality, claiming outstanding salaries, dismissal indemnities, severance pay and other pecuniary rights. On 23 December and 11 November 1999, respectively, the labour court granted the applicants' request and ordered the payment of 324,681,000 Turkish liras (TRL)1 to the first applicant and TRL 927,531,0002 to the second applicant, together with interest. In the absence of an appeal, these judgments became final on 3 January 2000 and 22 November 1999, respectively. At the date of introduction of the applications, the judgment debts were still outstanding. However, in the meantime, friendly settlement agreements were reached between the applicants and the Municipality on 31 July 2008 and 10 February 2005, respectively, and the relevant payments were made to the applicants.
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{ "applicant": "İsa Düzdemir", "articles": [ 91, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 52, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: İsa Düzdemir
001-97957
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 4694/03) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Turkish nationals, Mr Mustafa Akın and Mr Armağan Akın (“the applicants”), on 6 January 2003. The applicants were represented by Ms Leyla Hülya Tuna, a lawyer practising in İzmir. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. The applicants alleged, in particular, that a domestic court decision, which prevented the second applicant from seeing his younger sister, had infringed their right to respect for their family life within the meaning of Article 8 of the Convention. On 22 January 2008 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1957 and 1988 respectively and live in Ödemiş. On 30 September 1999 the first applicant's wife instituted divorce proceedings and asked for the custody of their two children; Armağan (the second applicant) and his younger sister Damla who was born in 1993. The Ödemiş Civil Court of First Instance (“the Ödemiş Court”) granted the couple's divorce on 23 June 2000. Having regard to the “parties' incomes and the ages of the two children”, the Ödemiş Court awarded custody of Armağan to the first applicant and that of Damla to her mother. It also decided that the parents would exchange the children between 1 and 15 February every year, during the month of July and for a total period of four days during the two religious holidays. On 30 November 2000 the first applicant requested the Ödemiş Court to grant an interim measure to the effect that he would have both children one weekend and his ex-wife would have them the next. This way, he argued, the children would not lose contact with each other and he would have the opportunity to spend every other weekend with both his children. This request was rejected on 19 December 2000 by the Ödemiş Court which considered that its decision concerning the custody issue had been correct. The appeal lodged by the applicant against the Ödemiş Court's decision of 23 June 2000 was rejected by the Court of Cassation on 8 December 2000. A request made by the first applicant for a rectification of that decision was rejected on 8 February 2001. On 11 September 2001 the first applicant brought a court case on behalf of his son and on his own behalf against his ex-wife. He claimed that although he and his son were living in the same town and very close to his ex-wife and his daughter, the decision of the Ödemiş Court had prevented the two children from seeing each other and him from spending time with both his children. This, he claimed, was causing irreversible psychological problems for the children. Even when the children saw each other in the street they were prevented from talking to each other by their mother. He requested that the children be able to see each other every weekend. He also asked the court to order his ex-wife to pay maintenance to him in respect of Armağan. The Ödemiş Court refused the applicants' requests on 1 February 2002. It held that, although diligence had to be shown to satisfy the needs of the parents and their children and to improve the ties between them, ordering Damla to spend every weekend with her father would mean a continual change of environment for her and would confront her with variations in discipline. The applicants appealed and referred in their appeal to a number of decisions of the Court of Cassation. According to those decisions, the applicable law and procedure required domestic courts to ensure that access arrangements do not prevent the children of divorced parents from seeing each other. The applicants maintained that ensuring this was a matter for a court of law to consider of its own motion. They also argued that the children's best interests should be given paramount importance. They drew the Court of Cassation's attention to the fact that the two siblings had not seen each other for two years. The appeal was rejected by the Court of Cassation on 29 April 2002 which considered that the Ödemiş Court had “adequately examined the evidence available to it and that its conclusion had been in accordance with the applicable legislation”. A subsequent rectification request lodged by the applicants was rejected on 15 July 2002. In their request for rectification the applicants submitted that the two children had not seen each other for almost three years and that their request for rectification was their last chance of seeing each other.
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{ "applicant": "Mustafa Akın", "articles": [ 91, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mustafa Akın
001-83959
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 4819/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Niyazi Çem (“the applicant”), on 6 June 2001. The applicant was represented by Mr A.E. Yılmaz, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 13 September 2006 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Applying Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1965 and lives in Istanbul. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. On an unspecified date in 1993, a detained member of the PKK (Workers' Party of Kurdistan) confessed to the authorities that a number of lawyers, among whom was the applicant, had been operating as undercover members of the organisation. Upon his confession, the public prosecutor attached to the State Security Court of Diyarbakır initiated a criminal investigation. On 23 November 1993 the applicant was taken into custody, where he denied any association with the PKK. On 20 December 1993 he was brought before a judge, who ordered his release pending trial. On 22 December 1993 the prosecutor filed an indictment, charging the applicant, together with twenty-two other lawyers, with being a member of the PKK. The specific charges against him included the transmission of messages, documents and money among the incarcerated PKK members, the sheltering and healing of a wounded PKK militant and the delivery of 2 kilograms of heroin belonging to the PKK from Diyarbakır to Istanbul. The prosecutor subsequently charged nine other persons with similar crimes. Their cases were also joined to that of the applicant. With a hearing on 17 February 1994, the State Security Court of Diyarbakır began the trial. At the same hearing, it ordered the release of all the accused who had not been already released by then. On 19 September 1996 the prosecutor filed his observations on the merits. On 18 June 1999 the Constitution was amended and the military judge sitting on the bench of the Diyarbakır State Security Court was replaced by a civilian judge. On 21 December 2000 Law no. 4616 governing conditional release, discontinuation of proceedings and suspension of the execution of sentences for offences committed before 23 April 1999 came into force. On 22 February 2001 the court held that all of the accused were eligible, under the new legislation, for the discontinuation of the proceedings against them. Accordingly, it discontinued the proceedings against the applicant, to be resumed only if he were to be convicted of an offence of the same or a more serious kind within a five-year period. On 22 February 2006 the five-year period expired and, no information from the applicant to the contrary having been submitted, the suspended criminal case against the applicant would appear to have been definitively dropped.
train
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{ "applicant": "Niyazi Çem", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Niyazi Çem
001-58108
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the Government of the Republic of Turkey (“the Government”) on 18 September 1996, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 § 1 and Article 47 of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 21890/93) against Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under Article 25 by a Turkish national, Mr Mehmet Erdagöz, on 1 May 1993. The Government’s application referred to Article 48 (d) of the Convention. The object of the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention. On 28 October 1996 the Delegate of the Commission filed observations on the Government’s application referring the case to the Court. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 § 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyers who would represent him (Rule 30). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr F. Gölcüklü, the elected judge of Turkish nationality (Article 43 of the Convention), and Mr R. Bernhardt, the Vice-President of the Court (Rule 21 § 4 (b)). On 29 October 1996, in the presence of the Registrar, the President of the Court, Mr R. Ryssdal, drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr F. Matscher, Mr L.-E. Pettiti, Mr B. Walsh, Mr J. De Meyer, Mr A.N. Loizou, Mr B. Repik and Mr J. Casadevall (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 § 5). As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 § 6), Mr Bernhardt, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the applicant’s lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 § 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the applicant’s and the Government’s memorials on 24 and 27 March 1997 respectively. The Delegate of the Commission did not submit any observations. On 10 June 1997 the Commission produced the file on the proceedings before it, as requested by the Registrar on the President’s instructions. In accordance with the decision of the President, who had given one of the applicant’s lawyers leave to use the Turkish language (Rule 27 § 3), the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 26 June 1997. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mrs D. Akçay, Acting Agent, Mrs I. Boivin, Adviser; (b) for the Commission Mr F. Martínez, Delegate; (c) for the applicant Mr H. Kaplan, avukat (lawyer), of the Istanbul Bar, Mr S. Yılmaz, avukat (lawyer), of the Diyarbakır Bar, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Martínez, Mr Kaplan, Mr Yılmaz and Mrs Akçay. As Mr Walsh was unable to take part in the deliberations on 22 September 1997, Sir John Freeland, substitute judge, replaced him as a member of the Chamber (Rules 22 § 1 and 24 § 1). AS TO THE FACTS I. circumstances of the case Mr Mehmet Erdagöz, a Turkish national, was, at the material time, the owner of a shop in Adana. He now lives in Kars. On 3 June 1992 a brawl broke out between the applicant and members of his family on one side and a Mr H.A. and his friends on the other. After the fight each of the protagonists lodged a complaint accusing the other, and on 16 June 1992 the public prosecutor’s office charged H.A. and the others with armed assault, attempted murder and offences under the Firearms Act. The outcome of these proceedings is not known. On 16 September 1992, at about 2 a.m., the police were informed by an anonymous telephone call to Bağlar police station that stones had been thrown against the applicant’s shop and had smashed the windows. The police arrived on the scene half an hour later – before the applicant, who was not on the premises, had even been informed – noted that the windows had been broken and made out a damage assessment report. Later that night, at 5.30 a.m., Mr Erdagöz, having been informed of the incident, unsuccessfully requested Deputy Inspector S.K., of Bağlar police station, to have the premises searched again before he opened the shop. He also named the persons he suspected of the attack, including H.A., but decided against lodging a complaint and left the police station. At 10.45 a.m. on the same day, after consulting the security police, and on their advice, the applicant returned to the police station and handed over two spent cartridge cases which he claimed to have found inside his shop. He also lodged a complaint and demanded the arrest of H.A., who had allegedly organised the attack out of animosity towards the applicant. A police squad conducted a fresh search of the scene of the crime. According to the report drawn up at the time, at 11.30 a.m., no bullet marks were found. On 16 March 1993, on account of the events of 16 September 1992, the Adana public prosecutor committed H.A. for trial in the Adana Criminal Court for threatening use of a firearm, criminal damage and an offence under the Firearms Act. In a judgment of 28 June 1993 the Criminal Court acquitted him for lack of sufficient evidence. The Court of Cassation upheld this judgment on 28 February 1994. A. Deprivation of the applicant’s liberty Shortly after 11.30 a.m. on 16 September 1992, as a result of the events of the previous night and on account of the conduct of the applicant, who was suspected of fabricating evidence (see paragraphs 11–12 above), Chief Inspector Enver Tunç ordered him to be transferred, together with H.A., who had been arrested in the meantime, to the security police headquarters. In the covering letter which he sent with the file to the public order branch of the security police, Mr Tunç wrote as follows: “In view of the fact that Mehmet Erdagöz has frequently lodged ill-founded complaints against the station personnel, that there is animosity between him and [H.A.], that he has previously abused the police and the judicial authorities, that the version of the events put forward by Mr Erdagöz, namely an armed attack, is probably an invention, that he possesses a registered firearm and may well have another unregistered one and that he has already made several contradictory statements, Mr Erdagöz and [H.A.] have both been transferred to security police headquarters for detailed questioning. I therefore request you to check whether these persons are wanted in connection with an offence, to inform the public order branch and our station of the result and to send a copy of the document to the criminal investigation branch.” In an order of 17 September 1992 the chief inspector referred H.A. and the applicant, who was suspected of falsely reporting a criminal offence, to the public prosecutor’s office. On the same day, accompanied by summaries of their interviews prepared by Mr Tunç, the applicant and H.A. appeared before the Adana public prosecutor. Mr Erdagöz was released the same day, at a time which has not been specified. B. The applicant’s complaints against the police 1. The first complaint On 17 September 1992 the applicant lodged a criminal complaint against the chief inspector and Deputy Inspector S.K. with the public prosecutor. He alleged that during the inquiries into the altercation of 3 June 1992 (see paragraph 10 above) the former had abused his authority by drawing up a biased report of the incident. He accused S.K. of inflicting ill-treatment on him when he first went to the police station, at 5.30 a.m., following the events of the night of 15 to 16 September. The next day, at the request of the police, Mr Erdagöz had a medical examination at the social security hospital in Adana. The provisional report, drawn up on the same day, mentions the following injuries: superficial grazing on the left side of the back and bruises and swelling below both knees. On 24 December 1992 a doctor from the Adana Institute of Forensic Medicine drew up a new report confirming the findings of the report of 18 September. On 29 December 1992 the Adana public prosecutor, after conducting an investigation, discontinued the proceedings. He concluded that the allegation of abusing authority was unfounded and decided not to pursue the investigation concerning the chief inspector. With regard to the complaint of ill-treatment, he noted: “Following the telephone message to Bağlar police station reporting the fact that on 16 September 1992 the windows of the shop situated at 62B 677th Street had been smashed, Deputy Inspector [S.K.] sent a police squad to the scene. This squad made out a report at 3.30 a.m. At 7 a.m on the same day the complainant went to the police station to complain of the incident. While his complaints were being taken down he decided not to lodge a formal complaint and left the police station. He returned soon after and asserted that he had found two [bullets] inside his shop. Thereupon Mr Enver Tunç, the senior officer at the station, ordered the complainant’s first statement to be altered and sent a squad to the premises. At 11.30 a.m. on the same day this squad made out a report noting that there were no bullet marks whatsoever in his shop. There being no such marks, the inference was drawn that the complainant had falsely produced the bullets in question for the sole purpose of ensuring that [H.A.], the person he had accused, would be arrested. Chief Inspector Tunç accordingly referred him to the criminal investigation branch for questioning. By an order of 17 September 1992 the applicant and [H.A.] were referred to the public prosecutor’s office, the former on suspicion of falsely reporting a criminal offence. Although traces of blows and injuries on Mr Mehmet Erdagöz’s body are mentioned in the medical report of 18 September 1992, drawn up two days after the incident by the social security hospital to which he had been sent by Chief Inspector Tunç, there is no conclusive evidence that the lesions noted in the report were the result of blows inflicted by the deputy inspector; there is therefore insufficient evidence to prosecute him.” On 27 January 1993 the applicant appealed against the above discontinuation order to the President of the Tarsus Assize Court, who dismissed the appeal on 23 February 1993. On 8 March 1993 the applicant petitioned the Minister of Justice to lodge an appeal in the interests of the law. On 29 March 1993 the Minister of Justice refused. 2. The second complaint During the investigation Mr Erdagöz lodged a complaint against the chief inspector and another policeman, A.K., alleging that they had insulted him and taken him into police custody for forty-eight hours even though he was the complainant. On 6 December 1993 the Adana public prosecutor made an order discontinuing the proceedings against these two officers in the following terms: “However, the investigation file (case no. 1992/22569) and the preliminary inquiry conducted in the case show that on 16 September 1992 ... the complainant went to the police station, where he made an oral statement to the effect that the windows of his shop had been smashed and that he wished to lodge a complaint against the person responsible; he was then asked to produce evidence or name a witness; he left the police station and came back two hours later bringing two [bullets] as evidence; police officers accordingly went to the scene to verify Mr Erdagöz’s allegations and found that the windows were broken but that there were no marks which might suggest that they had been smashed by bullets. In the light of the applicant’s history, he was suspected of falsely reporting a criminal offence and the object of the inquiry was therefore modified and an investigation in two branches conducted. However, as the police had not found any pertinent evidence that the offence had been committed, the complainant was referred to the public prosecutor’s office by an order of 17 September 1992. Contrary to his allegations, he was not taken into police custody for forty-eight hours but necessarily held for twenty-four hours so that the inquiry could be completed. Moreover, there is no evidence to support the allegations of defamation.” On 15 February 1994 the applicant appealed against the above discontinuation order to the President of the Assize Court. He alleged in particular that his detention in police custody had lasted for two days and had been due to the resentment the police felt towards him on account of his previous complaints to the European Commission of Human Rights and the domestic courts. On 7 March 1994 the President of the Tarsus Assize Court dismissed the appeal and on 24 June 1994 the Minister of Justice refused a petition in which Mr Erdagöz had asked him to lodge an appeal in the interests of the law.
train
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{ "applicant": "Mehmet Erdagöz", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1997 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mehmet Erdagöz
001-60031
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29912/96) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Mustafa Saim Çilengir (“the applicant”), on 12 January 1996. The applicant was represented by Mrs Semra Dural Esim, a lawyer practising in Muğla (Turkey). The Turkish Government did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. The applicant complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention about the length of the criminal proceedings against him. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. Mr Rıza Türmen, the judge elected in respect of Turkey, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Mr Feyyaz Gölcüklü to sit as an ad hoc judge, in his place (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). The President of the Chamber decided that in the interests of the proper administration of justice, the present application should be joined to other applications against the same respondent State raising the same complaint (applications nos. 28291/95, 29280/95, 26699/96, 26700/96, 29701/96, 29702/96, 29703/96, 29911/96, 29913/96, 31831/96, 31834/96, 31853/96, 31880/96, 31891/96, 31960/96, 32964/96, 32987/96, 32900/96, 33362/96, 33369/96, 33645/96, 34591/96, 34687/96, 39428/96 and 43362/96) (Rule 43 § 2). By a decision of 31 August 1999, having obtained the parties’ observations, the Court declared the application admissible. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). On 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section (Rule 52 § 1) THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A. Arrest and detention of the applicant On 21 April 1979 police officers from the Istanbul Security Directorate arrested the applicant on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, the THKP-C (Turkish People’s Liberation Party/Front). On 28 April 1979 the İstanbul Martial Law Court (sıkıyönetim mahkemesi) ordered the applicant’s detention on remand. B. Trial in the İstanbul Martial Law Court On 15 January 1980 the Military Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment with the Martial Law Court against the applicant and 127 other defendants. The Public Prosecutor accused the applicant, inter alia, of membership of an illegal armed organisation, namely the THKP/C, whose object was to undermine the constitutional order and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime, under Article 146 § 3 of the Criminal Code. On 6 May 1980 the İstanbul Martial Law Court ordered the applicant’s release pending trial. In a judgment of 8 November 1984 the İstanbul Martial Law Court convicted the applicant of his involvement in the THKP/C pursuant to Article 169 of the Criminal Code. However, the court did not indicate the applicant’s sentence in its judgment. C. Proceedings on appeal The applicant appealed to the Military Court of Cassation (Askeri Yargıtay). On 12 April 1988 the Military Court of Cassation quashed the judgment of the first instance court. It ruled that since the criminal proceedings instituted against the applicant before the İstanbul Martial Law Court and the İzmir Assize Court (ağır ceza mahkemesi) were linked to each other in content and legal basis, the case-files should be joined. The court therefore referred the case to the İstanbul Martial Law Court. On 17 August 1990 the İstanbul Martial Law Court decided to join the two criminal proceedings against the applicant and sent the case-file to the İzmir Assize Court (ağır ceza mahkemesi). The applicant lodged an appeal with the Military Court of Cassation against this decision. Following promulgation of the Law of 27 December 1993, which abolished the jurisdiction of the Martial Law Courts, the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay) acquired jurisdiction over the case and on 4 January 1994 the case file was transmitted to it. On 18 April 1995 the Court of Cassation held, under Article 322 of the Criminal Code, that the criminal proceedings against the applicant should be discontinued since the prosecution was time‑barred.
train
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{ "applicant": "Mustafa Saim Çilengir", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2002 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mustafa Saim Çilengir
001-96780
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 31345/05) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Dursun Demirtürk (“the applicant”), on 15 August 2005. The applicant was represented by Ms Z. Bilgiç Dölek, a lawyer practising in Mersin. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 1 October 2008 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1933 and lives in Zonguldak. On an unspecified date the Land Registry Commission attached to the General Directorate of Land Registration conducted a land registry survey of plots of land in Belen village in the Ereğli district of Zonguldak. Following this survey, plot nos. 2 and 3 were registered in the Land Registry in the names of A.G. and K.G. respectively. On 22 February 1985 the applicant brought a case before the Karadeniz Ereğlisi Cadastral Court requesting that plot nos. 2 and 3 be registered in his name. On 12 December 1986 the court joined the case in question to another claim, having regard to the fact that the parties and the subject matter of the cases were the same. On 6 December 2000 the court granted the applicant's request in part. The parties appealed. On 12 December 2002 the Court of Cassation remitted the case to the first-instance court on grounds of incorrect service. On an unspecified date the first-instance court rectified the error in service and sent the case to the Court of Cassation for re-examination. On 29 April 2004 the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment of 6 December 2000. On 11 October 2006 the first instance court dismissed the case. On 13 March 2008 the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment of 11 October 2006. The case was remitted to the first-instance court for further examination. According to the information in the case file, the case is still pending before the first-instance court.
train
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{ "applicant": "Dursun Demirtürk", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Dursun Demirtürk
001-107251
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 10435/08) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by five Turkish nationals, Mr Necip Dinçer, Mr Haydar Işık, Mr Nuri Işık, Mr Rıza Işık and Mr Ahmet Kankılıç (“the applicants”), on 15 January 2008. The applicants were represented by Mr A.F. Demirkan, a lawyer practising in Bursa. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 12 June 2009 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). By a letter sent in March 2009 the applicants’ representative informed the Court that the first applicant, Mr Necip Dinçer, had died on an unspecified date and that his heirs could not be reached. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1921, 1941, 1946, 1948 and 1946 respectively and lived in Bursa. In 2004 the General Directorate of Highways seized a plot of land belonging to the applicants without any formal expropriation, for the construction of a highway. The applicants brought an action before the Karacabey Civil Court to obtain compensation for the de facto expropriation of their property. They requested 5,500 Turkish liras (TRY) as compensation from the court and reserved their right to increase this claim in due course. On 15 June 2006 the Karacabey Civil Court awarded the applicants TRY 5,500 as compensation for the de facto expropriation of their land, as requested, plus interest. The applicants initiated execution proceedings before the Bursa Execution Office to obtain that amount (file no. 2009/2819). On 13 March 2007 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The applicants subsequently brought an additional action (“ek dava”) before the Karacabey Civil Court to obtain further compensation for their land in the light of the expert report obtained during the previous proceedings, which had valued the land at a rate higher than that initially requested by them. On 24 May 2007 the Karacabey Civil Court awarded the applicants TRY 372,445.25, plus interest. The applicants initiated another set of execution proceedings before the Bursa Execution Office to obtain the amount awarded (file no. 2007/6190). On 16 October 2007 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the Karacabey Civil Court, however reduced the amount awarded to the applicants to TRY 340,949.81. On 26 March and 13 November 2009 the administration paid TRY 8,925 and 485,173 respectively to the files before the Bursa Execution Office. According to the information provided by the applicants, there has been no debt outstanding in the execution files.
train
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{ "applicant": "Necip Dinçer", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Necip Dinçer
001-82483
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 74507/01) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Mahmut Aslan (“the applicant”), on 2 November 2000. The applicant was represented by Mr P. Frei, lawyer practising in Zurich. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 4 October 2005 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaints concerning the length of the criminal proceedings and the lack of an effective domestic remedy to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1959 and lives in Seewen, Switzerland. On 17 May 1982 the applicant was arrested and taken into custody. On 8 July 1982 he was remanded in custody. On 6 December 1982 the public prosecutor at the Diyarbakır Martial Law Court filed a bill of indictment with the latter, accusing the applicant of membership of an illegal organisation. He requested that the applicant be convicted and sentenced under Article 168 § 1 of the Criminal Code. On 19 February 1985 the Diyarbakır Martial Law Court convicted the applicant as charged and sentenced him to twenty-four years' imprisonment. This judgment was quashed by the Military Court of Cassation on 10 April 1990. On 27 November 1990 the applicant was released from detention. Subsequent to promulgation of Law no. 3953 on 27 December 1993, which abolished the jurisdiction of the Martial Courts, the Diyarbakır Assize Court acquired jurisdiction over the applicant's case. On 13 July 1998 the Diyarbakır Assize Court ordered that the criminal proceedings against the applicant be terminated on the ground that the statutory time limit under Articles 102 and 104 of the Criminal Code had expired. At the time of this decision the applicant was not represented by a lawyer before this court. However, this judgment was erroneously notified to Mr S.D. (the legal representative of another co-accused, who bore the same name and surname as the applicant, during the proceedings before the Diyarbakır Martial Law Court) and became final on 12 March 1999. The applicant inquired about the developments in his case on 16 May 2000. As the judgment was in his favour, the applicant did not lodge an appeal with the Court of Cassation.
train
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{ "applicant": "Mahmut Aslan", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mahmut Aslan
001-85312
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 15071/03) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Turkish nationals, Mr Erhan Uçma and Mr Yurttaş Uçma (“the applicants”), on 8 April 2003. The applicants were represented by Mr S. Çetinkaya, a lawyer practising in Izmir. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) are represented by their agent. On 3 October 2006 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to notify the Government of the applicants’ complaint concerning the non-communication to them of the submissions of the Principal Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1979 and 1982 respectively and live in Izmir. On 28 April 2001 the applicants were taken into police custody. On 30 April 2001 the applicants were brought before the investigating judge, who ordered their detention on remand. On 3 May 2001 the Izmir State Security Court public prosecutor filed an indictment against the applicants He accused the first applicant of aiding and abetting an illegal organisation, and the second applicant of being a member of an illegal organisation. On 13 September 2001 the Izmir State Security Court found the applicants guilty as charged and sentenced each of them to ten months’ imprisonment and a fine. On 6 December 2001 the Principal Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation submitted his written opinion on the merits of the appeal. He advised that the appeal be rejected and that the first-instance judgment be upheld. On 24 January 2002 the Court of Cassation quashed the first-instance court’s judgment on the ground that the applicants should have been sanctioned under Article 169 of the Criminal Code for aiding and abetting an illegal armed organisation. On 16 May 2002 the Izmir State Security Court adhered to the reasoning of the Court of Cassation and convicted the applicants pursuant to Article 169 of the Criminal Code. On 13 November 2002 the Principal Public Prosecutor submitted his written opinion on the merits of the case and stated that the Court of Cassation should uphold the judgment of the State Security Court. On 28 November 2002, the Court of Cassation, in conformity with the opinion of the Principal Public Prosecutor, upheld the first instance judgment.
train
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{ "applicant": "Erhan Uçma", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2008 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Erhan Uçma
001-93823
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 31300/05) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Turkish nationals, Mr Abdulvahap Terzi and Mr Recahi Erkmen (“the applicants”), on 23 August 2005. The applicants were represented by Mr S. Ulufer, a lawyer practising in Adana. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. The applicants alleged that they had been subjected to torture during their detention in the custody of security forces and that the national authorities had failed to establish the criminal and administrative responsibilities of the accused police officers. This had consequently allowed the police officers to enjoy impunity. The applicants relied on Articles 3, 5, 6 and 13 of the Convention. On 15 May 2008 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1969 and 1971 and live in Malatya and Sivas respectively. On 21 May 1997, at about midnight, the applicants were taken into police custody at the Mersin Security Headquarters for car theft. They were allegedly ill-treated by police officers, who stripped them naked, beat them and subjected them to electric shocks. On 23 May 1997, at about 9.35 a.m., the applicants were brought before a forensic doctor (S.T.) who reported that there were no traces of ill‑treatment on their bodies. The applicants were released the same day (23 May), following which they lodged a complaint with the public prosecutor against the police officers (S.D. and I.A.) who had interrogated them and against the doctor (S.T.) who had drawn up their medical report. The public prosecutor referred the applicants to a forensic doctor who reported the same day (23 May) that the first applicant had red marks of various sizes on both the scapula and the thorax, a 2‑cm‑wide bruise on the lower right lip and an 0.5‑cm‑wide ecchymosis on his right eye. Moreover, it was noted that the second applicant had a red 1 x 1 cm skin wound on his groin. The report stated that the marks and bruises on their bodies did not render the applicants unfit for work. By an indictment filed on 27 November 1997, the public prosecutor instituted criminal proceedings against S.D. and I.A. for having insulted and tortured the applicants, and against S.T. for professional misconduct. On 13 December 1999 the Mersin Assize Court delivered its judgment. Referring to the second medical report, which noted the presence of marks on the applicants’ bodies, the court found S.D. and I.A. guilty of ill-treatment during the performance of their duties under Article 245 of the former Criminal Code, and sentenced them to imprisonment, which was converted to a fine. The court added that for treatment to be qualified as torture under domestic law, the victims needed to have been charged with a particular crime, whereas in the present case the applicants had only been suspects and were later released without charge. Therefore the officers’ acts could not be qualified as torture under Article 243 of the Criminal Code, but as ill-treatment under Article 245. The court acquitted S.T., however. It noted that, although S.T. had not examined the applicants, he had simply written down what they had said and had therefore had no criminal intention. On 31 January 2001 the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment on the ground that the provisions applicable to the police officers and the doctor were contained in Articles 243 and 230 of the Criminal Code which concerned the offences of torture and negligence in the performance of public duties respectively. The Court of Cassation added that S.D. had previously been convicted of the same offence; therefore the prison sentence should not have been converted to a fine. On 30 January 2002 the Mersin Assize Court persisted in its earlier judgment on the same grounds. By a decision of 15 November 2002, the Joint Criminal Chambers of the Plenary Court of Cassation (Criminal Divisions) (Yargıtay Ceza Genel Kurulu) quashed the Mersin Assize Court’s judgment and held that the evidence in the case file showed that the applicants had been subjected to torture by S.D. and I.A., who had intentionally inflicted ill-treatment in order to extract confessions; their acts therefore fell under Article 243 of the Criminal Code. As for S.T., he had drawn up the applicants’ medical report in the presence of police officers without examining the applicants, and had thus committed an offence under Article 230 of the Criminal Code. On 16 January 2004 the Mersin Assize Court held that the prosecution was time-barred in respect of S.T. However, it convicted and sentenced S.D. to two years and two days’ imprisonment and I.A. to two years’ imprisonment. S.D. and I.A. were further prohibited from holding public office for a period of six months. S.D. and I.A. appealed. On 24 June and 15 October 2004 the applicants’ representatives asked the Court of Cassation to expedite the proceedings, as there was a danger that the prosecution of the offences would also become time-barred in respect of the accused police officers. On 15 December 2004 the Court of Cassation held that the prosecution was indeed time-barred and dismissed the criminal proceedings under the statute of limitations. The decision was deposited with the first-instance court’s registry on 24 February 2005. On 11 August 2005 the applicants requested the Ministry of Justice to identify the judges involved in the proceedings and to hold them responsible for not having shown due diligence and for ultimately having allowed the proceedings to become time-barred. On 16 December 2005 the Court of Cassation, and on 13 March 2006 the Ministry of Justice, replied in respect of the judges who had sat on the bench of the Court of Cassation and the Mersin Assize Court respectively. It notified the applicants that no proceedings or investigations were to be instituted against the judges since the complaint concerned the use of judicial power. S.D. was still on duty at the Organised Crime and Trafficking Branch of the Muğla Security Headquarters at the time the application was lodged with the Court.
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{ "applicant": "Abdulvahap Terzi", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Abdulvahap Terzi
001-78589
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 131/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mrs Nazlı Pamuk (“the applicant”), on 11 September 2001. The applicant was represented by Mr O. Çirim, a lawyer practising in Izmir. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purpose of the proceedings before the Court. On 4 October 2004 the Court decided to communicate the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1943 and lives in Izmir. In 1996 the General Directorate of National Roads and Highways expropriated land (plot no. 431/4) and a building which the applicant co‑owned. The applicant received an amount determined by a committee of experts at the time of the expropriation. On 5 January 1996 the applicant filed an action for additional compensation with the Izmir Civil Court of First Instance. On 27 December 1999 the first-instance court awarded the applicant additional compensation plus interest at the statutory rate applicable at the date of the court's decision. This judgment was quashed by the Court of Cassation on 17 April 2000. On 4 December 2000 the first-instance court awarded the applicant additional compensation of 3,275,732,664 Turkish liras (TRL) (approximately 5,470 euros (EUR)), plus interest at the statutory rate applicable at the date of the court's decision, running from 12 January 1996. On 12 March 2001 the Court of Cassation upheld this judgment. On 29 August 2001 the administration paid the applicant TRL 12,352,710,000 (approximately EUR 10,042) covering the additional compensation, interest, costs and expenses.
train
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"check", "end_offset": 1476, "entity_id": "001-78589_a10_e18", "entity_mention_id": "001-78589_a10_em20", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "4 December 2000", "start_offset": 1461 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1584, "entity_id": "001-78589_a10_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-78589_a10_em21", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": [], "span_text": "3,275,732,664 Turkish liras (TRL)", "start_offset": 1551 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1617, "entity_id": "001-78589_a10_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-78589_a10_em22", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": [ "001-78589_a10_em21" ], "span_text": "(approximately 5,470 euros (EUR)", "start_offset": 1585 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1732, "entity_id": 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"identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "29 August 2001", "start_offset": 1800 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1871, "entity_id": "001-78589_a10_e23", "entity_mention_id": "001-78589_a10_em27", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": [ "001-78589_a10_em28" ], "span_text": "TRL 12,352,710,000", "start_offset": 1853 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1897, "entity_id": "001-78589_a10_e23", "entity_mention_id": "001-78589_a10_em28", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": [], "span_text": "approximately EUR 10,042", "start_offset": 1873 } ] }, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null }
{ "applicant": "Nazlı Pamuk", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Nazlı Pamuk
001-91976
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 26170/03) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mrs İlkay Barış (“the applicant”), on 18 June 2003. The applicant was represented by Mr H. Sağlam, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 14 September 2007 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1967 and lives in Istanbul. On 13 July 1992 the applicant was taken into police custody on suspicion of membership of the Revolutionary Left (the “DEV-SOL”), an illegal organisation. On 28 July 1992 she was brought before a single judge at the Istanbul State Security Court who ordered her detention on remand. On 18 September and 14 October 1992 and 26 May 1995, the public prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court filed three bills of indictment, charging the applicant with attempting to undermine the constitutional order, proscribed by Article 146 of the former Criminal Code. The case against the applicant was joined to another brought against five other persons. On 28 September 1992 the first hearing before the Istanbul State Security Court was taken up with procedural matters. By 24 December 2002 the applicant had made several requests for release pending trial to the Istanbul State Security Court. The court dismissed her requests on each occasion, having regard to the nature of the offence, the state of evidence and the content of the case file. On 24 December 2002 the Istanbul State Security Court convicted the applicant as charged and sentenced her to death, subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. The State Security Court further ordered the applicant’s release from prison, having regard to the total amount of time that she had been in detention. On 28 April 2003 the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment of 24 December 2002. On 15 November 2006 the Istanbul Assize Court convicted the applicant under Article 146 of the former Criminal Code and sentenced her to life imprisonment. On 16 April 2007 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the assize court.
train
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{ "applicant": "İlkay Barış", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: İlkay Barış
001-71469
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 36150/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Mehmet Kaya on 3 September 2002. The applicant was represented by Mr Türker Doğan, a lawyer practising in Adana. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 13 May 2004 the Court decided to communicate the application to the Government. Applying Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits and admissibility (Rule 59 § 1). On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Second Section (Rule 52 § 1). THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1961 and lives in Istanbul. On 12 September 1980 the applicant was arrested and taken into police custody on suspicion of having committed an armed attack and attempted murder. On 17 October 1980 the Ankara Martial Law Court ordered the applicant’s detention on remand. On 13 April 1991 he was released pending trial. On 25 December 1992 the Ankara Martial Court convicted the applicant of premeditated murder, pursuant to Article 450 § 4 of the Criminal Code, and sentenced him to life imprisonment. On 12 May 1993 the Military Court of Cassation quashed the judgment of the Ankara Martial Law Court on the ground that the latter had misinterpreted the domestic law in respect of the offence in question and remitted the case to the court of first instance. Subsequent to the promulgation of Law no. 3953 on 27 December 1993, which abolished the jurisdiction of the Martial Law Courts, the Ankara Assize Court acquired jurisdiction in the applicant’s case. In 1994 the Ankara Assize Court commenced the applicant’s trial together with one hundred and thirty-two other accused. On 21 November 2003 after numerous hearings had been conducted, Ankara Assize Court convicted the applicant of the aforementioned crime and sentenced him to thirty-six years’ imprisonment under Article 59 of the Criminal Code. On 7 May 2004 the Public Prosecutor before the Ankara Assize Court appealed to the Military Court of Cassation against this judgment. The criminal proceedings against the applicant are currently pending before the Court of Cassation.
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{ "applicant": "Mehmet Kaya", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2005 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mehmet Kaya
001-93577
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 7605/05) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Ahmet Akif Mücek (“the applicant”), on 4 February 2005. The applicant was represented by Mr H. Şenses, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 27 March 2008 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS The applicant was born in 1960 and lives in Kandıra. On 26 November 1995 the applicant was taken into custody by police officers from the Anti-Terrorist Branch of the Istanbul Security Directorate on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, namely the Dev-Yol (Revolutionary Way). On 8 December 1995 he was brought before the investigating judge at the Istanbul State Security Court, who ordered him to be detained pending trial. On 9 May 1996 the public prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court filed an indictment against the applicant and twelve other accused. Invoking Article 146 of the Criminal Code, he accused the applicant of membership of an illegal armed organisation and of involvement in activities which undermined the constitutional order of the State. The trial commenced before the Istanbul State Security Court. In the subsequent hearings the court refused to release the applicant on account of the nature of the alleged offence and the state of the evidence. On 7 May 2004 the State Security Courts were abolished following a constitutional amendment, and the applicant’s case was transferred to the Istanbul Assize Court. On 30 November 2006 the applicant was released pending trial.
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{ "applicant": "Ahmet Akif Mücek", "articles": [ 91, 34, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ahmet Akif Mücek
001-107248
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PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 10434/08) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by three Turkish nationals, Mr Haydar Işık, Mr Nuri Işık and Mr Rıza Işık (“the applicants”), on 15 January 2008. The applicants were represented by Mr A.F. Demirkan, a lawyer practising in Bursa. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 12 June 2009 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1941, 1946 and 1948 respectively and live in Bursa. In 2004 the General Directorate of Highways seized a plot of land belonging to the applicants without any formal expropriation, for the construction of a highway. The applicants brought an action before the Karacabey Civil Court to obtain compensation for the de facto expropriation of their property. They requested 6,500 Turkish liras (TRY) as compensation from the court and reserved their right to increase this claim in due course. On 16 November 2006 the Karacabey Civil Court awarded the applicants TRY 6,500 as compensation for the de facto expropriation of their land, as requested, plus interest. The applicants initiated execution proceedings before the Bursa Execution Office to obtain that amount (file no. 2009/2793). On 13 March 2007 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The applicants subsequently brought an additional action (“ek dava”) before the Karacabey Civil Court to obtain further compensation for their land in the light of the expert report obtained during the previous proceedings, which had valued the land at a rate higher than that initially requested by them. On 10 May 2007 the Karacabey Civil Court awarded the applicants TRY 158,626.30, plus interest. The applicants initiated another set of execution proceedings before the Bursa Execution Office to obtain the amount awarded (file no. 2007/6182). On 16 October 2007 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the Karacabey Civil Court. On 20 March 2009 the administration paid TRY 10,297.75. According to the information provided by the applicants, there has been no outstanding debt in the execution files.
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{ "applicant": "Haydar Işık", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Haydar Işık
001-107261
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 10457/08) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Necdet Bertan (“the applicant”), on 15 January 2008. The applicant was represented by Mr A.F. Demirkan, a lawyer practising in Bursa. On 12 June 2009 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1942 and lives in Bursa. In 2004 the General Directorate of Highways seized a plot of land belonging to the applicant without any formal expropriation, for the construction of a highway. The applicant brought an action before the Karacabey Civil Court to obtain compensation for the de facto expropriation of his property. He requested 5,500 Turkish liras (TRY) as compensation from the court and reserved his right to increase this claim in due course. On 15 June 2006 the Karacabey Civil Court awarded the applicant TRY 5,500 as compensation for the de facto expropriation of his land, as requested, plus interest. The applicant initiated execution proceedings before the Bursa Execution Office to obtain that amount (file no. 2009/2806). On 13 March 2007 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The applicant subsequently brought an additional action (“ek dava”) before the Karacabey Civil Court to obtain further compensation for his land in the light of the expert report obtained during the previous proceedings, which had valued the land at a rate higher than that initially requested by him. On 24 May 2007 the Karacabey Civil Court awarded the applicant TRY 59,568.50, plus interest. The applicant initiated another set of execution proceedings before the Bursa Execution Office to obtain the amount awarded (file no. 2007/6188). On 23 October 2007 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the Karacabey Civil Court. On 24 March and 13 November 2009 the administration paid TRY 8,923 and 92,113 respectively in respect of the debt arising from the actions before the Bursa Execution Office. According to the information provided by the applicant, there has been no outstanding debt in the execution files.
train
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{ "applicant": "Necdet Bertan", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Necdet Bertan
001-61139
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 41478/98) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Ms Nuray Şen (“the applicant”), on 25 April 1996. The applicant was represented by Mr Tony Fisher, a lawyer practising in Colchester, Mr Philip Leach and Ms Anke Stock of the Kurdish Human Rights Project in London, as well as by Mr Mark Muller, Mr Tim Otty and Ms Jane Gordon, lawyers practising in London. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. The applicant complained that she was detained for 11 days and was not brought before a judge within a reasonable time. She invoked Article 5 § 3 of the Convention. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. Mr Rıza Türmen, the judge elected in respect of Turkey, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Mr F. Gölcüklü to sit as an ad hoc judge (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). By a decision of 30 April 2002 the Court declared the application partly admissible, retaining the applicant’s complaint under Article 5 § 3 of the Convention. On 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Second Section. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1951 and lives in Paris. On 10 November 1995 the applicant was arrested on suspicion of PKK membership and brought to the Gendarme Intelligence and Anti-Terrorism Headquarters in Diyarbakır. On 21 November 1995 the applicant was brought before the prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court who ordered her detention on remand. She was taken to Diyarbakır High Security Prison. The applicant was released on bail at the first hearing before the Diyarbakır State Security Court on 15 February 1996.
train
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{ "applicant": "Nuray Şen", "articles": [ 91, 34, 49, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2003 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Nuray Şen
001-78587
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 4415/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Syrian national, Mr Abdülmenaf Osman (“the applicant”), on 2 November 2001. The applicant was represented by Mr M. Vefa, a lawyer practising in Diyarbakır. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. The applicant alleged that he was not tried before an independent and impartial tribunal and that the length of the proceedings exceeded the reasonable time. He invoked Article 6 of the Convention. On 6 October 2005 the Court (First Section) declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaints concerning the independence and impartiality of the Diyarbakır State Security Court and the length of the proceedings to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1965 and he is currently detained in the Gaziantep Prison. On 13 March 1993 the applicant was taken into custody by policemen from the Anti-Terrorism Branch of the Batman Security Directorate on suspicion of his membership of an illegal organisation, namely the Workers' Party of Kurdistan (“the PKK”). On 13 April 1993 the applicant was brought before the public prosecutor and the investigating judge where he repeated his police statements. The judge ordered the applicant's detention on remand. On 26 April 1993 the Diyarbakır State Security Court Public Prosecutor filed an indictment against 38 accused persons, including the applicant. He accused the applicant of carrying out activities aimed at breaking up the unity of the State and removing part of the national territory from the State's control. He requested the court to sentence the applicant in accordance with Article 125 of the Criminal Code. Two further indictments were submitted to the Diyarbakır State Security Court concerning offences which the applicant had allegedly committed in Bitlis and Tatvan. The Diyarbakır State Security Court decided to examine these accusations jointly. Between 16 June 1993 and 20 April 1999, the court held 51 hearings, during which the judges dealt with solely procedural matters. They considered the measures that should be taken to secure the presence of the accused persons at the hearings and examined their continued detention. The applicant did not attend many of these hearings in protest against the State Security Courts. On 18 June 1999 the constitution was amended and the military judge sitting on the bench of the Diyarbakır State Security Court was replaced by a civilian judge. Thereafter, the court held 18 more hearings. On 12 March 2002 the Diyarbakır State Security Court, which was composed of three civilian judges, found the applicant guilty as charged and sentenced him to the death penalty under Article 125 of the Criminal Code. The death penalty was commuted to a life sentence. On 1 October 2002 the Court of Cassation upheld the decision of the Diyarbakır State Security Court.
train
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{ "applicant": "Abdülmenaf Osman", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Abdülmenaf Osman
001-79914
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 74039/01) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Hasan Öztunç (“the applicant”), on 14 July 2001. The applicant was represented by Mr A. Kıran, a lawyer practising in Van. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 2 September 2005 the Court decided to communicate the application. Applying Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1936 and lives in Van. In 1985 the applicant obtained a contract from the Provincial Administration of Van to carry out repair work in twelve public schools in Başkale in order to render them operational. At a later date, however, he noticed that some of the schools had not yet been fully constructed. He applied to the Governor's Office in Van and requested the contract to be annulled. He submitted that the payment agreed on for the repairs was too low, given the amount of work needed to complete the construction of those schools. The Governor's Office requested the applicant to start the construction and the repairs, reassuring him that he would be reimbursed for his additional work. After having completed the construction, the applicant applied to the Provincial Administration of Van and requested additional compensation of 47,000,000 Turkish liras (TRL). However, his repeated efforts proved fruitless as no payment was made. On 17 July 1989 he filed an action with the Van Civil Court and claimed the outstanding amount of TRL 47,273,000 plus interest. On an unspecified date, the court appointed an expert to determine the amount of additional payment that the applicant was entitled to recover. However, the expert failed to submit his report. In the absence of the expert report, the court ordered on-site visits to the schools in order to establish the additional work carried out by the applicant. On 30 September 1999 the members of the court, accompanied by new experts, conducted an on-site examination at the schools. On an unspecified date, the experts submitted their calculation of the sums incurred by the applicant for the additional work. On 26 April 2000 the Van Civil Court awarded the applicant TRL 47,273,000 plus interest calculated at three different rates depending on the relevant period of time, i.e., 30% per annum running from 17 July 1989 to 1 January 1998; 50% per annum from 1 January 1998 to 1 January 2000; and at the rediscount rate running from 1 January 2000 until the date of payment. The applicant appealed. In his petition to the Court of Cassation he complained about the loss that he had suffered as a result of the high rate of inflation during the proceedings before the civil court. On 30 November 2000 the Court of Cassation upheld the decision of the civil court. On 9 April 2001 the same court dismissed the applicant's request for rectification. On 23 July 2001 the applicant was paid the total amount of TRL 282,795,000, consisting of the capital plus interest incurred until the payment date.
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{ "applicant": "Hasan Öztunç", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Hasan Öztunç
001-87622
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 28433/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mrs Fatma Çamdereli (“the applicant”), on 4 May 2002. The applicant was represented by Mrs N. Bener, a lawyer practising in Bursa. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 11 June 2007 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant, a housewife, was born in 1953 and lives in Bursa. A. The alleged ill-treatment In her application form the applicant submitted that on 18 February 1999, upon a complaint of Mr M.A.G., gendarmes had taken her to the Görükle gendarmerie station where she was beaten with a truncheon and sworn at by a gendarme. According to the report drafted by the gendarmes and signed by the applicant, upon the complaint of Mr M.A.G., that she was, inter alia, throwing garbage from her balcony and swearing at him, the gendarmes had arrived at the scene of the incident where they found the applicant to be shouting and disturbing the peace. The applicant had had to be taken to the gendarmerie station as she had failed to stop making a commotion. At the station, she had been orally warned not to disturb her neighbours and then released, since Mr M.A.G. did not wish to lodge an official complaint. In the same report it is stated that the gendarmerie station is situated 150-200 metres from the scene of the incident and that the gendarmes were well acquainted with the applicant due to numerous complaints brought against her by her neighbours regarding her unstable behaviour. B. The criminal proceedings On 19 February 1999 the applicant filed an official complaint with the Bursa public prosecutor about the above events and requested the prosecution of those responsible. In addition, she asked to be transferred to the Forensic Medical Institute for a medical examination. On the same day, at 3.45 p.m., the applicant was examined by a doctor at the Bursa Forensic Medical Institute who noted that she had ecchymoses of 20x10 cm on her left shoulder and arm, an 8x5 cm ecchymosis on her right shoulder, a 6x5 cm ecchymosis on her right arm and an ecchymosis of 4x5 cm on her left thigh. He considered that the injuries rendered the applicant unfit for work for ten days. On 20 April 1999 the prosecutor heard evidence from the applicant, Mr M.A.G. and Mr M.G. On 21 April 1999 the prosecutor questioned the accused gendarme, Mr T.Ü. who denied the allegations against him. On the same day, the prosecutor filed a bill of indictment against Mr T.Ü., Mr M.A.G. and Mr M.G. He accused Mr T.Ü. of ill-treatment under Article 245 of the Criminal Code, and Mr M.A.G. and Mr M.G. of defamation under Article 482. On 3 May 1999 the criminal proceedings against the accused gendarme Mr T.Ü. and Mr M.A.G. and Mr M.G. commenced before the Bursa Criminal Court of First Instance. In a hearing held on 28 September 1999, the court heard evidence from witnesses as regards the manner in which the applicant’s arrest took place. In particular, the applicant’s daughter testified that her mother had been pushed and hit with a truncheon. The court also heard submissions from the applicant who stated that Mr M.A.G. and Mr M.G. had insulted her and that the gendarme Mr T.Ü. had hit her with a truncheon at the gendarmerie station. On 26 December 2000 the Bursa Criminal Court of First Instance decided, in accordance with the relevant provisions of Law no. 4616, that the proceedings against the accused should be suspended and subsequently discontinued if no offence of the same or a more serious kind was committed by the offenders within a five-year period. The applicant’s objection against this decision, notably regarding the application of Law no. 4616, was dismissed on 9 January 2002. On 23 January 2006 the Bursa Criminal Court of First Instance, noting that the statutory time-limit for the offence had expired, decided to drop the criminal proceedings against the accused. C. The compensation proceedings On 17 May 2000 the applicant bought an action in tort against Mr T.Ü. and Mr M.A.G. before the Bursa Civil Court of First Instance. She sought compensation in the amount of 1,500,000,000 Turkish liras [TRL] (approximately 2,700 euros [EUR] at that time) for non-pecuniary damage for the treatment she had received from Mr T.Ü. On 27 December 2002, after the first-instance court’s judgment had been quashed twice by the Court of Cassation on account of the low amount awarded, the court abided by the decision of the Court of Cassation and ordered Mr T.Ü. to pay the applicant TRL 350,000,000 (approximately EUR 904), together with interest at the statutory rate from 18 February 1999, the date of the ill-treatment. Mr M.A.G. was also ordered to pay a certain amount of compensation to the applicant. In this judgment the court held it established that the applicant had been beaten by Mr T.Ü. at the gendarmerie station. This judgment became final on 17 February 2003 since no one objected to it. The applicant’s lawyer informed the court that she had been paid the amount awarded in full.
train
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{ "applicant": "Fatma Çamdereli", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2008 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Fatma Çamdereli
001-107238
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 4397/08) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Kemal Turhan (“the applicant”), on 15 January 2008. The applicant was represented by Mr A.F. Demirkan, a lawyer practising in Bursa. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 12 June 2009 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1961 and lives in Bursa. In 2004 the General Directorate of Highways seized a plot of land belonging to the applicant without any formal expropriation, for the construction of a highway. The applicant brought an action before the Karacabey Civil Court to obtain compensation for the de facto expropriation of his property. He requested 5,500 Turkish liras (TRY) as compensation from the court and reserved his right to increase this claim in due course. On 15 June 2006 the Karacabey Civil Court awarded the applicant TRY 5,500 as compensation for the de facto expropriation of his land, as requested, plus interest. The applicant initiated execution proceedings before the Bursa Execution Office to obtain that amount (file no. 2009/2810). On 13 March 2007 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The applicant subsequently brought an additional action (“ek dava”) before the Karacabey Civil Court to obtain further compensation for his land in the light of the expert report obtained during the previous proceedings, which had valued the land at a rate higher than that initially requested by him. On 24 May 2007 the Karacabey Civil Court awarded the applicant TRY 36,896.75, plus interest. The applicant initiated another set of execution proceedings before the Bursa Execution Office to obtain the amount awarded (file no. 2007/6187). On 16 October 2007 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the Karacabey Civil Court. On 23 March and 13 November 2009 the administration paid TRY 8,920 and 53,081 respectively. According to the information provided by the applicant, there has been no outstanding debt in the execution files.
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{ "applicant": "Kemal Turhan", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Kemal Turhan
001-89988
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 41967/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by six Turkish nationals, Mr Hasan Aydoğan, Ms Türkan Özen, Mr Hüseyin İşeri, Mr Süleyman Evren, Mr Ünsal Varol and Mr Hüseyin Öztürk (“the applicants”), on 7 October 2002. The applicants were represented by Mr M. Filorinali and Ms. Y. Başara, lawyers practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 16 April 2007 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE At the time of the lodging of the application the applicants Mr Aydoğan and Ms Özen were in Tekirdağ and Kütahya prisons respectively. The other applicants were residing in Istanbul. In the course of an operation carried out against the activities of an illegal armed organisation, namely DHKP/C (Turkish People’s Liberation Party/Front) the applicants were arrested and taken into custody on 22 and 23 October 1996. On 5 November 1996 the applicants were brought before a judge who remanded them in custody. In an indictment dated 11 November 1996, the public prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court accused Mr Aydoğan and Ms Özen of attempting to undermine the constitutional order of the State and requested their conviction and sentence under Article 146 § 1 of the Criminal Code. They were accused of taking part in armed attacks on various political party buildings and police stations and of being responsible for the death of Mr Mehmet Ünlü and causing bodily harm to two other persons. The other applicants were accused of aiding and abetting an illegal armed terrorist organisation. The prosecutor requested their conviction and sentence under Article 169 of the Criminal Code. On an unspecified date the criminal proceedings against the applicants commenced before the Istanbul State Security Court, which was composed of one military and two civilian judges. Mr İşeri, Mr Evren, Mr Varol and Mr Öztürk were released pending trial, on various dates, in 1996 and 1997. On 18 June 1999 the Constitution was amended and the military judges sitting on the bench of State Security Courts were replaced by civilian judges. At a hearing held on 7 July 1999 the judge who had been appointed to replace the military judge sat as a member of the trial court for the first time. In this hearing the prosecutor maintained his earlier submissions as regards the merits. Mr Aydoğan read out his submissions on the merits. The court granted Ms Özen’s lawyer’s requests regarding obtaining information about the outcome of other cases pending against the accused and additional time to prepare her submissions. Between 10 September 1999 and 19 October 2001 the court held eleven hearings, during which the judges dealt with procedural matters connected with the completion of the case file and, in particular, with the securing of final defence statements of the accused, whose representative had several times requested additional time to submit them. The court warned the applicants’ representative three times and in a hearing held on 29 November 2000 held that the case was being prolonged due to the failure of the applicants to submit their final observations on the merits of the case. However, the court granted the applicants’ representative’s request for an extension in the next hearing; since the security forces had a widespread operation in prisons the lawyer said he was not sure if his clients were still alive. At a hearing held on 4 April 2001 the applicants’ representative complained that the prison authorities were making it difficult for him to prepare his defence, for example by not admitting him to see his client if he did not have the power of attorney on him. The court granted leave to the applicants’ lawyer to complain about this situation to the prosecutor and Minister of Justice. During this time the court ordered the continued detention of Mr Aydoğan and Ms Özen at the end of each hearing. On 19 October 2001 the Istanbul State Security Court, after having examined the evidence in the case file, convicted Mr Aydoğan and Ms Özen as charged and sentenced them to death. The evidence in the case file included verbatim records of reconstructions of events, search and seizure protocols, forensic reports, statements by others tried before another State Security Court and testimony from a number of witnesses. As to the other applicants, the court decided to defer the imposition of a final sentence, pursuant to Law no. 4616. On 8 April 2002 the Court of Cassation, after having reviewed Mr Aydoğan’s and Ms Özen’s case from a procedural and a substantive point of view, upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The decision indicates that their lawyer, despite having requested the court to hold a hearing, had failed to attend it. As regards the other applicants, the court refused them leave to appeal since the first-instance court’s decision in their respect was not open to appeal. On 24 September 2002 Mr Aydoğan’s and Ms Özen’s sentences were commuted to life imprisonment. No information was submitted by the parties as to further developments.
train
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{ "applicant": "Hasan Aydoğan", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2008 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Hasan Aydoğan
001-77559
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 66354/01) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Abdullah Altun (“the applicant”), on 25 July 2000. The applicant was represented by Mr M.S. Enez, a lawyer practising in Ankara. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 24 March 2005 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaints concerning the applicant's right to a fair trial by an independent and impartial tribunal. Applying Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1972 and lives in Diyarbakır. The applicant was a student in the Medical Faculty of the Diyarbakır Dicle University at the time of the events giving rise to the present application. On 23 March 1995 the applicant was notified by an arrest warrant, which he signed, about the basis and the reasons for his arrest. On the same day he was taken into custody by the police officers from the Anti-Terror Branch of the Diyarbakır Security Directorate (Terörle Mücadele Şubesi) on suspicion of his involvement in the PKK. On 5 April 1995 the police officers drafted a report of the re‑construction of events, which was signed by the applicant. On 9 April 1995 the applicant gave a statement to the police, where he confessed that he had been involved in certain activities for the PKK. On 10 April 1995 he was brought before the judge who ordered his detention on remand. On 13 April 1995 the chief public prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court filed a bill of indictment with the latter charging the applicant under Article 125 of the Criminal Code with carrying out activities for the purpose of bringing about the secession of part of the national territory. On 3 June 1999 the Diyarbakır State Security Court composed of two civilian judges and a military judge, convicted the applicant of the charges against him and sentenced him to death under Article 125 of the Criminal Code. Taking into account the applicant's behaviour during the trial, the death penalty was commuted to a life sentence. It is to be noted that the Diyarbakır State Security Court held thirty hearings and heard nineteen witnesses. On 21 February 2000 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the Diyarbakır Security Court. On 1 March 2000 the decision of the Court of Cassation was pronounced in the presence of the applicant's lawyer. On 25 April 2000, the Court of Cassation dismissed the applicant's request for rectification of decision.
train
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{ "applicant": "Abdullah Altun", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Abdullah Altun
001-81819
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 74522/01) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Ali Esen (“the applicant”), on 16 May 2001. The applicant was represented by Mr Vural, a lawyer practising in Uşak. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 20 December 2005 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Applying Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1957 and lives in Uşak. On 2 July 1999 Mr A.Ç. filed a criminal complaint with the Hatay public prosecutor against Mr M.Y. to whom he had sold his vehicle with registration number 04 M 3070. He alleged that, during the sale, Mr M.Y. used fake identity papers and gave him fake bonds in return for his vehicle. On 4 August 1999 the applicant bought a vehicle with a registration number 64 AF 984 from Mr M.O. to use in the course of his professional activities and registered it under his name in the Traffic Registry. On 20 September 1999 the Hatay public prosecutor found that the vehicle which had been sold by Mr A. Ç to Mr M.Y. was subsequently sold to the applicant with a fake registration number. The prosecutor therefore ordered the confiscation of the vehicle. On 28 September 1999 the Hatay public prosecutor filed a bill of indictment against Mr M.Y. for fraud and for forging false identity papers. The charges were brought under Article 503 § 1, 522 and 350 of the Criminal Code. On 8 October 1999 the criminal proceedings against Mr M.Y. commenced before the Hatay Criminal Court and the applicant intervened in the proceedings as a third party together with three other people. On 17 July 2000 the applicant requested the restitution of his car. This request was rejected by the court on 18 July 2000 on the ground that the ownership of the car was in dispute. On 18 October 2000 the first-instance court declined jurisdiction and transferred the case to the Hatay Assize Court. On 31 October 2000 the proceedings before the Hatay Assize Court commenced. In the hearing held on 11 January 2001, the court dismissed the requests of restitution of both the applicant and Mr A.Ç. on the ground that the ownership of the car was in dispute. On 26 June 2001 the court decided that the car could be returned to the applicant for his use pending the criminal proceedings. It set the amount of TRL 5,000,000 as a deposit. The applicant was unable to request the return of the car since he could not pay the deposit. On an unspecified date, the applicant requested the court to allow the car to be returned to him, pending criminal proceedings, without a deposit. On 19 September 2002 the court ordered the return of the car to the applicant, pending criminal proceedings, without a deposit. The car was examined for any damage sustained during its seizure before being delivered to the applicant on 2 October 2002. The criminal proceedings are still pending before the Hatay Assize Court since, despite an arrest warrant, Mr M.Y. has still not been found.
train
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{ "applicant": "Ali Esen", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ali Esen
001-60030
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29913/96) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Aziz Binbir (“the applicant”), on 12 January 1996. The applicant was represented by Mrs Semra Dural Esim, a lawyer practising in Muğla (Turkey). The Turkish Government did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. The applicant complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention about the length of the criminal proceedings against him. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. Mr Rıza Türmen, the judge elected in respect of Turkey, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Mr Feyyaz Gölcüklü to sit as an ad hoc judge, in his place (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). The President of the Chamber decided that in the interests of the proper administration of justice, the present application should be joined to other applications against the same respondent State raising the same complaint (applications nos. 28291/95, 29280/95, 26699/96, 26700/96, 29701/96, 29702/96, 29703/96, 29911/96, 29912/96, 31831/96, 31834/96, 31853/96, 31880/96, 31891/96, 31960/96, 32964/96, 32987/96, 32900/96, 33362/96, 33369/96, 33645/96, 34591/96, 34687/96, 39428/96 and 43362/96) (Rule 43 § 2). By a decision of 31 August 1999, having obtained the parties’ observations, the Court declared the application admissible. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). On 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section (Rule 52 § 1) THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A. Arrest and detention of the applicant On 15 March 1978 police officers from the İzmir Security Directorate arrested the applicant on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, the THKP-C (Turkish People’s Liberation Party/Front). On 22 March 1978 the İzmir Assize Court (ağır ceza mahkemesi) ordered the applicant’s detention on remand. B. Trial in the İstanbul Martial Law Court On 4 March 1981 the Military Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment with the İstanbul Martial Law Court against the applicant and 127 other defendants. The Public Prosecutor accused the applicant, inter alia, of membership of an illegal armed organisation, namely the THKP/C, whose object was to undermine the constitutional order and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime. He further charged the applicant with having been involved in a number of crimes such as opening fire on security forces. Following the commencement of the prosecution before the İstanbul Martial Law Court, the cases before the İzmir Assize Court and the İzmir Martial Law Court, as regards the criminal proceedings initiated against the applicant with the bills of indictments of 21 April and 23 June 1978 and 5 January 1980, were joined to it. On 10 February 1984 the İstanbul Martial Law Court ordered the applicant’s release pending trial. In a judgment of 8 November 1984 the İstanbul Martial Law Court convicted the applicant, under Article 146 § 3 of the Criminal Code, of his involvement in the THKP/C and in some of the alleged crimes. However, the court did not indicate the applicant’s sentence in its judgment. The applicant appealed. C. Proceedings on appeal On 12 April 1988 the Military Court of Cassation quashed the judgment of the first instance court on the ground that the first instance court failed to establish the applicant’s involvement in certain of the alleged crimes. It referred the case to the İstanbul Martial Law Court. On 17 August 1990 the İstanbul Martial Court convicted the applicant under Article 146 § 3 of the Criminal Code and sentenced him to seven years and six months’ imprisonment, permanently debarred him from employment in civil service and placed him under judicial guardianship. The applicant appealed. Following promulgation of the Law of 27 December 1993, which abolished the jurisdiction of the Martial Law Courts, the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay) acquired jurisdiction over the case and on 4 January 1994 the case file was transmitted to it. On 18 April 1995 the Court of Cassation quashed the decision of the latter court, and decided, under Article 322 of the Criminal Code, that the criminal proceedings against the applicant should be discontinued since the prosecution was time‑barred.
train
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{ "applicant": "Aziz Binbir", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2002 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Aziz Binbir
001-82040
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 26576/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Hasan Genç (“the applicant”), on 23 March 2002. The applicant was represented by Mr H. Işık, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 3 October 2006 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaint concerning the length of the proceedings to the Government. Applying Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1944 and lives in Istanbul. On 22 March 1994 the applicant was granted a lease by the Istanbul Municipality to run a car park on a plot of land by the coast in the Kadıköy district of Istanbul. On 14 and 27 July 1999 and 24 March 2000 the National Estate Directorate attached to the Istanbul Revenue Office issued three orders requesting the applicant to pay compensation for occupying the car park between 1 March 1998 and 31 December 1999. On 11 August 1999, 29 September 1999 and 14 April 2000 respectively the applicant filed three separate cases with the Istanbul Administrative Court against the Istanbul Revenue Office, requesting that the orders be annulled. The first case concerned the period between 1 March and 31 December 1998, the second case concerned the period between 1 January and 1 August 1999 and the third case concerned the period between 1 August and 31 December 1999. As regards the first two proceedings On 25 May 2000 the Istanbul Administrative Court annulled the orders dated 14 July 1999 and 27 July 1999. The administrative authority appealed. Subsequently on 17 December 2004 the Supreme Administrative Court quashed the respective judgments of the Istanbul Administrative Court. On 24 June 2005 the Istanbul Administrative Court followed the reasoning set out in the Supreme Administrative Court's decision and dismissed the cases. The applicant appealed. On 13 March 2006 the Supreme Administrative Court quashed the respective judgments of the Istanbul Administrative Court once again. On 13 November 2006 the Istanbul Administrative Court decided to annul the respective compensation orders. According to the information in the case file based on the latest submissions by the parties, both actions are apparently still pending before the Supreme Administrative Court. As regards the third set of proceedings On 23 February 2001 the Istanbul Administrative Court annulled the compensation order dated 24 March 2000. The administrative authority appealed and subsequently on 4 February 2005 the Supreme Administrative Court quashed the judgment of the Istanbul Administrative Court. On 18 April 2006 the Istanbul Administrative Court followed the reasoning set out in the Supreme Administrative Court's decision and dismissed the case. According to the information in the case file, this action is still pending before the Supreme Administrative Court.
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{ "applicant": "Hasan Genç", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Hasan Genç
001-60033
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PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29703/96) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Mustafa Zülal (“the applicant”), on 21 November 1995. The applicant was represented by Mr Sami Alptekin, a lawyer practising in İzmir (Turkey). The Turkish Government did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. The applicant complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention about the length of the criminal proceedings against him. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. Mr Rıza Türmen, the judge elected in respect of Turkey, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Mr Feyyaz Gölcüklü to sit as an ad hoc judge, in his place (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). The President of the Chamber decided that in the interests of the proper administration of justice, the present application should be joined to other applications against the same respondent State raising the same complaint (applications nos. 28291/95, 29280/95, 29699/96, 26700/96, 29701/96, 29702/96, 29911/96, 29912/96, 29913/96, 31831/96, 31834/96, 31853/96, 31880/96, 31891/96, 31960/96, 32964/96, 32987/96, 32900/96, 33362/96, 33369/96, 33645/96, 34591/96, 34687/96, 39428/96 and 43362/96) (Rule 43 § 2). By a decision of 31 August 1999, having obtained the parties’ observations, the Court declared the application admissible. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). On 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section (Rule 52 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A. Arrest and detention of the applicant On 3 April 1979 police officers from the Ankara Security Directorate arrested the applicant on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, the THKP-C (Turkish People’s Liberation Party/Front). On 24 April 1979 the Ankara Martial Law Court (sıkıyönetim mahkemesi) ordered the applicant’s detention on remand. B. Trial in the İstanbul Martial Law Court On 4 March 1981 the Military Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment with the İstanbul Martial Law Court against the applicant and 127 other defendants. The Public Prosecutor accused the applicant, inter alia, of membership of an illegal armed organisation, namely the THKP/C, whose object was to undermine the constitutional order and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime. He further charged the applicant with having been involved in a number of crimes such as breaking into a prison, assisting and abating several prisoners to escape from that prison, killing and injuring of several of the guardians and bearing unauthorised arms. The prosecution sought the death penalty under Article 146 § 1 of the Criminal Code. The criminal proceedings instituted against the applicant before the Ankara Martial Law Court were joined to the proceedings before the İstanbul Martial Law Court. In a judgment of 8 November 1984 the İstanbul Martial Law Court convicted the applicant of membership of the THKP/C and his involvement in the alleged crimes. It sentenced the applicant to lifetime imprisonment under Article 146 § 1 of the Criminal Code. C. Proceedings on appeal As the applicant’s sentence exceeded 15 years’ imprisonment, his case was automatically referred to the Military Court of Cassation (Askeri Yargıtay). On 12 April 1988 the Military Court of Cassation quashed the judgment of the first instance court on the ground that it failed to establish the applicant’s involvement in some of the alleged crimes. It referred the case to the İstanbul Martial Law Court. On 4 June 1990 the İstanbul Martial Law Court ordered the applicant’s release pending trial. On 17 August 1990 the İstanbul Martial Law Court convicted the applicant, under Article 146 § 3 of the Criminal Code, and sentenced him to twelve years and six months’ imprisonment, permanently debarred him from employment in the civil service and placed him under judicial guardianship. The applicant appealed. Following promulgation of the Law of 27 December 1993, which abolished the jurisdiction of the Martial Law Courts, the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay) acquired jurisdiction over the case and on 4 January 1994 the case file was transmitted to it. On 18 April 1995 the Court of Cassation quashed the decision of the first instance court conviction on the ground that the applicant should have been convicted of the offence under Article 146 § 1 of the Criminal Court. It referred the case to the Üsküdar Assize Court (ağır ceza mahkemesi). The criminal proceedings are still pending before the latter court.
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{ "applicant": "Mustafa Zülal", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2002 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mustafa Zülal
001-96795
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 3884/04) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Ejder Aslantürk (“the applicant”), on 3 September 2003. The applicant was represented by Mr B. Mungan and Ms A. Aslantürk, two lawyers practising in Ankara? and Ms G. Doyduk, a lawyer practising in Strasbourg. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 16 September 2008 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1951 and lives in Ankara. On 11 August 1994 the applicant, a building contractor, was charged by the Ardahan public prosecutor with forgery of official documents for his personal financial benefit to the detriment of the administrative authorities. On 18 October 1994 the Ardahan Assize Court held the first hearing on the merits of the case (case no. 1994/47). During the second hearing held on 29 November 1994, the Ardahan Assize Court decided to await the outcome of certain administrative proceedings against a civil engineer working at the Kars governor’s office. On 21 May 1998 criminal proceedings brought against the aforementioned civil engineer were joined to the case against the applicant. On 2 March 1999 the first-instance court was notified of the outcome of the administrative proceedings against the civil engineer. On 13 February 2001 the Ardahan Assize Court convicted the applicant as charged. On 15 November 2002 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. On 9 January 2003 the Principal Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation objected to the decision of the Court of Cassation, arguing, inter alia, that the first-instance court had failed to conduct a graphological examination of the allegedly forged documents. On 1 April 2003 the Plenary Court of Cassation (Criminal Divisions) (Yargıtay Ceza Genel Kurulu) dismissed the Principal Public Prosecutor’s objection regarding the graphological examination, holding that such an examination was not justified by the facts of the case, and upheld the judgment of 13 February 2001 with one minor technical amendment (düzelterek onama). On 23 June 2003 the decision of the Plenary Court of Cassation (Criminal Divisions) was deposited with the registry of the first-instance court.
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{ "applicant": "Ejder Aslantürk", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ejder Aslantürk
001-177388
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 43868/06) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Ekrem Taşçı (“the applicant”), on 27 October 2006. The applicant was represented by Mr E. Şahin, a lawyer practising in Ankara. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 5 September 2014 the complaint concerning the independence and impartiality of the Supreme Military Administrative Court was communicated to the Government, and the remainder of the application was declared inadmissible pursuant to Rule 54 § 3 of the Rules of Court. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1971 and lives in Ankara. In 1995 the applicant, who had been serving as a non-commissioned officer, was dismissed from the army. Subsequently, proceedings were initiated before the Supreme Military Administrative Court to have the decision regarding his dismissal annulled. The applicant also asked to be awarded pecuniary compensation. On 20 December 2005 the Supreme Military Administrative Court annulled the dismissal decision and accepted the applicant’s compensation claims in part. On 18 April 2006 the applicant’s rectification request regarding the remaining compensation claims was rejected by the Supreme Military Administrative Court.
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{ "applicant": "Ekrem Taşçı", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2017 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ekrem Taşçı
001-107591
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 43807/07) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Turkish nationals, Mr Mehmet Fatih Kılıç and Mr Kemal Eren (“the applicants”), on 1 October 2007. The applicants were represented by Mr C. Demir, a lawyer practising in Van. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 11 December 2009 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). Following the communication of the application, the Government, but not the applicants, filed further written observations (Rule 54 § 2). However, the applicants indicated their wish to pursue their application. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1986 and 1980 respectively and live in Ağrı. On 21 March 2006 the applicants attended the Newroz celebrations in Patnos, a district of Ağrı. During the gathering, the crowd shouted slogans. Subsequently, the Patnos Security Directorate initiated an investigation on account of the fact that some of the participants had shouted slogans praising the imprisoned leader of the PKK (the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, an illegal organisation). Following an examination of a recording of the gathering, it was reported that the first applicant had shouted “Biji Serok Apo” (“Long live President Öcalan”), while the second applicant was seen as shouting slogans such as “Biji Serok Apo” and “Gençlik Aponun Fedaisidir” (“Youth are the guardsmen of Öcalan”). On 28 March 2006 the applicants were taken into police custody. In police statements taken from them on the same date, they both denied shouting slogans in support of the PKK. They maintained that they had shouted slogans in support of peace. Again on the same date, the applicants were subsequently taken before the public prosecutor and the investigating judge in turn. In their statements to the prosecutor and the judge, they maintained that they had only shouted “Kurds and Turks are brothers” and denied the accusations. The investigating judge released the applicants when the interrogation was over. On 29 March 2006 the Patnos Public Prosecutor initiated criminal proceedings against the applicants in the Patnos Criminal Court, charging them with disseminating the propaganda of an illegal organisation, based on the slogans shouted during the Newroz celebrations. The prosecution accordingly called for the applicants to be sentenced pursuant to Article 220 § 8 of the Criminal Code. On 15 August 2006 the court received an expert report regarding the video footage of the event. According to this report, the second applicant was seen shouting slogans in Kurdish and Turkish such as “Dısa dısa serhildan serokeme Öcalan” (“Rise up again and again, our president is Öcalan”), “Biji Serok Apo” (“Long Live President Apo”) and “Gençlik Aponun Fedaisidir” (“Youth are the guardsmen of Öcalan”). The report stated that in the video footage there was no sign of the first applicant. On an unspecified date, the Patnos Criminal Court declared that it lacked jurisdiction and transferred the case file to the Erzurum Assize Court, holding that offence with which the applicants were charged ought to be classified as praising a crime or a criminal and thus fell to be examined under Article 215 of the Criminal Code. On 12 July 2007 the Erzurum Assize Court delivered its decision. While noting that the applicants had denied shouting the alleged slogans, based on the recording of the event, the court found the applicants guilty of praising both a crime and a criminal pursuant to Article 215 of the Criminal Code. It accordingly sentenced the applicants to twenty-five days’ imprisonment each. The court then commuted the prison sentence to a fine of 500 Turkish liras (TRY) (the equivalent to 270 euros). As domestic legislation did not provide for an appeal, this decision was final. On 19 October 2007 the first applicant paid the fine. Subsequently, on 26 February 2008 the Erzurum Public Prosecutor reopened the proceedings against the second applicant for reconsideration of his case in view of Section 562 of Law no. 5728, which was published in the Official Gazette on 7 February 2008. On 27 February 2008 the Erzurum Assize Court found that in view of the new provision, the second applicant had become entitled to benefit from Section 231 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Law no. 5271), which provided the possibility of suspending his sentence. Consequently, it decided to suspend the enforcement of the judgment for a period of five years in respect of the second applicant.
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{ "applicant": "Mehmet Fatih Kılıç", "articles": [ 91, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mehmet Fatih Kılıç
001-83398
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 27719/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Ali Erden (“the applicant”), on 10 April 2002. The applicant was represented by Ms T. Aslan, a lawyer practising in Izmir. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 12 September 2006 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Applying Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1950 and lives in Antalya. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. On 7 October 1999 the applicant was taken into custody for his suspected involvement in terrorist activities. On the same date the Magistrates' Court of Antalya ordered his detention pending trial. At a hearing held on 25 November 1999, the State Security Court of Izmir ordered the applicant's release. On 29 June 2000 he was acquitted of all charges. On 10 August 2000 he applied to the Antalya Assize Court, seeking compensation pursuant to Law no. 466. That Law provides, inter alia, for an award of damages to any person who has been unlawfully deprived of his or her liberty, or who, after being lawfully detained, was not subsequently committed for trial or was acquitted after standing trial. The applicant claimed a total of 6,050,000,000 Turkish Liras (TRL) in pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages, comprising lost wages as a construction worker, legal costs and fees and moral damages. On 13 June 2002 the court handed down a judgment awarding the applicant an unspecified sum of money. Upon separate appeals by the applicant as well as the Treasury, the Court of Cassation quashed that ruling on 12 May 2003 and remitted the file to the Antalya Assize Court for a more comprehensive examination. The assize court resumed the proceedings by broadening the scope of its examination of the damage which the applicant had suffered. On 23 September 2003 the court gave a second judgment, which the Court of Cassation quashed on 18 October 2004. Once again the Court of Cassation directed the court to conduct a more thorough research into the applicant's entitlement to damages. On 18 February 2005 the assize court handed down its third ruling, awarding the applicant 781 New Turkish liras.0 The parties appealed separately. The applicant learned through his verbal contacts with the assize court's registry that on 6 February 2006 the Court of Cassation had upheld the latter judgment with certain rectifications.
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{ "applicant": "Ali Erden", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ali Erden
001-104157
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 1154/04) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Mustafa Gürkan (“the applicant”), on 3 October 2003. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 16 February 2009 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1961 and lives in Kars. On 2 March 1998 the applicant, a civil engineer at the Directorate of the Esenboğa Airport, was appointed to the Directorate of the Şanlıurfa Airport. On 20 March 1998 the applicant brought a case before the Ankara Administrative Court against the General Directorate of National Airports (Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi Genel Müdürlüğü) (“the General Directorate”) to challenge his transfer to the Şanlıurfa Airport. He claimed that his transfer had a purely punitive motive, aimed at penalising him for having uncovered certain irregular conduct at the General Directorate. He also requested the suspension of his transfer pending the outcome of the court’s final decision. On 27 March 1998 the applicant lodged a criminal complaint with the Ankara Public Prosecutor against his employers in respect of the aforementioned irregularities. On 30 November 1998 the public prosecutor issued a decision not to prosecute. On 29 April 1998 the Ankara Administrative Court rejected the applicant’s request for suspension of his transfer. On 22 May 1998 the applicant objected to that decision. On 3 June 1998 the Ankara District Administrative Court dismissed the applicant’s objection. On 15 July 1998 the applicant requested the Ankara Administrative Court to hold an oral hearing. On 11 November 1998 the Ankara Administrative Court dismissed the applicant’s case, without holding a hearing. It ruled that the applicant’s appointment to the Şanlıurfa Airport had been effected in view of the needs of the General Directorate and that the administration had thus acted within its legal discretion and in accordance with the relevant laws. On 22 December 1998 the applicant appealed against the judgment of the administrative court and requested the suspension of the transfer. He also requested the Supreme Administrative Court to hold an oral hearing. On 7 April 1999 the Supreme Administrative Court dismissed the request for suspension. On 21 May 1999 the applicant once again requested the suspension of the administrative act. His request was dismissed by the Supreme Administrative Court on 9 July 1999. On 30 October 2002 the Supreme Administrative Court issued an interim decision requesting certain information and documents from the respondent administration, including the applicant’s classified appraisal records (gizli sicil raporları) and a description of his duties at the new place of assignment. It appears that the administration submitted the requested information and documents to the Supreme Administrative Court on 13 December 2002. However, neither the interim decision nor the responses of the administration were communicated to the applicant. On 30 January 2003 the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the Ankara Administrative Court’s judgment of 11 November 1998 by a majority decision, without holding a hearing. The dissenting judge opined that the replies provided by the General Directorate to the questions put to it in the interim decision indicated that the applicant’s transfer had been based on subjective grounds and not on any public need as alleged. Upon service of the Supreme Administrative Court’s decision, the applicant found out about the interim decision of 30 October 2002 and the administration’s submissions in reply, including his appraisal grades which had apparently fallen following the various actions he had brought against the administration. On 30 April 2003 the applicant requested the rectification of the Supreme Administrative Court’s decision, complaining, inter alia, of the non‑communication of the interim decision of 30 October 2002 and the General Directorate’s replies thereto, which had prevented him from responding to its arguments. In the same letter, the applicant also attempted to challenge the accuracy of the information provided by the General Directorate. On 15 September 2004 the Supreme Administrative Court dismissed the applicant’s rectification request, holding that none of the reasons put forth by the applicant for rectification fell within the exhaustive list of permissible grounds for rectification indicated in Section 54 (1) of Administrative Procedure Act (Law no. 2577).
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{ "applicant": "Mustafa Gürkan", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mustafa Gürkan
001-87007
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29766/03) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Turkish nationals, Mr Umar Karatepe and Ms Sevil Ulaş (“the applicants”), on 22 August 2003. The applicants were represented by Mr A.T. Ocak, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. The applicants alleged that the treatment to which they had been subjected by police offices during their arrest had amounted to a breach of Article 3 of the Convention. On 8 December 2006 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1975 and 1978 respectively and live in Istanbul. On 1 September 2001 at about 7 p.m. the applicants went to the Milli Egemenlik Park in Bakırköy (Istanbul) to attend a meeting, namely the so-called “peace festivities” organised by the Bakırköy branch of the Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi). While they were about to enter the park, the applicants were stopped and searched by the police. The officers found fifty-three copies of a bulletin in a black plastic bag. As the applicants appeared suspicious, the police officers arrested them. The applicants were allegedly beaten up, insulted and threatened with death during their arrest. In particular, two police officers applied pressure to their necks from behind and made them lie down. Following the arrival of two more police officers, they dragged both applicants along the ground, kicked and slapped them and put them in a police car. Once in the car, the police officers continued to punch and slap them, hit them with wooden sticks, insult and threaten them. One of the police officers first sat on the head of Sevil Ulaş and then hit her against the roof of the car. When the applicants asked where they were being taken, one of the officers said: “We are taking you to a stream where your corpses will be found”. However, according to the arrest and seizure report drafted by two police officers, the applicants were arrested because they had been acting suspiciously. The report further stated that the applicants had resisted the police officers, and had self-inflicted certain scratches and bruises on their bodies during the incident. In particular, Umar Karatepe had hit his elbow on the wall of the park and Sevil Ulaş had bruised her left elbow whilst resisting getting into the police car. The applicants refused to sign this report. On the same day at about 8 p.m. the applicants were taken to the Bakırköy State Hospital for a medical examination. The doctor who examined the applicants drafted a provisional report. She observed that the first applicant had two scratches on his right elbow and a bruise on his back. As for the second applicant, the presence of a bruise on her left elbow was noted. On 2 September 2001, at about 1 a.m., the applicants were taken to the Bakırköy State Hospital once again. The same doctor examined the applicants and reiterated her earlier findings in her report. Following this medical examination, the applicants were released. On 3 September 2001 the Bakırköy Forensic Institute delivered its final report in respect of the applicants. It was stated that the first applicant had several bruises and scratches on his body. In particular, the doctor noted the presence of bruises measuring 3x1 cm, 0.5x0.5 cm, 2x1 cm and 0.5x0.3 cm on the right elbow, a scratch of 2 cm below the bruises described above, an ecchymosis of 6x3 cm on the inner part of the right arm, an ecchymosis of 1x2 cm in the middle inner part of the right biceps, a scratch of 3 cm on the right waist area, two ecchymosis of 1,5x1 cm and 0,3x0,3 cm on the inner middle part of the left biceps and a bruise of 2x2 cm on the inner part of the left elbow. In respect of the second applicant, the doctor noted the presence of a 3x3 cm swelling in the right occipital temporal region. The report further concluded that both applicants were unfit to work for three days. Again on 3 September 2001 the applicants filed a criminal complaint with the Bakırköy Public Prosecutor. They complained that the police officers had used excessive force during their arrest. They also stated that a person called Ö.U. had been an eyewitness to the events. Sevil Ulaş complained that in the course of her arrest she had received blows to her head and upper part of her body, that her head had been banged against the window, that her hair had been pulled and that these assaults by police officers had continued in the police car. Umar Karatepe alleged that he had been kicked and slapped during his arrest and that he had been beaten up in the police car on the way to the police station. In his preliminary investigation report dated 28 December 2001, a senior police lieutenant, acting as the investigator, found that the complainants had shouted political slogans, such as “human dignity will defy torture” and that they hated the police because they had been arrested and detained on a number of occasions in the past and that the medical reports did not indicate the presence of any bruises which could have been caused by ill-treatment. Furthermore, considering that the police officers denied the allegations against them, the investigator concluded that there was no evidence on which to commit the accused for trial. On 28 December 2001, relying on the investigator’s above report prepared in accordance with Article 5 of Law no. 4483, the Bahçelievler District Governor decided not to authorise the prosecution of the accused police officers. The applicants filed an objection against this decision. On 9 April 2002 the Istanbul Regional Administrative Court set aside the District Governor’s decision of non-authorisation on the ground that the investigation into the applicants’ allegations was inadequate. The court noted that the investigator had failed to take evidence from the complainants and their witnesses. It therefore asked the District Governor’s office to conduct a new investigation. The District Governor appointed M.A., a police lieutenant, as the new investigator. Between 30 May 2002 and 14 July 2002 M.A. conducted his investigation into the applicants’ allegations of ill-treatment. Having heard the applicants, police officers and an eyewitness named by the applicants, he found that the medical reports merely indicated the presence of scratches on the arms and hands of the complainants and that there was no indication of physical violence. He therefore concluded that the applicants’ allegations were not corroborated by evidence and that therefore no permission should be given for prosecution of the accused police officers. In view of the investigator’s above-mentioned conclusion, on 15 July 2002 the Bahçelievler District Governor refused authorisation for the prosecution of the accused police officers. On 7 October 2002, referring to the Bahçelievler District Governor’s decision, the Bakırköy Public Prosecutor issued a non‑prosecution decision in respect of the accused police officers. The applicants appealed against this decision. On 17 December 2002 the Eyüp Assize Court dismissed the applicants’ appeal. This decision was notified to the applicants on 26 February 2003.
train
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{ "applicant": "Umar Karatepe", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2008 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Umar Karatepe
001-104804
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29835/05) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by four Turkish nationals, Ms Derya Gazioğlu, Mr Burhan İlgün, Mr Hacı Badem and Mr Akan Şenel (“the applicants”), on 4 August 2005. The applicants were represented by Ms O. Ersoy and Ms Y. Yeşilyurt, lawyers practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. The applicants alleged, in particular, that the intervention of a number of police officers and the force used by those police officers against them in a demonstration in which they were taking part had been in violation of their rights under Articles 3 and 11 of the Convention. On 6 April 2009 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1984, 1980, 1955 and 1979 respectively and live in Istanbul. On 17 October 2003 the applicants took part in an anti-war demonstration in Istanbul. The gathering was dispersed by police officers and the applicants were arrested and taken into police custody where they remained until their release the following day. The applicants allege that they were subjected to ill-treatment during their arrest and their detention in custody. According to an incident report drawn up by a number of police officers on 17 October 2003, fifty to sixty persons, including the applicants, gathered in a square in Istanbul at 7.45 p.m. and chanted anti-war slogans, protesting against the Government’s proposals to send soldiers to participate in the invasion of Iraq. The police had warned them with loudspeakers that they were disturbing the flow of traffic and had unsuccessfully asked them to disperse. When the police had attempted to arrest some of the demonstrators and put them into the police vehicles, a number of the demonstrators had displayed “rowdy behaviour” and the police had had to use force against them. A total of six persons, including the applicants, had been arrested and taken to a police station at 8.30 p.m. the same evening. This incident report was signed by six police officers who were only referred to in the report with their identification numbers. The same day the applicants were examined by a doctor. According to the medical reports, the second and third applicants had no signs of ill-treatment on their bodies. The first applicant had bruising on her lower lip and on her lower right leg. The fourth applicant had bruising on the left side of his lower back and on the back of his right ear. His legs were also sensitive and he had redness in his left eye. The same evening the applicants were questioned by the police in the presence of a duty lawyer. With the exception of the third applicant, all the applicants exercised their right to remain silent. The following day the applicants were examined by a doctor once more. According to the medical reports, there were no signs of ill-treatment on the applicants’ bodies other than those mentioned in the medical reports drawn up the previous day. At around 2 p.m. the same day the applicants were brought before the Bakırköy prosecutor. The applicants told the prosecutor that by attending the demonstration they had been exercising their democratic rights. They also alleged that the police had arrested them without any previous warnings. The fourth applicant complained that he had been beaten up by the police officers. The first and fourth applicants also complained that police chief M. T. had sworn at them during their time in police custody. The same day the applicants were released. On 21 October 2003 the Bakırköy prosecutor asked for an investigation to be opened into the applicants’ allegations of ill-treatment. The applicants submitted a formal complaint to the Bakırköy prosecutor on 5 November 2003. With the exception of the third applicant, Mr Hacı Badem, the applicants complained of ill-treatment. Referring to Article 3 of the Convention the three applicants stated that the police officers had punched and kicked them in the course of their arrests, as well as during their detention at the police station. Between 10 December 2003 and 13 April 2004 the Bakırköy prosecutor questioned eleven police officers. Ten of the police officers denied having been at the demonstration or having seen any of the demonstrators because they had been working elsewhere at the time. The remaining officer, police chief M.T., told the prosecutor that he had not taken part in the dispersal of the demonstration but had questioned the applicants in police custody. He denied having ill-treated any of the arrestees or having sworn at them. On 14 April 2004 the Bakırköy prosecutor decided to close the investigation into the applicants’ allegations of ill-treatment. On the basis of the documents in the file the prosecutor considered that when the applicants refused to disperse the police had had to use force against them. The applicants’ “simple injuries” had thus been caused when the police had been exercising their statutory powers on the use of force. The applicants’ objection against the prosecutor’s decision was rejected by the Eyüp Assize Court on 8 December 2004. This decision stated that it was to be served on the applicants. According to a hand-written note on this decision, it was communicated to the applicants on 9 February 2005. In the meantime, on 21 October 2003 criminal proceedings were instigated against the applicants for having taken part in an unlawful demonstration, in breach of sections 33, 36 and 40 of the Meetings and Demonstration Marches Act (Law no. 2911). On 28 January 2008 the Bakırköy Criminal Court of First Instance acquitted the applicants, holding that they had exercised their democratic rights and not committed any offences.
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{ "applicant": "Derya Gazioğlu", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Derya Gazioğlu
001-61863
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 44774/98) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Ms Leyla Şahin (“the applicant”), on 21 July 1998. The applicant alleged that a ban on wearing the Islamic headscarf in higher-education institutions violated her rights and freedoms under Articles 8, 9, 10 and 14 of the Convention, and Article 2 of Protocol No. 1. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. On 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 52 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Fourth Section. By a decision of 2 July 2002 the Chamber declared the application admissible. The applicant and the Government each filed written observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 19 November 2002 (Rule 59 § 3). There appeared before the Court: – for the Government Mr. Ş. Alpaslan, Agent, Mr S. Güran, Mr B. Yildiz, Counsel, Ms D. Kilislioğlu, Ms B. Özaydin, Ms M. Gülşen, Advisers; – for the applicant Mr S. Grosz, Counsel, Mr H. Tuna, Mr A. Selamet Mr M. Emery Mr M. Erbay Mr M. Özkaya Advisers, Ms L. Şahın, Applicant. The Court heard addresses by Mr Grosz, Mr Alpaslan and Mr Güran. Both the applicant (on 21 November 2002, 9 May, 4 July and 25 September 2003) and the Government (on 5 and 18 March, 7 and 13 November 2003) lodged written observations and additional evidence (Rule 59 §§ 1 and 4, and Rule 60). On 11 December 2003, without providing any explanation, the Government withdrew from the case file the observations and appendices they had lodged on 7 and 13 November 2003. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1973 and has lived in Vienna since 1999, when she left Istanbul to pursue her medical studies at the Faculty of Medicine at Vienna University. She comes from a traditional family of practising Muslims and considers it her religious duty to wear the Islamic headscarf. A. Circular of 23 February 1998 On 26 August 1997 the applicant, who was then in her fifth year at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Bursa, enrolled at the Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine at the University of Istanbul. She says that she wore the Islamic headscarf during the four years she spent studying medicine at the University of Bursa and continued to do so until February 1998. On 23 February 1998 the Vice-Chancellor of Istanbul University issued a circular regulating students’ admission to the university campus. The relevant part of the circular provides: “By virtue of the Constitution, the law and regulations, and in accordance with the case-law of the Supreme Administrative Court and the European Commission of Human Rights and the resolutions adopted by the university administrative boards, students whose ‘heads are covered’ (wearing the Islamic headscarf) and students (including overseas students) with beards must not be admitted to lectures, courses or tutorials. Consequently, the name and number of any student with a beard or wearing the Islamic headscarf must not be added to the lists of registered students. However, if students whose names and numbers are not on the lists insist on attending tutorials and entering lecture theatres, they must be advised of the position and, should they refuse to leave, their names and numbers must be noted and they must be informed that they are not entitled to attend lectures. If they refuse to leave the lecture theatre, the teacher shall record what has happened in a report explaining why it has not been possible to give the lecture and shall bring the matter to the attention of the university authorities as a matter of urgency so that disciplinary measures can be taken.” On 12 March 1998, in accordance with the aforementioned circular, the applicant was denied access by invigilators to a written examination on oncology because she was wearing the Islamic headscarf. On 20 March 1998 the secretarial offices of the chair of orthopaedic traumatology refused to allow her to enrol because she was wearing a headscarf. On 16 April 1998 she was refused admission to a neurology lecture and on 10 June 1998 to a written examination on public health, again for the same reason. B. The application for an order setting aside the circular of 23 February 1998 On 29 July 1998 the applicant lodged an application for an order setting aside the circular of 23 February 1998. In her written pleadings, she submitted that the circular and its implementation infringed her rights guaranteed by Articles 8, 9 and 14 of the Convention and Article 2 of Protocol No. 1, in that there was no statutory basis for the circular and the education authority had no regulatory power in this sphere. In a judgment of 19 March 1999, the Istanbul Administrative Court dismissed the application, holding that by virtue of section 13(b) of the Higher-Education Act (Law no. 2547 – see paragraph 50 below) a university vice chancellor, as the executive organ of the university, had power to regulate students’ dress in order to maintain order. That regulatory power had to be exercised in accordance with the relevant legislation and the judgments of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Administrative Court. Referring to the settled case-law of those courts, the Administrative Court held that neither the regulation in issue, nor the individual measures, could be considered illegal. On 19 April 2001 the Supreme Administrative Court dismissed an appeal by the applicant on points of law. C. The disciplinary measures taken against the applicant In May 1998 disciplinary proceedings were brought against the applicant under Article 6(a) of the Students Disciplinary Procedure Rules (see paragraph 48 below) as a result of her failure to comply with the rules on dress. On 26 May 1998, in view of the fact that the applicant had shown by her actions that she intended to continue wearing the headscarf to lectures and/or tutorials, the dean of the faculty declared that her attitude and failure to comply with the rules on dress were not befitting of a student. He therefore decided to issue her with a warning. On 15 February 1999 an unauthorised assembly gathered outside the deanery of the Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine to protest against the rules on dress. On 26 February 1999 the dean of the faculty began disciplinary proceedings against various students, including the applicant, for taking part in the assembly. On 13 April 1999, after hearing her representations, he suspended her from the university for a semester pursuant to Article 9(j) of the Students Disciplinary Procedure Rules (see paragraph 48 below). On 10 June 1999 the applicant lodged an application with the Istanbul Administrative Court for an order quashing the decision to suspend her. On 20 August 1999 Istanbul University submitted its observations on her application. It argued, inter alia, that the disciplinary penalty was lawful as the reason for the applicant’s one-semester suspension was that she had taken part in an unauthorised assembly. On 30 November 1999 the applicant’s application to have the disciplinary penalty quashed was dismissed by the Istanbul Administrative Court, which held that in the light of the material in the case file and the settled case-law on the subject, the impugned measure could not be regarded as illegal. Following the entry into force of Law no. 4584 of 28 June 2000 (which afforded students an amnesty for disciplinary offences and annulled any resulting penalties or disabilities), the applicant was granted an amnesty releasing her from all the disciplinary penalties and their effects. On 28 September 2000 the Supreme Administrative Court held that the aforementioned legislation made it unnecessary to examine the merits of the applicant’s appeal on points of law against the judgment of 30 November 1999. In the meantime, on 16 September 1999, the applicant had enrolled at Vienna University, where she pursued her university education.
train
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{ "applicant": "Leyla Şahin", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 57, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2004 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Leyla Şahin
001-60027
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29702/96) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Ali Bülent Sarıtaç (“the applicant”), on 21 November 1995. The applicant was represented by Mrs Semra Dural Esim, a lawyer practising in Muğla (Turkey). The Turkish Government did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. The applicant complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention about the length of the criminal proceedings against him. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. Mr Rıza Türmen, the judge elected in respect of Turkey, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Mr Feyyaz Gölcüklü to sit as an ad hoc judge, in his place (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). The President of the Chamber decided that in the interests of the proper administration of justice, the present application should be joined to other applications against the same respondent State raising the same complaint (applications nos. 28291/95, 29280/95, 26699/96, 29700/96, 29701/96, 29703/96, 29911/96, 29912/96, 29913/96, 31831/96, 31834/96, 31853/96, 31880/96, 31891/96, 31960/96, 32964/96, 32987/96, 32900/96, 33362/96, 33369/96, 33645/96, 34591/96, 34687/96, 39428/96 and 43362/96) (Rule 43 § 2). By a decision of 31 August 1999, having obtained the parties’ observations, the Court declared the application admissible. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). On 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section (Rule 52 § 1) THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A. Arrest and detention of the applicant On 15 June 1979 the applicant was arrested on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, the THKP-C (Turkish People’s Liberation Party/Front). On 11 July 1979 the applicant was detained on remand. B. Trial in the Istanbul Martial Law Court On 15 January 1980 the Military Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment with the Martial Law Court against the applicant and 127 other defendants. The Public Prosecutor accused the applicant, inter alia, of membership of an illegal armed organisation, namely the THKP/C, whose object was to undermine the constitutional order and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime. He further charged the applicant with having been involved in a number of crimes such as armed robbery of public and private properties, and opening fire on several individuals. The prosecution sought the death penalty under Article 146 § 1 of the Criminal Code. On 30 July and 17 October 1980, 24 March 1981 and 23 February 1982 in respect of additional criminal proceedings initiated against the applicant before the Zonguldak, Torba and Izmir Assize Courts (ağır ceza mahkemesi), the courts issued decisions of non‑jurisdiction on the ground that the incidents fell within the jurisdiction of the Martial Courts. The cases were joined to the case-file before the İstanbul Martial Court. In a judgment of 8 November 1984 the İstanbul Martial Law Court convicted the applicant of membership of the THKP/C and his involvement in the alleged crimes. It sentenced the applicant to death penalty under Article 146 § 1 of the Criminal Code. C. Proceedings on appeal As the applicant’s sentence exceeded 15 years’ imprisonment, his case was automatically referred to the Military Court of Cassation (Askeri Yargıtay). On 12 April 1988 the Military Court of Cassation quashed the judgment of the first instance court failed to establish the applicant’s involvement in some of the alleged crimes. It referred the case to the İstanbul Martial Law Court. On 17 August 1990 the İstanbul Martial Law Court convicted the applicant under Article 146 § 1 of the Criminal Code and sentenced him to twelve years and six months’ imprisonment, permanently debarred him from employment in the civil service and placed him under judicial guardianship. The applicant appealed. Following promulgation of the Law of 27 December 1993, which abolished the jurisdiction of the Martial Law Courts, the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay) acquired jurisdiction over the case and on 4 January 1994 the case file was transmitted to it. On 18 April 1995 the Court of Cassation upheld the applicant’s conviction.
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"annotator7": null, "annotator8": null }
{ "applicant": "Ali Bülent Sarıtaç", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2002 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ali Bülent Sarıtaç
001-126348
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 24820/05) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Fazlı Kaya (“the applicant”), on 13 June 2005. The applicant was represented by Mr Ö. Kılıç, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 18 January 2011 the application was declared partly inadmissible and the complaints concerning the lack of legal assistance during the applicant’s police custody and his inability to question some of the witnesses were communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1960 and is currently serving a prison sentence in Edirne. In June 1999, E.G. and A.S.S. were taken into custody on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, namely the TDP (Revolutionary Party of Turkey, Türkiye Devrim Partisi). In their respective police statements, both of them stated that the applicant had been providing logistical support to members in rural areas and E.G. further maintained that the applicant had been one of the leaders of the organisation. Again in 1999, İ.H., who had also been arrested for membership of the illegal organisation, identified the applicant from his photos and stated that the applicant had been providing cell phones for members of the organisation in rural areas. On 26 March 2001 the applicant was taken into police custody in Istanbul, on suspicion of membership the TDP. He was subsequently transferred to Giresun for interrogation. On 28 March 2001 the applicant participated in an identification parade and was identified by two persons, namely B.B. and İ.H., as one of the leaders of the said illegal organisation. On 1 April 2001 the applicant was questioned by the police in the absence of a lawyer and denied all the accusations against him. On 2 April 2001 the applicant was questioned by the Giresun public prosecutor in the absence of a lawyer. Later on the same day, he was further questioned by the investigating judge, still in the absence of a lawyer. Both before the public prosecutor and the investigating judge, the applicant denied the charges against him. At the end of the questioning, the judge ordered his pre-trial detention. On 27 April 2001 the public prosecutor at the Erzurum State Security Court filed an indictment with that court, accusing the applicant and nine others of membership of an illegal organisation. During the proceedings the applicant was represented by a lawyer, and in his defence submissions he categorically denied all the accusations against him. Although two of the co-accused, namely B.B. and İ.H., identified him as one of the leaders of the TDP, the applicant denied the allegations and stated that he had never seen them before. The applicant maintained that B.B. and İ.H. had been giving false information about him, in order to be able to benefit from the Reintegration of Offenders into Society Act (Law no. 4959). At the hearing of 5 June 2001, the police statements of A.S.S., E.G. and İ.H dated June 1999 were read out to the applicant. The applicant contested the allegations, and claimed that he was innocent. On 14 November 2002 the Erzurum State Security Court found the applicant guilty as charged and sentenced him to twelve years and six months’ imprisonment under Article 168 of the former Criminal Code. In delivering its decision, amongst other items of evidence, the trial court relied on the statements of the co-accused, and also took into consideration the statements of İ.H., E.G. and A.S.S. On 7 May 2003 the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment of the first-instance court. The case resumed before the Erzurum State Security Court and on 6 April 2004 the court once again found the applicant guilty of membership of an illegal organisation and sentenced him to twelve years and six months’ imprisonment. In convicting the applicant, the court relied on the statements of E.G., A.S.S., İ.H. and B.B. and found it established that the applicant was a member of the illegal organisation. On 1 December 2004 the Court of Cassation, after holding a hearing on the merits of the case, rejected the applicant’s appeal. This decision was deposited with the registry of the first instance court on 5 January 2005.
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{ "applicant": "Fazlı Kaya", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2013 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Fazlı Kaya
001-109538
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 44021/07) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Yunus Aysu (“the applicant”), on 20 September 2007. The applicant was represented by Mr M. Özbekli, a lawyer practising in Diyarbakır. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 7 September 2010 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1975 and is serving a prison sentence in Diyarbakır Prison. On 20 October 2000 the Diyarbakır Security Directorate conducted an operation to arrest the applicant, who was being searched for on suspicion of membership of an armed illegal organisation, namely the Hizbullah. According to the arrest report, the applicant resisted and opened fire, killing a police officer. The other officers used force to neutralise and arrest the applicant. The applicant was then taken to the Diyarbakır State Hospital for a medical examination. The doctors ordered an x-ray of his arms and shoulders. According to the medical report, the applicant had no fractures, but had a 2 cm cut on the back of his head. It was further noted that the applicant had bruises on his forehead, neck, near his left ear and on his right arm, bruises and scratches on both of his hands and fingers, bruises on both elbows and scratches on his chest and knees. Subsequently, the applicant was taken to the Diyarbakır Security Directorate for questioning. According to the applicant, during his detention in police custody he was subjected to ill-treatment. He was allegedly stripped naked and his testicles were squeezed. He was also hosed with water, beaten with the butt of a gun, subjected to electric shocks and hung by his arms. The applicant further stated that police officers had extinguished cigarettes on his hands. 8 On 28 October 2000 the applicant was taken to a hospital and diagnosed as suffering from a soft tissue infection. Subsequently, on 30 October 2000 the applicant was further examined at a health clinic. It was reported that the applicant had a hyperaemia measuring 2 x 2 cm on his back, scabs on his knees, wounds on both shoulders, and a 1 x 2 cm stitched wound on his head. On the same day, the applicant was heard by the public prosecutor and the investigating judge respectively. Before the investigating judge he complained that he had been beaten during his time in police custody. He also denied the contents of his police statement. Upon the order of the investigating judge, the applicant was placed in detention pending trial. On 9 November 2000 the public prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court filed an indictment against the applicant. Invoking Article 146 of the former Criminal Code, he accused the applicant of membership of an armed illegal organisation and of involvement in activities which undermined the constitutional order of the State. On 30 November 2000, at the first hearing before the Diyarbakır State Security Court, the applicant, represented by a lawyer, stated that he had been subjected to ill‑treatment during his time in police custody. He alleged, in particular, that the police officers had extinguished cigarettes on his right hand. The judges noted in the minutes that the applicant had five purple bruises on his right hand. At the end of the hearing, the court decided that the Diyarbakır Public Prosecutor’s Office should be informed of the applicant’s allegations of ill-treatment. The court further stated that if the applicant’s lawyer wished to lodge a separate complaint with the public prosecutor, a certified copy of the minutes should be annexed to that application. At the subsequent hearings, the court refused to release the applicant on account of the nature of the alleged offence and the state of the evidence. In his defence submissions, the applicant repeatedly stated that he had been ill-treated during his police custody. By Law no. 5190, in June 2004 State Security Courts were abolished. Subsequently, the Diyarbakır Assize Court acquired jurisdiction over the case. On 28 February 2008 the Diyarbakır Assize Court pronounced its judgment. It convicted the applicant as charged and sentenced him to life imprisonment. The applicant appealed. On 27 May 2010 the Court of Cassation upheld the first-instance court’s judgment. In the meantime, on 7 June 2007, the applicant filed a petition with the Diyarbakır Public Prosecutor and stated that he had been subjected to ill-treatment during his detention in police custody. He complained that the domestic authorities had not taken any action to investigate his allegations. On 13 September 2007 the Diyarbakır Public Prosecutor took a statement from the applicant. The applicant explained that during his police custody he had been subjected to torture and forced to admit to the accusations against him. He requested that the prosecutor investigate the matter. On 30 December 2008 the Public Prosecutor requested the Forensic Medicine Institute to prepare a report regarding the applicant’s allegations. On 6 February 2009 the Forensic Medicine Institute experts examined the applicant. During his examination, the applicant stated that he had been hosed with pressurised water, hung by his arms and subjected to electric shocks. He also maintained that his testicles had been squeezed and cigarettes had been extinguished on his hand. The experts further examined the medical reports dated 20, 28 and 30 October 2000 respectively. They were also provided with the arrest report dated 20 October 2000, which indicated that the applicant had resisted the officers during his arrest. On 6 March 2009 the Forensic Medicine Institute reported that the injuries on the applicant’s body, as indicated in the three medical reports, could have been sustained as a result of a fall, in the course of resisting the officers during his arrest, or resulted from a blow with a blunt object. As a result, the experts concluded that it was not possible to determine how these injuries had been sustained. Regarding the bruises observed by the judges during the hearing of 30 November 2000, the experts stated that it was not possible to give a medical opinion on the matter, as these signs had not been noted in any medical report. In the course of his investigation, the Public Prosecutor further took statements from the accused police officers who had been involved in the applicant’s police questioning. They all denied that the applicant had been subjected to ill-treatment. According to them, the applicant was making false allegations for fear of reprimand from Hizbullah members for giving evidence about the activities of the illegal organisation. On 7 April 2009 the Diyarbakır Public Prosecutor, finding the applicant’s allegations unsubstantiated, issued a decision not to prosecute. He concluded that the signs observed on the applicant’s body had been caused when he resisted the police officers during his arrest. Subsequently, on 26 June 2009 the applicant’s appeal was dismissed by the Siverek Assize Court.
train
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{ "applicant": "Yunus Aysu", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2012 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Yunus Aysu
001-59670
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 32962/96) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Halil Kızılöz (“the applicant”), on 23 June 1996. The applicant did not appoint a lawyer for his representation. The Turkish Government did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. The applicant alleged, in particular, that the criminal proceedings brought against him had not been concluded within a “reasonable time” and that his right to a fair hearing had been breached on account of his conviction by the Ankara Martial Law Court which lacked independence and impartiality. He maintained under Article 6 § 3 of the Convention that he was not informed promptly of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, that he did not have adequate time to prepare his defence and that it was impossible for him to examine witnesses against him. He further submitted that he had been convicted on account of his political opinions. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. Mr Rıza Türmen, the judge elected in respect of Turkey, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Mr Feyyaz Gölcüklü to sit as an ad hoc judge, in his place (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). By a decision of 11 January 2000, the Chamber retained the applicant’s complaints concerning his right to a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal and his further complaints that he was not informed promptly of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, that he did not have adequate time to prepare his defence and that it was impossible for him to examine witnesses against him. The Court declared the remainder of the applicant’s complaints inadmissible. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A. Arrest and detention of the applicant On 1 December 1980 police officers from the Ankara Security Directorate arrested the applicant in possession of false identity cards and weapons. The applicant was suspected of membership of an illegal organisation, the Dev-Yol (Revolutionary Way). He was then taken into police custody. On 8 January 1981 the applicant was questioned by police officers. He confessed that he was a member of the Dev-Yol and that he had been involved in its illegal activities. He stated that he was in charge of distributing leaflets and magazines, collecting money, providing accommodation and business premises to members of the organisation and producing false identity cards, driving licences and stamps for authentication of official documents. He further stated that he had taken part in a number of illegal demonstrations. On 23 March 1981 the applicant was brought before the Military Public Prosecutor’s office where he denied the allegations that he was a member of the Dev-Yol. However, he admitted that the weapons and bullets found in his possession belonged to him. On 15 November 1981 the Ankara Martial Law Court (sıkıyönetim mahkemesi) remanded the applicant in custody. B. Trial in the Ankara Martial Law Court On 26 February 1982 the Military Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment with the Martial Law Court against the applicant and 722 other defendants. The public prosecutor accused the applicant of membership of an illegal armed organisation, namely the Dev-Yol, whose object was to undermine the constitutional order and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime. He further charged the applicant with having been involved in a number of crimes such as providing accommodation and business premises to the members of the organisation, producing and using false identity cards, giving orders to the militants under his command and participating in illegal demonstrations. The Prosecutor called for the applicant to be sentenced pursuant to Article 168 § 1 of the Turkish Criminal Code (Türk Ceza Kanunu) and Article 17 of Law no. 1402. On 24 April 1985 the applicant was conditionally released pending trial. In a judgment of 19 July 1989 the Martial Law Court, composed of two civilian judges, two military judges and an army officer, found the applicant guilty as charged and sentenced him to 13 years and 4 months’ imprisonment and permanently debarred him from employment in the civil service for offences under Article 168 § 1 of the Criminal Code and Article 17 of Law no. 1402. C. Proceedings on appeal The applicant lodged an appeal with the Military Court of Cassation (askeri yargıtay). Following promulgation of the Law of 27 December 1993, which abolished the jurisdiction of the martial law courts, the Court of Cassation (yargıtay) acquired jurisdiction over the case and the file was transmitted to it. On 27 December 1995 the Court of Cassation reviewed the judgment of the Martial Law Court and reduced the applicant’s sentence to ten years’ imprisonment.
train
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{ "applicant": "Halil Kızılöz", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2001 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Halil Kızılöz
001-80135
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29600/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Mehmet Acar Serdar Çakmak (“the applicant”), on 4 June 2002. The applicant was represented by Mr Ç. Yüksel, a lawyer practising in İstanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court. On 28 April 2005 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaint concerning the length of the administrative proceedings to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1955 and lives in Istanbul. He was a research assistant in the Institute for Positive Sciences at the Istanbul Technical University (hereinafter: “the University”) at the time of the events. On 30 June 1996 the University decided not to renew the applicant's contract as a research assistant. The applicant was notified of this decision on 17 July 1996. On 30 July 1996 the applicant filed an action with the İstanbul Administrative Court and requested the annulment, and suspension of the execution, of the University's abovementioned decision. The applicant's request for suspension was dismissed by the first instance court on 24 January 1997. On 31 October 1997 the Istanbul Administrative Court dismissed the applicant's case. On 20 January 1998 the applicant appealed. On 1 June 2000 the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the judgment of the first instance court. On 12 September 2000 the applicant requested the Supreme Administrative Court to rectify its decision. On 6 December 2001 the Supreme Administrative Court dismissed the applicant's request. This decision was served on the applicant on 16 January 2002.
train
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{ "applicant": "Mehmet Acar Serdar Çakmak", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mehmet Acar Serdar Çakmak
001-87596
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 42234/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Mehmet Ümit Erdem (“the applicant”), on 7 October 2002. The applicant was represented by Mr A.T. Ocak, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 2 May 2007 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1976 and lives in Istanbul where he practises as a lawyer. A. The events of 14 October 2001 According to the official documents, including transcription of data from the police camera, a number of political parties and non‑governmental organisations wanted to hold an anti-war gathering in Istanbul’s Şişli Square on 14 October 2001. However, the Istanbul Governor did not permit it. On that day, at around 11.30 a.m., a group of about 500 people carrying the flags of these parties started to walk towards the ferry boat station at the Kadıköy Square. The organisers were warned, with megaphones, that the gathering was unlawful, that they could not make press statements at that place and that if they did not disperse the police would have to resort to force. The crowd were shouting out slogans like “Yankee go home”, “No to imperialist and colonial war”, “Terrorist America”, “Money for education and health and not for war”, “the Middle East will be the grave of imperialism”. As Mr L.T., head of the EMEP party, despite warnings, continued to make an oral press statement, the Rapid Response Force (Çevik Kuvvet) intervened and arrested forty-six persons who had resisted dispersing. In the application form, the applicant claimed that he was in the crowd that day when police officers from the Rapid Response Force used excessive force on them. He submitted that, although he did not resist, the police, without any prior warning, sprayed pepper gas in his face, hit him with their truncheons and kicked him. As a result of having been sprayed with pepper gas, the applicant had a burning sensation in his eyes and face and had difficulty breathing. After having been kicked and beaten up with truncheons, he felt pain in his arms, legs, chest and ribs. Afterwards, the applicant stayed in the Kadıköy area in order to assist the injured and to note the names of persons who were being taken into custody. He then witnessed a high-ranking police officer beating up a person and taking him into custody. The same officer then started swearing at the applicant and pushed him about. A number of police officers then sent the applicant away from the area. B. The criminal investigation of the applicant’s complaint of ill‑treatment Approximately two hours after the incident, the applicant went to the office of the Kadıköy prosecutor and made an official complaint about the treatment to which he had been subjected by police officers and asked to be referred to a hospital. In particular, he stated that while the press release was being read, the rapid response forces had, without prior warning, started spraying pepper gas and hitting them. He submitted that he had received blows to his back and had been kicked. The applicant claimed that since the police officers had masks it was not possible for him to identify the perpetrators. The same day the applicant was examined by a doctor at the Numune hospital who found 3 x 15 cm of hyperaemia (increases of blood flow in tissue) in an area on the right side of the applicant’s back, sensitivity in the right femur and pain in his right shoulder. He was transferred to an orthopaedist who noted ecchymotic regions on the applicant’s right arm and back. The applicant was also examined by another doctor at another hospital who found hyperaemic regions on the right arm and costal-vertebral region. It appears that a number of X-rays were also taken on this day. The following day the applicant was examined by the Kadıköy branch of the Forensic Medicine Directorate. The doctor found no trauma apart from pain in the applicant’s right shoulder. On 22 October 2001 a doctor who examined the applicant’s X‑rays noted that he had a closed fracture on the right eleventh costal cartilage. On 5 November 2001 the Kadıköy public prosecutor requested authorisation from the Istanbul governor in order to be able to prosecute the police officers allegedly responsible for the applicant’s ill-treatment. This request was made pursuant to Law No. 4483 on the Trial of State Employees and other Public Servants. On 19 November 2001 the applicant was examined by a doctor who found that the applicant was suffering from lumbago and recommended ten days’ rest. On 11 December 2001 an Istanbul deputy police chief was appointed to carry out a preliminary investigation on behalf of the governor of the applicant’s allegations of ill-treatment. On the same day the deputy police chief prepared his report and submitted it to the governor’s office. It recommended that authorisation for prosecution should be declined. It appears from the report that, in the course of its preparation, the police chief had regard to an incident report of 14 October 2001, drawn up by the police officers who had taken part in dispersing the crowd, as well as verbatim records of video footage of the incident. According to the police chief’s report, police officers had had to use force to disperse the demonstrators as the demonstrators had failed to comply with an order to disperse. The applicant was not “one of the persons who had been taken into custody after the incidents”. The report further stated that the police officers who had taken part in the incident had since been reminded about how to perform their functions during a demonstration. On 24 December 2001 the Istanbul governor, on the basis of the information contained in the deputy police chief’s report and statements, declined to grant the necessary authorisation for their prosecution. On 18 January 2002, and within the relevant time limit, the applicant lodged an objection to the governor’s decision with the Regional Administrative Court. The applicant submitted, inter alia, that one of the chiefs of the Rapid Response Force had sworn at him before he was forcefully removed from the area by police officers and that he would be able to recognise this man if he ever saw him again. Referring to his medical reports, the applicant claimed that he was still under treatment. In the meantime, on 8 January 2002, the Kadıköy prosecutor decided, on the basis of the governor’s decision of 21 November 2001, not to bring any criminal proceedings against the security forces at the Rapid Force Department of the Istanbul Security Headquarters. An objection by the applicant to this decision was dismissed by the Üsküdar Assize Court on 15 March 2002. On 2 May 2002 the Istanbul Regional Administrative Court upheld the Istanbul Governor’s decision.
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{ "applicant": "Mehmet Ümit Erdem", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2008 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mehmet Ümit Erdem
001-89267
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29059/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Abdülkerim Ağrakçe (“the applicant”), on 10 May 2002. The applicant was represented by Mr Ö. Öneren, a lawyer practising in Ankara. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 5 November 2007 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1946 and lives in Diyarbakır. On 16 September 1980 the applicant was arrested and taken into custody for his suspected involvement in terrorist activities. Subsequently, he was remanded in custody until 6 April 1984, when, in the course of the criminal proceedings brought against him, he was released. On 15 May 1990 he was acquitted of all charges. The applicant submits that since this decision was not duly notified to him, he learned of his acquittal only in 1996. On 24 May 1996 the applicant applied to the Diyarbakır Assize Court, seeking compensation pursuant to Law no. 466. That Law provides, inter alia, for an award of damages to any person who has been unlawfully deprived of his or her liberty, or who, after being lawfully detained, was not subsequently committed for trial or was acquitted after standing trial. The applicant claimed 20,000,000,000 Turkish liras (TRL) (approximately 256,706 US Dollars) for non‑pecuniary damage. On 27 February 1998 the first-instance court awarded a certain amount of compensation. The Court of Cassation quashed that ruling on 30 December 1998 and remitted the file to the Diyarbakır Assize Court for a more comprehensive examination. On 16 June 1999 the assize court dismissed the case on the ground that the applicant had failed to respect the statutory time-limit. This judgment was also quashed by the Court of Cassation on 2 May 2000. On 4 October 2000 the first-instance court handed down its third ruling where it awarded a certain amount of compensation. On 27 March 2001 the Court of Cassation quashed this judgment on the ground that the amount awarded was too low. On 6 September 2001 the assize court awarded the applicant TRL 3,000,000,000 (approximately EUR 2,400) in respect of non-pecuniary damage. On 5 March 2002 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. In the course of the proceedings the assize court held investigatory sittings on a regular basis. Only on four occasions did it decide to notify the applicant’s lawyer of the date of its next session (30 April 1997, 10 February 1999, 1 June 2000 and 6 June 2001). However, no session was postponed on account of the applicant’s lawyer’s failure to attend.
train
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{ "applicant": "Abdülkerim Ağrakçe", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2008 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Abdülkerim Ağrakçe
001-94216
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 37395/97) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by three Cypriot nationals, Mr Costas Hadjiprocopiou, Mrs Elli Hadjiprocopiou and Mrs Maria Hadjiprocopiou-Iacovidou (“the applicants”), on 22 July 1997. The applicants were represented by Mr A. Demetriades and Mrs Vicky Loizides, two lawyers practising in Nicosia. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr Z.M. Necatigil. The applicants alleged that the Turkish occupation of the northern part of Cyprus had deprived them of their home and properties. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). By a decision of 8 June 1999 the Court declared the application admissible. The applicants and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). In addition, third-party comments were received from the Government of Cyprus, which had exercised its right to intervene (Article 36 § 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 § 1 (b)). THE FACTS The first and second applicants, a married couple, were born in 1916 and 1928 respectively and live in Ayia Napa. The third applicant, their daughter, was born in 1959 and lives in Limassol. The applicants were the owners of a plot of land and of a building located in Famagusta, in the central Franklin Roosevelt street. The building comprised an underground parking space, eight shops, a cafeteria and six apartments. The shops were on the ground floor, while the apartments were on the first, mezzanine and second floor. Until 14 August 1974 one of these apartments was used by the three applicants as their home and another by the first applicant as his surgery. On 14 August 1974, as the Turkish army was advancing, the applicants had been forced to leave Famagusta. Since then, they had not been able to return to or to enjoy their properties. In support to their claim to ownership, the applicants produced certificates of affirmation of ownership of Turkish-occupied immovable properties issued by the Department of Lands and Surveys of the Republic of Cyprus. These certificates stated that they were the legal owners of a plot of land with a building of a surface of 811 m² in Famagusta, Ayios Nicolaos Quarter, registered under plot no. 1222, sheet/plan 33/12.6.II, Block E. On 9 July 2002 the applicants' representative informed the Court that the second applicant, Mrs Elli Hadjiprocopiou, had passed away on 19 October 2000. As a result, her property was subject to an administration. Under the said administration, ¼ of the plot described under paragraph 9 above was transferred to the third applicant, Mrs Maria Hadjiprocopiou-Iacovidou. On 30 March 2001 the first applicant, Mr Costas Hadjiprocopiou, donated ¼ of the same plot to the third applicant. The latter thus became the owner of ½ of the plot at issue.
train
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null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null }
{ "applicant": "Costas Hadjiprocopiou", "articles": [ 91, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Costas Hadjiprocopiou
001-140774
[ "annotator10" ]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29724/08) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Abdurrahman Şiray (“the applicant”), on 6 June 2008. The applicant was represented by Ms F. Danış, a lawyer practising in Diyarbakır. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. On 6 September 2010 the application was communicated to the Government. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant, Mr Abdurrahman Şiray, is a Turkish national who was born in 1972 and lives in Siirt. On 20 June 2003 the applicant, who is of Kurdish origin, was arrested in Mardin and taken into police custody with three other individuals on suspicion of acting as a courier for an illegal armed organisation, namely the PKK/KADEK. The applicant was in possession of a false identity card at the time of his arrest. On 21 June 2003 F.A., who was arrested with the applicant on suspicion of attempting to participate in the armed activities of the PKK/KADEK, was questioned at the Nusaybin police headquarters, in the absence of a lawyer. F.A. claimed that he had met the applicant the day before in Batman and that at the time they were arrested in Nusaybin the applicant was taking him to the mountains to join members of the PKK/KADEK. On 22 June 2003 the applicant was taken for questioning at the Nusaybin police headquarters. Before his questioning the applicant signed a form which explained the rights of arrested persons, by which he was informed of the charges against him and his right to remain silent. In his statement, given in the absence of a lawyer, the applicant denied any affiliation with the illegal organisation and contested F.A.’s allegations. He also stated that he was a shepherd and at the time of his arrest he was in the mountains looking for sheep that he had lost. He also explained that he had been carrying a false identity card as he was an army deserter. An interpreter was present during this questioning. A confrontation was held between the applicant and F.A., without any legal assistance. On 23 June 2003 the applicant was brought before the Nusaybin Public Prosecutor, where he reiterated the statement he had made to the police. Later the same day the applicant was also questioned at the Nusaybin Magistrates’ Court in the absence of a lawyer. At the end of that questioning the judge remanded the applicant in pre-trial custody. On the same day the applicant’s co-accused, F.A., also made statements before the Nusaybin public prosecutor and the Nusaybin Magistrates’ Court, in which he repeated his allegations about the applicant. On 7 July 2003 the Public Prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court filed an indictment with that court accusing the applicant of aiding and abetting the PKK/KADEK, and F.A. of membership of that organisation. On 19 August 2003 the Diyarbakır State Security Court held its first hearing, at which the applicant informed the court that he did not have sufficient knowledge of Turkish to follow the hearings. The court bailiff, who spoke Kurdish, was therefore appointed as interpreter. During the hearing, the applicant denied the charges against him, but confirmed that the statements he had made during his detention in police custody were accurate. He explained that those statements, which he had made in Kurdish, had been translated into Turkish by Kurdish-speaking clerks. F.A. was also heard by the State Security Court at the same hearing, with the assistance of an interpreter. F.A. also denied all charges against him, as well as retracting the statements he had made before the police, the public prosecutor and the magistrates’ court. He asserted that those statements had been extracted from him under duress. He further argued that he had made his statements in Kurdish and had no way of knowing whether they had been translated into Turkish accurately. At the sixth hearing, held on 1 April 2004, the applicant’s lawyer requested the applicant’s release, claiming that the only piece of evidence found against him was F.A.’s statements made during the preliminary investigation stage. The applicant’s lawyer further argued that both the applicant’s and F.A.’s statements had been taken unlawfully and without the assistance of an interpreter, despite their inadequate knowledge of Turkish. State Security Courts were abolished by Law no. 5190 of 16 June 2004, published in the Official Gazette on 30 June 2004. The case against the applicant was therefore transferred to the Diyarbakır Assize Court. On 31 August 2004 the Diyarbakır Assize Court found the applicant guilty as charged and convicted him pursuant to Article 169 of the former Criminal Code and Section 5 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act for aiding and abetting the PKK/KADEK. The applicant appealed. On 14 February 2006 the Principal Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation decided that the case file should be remitted to the Diyarbakır Assize Court for examination, to decide whether the new Criminal Code which had entered into force on 1 June 2005 (Law no. 5237) had provisions which would be more favourable for the applicant. The case was thus once again examined by the Diyarbakır Assize Court in view of the recent legislative changes. On 11 May 2006 the Diyarbakır Assize Court once again convicted the applicant of aiding and abetting the PKK/KADEK, under Article 169 of the former Criminal Code and Section 5 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act, and sentenced him to four years and six months’ imprisonment. The assize court held that under the new Criminal Code the act of aiding and abetting an illegal organisation constituted the offence of membership of an illegal organisation and thus carried a higher sentence. It stated that the applicant was therefore being convicted under Article 169 of the former Criminal Code, which was more favourable to him than the corresponding provisions of the new Criminal Code. In delivering its judgment, the first-instance court mainly relied on the statements made by F.A. in respect of the applicant during the preliminary investigation stage. On 22 December 2008 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the Diyarbakır Assize Court.
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{ "applicant": "Abdurrahman Şiray", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2014 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Abdurrahman Şiray
001-58321
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 37680/97) against the Kingdom of Spain lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by seven Spanish nationals, Ms Elena Riera Blume, Ms Concepción Riera Blume, Mr José Victor Riera Blume, Ms María Luz Casado Perez, Ms Daría Amelía Casado Perez, Ms María Teresa Sales Aige and Mr Javier Bruna Reverter (“the applicants”) on 25 August 1997. The application concerned the detention of the applicants, who are presumed members of a “sect”, for nearly ten days following a preliminary investigation directed by Barcelona investigating judge no. 6. The applicants relied on Articles 3, 5, 8 and 9 of the Convention. On 16 April 1998 the Commission (Second Chamber) decided to give notice of the application to the Spanish Government (“the Government”) under Rule 48 § 2 (b) of its Rules of Procedure and to invite the parties to submit written observations on its admissibility and merits. The Government submitted their observations on 15 July 1998, after an extension of time, and the applicants replied on 1 September 1998. Following the entry into force of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention on 1 November 1998, and in accordance with the provisions of Article 5 § 2 thereof, the application was examined by the Court. In accordance with Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court, the President of the Court, Mr L. Wildhaber, assigned the case to the Fourth Section. The Chamber constituted within that Section included ex officio Mr A. Pastor Ridruejo, the judge elected in respect of Spain (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 26 § 1 (a)), and Mr M. Pellonpää, President of the Section (Rule 26 § 1 (a)). The other members designated by the latter to complete the Chamber were Mr G. Ress, Mr L. Caflisch, Mr J. Makarczyk, Mr I. Cabral Barreto and Mrs N. Vajić (Rule 26 § 1 (b)). On 9 March 1999 the Chamber declared admissible the complaints of six of the applicants, namely Ms Elena Riera Blume, Ms Concepción Riera Blume, Ms María Luz Casado Perez, Ms Daría Amelía Casado Perez, Ms María Teresa Sales Aige and Mr Javier Bruna Reverter, concerning their deprivation of liberty (Article 5 of the Convention) and the interference with their right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 9 of the Convention). It declared the remainder of their application inadmissible. It also decided that if there was not a friendly settlement of the case, a public hearing would be held (Rule 59 § 2). On 26 March 1999 the Court sent the parties the text of its decision on the admissibility of the application (Riera Blume and Others v. Spain (dec.), no. 37680/97, ECHR 1999-II) and requested them to submit such further evidence and observations as they wished. It also asked the applicants to submit their claims for just satisfaction under Article 41 of the Convention (Rule 60). Further, the Court placed itself at the disposal of the parties with a view to securing a friendly settlement of the matter, in accordance with Article 38 § 1 (b) of the Convention (see also Rule 62). In the light of the parties’ reaction, it found that there was no basis on which such a settlement could be reached. The President of the Chamber gave the parties leave to use the Spanish language in the oral proceedings (Rules 34 § 3 and 36 § 5). The Registrar received the Government’s memorial on 18 May 1999 and the applicants’ memorial on 25 May 1999. In accordance with the Chamber’s decision, a hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 22 June 1999. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr J. Borrego Borrego, Head of the Human Rights Legal Service, Ministry of Justice, Agent; (b) for the applicants Mr J. Bruna Reverter, of the Valencia Bar, Counsel and Applicant, Ms E. Riera Blume, Applicant, Ms C. Riera Blume, Applicant. The Court heard addresses by them and also their replies to questions from one its members. THE FACTS I. the circumstances of the case The applicants, Ms Elena Riera Blume, Ms Concepción Riera Blume, Ms María Luz Casado Perez, Ms Daría Amelía Casado Perez, Ms María Teresa Sales Aige and Mr Javier Bruna Reverter, were born in 1954, 1952, 1950, 1950, 1951 and 1957 respectively and live in Valencia (Spain). At an unknown date in 1983 the Public Safety Department (“the DGSC”) of the Generalitat (government) of Catalonia received through Pro Juventud (“Pro Youth”), an association formed to fight against sects, a request for help from several people who alleged that members of their families had been ensnared by a group known by the name of CEIS (Centro Esotérico de Investigaciones). According to the families’ complaints, those who ran the CEIS managed to bring about a complete change of personality in their followers, leading them to break off ties with their family and friends and inciting them to prostitution and other activities designed to obtain money for the organisation. The DGSC infiltrated an officer into the CEIS to check the truth of the complaints and, in the light of the findings, brought the facts to the attention of the Principal Public Prosecutor at the Barcelona Audiencia Territorial, who forwarded the complaints and the information gathered to the judicial authorities. Acting on this information, Barcelona investigating court no. 6 opened a preliminary investigation in June 1984 and ordered searches of the homes of members of the CEIS, including the applicants. The searches took place on 20 June 1984 and numerous people were arrested, including the applicants. After the applicants were arrested, they were transferred to the seat of the investigating court. In the light of information from A.T.V., an official at the DGSC, which was confirmed by the prosecuting authorities, there was a danger that the members of the sect would react unpredictably if they were released, and might even commit suicide. The duty judge nevertheless decided to release the applicants but gave oral instructions to the police that those detained, including the applicants, should be handed over to their families, to whom it should be suggested that it would be as well to have them interned in a psychiatric centre, on a voluntary basis as regards the persons of full age, in order for them to recover their psychological balance. The judge in question confirmed his oral instruction in a decision of 26 June 1984. In that decision he also ordered the chief of the Catalan police (mossos d’esquadra) to interview and question all those detained during the searches who had subsequently been released. Later, on the orders of L.R.F., the Director-General of Public Safety, the applicants were transferred to the premises of the DGSC. From there, on 21 June 1984, they were taken by members of the Catalan police in official vehicles to a hotel some thirty kilometres from Barcelona, where they were handed over to their families with a view to their recovering their psychological balance. Once at the hotel, the applicants were taken to individual rooms under the supervision of persons recruited for the purpose, one of whom remained permanently in each room, and they were not allowed to leave their rooms for the first three days. The windows were firmly closed with wooden planks and the panes of glass had been taken out. While at the hotel the applicants were allegedly subjected to a process of “deprogramming” by a psychologist and a psychiatrist at the request of Pro Juventud. On 29 and 30 June 1984, after being informed of their rights, they were questioned by C.T.R., the Assistant Director-General of Public Safety, aided by A.T.V., in the presence of a lawyer not appointed by the applicants. On 30 June 1984 the applicants left the hotel. As soon as they had regained their freedom, the applicants lodged a criminal complaint alleging false imprisonment, offences against the exercise of personal rights, falsification of documents, usurpation of functions and misappropriation of goods against A.T.V., C.T.R. and L.R.F., the latter as Director-General of Public Safety, and against all other persons who had taken part in depriving them of their liberty. In the criminal proceedings thus instituted the prosecuting authorities filed submissions against the persons mentioned above accusing them of false imprisonment. In a judgment of 7 March 1990 the Barcelona Audiencia Provincial acquitted the accused, holding that the acts complained of had been prompted by a philanthropic, legitimate and well-intentioned motive and that there had been no intention of depriving the applicants of their liberty, so that the offence of false imprisonment was not made out. The prosecution and the applicants lodged appeals on points of law, which were dismissed by the Supreme Court on 23 March 1993. In its judgment the Supreme Court held, inter alia: “… A detailed examination of the facts held to have been proved shows that there is no doubt that the appellants were placed in detention [detención] (the expression ‘administrative detention’ [retención] has no validity, since it is not defined in our legal order), but the detention took place with the sole aim – a very laudable and plausible one – of avoiding worse evils than those complained of by the appellants, so that there was no unlawfulness strictly and properly understood. … Furthermore, that there was no unlawfulness, the criterion required by law, is all the plainer if it is borne in mind that it was the appellants themselves, together with the closest members of their families, who consented to undergo deprogramming tests which logically required them to be physically isolated initially. That isolation lasted for a very limited time and, it must be emphasised, with the agreement of those concerned and their families. … It cannot be maintained, in order to argue the contrary, that the wishes of the persons who underwent deprogramming could only have been overridden by the members of their families after proceedings to establish incapacity, seeing that the position of those concerned called for immediate treatment, without any delay, as appears from the judgment under appeal, which refers to fears that the members of the sect might commit suicide. In conclusion, the offence of false imprisonment cannot be said to have been committed since, firstly, there was no intention on the part of the defendants to deprive anybody of his or her liberty and, on the contrary, their intention, which has been fully proved, was to prevent imminent and very serious harm befalling the persons concerned, such that the mens rea for the offence was lacking. In the second place, the requirement of ‘unlawfulness’ was lacking inasmuch as the defendants’ conduct was in keeping with what society and the legal order, taken as a whole, require in situations and at times such as those of the instant case.” The applicants lodged an appeal (recurso de amparo) with the Constitutional Court. In their appeal they alleged violations of the right to religious freedom (Article 16 of the Constitution), the right to liberty (Article 17 of the Constitution), the right to freedom of movement (Article 19 of the Constitution), the rights of the defence during their detention (Article 24 § 2 of the Constitution) and the right to a fair trial (Article 24 § 1 of the Constitution). They asked the Constitutional Court to quash the judgments of the Audiencia Provincial and the Supreme Court, to order the officials complained of to pay five million pesetas as compensation for the damage sustained and to make a declaration to the effect that the Generalitat of Catalonia was liable in default. In the proceedings in the Constitutional Court Mr José Victor Riera Blume was held to have withdrawn on account of failure, through his own fault, to comply with a formal requirement. On 10 March 1997 the Constitutional Court dismissed the amparo appeal. In section 2 of the “As to the law” part of the judgment the court first examined a preliminary objection raised by Crown Counsel that appropriate remedies had not been used, namely a habeas corpus application or contentious-administrative proceedings, in the following terms: “This Court, while holding that a person in possession of a fundamental right could choose the most effective remedy for infringement of that right …, has also stated that that had to be understood ‘subject, of course, to the possibilities afforded by each class of court’. Consequently, in order to resolve the issue raised by Crown Counsel, it would be necessary to determine what those possibilities were in the criminal courts. In the instant case, however, it is not necessary to do so since the appeal is being brought not against administrative acts but against judicial decisions. That being so, the issue is not – and cannot be – whether or not use was made of an effective judicial remedy (section 43(1) of the CCA [Constitutional Court Act]) but whether the remedies afforded by the judicial process chosen (section 44(1)(a) CCA) have been exhausted, an issue that has not been canvassed and could not be since the appellants went to the highest court, the Supreme Court, which heard the appeal on points of law in the case.” That being said, the Constitutional Court pointed out, firstly, that there was no fundamental right to have a person convicted and, secondly, that it could not protect fundamental rights by quashing final substantive judgments whereby defendants had been acquitted. It also pointed out that, according to its case-law, the Constitution did not confer, as such, a right to secure criminal convictions of third parties. Furthermore, decisions of criminal courts were never decisions affecting fundamental rights of the prosecuting party. The court added that the decisions being challenged had not infringed any of the rights relied on by the five remaining appellants, seeing that they were limited to declaring that the acts with which the defendants were charged did not amount to the offences for which they were being prosecuted.
train
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"ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 13370 } ] }, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null }
{ "applicant": "Elena Riera Blume", "articles": [ 91, 34, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "ESP", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1999 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Elena Riera Blume
001-110305
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 18851/07) against the French Republic lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a French national, Mr Arnaud Lagardère (“the applicant”), on 19 April 2007. The applicant was represented by SCP Piwnica and Molinié, Members of the Conseil d’Etat and Court of Cassation Bar, and by Mr J.-P. Spitzer, a lawyer practising in Paris. The French Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mrs E. Belliard, Director of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The applicant alleged, in particular, a violation of Article 6 §§ 1 and 2 of the Convention. On 24 November 2009 the Court decided to communicate the application to the Government. It also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1961 and lives in Paris. The applicant’s father, J.-L. Lagardère, was chairman and managing director of the Matra and Hachette companies. On 29 December 1992 Lambda, a company representing certain shareholders in Matra and Hachette, lodged a complaint for misappropriation of corporate assets, together with an application to join the proceedings as a civil party. By an order of 21 June 1999, J.-L. Lagardère was sent before the Paris Criminal Court on suspicion of having, between 1988 and 1992, as chairman and managing director of Matra and Hachette in Paris, knowingly fraudulently misused assets of those companies against their interest, in particular by letting them bear the full cost of an annual licence fee equal to 0.2% of the two companies’ turnover, only part of which was justified, for his personal gain or to help another company in which he had a direct or indirect interest. Two agreements were signed for the purpose: one on 1 October 1988, between Matra and the Arjil Group, and the other on 1 November 1988, between Hachette and the Arjil Group. They were adopted by the general assemblies of Hachette and Matra on 20 June 1989 and 26 June 1989 respectively. In a judgment of 22 June 2000 the Paris Criminal Court declared the prosecution against J.-L. Lagardère time-barred, the starting point for the purposes of limitation being fixed at 20 and 26 June 1989, the dates of signature of the agreements by the shareholders. As a result, the court declared the civil party action brought by Lambda inadmissible. On 22 and 28 June 2000 Lambda and the public prosecutor at the Paris tribunal de grande instance appealed. In a judgment of 25 January 2002 the Paris Court of Appeal confirmed the judgment in all its provisions. Lambda appealed on points of law. On 14 March 2003 J.-L. Lagardère died. In a judgment of 8 October 2003, after declaring that the prosecution had lapsed, this time as a result of the accused’s death, the Criminal Division of the Court of Cassation quashed and annulled the judgment of the Paris Court of Appeal concerning the civil action, considering that the moment at which time had started to run for the purposes of limitation was the presentation of the auditors’ special report to the general assemblies, which post-dated the signature of the disputed agreements. The case was sent before the Versailles Court of Appeal. Jean-Luc Lagardère’s heirs, his widow E.P.L. and the applicant, challenged that court’s competence to judge the civil action. In a judgment of 30 June 2005 the Versailles Court of Appeal dismissed that objection, considering that the civil action continued when the offender’s death occurred after a decision on the criminal prosecution had been given. It declared the instances of misappropriation of corporate assets committed in 1988 time-barred, but not those committed in the financial years 1989 to 1992. The court accordingly considered that it had first to determine whether the constituent elements of the offence of misappropriation of corporate assets were established in respect of Arnaud Lagardère’s late father. To do this it examined “the personal interest” in the signature and execution of the contracts in issue, “whether they were against the corporate interests of Matra and Hachette”, and whether J.-L. Lagardère had acted in “bad faith”. It concluded its reasoning in the following terms: “the system set in place ... at the request of Mr [J.-L.] Lagardère ... constitutes the offence of misappropriation of corporate assets to the detriment of Matra and Hachette.” The Court of Appeal explained that the profit had been 94,100,000 French francs (FRF), or 14,345,452.52 euros (EUR), without any real added value for the injured companies. In the operative part of its judgment the Court of Appeal held: “that the constituent elements of the offence of misappropriation of corporate assets to the detriment Matra and Hachette are established for that period against Mr Jean-Luc Lagardère.” In view of that finding the Court of Appeal ordered E.P.L. and the applicant, as the heirs, to pay the civil party EUR 14,345,452.52 in damages. The applicant, E.P.L., Lambda and the Principal Public Prosecutor at the Court of Appeal appealed on points of law. In support of his appeal the applicant argued that there had been a violation of Article 6 of the Convention because the criminal court had no authority to judge the matter after his father’s death. In his opinion on the appeal the advocate-general at the Court of Cassation, having examined the different possible solutions and the relevant legal theory and case-law, concluded that the Versailles Court of Appeal had no authority to judge the civil action after J.-L. Lagardère’s death. He also justified his opinion on principle. First, he pointed out that whatever the place reserved for the victim in the criminal trial, the judgment of the civil action remained contingent on the outcome of the criminal proceedings as it required the prior demonstration of the existence of an offence of which a particular individual was guilty, which ruled out the possibility of continuing the action against the heirs. He cited a passage from an authoritative work (Précis de procédure pénale, by Professors Stefani, Levasseur and Bouloc, 19th edition): “in our modern law we no longer bring actions against the dead or the memory of the dead”. Next, he explained that the need for a violation of the criminal law which was inherent in any decision of the criminal courts justified the fact that, for the court even to rule only on the civil action, the accused had to be given a criminal trial that respected the “principle that hearings must be oral ... and the adversarial nature of the trial, which was an essential component of a fair trial. In other words, in order for the criminal court to be able to rule, in both the criminal and the civil proceedings, there is a condition: the effective participation of the accused in his trial”. This meant that in order for the criminal court to be able to examine the civil action alone, it would be necessary for the accused “at one time or another, to have had an effective opportunity to submit his arguments in full concerning the presence and the solidity of all the constituent elements of the offence with which he has been charged, and his responsibility in the matter”. In a judgment of 25 October 2006 the Court of Cassation declared the Principal Public Prosecutor’s appeal inadmissible and rejected those lodged by the applicant and E.P.L. Regarding the arguments submitted by the applicant, the judgment read as follows: “In overruling the objection that the criminal court had no authority to hear the civil action brought by the heirs of [J.-L. Lagardère] because no decision had been given on the merits in the criminal proceedings prior to the death of the accused, the judgment states, among other things, that the proceedings and the judgment found that the prosecution was time-barred before the accused died; furthermore, the criminal court to which the case was remitted by the Court of Cassation is the only court competent to determine whether the prosecution was time-barred and whether, having regard to the civil claim, the constituent elements of the offence of misappropriation of corporate assets have been made out; In pronouncing itself in those terms the Court of Appeal justified its decision; Trial courts before which action was lawfully taken before the criminal prosecution lapsed continue to have jurisdiction in the civil proceedings...” Ruling on the civil party claim, it quashed and annulled the judgment of the Court of Appeal solely on the issue of the capitalisation of the interest on the sums owed by J.-L. Lagardère’s heirs. On that occasion it noted that the Court of Appeal had “found Jean‑Luc Lagardère guilty”.
train
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{ "applicant": "Arnaud Lagardère", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "FRA", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2012 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Arnaud Lagardère
001-97993
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 39013/04) against the Kingdom of Sweden lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by the following four Swedish Sami villages (samebyar): Handölsdalen, Mittådalen, Tåssåsen and Ruvhten Sijte (formerly Tännäs) (“the applicants”) on 29 October 2004. The applicants were represented by Mr J. Södergren and Mr C. Crafoord, lawyers practising in Stockholm. The Swedish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr C.-H. Ehrenkrona, of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The applicants alleged, in particular, that they had not had effective access to court and that the length of the national proceedings had been unreasonable. By a decision of 17 February 2009, the Court declared the application partly admissible. The applicants and the Government each filed further written observations (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant Sami villages are all situated in the municipality of Härjedalen in the county of Jämtland. The Sami have, since ancient times, inhabited the northern parts of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula. Originally living by hunting, fishing and collecting, the Sami activities changed over time to concern mainly reindeer herding. Their historical use of the land has given rise to a special right to real estate, the reindeer herding right (renskötselrätten). Presently regulated in Sweden by the Reindeer Husbandry Act (Rennäringslagen, 1971:437), it comprises the right to use land and water for the Sami's own sustenance and that of his reindeer. The right may only be exercised by the members of a Sami village. Such villages are both geographical grazing areas and economic entities. They do not have any public legal status (see Könkämä and 38 Other Sami Villages v. Sweden, no. 27033/95, Commission decision of 25 November 1996, Decisions and Reports 87, p. 85 in fine). The reindeer herding area comprises approximately one-third of the surface of Sweden and is divided into all-year land and winter grazing land. In certain parts of the country, the borders of the herding area are controversial and have not been statutorily defined, especially as concerns the winter grazing land. On 20 September 1990 a large number of private owners of land in the municipality of Härjedalen instituted proceedings against five Sami villages, the four applicants and the Idre Nya Sami village, before the District Court (tingsrätten) of Sveg. On 4 June 1991 more landowners initiated a similar action against the Sami villages. The landowners sought a declaratory judgment (negativ fastställelsetalan) that the Sami villages had no right to reindeer grazing on their land without a valid contract to that effect concluded between the landowner and the village. On 26 June 1991 the District Court issued a summons and decided that the two cases were to be examined jointly. At a preparatory meeting on 16 September 1991, the court rejected the villages' request for dismissal of the cases on procedural grounds. On 25 November 1991 the Sami villages submitted their response, contesting the landowners' action. The villages claimed that they had the right to winter grazing within their respective areas based on (1) prescription from time immemorial (urminnes hävd), (2) the provisions of the reindeer grazing and reindeer husbandry acts of 1886, 1898, 1928 and 1971, (3) custom, or (4) public international law, more specifically Article 27 of the UN Convention on Civil and Political Rights, as compared with Chapter 1, section 2, of the Instrument of Government (Regeringsformen). Following three extensions of the time-limit fixed by the District Court, the landowners replied to the Sami villages' submissions on 10 April 1992. An additional preparatory meeting was held on 27 August 1992, at which the parties discussed, inter alia, the possibility of reaching a settlement. Furthermore, the villages were ordered to elaborate on their claim based on custom and to specify their means of evidence. They did so on 23 December 1992 following two extensions of the time-limit set. At the same time, they requested that the court inspect some of the properties concerned. On 27 May 1993, having been granted several extensions, the landowners submitted a specification of the means of evidence offered. During the following months, the parties exchanged views on questions of evidence and submitted specifications of supplementary evidence. On 9 May 1994 the District Court sent a summary of the respective positions to the parties for comments. A further preparatory meeting took place on 18 May 1994. During the summer and autumn of 1994, further comments were exchanged. On 26 and 27 October 1994 a preparatory meeting was held in order to plan the schedule for the main hearing. Between December 1994 and June 1995, further views were exchanged, among other things on the Sami villages' request for an inspection. By a decision of 22 June 1995, the District Court rejected the request for an inspection on the ground that the villages had not shown that an inspection of certain properties was necessary for an examination of whether they had a right to winter grazing on the land in question. The parties were summoned for the main hearing at the beginning of August 1995. On 1 September 1995 some more landowners initiated a similar action against the Sami villages. This case was joined to the other two. The main hearing started on 18 September and ended on 25 October 1995. It lasted for 16 days. The District Court heard a large number of experts and witnesses and had regard to substantial documentary evidence. During the hearing, as well as on seven previous occasions, the court struck out the case in regard to some of the landowners following withdrawal of the action on their part. The three joined cases eventually comprised property belonging to 571 landowners. Having examined the developments of the Sami culture and reindeer herding since prehistoric times, the District Court issued a 192-page judgment on 21 February 1996. It found that, from the 16th to the late 19th century, there had not been any winter grazing which had established a right for the Sami to such grazing on the relevant properties and that, from the late 19th century, the actual winter grazing, as annually recorded by the so‑called Lapp bailiffs (lappfogdar), had not lasted long enough in the respective parishes to create a right to grazing on those properties based on prescription from time immemorial, such prescription requiring at least 90 years' use of the land. For these reasons, the Sami villages could not claim a right to use the properties under the various laws, including the Reindeer Husbandry Act presently in force. Moreover, the court found that a right to real property could not legally be established through “custom” and that a right to winter grazing on the properties in question could not be based on the provisions of the UN Convention and the Instrument of Government. The court therefore concluded that there was no right of the Sami villages to reindeer grazing on the plaintiffs' land without a valid contract and accordingly gave judgment in favour of the landowners. The court ordered the Sami villages jointly to pay the plaintiffs' legal costs, amounting to approximately 4,000,000 Swedish kronor (SEK; about 400,000 euros (EUR)). On 15 March 1996 the Sami villages appealed to the Court of Appeal (hovrätten) of Nedre Norrland. They demanded that the District Court's judgment be quashed, that the landowners' action be rejected and that the decision on litigation costs not be enforced. They completed their appeal on 2 September 1996. On 8 November 1996 the landowners responded and requested that the Sami villages not be allowed to invoke circumstances in their defence that had not been presented to the District Court. In a submission of 20 December 1996, the villages, on their part, made an additional demand that the District Court's judgment be set aside and the case remitted to that court on the ground that a procedural error had occurred. During the following months, the parties exchanged views on these and other matters. The landowners submitted their comments on the villages' additional demand on 2 June 1997. By a decision of 16 June 1997, the Court of Appeal ruled on twelve different procedural issues. Among other things, it rejected the Sami villages' request that the appealed judgment be set aside and the case remitted. It also rejected the landowners' request that the villages not be allowed to invoke certain circumstances in their defence, with one exception. Thus, the court did not allow the villages to argue that winter grazing without protests from landowners for a period of less than 90 years would qualify for a continued right to such grazing based on prescription from time immemorial or the provisions of the reindeer grazing and reindeer husbandry acts. Furthermore, the Court of Appeal rejected the Sami villages' requests for an inspection of the locus in quo and for an order against the landowners to produce maps of the areas concerned. In its reasons for the various rulings, the court referred, inter alia, to the provisions of the Code of Judicial Procedure (Rättegångsbalken) concerning the conditions for invoking new circumstances and evidence not previously examined by the District Court. On 18 June 1997 the parties were ordered to complete their respective actions by the end of October 1997. On 24 September 1997 the Sami villages claimed that there was a procedural hindrance (rättegångshinder) as they lacked the capacity to act as parties in relation to the issue concerned by the proceedings in question. By a decision of 4 November 1997, the Court of Appeal rejected this claim, stating that, under the provisions of the Reindeer Husbandry Act, they had the necessary legal capacity. On 1 December 1997 the villages appealed against that decision to the Supreme Court (Högsta domstolen). At their request, the Court of Appeal granted the villages an extension of the time-limit set for the completion of their appeal until the Supreme Court had rendered its decision on the procedural issue. By a decision of 18 February 1999, the Supreme Court refused the villages leave to appeal. In a submission of 4 March 1999, the Sami villages demanded that the State, through the Chancellor of Justice (Justitiekanslern), intervene on their side in the proceedings. At the end of May 1999, the Chancellor informed the Court of Appeal that he did not intend to apply to participate in the proceedings. In March and July 1999 the Sami villages were ordered to complete their appeal, which they did on 11 October 1999, after having been granted extensions of the time-limits set. Shortly thereafter, the landowners were ordered to submit the means of evidence they invoked, which they did on 21 February 2000, also following time-limit extensions. In January 2000 the landowners applied for the Sami villages' appeal to be dismissed and in February 2000 the villages reiterated their demand that the District Court's judgment be quashed and the case remitted. By a decision of 19 December 2000, the Court of Appeal rejected these requests. On 7 November 2000 the Sami villages requested that the court obtain an opinion from an expert (sakkunnig). Following the landowners' objection and the villages' further comments, the court rejected this request on 8 March 2001. In January 2001 the court ordered the parties to make submissions on the question of which landowners were to be considered opposite parties in the appellate proceedings. The Sami villages submitted several comments between January and April 2001 and the landowners made their submissions in May and August 2001, after extensions of the time-limits set. On 31 May 2001, having interpreted one of the landowners' submissions as a motion for dismissal of the Sami villages' appeal, the Court of Appeal rejected that motion. On 18 June 2001 the villages adduced some written evidence not previously presented. The landowners objected to that evidence but, by a decision of 5 September 2001, the court allowed the villages to present it. The main hearing in the Court of Appeal was held between 1 and 31 October 2001 and lasted 16 days. The appellate court heard the same evidence as the District Court and, as already mentioned, some additional written evidence introduced by the Sami villages. Following some landowners' withdrawal of their action and the Idre Nya Sami village's withdrawal of its appeal, the Court of Appeal, by decisions of 8 October and 16 November 2001, struck out the case and set aside the District Court's judgment – including the Idre Nya Sami village's liability for litigation costs – in so far as it concerned these same parties. By a judgment of 15 February 2002, the Court of Appeal upheld the District Court's judgment and ordered the applicants to pay the plaintiffs' legal costs in the appellate proceedings, amounting to approximately SEK 2,900,000 (about EUR 290,000). The Court of Appeal initially referred to the conclusion by the Supreme Court in the so-called “Taxed Mountains Case” (Skattefjällsmålet, NJA 1981, p. 1) that the rights pertaining to reindeer herding were exhaustively regulated by the Reindeer Husbandry Act. Consequently, the right of winter grazing was dependent on the conditions for prescription from time immemorial being met, those conditions having been regulated in the old Land Code (Jordabalken) of 1734. As regards prescription from time immemorial and the burden and standard of proof in this respect, the Court of Appeal stated the following: “Under Chapter 15, section 4 of the old Land Code, the following applied to proof of prescription from time immemorial. 'If someone pleads prescription from time immemorial and fault is found with this claim, let him then show by means of old letters and writings deemed sufficient in law, or by means of credible men who have good local knowledge and can bear witness, on oath, that they neither know themselves nor have heard from others that the situation has ever been different. If he is unable to do this, the prescriptive right shall then be without force and effect.' According to the preparatory works for the 1928 Reindeer Grazing Act and the [1971] Reindeer Husbandry Act, in cases subject to dispute, the question of whether a right to winter grazing applies in a certain area is to be examined by a court on the basis of the evidence that is required under general law for proof of prescription from time immemorial (see Government Bill 1928:43, p. 71, and Government Bill 1971:51, p. 158). The burden of proof that winter grazing has taken place on the property owner's land to such an extent that the Sami villages have a right to continued winter grazing may therefore be deemed to rest with the Sami villages. In this case, the Sami villages claim that a right to winter grazing based on prescription from time immemorial has come into being as Sami have been in Härjedalen since prehistoric times, as reindeer were early on associated with the Sami culture, as reindeer management took on a completely nomadic form in the late sixteenth century or, at all events, during the seventeenth century, and it can be assumed that even then, in the winter, depending on the weather conditions and access to food, the reindeer belonging to the Sami wandered in search of food, and as the custom that developed at that time has endured until modern times. However, in the opinion of the Court of Appeal, for a right to winter grazing on the disputed lands to be deemed to have arisen on the basis of prescription from time immemorial, it must be required in addition that the results of the investigation indicate with sufficient strength that Sami have used the lands in question or parts of them for winter grazing for their reindeer with at least some regularity without hindrance, that is, without objection from other holders of rights.” The court further held that account had to be taken of the special features of reindeer husbandry. The herding required much space and necessitated movement between various grazing areas. The right to winter grazing based on prescription could not require that reindeer grazed in a particular area every winter. However, a basic condition for that right was that the area had been used in such a way that every instance of grazing could be seen as part of a recurring pattern, although absence from the area in question could be more or less prolonged. The Court of Appeal examined extensive evidence dating back several hundred years and drew the following conclusions. As regards the period before the entry into force of the Reindeer Grazing Act of 1886 (most notably, the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries), it had not been shown that free winter grazing – that is, in the absence of contracts or the authorities' permission – had taken place in Härjedalen. On the contrary, the individual landowners had protested against reindeer grazing on their land. At the time of the enactment of the 1886 and 1898 Acts, the disputes between the domiciled population and the nomadic Sami about the use of the land at issue had been particularly sensitive in Härjedalen, and the investigation did not show that any winter grazing had occurred outside the boundaries of the “reindeer grazing mountains”. According to the evidence presented with respect to the situation in the 20th century, grazing outside these mountains had existed during wintertime only in limited areas and protests from landowners had been commonplace. The appellate court thus found, in agreement with the District Court, that, before the 20th century, there had not been such winter grazing outside the reindeer grazing mountains which, together with the grazing that had taken place during the 20th century, could create a right to use the relevant properties on the basis of prescription from time immemorial. The longest period in the latter century during which winter grazing had occurred in one area without landowners' objections was 50 years, thus insufficient to establish a right based on prescription. The applicants appealed to the Supreme Court on 19 March 2002. Their appeal was completed on 22 May 2002. In the following months, they submitted documents as to the question of who was to represent them before the Supreme Court. On 29 April 2004 the Supreme Court refused the applicants leave to appeal. The Sami Fund (Samefonden) has granted the applicants a loan of SEK 14,700,000 (approximately EUR 1,470,000) to pay the litigation costs incurred in the domestic proceedings. The loan, which is free of interest, is due on 30 November 2010.
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"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6134, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e39", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em121", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "District Court", "start_offset": 6120 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 6152, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e71", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em122", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "192-page", "start_offset": 6144 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6181, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e72", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em123", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "21 February 1996", "start_offset": 6165 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6236, "entity_id": 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"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 6490, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e75", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em131", "entity_type": "MISC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": [ "001-97993_a11_em130" ], "span_text": "lappfogdar", "start_offset": 6480 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 6575, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em132", "entity_type": "MISC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "grazing", "start_offset": 6568 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 6685, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e76", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em133", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "90 years", "start_offset": 6677 }, { "confidential_status": "ETHNIC", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6731, "entity_id": 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"related_mentions": null, "span_text": "winter grazing", "start_offset": 6994 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7129, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e53", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em138", "entity_type": "MISC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Instrument of Government", "start_offset": 7105 }, { "confidential_status": "ETHNIC", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7196, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e15", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em139", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Sami", "start_offset": 7192 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7205, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e16", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em140", "entity_type": "MISC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "villages", "start_offset": 7197 }, { "confidential_status": 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"entity_type": "MISC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "villages", "start_offset": 7361 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7465, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e77", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em145", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "approximately 4,000,000 Swedish kronor", "start_offset": 7427 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7491, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e78", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em146", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "about 400,000 euros", "start_offset": 7472 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7517, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e79", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em147", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": 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"villages", "start_offset": 7881 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7995, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e39", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em158", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "District Court", "start_offset": 7981 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 8032, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e84", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em159", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "20 December 1996", "start_offset": 8016 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 8046, "entity_id": "001-97993_a11_e16", "entity_mention_id": "001-97993_a11_em160", "entity_type": "MISC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "villages", "start_offset": 8038 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", 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{ "applicant": "Ruvhten Sijte", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "SWE", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ruvhten Sijte
001-61142
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 35968/97) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a German national, Ms Carola van Kück, on 6 May 1997. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr K. Stoltenberg, Ministerialdirigent, Federal Ministry of Justice. The applicant alleged that German court decisions refusing her claims for reimbursement of gender reassignment measures and also the related proceedings were in breach of her right to a fair trial and of her right to respect for her private life and that they amounted to discrimination on the ground of her particular psychological situation. She relied on Articles 6 § 1, 8, 13 and 14 of the Convention. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1. By a decision of 18 October 2001, the Chamber declared the application admissible. On 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1948 and lives in Berlin. At birth, she was registered as male, with the forenames Bernhard Friedrich. A. The proceedings for the change of the applicant’s forenames In 1990 the applicant instituted proceedings before the Schöneberg District Court, asking it to change her forenames to Carola Brenda. On 20 December 1991 the District Court granted the applicant’s request. The court found that the conditions under section 1 of the Transsexuals Act (Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen) were met in the applicant’s case. The District Court, having heard the applicant and having regard to the written opinions of the psychiatric experts Prof. R. and Dr O. of 28 August 1991, and of the psychological expert Prof. D. of 1 September 1991, considered that the applicant was a male-to-female transsexual. It noted that, although Prof. R. and Dr O. had indicated that the applicant was not a typical transsexual, the Transsexuals Act required only that the condition of transsexuality be met, irrespective of the particular form it took. Moreover, the court found that the experts had convincingly shown that the applicant had been for at least the last three years under the constraint of living according to these tendencies and that there was a high probability that the she would not change these tendencies in the future. B. The civil proceedings against the health insurance company In 1992 the applicant, represented by counsel, brought an action with the Berlin Regional Court against a German health insurance company. Having been affiliated to this company since 1975, she claimed reimbursement of pharmaceutical expenses for hormone treatment. She further requested a declaratory judgment to the effect that the defendant company was liable to reimburse 50% of the expenses for gender reassignment operations and further hormone treatment. As an employee of the Berlin Land, she was entitled to allowances covering half of her medical expenses; the private health insurance was to cover the other half. On 20 October 1992 the Berlin Regional Court decided to take expert evidence on the questions of whether or not the applicant was a male-to-female transsexual; whether or not her kind of transsexuality was a disease; whether or not the gender reassignment operation was the necessary medical treatment for the transsexuality; and whether or not this treatment was generally recognised by medical science. The psychiatrist Dr H., having examined the applicant in January 1993, delivered his opinion in February 1993. In his conclusions, he confirmed that the applicant was a male-to-female transsexual and that her transsexuality had to be regarded as a disease. He further indicated that gender reassignment surgery was not the only possible medical treatment in cases of transsexuality. In the applicant’s case, he recommended such an operation from a psychiatric-psychotherapeutic point of view, as it would improve her social situation. He noted that gender reassignment surgery was not generally recognised by medical science and that there were several comments in the specialised literature questioning whether the operation was effective; however, it could be assumed that the fact that transsexuals accepted themselves and their bodies contributed to their stabilisation. According to him, many transsexuals reached such stability only after an operation. In his view, this was the case for the applicant and an operation should therefore be approved. The expert concluded that the gender reassignment operation formed part of the curative treatment of a mental disease. On 3 August 1993 the Regional Court, following an oral hearing, dismissed the applicant’s claims. The court considered that under the relevant provisions of the General Insurance Conditions (Allgemeine Versicherungsbedingungen) governing the contractual relations between the applicant and her private health insurance company, the applicant was not entitled to reimbursement of medical treatment regarding her transsexuality. In its reasoning, the court, having regard to the opinion prepared by Dr H. and to the expert opinions prepared in the proceedings before the Schöneberg District Court, considered that the applicant was a male-to-female transsexual and that her condition had to be regarded as a disease. The question whether the treatment in question was recognised by medical science was irrelevant. In the court’s view, hormone treatment and gender reassignment surgery could not reasonably be considered as necessary medical treatments. Having regard to the relevant case-law of the Federal Social Court, the court found that the applicant ought first to have had recourse to less radical means, namely an extensive course of 50 to 100 psychotherapy sessions, as proposed by the psychiatric expert Prof. D. and terminated by the applicant after two sessions (according to the Government, the original manuscript decision referred to twenty-four sessions). The court was not convinced that, on account of the applicant’s resistance to therapy, the intended operation was the only possible treatment. Moreover, the Regional Court found that the evidence did not show conclusively that the gender reassignment measures would relieve the applicant’s physical and mental difficulties, a further criterion for assuming their medical necessity. The expert Dr H. had merely recommended the operation from a psychiatric-psychotherapeutic point of view, as it would improve the applicant’s social situation. His submissions, according to which the effect of gender reassignment surgery was often overrated, did not show that the gender reassignment measures were necessary for medical reasons. The court had not, therefore, been required, of its own motion, to summon the expert to explain his opinion orally. On 11 October 1993 the applicant lodged an appeal with the Berlin Court of Appeal. In the written appeal submissions, the applicant objected to the findings of the Regional Court in so far as they denied the necessity of gender reassignment measures. The applicant also submitted that she had unsuccessfully attended between twenty-four and thirty-five psychotherapy sessions. In this connection, she referred to the written expert opinions and also mentioned the possibility of taking evidence from these experts. In November 1994 the applicant underwent gender reassignment surgery. According to her, having been unfit for work since February 1994, she had agreed with the physician treating her that her suffering would not permit her to await the outcome of the appeal proceedings. On 27 January 1995 the Court of Appeal, following an oral hearing, dismissed the applicant’s appeal. The Court of Appeal valued the claims at stake at 28,455.92 German marks. The Court of Appeal noted that the applicant was a male-to-female transsexual and that, according to the opinion of the expert Dr H., her transsexuality constituted a disease, a matter not in dispute between the parties to the proceedings. Referring to clause 1 of the General Insurance Conditions, the Court of Appeal upheld the Regional Court’s conclusions that the expert Dr H. had not confirmed the necessity of gender reassignment measures. The Court of Appeal had regard to various passages of the expert opinion. Thus, it noted that the expert had considered gender reassignment surgery as one possible medical treatment; however, the question of necessity could not be clearly affirmed given the diverging scientific opinions and results. In his view, consensus existed on the improved psycho-social situation following the change of the sexual role, although the effect of the operation as such was often overrated. In the applicant’s case, the advantages of an operation would, in the expert’s view, prevail, while psychotherapy could not cure the transsexuality on account of the applicant’s chronic narcissistic character structure; even extended psychotherapy was not likely to result in any changes. Turning to the expert’s statement that gender reassignment was not the only possible curative treatment, but recommendable from a psychiatric-psychotherapheutic point of view in order to improve the applicant’s social situation, the Court of Appeal found that, with this cautious formulation, the expert had not clearly affirmed the necessity of an operation. The applicant had therefore failed to prove that the conditions for reimbursement of medical treatment were met in her case. The Court of Appeal added that, while the expert had mentioned that the gender reassignment operation “formed part of the curative treatment of a mental disease”, taking his other statements into account, he had regarded success as rather uncertain. Such a vague hope could not justify the necessity of medical treatment, bearing the aim of health insurance in mind. Thus, the health insurance had to bear only costs of treatment suitable to cure a disease. In the applicant’s case, the expert had explained that gender reassignment measures could not be expected to cure the applicant’s transsexuality, but at best to improve her psycho-social situation. This result was insufficient, as such an improvement did not affect the applicant’s transsexuality as such. With regard to these remaining doubts, the Court of Appeal concluded that the applicant had failed to prove the necessity of her treatment. The Court of Appeal further considered that, in any event, the applicant was not entitled to reimbursement under clause 5.1(b) of the General Insurance Conditions on the ground that she had herself deliberately caused the disease, as argued by the defendant in earlier submissions. Referring to the details of her case history as contained in the expert opinion of Dr O. of August 1991, the Court of Appeal found in particular that the applicant was born as a male child and did not claim that she was a female on account of chromosomal factors. Initially, she had not adopted female behaviour. On account of her male orientation, she had been able to resist feelings that she would have preferred to be a girl and that this would have been more appropriate, and had controlled her emotional life at an early stage. The Court of Appeal considered that the applicant had continued to live as a man. In its view, the applicant’s “fear of bigger boys” at school was not gender-specific. Furthermore, applying to join the armed forces did not indicate female feelings, and she had left the armed forces not because of the feeling that she was a “woman” but because she had experienced degrading treatment. The applicant had married in November 1972, likewise a sign of her male orientation at that time. As from 1981, the spouses had wished to have a child. According to the Court of Appeal, the “turning-point”, as stated by the applicant, had been the moment when, after an unsuccessful operation in 1986, she had realised that she was infertile. The Court of Appeal quoted the following passage from the expert opinion of 1991: “The recognition that he was infertile is a decisive factor confirming the subsequent transsexual development.” It continued in the following terms: “Fully aware of this position, the plaintiff concluded for herself: ‘If you cannot have children, you are not a man’, and as a consequence she went one step further and wanted to be a woman from then on. She had never otherwise felt that she was, or that she had to become, a woman, but was merely making a statement that she could do without a penis and still have satisfying relations with his [sic] wife ... Doing without the one is not the same as an irresistible desire for the other. In furtherance of the self-imposed goal of wishing to be a woman, from December 1986 – without medical advice, assistance or instruction – she took female hormones ... That was deliberate. Having recognised – no doubt painfully – that she could not have children, she decided to distance herself from her past as a man ... It was this deliberate act of self-medication that led the plaintiff ever more to her decision that she wanted to be a woman and to look like one, although it was biologically impossible. This was based on her limited preparedness or ability to reflect critically ... but was wrongfully deliberate because the plaintiff was at all events at that stage in a position to see what the consequences of her ‘self-medication’ would be, and to act accordingly. ...” On 25 October 1996 the Federal Constitutional Court refused to admit the applicant’s constitutional complaint. II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE AND OTHER MATERIAL A. The status of transsexuals The German Transsexuals Act (Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen) of 10 September 1980 (Federal Gazette I, p. 1654) was adopted following the decision of 11 October 1978 of the Federal Constitutional Court according to which the refusal to change the sex of a post-operative transsexual in the register of births was an unjustified interference with human dignity and everyone’s fundamental right to develop his personality freely (Reports of the Decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court, BVerfGE 49, pp. 286 et seq.). Sections 1 to 7 of the Transsexuals Act govern the conditions, procedures and legal consequences of a change of a transsexual’s forenames without gender reassignment surgery. Under section 1, persons may request that their forenames be changed if, on account of their transsexual orientation, they no longer feel they belong to the sex recorded in the register of births, they have been for at least three years under the constraint of living according to these tendencies, and if there is a high probability that they will not change this orientation in the future. The competent civil courts have to obtain two medical expert opinions in order to establish whether the medical conditions are met (section 4). Following gender reassignment surgery, section 8 provides for a change of the sex entered in the register of births, if, in addition to the conditions laid down in section 1, the persons concerned are not married and are not able to procreate. The forenames will be changed, if proceedings under section 1 have not yet taken place. B. Gender reassignment surgery 1. The general health insurance system Since 1989 the German health insurance system, which previously formed part of the Reich Insurance Code (Reichsversicherungsordnung) of 1911 has been governed by the Social Security Act, Book V, Health Insurance (Sozialgesetzbuch, Fünftes Buch, Gesetzliche Kranken-versicherung), on the basis of the Health (Reform) Act (Gesetz zur Strukturreform im Gesundheitswesen) of 20 December 1988. Subsequently, further reform legislation was enacted. Under the relevant provisions, persons insured under the health system are entitled to medical treatment which is necessary in order to diagnose or to cure a disease, in order to prevent its aggravation or to offer relief for its symptoms. The Federal Social Court, in a decision of 6 August 1987 (Reports of Decisions, BSGE 62, pp. 83 et seq.), confirmed the lower social courts’ decisions that the cost of gender reassignment surgery had to be reimbursed if, in the circumstances of the individual case, the psychophysical state of the transsexual amounted to a disease and if gender reassignment was the sole means of finding relief, psychiatric and psychotherapeutic treatment having remained unsuccessful. 2. Private health insurance The basic rules for private health insurance, as for any other private insurance, are laid down in the Insurance Contract Act (Gesetz über den Versicherungsvertrag) of 1908, as amended. According to section 178.b, private health insurance covers expenses for curative treatment which is medically necessary on account of a disease or injuries suffered as a result of an accident or for other medical services for illness, as far as stipulated in the contract. The insurer is exempted from liability if the insured person has deliberately caused his or her own disease or accident (section 178.l). The contractual relations are standardised in general insurance conditions. The Federal Court of Justice, in a decision of 11 April 1994 (Versicherungsrecht 1995, pp. 447 et seq.), endorsed the lower court’s finding that gender reassignment surgery had to be considered as necessary medical treatment of a disease if the insured person’s change of gender had been recognised under sections 8 et seq. of the Transsexuals Act. C. Other relevant material In its judgment of 30 April 1996 in P. v. S. and Cornwall County Council (C-13/94, Rec. 1996, p. I-2143), the European Court of Justice (ECJ) found that discrimination arising from gender reassignment constituted discrimination on grounds of sex and, accordingly, Article 5 § 1 of Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976, on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion and working conditions, precluded dismissal of a transsexual for a reason related to a gender reassignment. It held, rejecting the argument of the United Kingdom Government that the employer would also have dismissed P. if P. had previously been a woman and had undergone an operation to become a man, that “... [w]here a person is dismissed on the ground that he or she intends to undergo or has undergone gender reassignment, he or she is treated unfavourably by comparison with persons of the sex to which he or she was deemed to belong before undergoing gender reassignment. To tolerate such discrimination would be tantamount, as regards such a person, to a failure to respect the dignity and freedom to which he or she is entitled and which the Court has a duty to safeguard.” (paragraphs 21-22) In its judgment of 17 February 1998, in Lisa Jacqueline Grant v. South-West Trains Ltd (C-249/96, Rec. 1998, p. I-621), the ECJ clarified the resulting position as follows “... That reasoning, which leads to the conclusion that such discrimination is to be prohibited just as is discrimination based on the fact that a person belongs to a particular sex, is limited to the case of a worker’s gender reassignment and does not therefore apply to differences of treatment based on a person’s sexual orientation. ... ... Community law as it stands at present does not cover discrimination based on sexual orientation, such as that in issue in the main proceedings. It should be observed, however, that the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, signed on 2 October 1997, provides for the insertion in the EC Treaty of an Article 6a which, once the Treaty of Amsterdam has entered into force, will allow the Council under certain conditions (a unanimous vote on a proposal from the Commission after consulting the European Parliament) to take appropriate action to eliminate various forms of discrimination, including discrimination based on sexual orientation.” The ECJ concluded that the refusal by an employer to allow travel concessions to the person of the same sex with whom a worker has a stable relationship, where such concessions are allowed to a worker’s spouse or to the person of the opposite sex with whom a worker has a stable relationship outside marriage, does not constitute discrimination prohibited by Article 119 of the Treaty or Directive 75/117.
train
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{ "applicant": "Carola van Kück", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2003 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Carola van Kück
001-57629
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) on 12 April 1989 and by the Government of the Swiss Confederation (“the Government“) on 3 July 1989, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 § 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 11034/84) against Switzerland lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by a national of that State, Mr Franz Weber, on 15 May 1984. The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) of the Convention and to the declaration whereby Switzerland recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); the Government’s application referred to Articles 45, 47 and 48 (art. 45, art. 47, art. 48). The object of the request and of the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 § 1 and Article 10 (art. 6-1, art. 10). In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 § 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent him (Rule 30). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mrs D. Bindschedler-Robert, the elected judge of Swiss nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 § 3 (b)). On 29 April 1989, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other five members, namely Mr B. Walsh, Mr R. Macdonald, Mr C. Russo, Mr J. De Meyer and Mr I. Foighel (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 § 4) (art. 43). Mr Ryssdal assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 § 5) and, through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the lawyer for the applicant on the need for a written procedure (Rule 37 § 1). In accordance with the order made in consequence on 6 July 1989, the registry received the Government’s memorial, on 13 October, and the applicant’s memorial, on the 16th. In a letter he received on 13 December 1989 the Registrar was informed by the Secretary to the Commission that the Delegate would submit his observations at the hearing. Having consulted, through the Registrar, those who would be appearing before the Court, the President directed on 6 July 1989 that the oral proceedings should open on 23 January 1990 (Rule 38). The hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on the appointed day. The Court had held a preparatory meeting immediately beforehand. There appeared before the Court: for the Government Mr P. Boillat, Head of the European Law and International Affairs Section, Federal Office of Justice, Agent, Mr C. Vautier, former Vaud cantonal judge, Mr J.P. Kureth, Deputy Head of the European Law and International Affairs Section, Federal Office of Justice, Counsel; for the Commission Mr S. Trechsel, Delegate; for the applicant Mr R. Schaller, avocat, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Boillat and Mr Vautier for the Government, by Mr Trechsel for the Commission and by Mr Schaller for the applicant, as well as their replies to its questions. AS TO THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE Mr Franz Weber, a Swiss journalist, lives at Clarens, in the Canton of Vaud. On 2 April 1980 the applicant and one of the associations he runs, Helvetia Nostra, lodged a complaint alleging defamation against R.M., who had written a letter published in the letters column of the newspaper L’Est vaudois under the headline “Franz Weber is fooling you“. The letter contained the following passages: “Like all your readers, no doubt, I recently found in my letter-box another of the begging letters sent out by unscrupulous people when they want to cadge money. Everyone is getting really sick of it and I think Franz Weber would do better to go and knock down the factory chimneys which crowd the skyline of Basle and protect his beloved captive seals in the zoo than to pester us with his initiatives, which he lives on at our expense - in case you didn’t know. If Mr Weber had the courage to show us his tax returns, you would be amazed. But the list of municipal taxpayers is not published and it is easy to hide behind that sort of censorship and live by devious means, sponging off decent people who still believe that these drop-outs have their uses and in so doing demonstrate their distrust of the whole country’s democratically - and how democratically! - elected authorities. May everyone have the courage to tell Helvetia Nostra (there’s a fine name to fleece you with!) that we have had enough of playing into the hands of people who sponge off us and whose behaviour borders on the criminal. ...“ Interviewed by the investigating judge (juge informateur) of the Vevey-Lavaux district, R.M. acknowledged the virulence of these accusations and attributed it to a nervous breakdown he had suffered at the time. Mr Weber refused all conciliation. In order to establish the truth of his allegations, R.M. then requested Mr Weber to produce a number of documents relating to his and his associations’ financial position. On 4 November 1980 the investigating judge ordered disclosure of the Helvetia Nostra association’s and the Franz Weber Foundation’s articles and their accounts for the previous two financial years. On 22 January 1981, having still not received them, he ordered their sequestration, but on 13 April 1981 he had to renew the order, as the applicant had not complied. In May 1981 Mr Weber forwarded Helvetia Nostra’s accounts in a sealed envelope but not those of the Foundation. Two subsequent sequestration orders were not executed. The applicant was dissatisfied with the way in which the investigating judge was proceeding and on 1 March 1982 he lodged a criminal complaint alleging misuse of official authority and coercion, but the investigating judge of the Canton of Vaud refused to take any action, whereupon Mr Weber challenged the Cantonal Court en bloc. R.M. was charged with defamation (Article 173 of the Criminal Code) and on 1 March 1982 was committed for trial at the Vevey district police court. He appealed against the order committing him for trial, but the Indictment Division (tribunal d’accusation) dismissed the appeal on 25 May 1982. On 2 March 1982 at a press conference in Lausanne the applicant informed the public that defamation proceedings had been taken against R.M., that orders had been made for the production and then for the sequestration of the associations’ accounts and that these had been handed over under seal. He also stated that he had lodged a challenge and a complaint against the investigating judge. Mr Weber had already divulged the first three items of information at a press conference in Berne on 11 May 1981, during which he denounced “the plot hatched against him by the Vaud authorities in order to intimidate him“. A. The proceedings before the President of the Criminal Cassation Division of the Vaud Cantonal Court On 3 March 1982 the daily newspapers Gazette de Lausanne, 24 heures and Tribune/Le Matin reported what the applicant had said. Under Article 185 § 3 of the Vaud Code of Criminal Procedure, the President of the Criminal Cassation Division of the Vaud Cantonal Court commenced of his own motion a summary investigation for breach of the confidentiality of a judicial investigation. In a letter of 10 March 1982 he ordered Mr Weber to provide information within ten days about what exactly he said on 2 March 1982. The applicant replied on 22 March 1982. He denied having given any “information about the investigation proceedings“ and relied on Articles 6 and 10 (art. 6, art. 10) of the Convention. On 27 April 1982 the President of the Cassation Division imposed a fine of 300 Swiss francs on him, together with a probationary period of a year for the purposes of deletion of the fine from the cantonal register. He based his decision on the following grounds: “II. 1. Mr Weber relied on Article 6 (art. 6) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and impugned the procedure provided for in Article 185 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP), which is the same as the one provided for in Articles 384 § 2, 386 § 2 and 336 CCP. This complaint is irrelevant, as Article 6 (art. 6) ECHR does not apply to the summary investigation proceedings provided for in respect of these breaches of procedure under cantonal law, reserved by Article 335 § 1, second sub-paragraph, of the Criminal Code (CC), because it is not a question of a ‘criminal charge’. ... Mr Weber also submitted that he did not disclose any confidential matters on 2 March 1982, since the matters in question had already become public knowledge as a result of his press conference of 11 May 1981. Since no judicial investigation was commenced following the press conference of 11 May 1981 and as Mr Weber did not have any occasion to avail himself of his right to a hearing, there is no need to deal with it in the present proceedings. Furthermore, criminal proceedings will shortly be time-barred (s. 12 of the Vaud Criminal Justice Act, s. 4 of the Minor Offences Act, s. 109 CC). It is true that as a result of the press conference of 11 May 1981 the matters dealt with at the press conference of 2 March 1982 were public knowledge, but that is of no importance as breaching the confidentiality of an investigation means ‘disclosing’ a matter which ought to be kept confidential. It is therefore of little importance that the matter which was to be kept confidential was known to a limited or indefinite number of people because confidentiality had already been breached by a third party or by the same person. The actus reus of the offence punishable under Article 185 CC is therefore made out. This offence is punishable even if it has been committed inadvertently (s. 4 of the Vaud Criminal Justice Act, s. 6 of the Minor Offences Act). In the instant case it is plain that Mr Weber acted deliberately. By disclosing that he had challenged the investigating judge, Mr Weber revealed that there was an investigation, but it may be doubted whether that was ‘information about the investigation’. Disclosing that a criminal complaint has been lodged - which may amount to a different offence - is not caught by Article 185 CC, more particularly where it has been decided to take no action on the complaint. Mr Weber himself admits that the breach of the confidentiality of the investigation was intentional. His submission based on a kind of necessity is devoid of merit since it was open to him to appeal to the Indictment Division against the orders for the sequestration of the Franz Weber Foundation’s and the Helvetia Nostra association’s accounts, as he in fact did two days later. ...“ B. The proceedings in the Criminal Cassation Division of the Vaud Cantonal Court On 15 October 1982 an appeal that Mr Weber brought against this decision was unanimously dismissed by the Criminal Cassation Division sitting in private (under Article 431 §§ 2 and 3 of the Vaud Code of Criminal Procedure), on the following grounds: “... In the instant case the disclosure that criminal complaints had been lodged - on 2 April 1980 against [R.M.] and on 1 March 1982 against the investigating judge - is not information about an investigation except in so far as it implies - and discloses - that an investigation has been commenced ..., but it may indeed amount to an offence (defamation, calumny, on the part of the complainant). Article 185 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP) is therefore not applicable to the disclosure that the first complaint had been lodged, because this was punishable as defamation, or to the disclosure that the second complaint had been lodged, because no investigation was commenced. The decision is therefore well-founded on that point. The disclosure of the challenge is not information about an investigation. The challenge is not the purpose of the investigation, and the disclosure that such a challenge has been made says nothing about the purpose of the investigation, its content or its results. It remains true, on the other hand, that the existence of such an investigation is disclosed; but such a disclosure is not punishable under Article 185 CCP, since it was punishable as defamation. The disclosure of the orders for production and sequestration of the accounts in the file does amount to information about an investigation. It remains to be considered whether one can talk of disclosure, given that the matters had already been made public at an earlier press conference. ... Article 185 CCP, which is designed also - and even primarily - to protect the public interest in ensuring that investigations take place in the best possible conditions, prohibits parties from communicating information from the file; it is therefore sufficient that the matters should be confidential in nature, without necessarily still being confidential; communication of matters of a confidential nature to someone who knows them already as a result of an earlier indiscretion is therefore a punishable offence. Furthermore, the applicant cannot rely on common knowledge when that knowledge is due to an earlier disclosure that he himself has made. The appellant was therefore rightly convicted. ...“ Finally, the Criminal Cassation Division set aside of its own motion the entry of the fine in the cantonal register. It noted that under Vaud law and notwithstanding that they were convertible into days of imprisonment (arrêts), the fines for “procedural offences“, such as breaching the confidentiality of a judicial investigation, were disciplinary in nature, since they were designed to ensure that the investigation proceeded normally. On this point cantonal law differed from federal law. C. The proceedings in the Federal Court Mr Weber lodged a public-law appeal with the Federal Court. He relied on Articles 10 and 6 (art. 10, art. 6) of the Convention. In his view, Article 6 (art. 6) applied because of the criminal nature of the fine, which under Article 18a of an Order of 23 January 1982 was convertible into a custodial sentence. On 16 November 1983 the Federal Court dismissed the appeal. It noted in particular: “... The applicant ... maintained that Article 185 of the Vaud Code of Criminal Procedure (Vaud CCP) violates in the abstract, and in the alternative in the specific case, freedom of expression as secured in federal constitutional law and in Article 10 (art. 10) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). In so doing, he overlooked that it may be legitimate in the public interest to impose certain restrictions on the exercise of that fundamental right ... Article 10 § 2 (art. 10-2) in fine ECHR, moreover, provides expressly that such restrictions are permissible where they are necessary in a democratic society, in particular for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. The rule enacted in Article 185 Vaud CCP clearly conforms to these principles. A weighing of the competing interests at stake leads to the same conclusions. While it may indeed be readily appreciated that the applicant had grounds for rebelling against the sometimes unorthodox course taken by the proceedings against him, it must not be forgotten that the usual remedies were open to him; and, indeed, on a number of occasions he successfully availed himself of them. His interest in expressing his views on this matter in public and the public’s interest in being informed by this means cannot outweigh the interest in ensuring that the judicial system can function as smoothly and impartially as possible. The prohibition against communicating information about an investigation until its completion and the penalties attaching to the offence are undoubtedly consistent with the proportionality principle. Consideration of whether the impugned interference was founded on sufficient reasons which rendered it necessary in a democratic society, having regard to all the public-interest aspects of the case (European Court of Human Rights, Sunday Times case, Series A no. 30, paragraphs 65-67) leads inevitably to the conclusion - particularly if the interests at stake in the Sunday Times case previously cited and in the applicant’s case are compared - that there was no violation of freedom of expression. ... In the instant case the appellant was liable to a fine not exceeding 500 francs (Article 185 § 1 Vaud CCP) and was fined 300 francs. Under Vaud law, such a penalty typically comes within the sphere of rules of conduct to be observed during proceedings. That is not decisive, however, according to the European institutions. Such rules are generally directed primarily at barristers, and in that instance their disciplinary nature is not in doubt; the parties to criminal proceedings, however, may also be subject to certain disciplinary rules. Admittedly, it has to be recognised that the measure taken against the appellant could have been based on a combination of Article 184 Vaud CCP, which lays down that judicial investigations shall be confidential, and Article 293 of the Criminal Code (CC), which provides that anyone who makes public any proceedings in a judicial investigation or deliberations by an authority which are secret by law shall be punishable with imprisonment or a fine. In that event the application of the Criminal Code would have justified an application of Article 6 § 1 (art. 6-1) ECHR. This was not the case, however, and it was on the basis of a cantonal rule of procedure that the appellant suffered a penalty whose disciplinary or criminal nature can be determined only by assessing the degree of its severity. The appellant showed, aptly enough, that such a fine was convertible into ten days’ imprisonment under Article 12 of the Vaud Order on the recovery of fines and their conversion into imprisonment. That procedure indeed leaves the authorities only a very limited discretion and at all events does not enable them to comply retrospectively with the requirements of Article 6 (art. 6) ECHR. The appellant overlooks, however, that Article 49 § 3, second sub-paragraph, of the Swiss Criminal Code (SCC) enables the judge to rule out conversion where the person convicted has proved that, through no fault of his own, he is unable to pay the fine. In view of the foregoing, the possibility of a custodial sentence could not make the penalty imposed in the instant case a criminal one. Ultimately, while the fine imposed in the instant case was not a negligible one, it nonetheless came into the category of penalties which by their nature, duration or manner of execution are deemed not to be appreciably detrimental. The possibility of conversion into a custodial sentence makes no difference, since conversion is possible only in the event of the appellant’s refusing to pay the fine out of sheer unwillingness. The safeguards provided for in Article 6 § 1 (art. 6-1) ECHR were therefore not applicable in the instant case.“ The applicant paid the fine in January 1985.
train
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{ "applicant": "Franz Weber", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 55, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93 ], "countries": "CHE", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1990 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Franz Weber
001-59511
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 39594/98) against the French Republic lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a French national, Mrs Marlène Kress (“the applicant”), on 30 December 1997. The applicant was represented by her counsel. The French Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. Relying on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the applicant complained of the excessive length of administrative proceedings she had brought against Strasbourg Hospital. She also complained under Article 6 of the Convention that she had not had a fair trial, because it had been impossible to inspect the submissions of the Government Commissioner (commissaire du gouvernement) before the hearing and reply to them at the hearing, and because the Commissioner had taken part in the deliberations. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). It was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). In a decision of 2 February 1999 the Third Section decided to communicate the application to the Government for written observations. On 29 February 2000, in the light of the observations submitted by the parties, the application was declared admissible by a Chamber of the Third Section, composed of the following judges: Sir Nicolas Bratza, President, Mr J.-P. Costa, Mrs F. Tulkens, Mr W. Fuhrmann, Mr K. Jungwiert, Mr K. Traja, Mr M. Ugrekhelidze, and also of Mrs S. Dollé, Section Registrar [Note by the Registry. The Court’s decision is obtainable from the Registry]. On the same day, the Section announced its intention of relinquishing jurisdiction in favour of the Grand Chamber, under Article 30 of the Convention. On 23 May 2000, there having been no objections from the parties, the Third Section confirmed its decision to relinquish jurisdiction, in accordance with Rule 72 § 2. The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 27 §§ 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24. On 18 April 2000 the Court of Cassation and the Conseil d’Etat Bar applied for leave to intervene under Article 36 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 61. The President of the Court gave leave and the Bar produced a memorial on 3 July 2000. A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 11 October 2000 (Rule 59 § 2). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr R. Abraham, Director of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agent; (b) for the applicant Mr A. Schwab, of the Saverne Bar, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by them. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE On 8 April 1986 the applicant, who was then aged 44, underwent a gynaecological operation under general anaesthetic at Strasbourg Hospital. On wakening, she suffered a neurological syndrome. In the days that followed she suffered a further vascular accident and her shoulder was scalded when a cup of tea was upset. Since then she has been 90% disabled; she is hemiplegic, has difficulty coordinating her upper limbs, can speak only with difficulty and suffers from double vision. On 27 May 1986 the applicant made an urgent application to the President of the Strasbourg Administrative Court seeking the appointment of an expert. In an order of 28 May 1986 the President appointed an expert, who filed a report on 2 June 1986 in which he concluded that there had not been any medical error. On 6 August 1987 (after a preliminary claim of 22 June 1987 had been refused) the applicant brought an action for damages against Strasbourg Hospital in the Strasbourg Administrative Court. In submissions of 21 October 1987 the applicant criticised the findings set out in the report of 2 June 1986 and applied for a detailed, thorough expert opinion. In letters of 10 November 1988 and 11 January 1989 the applicant’s lawyers sought to have the case set down for hearing. The clerk of the Administrative Court replied (in letters of 18 November 1988 and 13 January 1989) that on account of the backlog of work, it was not currently possible to foresee the date on which the case might be set down for hearing. The hearing was eventually listed for 19 April 1990. In a judgment delivered on 25 May 1990 the Strasbourg Administrative Court ordered further inquiries into the facts with a view to commissioning a report from a panel of two experts. On 23 October 1990 the experts filed the following findings: “As regards the cerebral arterial thromboses that occurred on 8 April and 17 April 1986, nothing in Mrs Kress’s clinical condition or in the results of the tests made them foreseeable. The treatment of this complication was appropriate to the patient’s state of health and in accordance with the current state of scientific knowledge. As regards the scald on the left shoulder, the experts attribute it to a lack of assistance and organisation in the department.” The applicant criticised that expert report and in reasoned submissions of 22 March 1991 quantified the damage she had sustained. At the request of Strasbourg Hospital the hearing set down for 4 April 1991 was postponed to 13 June 1991. In a judgment delivered on 5 September 1991 the Strasbourg Administrative Court assessed the amount of damage sustained by the applicant as a result of her scalded shoulder at 5,000 French francs and dismissed the rest of the claim for damages. The applicant appealed against that judgment to the Nancy Administrative Court of Appeal. In a judgment of 8 April 1993 that court dismissed the appeal on the ground that whatever the seriousness of the consequences of the surgical operation, the circumstances of the hospitalisation had not disclosed any failure to provide information about the nature of the operation and its foreseeable consequences or any negligence or presumption of negligence in the organisation or running of the relevant department. On 11 June 1993 the applicant, represented by a member of the Court of Cassation and Conseil d’Etat Bar, appealed on points of law against that judgment to the Conseil d’Etat and filed full pleadings on 11 October 1993. She referred to a judgment of the Judicial Assembly of the Conseil d’Etat of 9 April 1993 that had been delivered in the meantime (the Bianchi judgment of 9 April 1993, Revue française de droit administratif 1993, p. 574), in which no-fault liability in hospital cases had been extended to cover the risks of treatment, and in her sole ground of appeal relied on the fact that the hospital should in her case have been found liable without fault. She submitted that there had been a causal link between the operation and the damage, that the existence of the risk had been known, even if it was statistically only a very slight one, and that she had, within the meaning of the Bianchi judgment, sustained extremely serious special damage. Strasbourg Hospital filed a defence on 12 September 1994 and the applicant replied on 16 January 1995. The hospital lodged a rejoinder on 10 March 1995. The case was heard in public on 18 June 1997 by the 5th and 3rd sections sitting together and considered on the basis of a report by the 5th section. After hearing the observations of the reporting judge, those of the parties’ lawyers and, last, the Government Commissioner’s submissions, the Conseil d’Etat reserved judgment. Counsel for the applicant then produced a memorandum for the deliberations (note en délibéré) in which it was argued that the Government Commissioner had wrongly expressed doubts as to the extreme seriousness of the applicant’s afflictions since the operation of 8 April 1986. In a judgment delivered on 30 July 1997 the Conseil d’Etat dismissed the applicant’s appeal on the following grounds: “It appears from the evidence submitted to the courts below that Mrs Kress underwent a hysterectomy on 8 April 1986 at the Strasbourg Regional Hospital Centre. Following that operation, which took place normally, post-operative complications, which supervened twice, caused serious, disabling after-effects and damage for which Mr and Mrs Kress sought compensation, relying in the courts below on mistakes that they alleged had been made by the hospital. Before this Court Mr and Mrs Kress have maintained for the first time that the hospital should have been held liable without fault. On the basis of the unappealable assessment it made of the facts, the Nancy Administrative Court of Appeal inevitably held that no-fault liability on the part of the Strasbourg Regional Hospital Centre for the damage relied on by Mrs Kress had not been made out. In so doing, that court did not make any error of law, seeing that it is apparent from the evidence submitted to the courts below that the circumstances in which such liability could be incurred did not obtain.”
train
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{ "applicant": "Marlène Kress", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "FRA", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2001 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Marlène Kress
001-91889
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 7369/04) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a German national, Mr Hans-Jürgen Deiwick (“the applicant”), on 19 February 2004. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, Ministerialdirigentin, of the Federal Ministry of Justice. On 27 May 2008 the President of the Fifth Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 3). Judge Jaeger, the judge elected in respect of Germany, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28 of the Rules of Court). On 20 June 2008, the Government, pursuant to Rule 29 § 1 (a), informed the Court that they had appointed in her stead another elected judge, namely Judge Mark Villiger. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 1. Background to the case The applicant was born in 1923 and lives in Hamburg. From 1970 he practised as a physician affiliated to the statutory public health insurance scheme. In 1992 the Health Care Reform Act (Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz) amended the relevant provisions of the Social Security Act, Book V (Sozialgesetzbuch V) and introduced a retirement age of 68 for those medical practitioners who were affiliated to the statutory public health insurance scheme with effect from 1 January 1999 (see “Relevant domestic law” below). 2. Proceedings before the domestic authorities On 11 May 1998 the Hamburg Regional Registration Committee for Physicians (Zulassungausschuss für Ärzte) decided that according to section 95 § 7 of the Social Security Act, Book V (see “Relevant domestic law” below) the applicant’s authorisation to practise as a physician under the statutory public health insurance scheme would expire on 1 January 1999 as the applicant already had reached his 68th birthday prior to that date. On 27 July 1998 the applicant lodged an administrative appeal against that decision, which the Hamburg Appeals Board for Physicians (Berufungsausschuss) dismissed on 30 September 1998. On 19 November 1998 the applicant brought an action before the Hamburg Social Court to have the previous decisions annulled without submitting his statement of claim. On 21 December 1998 the applicant, without awaiting the outcome of the proceedings before the Social Court, lodged a constitutional complaint which the Federal Constitutional Court refused to admit on 15 February 1999. On 21 May 1999 the applicant submitted a statement of claim to the Hamburg Social Court which it forwarded to the defendant on 16 July 1999. On 21 December 1999 the Social Court forwarded the defendant’s statement of 26 July 1999 to the applicant. On 18 February 2000 the Social Court forwarded the defendant’s further statements of 18 January 2000 to the applicant and requested him to comment on them which the applicant did on 3 September 2001. Between 21 September 2001 and 22 May 2002 the case file was erroneously stored in the Social Court’s archives. On 17 October 2002 the Social Court informed the applicant that it intended to render a decision (Gerichtsbescheid) without holding an oral hearing and invited the applicant to submit written comments within one month. On 15 November 2002 the applicant submitted his comments. On 20 August 2003 the Hamburg Social Court dismissed his action, referring to the established case-law of the Federal Constitutional Court according to which the introduction of a compulsory retirement age for doctors had been compatible with the Basic Law (Grundgesetz). On 23 September 2003 the Social Court served that decision on the applicant. 3. Proceedings before the Court On 18 August 1999 the applicant lodged his first application with the Court, alleging that the revocation of his authorisation to practise as a physician under the statutory public health insurance scheme violated his rights under Article 14 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. On 20 May 2003 the Court declared his application (no. 55004/00) inadmissible for being manifestly ill-founded.
train
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{ "applicant": "Hans-Jürgen Deiwick", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Hans-Jürgen Deiwick
001-76708
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 75737/01) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a German national, Mr Peter Roland Schwarzenberger (“the applicant”), on 26 July 2001. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr V. Hohbach, a lawyer practising in Heilbronn. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, Ministerialdirigentin, of the Federal Ministry of Justice. On 27 January 2005 the Court decided to communicate the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. On 1 April 2006 this case was assigned to the newly constituted Fifth Section (Rule 25 § 5 and Rule 52 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1957 and is at present serving a prison sentence in Bruchsal in Germany. The applicant’s arrest and the criminal proceedings against Mr D. On 23 April 1996 the applicant and his suspected accomplice D. were arrested in Cadiz in Spain on suspicion of having murdered Mrs D. On 6 May 1996 the Heilbronn District Court (Amtsgericht) issued an arrest warrant against the applicant. As the applicant objected to being extradited to Germany, he remained in detention in Spain. On 5 July 1996 D. – the victim’s adopted son – was extradited to Germany. On 8 April 1997 a chamber of the Heilbronn Regional Court (Landgericht), presided by judge V. and also comprising judges W. and B., convicted D. of murder and of having committed robbery followed by death constituting one single offence (Mord in Tateinheit mit Raub mit Todesfolge), and of attempted murder. D. was found guilty of having murdered his adoptive mother Mrs D., of having attempted to murder his adoptive father and of having robbed his adoptive parents’ belongings. According to the findings of the Regional Court, which were primarily based on the statements and admissions of the accused, these offences had been committed jointly with the applicant. The passages of the judgment establishing the facts of the case which refer to the applicant read as follows: “Schwarzenberger, who was primarily interested in the loot, having been at first indifferent to the murder ..., consented to drive to Germany with the accused...On the ground floor, Schwarzenberger looked for an appropriate weapon. He removed the loose but stable handle from a big axe and handed it to the accused. Having in the meantime agreed to the murder, he did not want to run any risks. The accused could see that Schwarzenberger put a hammer weighing 200 grams into his pocket in order to be prepared for any eventualities...As Schwarzenberger and the accused feared the failure of their endeavour, the former approached Mrs D., kept her mouth shut with a pillow and inflicted severe hammer blows on her head in order to kill her. The accused was aware of this because he knew that a human life counted for little with Schwarzenberger...The accused credibly submitted to the court that he had informed Schwarzenberger about his plan to murder his adoptive father, which left the latter indifferent because he was primarily interested in the loot. The chamber deduces from this submission that the accused knew that a human life counted for little with Schwarzenberger...Because of the blows inflicted by the accused, the chamber is convinced that the accused consented to Schwarzenberger’s brutal actions, even if it meant her death, in order to reach his real aim to kill his adoptive father...Because of the many heavy hammer blows on the victim’s head, the accused was aware that Schwarzenberger wanted to kill the adoptive mother of the accused, at least in order to gain the prospected loot...By following Schwarzenberger’s request to keep Mrs D. at bay by dealing her a blow, the accused expressed his consent to Schwarzenberger’s massive use of force and was willing to accept the action...Cooperating with Schwarzenberger, the accused wanted to slay his sleeping victim, thus perfidiously exploiting his unsuspecting victim’s defencelessness. Despite the accused’s intention to commit the crime on his own, Schwarzenberger was so intensely involved in the planning and in the choice of a weapon that his actions did not merely constitute supportive measures, but an autonomous part of the action, the more so as the dominant Schwarzenberger pursued his own interest in the deed: to have access to the loot.” The Regional Court further noted that this assessment of the facts followed essentially the accused’s own submissions, who tried to place all responsibility on the applicant. Nevertheless, the Regional Court found him guilty himself. It further considered whether it was necessary to hear the applicant – who remained at the time in detention in Spain – as a witness in the proceedings against D. Having regard to the fact that the applicant had denied any involvement in the crime, the chamber did not expect that the applicant’s testimony would yield any further information. 2. The criminal proceedings against the applicant On 22 April 1997 the applicant was extradited to Germany. On 12 February 1999 the main hearing was opened before a chamber of the Heilbronn Regional Court presided by judge W. and including judge B.; both had already sat in the chamber which had previously tried D. At the opening of the trial, the applicant objected to the participation of judges W. and B. on the ground of possible bias (Ablehnung wegen Besorgnis der Befangenheit). He argued that the passages in the court’s judgment against D., seen from his viewpoint, but also objectively, were susceptible of raising doubts about the impartiality of these judges. On being informed that a chamber presided by judge V. – who had presided over the trial against D. – would decide about the objection, the applicant raised an objection against V. on the same grounds. On 12 February 1999 judges W. and B. submitted their respective official statements (dienstliche Äusserung) on the objection. They pointed out that it would have been more satisfactory to try both D. and the applicant in joint proceedings, as the same facts were concerned. However, this had not been possible as D. had already been extradited on 5 July 1996 and it could not be foreseen at the time when the extradition proceedings relating to the applicant would be terminated. Having regard to the necessity to expedite proceedings, the chamber found it appropriate to consider both cases in separate proceedings. During the main proceedings against D., the applicant had not been available to the court. The establishment of the facts of the case in the judgment against D. were mainly founded on D.’s own submissions. In order to assess the extent of D.’s guilt, it had been essential to cast light on the applicant’s involvement. As the chamber could only base its assessment on D.’s own submissions, they had been aware of the fact that their sources of knowledge were limited and that an assessment of the applicant’s possible involvement had to be left to the main proceedings against the applicant. Both judges emphasised that they had neither reached a final opinion nor adopted an inner attitude which could negatively influence their impartiality towards the applicant. On 16 February 1999 the substitute chamber of the Heilbronn Regional Court rejected the applicant’s objection against the presiding judge V. It found that the simple fact that a judge had been previously dealing with the same facts in a case against another, subsequently convicted person did not suffice to justify an objection against that judge because an accused person would reasonably presume that a judge based his judgment exclusively on the outcome of the public hearing in the specific case. According to the court, an objection would have been justified only if the judgment of 8 April 1997 had contained unjustified and degrading value judgments on the applicant. The court found this not to be the case, because it was clear from the judgment of 8 April 1997 that the passages referring to the applicant were exclusively based on D.’s submissions, as the applicant himself, having objected to his extradition from Spain, had at the time not been available to the court. On 17 February 1999 the substitute chamber dismissed the applicant’s objection against judges W. and B. for the same reasons. On 10 December 1999 the Heilbronn Regional Court convicted the applicant, who had denied any involvement in the crimes, of murder and of having committed robbery followed by death constituting one single offence and sentenced him to life imprisonment. According to the Regional Court’s findings, the applicant had killed Mrs D. in order to cover up the robbery; while D. had approved of the applicant’s actions. The Regional Court based its judgment mainly on the applicant’s own statements given both during preliminary investigations and during the main hearing, on incriminating testimony given by D., which the chamber followed only to a certain extent, and on corroborative evidence such as the analysis of traces found at the scene of the crime. The applicant subsequently appealed on points of law, arguing that judges B. and W. should have been excluded from the trial. On 7 March 2001 the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) rejected the appeal as unfounded, following a statement of the Federal Public Prosecutor (Generalbundesanwalt) which confirmed the Regional Court’s reasoning on the issue of the impartiality of the judges. On 22 May 2001 the applicant, who was represented by counsel, lodged a constitutional complaint in which he gave a complete account of the proceedings before the lower courts and alleged that the impugned decisions violated his right to a fair trial as guaranteed by the German Basic Law and by the Convention. The relevant passages of the complaint read as follows: “Article 101 § 1 in conjunction with Articles 103 and 19 § 4 of the German Basic Law, and Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, guarantee that criminal cases shall be heard in a fair trial, without arbitrariness and, in particular, by an unbiased and impartial judge. According to section 24 § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, a judge can be challenged for fear of bias if there is a justifiable reason to doubt his impartiality. This is the case if the accused, taking into account the facts known to him, has reason to believe that a judge’s attitude towards him might negatively influence his impartiality and neutrality. In general, this fear cannot be based on the mere fact that a judge has previously convicted another person who participated in the same crime and, on that occasion, ruled on the involvement of the accused. However, a different approach is urgently needed if a judge’s behaviour in the previous proceedings (or, similarly, his reasoning in a previous judgment) justifies the fear of bias. In particular, negative value judgments about the accused’s personality, or about his actions before or after the crime, may induce the accused reasonably to fear that a judge might not be impartial towards him in the new proceedings. It has been said of the person accused in the present case, who has denied his involvement in the crime, that a human life counted for little to him, that he acted brutally and used massive violence, and that he, as a dominant actor, made an autonomous contribution to the attempted murder of the adoptive father. On the basis of such value judgments, the accused does indeed have reason to fear that the judges, who were deciding for a second time on the same crime, whether consciously or unconsciously, would maintain their previous opinions ... . Comparing this case with (one) published in volume 24 of the collection of the decisions of the Federal Court of Justice, it is clear that the applicant has been exposed to a high degree of value judgments on his person and his actions. If one were to apply the ruling of the Federal Court of Justice to the present case, there would no longer be any possibility of removing a judge for fear of bias due to the decision in a previous case ... . Such a result is unacceptable for the person concerned, as has been sufficiently demonstrated. Article 6 of the Convention (impartial, unbiased judge and fair trial) has been violated for the same reasons.” On 20 June 2001 the Federal Constitutional Court, sitting as a panel of three judges, refused to accept the applicant’s complaint for adjudication. The relevant passages of that court’s decision read as follows: “The constitutional complaint is not accepted for adjudication because there are no grounds therefor. The constitutional complaint has no prospect of success, because it is inadmissible. Its reasoning does not meet the minimum requirements found in section 23 § 1, second sentence, and section 92 of the Rules of Procedure of the Federal Constitutional Court. The applicant has to describe the alleged violation of a Basic Right and the proceedings leading to its violation in a substantiated and conclusive way (cf. the decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court published in the official collection BVerfGE 40, p. 141, [at p. 156]; 49, p. 24, [at p. 47 et seq.]). The allegation that the Regional Court rejected the objection against the competent judges on erroneous grounds does not meet these requirements, because not every rejection of an objection which is erroneous with respect to ordinary laws means that there is at the same time a violation of Article 101 § 1 of the Basic Law. According to the consistent case-law of the Federal Constitutional Court, a violation of the right to a decision rendered by the legally competent judge (Recht auf den gesetzlichen Richter) is only possible if the decision of the court on the objection is based on arbitrary considerations (cf. BVerfGE 11, p. 1, [at p. 6]; 29, p. 45, [at p. 48 et seq.]; 31, p. 145, [164]), or if the court has fundamentally misjudged the meaning and implications of Article 101 § 1, second sentence (cf. BVerfGE 82, 286, [299], 87, 282, [285]). Accordingly, a mere allegation that the objections have been rejected in violation of the ordinary legal provision of section 24 § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure will not suffice to substantiate an alleged violation of the constitution.“
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{ "applicant": "Peter Roland Schwarzenberger", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Peter Roland Schwarzenberger
001-57833
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) on 25 May 1992, within the three- month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 12914/87) against the French Republic lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by a French national, Mr Pierre-André Melin, on 21 November 1986. The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby France recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under paragraph 1 of Article 6 taken in conjunction with paragraph 3 (b) and (c) thereof (art. 6-1, art. 6-3-b, art. 6-3-c). In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings. He also sought leave, as a former lawyer, to present his own case (Rule 30 para. 1). The President of the Court granted this request on 22 June 1992. The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr L.-E. Pettiti, the elected judge of French nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)). On 29 May 1992, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr F. Gölcüklü, Mr R. Macdonald, Mr A.N. Loizou, Mr J.M. Morenilla, Mr A.B. Baka, Mr L. Wildhaber and Mr B. Repik (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). Subsequently, Mr S.K. Martens and Mr R. Pekkanen, substitute judges, replaced Mr Repik, whose term of office had come to an end on 1 January 1993 due to the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (Articles 38 and 65 para. 3 of the Convention and Rule 22 para. 1) (art. 38, art. 65-3), and Mr Macdonald, who was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rules 22 para. 1 and 24 para. 1). Mr Ryssdal assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5) and, through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the French Government (“the Government“), the Delegate of the Commission and the applicant on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the applicant’s memorial on 2 November 1992 and the Government’s memorial on 20 November. On 4 January 1993 the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would submit oral observations. On the same day the applicant lodged his claims under Article 50 (art. 50) of the Convention. On 12 January 1993 the Commission produced the file on the proceedings before it, as requested by the Registrar on the President’s instructions. In accordance with the President’s decision, the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 25 January 1993. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. Mr R. Bernhardt, the Vice-President of the Court, replaced Mr Ryssdal, who was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rule 21 para. 5, second sub-paragraph). There appeared before the Court: for the Government Mr B. Gain, Head of the Human Rights Section, Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agent, Mr P. Titiun, magistrat, on secondment to the Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr J. Carrère, magistrat, on secondment to the Department of Criminal Affairs and Pardons, Ministry of Justice, Mr D. Caron, magistrat, legal officer at the Court of Cassation, Counsel; for the Commission Mr J.-C. Soyer, Delegate; the applicant. The Court heard addresses by Mr Gain for the Government, by Mr Soyer for the Commission and by the applicant. AS TO THE FACTS I. THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE Mr Pierre-André Melin, a French national, lives off private means and resides at Courbevoie (Hauts-de-Seine). He formerly practised as a lawyer. On 6 May 1985 the Nanterre Criminal Court convicted him of fraud and sentenced him to a suspended term of sixteen months’ imprisonment, combined with an order (mise à l’épreuve) requiring him, inter alia, to compensate the victim for the damage which he had sustained. The applicant appealed immediately to the Versailles Court of Appeal, which, giving judgment on 15 January 1986 in Mr Melin’s presence, upheld the lower court’s guilty verdict. On the other hand, it deferred pronouncement of sentence until 25 June 1986 as the accused had undertaken to reimburse the victim within six months if the court were to find him guilty. This aspect of the proceedings is not in issue. The typed text of the judgment was filed with the registry on the same day as its delivery. Two days later Mr Melin lodged an appeal on points of law against the Court of Appeal’s judgment with the latter’s registry (Article 576 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). He stated that he reserved the right “to put forward any other relevant ground once he had received the certified copy of the decision in question“. According to the applicant, he requested a copy of the judgment on the same occasion. A registry official allegedly took down his address and the case references, so as to be able to send him one in return for a forty franc fiscal stamp. The Government maintain that there were two possibilities: either the applicant had not requested a copy and could not therefore be surprised at not receiving one; or he had in fact asked for one, in which case a copy had undoubtedly been sent to him. On 14 February 1986 the appeal file reached the registry of the Court of Cassation. Three and a half months later, on 27 May, the Criminal Division dismissed the appeal because no grounds had been put forward and because the contested judgment did not disclose any procedural defect. This decision was notified to Mr Melin on 18 June and recorded that the party seeking damages had submitted a memorial. In a letter of 23 June to the President of the Criminal Division, the applicant explained that he had been unable to submit a memorial because he had not had available to him the text of the judgment of 15 January 1986; in addition he complained that the judge-rapporteur had failed to communicate to him a time-limit for the submission of a memorial. On 4 July the Chief Registrar replied to him that, as the judgment of the Court of Cassation was final, he could not appeal against it. Throughout these various proceedings Mr Melin had conducted his own defence, though he had been assisted by a lawyer at first instance.
train
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"identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "4 July", "start_offset": 6521 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6610, "entity_id": "001-57833_a11_e40", "entity_mention_id": "001-57833_a11_em79", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Cassation", "start_offset": 6592 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6700, "entity_id": "001-57833_a11_e6", "entity_mention_id": "001-57833_a11_em80", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr Melin", "start_offset": 6692 }, { "confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6771, "entity_id": "001-57833_a11_e9", "entity_mention_id": "001-57833_a11_em81", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "lawyer", "start_offset": 6765 } ] }, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null }
{ "applicant": "Pierre-André Melin", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "FRA", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1993 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Pierre-André Melin
001-57879
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany (“the Government“) and by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) on 19 February and 12 March 1993, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 15088/89) against Germany lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by a German national, Mr Manfred Jacubowski, on 11 April 1989. The Government’s application referred to Articles 32 and 48 (art. 32, art. 48); the Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Germany recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The object of the application and of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent him (Rule 30). The lawyer was given leave by the President to use the German language (Rule 27 para. 3). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr R. Bernhardt, the elected judge of German nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)). On 27 February 1993, in the presence of the Registrar, Mr Bernhardt, the Vice-President, drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr B. Walsh, Mr R. Macdonald, Mr R. Pekkanen, Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha, Mr L. Wildhaber, Mr G. Mifsud Bonnici and Mr D. Gotchev (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), Mr Ryssdal, acting through the Deputy Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the applicant’s lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the Government’s memorial on 16 July 1993 and the applicant’s memorial on 19 July. On 30 July the Deputy Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would submit his observations at the hearing. On 14 September 1993 the Commission produced the file on the proceedings before it, as requested by the Registrar on the President’s instructions. In accordance with the decision of the President, who had also given the Government’s representatives leave to address the Court in German (Rule 27 para. 2), the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 22 November 1993. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: for the Government Mr J. Meyer-Ladewig, Ministerialdirigent, Federal Ministry of Justice, Agent, Mr A. von Mühlendahl, Ministerialrat, Federal Ministry of Justice, Adviser; for the Commission Mr J.A. Frowein, Delegate; for the applicant Mr W. Meilicke, Rechtsanwalt, Counsel, Mr T. Heidel, Rechtsanwalt, Adviser. The Court heard addresses by Mr Meyer-Ladewig, Mr von Mühlendahl, Mr Frowein and Mr Meilicke, and also replies to its questions. AS TO THE FACTS Mr Manfred Jacubowski lives in Bonn and is a journalist by profession. At the material time he was working as editor-in-chief of a news agency run by a commercial company, the Deutsche Depeschendienst GmbH, of which he was a founder member and manager. This company filed a petition in bankruptcy (Eröffnung des Konkursverfahrens) on 31 March 1983. A new company, the Deutsche Depeschendienst AG (“the ddp“), was created subsequently, and Mr Jacubowski became its sole director (Vorstand) and editor-in-chief on 3 May 1983. Shortly afterwards, he instituted two different sets of proceedings. In the first (A) he sought to challenge his dismissal and in the second (B) he claimed the right to reply to a press release issued by his employer. At almost the same time, he became involved in a third set of proceedings (C) brought against him under the Unfair Competition Act of 7 June 1909 (Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb - “the 1909 Act“). A. The applicant’s dismissal For reasons connected with the applicant’s financial management, the ddp’s supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat) dismissed him without notice from all his duties on 17 July 1984. On 25 August it sent him another letter of dismissal on the ground that he had allegedly communicated inside information to third persons. Mr Jacubowski challenged the validity of the latter dismissal, which was renewed on 12 October. A further dismissal letter was sent to him on 28 October, after he had distributed a circular letter and newspaper cuttings among fellow professionals on 25 September (see paragraph 14 below). A final dismissal notice, based on new grounds, was sent to him on 12 February 1985. At the end of legal proceedings instituted by the applicant, the Cologne Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) held on 11 October 1988 that he had been validly dismissed on 28 October 1984. According to the court, the distribution of the circular and cuttings was to be regarded as such a serious breach of Mr Jacubowski’s duty of loyalty that it was not possible for the employer to continue his contract, nor could it reasonably be expected. By sending press articles to a large number of influential professionals and endorsing in the circular their objectively unfavourable statements about the ddp’s competence and business situation, Mr Jacubowski had knowingly run the risk of causing the company considerable prejudice; such behaviour on the part of a leading employee was unacceptable and therefore not covered by the constitutional right to freedom of expression. Furthermore, it could not be inferred from the circular that its main aim was to defend the applicant’s reputation and honour; it contained neither any reference to the ddp’s allegations nor any arguments in Mr Jacubowski’s defence. The circular’s last paragraph clearly showed that the sole purpose of the mailing had been to disseminate adverse comments on the applicant’s former employer and to establish contact with the addressees. Mr Jacubowski challenged this judgment in the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) and the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht), but on 26 June and 25 October 1989 respectively those courts declined to accept for adjudication his applications on the ground that they had no prospects of success. B. The applicant’s reply to his employer’s press release In the meantime, on 16 August 1984, the agency had published a press release concerning its own reorganisation. In this it also criticised the applicant’s management in the following terms: “... after the private limited company ... had filed a petition in bankruptcy on 31 March 1983, the public limited company D. - again under the management of Manfred Jacubowski - started up on 20 April 1983 with a capital of one million DM. Jacubowski’s unchanged business methods and his inappropriate behaviour to clients, together with the lack of any efficient, reliable editorial management meant that no advantage was taken of the opportunity to make a fresh start, and indeed they led to a loss of clients. Until this spring Jacubowski misled the supervisory board about vital aspects of the developments. In particular, liabilities incurred in the private company’s period of existence were transferred to the public company, and this put the D. agency into financial difficulties again. Only the timely intervention of the former finance and accounting director, K., the current director, prevented more serious harm being done, so that today D. is once again on a sound financial footing. On 17 July - the date of the general meeting - Jacubowski was dismissed without notice on account of his business incompetence ... K. was appointed sole director.“ On 29 August and 4 September 1984 the applicant requested the ddp to publish his reply (Gegendarstellung) to the press release, but without success. He then sought an interim injunction (einstweilige Verfügung) from the Bonn Regional Court (Landgericht), but this was refused on 17 September 1984, on the ground that the proposed reply was not limited to answering the allegations of fact in the press release (gegenteilige Tatsachenbehauptung) but gave a completely new version of the sequence of events (Auflistung), which had not been an issue in the ddp’s press release. On 11 October the Cologne Court of Appeal reversed the Regional Court’s judgment and ordered the agency to accede to Mr Jacubowski’s request, which it did a month later. In the reply then published the applicant answered in detail all the main accusations contained in the ddp’s press release. C. The proceedings under the Unfair Competition Act In the meantime, on 25 September 1984, Mr Jacubowski had sent thirteen articles from newspapers with large circulations to forty newspaper publishers and newspaper, radio and television journalists who, as clients of the ddp, had received the press release of 16 August (see paragraph 12 above). These articles gave critical accounts of his dismissal, the circumstances surrounding it and the ddp’s activities in general. They reported in particular that the ddp’s financial position had worsened again since the bankruptcy in April 1983 (see paragraph 7 above) and that some of its clients were preparing to dispense with its services, mainly because of their poor standard and the lack of certain technical facilities. He had appended a circular letter that read as follows: “The enclosed selection - which is inevitably incomplete - of articles on the Jacubowski v. D. case will undoubtedly throw light on certain matters that are still obscure, even though you may already be familiar with one or other of the accounts of the facts. Some of the facts are admittedly reported inaccurately, but they scarcely alter the picture as a whole. The pending court proceedings that members of D.’s staff affected by current developments at the agency and I have brought will ensure that all the details finally become clear. I should be glad to be able to meet you in person before too long, in order to discuss not only the past but also future developments in the German ‘news market’. I will ask for an appointment in due course.“ Shortly afterwards, on 11 March 1985, the applicant set up a “public-relations“ agency. In the meantime the E. company, which had acquired 25% of the ddp’s capital, had applied for a restraining injunction (Unterlassung) against Mr Jacubowski. On 29 January 1986 the Düsseldorf Regional Court refused the application on the ground that E. had no legal interest (rechtliches Interesse). On 11 December 1986, on an appeal by E., joined (Eintritt in den Rechtsstreit) by the agency, the Düsseldorf Court of Appeal refused to grant an injunction prohibiting the applicant from systematically criticising the ddp but ordered that he should desist from any further such mailings, on pain of a fine; it went on to hold that he would have to “compensate the [E. company] for all the damage that the acts [in question] ha[d] caused and [would] cause the [ddp]“. The judgment was based on section 1 of the 1909 Act, which provides: “Any person who, in the course of business commits, for purposes of competition, acts contrary to accepted moral standards may be enjoined from further engaging in those acts and held liable for damages.“ The court held that in his circular the respondent had repeated in his own name the allegations made in the attached articles. Admittedly, he had sought to correct assertions made about him in the press release that were possibly false but he had acted above all for purposes of competition in the course of business. The court said, inter alia: “... the respondent sent his circular of 25 September 1984 for purposes of competition in the course of business. An action is said to be for purposes of competition where it is on the face of it apt to promote one person’s sales to the detriment of another’s and where it is carried out with a corresponding intention, although that intention need not be the only or the essential motive for the action (settled case-law, see Federal Court of Justice in GRUR 1952, p. 410 - Constanze I; Baumbach-Hefermehl, Wettbewerbsrecht, 14th edition, intro. to Unfair Competition Act, marginal notes 209 et seq., with further references). Remarks which, according to the witness Leisner, the respondent made several times show that even before sending out the circular the latter had planned to set up his own news agency after he left the employ of the [ddp]. The distribution of the circular referring to the enclosed adverse newspaper reports on, inter alia, the [ddp]’s activities as a news agency to current clients of the [ddp] and/or potential clients of both the [ddp] and the news agency that the respondent proposed to set up was apt to enhance the competitive position of the respondent’s company and impair that of the [ddp]. Admittedly, the respondent’s company did not then exist. However, for it to be held that there is a competitive relationship, it is sufficient that traders have, or at least will in the future have, the same potential clientele. This was the case as regards the respondent’s company and the [ddp] ... Behind the respondent’s conduct there was furthermore a ... competitive intention. Experience shows that the fact that activities are objectively apt to enhance one’s own competitive position at the expense of another’s is not the only basis for presuming a competitive intention ... In the present case such an intention is also apparent from the other facts that emerged during the proceedings. According to what he told the witness Leisner, the respondent had already been planning for a long time to set up his own agency in the event of his leaving the [ddp]’s service. In the middle of July 1984 the [ddp] had removed him from the post of director and in the middle of August [it] had terminated his contract of employment. The circular and newspaper cuttings were sent out about a month later to selected addressees, including - and this is not disputed - important clients of the [ddp]. A few months later the respondent’s new agency was set up. This chronological sequence of events is a further indication of the respondent’s intention to lower the [ddp] in the esteem of potential clients of both parties and thereby make it easier for his own agency to gain a foothold in the market in preparation for competition with the [ddp]. The last paragraph of the circular likewise makes the competitive intention clear. It shows that the respondent intended to provoke discussion not only with a view to correcting assertions concerning himself that were possibly false, but also, at the very least, in order to promote his future activities as a competitor of the [ddp]. It is not apparent what else the respondent could have meant when he wrote that he wished to discuss ‘not only the past but also future developments in the German “news market“‘. By taking up these unfavourable comments on the [ddp] and distributing them anew as his own statements and assessments, he unnecessarily handicapped the [ddp] as a competitor. In this connection it does not matter whether the unfavourable factual statements concerning the [ddp]’s activities were accurate and whether they justified the unfavourable assessments accompanying them. This is because even true statements may only be used to disparage a competitor where the person making them has sufficient reason to link his own competitive position with disparagement of the competitor and provided that the criticism does not in nature or degree exceed what is necessary (Federal Court of Justice in GRUR 1968, pp. 262 and 265 - Fälschung). It does not appear that there was any such reason to disparage the [ddp] by taking up the unfavourable comments on its activities in the Horizont article.“ In short, Mr Jacubowski had needlessly handicapped (behinderte unnötig) a competitor and accordingly infringed section 1 of the 1909 Act. On 26 November 1987 the Federal Court of Justice declined to accept for adjudication an appeal on points of law (Revision) by the applicant on the ground that it had no prospects of success. Thereupon Mr Jacubowski applied to the Federal Constitutional Court, complaining in particular of an infringement of freedom of expression (Article 5 para. 1, first sentence, of the Basic Law). On 4 October 1988 the Federal Constitutional Court declined to accept the complaint for adjudication on the ground that it was unfounded. It noted, firstly, that the prohibition in issue related solely to the applicant’s chosen method of circulating his information. The information was, moreover, of a business nature, but this did not mean that it ceased to be an opinion whose expression was protected by Article 5 para. 1, first sentence, of the Basic Law. This provision therefore had to be weighed against section 1 of the 1909 Act, on which the prohibition had been founded. The court went on: “In order for it to be determined how [freedom of expression and fair competition] are to be related to each other in the case of damaging comment by a competitor, the following points are decisive, having regard to earlier decisions of the Constitutional Court in cases involving a call for a boycott (see Constitutional Court Decisions [vol.] 62, 230 at 244 et seq., with further references). In the first place, the motives of the person concerned and, linked to them, the aim and purpose of the comment are crucial. If the comment is motivated not by personal interests of an economic nature, but by concern for the political, economic, social or cultural interests of the community, if it serves to influence public opinion, the appeal will probably qualify for the protection of Article 5 para. 1 of the Basic Law, even if private and, more particularly, economic interests are adversely affected as a result. Conversely, the importance of protecting the latter interests is the greater, the less the comment is a contribution to public debate on a major issue of public concern and the more it is immediately directed against those interests in the course of business and in pursuit of a self-serving goal (see Constitutional Court Decisions [vol.] 66, 116 at 139) such as improving one’s own competitive position ... ... In the light of these facts, the distribution of the applicant’s circular can hardly be regarded as an attempt to influence public opinion. Rather it was designed almost exclusively to promote his private business interests and to secure or improve his competitive position in the news market. It follows ... that the prejudice caused to the complainants by the distribution of the circular was disproportionate to the applicant’s aim, stated in it, of clarifying his relationship with the ddp and ‘current developments at the agency’. In principle, freedom of expression takes precedence over rights (Rechtsgüter) protected by ordinary laws in so far as the statement is part of the ongoing discussion of questions of public importance which is absolutely fundamental to a free democratic system. This condition is not satisfied where the statement is made to ensure that certain business interests prevail over others in the context of business competition. The fact that an interest is made to prevail by means which are in principle protected under Article 5 para. 1 of the Basic Law cannot therefore justify subordinating to it the other interest, which is in turn entitled to the protection of an ordinary law that places restrictions on freedom of expression, in this case section 1 of the Unfair Competition Act (see Constitutional Court Decisions [vol.] 62, 230 at 247 et seq.). It follows that the finding by the Court of Appeal that the applicant’s distribution of the circular was contrary to accepted moral standards is not incompatible with Article 5 para. 1 of the Basic Law.“ The Constitutional Court added that the fact that the impugned circular followed a press release directed against him which had been issued by the ddp (see paragraph 12 above) did not invalidate this conclusion, since in order to claim the protection of the Constitution, his response would have had to be intended to influence public opinion, which it was not. On 30 November 1988 the Düsseldorf Regional Court dismissed a claim for damages brought by the ddp in reliance on the Court of Appeal’s judgment of 11 December 1986 (see paragraph 17 above). It held that the ddp had insufficiently substantiated its claim and had failed to prove any causal link between the alleged damage and the distribution of Mr Jacubowski’s circular. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION Mr Jacubowski applied to the Commission on 11 April 1989. Relying on Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention, he complained of a breach of his right to freedom of expression. The Commission declared the application (no. 15088/89) admissible on 3 December 1991. In its report of 7 January 1993 (made under Article 31) (art. 31), it expressed the unanimous opinion that there had been a violation of Article 10 (art. 10). The full text of the Commission’s opinion is reproduced as an annex to this judgment.
train
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{ "applicant": "Manfred Jacubowski", "articles": [ 91, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1994 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Manfred Jacubowski
001-96457
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 16428/05) against the French Republic lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a French national, Mr Fabrice Gardel (“the applicant”), on 30 April 2005. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr P. Souchal, a lawyer practising in Nancy. The French Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mrs E. Belliard, Director of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The applicant complained, in particular, of his placement on the national register of sex offenders following his conviction. He relied on Article 7 of the Convention. On 1 October 2007 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 3 of the Convention). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1962 and is currently in prison in Montmédy. Following a complaint lodged on 18 February 1997 by the parents of a young girl, S., the applicant was charged with the rape and sexual assault of a minor under 15 years of age by a person in a position of authority. During the investigation he made several requests for additional investigative measures to be taken, which were refused by the investigating authorities. On 15 April 2003 an investigating judge at the Bar-le-Duc tribunal de grande instance issued an order discontinuing the proceedings in respect of the sexual assault charges, as the limitation period had expired. The judge committed the applicant for trial on a charge of rape of a minor under the age of 15 by a person in a position of authority over the victim. On 30 October 2003 the Meuse Assize Court sentenced the applicant to fifteen years’ imprisonment and stripped him of all his civil, civic and family rights for ten years. The applicant did not appeal against that decision but lodged an application for a retrial, producing a number of documents which he claimed placed his guilt in doubt. On 9 March 2004 Law no. 2004-204 established the national automated register of sex offenders (“the Sex Offenders Register”). On 11 April 2005 the Criminal Cases Review Board rejected the applicant’s application for a retrial. On 28 February 2005 the applicant applied to the Créteil Post‑sentencing Court to have his sentence suspended. On 17 June 2005 the application was refused on the grounds that, according to the expert medical reports, “the applicant’s survival is not in doubt, nor is his state of health incompatible in the long term with detention. Therefore, as matters stand, he does not meet the requirements of Article 720-1-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and is not eligible for the measure in question”. The court pointed out that the applicant’s sentence was due to run until 27 May 2019 and that his criminal record mentioned another conviction for sexual abuse of a minor under the age of 15 by a person in authority (a sentence of six years’ imprisonment and a judicial and social supervision order imposed by the Nancy Court of Appeal on 29 August 2002 for sexual assault of a minor). The court also took into consideration medical reports according to which the applicant suffered from congenital heart disease which made any physical activity impossible. The report advocated his placement under an enhanced prison regime with an individual cell, no exercise or physical activity, a salt-free diet and regular medication. The court also referred to a psychiatric expert report from November 2004 according to which the applicant’s psychological development “appears very limited in so far as he has failed to reflect on his own conduct. He has expressed no feelings of guilt or responsibility for the offences which he denies committing. A course of psychotherapy would help him develop more satisfactory relationships in the future with the people he comes into contact with”. On 13 October 2005 the post-sentencing division of the Paris Court of Appeal upheld this judgment. On 22 November 2005 the applicant was informed by a police officer from l’Haÿ-les-Roses police station that his name was being entered in the Sex Offenders Register on account of his conviction by the Meuse Assize Court, in accordance with the transitional provisions of the above‑mentioned Law of 9 March 2004. The official notification was worded as follows: “I, the undersigned, Mr Fabrice Gardel, hereby acknowledge that I have today been notified of my inclusion in the Sex Offenders Register on account of the [sentence] of imprisonment imposed on 30 October 2003 by the Meuse Assize Court, and that I am accordingly required, under Article 706-53-5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, to: provide proof of my address: ... Once a year either to the authority managing the register (the Ministry of Justice) ... or to my local police or gendarmerie station ..., during the month in which my birthday falls or during the month of January if my date of birth is not known or not established. ... I expressly acknowledge having been informed that: I have been finally convicted of an offence carrying a sentence of ten years or more. Accordingly, I am required to provide proof of my address by reporting in person every six months. ... I take note of the fact that if I leave the country my obligation to report in person will be suspended for the duration of my stay abroad but that I must continue to provide proof of my address by means of a registered letter with recorded delivery to the authority managing the Sex Offenders Register ... accompanied by documents certifying my address and signed by the local consular authority. declare any change of address within fifteen days at the latest, in the same manner. I acknowledge having been informed: (i) that I must provide proof of my address for the first time within fifteen days of this notification, unless the latter is issued less than two months before the first day of the month of my birth, referred to above, or I am already required to provide proof of my address on an annual basis; (ii) that failure to comply with these obligations is punishable by a term of two years’ imprisonment and a fine of 30,000 euros; (iii) that any breach of these obligations will lead to an alert being issued to the judicial authorities and the police or gendarmerie which may result in my inclusion on the list of wanted persons and may be accompanied by a criminal prosecution; (iv) that, pursuant to Article R. 53-8-13, the proof of address and declaration of change of address provided for by Article 706-53-5 shall take the form of any document less than three months old in my name which gives proof of my home address, such as a bill or invoice; (v) that if the document produced refers to the address of another person, it must be accompanied by a statement written and signed by the latter confirming that I am staying at that address. I further acknowledge having been informed that I have the following rights: (i) under the Data Protection Act and Article 706-53-9, I may obtain a copy of all the information concerning me in the register by applying to the public prosecutor in whose district I am resident; (ii) if the decision forming the basis for my placement on the register was issued by a foreign judicial authority, I may apply to the public prosecutor at the Nantes tribunal de grande instance to have the information in the register rectified or deleted or to have the frequency of reporting reduced to once a year, in accordance with Articles R 53-8-27 et seq.”
train
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"related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Nantes tribunal de grande", "start_offset": 7496 } ] }, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null }
{ "applicant": "Fabrice Gardel", "articles": [ 91, 34, 55, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "FRA", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Fabrice Gardel
001-57985
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) and by the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium (“the Government“) on 8 December 1994 and 9 January 1995, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention“). It originated in an application (no. 19075/91) against Belgium lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by a Belgian national, Mr Frans Vermeulen, on 6 November 1991. The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Belgium recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); the Government’s application referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48). The object of the request and of the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyers who would represent him (Rule 30). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr J. De Meyer, the elected judge of Belgian nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)). On 27 January 1995, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr F. Matscher, Mr I. Foighel, Mr A.N. Loizou, Sir John Freeland, Mr A.B. Baka, Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha and Mr K. Jungwiert (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). On 6 February 1995 Mr De Meyer withdrew pursuant to Rule 24 para. 2, as the case raised issues similar to those in the cases of Delcourt v. Belgium - in which he had acted as Agent and Counsel for the Government (judgment of 17 January 1970, Series A no. 11, p. 5, para. 7) - and Borgers v. Belgium, from which he had withdrawn (judgment of 30 October 1991, Series A no. 214-B, p. 25, para. 3). On 31 March 1995 the delegate of the Agent of the Government informed the Registrar that Professor J. Van Compernolle had been appointed to sit as ad hoc judge (Article 43 of the Convention and Rule 23) (art. 43). As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), Mr Ryssdal, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the applicant’s lawyers and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the applicant’s memorial on 12 May 1995 and the Government’s memorial on 15 May. On 2 February 1995 the President decided in the interests of the proper administration of justice that the instant case and the case of Lobo Machado v. Portugal (21/1994/468/549) should be heard on the same day. On 24 May 1995 the Chamber relinquished jurisdiction in favour of a Grand Chamber (Rule 51). In accordance with Rule 51 para. 2 (a) and (b), the President and the Vice-President (Mr Ryssdal and Mr R. Bernhardt), together with the other members of the original Chamber, became members of the Grand Chamber. On 8 June 1995, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the additional judges, namely Mr F. Gölcüklü, Mr L.-E. Pettiti, Mr B. Walsh, Mr R. Macdonald, Mr C. Russo, Mrs E. Palm, Mr R. Pekkanen, Mr J.M. Morenilla and Mr P. Kuris. In accordance with the President’s decision, the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 30 August 1995. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr C. Debrulle, Head of Department, Ministry of Justice, Agent, Mr L. Simont, avocat, Mr E. Jakhian, avocat, Counsel; (b) for the Commission Mr H. Danelius, Delegate; (c) for the applicant Mr M. De Boel, avocat, Mr P. Traest, avocat, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Danelius, Mr De Boel, Mr Traest, MrJakhian and Mr Simont, and also their replies to a question put by one of its members. AS TO THE FACTS I. PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE Mr Vermeulen is a Belgian citizen who lives at Diksmuide (West Flanders). On 6 May 1987, on an application by the department of the procureur du Roi and without any adversarial hearing, the Furnes Commercial Court adjudicated the applicant bankrupt and declared his company - Vermeulen and Verstraete Business Consultancy, Ltd (Zakenkantoor Vermeulen and Verstraete p.v.b.a.) - insolvent. It had heard the opinion of the deputy procureur du Roi but had not heard the applicant himself, who was in custody in Ghent prison on account of criminal proceedings against him for forgery, uttering, fraud and misappropriation. The applicant applied to the court to set aside that judgment and rehear the case. On 4 May 1988 the court declared the application admissible, ordered that the proceedings should be reopened and put the case on the special list pending the outcome of the criminal investigation that was under way in respect of Mr Vermeulen. In a written opinion that was read out at the hearing of the case on 6 April 1988, the deputy procureur du Roi had submitted that the application to set aside was admissible but unfounded. On 29 June 1989, on an appeal by the applicant against the judgment of 4 May 1988, in which the Commercial Court had not rescinded the bankruptcy order, the Ghent Court of Appeal, exercising its power to determine also the merits of the case, upheld the judgment of 6 May 1987 (see paragraph 10 above), having heard the submissions to that effect of the deputy procureur du Roi that had been read out at the hearing of the case on 27 April 1989. The applicant lodged an appeal on points of law against the Court of Appeal’s judgment, but the Court of Cassation dismissed it on 10 May 1991. At the hearing on the same day it had heard in turn Mr Caenepeel, the judge rapporteur, Mr Vermeulen’s lawyer and Mr du Jardin, the avocat général (a member of the procureur général’s department). The avocat général made oral submissions and subsequently took part in the court’s deliberations. On 17 March 1995 the Antwerp Court of Appeal acquitted the applicant of all the criminal offences with which he had been charged (see paragraph 10 above).
train
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{ "applicant": "Frans Vermeulen", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "BEL", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 1996 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Frans Vermeulen
001-57897
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) on 7 April 1993 and by the Government of the Austrian Republic (“the Government“) on 14 May 1993, within the three-month time-limit laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 13470/87) against Austria lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) on 6 October 1987 by a private association with legal personality under Austrian law, Otto-Preminger-Institut für audiovisuelle Mediengestaltung (OPI). The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Austria recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); the Government’s application referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48). The object of the request and the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 10 (art. 10). In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicant association stated that it wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent it (Rule 30). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr F. Matscher, the elected judge of Austrian nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)). On 23 April 1993, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr F. Gölcüklü, Mr B. Walsh, Mr R. Macdonald, Mrs E. Palm, Mr R. Pekkanen, Mr J. Makarczyk and Mr D. Gotchev (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), Mr Ryssdal, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the applicant association’s representative and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the orders made in consequence, the Registrar received the Government’s memorial on 24 September 1993 and the applicant’s memorial on 1 October 1993. The Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would submit his observations at the hearing. On 2 September 1993 the President granted leave to two non-governmental organisations, “Article 19“ and Interights, to submit written observations on specific aspects of the case (Rule 37 para. 1). Their observations were received at the registry on 15 October. On 14 October 1993 the Commission produced certain documents which the Registrar had sought from it on the President’s instructions. On 27 October 1993 the Chamber decided under Rule 41 para. 1 to view the film Das Liebeskonzil, as requested by the applicant. A private showing was held on 23 November 1993. In accordance with the President’s decision, the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 November. There appeared before the Court: for the Government Mr W. Okresek, Head of the International Affairs Division, Department of the Constitution, Federal Chancellery, Agent, Mr C. Mayerhofer, Federal Ministry of Justice, Mr M. Schmidt, Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Advisers; for the Commission Mr M.P. Pellonpää, Delegate; for the applicant association Mr F. Höpfel, Professor of Law at the University of Innsbruck, Verteidiger in Strafsachen, Counsel. The Court heard their addresses as well as replies to its questions. AS TO THE FACTS I. THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant, Otto-Preminger-Institut für audiovisuelle Mediengestaltung (OPI), is a private association under Austrian law established in Innsbruck. According to its articles of association, it is a non-profit-making organisation, its general aim being to promote creativity, communication and entertainment through the audiovisual media. Its activities include operating a cinema called “Cinematograph“ in Innsbruck. The applicant association announced a series of six showings, which would be accessible to the general public, of the film Das Liebeskonzil (“Council in Heaven“) by Werner Schroeter (see paragraph 22 below). The first of these showings was scheduled for 13 May 1985. All were to take place at 10.00 p.m. except for one matinée performance on 19 May at 4 p.m. This announcement was made in an information bulletin distributed by OPI to its 2,700 members and in various display windows in Innsbruck including that of the Cinematograph itself. It was worded as follows: “Oskar Panizza’s satirical tragedy set in Heaven was filmed by Schroeter from a performance by the Teatro Belli in Rome and set in the context of a reconstruction of the writer’s trial and conviction in 1895 for blasphemy. Panizza starts from the assumption that syphilis was God’s punishment for man’s fornication and sinfulness at the time of the Renaissance, especially at the court of the Borgia Pope Alexander VI. In Schroeter’s film, God’s representatives on Earth carrying the insignia of worldly power closely resemble the heavenly protagonists. Trivial imagery and absurdities of the Christian creed are targeted in a caricatural mode and the relationship between religious beliefs and worldly mechanisms of oppression is investigated.“ In addition, the information bulletin carried a statement to the effect that, in accordance with the Tyrolean Cinemas Act (Tiroler Lichtspielgesetz), persons under seventeen years of age were prohibited from seeing the film. A regional newspaper also announced the title of the film and the date and place of the showing without giving any particulars as to its contents. At the request of the Innsbruck diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, the public prosecutor instituted criminal proceedings against OPI’s manager, Mr Dietmar Zingl, on 10 May 1985. The charge was “disparaging religious doctrines“ (Herabwürdigung religiöser Lehren), an act prohibited by section 188 of the Penal Code (Strafgesetzbuch - see paragraph 25 below). On 12 May 1985, after the film had been shown at a private session in the presence of a duty judge (Journalrichter), the public prosecutor made an application for its seizure under section 36 of the Media Act (Mediengesetz - see paragraph 29 below). This application was granted by the Innsbruck Regional Court (Landesgericht) the same day. As a result, the public showings announced by OPI, the first of which had been scheduled for the next day, could not take place. Those who attended at the time set for the first showing were treated to a reading of the script and a discussion instead. As Mr Zingl had returned the film to the distributor, the “Czerny“ company in Vienna, it was in fact seized at the latter’s premises on 11 June 1985. An appeal by Mr Zingl against the seizure order, filed with the Innsbruck Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht), was dismissed on 30 July 1985. The Court of Appeal considered that artistic freedom was necessarily limited by the rights of others to freedom of religion and by the duty of the State to safeguard a society based on order and tolerance. It further held that indignation was “justified“ for the purposes of section 188 of the Penal Code only if its object was such as to offend the religious feelings of an average person with normal religious sensitivity. That condition was fulfilled in the instant case and forfeiture of the film could be ordered in principle, at least in “objective proceedings“ (see paragraph 28 below). The wholesale derision of religious feeling outweighed any interest the general public might have in information or the financial interests of persons wishing to show the film. On 24 October 1985 the criminal prosecution against Mr Zingl was discontinued and the case was pursued in the form of “objective proceedings“ under section 33 para. 2 of the Media Act aimed at suppression of the film. On 10 October 1986 a trial took place before the Innsbruck Regional Court. The film was again shown in closed session; its contents were described in detail in the official record of the hearing. Mr Zingl appears in the official record of the hearing as a witness. He stated that he had sent the film back to the distributor following the seizure order because he wanted nothing more to do with the matter. It appears from the judgment - which was delivered the same day - that Mr Zingl was considered to be a “potentially liable interested party“ (Haftungsbeteiligter). The Regional Court found it to be established that the distributor of the film had waived its right to be heard and had agreed to the destruction of its copy of the film. In its judgment the Regional Court ordered the forfeiture of the film. It held: “The public projection scheduled for 13 May 1985 of the film Das Liebeskonzil, in which God the Father is presented both in image and in text as a senile, impotent idiot, Christ as a cretin and Mary Mother of God as a wanton lady with a corresponding manner of expression and in which the Eucharist is ridiculed, came within the definition of the criminal offence of disparaging religious precepts as laid down in section 188 of the Penal Code.“ The court’s reasoning included the following: “The conditions of section 188 of the Penal Code are objectively fulfilled by this portrayal of the divine persons - God the Father, Mary Mother of God and Jesus Christ are the central figures in Roman Catholic religious doctrine and practice, being of the most essential importance, also for the religious understanding of the believers - as well as by the above-mentioned expressions concerning the Eucharist, which is one of the most important mysteries of the Roman Catholic religion, the more so in view of the general character of the film as an attack on Christian religions ... ... Article 17a of the Basic Law (Staatsgrundgesetz) guarantees the freedom of artistic creation and the publication and teaching of art. The scope of artistic freedom was broadened (by the introduction of that article) to the extent that every form of artistic expression is protected and limitations of artistic freedom are no longer possible by way of an express legal provision but may only follow from the limitations inherent in this freedom ... . Artistic freedom cannot be unlimited. The limitations on artistic freedom are to be found, firstly, in other basic rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution (such as the freedom of religion and conscience), secondly, in the need for an ordered form of human coexistence based on tolerance, and finally in flagrant and extreme violations of other interests protected by law (Verletzung anderer rechtlich geschützter Güter), the specific circumstances having to be weighed up against each other in each case, taking due account of all relevant considerations ... The fact that the conditions of section 188 of the Penal Code are fulfilled does not automatically mean that the limit of the artistic freedom guaranteed by Article 17a of the Basic Law has been reached. However, in view of the above considerations and the particular gravity in the instant case - which concerned a film primarily intended to be provocative and aimed at the Church - of the multiple and sustained violation of legally protected interests, the basic right of artistic freedom will in the instant case have to come second. ...“ Mr Zingl appealed against the judgment of the Regional Court, submitting a declaration signed by some 350 persons who protested that they had been prevented from having free access to a work of art, and claiming that section 188 of the Penal Code had not been interpreted in line with the guarantee of freedom of art laid down by Article 17a of the Basic Law. The Innsbruck Court of Appeal declared the appeal inadmissible on 25 March 1987. It found that Mr Zingl had no standing, as he was not the owner of the copyright of the film. The judgment was notified to OPI on 7 April 1987. Prompted by the applicant association’s lawyer, the then Minister for Education, Arts and Sports, Dr Hilde Hawlicek, wrote a private letter to the Attorney General (Generalprokurator) suggesting the filing of a plea of nullity for safeguarding the law (Nichtigkeitsbeschwerde zur Wahrung des Gesetzes) with the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof). The letter was dated 18 May 1987 and mentioned, inter alia, Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention. The Attorney General decided on 26 July 1988 that there were no grounds for filing such a plea of nullity. The decision mentioned, inter alia, that the Attorney General’s Department (Generalprokuratur) had long held the view that artistic freedom was limited by other basic rights and referred to the ruling of the Supreme Court in the case concerning the film Das Gespenst (“The Ghost“ - see paragraph 26 below); in the Attorney General’s opinion, in that case the Supreme Court had “at least not disapproved“ of that view (“Diese Auffassung ... wurde vom Obersten Gerichtshof ... zumindest nicht mißbilligt“). There have been theatre performances of the original play in Austria since then: in Vienna in November 1991, and in Innsbruck in October 1992. In Vienna the prosecuting authorities took no action. In Innsbruck several criminal complaints (Strafanzeigen) were laid by private persons; preliminary investigations were conducted, following which the prosecuting authorities decided to discontinue the proceedings. II. THE FILM “DAS LIEBESKONZIL“ The play on which the film is based was written by Oskar Panizza and published in 1894. In 1895 Panizza was found guilty by the Munich Assize Court (Schwurgericht) of “crimes against religion“ and sentenced to a term of imprisonment. The play was banned in Germany although it continued in print elsewhere. The play portrays God the Father as old, infirm and ineffective, Jesus Christ as a “mummy’s boy“ of low intelligence and the Virgin Mary, who is obviously in charge, as an unprincipled wanton. Together they decide that mankind must be punished for its immorality. They reject the possibility of outright destruction in favour of a form of punishment which will leave it both “in need of salvation“ and “capable of redemption“. Being unable to think of such a punishment by themselves, they decide to call on the Devil for help. The Devil suggests the idea of a sexually transmitted affliction, so that men and women will infect one another without realising it; he procreates with Salome to produce a daughter who will spread it among mankind. The symptoms as described by the Devil are those of syphilis. As his reward, the Devil claims freedom of thought; Mary says that she will “think about it“. The Devil then dispatches his daughter to do her work, first among those who represent worldly power, then to the court of the Pope, to the bishops, to the convents and monasteries and finally to the common people. The film, directed by Werner Schroeter, was released in 1981. It begins and ends with scenes purporting to be taken from the trial of Panizza in 1895. In between, it shows a performance of the play by the Teatro Belli in Rome. The film portrays the God of the Jewish religion, the Christian religion and the Islamic religion as an apparently senile old man prostrating himself before the Devil with whom he exchanges a deep kiss and calling the Devil his friend. He is also portrayed as swearing by the Devil. Other scenes show the Virgin Mary permitting an obscene story to be read to her and the manifestation of a degree of erotic tension between the Virgin Mary and the Devil. The adult Jesus Christ is portrayed as a low grade mental defective and in one scene is shown lasciviously attempting to fondle and kiss his mother’s breasts, which she is shown as permitting. God, the Virgin Mary and Christ are shown in the film applauding the Devil.
train
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{ "applicant": "Otto-Preminger-Institut für", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93 ], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1994 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Otto-Preminger-Institut für
001-57585
[]
PROCEDURE The present case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) and the Government of the Swiss Confederation (“the Government“). The case originated in an application (no. 8209/78) against Switzerland lodged with the Commission in 1978 under Article 25 (art. 25) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention“) by a Swiss national, Mr. Peter Sutter. The Commission’s request and the Government’s application were lodged with the registry of the Court within the period of three months laid down by Articles 32 para. 1 and 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) - the former on 17 May and the latter on 8 July 1982. The request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby the Swiss Confederation recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46) and the application to Articles 45, 47 and 48 (art. 45, art. 47, art. 48). The request and the application sought a decision from the Court as to the existence of violations of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1). The Chamber of seven judges to be constituted included, as ex officio members, Mrs. D. Bindschedler-Robert, the elected judge of Swiss nationality (Article 43 (art. 43) of the Convention), and Mr. G. Wiarda, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b) of the Rules of Court). On 28 May 1982, the President drew by lot, in the presence of the Registrar, the names of the five other members, namely Mr. W. Ganshof van der Meersch, Mr. L. Liesch, Mr. E. García de Enterría, Sir Vincent Evans and Mr. R. Bernhardt (Article 43 in fine (art. 43) of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4). Mr. Wiarda, who had assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), ascertained, through the Registrar, the views of the Agent of the Government and the Delegates of the Commission regarding the procedure to be followed. On 22 June, he decided that the Agent should have until 30 September 1982 to file a memorial and that the Delegates should be entitled to reply in writing within two months from the date of the transmission of the Government’s memorial to them by the Registrar. On 29 June 1982, the Chamber decided under Rule 48 to relinquish jurisdiction forthwith in favour of the plenary Court. The Government’s memorial was received at the registry on 30 September. On 10 November, the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegates would submit their own observations at the hearings. On 20 December, he transmitted to the Registrar the applicant’s claims under Article 50 (art. 50). After consulting, through the Registrar, the Agent of the Government and the Delegates of the Commission, the President directed on 20 December 1982 that the oral proceedings should open on 21 March 1983. Mr. Wiarda being unable to attend, Mr. Ryssdal, the Vice-President of the Court, assumed the office of President (Rule 9, read in conjunction with Rules 24 para. 1 and 48 para. 3). The hearings were held in public at the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 21 March. Immediately before they opened, the Court had held a preparatory meeting; it had authorised the person assisting the Delegates of the Commission to use the German language (Rule 27 para. 3). There appeared before the Court: for the Government: Mr. J. Voyame, Director of the Federal Office of Justice, Agent, Mr. G. Messmer, Judge at the Federal Court, Mr. R. Barras, Chief Military Prosecutor, Mr. O. Jacot-Guillarmod, Federal Office of Justice, Mr. M. Rusca, Federal Office of Justice, Counsel; for the Commission: Mr. S. Trechsel, Mr. A. Weitzel, Delegates, Mr. L. Minelli, the applicant’s representative before the Commission, assisting the Delegates (Rule 29 para. 1, second sentence, of the Rules of Court). The Court heard addresses by Mr. Trechsel, Mr. Weitzel and Mr. Minelli for the Commission and by Mr. Voyame and Mr. Barras for the Government, as well as their replies to its questions and a question put by one of its members. On 15 December 1983, the Commission filed two documents which the Registrar, acting on the President’s instructions, had asked it to produce. AS TO THE FACTS I. THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE At the time of the events giving rise to this case, Mr. Peter Sutter, a Swiss national born in 1949, was a student and resident in Basel. During refresher courses (Wiederholungskurse) organised in 1974 and 1975 as part of ordinary military obligations, he was subjected to five and seven days’ strict arrest for refusing to comply with Article 203 bis of the service regulations, relating to hair-cuts. Shortly before the beginning of the 1976 refresher course, the applicant received a registered letter from his unit commander instructing him to report for the course with a regulation hair-cut. He nevertheless presented himself on 28 August 1976 with his hair longer than authorised and refused to obey the officer’s verbal order to have it cut. On 8 November 1976, the Military Prosecutor (auditeur militaire) drew up a “bill of indictment“ (Anklageschrift) against Mr. Sutter, charging him with repeated insubordination and, subsidiarily, failure to observe service regulations (Articles 61 and 72 of the Military Criminal Code). On 16 May 1977, at the close of a public hearing, Divisional Court no. 5 delivered in public a judgment sentencing the applicant to ten days’ imprisonment for the two offences. Mr. Sutter’s defence counsel had unsuccessfully requested the Divisional Court to decline jurisdiction on the ground that it lacked the independence and impartiality required by Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention; he had also applied, in vain, for a supplementary enquiry into the futility, or indeed abusive nature, of the regulations on hair-cuts. A copy of the decision was sent to the applicant on 23 June 1977. Having been duly informed by the grand juge (President of the Divisional Court) that he could appeal on points of law within twenty-four hours from delivery of the judgment, Mr. Sutter had immediately given notice of appeal to the Registrar (section 189 para. 2 of the Federal Army (Constitution of Courts and Criminal Procedure) Act of 28 June 1889 - “the 1889 Act“). On 2 July 1977, within the prescribed period of ten days from service of the judgment, the applicant filed a memorial containing a “final“ statement (section 189 para. 3 of the 1889 Act) of his grounds of appeal. He submitted that the decision appealed against had infringed the law (section 188 para. 1, no. 1, of the 1889 Act) by applying regulations that were incompatible with Article 8 (art. 8) of the Convention; that the Divisional Court had not been composed in the manner prescribed by law (ibid., no. 2), four of the six judges being substitutes for the ordinary judges and the grand juge having been appointed by the Chief Military Prosecutor (auditeur en chef); that the Divisional Court had erred in not declining jurisdiction to hear the case on the merits (ibid., no. 3), since the military courts were not tribunals within the meaning of Article 6 (art. 6); and that the refusal to order a supplementary enquiry had prejudiced the defence on decisive points (ibid., no. 6) concerning the application of Article 8 (art. 8) and in particular paragraph 2 (art. 8-2) thereof. Mr. Sutter also drew the attention of the Military Court of Cassation to the fact that it was not consonant with Article 6 (art. 6) to conduct proceedings entirely in writing; he therefore requested it to hold at least one hearing and to pronounce its judgment publicly. The grand juge transmitted the appeal to the Military Prosecutor, in his capacity as respondent; the latter was entitled to “submit his observations“ within ten days (section 189 para. 3 of the 1889 Act), but chose not to do so. The grand juge afterwards sent the appeal and the papers in the case, without appending “his report on the matters in dispute“ (ibid.), to the Chief Military Prosecutor. The latter forwarded the documents to the Military Court of Cassation. He could himself have filed observations if he had thought fit, but - like the Military Prosecutor and the grand juge - he confined himself to submitting that the appeal should be dismissed. The President of the Military Court of Cassation requested a judge whom he had designated from amongst his colleagues to draft a report containing a reasoned proposal. This document was circulated, together with the papers in the case, amongst the other members. On 21 October 1977, the Court of Cassation deliberated on the matter in camera and dismissed the appeal. It thus did not rule on the merits of the case; according to the provisions then in force (section 194 of the 1889 Act), it could have done so only if the judgment had been quashed and the sole ground for the quashing had been misapplication of the law. This power the Military Court of Cassation no longer enjoys (see paragraph 19 below). The operative provisions of the judgment were immediately served on Mr. Sutter in writing. He received the full text on 24 January 1978 (section 197 of the 1889 Act). The reasons covered twenty pages and concerned mainly Mr. Sutter’s submissions as to the incompatibility of the 1889 Act with Articles 6 and 8 (art. 6, art. 8) of the Convention. As to the composition of the Divisional Court, the judgment stated that the substitute judges had the same legal status as the ordinary judges, and that the Chief Military Prosecutor had not infringed the law by appointing the grand juge - who had the status of an ordinary judge - to sit on the case, the ordinary president being unable to take part as he had had to deal with the matter at a previous stage as Military Prosecutor. II. DOMESTIC LAW At the time of the facts giving rise to the present case, military criminal procedure was governed by the 1889 Act (see paragraph 15 above). As regards the public character of the proceedings, this Act drew a distinction according to the level of the court concerned. The Divisional Courts, which heard military-law cases at first instance, were required to give their decisions after holding public hearings and to pronounce their judgments in open court. On the other hand, proceedings before the Military Court of Cassation were conducted entirely in writing and its judgments were not delivered in public. Concerning the latter point, section 197 of the Act laid down merely that “an extract“ of the judgment had to be communicated to the Chief Military Prosecutor, the accused and the grand juge. The 1889 Act was repealed by the Federal Military Criminal Procedure Act of 23 March 1979 (“the 1979 Act“), which entered into force on 1 January 1980. The existing system was maintained for proceedings before the Divisional Courts, and was extended to the Courts of Appeal which were set up by the same statute. As regards the Military Court of Cassation, the 1979 Act provides that “There shall be no oral hearings“ (section 189 para. 1). The Act did, however, make two innovations: in future, the Court of Cassation was to deliver judgment in open court (sections 48 para. 3 and 194 para. 1) and could in no circumstances itself rule on the merits of the case. As was also the case in the past, the judgments of the Military Court of Cassation are collected together annually in a provisional form (roneotyped). Anyone who can establish an interest may consult or obtain a copy of the full text on application to the Chief Military Prosecutor or the military court registries. If judgments contain features that are novel or of importance for the interpretation of the law, they are subsequently published in printed form. The Sutter judgment of 21 October 1977 appeared in 1983 in volume 9 (covering the years 1973 to 1979) of the judgments of the Military Court of Cassation, under the number 136. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION In his application lodged with the Commission on 17 April 1978 (no. 8209/78), Mr. Sutter complained that the military courts were not independent and impartial. He added that the proceedings before the Military Court of Cassation were conducted in writing and not in public and, furthermore, that it did not deliver its judgments in open court but only served them on the parties. Finally, he contended that the principle of equality of arms had been infringed since he had had access neither to the report of the grand juge nor to the submissions of the Chief Military Prosecutor; the prosecution had thus had the last word in the case, and he had not even been notified of the arguments which it had presented to the Military Court of Cassation. On these various points, he relied on Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention. Mr. Sutter also claimed to be the victim of a violation of Article 8 (art. 8): he asserted that the regulations on hair-cuts prevented a Swiss citizen, for a period of thirty years, from wearing his hair as he chose and constituted an unjustified interference with the right to respect for private life. On 1 March 1979, the Commission adjourned its examination of the case in so far as it concerned the absence of oral proceedings and of public pronouncement of the judgments of the Military Court of Cassation; it declared the other complaints inadmissible as being manifestly ill-founded. On 11 July 1979, the Commission declared the remainder of the application admissible. In its report of 10 October 1981 (Article 31 (art. 31) of the Convention), it expressed the opinion by ten votes to eight that there had been no violation of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1). The report contains two separate opinions, one being dissenting. FINAL SUBMISSIONS MADE TO THE COURT BY THE GOVERNMENT In their memorial and at the close of the hearings on 21 March 1983, the Government invited the Court “to hold that Switzerland has not violated Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention“.
train
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{ "applicant": "Peter Sutter", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "CHE", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1984 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Peter Sutter
001-76947
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 73604/01) against the Swiss Confederation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Swiss national, Mr Daniel Monnat (“the applicant”), on 13 June 2001. The applicant was represented by Mr C. Poncet, a lawyer practising in Geneva. The Swiss Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr P. Boillat, former Deputy Director of the Federal Office of Justice in charge of the Human Rights and Council of Europe Section. On 26 October 2004 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1951 and lives in Geneva. He is a journalist with the Swiss Radio and Television Company. At the material time he was responsible for the current affairs programme Temps présent (“Present tense”). On 6 and 11 March 1997, as part of that programme, the Swiss Radio and Television Company broadcast on its channel for French-speaking Switzerland (TSR – Télévision suisse romande) a report by the applicant entitled “Switzerland’s lost honour”, concerning Switzerland’s position during the Second World War. The report began by discussing the history of Switzerland during the Second World War, as supposedly experienced by the people at the time and taught for many years in schools. Switzerland had been portrayed as a brave country which, despite its neutrality, had been on the side of democracy and thus of the Allies. After this recounting of the “myth”, the journalist stated: “There has been a somewhat rude awakening.” The programme continued with severe criticism of Switzerland’s position by prominent figures and with contrasting opinions of Swiss citizens who had lived through the war. The journalist said that historians had made efforts to uncover a significant part of the truth. The programme then described the attitude of Switzerland and its leaders, emphasising their alleged affinity with the far right and their inclination towards rapprochement with Germany. This was followed by an analysis of the question of anti-Semitism in Switzerland and of the country’s economic relations with Germany, focusing on the laundering of Nazi money by Switzerland and on the role of Swiss banks and insurance companies in the matter of unclaimed Jewish assets. The programme provoked objections from groups of citizens, who filed complaints under section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act (see paragraph 19 below) with the Independent Complaints Authority for Radio and Television (“the Complaints Authority”). In the course of its investigation into the complaints, the Complaints Authority interviewed two historians. It subsequently upheld the complaints on 24 October 1997 and asked the Swiss Radio and Television Company to inform it, within ninety days of being notified of its decision, of the measures taken to redress the breach it had found, in accordance with section 67(2) of the Federal Radio and Television Act (see paragraph 20 below). The Swiss Radio and Television Company appealed against the decision. On 1 December 1998 the Federal Court allowed the appeal, holding that there had been a breach of the right to a hearing, quashed the decision appealed against and referred the case back to the Complaints Authority for a fresh decision. On 27 August 1999 the Complaints Authority, after holding a hearing with the parties in private, again upheld the citizens’ complaints. It observed that “where the events in issue are part of history, their presentation by journalists is bound to involve difficulties. Witnesses are increasingly rare. Certain aspects of the social context that might have explained the conduct of the time become blurred ...” The Complaints Authority held that the programme had breached the broadcasting regulations deriving from section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act, by which current affairs programmes were bound by a duty to report objectively in such a way as to reflect the plurality and diversity of opinion. It pointed out that the second subsection of section 4 also provided that personal views should be identifiable as such. The Complaints Authority accordingly found against the Swiss Radio and Television Company, requesting it to indicate the measures taken to redress the breach, in accordance with section 67 of the Federal Radio and Television Act. On 10 January 2000 the Swiss Radio and Television Company, the applicant and a historian who had been involved in the report applied to the Federal Court to have the decision of 27 August 1999 set aside. In a judgment of 21 November 2000 (served on 15 December), the Federal Court declared the application inadmissible in respect of the applicant on the ground that, although he had produced the report, he was not entitled to take part in the proceedings since he was not personally a victim of the decision of 27 August 1999. In respect of the Swiss Radio and Television Company, the Federal Court considered the application on the merits. It held that, although politically committed journalism was not prohibited in itself, it should be identifiable as such. In the present case the journalist had conveyed his support for one particular viewpoint through harsh criticism. In short, the Federal Court did not object to the programme’s content but rather to the fact that the method used, namely politically committed journalism, had not been identified as such. It pointed out that journalism of that nature was subject to particularly stringent rules of diligence, which the programme had not observed. The journalist should have informed viewers that the report was not presenting an indisputable truth but rather one possible interpretation of relations between Switzerland and Germany. The Federal Court accordingly dismissed the Swiss Radio and Television Company’s application. The relevant parts of the judgment read as follows: “5. (b) ... The impugned programme concerns a historical subject – Switzerland’s position during the Second World War – which has returned to prominence on account of the issue of unclaimed assets. By broadcasting a programme on a matter of public debate, the Swiss Radio and Television Company was performing the role assigned to it, and it has rightly not been criticised on that account. Because of its historical aspect, the programme in issue was faced with a problem regarding sources: witnesses to the events recounted are becoming increasingly rare and certain elements that might have explained the conduct of the time are becoming blurred, as was noted in the decisions complained of. Accordingly, the explanation of historical facts relies on hypotheses that may serve as a basis for the construction of theories. In such circumstances, journalists must test their hypotheses and, where appropriate, adjust them, even if they are not expected to reveal an absolute truth. They must abide by the rules of journalistic diligence. Accordingly, in this context they must, in particular, indicate any persisting doubts, point out contradictions between witness accounts and mention the differing interpretations supported by some historians. On account of its topical nature, the programme in issue contributes to a debate and may be described as politically committed journalism in the sense referred to above. It has to satisfy particularly stringent requirements of journalistic diligence since it expresses criticism that may be especially painful. It is necessary to assess whether the rules of diligence applicable in the present case have been complied with, bearing in mind that such an assessment must take into account the situation obtaining at the time when the impugned programme was broadcast. (a) The impugned programme, entitled ‘Switzerland’s lost honour’, begins by discussing the history of Switzerland during the Second World War, as supposedly experienced by the people at the time and taught for many years in schools. Switzerland had been depicted as a small, brave country which had resisted the demoniac forces of Nazism. Despite being neutral, in their hearts the Swiss had been on the side of democracy, in other words the Allies. They had deterred the Nazis from attacking them through their determination to resist, if necessary with the help of the Réduit, a kind of impregnable fortress in the Alps. They had displayed generosity by welcoming more than 230,000 people who had fled the extermination camps and by temporarily receiving child war victims. Switzerland had introduced banking secrecy so that Jews could store their savings safely in the country. After this recounting of the ‘myth’, the journalist states: ‘There has been a somewhat rude awakening.’ The programme continues with severe criticism of Switzerland’s position during the Second World War by prominent figures – most of them Jewish – and with contrasting opinions of Swiss citizens who lived through the period and young people who know about it only through the ‘myth’. The journalist then asserts that in the past twenty-five years, historians studying the period have uncovered a significant part of the truth. Next, the programme describes the attitude of Switzerland, and in particular its political and military leaders, during the Second World War, emphasising their alleged affinity with the far right and their inclination towards rapprochement with Germany. The question of Swiss anti-Semitism is then examined, along with the economic and financial relations between Switzerland and Germany. The programme alleges that the Réduit served Germany’s economic interests and focuses on the laundering of Nazi money by Switzerland and on the role of Swiss banks and insurance companies in the matter of unclaimed Jewish assets. The journalist concludes by saying: ‘The experts of the Volcker Commission and the historians of the Bergier Commission will no doubt confirm that the Swiss political and economic elite in this difficult period adapted to the circumstances rather too well. Their biggest mistake was probably their failure to acknowledge and come to terms with that attitude after the war; to acknowledge that the Swiss were not heroes but normal people caught up in events, who succeeded in taking advantage, for themselves and their descendants, of the most appalling global crisis of the twentieth century.’ (b) The Complaints Authority, which did not criticise the content of the programme in issue, found that the Swiss Radio and Television Company had breached section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act by using a method, described as politically committed journalism in the decisions under review, which had not allowed viewers to form their own opinion. The company had not observed the principles of journalistic diligence since it had never suggested that there were differing views among the historians who had distanced themselves from the ‘myth’ that had built up with regard to Switzerland’s position during the Second World War. (c) The Swiss Radio and Television Company disputes that the programme in issue can be regarded as politically committed journalism, which is subject to particularly stringent rules of diligence. It argues that, in any event, the programme complied with such rules. The company also complains of a misuse of discretionary power. It accuses the relevant authority of having reaffirmed the conclusions of its decisions of 24 October 1997 despite the fact that the additional investigation had virtually demolished the reasoning on which they were based, and of having acted arbitrarily by assuming the role of the ultimate authority on historical science. (a) As the Complaints Authority noted, the programme in issue sets the ‘myth’ against the ‘truth’ which historians have brought to light, without indicating the disagreements existing between them. In various spheres, such as the basis of Switzerland’s economic relations with Nazi Germany, the purpose of the Réduit or the explanation of Switzerland’s independence, it makes no reference to differing views, despite the fact that opinion on these matters is far from unanimous, as the Complaints Authority showed. Similarly, the decisions under review observe that the programme in issue merely provides one explanation for the conduct of a prominent figure such as General Guisan, without mentioning that there are other explanations that are just as valid, if not more so. While accusing the Swiss authorities, at least implicitly, of having deceived the population for some fifty years with a ‘myth’, the impugned programme, without admitting as much, also gives its own interpretation which is no less categorical. This impression is, moreover, reinforced by interviews, in which ordinary men and women who lived through the events under discussion defend the ‘myth’, expressing their emotions with varying degrees of articulacy, while historians, who are expected to have a rigorous grasp of their subject, provide the ‘truth’. As the Complaints Authority rightly pointed out, the programme in issue ridicules the wartime generation by showing recollections that are incorrect or exaggerated or convey a misplaced sense of self-satisfaction, contrasting with the cold logic of the historians. This leaves the impression that the interpretation put forward in the programme is corroborated by all specialists and thus reflects the sole historical truth. There is therefore a risk that one myth might be replaced by another, and only the observance of strict rules of journalistic diligence can prevent such a lapse. Furthermore, the programme does not always place the events it describes in their historical context as precisely as is desirable. It takes insufficient account of certain important aspects (for example, the threats Switzerland faced as a result of being surrounded by the Axis powers, and the position of other neutral or even Allied powers) for viewers to be able to form an opinion, or plays down their significance. Lastly, it does not always enable facts to be distinguished from comment (see the speech given on 7 May 1995 by Kaspar Villiger). (b) The Swiss Radio and Television Company wrongly asserts that the Complaints Authority should have had regard to its programmes as a whole in assessing whether the diversity of opinions among historians had been reflected. It refers in that connection to the special programme of 19 February 1997 on General Guisan, ‘Switzerland in torment’, and the debate broadcast on 21 May 1997, ‘Switzerland – neutral or cowardly’; in addition, it announces that the programme in issue will be followed up in the light of the findings of the commissions set up by the Federal Council. It must be noted, however, that the impugned programme appears to be self-contained. It does not refer to the previous programme of 19 February 1997 or to the subsequent one of 21 May 1997. Furthermore, these three programmes were not advertised by the Swiss Radio and Television Company as forming a coherent whole, and viewers of the programme in issue could not have suspected that it was part of a series, if indeed it was. (c) The impugned programme adopts an extremely critical approach towards Switzerland’s position during the Second World War, as is legitimate. However, it neglects to mention that it is not revealing ‘the truth’ but one of several different interpretations of relations between Switzerland and Germany during that period. Accordingly, viewers are not provided with all the material enabling them to form their own opinion. Furthermore, the programme in issue lacks objectivity and transparency in that it never mentions either the existence or the essence of other interpretations of Switzerland’s position during the Second World War, whereas the version it presents is not unanimously supported by historians. The Complaints Authority emphasised the cultural role assigned to the Swiss Radio and Television Company, the autonomy it enjoys and the conflicts that may arise between these two aspects. On that basis, it reached the conclusion that the programme in issue had not breached section 3(d) of the Federal Radio and Television Act. The Complaints Authority then referred to the principles applicable to the provision of information, laying particular emphasis on the principle of journalistic diligence. It pointed out the difficulties inherent in programmes dealing with historical subjects. It also gave a precise definition of its power of review. Having thus delimited the scope of its intervention, the Complaints Authority undertook an analysis of the impugned programme. It examined the programme’s structure and the method used to present the subject. In addition, it conducted research into whether the diversity of views had been reflected with sufficient accuracy. Following a thorough examination, the Complaints Authority found that the programme in issue had breached section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act. The Complaints Authority did not exceed or misuse its discretionary power. Indeed, it remained within the scope of the powers conferred on it, being precluded, as it emphasised itself, from stating a position on historical events and their interpretation or on the validity of the views expressed by the historians appearing on the programme in question. Its criticisms of the Swiss Radio and Television Company, moreover, do not concern the content of the programme but solely the manner in which it presented Switzerland’s position during the Second World War to viewers. In the final analysis, the Complaints Authority cannot be criticised for finding, in accordance with federal law, that the programme in issue breached section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act, by which Article 55 bis, paragraph 2, of the former Constitution is given statutory expression. Moreover, it is not surprising that the Complaints Authority should have reached the same conclusions as in its previous decisions of 24 October 1997. The additional investigations made it possible to clarify some points regarding the content of the impugned programme, without having any bearing on its form or style. (d) The Swiss Radio and Television Company is also wrong to complain that its independence has been undermined (freedom of opinion, of the media and of science). It overlooks the fact that the freedom it enjoys is not absolute but is limited by section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act, which the Complaints Authority is required to apply. The Complaints Authority’s review of compliance with that provision cannot therefore in itself undermine the company’s independence. (a) The Swiss Radio and Television Company alleges that the decisions complained of infringe Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). This provision guarantees freedom of expression, which includes freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas (Article 10 § 1 ECHR). This freedom is not absolute (Article 10 § 2 ECHR). (b) According to the case-law, restrictions on the freedom of expression enshrined in this provision are acceptable if they are prescribed by law, based on a legitimate aim under Article 10 § 2 ECHR and necessary in a democratic society to achieve that aim (see the unreported judgment of 12 January 1996 in the case of B. v. Direction générale de l’Entreprise des PTT suisses, point 3 (b)). Furthermore, with regard to freedom of expression, Article 10 ECHR does not guarantee any greater protection than unwritten constitutional law (ATF [Judgments of the Swiss Federal Court] 119 Ia 71, point 3a, p. 73, 505, point 3a, p. 506; 117 Ia 472, point 3b, p. 477). The Federal Court has also pointed out that Article 10 ECHR does not afford more extensive protection than section 5 of the Federal Radio and Television Act to broadcasters – in so far as they are entitled to rely on it. The freedom it affords to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority includes the freedom of radio and television broadcasting, but this freedom is not unlimited (ATF 122 II 471, point 4b, p. 479). (c) The Swiss Radio and Television Company’s complaint must be dismissed. The Complaints Authority’s criticisms of the company pursue a legitimate aim under Article 10 § 2 ECHR, since they seek to protect the right of viewers to receive objective and transparent information. In the light of the foregoing, the applications must be refused in so far as they are admissible.” In a letter of 26 February 2001, the Swiss Radio and Television Company informed the Complaints Authority of the measures taken in accordance with section 67(2) of the Federal Radio and Television Act as a result of the Complaints Authority’s decision of 27 August 1999, upheld by the Federal Court in its judgment of 21 November 2000. “... Further to this procedure, two preliminary remarks must be made. As a result of the procedure conducted in 1999 by the Complaints Authority following the Federal Court’s judgment of 1 December 1998, the Swiss Radio and Television Company had the opportunity to put forward its point of view and no factual errors could be identified in the programme in question (see also the Federal Court’s judgment of 21 November 2000, p. 15), since the criticisms no longer related to the content of the programme ... In addition ... the Complaints Authority emphasised the critical function that broadcasters, by their very nature, are also required to perform (as the Federal Court also confirmed in its judgment of 21 November 2000, p. 14) and the difficulty inherent in the genre of programmes on historical subjects ... Further to the decisions by your authority, as upheld by the Federal Court, we hereby give you formal notice of the following measures taken in accordance with section 67, subsection (2), of the Federal Radio and Television Act, as instructed in your decisions ...: The decisions have been communicated to the News Editors’ Conference, which has taken note of them. The Conference has drawn attention to the manner in which sensitive subjects of a highly emotive nature are to be dealt with and to the need to take into account the public impact, using as an example the procedure and decisions in question here. ... It has also been specifically agreed that in the coverage of sensitive subjects, as in the programme in question, where there are ‘differing views’ among historians or other participants (see the Federal Court’s judgment of 21 November 2000, pp. 12-13, and the Authority’s decisions, paragraphs 8.5 and 8.11), such differences are to be appropriately indicated, although, as the Authority itself states in its decisions (paragraph 8.4), this does not require the ‘tiniest nuances ... to be taken into account’. Lastly, the decisions have been incorporated into all the Swiss Radio and Television Company’s training courses ...” In its reply of 26 March 2001, the Complaints Authority stated that it found the measures taken to be adequate and would no longer propose taking the measures referred to in section 67(3) of the Federal Radio and Television Act. It thereby declared the procedure closed. On 10 May 2001 the competent bailiff of the city of Geneva drew up an official report attesting that the broadcast had been “placed under a legal embargo and that as a result it [was] not possible to obtain a copy of it from the TSR sales department or from any European or foreign television channel”.
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{ "applicant": "Daniel Monnat", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93 ], "countries": "CHE", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Daniel Monnat
001-57417
[]
PROCEDURE The Adolf case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) and the Government of the Republic of Austria (“the Government“). The case originated in an application against this State lodged with the Commission on 7 June 1978 under Article 25 (art. 25) of the Convention by an Austrian citizen, Mr. Gustav Adolf. The Commission's request and the Government's application were lodged with the registry of the Court, within the period of three months laid down in Articles 32 par. 1 and 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47), on 18 December 1980 and 23 January 1981 respectively. The request refers to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration by the Republic of Austria recognising the Court's compulsory jurisdiction (Article 46) (art. 46), while the application refers to Article 48 (art. 48). Their purpose is to obtain a decision as to whether or not the facts of the case disclose a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 par. 1, 2 and 3 (d) (art. 6-1, art. 6-2, art. 6-3-d) of the Convention; the Government's application asks the Court in particular to find that there has been no such breach in this case. The Chamber of seven judges to be constituted included, as ex officio members, Mr. F. Matscher, the elected judge of Austrian nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr. G. Wiarda, the President of the Court (Rule 21 par. 3 (d) of the Rules of Court). On 31 January 1981 in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the five other members, namely Mr. J. Cremona, Mr. G. Lagergren, Mr. L. Liesch, Mr. B. Walsh and Sir Vincent Evans (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 par. 4 of the Rules of Court) (art. 43). Subsequently, Mr. Lagergren, who was unable to attend, was replaced by the first substitute judge, Mr. L.-E. Pettiti (Rules 22 and 24 par. 1). Mr. Wiarda assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 par. 5). He ascertained, through the Registrar, the views of the Agent of the Government and of the Delegate of the Commission regarding the procedure to be followed. On 3 February, he decided that the Agent should have until 15 April 1981 to file a memorial and that the Delegate should be entitled to file a memorial in reply within two months from the date of the transmission of the Government's memorial to him by the Registrar. The Government's memorial was received at the registry on 14 April. On 11 June, the Secretary to the Commission advised the Registrar that the Delegate would submit his observations at the hearings, and forwarded to him the observations of the applicant's lawyer on the Government's memorial. After consulting, through the Deputy Registrar, the Agent of the Government and the Delegate of the Commission, the President directed on 23 July that the oral hearings should open on 24 November 1981. On 9 October, the Government produced a document to the Court. The oral hearings took place in public at the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 November. Immediately before their opening, the Court had held a preparatory meeting at which it had authorised the person assisting the Delegate of the Commission to address the Court in German (Rule 27 par. 3). There appeared before the Court: for the Government: Mr. K. HERNDL, Ambassador, Ministry or Foreign Affairs, Agent, Mr. R. LINKE, Advocate-General, Ministry of Justice, Mr. W. OKRESEK, Oberrat, Federal Chancellery, Constitutional Department, Advisers; for the Commission: Mr. M. MELCHIOR, Delegate, Mr. L. HOFFMANN, the applicant's lawyer before the Commission, assisting the Delegate (Rule 29 par. 1, second sentence, of the Rules of Court). The Court heard addresses by Mr. Herndl, Mr. Linke and Mr. Okresek for the Government and by Mr. Melchior and Mr. Hoffmann for the Commission, as well as their replies to questions put by the Court. Those appearing before the Court filed several documents during the hearings. On 15 December, acting on the instructions of the President, the Registrar asked the Agent of the Government to produce two documents; those documents were received at the registry on 5 January 1982. AS TO THE FACTS I. THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant, an Austrian citizen born in 1918, lives in Innsbruck where he practises the profession of accountant and financial consultant (Wirtschaftsprüfer und Steuerberater). On 15 July 1977, an 85-year-old woman, Mrs. Irmgard Proxauf, acting through a lawyer, reported to the Innsbruck public prosecutor's office that three days earlier during a quarrel Mr. Adolf had thrown at another person, Mrs. Anneliese Schuh, a bunch of keys which had then struck her (Mrs. Proxauf), causing her injury. In her letter headed “request to inquire into a set of facts“, she called on the prosecutor's office to take criminal proceedings against the applicant and stated that she would be a civil party claiming damages in any such proceedings (Privatbeteiligte). The federal police at Innsbruck, instructed on 12 August by the public prosecutor's office to investigate whether or not a punishable act had been committed, interrogated several persons cited by Mrs. Proxauf at witnesses and, on 22 September, the applicant himself. He denied the facts alleged against him and denounced the complaint as being knowingly false. After pointing out that the object alleged to have caused the injury was, in fact, an envelope containing a single key, he asserted, amongst other things, that he had not thrown it: he had wanted to give it back to Mrs. Proxauf, but it had slipped out of his hand and touched her arm. Mrs. Schuh, he said, had picked it up and thrown it, just above his head, over a distance of thirteen metres in the direction of his house. Mr. Adolf's wife and two employees had written a note setting out what they remembered of the incident. This note, he stated was available to the court, as an item for inclusion in the case-file. The police accepted the note, but did not question Mrs. Adolf or the employees. On 28 September, the public prosecutor's office, to which the file had been returned, asked the Innsbruck District Court (Bezirksgericht) to procure a medical report on the seriousness of Mrs. Proxauf's injury. The Court registered the case on 4 October 1977; under the heading “punishable act“ it specified “section 83 of the Penal Code“, which is a provision, amongst others, dealing with the infliction of bodily harm. Following receipt of the doctor's opinion, the District Court assessed the costs of that opinion on 11 November 1977. The district prosecutor (Bezirksanwalt) requested the District Court on 21 November to “decide that the conditions of section 42 of the Penal Code [were] fulfilled“ (see paragraph 22 below). The Court acceded to the request on 24 November by inserting in the file a note worded as follows: “B“ (Beschluss, decision): “... the proceedings are closed pursuant to section 451 par. 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure“; in addition, it added to the register, under the heading “date and manner ... of disposal of the matter“ (Erledigung): “24. 11. Section 451 par. 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure“. On 3 December, an application was made to the District Court by Mr. Adolf who, after consultation of the file on his case, had come to learn on 22 November of the submissions made by the public prosecutor's office on the previous day; however, like that office, he was not aware of the decision of 24 November. He denied that he had injured Mrs. Proxauf, whether by throwing a bunch of keys or otherwise, and contested the doctor's findings, claiming in particular that the latter had based his opinion on information that was contradicted by the material in the case-file (aktenwidrig). He called on the District Court either to acquit him after trial or to terminate the proceedings pursuant to section 90 par. 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (see paragraph 21 below). He requested that, if the District Court should choose the first alternative, fresh medical evidence be taken forthwith. On 22 December, the District Court notified an associate of the applicant's lawyer that the proceedings had been terminated - on an unspecified date - in pursuance of section 451 2 the Code of Criminal Procedure. Following a request made by Mr. Adolf on 4 January 1978, the Court served on him on 24 January a decision dated 10 January which reads as follows (translation from German): “Decision In the criminal case (Strafsache) against Dr. Gustav Adolf for the offence of inflicting bodily harm, within the meaning of section 83 of the Penal Code, the District Court of Innsbruck has decided as follows upon the request of the public prosecutor: The conditions of section 42 of the Penal Code are met; the proceedings are terminated in accordance with section 451 par. 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Reasons By letter of 15 July 1977, the civil party Irma Proxauf informed the public prosecutor of an incident involving herself and the accused (Beschuldigter) which had happened on 12 July 1977. She alleged that the accused had caused her an injury, namely a bruise on her left arm and another below her left breast, with a bunch of keys. The investigations made thereupon and the expert opinion have shown (ergeben) that in the course of a quarrel the accused flew into a rage and threw an envelope containing a key in the direction of Mrs. Anneliese Schuh who however managed to avoid the missile, while the 85-year-old Irma Proxauf standing behind her was hit. The key first struck the back of the right hand, causing a superficial abrasion, and then bounced against the left side of the above-named person's chest. No injury could be established on the chest. The injury found (festgestellte) is insignificant (geringfügig) as it does not exceed the three-day limit; the fault (Verschulden) of the accused may be described as insignificant (geringfügig), and his character gives cause to expect that he will conduct himself properly in future. Therefore the conditions of section 42 of the Penal Code are met, justifying the above decision. District Court of Innsbruck, Section 9, 10 January 1978.“ The applicant challenged this decision before the Regional Court (Landesgericht) of Innsbruck which, on 23 February 1978, declared the appeal (Beschwerde) inadmissible on the ground that section 451 par. 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure limited the right of appeal to the prosecutor (Ankläger). On 25 January 1980, a little more than six months after the European Commission of Human Rights had accepted the application, the Generalprokurator (the public prosecutor attached to the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) filed, with the Supreme Court, pursuant to section 33 par. 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, an application for annulment of the decision dated 10 January 1978 in the interests of the proper application of the law (Nichtigkeitsbeschwerde zur Wahrung des Gesetzes). The Generalprokurator drew a distinction between the termination of proceedings by virtue of section 451 par. 2 and their termination by virtue of section 90 par. 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The former provision applied when, prior to the trial hearing, the court was satisfied that the conditions of section 42 of the Penal Code were met; where, however, no sufficient grounds existed for continuing with the prosecution, the public prosecutor should close the file (zurücklegen) on the complaint and the investigating judge should bring the proceeding to an end in accordance with the general rules laid down in section 90 par. 1 and 447 par. 1. In both cases, he said, the decisions would be taken without the formal hearing of evidence (Beweisverfahren), something which, as followed in any event from Article 6 par. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention - Article 6 par. 1 (art. 6-1) being a provision that has constitutional status in Austrian law -, should in principle precede any finding of guilt (Schulderkenntnis). Thus, in the submission of the Generalprokurator, section 42 of the Penal Code was not appropriate where, on the basis of the complaint or the preliminary enquiries, no offence could be established on the facts or existed in law. On the other hand, for section 42 to apply it was not essential for there to be proof of guilt, but merely a suspicion (Tatverdacht) such as would warrant the opening of preliminary enquiries or an application seeking the imposition of a penalty. A court decision terminating proceedings in accordance with section 42 could therefore only be grounded on a “suspected state of affairs“ (Verdachtslage) as disclosed by the case-file: the court had to limit itself to ascertaining whether there existed against the suspect sufficient suspicion for proceeding with the prosecution and whether, on the hypothetical assumption that the suspect had indeed committed the alleged offence, he was or was not entitled to benefit from the ground for exoneration (Strafausschliessungsgrund) provided for under section 42 of the Penal Code. It seemed inadmissible to state in the reasons for such a decision conclusions on the objective and subjective aspects of the act and to take it as proved against the suspect that he had engaged in a certain course of conduct constituting a punishable act. Such an assertion in the reasons for a decision terminating proceedings amounted to a finding of guilt without any formal taking of evidence at a public hearing, which would be in violation of Article 6 par. 2 (art. 6-2) of the Convention. In the instant case, said the Generalprokurator, the District Court had clearly indicated that it accepted the account of the incident given by Mrs. Proxauf and corroborated by the police investigations and by the medical evidence, and that it disbelieved the applicant's denials which were mainly concerned with what had happened during the incident (Tathergang). He submitted that as the decision in issue was not capable of causing Mr. Adolf any direct prejudice, a finding that it had infringed the law would be sufficient. The Generalprokurator therefore moved the Supreme Court to hold that the Innsbruck District Court's decision dated 10 January 1978 was, as regards its reasoning, contrary to the law, that is to say section 451 par. 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure read in conjunction with Article 6 par. 1 and 2 (art. 6-1, art. 6-2) of the Convention. On 24 February 1980, Mr. Adolf submitted to the Supreme Court certain observations on the application for annulment. Whilst welcoming the initiative taken by the Generalprokurator, he considered that the latter had disregarded essential elements of violation of the law inherent in the impugned decision. In particular, he disputed the interpretation given by the Generalprokurator to section 42 of the Penal Code; in the applicant's view, this section in fact required the court to make a positive finding of an act fulfilling the description of a criminal offence. He relied on section 451 par. 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which places the judge under a duty to satisfy himself, before bringing the proceedings to a close, that the conditions stipulated under section 42 of the Penal Code are met; in order to do this, so the applicant contended, the judge must have regard to all the evidence adduced and not simply to the evidence supporting the suspicion. Mr. Adolf criticised the District Court for having failed to take into consideration evidence in his favour, for having declined to hear witnesses requested by him and for not having given him the opportunity to challenge the expert medical opinion; he alleged a breach of Article 6 par. 1 and 3 (d) (art. 6-1, art. 6-3-d) of the Convention. He accordingly called on the Supreme Court to find infringements of the law other than those pleaded by the Generalprokurator and to order that the proceedings be terminated under section 451 par. 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The Supreme Court rejected the application for annulment on 28 February 1980. In the opinion of the Supreme Court, the application of section 42 par. 1 of the Penal Code did not place the suspect in a worse position than where the case is closed for some other reason (for example, in pursuance of section 90 par. 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), that is to say, a closure of the case which, in general, does not involve establishing the innocence of the person concerned. Section 42 is not at all meant to be used to terminate proceedings when it is certain that an offence cannot be proved on the facts or does not exist in law. On the other hand, section 42 does not demand verification of the objective and subjective elements of the offence; indeed, this would be contrary to the main object of the section, namely procedural economy (Prozessökonomie - the principle that the court's time should be usefully employed). The person concerned thus has no right to have doubtful issues in the case clarified. Section 42 simply requires the existence of a suspicion. Even if a court describes the suspect's conduct in terms of findings of fact, any statements to this effect could not be regarded as judicial findings (Konstatierungen), within the meaning of section 270 par. 2, no. 5, of the Code of Criminal Procedure, with the attendant legal consequences. In point of fact, by reason of its basic legal character, any decision taken in pursuance of section 42 of the Penal Code can only be understood in one way: further clarification of, and possible prosecution in, a case which is already recognisable as being a trifling matter is to be avoided, not least in the interests of procedural economy. Howsoever the reasons given therefore may be worded, any such decision contains - if only because of its very nature - a negative ruling on the merits of the case and does not at all amount to a declaration, equivalent to a finding of guilt, that the suspect has (unlawfully and with criminal intent) committed a punishable act. It would certainly have been preferable had the Innsbruck District Court stated this explicitly and without ambiguity in the decision being challenged. Nonetheless, the more or less apposite choice of wording in the reasoning could not deprive the reasoning of the specific significance it had as a result of the nature of the decision given and could not, therefore, in any way adversely affect the person concerned. Since legal proof of the suspect's guilt is not the object pursued under section 42 of the Penal Code, no question arises as to the extent to which a decision given in pursuance of this provision has or has not been preceded by proceedings complying with the requirements of Article 6 par. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention. The judgment of the Supreme Court was reproduced in an Austrian legal journal but the applicant's identity was not revealed. The accompanying commentary on the judgment referred to an article entitled “A trivial affair leads to an application against Austria“ (“Aus Bagatellsache wurde Klage gegen Österreich“), which had been published in a newspaper in May 1980 and which did disclose his name, profession and place of residence. The professional association to which Mr. Adolf belongs has not instituted any disciplinary proceedings against him in respect of the facts underlying Mrs. Proxauf's complaint. According to Mr. Adolf, the file on his case, including the Innsbruck District Court's decision dated 10 January 1978, has been produced in evidence in a civil action between himself and Mrs. Proxauf in the matter of an easement (Dienstbarkeit); an order issued by the competent civil court in Innsbruck took the case-file into consideration. The costs of the procedure, and notably the costs of the medical opinion, were borne by the State. The applicant himself had to pay his lawyer's fees and his own expenses. II. THE RELEVANT LEGISLATION In Austria, the public prosecutor (Staatsanwalt) is required by law to inquire into the correctness of any report (Anzeige) of an offence for which a prosecution must be brought as a matter of course (section 87 par. 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). He is obliged, as a matter of course, to prosecute in respect of any offence which appears to him to have been committed and where it is not a precondition of investigation and punishment that an application be made by the victim or some other person concerned; it is his duty to cause the competent court to take the necessary measures of investigation and punishment (section 34 par. 1). In order to procure the necessary evidence for the institution of criminal proceedings or for the closing of the file (Zurücklegung) on a complaint, the public prosecutor may have preliminary enquiries (Vorerhebungen) carried out by the investigating judge, the district courts and the police authorities (section 88 par. 1). Where the public prosecutor is satisfied that there are sufficient grounds for bringing a criminal prosecution, he shall either apply for the institution of a preliminary investigation (Voruntersuchung) or file a formal accusation (Anklageschrift, section 90 par. 1). However, in district court proceedings there is no formal process of investigation and no special procedure of accusation: all that is required is a written or oral application from the district prosecutor seeking the imposition of a penalty on the person concerned (Antrag auf gesetzliche Bestrafung, section 451 par. 1). Where sufficient grounds for prosecuting the individual in question are lacking, the public prosecutor shall take no further action on the complaint and shall transmit the file to the investigating judge, together with a statement to the effect that he sees no reason to continue with the prosecution; the judge must then terminate the preliminary enquiries (section 90 par. 1). This provision applies, mutatis mutandis, to district court proceedings (section 447 par. 1). Under the terms of section 90 par. 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the public prosecutor may alternatively ask the investigating judge to hold that the conditions of section 42 of the Penal Code are met. In cases before a district court, the decision terminating proceedings is governed by section 451 par. 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which provides (translation from German): “If the court is satisfied that the conditions laid down in section 42 are met, it shall terminate the proceedings by a decision. The public prosecutor may lodge an appeal against any such decision ...“ Section 42 of the Penal Code reads as follows (translation from German): “(1) Where an act requiring public prosecution as a matter of course involves liability to no more than a fine, a custodial sentence not exceeding one year or both, the act shall not be punishable (strafbar) if 1. the guilt (Schuld) of the author of the act is slight (gering); 2. the act has had no or only trifling consequences, and if addition punishment is not necessary in order to deter the author of the act or other persons from committing criminal offences. (2) The decision whether or not the conditions of paragraph (1) hereof are met shall be taken by the court; where the court decides in the affirmative, it shall bring the proceedings to a close no matter what stage they may have reached.“ Section 42 was introduced into the new Austrian Penal Code which entered into force on 1 January 1975, and is aimed at avoiding criminal trials in trivial cases, notably for reasons of procedural economy; the section is headed “acts not meriting punishment“ (“mangelnde Strafwürdigkeit der Tat“). The Supreme Court and the great majority of legal commentators regard it as a clause which is not concerned with mere procedure but which provides a substantive ground for exonerating the accused (sachlicher Strafausschliessungsgrund). A decision taken by a court in pursuance of section 42 to terminate proceedings is not entered in the criminal record of the person concerned. The file relating to a case closed in this manner may be used in other legal (and disciplinary) proceedings, as may, in principle, the case-file in any legal action whatever its outcome. According to Mr. Adolf, anyone may go to the court and consult the register of cases and the register of names and, at least as far as the former is concerned, ask for an extract. The Government contested these assertions, save apparently as regards the possibility of having access to the register of names. The latter simply contains a reference to the register of cases without giving any indication as to the nature of the litigation. As a result of the present case, two circulars were issued on 15 January 1979 and 24 March 1980 by the relevant Austrian authorities drawing the attention of the courts to the problems raised by the application of section 42 of the Penal Code and to the need for a careful wording of the relevant decisions (see paragraphs 33 and 34 of the report of the Commission). PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION In his application of 7 June 1978 to the Commission (no. 8269/78), Mr. Adolf complained of the Innsbruck District Court's decision dated 10 January 1978. He claimed that this decision was contrary to Article 6 par. 2 (art. 6-2) of the Convention as it contained findings both on the facts of the alleged offence and on his guilt. In his submission, since such findings were required by the very terms of section 42 of the Penal Code, the legislation itself was inconsistent with Article 6 par. 2 (art. 6-2). He further alleged violation of the rights guaranteed by Article 6 par. 1 and 3 (d) (art. 6-1, art. 6-3-d) in that, notwithstanding his denial of the accusations made against him and his request for the hearing of witnesses in his favour, the District Court took its decision without holding a trial hearing and without proper inquiry into the evidence. The Commission accepted the application on 6 July 1979. In its report of 8 October 1980 (Article 31 of the Convention) (art. 31), the Commission expressed the opinion that there had been breach of paragraph 2 of Article 6 (art. 6-2) (nine votes to six, with one abstention), but no breach of paragraph 1 or paragraph 3 (d) (art. 6-1, art. 6-3-d) (twelve votes to three, with one abstention). The report contains three dissenting opinions. FINAL SUBMISSIONS MADE TO THE COURT BY THE GOVERNMENT In their memorial, the Government requested the Court “to hold that in the present case the provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 (d) of Article 6 (art. 6-1, art. 6-2, art. 6-3-d) of the Convention were not violated and that, as a consequence, the facts underlying the dispute do not indicate any breach by the Republic of Austria of its obligations under the Convention“. At the close of the hearings held on 24 November 1981, the Agent of the Government made “a final submission and a formal motion, namely that the Court, when considering this matter, come to the conclusion that, in the present case, there was no violation of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in all three aspects which have been mentioned“.
train
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{ "applicant": "Gustav Adolf", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1982 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Gustav Adolf
001-58122
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) on 28 October 1996, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 § 1 and Article 47 of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 25420/94) against the Kingdom of Spain lodged with the Commission under Article 25 by a Spanish national, Mr Manuel Tejedor García, on 4 August 1994. The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 and to the declaration whereby Spain recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 § 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicant designated the lawyers who would represent him (Rule 30). The lawyers were given leave by the President to use the Spanish language in the written procedure (Rule 27 § 3). On 4 March 1997 the President granted the applicant legal aid (Rule 4 of the Addendum to Rules of Court A). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr J.M. Morenilla, the elected judge of Spanish nationality (Article 43 of the Convention), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 § 4 (b)). On 29 October 1996, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr Thór Vilhjálmsson, Mr N. Valticos, Sir John Freeland, Mr A.B. Baka, Mr G. Mifsud Bonnici, Mr J. Makarczyk and Mr T. Pantiru (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 § 5). As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 § 6), Mr Ryssdal, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Spanish Government (“the Government”), the applicant’s lawyers and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 § 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the applicant’s and the Government’s memorials on 7 and 30 May 1997 respectively. In accordance with the decision of the President, who had also given the Government’s representative leave to address the Court in Spanish (Rule 27 § 2), the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 25 September 1997. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr J. Borrego Borrego, Head of the Legal Department for the European Commission and European Court of Human Rights, Ministry of Justice, Agent; (b) for the Commission Mr F. Martínez, Delegate; (c) for the applicant Mrs N. Fernández Sola, professor at the University of Saragossa, Mr M. Marco Briz, of the Saragossa Bar, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Martínez, Mrs Fernández Sola and Mr Borrego Borrego. Mrs Fernández Sola submitted additional documents. Subsequently, Mr Thór Vilhjálmsson replaced, as President of the Chamber, Mr Ryssdal who was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case, and Mr I. Foighel, substitute judge, became a member of the Chamber (Rules 10, 22 § 1 and 24 § 1). AS TO THE FACTS I. circumstances of the case Mr Tejedor García, who was born in 1948, now lives in Saragossa. At the material time, he was an officer in the national police force and lived at Mataró (Barcelona). The facts underlying the procedure in issue were described in the judgment of the Saragossa Audiencia Provincial of 6 November 1991 (see paragraph 13 below), as follows: “The accused, Mr Manuel Tejedor García, who was born on 11 October 1948 and has no criminal record, was at the material time a police officer stationed in the Mataró (Barcelona) police station, in the region of Maresme, where a large number of coloured people live and work. On 21 May 1989, while off duty, he was in Gallur (Saragossa) where he joined members of his family and friends to celebrate his niece’s first communion. At about 8.30 p.m., after a banquet which followed the ceremony and at which he drank, in addition to the wine that accompanied the meal, three glasses of champagne, a cognac and two half-measures of cognac, – so that his alcohol level was high – he went with friends to the ‘Diodon’ café ..., where he noted the presence of Mr Karamo Jarra, a Gambian national, and Mr Leonel Pajucides Falçao, a Portuguese national. They were both coloured and had temporary work in a nearby village ... They went to Gallur to enjoy their weekly day off and were in the vicinity of the games room in the café. [The accused] asked them for their identity papers, which they agreed to produce. [They] showed him respectively a work permit ... and an identity card issued by the Portuguese Republic ... The accused, Mr Manuel Tejedor García, who was dressed in plain clothing, did not consider the documents satisfactory and, showing his police identification, drew his revolver ... and fired a shot into the ceiling of the café; approximately twenty people were present and left the premises in a frightened state. He then kicked Mr Leonel Pajucides in the testicles after throwing the latter’s identity card to the floor saying that it was ‘shit’. Pointing his revolver at the two Africans, he forced them to leave the café with their hands above their heads and took them, using the psychological pressure of the gun, to the guardia civil barracks, where, finally, he handed them over to the officers on duty. Before that, on the way from the café, near to the stairs leading up to the barracks, the accused ... hit Mr Karamo Jarra – who had slightly lowered his arms because of fatigue and in order to negotiate the rough ground – hard in the mouth with his revolver, cutting his upper and lower lips and causing him to lose two teeth, one of which was picked up by a passer-by at the scene of the assault, which was stained by the victim’s blood. These events provoked the indignation and disapproval of the people present who gathered round the police officer and his prisoners after following them from the café. [They] ultimately formed a group in front of the entrance to the guardia civil barracks, protesting against the events they had just witnessed and noting that the accused came out of the building in an aggressive manner on several occasions. Seeing that the situation was somewhat unusual, the officer in charge of the Gallur barracks informed his lieutenant, who immediately came over from Pedrola to take charge of the case. He checked whether the foreign nationals were lawfully resident in Spain and the identity papers they had produced; he then searched them. As no illegal substances or objects were found in their possession, they were released after making a statement and receiving medical attention. While the lieutenant was conducting his inquiry, the accused started a number of indeterminate incidents against the guardias civiles, who were obliged to disarm and handcuff him. At about 11.30 p.m. he was cautioned and, the following morning, at about 3 a.m. he was taken to Saragossa and brought before the duty investigating judge, who, after questioning him in the presence of the police lawyer, Mr Luis Saldaña Estevan, ordered his release.” A preliminary inquiry was opened in respect of the applicant for wrongful arrest, assault and disobeying orders. On 29 May 1989 the investigating judge sent the case file to the Saragossa Audiencia Provincial, competent for criminal proceedings regarding members of the security forces. On 18 September 1989 the ANPU (Asociación Nacional de la Policía Uniformada), a professional association of police officers to which Mr Tejedor García belonged, and which was represented by Mr Gallego and defended by Mr Marco, brought a private prosecution (acusación particular) against the guardia civil officers of Gallur. It requested the court to declare that the applicant was innocent, and to investigate the responsibility of the two officers who had arrested him (see paragraph 7 above). On 28 November 1989 the Audiencia Provincial appointed one of its judges to pursue the investigation of the case. On 18 December 1989 Mr Tejedor García appeared before that judge, accompanied by Mr Marco, who said that he represented both the ANPU and the applicant. After the end of the investigation, the file was transmitted on 2 February 1990 to both the public prosecutor and the ANPU for their comments concerning the opening of oral hearings and committal for trial under Article 790 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (“CCP” – see paragraph 16 below). Following a judgment of the Constitutional Court declaring unconstitutional the provision by which criminal offences by security forces should be tried by the Audiencia Provincial the latter sent the case back to the Saragossa investigating judge. On 10 September 1990 the investigating judge, having regard to the contradictory evidence as to the assault and the offer of drugs to the applicant, considered that no offence had been made out and decided, in accordance with Article 789 of the CCP (see paragraph 16 below), that no further action be taken (auto de archivo de las actuaciones). He directed that the case file was to be transmitted to the public prosecutor at the Audiencia Provincial of the town so that Article 789 § 5, no. 4, of the CCP could be complied with. Beneath the judge’s signature at the foot of the document, the registrar added: “Done shortly afterwards, to which fact I attest.” On the following day, the decision was served on Mr Gallego. However, no annotation appears on the file attesting service on the public prosecutor. In an annotation of 7 November 1990 the registrar attested that the public prosecutor had returned the case file and lodged an application for the decision to be set aside (recurso de reforma) or, in the alternative, an appeal (see paragraph 16 below), dated 13 September 1990. In an order (providencia) of 8 November 1990 the investigating judge held that the application for an order setting aside the decision that no further action be taken had been made in the correct form. On the following day, that order was served on Mr Gallego. On 12 November 1990 Mr Gallego, on behalf of the ANPU, sought a declaration that the public prosecutor’s application be declared inadmissible because it had been lodged out of time (see paragraph 16 below) and confirmation of the decision of 10 September. That application, which the judge treated as having been made on behalf of Mr Tejedor García, was dismissed on the ground that it was not possible to make an application to set aside the impugned order, as it was merely a procedural formality. The judge did say, however, that Mr Gallego’s observations would be brought to the public prosecutor’s attention and be considered at the “appropriate time”. That decision was also served on Mr Gallego. In a decision (auto) of 4 December 1990 the investigating judge rejected Mr Gallego’s observations and held that the public prosecutor’s application had been made in time, on the ground that in the absence of any indication as to when the public prosecutor had received the decision of 10 September 1990 and the case file, the application had to be deemed to have been made within the statutory three-day time-limit (see paragraph 16 below). As to the merits he stated that it would be better to test the evidence at an adversarial public hearing. On 12 February 1991 the investigating judge made a final discontinuance order (Articles 637 no. 2 and 790 no. 6 of the CCP) in respect of the two guardia civil officers accused by the ANPU. In the applicant’s case, he ordered an oral hearing and committed the applicant for trial in the Audiencia Provincial. On 20 February Mr Tejedor García appointed Mr Marco as his barrister (abogado) and Mr Gallego as his solicitor (procurador). On 14 March 1991 Mr Gallego filed a memorial on behalf of the ANPU, treated by the investigating judge as being the applicant’s defence. After receiving the case file, the trial court noted that both the ANPU and the applicant were represented by Mr Gallego and requested him to clarify the situation. In a letter of 15 May 1991, Mr Gallego informed the Audiencia Provincial that, as the applicant alone had been committed for trial, he would be acting only for him. This was recorded in an order (providencia) of the Audiencia Provincial dated 22 May 1991. On 6 November 1991 the Audiencia Provincial dismissed the preliminary objection that the public prosecutor’s application had been made out of time and found the applicant guilty of the alleged offences. It sentenced him to six months and fifteen days’ imprisonment, and a fine of 200,000 pesetas, and ordered him to pay compensation to the victims. He was also suspended from duty for six months. On 12 November 1991 Mr Tejedor García appealed on points of law on the ground, inter alia, that the public prosecutor’s application against the decision of 10 September 1990 had been made out of time. On 28 May 1993 the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal. It found that there was nothing in the case file to show when it had been sent to the public prosecutor or when the public prosecutor had been served with the decision. In dismissing the appeal, the Supreme Court drew a distinction between a mere procedural error, which, as in the case before it, had not affected the rights of the defence, and a serious violation of a fundamental right. In its view, no violation of Article 24 § 1 of the Spanish Constitution existed in this case since: (a) the right of access to legal remedies required that the formal conditions for the exercise of those remedies be interpreted by judges employing criteria favourable to that right of access; (b) justice should prevail in order to avoid a denial of justice. Where applications to have a decision set aside or appeals were concerned, any interpretation that would unjustifiably prevent the case being judged on the merits should be rejected; and (c) in the case before it, the accused had had at his disposal every necessary means freely to defend himself against the accusations that had been made against him, at first instance and before the Supreme Court. On 6 July 1993 the applicant filed a constitutional appeal (recurso de amparo), which the Constitutional Court dismissed on 21 February 1994. The Constitutional Court found that the appeal had no constitutional basis, because the applicant was seeking, by way of amparo, to appeal against the courts’ interpretation that the public prosecutor’s application had been lodged in time. That was an issue of pure law which was not susceptible of constitutional relief. It nevertheless considered the courts’ interpretation to have been justified and consistent with its case-law. Since the exact date of receipt of the case file in the public prosecutor’s office could not be determined, the Supreme Court, and before it the investigating judge, adopted the interpretation which was more favourable to the admissibility of the application on the basis of a broad interpretation of the provisions of the CCP.
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{ "applicant": "Manuel Tejedor García", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "ESP", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1997 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Manuel Tejedor García
001-106178
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in six applications (nos. 28955/06, 28957/06, 28959/06, 28964/06, 28389/06 and 28961/06) against the Kingdom of Spain lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by six Spanish nationals, Mr Juan Manuel Palomo Sánchez, Mr Francisco Antonio Fernández Olmo, Mr Agustín Alvarez Lecegui, Mr Francisco José María Blanco Balbas, Mr José Antonio Aguilera Jiménez and Mr Francisco Beltrán Lafulla (“the applicants”), on 13 July 2006. The applicants were represented before the Court by Mr L. García Quinteiro, a lawyer practising in Barcelona. The Spanish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr F. Irurzun Montoro, State Counsel. In their applications, the applicants complained, among other things, that they had been dismissed by way of reprisal for belonging to a trade union and on account of its demands, on the pretext of allegedly offensive content in the union’s newsletter. They relied on Articles 10 and 11 of the Convention. The applications were allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). On 11 December 2008 the President of the Section decided to give notice of the applications to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the applications at the same time, as allowed by former Article 29 § 3 (now Article 29 § 1) of the Convention and Rule 54A. On 17 November 2009 the Chamber, composed of Josep Casadevall, President, Elisabet Fura, Corneliu Bîrsan, Alvina Gyulumyan, Egbert Myjer, Luis López Guerra and Ann Power, judges, and Santiago Quesada, Section Registrar, decided, under Rule 42 § 1, to join the proceedings in the applications registered under nos. 28389/06, 28955/06, 28957/06, 28959/06, 28961/06 and 28964/06. It declared admissible the applications (nos. 28955/06, 28957/06, 28959/06, 28964/06) lodged by Mr Juan Manuel Palomo Sánchez, Mr Francisco Antonio Fernández Olmo, Mr Agustín Alvarez Lecegui and Mr Francisco José María Blanco Balbas (“the applicants”) and inadmissible those (nos. 28389/06 and 28961/06) lodged by Mr José Antonio Aguilera Jiménez and Mr Francisco Beltrán Lafulla. On 8 December 2009 the Chamber delivered a judgment (Aguilera Jiménez and Others v. Spain) in which it held, by six votes to one, that there had been no violation of Article 10 of the Convention and that no separate question arose under Article 11 of the Convention. On 7 March 2010 the applicants requested the referral of the cases to the Grand Chamber in accordance with Article 43 of the Convention and Rule 73, arguing that there had been a violation of Articles 10 and 11. On 10 May 2010 the panel of the Grand Chamber granted that request. The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 26 §§ 4 and 5 of the Convention and Rule 24. The applicants and the Government filed memorials before the Grand Chamber. A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 8 December 2010 (Rule 59 § 3). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr F. Irurzun Montoro, State Counsel, Agent; (b) for the applicants Mr L. García Quinteiro, lawyer, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by them. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants live in Barcelona. They were employed as delivery men by the company P., against which they brought several sets of proceedings in employment tribunals. The applicants sought to secure recognition by the employer of their special “salaried worker” status, as confirmed by judgments of 2 May and 30 December 1995 of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia, in order to be covered by the corresponding social-security regime. Representatives of a committee of non-salaried delivery staff in the company P. had testified against them in those proceedings. On 21 May 2001 the applicants set up the trade union Nueva Alternativa Asamblearia (NAA) to defend their interests and those of the other delivery staff who were under pressure from the company P. to renounce their claim to salaried status. The applicants joined the union’s executive committee. On 3 August 2001 the applicants informed the company P. of the setting-up of a branch of the trade union inside the company, of its composition, and of their appointment as members of the executive committee of that workplace branch. Mr Juan Manuel Palomo Sánchez was the trade-union representative, Mr Francisco Antonio Fernández Olmo the treasurer, Mr Agustín Alvarez Lecegui the press and communications officer and Mr Francisco José María Blanco Balbas the organisation officer. No changes concerning the appointment of the union members or their duties have taken place since the union was formed. The trade union NAA published a monthly newsletter. The March 2002 [sic] issue reported on the judgment of 2 April 2002 of Barcelona Employment Tribunal no. 13, which had partly upheld the applicants’ claims, ordering the company P. to pay them certain sums in respect of salaries owed to them. On the cover of the newsletter, a cartoon with speech bubbles showed a caricature of the human resources manager, G., sitting behind a desk under which a person on all fours could be seen from behind, together with, to one side, A. and B., also employees of the company P. and representatives of a committee of its non-salaried delivery workers, who were watching the scene while waiting to take their turn to satisfy the manager. Inside the newsletter were two articles which vehemently denounced the fact that those two individuals had testified in favour of the company P. in proceedings that the applicants had brought against their employer. The newsletter was distributed among the workers and displayed on the noticeboard of the trade union NAA which was located on the company’s premises. On 3 June 2002 the company notified the applicants of their dismissal on grounds of serious misconduct, namely for impugning the reputations of G., A. and B., under Article 54 §§ 1 and 2 (c) of the Labour Regulations, which provide for the termination of a contract of employment where an employee is guilty of serious and negligent failure to perform his or her contractual obligations. The applicants challenged that decision before Barcelona Employment Tribunal no. 17, which, in a judgment of 8 November 2002, dismissed their claims and found that the dismissals were justified, in accordance with Article 54 §§ 1 and 2 (c) of the Labour Regulations. The tribunal took the view that the company’s decision to dismiss the applicants had been based on a genuine and serious cause, namely the publication and display on a noticeboard inside the company of a cartoon with speech bubbles and two articles which were offensive and impugned the dignity of the persons concerned. The first article, entitled “Whose witnesses? Theirs, of course”, contained caricatures of A. and B., showing them gagged by a handkerchief tied behind their heads, and the text underneath read as follows: “We knew who they were and how they behaved, but we didn’t know how far they were prepared to go in order to hold onto their seats and cushy jobs without doing anything. As employees of P. we earn our living by selling goods in the street. A. and B. earn theirs by selling the workers in the courts. Not content with doing this simply by signing agreements that go against the collective interest, they’ve now gone a step further – they rob and steal with total impunity, in broad daylight, with the confidence of men who feel totally untouchable. They play at being gods. ... but they, the chairman and secretary of the staff representatives, agreed, just like guard dogs, to roll over and frolic in return for a pat on the back by their master. ...” The tribunal noted that the text was a response to what had happened during proceedings brought by the applicants before Barcelona Employment Tribunal no. 13, in which A. and B. had appeared as witnesses against the applicants’ interests and in favour of their employer. The article entitled “When you’ve rented out your arse you can’t shit when you please” read as follows: “If you belong to a works council and you have to sign agreements with your employers that will never be honoured, just to keep you quiet, and agree to changes that only benefit their cronies, and to pay cuts and other sell-outs, then you’ve swapped your dignity for an armchair, [and] you have the dubious merit of achieving the same level of infamy as politicians and policemen. You see, you shut up and you shrewdly agree to all sorts of shenanigans. When you’ve rented out your arse, you can’t shit when you please. If you’re a despicable ‘professional trade unionist’ and you’ve thus sold your soul to the union, you’ll never have a surge of sincerity, because your status would be threatened. You say what the union tells you to say, and as the unions are ‘condoms’ on freedom, your lips are sealed just like your anal sphincter, because you’ve rented out your arse and you can’t shit when you please. You can see the injustices meted out on your colleagues, the totally irrational way of dealing with their problems and the constant persecution to which they are subjected, but say nothing, for fear of drawing attention to yourself. Once upon a time, in the old days, you were a rebel who criticised the system – you would curse conventionalism and rant against the rules and regulations. You were caustic, dynamic, cutting, impulsive, jovial. But a couple of favours received have gradually cooled your fiery temperament, stoked your self-esteem and put the dampers on your feelings. From time to time you have a pang of nostalgia and you would like to fart, but your sphincter is sealed, because you’ve rented out your arse and can’t shit when you please. You’re fed up with your work, pissed off, anxious, stressed and in despair, because of the longer working hours and the responsibilities, products, promotions and pressures. You could work anywhere, do anything without having to get up at the time others go to bed. You could break everything up, tear it to pieces, crush and demolish it all ... but your hands are tied by credits, IOUs and debts. You are crushed by your new SUV, your children’s after-school activities, and the twenty-five year mortgage on your semi-detached house. And you let yourself be humiliated, you swallow your pride, you shut up and you accept, because when you’ve rented out your arse, you can’t shit when you please.” The newsletter was distributed to staff and displayed on the trade union’s noticeboard on the company’s premises. The employment tribunal observed at the outset that the cause of the dismissal was the content of the newsletter and not the applicants’ trade-union membership. It referred in its judgment to the exercise of the right to freedom of expression in the context of labour relations and to the fact that it was not unlimited. It found that the limits to this right had to be interpreted in accordance with the principle of good faith, which in labour relations had to involve respect for the interests of the employer and the minimum requirements of coexistence in a professional environment. The judgment reiterated the Constitutional Court’s case-law to the effect that the right to respect for freedom of expression was subject to limits derived from labour relations, since the contract of employment created a series of rights and reciprocal obligations that circumscribed the exercise of the right to respect for freedom of expression. For that reason, certain manifestations of this right that might be legitimate in other contexts were not legitimate in the context of labour relations, even though the requirement to act in good faith did not always imply a duty of loyalty to the point of subjecting the worker to the employer’s interests. As to the newsletter’s content, the tribunal took the view that the cartoon and speech bubbles on the cover, together with the articles inside, were offensive and exceeded the limits of freedom of expression and information, impugning the honour and dignity of the human resources manager and of delivery men A. and B., and damaging the image of the company P. Lastly, it noted that the dismissal could not be declared null and void, since it was based on serious misconduct as provided for by law, and found that the applicants’ fundamental rights had not been breached. The applicants appealed. In a judgment of 7 May 2003, the High Court of Justice of Catalonia upheld the judgment under appeal in so far as it concerned the applicants. The court referred, among other things, to the limits imposed by the principle of good faith between parties to a contract of employment and to the necessary balance that judicial decisions had to strike between a worker’s obligations under the contract and his freedom of expression. The balancing exercise had to enable it to be determined whether or not the reaction of the company that dismissed the employee was legitimate. For the court, the publication of the offending drawing and articles had clearly been harmful to the dignity of the persons concerned and had overstepped the limits of admissible criticism, as the exercise of freedom of expression did not justify the use of insulting, offensive or vexatious expressions that went beyond the legitimate exercise of the right to criticise and clearly impugned the respectability of the persons concerned. The company P. had, moreover, duly shown that the applicants’ dismissal was not a measure of reprisal or punishment, but was based on a genuine, serious and sufficient cause for deciding to terminate their contracts of employment. The applicants lodged an appeal on points of law, seeking harmonisation of the relevant case-law. In a decision of 11 March 2004, the Supreme Court dismissed their appeal on the ground that the decision produced for purposes of comparison, namely a judgment of the High Court of Justice of Madrid of 31 July 1992, was not pertinent. Relying on Article 24 (right to a fair hearing) of the Spanish Constitution, and on Articles 20 and 28 taken together (freedom of expression and association), the applicants lodged an amparo appeal with the Constitutional Court. In a decision of 11 January 2006, served on 13 January 2006, the Constitutional Court found the appeal inadmissible for lack of constitutional content. The decision reads as follows: “... Firstly ... there is not enough evidence to show that the [appellants’] dismissal was an act of reprisal on the part of the respondent company because of the judicial proceedings they had brought against it to assert their rights ... Secondly, as to the [alleged] interference with trade-union freedom guaranteed by Article 28 of the Constitution (this complaint incorporating the appellants’ complaint under Article 14 of the Constitution in so far as they alleged discrimination on trade-union grounds), this is inadmissible as [the appellants] have not provided sufficient evidence to show that the company’s action was intended to restrict, hamper or prevent the exercise of their right to freedom of association, on account of their union membership or activities in a trade union. In line with what this court has repeatedly said, such evidence does not consist of a mere allegation of a constitutional violation but must be sufficient for it to be inferred that the violation could have been constituted ... which is not the case here, since the circumstances alleged do not give rise to any suspicion as to the potential violation in question. In their allegations, the appellants have simply expressed their disagreement with the decisions rendered by the courts below, which found in decisions giving reasons and not being manifestly unreasonable that they had committed the acts of which the company had accused them in their letters of dismissal. Thirdly, there has not been a breach of Article 28 § 1 of the Constitution taken together with Article 20 § 1 (a), in the form of an infringement of the appellants’ right to freedom of expression in the context of their union activity, since this fundamental right does not encompass any right to insult others. As the Court held recently in judgment no. 39/2005 of 28 February (legal ground 4), reiterating its case-law, although the Constitution does not prohibit the use of hurtful, embarrassing or vituperative expressions in every circumstance, the constitutional protection afforded by Article 20 § 1 (a) of the Constitution does not, however, extend to absolutely vexatious expressions which, taking into account the actual circumstances of the case and regardless of their veracity or lack of veracity, are offensive or defamatory and are not pertinent for the purpose of conveying the opinions or information in question. The application of that jurisprudence to the present case leads the Court to the conclusion that the appellants’ right to freedom of expression has not been infringed, since they used that right in an excessive manner by means of value judgments expressed through cartoons and comments that were offensive and humiliating for the persons concerned and impugned their honour and reputation. [Those cartoons and comments] were not necessary for others to form an opinion about the facts of which the appellants wished to complain, and were therefore gratuitous and not necessary for the exercise of freedom of expression in a trade-union context.”
train
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{ "applicant": "Juan Manuel Palomo Sánchez", "articles": [ 91, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93 ], "countries": "ESP", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2011 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Juan Manuel Palomo Sánchez
001-142423
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 9154/10) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Georgian national, Mr Swiadi Schatschaschwili (“the applicant”), on 12 February 2010. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr H. Meyer-Mews, a lawyer practising in Bremen. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mrs K. Behr, Regierungsdirektorin, of the Federal Ministry of Justice. By a letter dated 29 December 2013 the applicant’s lawyer informed the Court that the applicant had changed his place of residence from Germany to Georgia where he was now living under a different name. The Court advised the parties on 14 January 2014 that it would continue processing the application under the name Schatschaschwili v. Germany, which was the applicant’s name as referred to in the domestic proceedings at issue as well as in his application lodged with the Court. The applicant alleged, in particular, that neither he nor counsel had been granted an opportunity at any stage of the criminal proceedings instituted against him to examine the only direct witnesses and victims of the crime allegedly committed by him in Göttingen in February 2007 and on whose testimonies the applicant’s related conviction relied in breach of Article 6 § 3 (d) of the Convention. On 15 January 2013 the application was communicated to the Government. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the admissibility and merits of the application. The Georgian Government, who had been informed of their right to intervene under Article 36 of the Convention, did not make use of this right. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1978. When lodging his application he was detained in Rosdorf prison, Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen). By a judgment of 25 April 2008 (file no. 63 Js 1244/07) the Göttingen Regional Court convicted the applicant of two counts of aggravated robbery in conjunction with aggravated extortion by means of coercion, committed jointly with further perpetrators (gemeinschaftlicher schwerer Raub in Tateinheit mit schwerer räuberischer Erpressung), and imposed an accumulated prison sentence (Gesamtfreiheitsstrafe) of nine years and six months. The crimes were committed in Kassel on 14 October 2006 and in Göttingen on 3 February 2007 respectively. A. The facts established by the Göttingen Regional Court 1. The events in Kassel The Regional Court found it established that in the evening of 14 October 2006 the applicant, acting jointly with an unidentified accomplice and according to a previously agreed plan, entered by force into an apartment in Kassel and robbed its occupants. The men were aware that the apartment was used for prostitution and expected its two female occupants to keep valuables and cash in there. They had passed by the apartment in the early evening in order to make sure that no clients were present. Shortly afterwards they rang at the door of the apartment which was attended by its tenant Ms L. After having overpowered L. by force the applicant threatened her with a gas pistol that resembled a real gun ordering her to keep silent. He then went to the kitchen where he found the further occupant of the apartment Ms I., a Lithuanian national who lived and worked there as a prostitute. Pointing his gas pistol at I. he forced her to hand over her mobile phone. While his accomplice was watching over the two women, the applicant searched the apartment for valuables and found five further mobile phones as well as 100 euros (EUR) in I.’s purse. The applicant then threatened to shoot the women should they not disclose where they were keeping any additional money. As a result of his threat L. handed over a further EUR 1,000 which she had kept in the pocket of her jacket. The men then left the apartment with their loot. Later that evening an acquaintance of L. whom she had told about the incident called the police which came to the apartment. 2. The events in Göttingen As regards the events on 3 February 2007, the Regional Court established that the applicant, acting jointly with several accomplices, two of whom were the applicant’s co-accused in the proceedings before the court, robbed another apartment located in Göttingen. The men acted according to a plan previously set up among the gang. At the relevant time the apartment was occupied by Ms O. and Ms P., two Latvian nationals who were illegally staying in Germany and working in the apartment as prostitutes. O. and P. were friends of L., one of the victims of the crime committed in Kassel on 14 October 2006, and they had both worked for some time as prostitutes in the Kassel apartment rented by L. before moving to Göttingen. In the evening of 2 February 2007, the day before the crime, one of the applicant’s co-accused together with accomplice R. passed by O. and P.’s apartment in Göttingen with a view to verifying whether the two women were its only occupants and whether it contained any valuables. R. was an acquaintance of O. and P. whom they got to know through their friend L. when they had stayed in her apartment in Kassel. Hence, the unsuspecting women did not object to the men entering the apartment. Following their visit the two men reported to the residual members of the criminal gang that they had spotted a safe in the apartment’s kitchen. On 3 February 2007 at around 8 p.m. the applicant and a further accomplice, B., gained access to O. and P.’s apartment pretending to be potential clients while one of the co-accused was waiting in a car parked close to the apartment building and the other co-accused in front of the house. Once inside the apartment B. produced a knife that he had carried along in his jacket. P., trying to escape from the perpetrators, jumped from the apartment’s balcony located approximately two meters off the ground and ran away. The applicant jumped after her but abandoned the chase after some minutes when passers-by appeared nearby on the street. He then called the co-accused waiting in front of the women’s apartment on his mobile phone and gave him an account of the events. He agreed with the latter on a meeting point where the co-accused were supposed to pick him up with the car once accomplice B. would have left the crime scene and have joined them. In the meantime inside the apartment, B. after having overpowered O. threatened to kill her with his knife should she not disclose where the women kept their money or should she refuse to open the safe for him. Fearing for her life O. opened the safe from which B. removed EUR 300 and also handed over the contents of her wallet in the amount of EUR 250. B. left the apartment at around 8.30 p.m. taking the money and P.’s mobile phone as well as the apartments’ landline phone with him and joined the co‑accused. The co-accused and B. then picked up the applicant at the agreed meeting point with their car. At approximately 9.30 p.m. P. rejoined O. at the apartment. The women called their friend L. in Kassel and gave her a brief account of the events. The next day they also told their neighbour E. about the crime. Later that day the women, afraid of remaining alone in the Göttingen apartment, drove to Kassel where they stayed a few days with their friend L. Following short subsequent stays in Frankfurt am Main and back in Göttingen they returned to Latvia in February 2007. B. The Regional Court’s fact finding and assessment of evidence 1. The events in Kassel The Regional Court based its finding of facts regarding the first crime committed in Kassel on 14 October 2006 on the statements made by the victims L. and I. on the occasion of their police interrogations as well as in the course of the subsequent trial. Both witnesses had identified the applicant without any hesitation as the perpetrator who had carried the gun when presented with his photo on the occasion of their police interviews and later when confronted with him personally at trial. The Regional Court found L. and I.’s testimonies to be consistent and credible and noted that they were supported by the statements of the police officers who had attended the crime scene and had interviewed L. and I. in the course of the preliminary investigations and who had all been heard as witnesses during the trial. 2. The events in Göttingen As regards the establishment of facts in relation to the second crime committed in Göttingen the Regional Court relied in particular on pre-trial statements made by the victims O. and P. in the course of police interrogations in the period from 15 to 18 February 2007 and before an investigating judge on 19 February 2007. By a decision of 21 February 2008 the Regional Court, dismissing a related objection by the defence, ordered that the records of O. and P.’s interrogations by the police and the investigating judge be read out at the trial and be admitted as evidence in the proceedings in accordance with Article 251 (1) and (2) of the German Code of Criminal Procedure (see Relevant domestic law below). The said article provides for such possibility in the event insurmountable impediments make it impossible to hear a witness in the foreseeable future. The Regional Court pointed out in this context that it had not been possible to hear the witnesses in the course of the trial since they had returned to their home country Latvia shortly after their interrogations at the investigative stage and all attempts to enable their examination at the main hearing had been to no avail. The Regional Court specified that O. and P. had been summoned to appear before the Regional Court on 24 August 2007, the third day of the trial. However, they both had refused to attend the hearing relying on medical certificates dated 9 August 2007 that indicated their unstable post‑traumatic emotional and psychological condition. Consequently, on 29 August 2007 the court had sent letters to both witnesses asking under what conditions they would be ready to testify at trial. While an acknowledgement of receipt had been returned for both letters, no response had been obtained from P. O. for her part had informed the Regional Court in writing that due to the fact that she was still traumatised by the crime, she would neither accept to appear at the trial in person nor would she agree to be examined by means of an audio-visual transmission. O. had further mentioned that she had nothing to add to her statements made in the course of the interviews before the police and the investigating judge in February 2007. The Regional Court nevertheless requested legal assistance from the Latvian authorities and asked for the witnesses to be heard by a court in Latvia and the hearing to be transmitted by voice and image (audiovisuelle Vernehmung). However, a witness hearing scheduled by the competent Latvian court for 13 February 2008 was cancelled shortly before by the presiding Latvian judge on the ground that the witnesses, again relying on medical certificates, had demonstrated that they were still suffering from post-traumatic disorders as a consequence of the crime and that a further confrontation with the events in Göttingen would risk aggravating their condition. The witnesses had further claimed that following threats by the accused they feared possible acts of revenge. The Regional Court informed their Latvian counterpart by a letter dated 21 February 2008 that according to the standards of German law of criminal procedure the reasons advanced by the witnesses were not sufficiently substantiated to justify their refusal to testify. The court suggested to the competent Latvian judge to have the witnesses examined by a public medical officer (Amtsarzt) and, alternatively, to coerce them to attend the hearing. As the letter remained unanswered, the Regional Court considered that it did not dispose of any further legal means to enforce a hearing of O. and P. Having further regard to the fact that the recently renewed medical certificates indicated that the witnesses’ state of health would not change any time soon, the Regional Court concluded that it was impossible to have the witnesses examined in the foreseeable future. Pointing out that courts were under an obligation to conduct proceedings involving the deprivation of liberty expeditiously and in view of the fact that the accused had already been held in custody for a considerable period of time, the court was of the opinion that it could not be justified to further delay the proceedings. Consequently, a further objection against the introduction of the witnesses’ pre-trial statements by counsel of one of the co-accused was rejected by the Regional Court and the records of the witnesses’ police interrogations and interviews with the investigative judge were read out during a hearing on 26 February 2008. In its judgment running to some 152 pages, the Regional Court pointed out that in assessing the available evidence it had been aware of the reduced evidentiary value of the records of O. and P.’s pre-trial testimonies. It had further taken into account that neither the applicant nor counsel for the defence had been provided with an opportunity to examine the only direct witnesses of the crime in Göttingen at any stage of the proceedings. At the time of the last pre-trial interrogation of O. and P. on 19 February 2007, the applicant had not been informed about the preliminary criminal proceedings initiated against him with a view to not putting the investigations at risk. No warrant for his arrest had yet been issued and he had not been represented by counsel. The investigating judge had excluded the applicant from the hearing in accordance with Article 168 (c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure since he had been concerned that the witnesses would be afraid of telling the truth in the presence of the accused. The Regional Court further emphasised that at the investigative stage there had been no indication that O. and P. who had testified on several occasions before the police and then before the investigating judge would refuse to repeat their statements at a subsequent trial. The Regional Court held that notwithstanding the resulting restrictions for the defence, the trial as a whole had been fair and had complied with the requirements of Article 6 § 3 (d) of the Convention. The court was thus not prevented from admitting O. and P.’s pre-trial statements as evidence in the proceedings. It had made considerable efforts to enable a direct examination of O. and P. by the accused and counsel for the defence at trial. Moreover, once the witnesses had proved to be unavailable the Regional Court had ensured that a maximum of further witnesses who had been in contact with O. and P. in relation to the events at issue could be heard at trial. Finally, the court had taken several items of evidence as corroborating O. and P.’s pre-trial testimonies into account when assessing their evidentiary value. In the Regional Court’s opinion the records of O. and P.’s interrogations at the investigative stage showed that they had given detailed and coherent descriptions of the circumstances of the crime. Minor contradictions in their statements could be explained by their concern not to disclose their illegal residence status and activities to the authorities and by the psychological strain they had been subject to during and following the incident. The witnesses had feared problems with the police and acts of revenge by the perpetrators. This explained why the witnesses had not pressed charges immediately after the events and why the police had only been informed of the crime on 12 February 2007 by their friend L. As regards O. and P.’s’ failure to identify the applicant when confronted with several photos of potential suspects during the police interrogations, the court observed that the witnesses’ attention during the incident had been focussed on the further perpetrator carrying the knife and that the applicant himself had only stayed a short period of time in the apartment. Their inability to identify the applicant also showed that the witnesses, as opposed to the defence’s allegations, had not testified with a view to incriminating him. In the court’s opinion the fact that the detailed description of the events in the witnesses’ pre-trial statements were consistent with the account they had given the morning after the crime to their neighbour E., who had been heard as a witness during the trial, was a further strong indication for their credibility and the veracity of their statements. This witness had further testified that on the evening of 3 February 2007 at around 9.30 p.m. another neighbour, an elderly woman who got scared when she heard noise coming from O. and P.’s apartment, had called on her and asked her to accompany her to the women’s flat to investigate what had happened. O. and P. had, however, not answered the door when the neighbours were ringing the bell. The Regional Court further observed that O. and P.’s description of the events also coincided with their friend L.’s recollection of her conversations with O. and P. following the crime as reproduced during L.’s witness hearing at trial. In addition, the police officers and the investigating judge who had examined O. and P. at the pre-trial stage had all testified at trial that they had found the witnesses to be credible. The Regional Court noted that since neither the defence nor the court itself had had an opportunity to observe the main witnesses’ demeanour at trial or by means of an audio-visual examination, it had to exercise particular diligence in assessing the evaluation of the witnesses’ credibility by the police officers and the investigating judge. The court further emphasised that when taking into account the testimonies given by the witnesses’ neighbour E. and their friend L. it had paid special attention to the fact that their statements constituted hearsay evidence and had to be assessed particularly carefully. In this context it had been of relevance that O. and P.’s testimonies as well as the statements of the further witnesses at trial had been supported by further significant and admissible evidence such as data obtained through tapping of the applicant’s and the co-accused’s mobile phones and by means of a satellite-based global positioning system (“GPS”). Such information had been gathered within the scope of police surveillance measures carried out at the relevant time in relation to preliminary criminal proceedings initiated against the accused on suspicion of racketeering and extortion (Schutzgelderpressung) in the Göttingen drug scene. The link between the evidence obtained in the course of such separate investigations and the crime at issue could only be made after O. and P. had reported the incident of 3 February 2007 to the police. It followed from the recordings of two mobile phone conversations between one of the co-accused and the applicant in the evening of 3 February 2007 at 8.29 p.m. and 8.31 p.m. that the latter had been present in the victims’ apartment accompanied by B. and that he had jumped from the balcony in order to chase one of the escaping victims whom he failed to capture, while B. had stayed in the apartment. Furthermore, an analysis of the GPS data showed that the car of one of the co-accused had been parked near the crime scene from 7.58 p.m. to 8.32 p.m. on the evening of 3 February 2007, a period that coincided with the time-frame in which the robbery in issue had occurred. Finally, while the applicant and the co-accused had denied any participation in the robbery as such or any premeditated criminal activity in this respect, their own statements at trial had at least confirmed that one of the co-accused together with R. had visited the apartment at Göttingen on the evening before the crime and that the applicant and B. had been present in the apartment at the time of the incident the following day. The applicant had testified that he and B. had come to the apartment with a view to making use of the women’s services as prostitutes. He further had conceded that he had followed P. when she escaped over the balcony and explained that he had done so in order to prevent her from calling the neighbours or the police since he had been afraid of getting problems in view of his criminal record and the problems he had previously had with prostitutes on a similar occasion in Kassel. In the court’s view the body of evidence taken together gave a coherent and complete overall picture of the events that supported the version provided by witnesses O. and P. and refuted the contradictory statements made by the applicant and the co-accused in the course of the trial. C. The subsequent proceedings Counsel for the applicant lodged an appeal on points of law against the judgment of the Göttingen Regional Court in which he complained that the applicant had not been able to examine the only direct witnesses of the crime committed in Göttingen at any stage of the proceedings in breach of Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (d) of the Convention. He argued that such inability had been imputable to the domestic authorities. According to the Federal Court of Justice’s case-law counsel had to be appointed for an unrepresented accused if the key witnesses for the prosecution were to testify before an investigating judge and the accused was excluded from this hearing. However, at the time of the witness hearing the applicant had not even been informed about the preliminary proceedings instituted against him and the public prosecution authorities had not requested that defence counsel be appointed for him. Consequently, O. and P.’s testimonies ought to have been excluded from the trial. By written submissions dated 9 September 2008 the Federal Public Prosecutor General (Generalbundesanwalt) moved that the applicant’s appeal on points of law be dismissed by the Federal Court of Justice as manifestly ill-founded in written proceedings pursuant to Article 349 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (see Relevant domestic law below). The Prosecutor General argued that while it was true that the proceedings had been characterised by a “complete loss” of the applicant’s right to examine O. and P. (“Totalausfall des Fragerechts”), they had as a whole been fair and there had been no reason to exclude the witness statements of O. and P. as evidence. The Regional Court had assessed the contents of the records of the witnesses’ testimonies read out at trial particularly carefully and critically. Furthermore, it had not made their statements the sole or decisive basis of the applicant’s conviction but had taken further significant evidence into account. In view of the various layers of corroborating evidence the applicant had had ample opportunities to put into question the credibility of the two main witnesses and to effectively defend himself. The Federal Prosecutor, endorsing the Regional Court’s related arguments, further pointed out that there was nothing to demonstrate that the restrictions to the defence’s right to examine the witnesses had been imputable to the domestic authorities. By written submissions of 28 September 2008 the applicant replied to the Federal Prosecutor’s observations and requested the Federal Court of Justice to hold a hearing in the appeal proceedings. By a decision of 30 October 2008 the Federal Court of Justice, referring to 349 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, dismissed the applicant’s appeal on points of law as manifestly ill-founded. By written submissions of 17 November 2008 the applicant complained of a violation of his right to be heard (Anhörungsrüge) on the ground that no hearing had been held in the appeal proceedings and that the Federal Court of Justice’s decision rejecting his appeal did not provide any reasons. In its decision of 9 December 2008 rejecting the applicant’s complaint the Federal Court of Justice pointed out that any decision dismissing an appeal on the basis of Article 349 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure implied a reference to the respective reasoning provided by the Prosecutor General. By a decision of 8 October 2009 the Federal Constitutional Court refused to admit the applicant’s constitutional complaint against the decisions of the Federal Court of Justice dated 30 October and 9 December 2008 for examination without providing reasons. It follows from the applicant’s submissions that he has meanwhile left prison and returned to his native country Georgia.
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{ "applicant": "Swiadi Schatschaschwili", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2014 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Swiadi Schatschaschwili
001-57838
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court first by the Government of the Kingdom of Spain (“the Government“) and then by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) on 20 and 21 February 1992, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention“). It originated in an application (no. 12952/87) against Spain lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by six Spanish nationals, Mr José María, Mr Zoilo, Mr Rafael, Mr Isidoro, Mr Alfonso and Mrs María Dolores Ruiz-Mateos, on 5 May 1987. The Government’s application referred to Article 48 (art. 48); the Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Spain recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The object of the application and the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1). In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicants stated that they wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyers who would represent them (Rule 30). The President of the Court gave the lawyers leave to use the Spanish language (Rule 27 para. 3). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr J. M. Morenilla, the elected judge of Spanish nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)). On 27 February 1992, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr F. Gölcüklü, Mr C. Russo, Mr N. Valticos, Mrs E. Palm, Mr R. Pekkanen, Mr F. Bigi and Mr L. Wildhaber (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). By a letter of 26 February to the President, Mr Morenilla had stated that he wished to withdraw pursuant to Rule 24 para. 2, because he had represented the Government before the Commission as Agent. On 6 April the Government notified the Registrar of the appointment of Mr Rafael de Mendizábal Allende, judge at the Supreme Court, as ad hoc judge (Article 43 of the Convention and Rule 23) (art. 43). On 20 October the Registrar received a letter from the latter stating that he wished to withdraw “for [a] special reason“ (Rule 24 para. 3), following his appointment to the Constitutional Court. On 20 November the Government appointed a new ad hoc judge, Mr Dámaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer, a judge who is on secondment as head of the private office of the President of the General Council of the Judiciary. Mr Ryssdal had assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5) and had, in the meantime, through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the applicants on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the President’s orders and directives, the Registrar received the Government’s memorial on 6 July 1992 and the applicants’ memorial on 7 July. On 8 September the Secretary to the Commission informed him that the Delegate would submit oral observations. On 10 April and 30 June 1992 respectively the President had authorised, under Rule 37 para. 2, the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of the Portuguese Republic to submit written observations on the applicability of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention to constitutional courts. These observations reached the registry on 10 June and 27 August. On 23 November 1992, the date initially fixed for the hearing - which had had to be postponed because of Mr de Mendizábal Allende’s withdrawal -, the Chamber decided under Rule 51 to relinquish jurisdiction forthwith in favour of the plenary Court. On 27 November 1992 the President directed that the oral proceedings should open on 27 January 1993. The hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on the appointed day. Mr R. Bernhardt, the Vice-President of the Court, had replaced Mr Ryssdal as President, the latter being unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rule 9). The Court had held a preparatory meeting before the hearing. There appeared before the Court: for the Government (whose Agent had been authorised by the President to use the Spanish language - Rule 27 para. 2) Mr J. Borrego Borrego, Head of the Legal Department for Human Rights, Ministry of Justice, Agent, Mr J.L. Fuertes Suárez, Ministry of Justice, Counsel; for the Commission Mr M.P. Pellonpää, Delegate; for the applicants Mr M. García Montes, abogado, Mr S. Sánchez Pardo, abogado, Mr F. Ruhlmann, avocat, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Borrego Borrego for the Government, by Mr Pellonpää for the Commission and by Mr García Montes, Mr Sánchez Pardo and Mr Ruhlmann for the applicants, as well as their replies to its questions. The lawyers for the applicants and the Government’s representatives produced various documents. AS TO THE FACTS Mr José María Ruiz-Mateos, a businessman, Mr Zoilo Ruiz-Mateos, Mr Rafael Ruiz-Mateos, Mr Isidoro Ruiz-Mateos, Mr Alfonso Ruiz-Mateos and Mrs María Dolores Ruiz-Mateos are brothers and sister. They are all of Spanish nationality. In 1983 they held 100% of the shares in RUMASA S.A., the parent company of the RUMASA group, which comprised several hundred undertakings. RUMASA S.A.’s holding in these undertakings varied from one to the other. I. THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A. The expropriation of the RUMASA group By a legislative decree of 23 February 1983 the Government ordered the expropriation in the public interest of all the shares in the companies comprising the RUMASA group, including those of the parent company (Article 1). The State, which was the beneficiary of this measure, was to take immediate possession of the expropriated property through the intermediary of the Directorate General for National Assets (Article 2). The legislative decree was confirmed on 2 March 1983 by the Chamber of Deputies. It gave rise to an appeal to the Constitutional Court (recurso de inconstitucionalidad, Article 161 para. 1 (a) of the Constitution, see paragraph 26 below), as a group of deputies contested its constitutional validity. The Constitutional Court dismissed the deputies’ appeal by a judgment of 2 December 1983, adopted with the President’s casting vote; in a dissenting opinion, six members of the court expressed the view that the expropriation procedure followed was contrary to the Constitution. In the meantime Law no. 7/1983 of 29 June 1983, published a day later in the Official State Gazette (Boletín Oficial del Estado), had replaced the legislative decree. Articles 1 and 2 thereof ordered the immediate expropriation and transfer of possession of the companies concerned in similar terms to those of the legislative decree (see paragraph 9 above). The aim of these measures was to protect the public interest because, in order to finance the group’s companies, its banks had taken risks considered to be disproportionate in relation to their solvency, thereby jeopardising “the stability of the banking system and the interests of the depositors, employees and third parties“. B. The action for the restitution of the expropriated property 1. The proceedings at first instance Between the publication of the legislative decree and that of Law no. 7/1983, Mr José María Ruiz-Mateos had, on 8 April 1983, both on his own behalf and on that of the other applicants and RUMASA S.A., instituted summary proceedings for the restitution of the expropriated property (interdicto de recobrar). On 11 April the Madrid First-Instance Court (juzgado de primera instancia) no. 18 - composed of a single judge - declared the application inadmissible on procedural grounds. The first applicant had failed to adduce evidence establishing that he had been divested of the assets as alleged and showing that prior to the impugned measure the assets in question had been in his possession. On 9 May 1983 Mr José María Ruiz-Mateos lodged a further application concerning 50% of the RUMASA S.A. shares. The other five applicants followed suit on 27 May with regard to the remaining shares, each claiming 10%. The two cases were allotted respectively to Madrid First-Instance Courts nos. 18, which reopened the file, and 21. The Counsel for the State (Abogado del Estado), representing the Government, obtained, on 4 and 5 July respectively, a stay of three months in each of the two sets of proceedings to enable him to consult his superiors. The applicants’ appeals against those decisions were dismissed on 16 and 18 July. On 21 September the Counsel for the State applied for the joinder of the two sets of proceedings. Court no. 18 acceded to this request on 22 November, having received the consent of Mr José María Ruiz-Mateos on 18 November. On 27 March 1984 Court no. 21 ordered that the file of the proceedings before it be transmitted to Court no. 18, the other five applicants having given their agreement on 23 March. Court no. 18 received the file on 9 May. On 21 March 1984 the first applicant had requested Court no. 18 to refer to the Constitutional Court a question on the conformity of Articles 1 and 2 of Law no. 7/1983 (see paragraph 10 above) with Articles 14, 24 and 33 of the Constitution (cuestión de inconstitucionalidad, see paragraphs 25, 26 and 27 below). The court held hearings on 18 June and 17 September 1984. On 19 September the judge invited the parties to submit observations on this matter within ten days (Article 35 of Institutional Law no. 2/1979 on the Constitutional Court, “Institutional Law no. 2/1979“, see paragraph 27 below). On 29 September the Counsel for the State replied that the question was not material to summary proceedings for the examination of an action to recover possession. On 1 October the Attorney General’s department also expressed its opposition to the motion. On the same date in support of their claims the applicants submitted two memorials, respectively eighty-five and thirty-seven pages long. By a decision (auto) of 5 October 1984 Court no. 18 referred to the Constitutional Court the question of the conformity of the above-mentioned articles of Law no. 7/1983 with Article 24 para. 1 of the Constitution inasmuch as it had not been open to the applicants either to invoke in the courts their right of property in respect of the assets expropriated by legislative action or to challenge the necessity of seizing them. In the opinion of the first-instance court, the decision on the merits of the dispute depended on the validity of the provisions in issue. The Constitutional Court found the question admissible on 17 October 1984; it then gave notice of the question to the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate, the Government and the Attorney General (Fiscal General del Estado), who were each entitled to file observations within the same fifteen-day period (Article 37 para. 2 of Institutional Law no. 2/1979, see paragraph 27 below). The Constitutional Court received the observations of the Attorney General’s department and of the Counsel for the State on 5 and 6 November respectively; on 12 November the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies indicated that the Chamber did not intend to submit observations. On 27 January 1986 Mr José María Ruiz-Mateos complained of the delay in the proceedings; he relied in this connection on Article 24 para. 2 of the Constitution (see paragraph 25 below) and Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1). The Constitutional Court joined the application (recurso de queja) to the file on 30 January, but did not pursue the matter because the applicant lacked locus standi. On 7 February he again applied to the Constitutional Court, alleging that the decision of 30 January infringed Article 24 of the Constitution. He also maintained that he had locus standi in respect of the constitutional proceedings by virtue of his status as a party in the main proceedings. On 21 February the Constitutional Court confirmed its earlier decision. Following the election to the Constitutional Court of six new members, on 26 March 1986 Mr José María Ruiz-Mateos challenged two of these judges for lack of impartiality. He claimed that one of them was well-known to be a friend of the Prime Minister and the other had already been involved in the case as adviser to the Minister of Justice and had, among other things, participated in preparing the speech to Parliament on the expropriation of RUMASA. On 10 April the Constitutional Court dismissed the challenge on the ground that the applicant lacked locus standi. By a judgment of 19 December 1986, it held that Articles 1 and 2 of Law no. 7/1983 were compatible with Article 24 of the Constitution. It found that legislative expropriation - even by means of a special statute concerning a specific case - was not contrary to the Constitution. Although this admittedly meant that the persons concerned suffered restrictions on the judicial protection of their rights, as they could not challenge in the courts the necessity of the seizure of their assets, it was always open to them to contest the measure in the administrative courts and to ask those courts to refer a question to the Constitutional Court on the constitutional conformity of such action. In addition an appeal (amparo), founded on the right to equality before the law, lay against the final decision of the administrative courts. Finally, the law in issue had in no way deprived the persons concerned of their right to appropriate compensation, a right which they could assert before the Provincial Expropriation Board (jurado provincial d’expropiación) - the competent administrative body -, and then in the administrative courts. Two judges expressed the view, in a dissenting opinion, that the expropriation procedure used had deprived the applicants of their right of access to the courts. This judgment was communicated to Court no. 18 on 22 December 1986. The following day that court dismissed the action for restitution. 2. The appeal proceedings On 27 December 1986 the applicants appealed to the Audiencia provincial of Madrid, which declared the appeal admissible on 5 February 1987. The examination of the appeal began on 26 June 1988. The court communicated the file to each of the parties in turn, each party having ten days to study it. The hearing was initially set down for 21 October, but was adjourned at the request of the applicants’ lawyer, who was unable to attend. As soon as the hearing opened on 28 November, the applicants sought a stay of the proceedings until the European Commission and Court of Human Rights had had an opportunity to rule on their application to Strasbourg. In the alternative, they requested the Audiencia provincial to refer to the Constitutional Court a new question concerning the compatibility of Articles 1 and 2 of Law no. 7/1983 with Articles 14 and 33 para. 3 of the Constitution (see paragraph 25 below). The court ordered an adjournment so as to allow the applicants to submit documents in support of their first request. On 19 December 1988 they supplied a translation of the correspondence from the Secretariat of the Commission. After a further hearing on 13 February 1989, the court refused to stay the proceedings. On 7 July 1989 it overruled the applicants’ objection to this decision. On 14 February 1989 it had invited the parties and the Attorney General’s department to give their views on whether the above-mentioned question as to constitutional conformity should be submitted to the Constitutional Court (Article 35 para. 2 of Institutional Law no. 2/1979, see paragraphs 21 above and 27 below). After having received their comments, the Audiencia provincial referred the question to the Constitutional Court on 9 July 1989. The latter court declared it admissible on 31 October 1989, then communicated it to the institutions of the State listed in Article 37 para. 2 of Institutional Law no. 2/1979 (see paragraph 27 below). The Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies replied on 17 November that the Chamber did not intend to submit observations; on the same day and the following day respectively, Counsel for the State and the Attorney General’s department filed their submissions. By a judgment of 15 January 1991 the Constitutional Court found the contested articles of Law no. 7/1983 to be compatible with Articles 14 and 33 para. 3 of the Constitution. Two judges expressed a dissenting opinion. The Audiencia provincial was notified of this on 25 January 1991 and set down a hearing for 22 February. On that occasion the applicants made a further application for the proceedings to be stayed. The court dismissed their appeal by a judgment of 25 February. On 6 March the applicants lodged an application for the interpretation of that judgment; their application was dismissed on 11 March 1991. II. THE APPLICABLE DOMESTIC LAW 1. The Constitution The relevant Articles of the 1978 Constitution are worded as follows: Article 14 “Spaniards shall be equal before the law and may not be discriminated against in any way on account of birth, race, sex, religion, opinion or any other condition or personal or social circumstance.“ Article 24 “1. Every person has the right to obtain the effective protection of the judges and the courts in the exercise of his legitimate rights and interests, and in no case may he be denied that protection. Likewise, all persons have the right of access to the ordinary courts as predetermined by law; to the defence and assistance of a lawyer; to be informed of the charges brought against them; to a public trial without undue delays and with full guarantees; to the use of evidence pertinent to their defence; not to make self-incriminating statements; not to declare themselves guilty; and to the presumption of innocence. ...“ Article 33 “1. Private property rights ... are recognised. ... No-one may be deprived of his property and rights, except on justified grounds of public interest against proper compensation and in accordance with the provisions of the law.“ The jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court is defined as follows: Article 161 para. 1 “The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction over the whole of Spanish territory and is competent to hear: (a) appeals against alleged unconstitutionality of laws and regulations having the force of law ...; (b) individual appeals for protection (recurso de amparo) against violation of the rights and liberties referred to in Article 53 para. 2 of the Constitution, in the circumstances and manner laid down by law; (c) conflicts of jurisdiction between the State and the Autonomous Communities or between the Autonomous Communities themselves. ...“ Only the rights guaranteed under Articles 14 to 29 of the Constitution may be the subject of an amparo appeal, which is not therefore available in respect of the right to property secured under Article 33. Article 163 “If a judicial body considers, in the course of proceedings, that a regulation with the status of law which is applicable in those proceedings and upon the validity of which the judgment depends may be contrary to the Constitution, it may bring the matter before the Constitutional Court in the circumstances, manner and subject to the consequences to be laid down by law; such consequences shall in no case be suspensive.“ Article 164 “1. The judgments of the Constitutional Court shall be published in the Official State Gazette, together with any dissenting opinions. They have the force of res judicata with effect from the day following their publication, and no appeal may be brought against them. Those which declare the unconstitutionality of a law or of a rule with the force of law, and all those which do not merely recognise an individual right, shall be fully binding on all persons. Unless the judgment rules otherwise, that part of the law not affected by unconstitutionality shall remain in force.“ 2. Institutional Law no. 2/1979 on the Constitutional Court Chapter III of the Institutional Law on the Constitutional Court is entitled “On questions of constitutionality submitted by judges and courts“ and is worded as follows: Article 35 “1. When a judge or court, ex proprio motu or at the request of a party, decides that a provision having the status of law which applies in the case in issue and on the validity of which his or its decision depends might be contrary to the Constitution, he or it shall refer the matter to the Constitutional Court, in accordance with the provisions of the present law. Judges or courts shall not refer such a question until the case is ready to be tried and they must do so within the time-limits laid down for ruling on the case. They must specify which law or provision having the status of law is alleged to be unconstitutional and which article of the Constitution is considered to have been breached. They must also state the precise reasons why the outcome of the proceedings depends on the validity of the contested provision. Before taking a final decision on whether to refer the question to the Constitutional Court, the judge or court must first hear the views of the parties to the proceedings and the Attorney General’s department in order to give them the opportunity, within a single and non-extendable ten-day time-limit, to submit any observations they may wish to make concerning the pertinence of the question. The judge shall then announce his decision, without taking any further steps, within three days. No appeal shall lie against this decision. However, the question as to constitutionality may be raised again in subsequent proceedings until the judgment has become final.“ Article 36 “A question as to constitutionality referred to the Constitutional Court by a judge or court must be accompanied by a certified copy of the main file and, in so far as there are any, the observations provided for in the preceding article.“ Article 37 “1. On receipt of the file the Constitutional Court shall follow the procedure laid down in paragraph 2 of the present article. However, the Court may declare the question inadmissible, in a decision stating its reasons, after hearing only the Attorney General, when the procedural requirements are not satisfied or when the question is manifestly ill-founded. The Constitutional Court shall give notice of the question to the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate via their respective Speakers, to the Attorney General and via the Ministry of Justice to the Government. If the question raises an issue concerning a law or another provision having the status of law adopted by an Autonomous Community, notice thereof shall also be given to its legislative and executive authorities. All these authorities may appear before the court and submit observations on the question referred within a single and non-extendable fifteen-day time-limit. When this time-limit has expired, the court shall give judgment within fifteen days, except when it considers a longer period, which may not exceed thirty days, to be necessary, in which case it must state the reasons for its decision.“ PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION The applicants lodged their application with the Commission on 5 May 1987. They alleged in the first place that their case had not been given a fair hearing conducted within a reasonable time by an impartial tribunal (Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention) (art. 6-1). They claimed in addition that they had been deprived of their right of access to the courts to challenge the public interest justification for the expropriation and the necessity of the immediate transfer of their property (Articles 6 para. 1 and 13 of the Convention) (art. 6-1, art. 13). Finally, they complained of discrimination in relation to other Spanish citizens in that the latter were subject to the ordinary law on expropriations and could therefore institute proceedings in the administrative courts (Article 14 read in conjunction with Articles 6 para. 1 and 13) (art. 14+6-1, art. 14+13). On 6 November 1990 the Commission declared the first complaint admissible and the remainder of the application (no. 12952/87) inadmissible. In its report of 14 January 1992 (made under Article 31) (art. 31), the Commission expressed the opinion that there had been a violation of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) inasmuch as (a) the applicants had not been given a fair hearing (thirteen votes to two) and (b) the relevant proceedings had not been conducted within a reasonable time (eleven votes to four). The full text of the Commission’s opinion and of the three separate opinions contained in the report is reproduced as an annex to this judgment.
train
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{ "applicant": "María Dolores Ruiz-Mateos", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "ESP", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1993 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: María Dolores Ruiz-Mateos
001-110804
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 28328/03) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by an Austrian national, Mr Johann Aigner (“the applicant”), on 16 August 2003. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mrs P. Steinbauer, a lawyer practising in Graz. The Austrian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Tichy, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of European and International Affairs. The applicant alleged that the criminal proceedings against him had been unfair because the Austrian courts refused to grant his request for the further hearing of witnesses. By a decision of 15 February 2007 the Court declared the application admissible. Neither the applicant nor the Government filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1954 and lives in Graz. On 20 March 2001 Mrs K was questioned by the police after shouting from the window of the applicant’s room. She stated that she had met the applicant that afternoon in a public house. After visiting further pubs she had accompanied him to his rented room where, she alleged, he had attempted to rape her. On 21 March 2001 Mrs K was again questioned by the police and criminal proceedings were instituted against the applicant. Between 1.04 p.m. and 3.16 p.m. on 18 April 2001 Mrs K was questioned by the investigating judge in the presence of the applicant, his lawyer, a psychiatric expert Mr H and the court stenographer. The applicant and his lawyer were given the opportunity to put questions to Mrs K and the hearing was recorded on video. Mrs K stated that in the course of the attempted rape the applicant had hit her across the left temple, grabbed her by the hair and threatened her with a knife. In the course of the struggle she had injured her hand on the knife. Mrs K also stated that she had worked as a prostitute between 1990 and 1996/97, but said that the applicant had been unaware of this. At the end of the examination the applicant’s counsel stated that she had no further questions to put to Mrs K. Subsequently the questioning was transcribed and the transcript ran to 29 pages. On 9 October 2001 the Graz Regional Court (Landesgericht) convicted the applicant of attempted rape with violence. At the trial Mrs K refused to give evidence. The applicant appealed to the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof), which upheld his plea of nullity and quashed the conviction. It found that the proceedings before the Regional Court were defective under Article 258 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozeßrechtsordnung) as the Regional Court had based its findings on Mrs K’s statements to the police, which had not been read out at the trial. The Regional Court then resumed the proceedings in a new composition. At hearings on 1 July, 26 August, 15 October and 19 November 2002, it heard evidence from the applicant and further witnesses. These witnesses included Mr S, a waiter working in one of the pubs which the applicant had visited with Mrs K, Mrs P, the innkeeper of another pub, and Mr L, Mrs K’s partner. In the course of their testimony these witnesses made inter alia the following statements: Mr S, who had previously stated that he had noticed a blue mark on Mrs K’s left temple, now said that he did not know exactly where the blue mark was and that he had not seen Mrs K’s face. Mrs P stated that Mrs K’s behaviour often became erratic after she had consumed alcohol, that she frequently sought refuge from her partner and later invented a pretext, that her partner beat her and that she often had black eyes. Mr L stated that Mrs K had worked as a prostitute but had stopped doing so some months prior to the incident. The Regional Court heard evidence from four police officers who had been called to the scene. All of them had noticed a knife wound on Mrs K’s hand. Two officers had noticed a slight swelling on her temple. Another police officer had noticed loose strands of Mrs K’s hair including some on the applicant’s clothes. The Regional Court also heard evidence from Mr H, who had submitted an expert opinion on the question of the extent to which Mrs K’s alcohol level at the material time had affected her ability to remember the events. Mr H stated that Mrs K’s statements were likely to be true. Mrs K was invited to give evidence while the applicant, pursuant to Article 250 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, was taken into an adjacent room. However, as Article 152 § 1 subsection 2a of the Code of Criminal Procedure entitled her to do, Mrs K refused to give evidence and requested that the statements she had made to the police and the investigating judge be read out instead. The court granted her request. The Court also granted the applicant’s request for the video recording of her deposition before the investigating judge to be shown. However, when played, the video recording turned out to be a blank tape. The applicant contested Mrs K’s credibility. He argued in particular that her account of how she had come to be in his room and of her conduct after the alleged offence was not plausible and requested the court to inspect the scene. He further contended that there were a number of discrepancies between the events as described by Mrs K to the police and those she had described to the investigating judge, as well as between her evidence and the evidence given by the witnesses, Mr S, Mr L and Mrs P, at the trial. He therefore requested the court to call Mrs K again and, to the extent his opinion was of relevance for the court, the expert witness Mr H. The applicant submitted that Mr H should also give evidence on the methods he had used to assess Mrs K’s credibility and the kind of questions he had asked when she appeared before the investigating judge. The applicant argued, lastly, that, in view of the large number of contradictions in the evidence given by Mrs K, who was the sole prosecution witness, it was essential for the court to view the video recording of her hearing in order to be able to assess her credibility. He added that, if the recording could not be shown, then he should be given the benefit of the doubt and acquitted. The court dismissed the applicant’s requests for the further taking of evidence. It did not consider it useful to visit the scene as the room in question was no longer in the state it had been in at the material time. Furthermore, photographs of the premises could be seen in a file prepared by the police, and it was for the court to analyse the inconsistencies between Mrs K’s and the applicant’s differing statements. For the latter reason it also refused to put further questions to Mr H. Lastly, it dismissed the applicant’s request for Mrs K to be called again to give further evidence as she had refused to give evidence at the trial and there was no indication that she would change her mind. On 19 November 2002 the Regional Court, sitting in a formation of two professional judges and two lay judges, convicted the applicant of attempted rape with violence. It relied partly on Mrs K’s statements to the police and the investigating judge. It noted that Mrs K had been under the influence of alcohol to a considerable degree at the time of the events. The court accepted the applicant’s argument that Mrs K had accompanied him to his room voluntarily. It found, however, that despite Mrs K’s inability to recall the events immediately before and after the attempted rape, her allegations of assault were credible. It noted in this regard that they were consistent with the other evidence obtained in the proceedings, namely the injuries to Mrs K witnessed by the police officers. The court did not believe the applicant’s account that he had invited Mrs K for drinks all afternoon and then to his room out of sympathy for her. It further noted that the applicant could not give any convincing reason for the fact that strands of Mrs K’s hair had been spotted by a police officer on his clothes. Furthermore, it did not believe the applicant’s assertions that Mrs K had injured herself in a fall on the way from the pub to his flat or that she had not suffered any other injuries, in particular the wound to her hand. Having regard to Mrs K’s injuries and to the applicant’s criminal record of eleven previous convictions, it sentenced the applicant to three years’ imprisonment. Referring to a psychiatric expert opinion, it further ordered that he be detained in an institution for mentally ill offenders. The applicant filed a plea of nullity with the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) in which he complained inter alia about the dismissal of his requests for further evidence to be taken. He submitted in particular that the photographs to which the Regional Court had referred did not show the room as it was at the time of the events. He argued that in view of the various inconsistencies in Mrs K’s description of the events, the Regional Court should have visited the scene in order to stage a reconstruction. He further argued that the proceedings had been conducted contrary to the direct evidence rule (Unmittelbarkeit) in that the trial court had not seen the video recording of the hearing at which the depositions were taken. In view of this and of new evidence that had come to light at the trial, namely the statement by Mrs P that Mrs K frequently made up stories as she feared being beaten up by her partner, the trial court should have recalled Mrs K or, at least, allowed further questions to be put to Mr H. In the applicant’s submission, the proceedings had therefore violated his right under Article 6 of the Convention to conduct his defence effectively. On 20 February 2003 the Supreme Court rejected the applicant’s plea of nullity. It noted that no inspection of the scene was necessary as the applicant’s intention was to prove that Mrs K’s allegations concerning the way to his room and her behaviour after the attempted rape were not true; however, these facts had not been relevant to the court’s decision. As regards his request to call Mrs K again, the applicant had not submitted any reasons why Mrs K would be prepared to give evidence after refusing to do so at the trial on 1 July 2002. The Supreme Court also found that the applicant’s request to hear further evidence from Mr H had not been sufficiently substantiated as it was conditional. In any event, the Regional Court had not relied on Mr H’s expert opinion in its judgment. The Supreme Court noted, lastly, that the Regional Court had dealt with the inconsistencies between Mrs K’s statements to the police and to the investigating judge and between her statements and Mrs P’s statement in the context of its assessment of evidence, an assessment that appeared logical. On 9 April 2003 the Graz Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) dismissed the applicant’s appeal, but granted the Public Prosecutor’s cross-appeal and increased the sentence to four years’ imprisonment. That decision was served on the applicant’s counsel on 9 May 2003. II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC AND EUROPEAN UNION LAW Article 258 of the 1975 Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozessordnung), provides that all evidence must in principle be taken at the trial. In particular, witnesses and experts must make their statements orally before the court. Documents may only be used as evidence if they have been read out in court. Article 252 lays down that court transcripts of the questioning of witnesses, other official documents in which statements of witnesses have been recorded and technical recordings of the questioning of witnesses may only be read out or shown at the trial if the witnesses concerned are entitled to refuse to give evidence at the trial (Article 152) and the parties have had the opportunity to participate in the questioning (Article 162a and 247). Article 162a § 1 of the 1975 Code of Criminal Procedure provides for an adversarial hearing before the investigating judge if, on factual or legal grounds, there is reason to fear that the hearing of a witness will not be possible at the trial. The public prosecutor, the defendant and the defendant’s lawyer should be given an opportunity to attend the hearing and question the witness. Article 152 § 1 subsection 2a states that victims of sexual offences by the accused are exempted from giving evidence at the trial if there has been an adversarial hearing of the victim in the preliminary proceedings. This provision was introduced as part of the 1998 reform of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Prior to this reform, only minors aged under fourteen at the time of an alleged sexual offence were exempted from giving evidence at trial. The relevant explanatory notes to the government bill (Erläuterungen zur Regierungsvorlage) state: “In fact it is to be assumed that the manner in which and date on which the victim gives evidence in criminal proceedings are closely linked to the context of the conflicting aims of victim protection, defence rights and the interest of prosecution. The 1993 reform of the Code of Criminal Procedure has already taken account of the necessary rights for the defence to participate in the proceedings and to question [the victim] and these are also relevant to the provisions of the European Convention of Human Rights. However, it would also appear to be in the interest of victims of sexual offences aged over fourteen for them to be questioned only once, as, in general, making a statement places a heavy mental burden on them. On the other hand, it cannot be overlooked that if the victim is only questioned once and at an early date, there is a danger that it will not be possible to obtain complete consistency between this testimony and the results of subsequent investigations or examinations ... However, the argument in favour of nevertheless increasing procedural safeguards for the alleged victims of sexual offences is the danger of the court proceedings causing damage and traumatisation [to the victim] (secondary victimisation) which has, incidentally, been highlighted by all the experts who work with such victims. When responsibly weighing these interests of the victim against the interests of ascertaining the facts, preference must nevertheless be given to the protection of the victim, especially since it is usually possible to at least partly counterbalance the possible negative effects on evidence by corresponding ‘case management’ and since an examination at a potentially early date is not only in the interest of the witnesses but also promotes the purpose of the procedure, as recollections will still be fresh.” Article 250 of the 1975 Code of Criminal Procedure provides that the presiding judge at the trial may exceptionally order an accused to be held in an adjacent room while a witness gives evidence. The accused must be informed of all statements made in his absence. On 1 January 2008 the Code of Criminal Procedure Amendment Act (Strafprozessreformgesetz) entered into force. While this act brought major changes in particular for the proceedings at the pre-trial stage, the above provisions remained essentially unchanged, even though the numbering of some of the Articles described changed. Article 3 of Council Framework Decision no. 2001/220/JHA of 15 March 2001 on the Standing of Victims in Criminal Proceedings requires each Member State inter alia to supply evidence and to take appropriate measures to ensure that its authorities question victims only in so far as necessary for the purpose of criminal proceedings. Articles 2 and 8(4) require each Member State to make every effort to ensure that victims are treated with due respect for their personal dignity during proceedings, to ensure that particularly vulnerable victims benefit from specific treatment best suited to their circumstances and to ensure that where there is a need to protect victims, particularly those most vulnerable, from the effects of giving evidence in open court, victims may, by decision taken by the court, be entitled to testify in a manner enabling that objective to be achieved, by any appropriate means compatible with its basic legal principles. In its judgment of 16 June 2005 in case no. C-105/03, the European Court of Justice stated that the objectives of these provisions consist, in particular, in ensuring that particularly vulnerable victims receive “specific treatment best suited to their circumstances” and the benefit of special hearing arrangements that are capable of guaranteeing to all victims treatment which pays due respect to their individual dignity and gives them the opportunity to be heard and to supply evidence, and in ensuring that those victims are questioned “only insofar as necessary for the purpose of criminal proceedings”. Where national legislation allows testimony to be given only once, during the preliminary enquiries, a national court should be able, in respect of particularly vulnerable victims, to use a special procedure if it best corresponds to the situation of the victims and is necessary in order to prevent the loss of evidence, to reduce the repetition of questioning to a minimum and to prevent the damaging consequences, for the victims, of their giving testimony at the trial.
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{ "applicant": "Johann Aigner", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2012 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Johann Aigner
001-76085
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 45289/99) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by an Austrian national, Mr Martin Brunnthaler (“the applicant”), on 3 November 1998. The applicant was represented by Mr H. Blum, a lawyer practising in Linz. The Austrian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The applicant alleged in particular that the proceedings relating to his request for an industrial licence for chimney sweeping lasted unreasonably long. The application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1. On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section (Rule 52 § 1). By a decision of 16 June 2005, the Court declared the application partly admissible. The applicant and the Government each filed further written observations (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1949 and lives in Linz. He is a chimney sweeper by profession. On 4 August 1988 the applicant filed a request for an industrial licence (Konzession) for chimney sweeping in Linz. On 31 March 1989 he filed an alternative request to start chimney sweeping in a specified administrative area (Kehrgebiet). Following a new regulation concerning the division of those administrative areas which entered into force in December 1991, the applicant, on 14 January 1992, modified his request into one for an industrial licence as a chimney sweeper in a different specified administrative area. As the Upper Austria Regional Governor (Landeshauptmann) did not deal with his request, the applicant, on 20 July 1992, filed a request for the transfer of jurisdiction (Devolutionsantrag) with the Federal Minister of Economic Affairs (Bundesminister für wirtschaftliche Angelegenheiten). On 3 June 1993 the Federal Minister allowed his request for transfer but dismissed his application for the industrial licence under the Trade Act (Gewerbeordnung). Referring to the submissions of the competent municipalities, he noted that there was no need for further chimney sweepers in the concerned area. On 20 July 1993 the applicant filed a complaint with the Administrative Court. He complained in particular that the Federal Minister had not made sufficient investigations for his findings. On 20 December 1994 the Administrative Court (Verwaltungs-gerichtshof) quashed the decision on procedural grounds. On 3 February 1995 the Federal Minister rejected the applicant’s request for a transfer of jurisdiction, finding that, according to the amended Trade Act (Gewerbeordnung), the authority now competent for applications of the applicant’s kind was the Administrative District Authority, namely the Linz Municipal Office (Magistrat). Therefore, the Regional Governor (Landeshauptmann) was competent to rule on any request for transfer of jurisdiction. On 19 December 1995 the Administrative Court confirmed this decision. As the Municipal Office did not decide on his request, the applicant, on 2 April 1996, filed a request for the transfer of jurisdiction with the Regional Governor. On 10 May 1996 the Regional Governor dismissed the applicant’s request. Following the information in this decision as to further remedies (Rechtsmittelbelehrung), the applicant on 26 June 1996 filed against this decision a complaint with the Constitutional Court. On 30 September 1997 the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) declined to deal with the applicant’s complaint and, upon the applicant’s request, transferred the case to the Administrative Court. On 17 April 1998 the Administrative Court rejected the applicant’s complaint for non-exhaustion of administrative remedies as he had failed to file an appeal with the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs. Referring to the erroneous information as to further remedies in the decision of the Regional Governor of 10 May 1996, the applicant requested reinstitution into the proceedings (Wiedereinsetzungsantrag) and at the same time filed an appeal against that decision with the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs On 1 July 1998 the Regional Governor allowed the reinstitution into proceedings. On 3 September 1999 the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs dismissed the applicant’s appeal. Meanwhile, however, the Linz Municipal Office, on 23 January 1997, again dismissed the applicant’s request for an industrial licence. On 21 July 1997 the Regional Governor confirmed this decision. On 30 September 1997 the Constitutional Court declined to deal with the applicant’s complaint and, upon the applicant’s request of 29 December 1997, transferred the case to the Administrative Court. On 13 March, 7 April, 28 April and on 15 May 1998 the applicant, in compliance with the Administrative Court’s order to remedy certain procedural effects, filed further submissions. On 9 September 1998 the Administrative Court dismissed the applicant’s complaint as being unfounded. This decision was served on the applicant’s counsel on 21 September 1998.
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{ "applicant": "Martin Brunnthaler", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Martin Brunnthaler
001-61731
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 62543/00) against the Kingdom of Spain lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by five Spanish nationals, Mr Mateo Cruz Gorraiz Lizarraga, Mrs Catalina Echamendi Erro, Mr Francisco Javier Gorraiz Echamendi, Mr Miguel Jesús Gorraiz Echamendi and Mr Fermín Luis Gorraiz Echamendi (“the applicants”), and by the Coordinadora de Itoiz association (“the applicant association”) on 12 September 2000. The applicants were represented by Mr M.J. Baumont Aristu and Mr J.L.Beaumont Aristu, lawyers practising in Pamplona and Madrid. The Spanish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr J. Borrego Borrego, Head of the Legal Department for Human Rights, Ministry of Justice, until 31 January 2003. They were subsequently represented by Mr I. Blasco Lozano, new Agent of the Government and Head of the Legal Department for Human Rights, Ministry of Justice. Relying on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the applicants submitted that they had not had a fair hearing in the judicial proceedings brought by them to halt construction of the Itoiz dam, in that they had been refused permission to take part in the proceedings concerning the reference of the preliminary question as to the constitutionality of Autonomous Community Law no. 9/1996 of 17 June 1996, whereas Counsel for the State and State Counsel's Office had been able to submit observations to the Constitutional Court. They also complained that the Autonomous Community law in question had been enacted with a view to preventing execution of a Supreme Court judgment which had become final. In their opinion, the enactment of that law had interfered with their right to a fair trial as guaranteed by Article 6 § 1 and, for the first five applicants, with their right to respect for their private and family life and their homes, as guaranteed by Article 8 of the Convention, and their right to the peaceful enjoyment of their possessions, as guaranteed by Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. The application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1. By a decision of 14 January 2003, the Chamber declared the application admissible and reserved its position on the Government's preliminary questions as to whether the first five applicants lacked “victim” status and had failed to exhaust domestic remedies, and on the objection that Article 6 § 1 was inapplicable to the proceedings brought by the applicant association. On 1 April 2003 the Chamber decided, having regard to the circumstances of the case, to dismiss a Rule 39 request submitted by the applicants. The applicants and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The first five applicants are individual Spanish nationals who live in Itoiz (Navarre province). The third applicant is also the chairperson and legal representative of the sixth applicant, the Coordinadora de Itoiz association. The first, second, fourth and fifth applicants are members of this association. A. Background to the case The case originated in an engineering project of February 1989 for the construction of a dam in Itoiz (Navarre province) which would result in the flooding of three nature reserves and a number of small villages, including Itoiz, where the applicants live. According to the Government, the total number of landowners affected by the dam's construction is 159, thirteen of whom live in Itoiz itself. On 6 May 1988 the Coordinadora de Itoiz association was set up; its articles of association state, inter alia, that its aim is “to coordinate its members' efforts to oppose construction of the Itoiz dam and to campaign for an alternative way of life on the site, to represent and defend the area affected by the dam and this area's interests before all official bodies at all levels, whether local, provincial, State or international, and to promote public awareness of the impact of the dam”. By a ministerial decree of 2 November 1990, the Ministry of Public Works adopted the Itoiz dam project. B. The administrative appeal to the Audiencia Nacional In 1991 the villages concerned by the dam and the applicant association brought an administrative appeal before the Audiencia Nacional against the ministerial decree of 2 November 1990. The appeal was based on several allegations of unlawfulness which, in their opinion, had tainted the procedure for informing the public about the proposed dam, the fact that the project had been adopted without the prior approval of the hydrological plans for each river basin or of the national hydrological plan and the lack of any public or social interest served by the project. They also claimed that the project breached the legislation on environmental protection, since no environmental impact study had been commissioned. Finally, the court's attention was drawn to the project's impact on the nature reserves and habitat within the relevant area in the light of the Council of Europe's recommendations on engineering works in the Pyrenees and the European Union's common agricultural policy. In a judgment of 29 September 1995, the Audiencia Nacional partly upheld the appeal, considering in particular that, according to the law, the planned dam should have been based on the national hydrological plan, which had not been drawn up when the project was approved. The court also accepted the request for precise designation of the protection zones around the nature reserves affected by the dam and for a breakdown of the quarry use that would be necessary for its construction. The applicant association applied for immediate enforcement of the judgment and, in particular, for suspension of construction work on the dam. By a decision of 24 January 1996, the Audiencia Nacional granted a suspension order but directed that the necessary measures be taken to ensure the completion of work already begun and for the maintenance and safety of the work already completed, subject to the payment of security by the applicant association. All the parties to the proceedings lodged súplica appeals against the decision of 24 January 1996. In the context of the interim enforcement of its judgment of 29 September 1995 and, in particular, with a view to maintaining the protection zones around the three nature reserves affected by the project, the Audiencia Nacional, by a decision of 6 March 1996, prohibited the filling of the reservoir and displacement of the population concerned. C. Enactment by the Autonomous Community of Navarre of Autonomous Community Law no. 9/1996 On 17 June 1996 the parliament of the Autonomous Community of Navarre (parlamento foral de Navarra) passed Autonomous Community Law (foral) no. 9/1996 on natural sites in Navarre (“the Autonomous Community law of 1996). This law amended Autonomous Community Law no. 6/1987 of 10 April 1987, particularly with regard to the possibility of reclassifying the protection zones or carrying out activities within them for the purpose of introducing infrastructure that had been declared in the general or public interest. According to the applicants, this Law enabled construction work on the dam to continue, with the consequent deterioration of the protected natural site. In application of the Autonomous Community law of 1996, the Autonomous Community's government adopted Decree no. 307/1996 of 2 September 1996, which identified the peripheral protection zones for certain nature reserves and strict nature reserves in Navarre. D. Appeal on points of law by the State and the government of the Autonomous Community of Navarre against the Audiencia Nacional's judgment In the meantime, Counsel for the State and the government of the Autonomous Community of Navarre had appealed on points of law against the Audiencia Nacional's judgment of 29 September 1995. In a judgment of 14 July 1997, the Supreme Court definitively cancelled the dam project in so far as it concerned the 500-metre protection zones around nature reserves RN 9, 10 and 11. As a result of the judgment, the size of the planned dam, and thus of the area to be flooded, was reduced, so that the village of Itoiz, where the applicants' immovable property was located, was saved from flooding. E. Proceedings to enforce the Supreme Court's judgment In application of the Supreme Court's judgment, by a decision of 4 September 1997, the Audiencia Nacional declared final the interim enforcement measures ordered on 6 March 1996 concerning the prohibition on filling the reservoir and other related work. Before ruling on the question of the possible suspension of construction work on a dyke, the Audiencia Nacional invited the parties to appear before it so that they could submit observations on the consequences of the new Autonomous Community law of 1996, particularly with regard to the protection zones around all the nature reserves provided for in that law, and on the impact of the maximum flood levels on the protection zones of the reserves to which the cancelled project had referred. The central State authorities and the Navarre Autonomous Community's government argued before the Audiencia Nacional that it had become legally impossible to enforce the Supreme Court's judgment of 14 July 1997, in so far as the Autonomous Community law of 1996 had removed protection-zone status from the area within the nature reserves that was due be flooded. Accordingly, taking that legislative amendment into account, it had become possible to carry out the public-works schemes planned within those protection zones. The applicant association contested the authorities' argument, claiming that the Autonomous Community law of 1996 was inapplicable in the instant case, since it had been enacted following the administrative decisions in the proceedings in issue and subsequent to the Audiencia Nacional's judgment and the two interim enforcement orders. In the alternative, the applicant association requested that certain provisions in the Autonomous Community law be referred to the Constitutional Court for a preliminary ruling on their constitutionality, particularly those authorising the removal of protection-zone status from the three nature reserves in the area to be flooded, which, in the applicant association's submission, would allow the work to be completed and make the reservoir cover the area specified in the original plans. F. Reference of a preliminary question to the Constitutional Court By a decision of 1 December 1997, the Audiencia Nacional asked the Constitutional Court to rule on the preliminary question submitted by the applicant association. By a decision of 21 May 1998, the Constitutional Court declared the application inadmissible on account of certain errors in its presentation which could nonetheless be corrected. In order to rectify the above-mentioned errors, the Audiencia Nacional summoned the parties on 28 May 1998 so that it could hear their submissions on certain aspects of the Autonomous Community law whose constitutionality had been challenged before the Constitutional Court, and on the constitutionality of section 18(3) (A.1.) and (B) of that law. The applicant association submitted its observations on 10 June 1998. By a decision of 17 June 1998, the Audiencia Nacional again asked the Constitutional Court to rule on the preliminary question as to constitutionality and extended the question to include a new point raised by the applicant association, namely section 18(3) (B) (B.1.) of the Autonomous Community law. By a decision of 21 July 1998, the Constitutional Court declared the issues raised in the preliminary question admissible. Under section 37(2) of the Judicature Act, it gave notice of the questions to the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate, the government and parliament of Navarre and the Spanish government, and invited them to file their observations within fifteen days. The Constitutional Court received Counsel for the State's observations on 4 September 1998. The government and parliament of Navarre submitted their observations on 11 and 15 September 1998 respectively. The Attorney General's observations were submitted on 29 September 1998. The Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies indicated that the Chamber would present no observations. The Speaker of the Senate asked that the Senate be considered a party to the proceedings and offered its assistance. On 1 March 2000 the Audiencia Nacional forwarded to the Constitutional Court the written pleadings submitted by the applicant association during the proceedings before it. These pleadings, dated 29 September 1997, 10 June 1998 and 28 February 2000, were formally included in the case file at the Constitutional Court. G. The Constitutional Court's judgment In a judgment of 14 March 2000, the Constitutional Court, sitting as a full court, held that the impugned provisions of the Autonomous Community law of 1996 were compatible with the Constitution. It observed at the outset that enforcement of the Supreme Court's judgment of 14 July 1997, delivered in accordance with Navarre Autonomous Community Law no. 6/1987, had become impossible since the entry into force of the Autonomous Community law of 1996, in that the cancelled project complied with the new law. Examining the purpose of the Autonomous Community law of 1996, the Constitutional Court held as follows: “... Its purpose is to establish a general system for environmental protection of the natural sites in the Autonomous Community of Navarre. Accordingly, this protection system [was] applicable ... to the nature reserves already identified in the previous Autonomous Community law, even though the essential difference between the legal rules established by those two laws lies in the arrangements regarding the peripheral protection zones.” The Constitutional Court held, firstly, that this was not to be seen as a legislative solution for the particular problem of the three peripheral zones around the three nature reserves affected by construction of the Itoiz dam and, secondly, that statements and parliamentary initiatives by certain politicians which, in the opinion of the Audiencia Nacional, demonstrated that the main aim of the Autonomous Community law of 1996 was to prevent execution of the Supreme Court's judgment, were immaterial in assessing whether there had been a violation of the principle of lawfulness. The Constitutional Court also ruled that, given the significance of the question raised by the Itoiz dam's construction, which could not simply be ignored, it was justifiable that the explanatory memorandum accompanying the Autonomous Community law of 1996 specifically mentioned the aim and means of environmental protection in the peripheral protection zones around the three above-mentioned nature reserves. As to the alleged infringement of the right to a fair hearing, in so far as the Autonomous Community law of 1996 now prevented execution of the Supreme Court's judgment partly cancelling the Itoiz dam project, the Constitutional Court considered that the fact that in the meantime a new law had been passed amending the legal system applicable to the peripheral protection zones and replacing the previous law on the basis of which the project had been declared partly void was not in itself incompatible with the right to execution of judicial decisions as enshrined in Article 24 of the Constitution. Referring to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and, in particular, to the judgments in Stran Greek Refineries and Stratis Andreadis v. Greece (9 December 1994, Series A no. 301-B) and Papageorgiou v. Greece (22 October 1997, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997-VI), the Constitutional Court examined whether the impossibility of executing the Supreme Court's judgment as a consequence of the enactment of the Autonomous Community law of 1996 was justified in view of the values and assets protected by the Constitution. Having held that environmental protection was enshrined in the Constitution, the Constitutional Court examined whether the prejudice arising from the failure to execute the judgment in issue was proportionate to the protected or disputed interests or was on the other hand purposeless, excessive or the cause of a clear imbalance between the interests at stake. It found that both the Supreme Court's judgment of 14 July 1997 and the new Autonomous Community law of 1996 were intended to guarantee the existence of a peripheral protection zone around the three nature reserves affected by the dam's construction. The Constitutional Court further noted that the system of peripheral protection zones introduced by this new law had not in itself been considered arbitrary in the Audiencia Nacional's decision; nor had the zones' new boundaries been held responsible for the serious deterioration of the environment. Accordingly, it held that the balance of general interests had been respected and that there was no clear lack of proportion between the conflicting interests. Consequently, the impugned provisions could not be held to be contrary to Article 24 § 1 of the Constitution. As to the argument that the new legal rules governing the peripheral protection zones around the nature reserves appeared in a law rather than in regulations, as had previously been the case, and that this deprived the applicants of the possibility of overseeing the administration's actions through an administrative appeal or enforcement proceedings, the Constitutional Court noted that there was no legal provision requiring that certain subjects be dealt with by regulations. It added that the new law did not amount to ad causam legislation, being general in form and in substance, and pointed out that laws could be challenged before the Constitutional Court through the remedy provided for in Article 163 of the Constitution. Accordingly, the Constitutional Court dismissed the application for a preliminary ruling. The judgment was published in the Official Gazette on 14 April 2000.
train
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{ "applicant": "Mateo Cruz Gorraiz Lizarraga", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "ESP", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2004 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mateo Cruz Gorraiz Lizarraga
001-140235
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 35810/09) against Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by an Irish national, Ms Louise O’Keeffe (“the applicant”), on 16 June 2009. The applicant was represented by Mr E. Cantillon, a lawyer practising in Cork. The Irish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr P. White, of the Department of Foreign Affairs. The applicant mainly complained under Article 3 of the Convention that the system of primary education had failed to protect her from sexual abuse by a teacher in 1973 and, under Article 13, that she did not have an effective domestic remedy in that respect. She also relied on Article 8 and Article 2 of Protocol No. 1, both alone and in conjunction with Article 14. She also complained of the length of her civil proceedings and of the absence of an effective domestic remedy in that respect, relying on Article 6 alone and in conjunction with Article 13. The application was allocated to the Fifth Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Ann Power-Forde, the judge elected in respect of Ireland, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). On 13 June 2012 the President of the Chamber decided to appoint Mr Justice Charleton to sit as an ad hoc judge (Article 26 § 4 of the Convention, and Rule 29 § 1). On 26 June 2012 a Chamber of that Section (composed of Dean Spielmann, President, Mark Villiger, Karel Jungwiert, Boštjan M. Zupančič, Ganna Yudkivska, André Potocki, judges, Peter Charleton, ad hoc judge, and Claudia Westerdiek, Section Registrar) examined the case. The Chamber, unanimously, struck out the complaints regarding the length of the domestic proceedings and the lack of an effective domestic remedy in that regard, given the friendly settlement reached between the parties on those issues. It also, unanimously, declared admissible the remaining complaints. On 20 September 2012 that Chamber (Angelika Nußberger, substitute judge, replaced Ganna Yudkivska who was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rule 24 § 3)) relinquished jurisdiction in favour of the Grand Chamber, neither of the parties having objected to relinquishment (Article 30 of the Convention and Rule 72). The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 26 §§ 4 and 5 of the Convention and Rule 24, with Mr Justice Charleton continuing to act as ad hoc judge (Article 26 § 4 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). The applicant and the Government each filed further observations (Rule 59 § 1) on the merits. In addition, the Irish Human Rights Commission and the European Centre for Law and Justice had been given leave by the President of the Chamber (Article 36 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 44 § 3) to intervene in the written procedure and their submissions to the Chamber were admitted to the Grand Chamber file. A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 6 March 2013 (Rule 59 § 3). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr P. White, Agent, Mr F. McDonagh, Senior Counsel, Mr C. Power, Barrister, Counsel, Ms S. Farrell, Office of the Attorney General, Ms M. McGarry, Department of Education and Skills, Advisers; (b) for the applicant Mr D. Holland, Senior Counsel, Mr A. Keating, Senior Counsel, Counsel, Mr E. Cantillon, Solicitor, Mrs M. Scriven, Solicitor, Representatives. The applicant also attended. The Court heard addresses by Mr Holland and Mr McDonagh. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1964 and lives in Cork, Ireland. A. Background The following facts were not contested by the parties. The applicant attended Dunderrow National School from 1968. The school was owned, through trustees, by the Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Cork and Ross who was recognised by the Department of Education and Science (“the Department”) as the school’s patron. The manager (S.), acting on behalf of the bishop, was the local parish priest. The latter being elderly and infirm, a local priest (Ó.) was the de facto manager who acted on behalf of, and in the interests of, S. The term “manager” used below refers both to Ó. and to the management function he performed. Dunderrow National School had two teachers, one of whom (L.H.) was the school’s principal, a married man. Dunderrow was one of four national schools in the applicant’s parish. In 1971 a parent of a child complained to the manager that L.H. had sexually abused her child. That complaint was not reported to the police, to the Department or to any other State authority and was not acted upon by the manager. During the first six months of 1973 the applicant was subjected to approximately twenty sexual assaults by L.H. during music lessons in his classroom. During the time she attended those lessons, the applicant and her parents were unaware of the allegation made in 1971 about L.H. In September 1973 other parents brought to the applicant’s parents’ attention similar allegations concerning L.H. Following a meeting of parents chaired by the manager about this, L.H. went on sick leave. In September 1973 he resigned from his post. Those allegations were not reported at that time to the police, to the Department or to any other State authority. In a brief conversation, the applicant’s mother asked her whether L.H. had touched her. The applicant responded to the effect that something of a sexual nature had happened but she did not recall the conversation going any further. In January 1974 the manager notified the Department that L.H. had resigned and named his replacement. Soon thereafter L.H. took up a position in another national school where he taught until his retirement in 1995. Between 1969 and 1973, the inspector assigned to the region visited Dunderrow National School on six occasions which was, as he later stated in evidence, an above average number of visits. He met with L.H. and S. He attended parent meetings on the question of Dunderrow’s amalgamation with other schools. No complaint about L.H. was made to him. He observed the teaching work of L.H. and considered it satisfactory. The applicant suppressed the sexual abuse. While she had significant psychological difficulties, she did not associate those with the abuse. In 1996 she was contacted by the police who were investigating a complaint made in 1995 by a former pupil of Dunderrow National School against L.H. The applicant made a statement to the police in January 1997 and was referred for counselling. During the investigation a number of other pupils made statements. L.H. was charged with 386 criminal offences of sexual abuse involving some twenty-one former pupils of the school during a period of about ten years. In 1998 he pleaded guilty to twenty-one sample charges and was sentenced to imprisonment. His licence to teach was withdrawn by the Minister for Education (“the Minister”) under Rule 108 of the National School Rules 1965 (“the 1965 Rules”). In or around June 1998, and as a consequence of the evidence of other victims during the criminal trial and subsequent medical treatment, the applicant realised the connection between her psychological problems and the abuse by L.H. and understood the extent of those problems. B. Criminal Injuries Compensation Tribunal (“the CICT”) In October 1998 the applicant applied to the CICT for compensation. An initial award (44,814.14 euros (EUR)) was made by a single judge. The applicant appealed to a CICT panel. She claimed that the CICT gave her the option of continuing her appeal (at the risk of finding that her CICT application would be rejected as out of time) or of accepting the initial offer of the CICT with some additional expenses (EUR 53,962.24, the non-pecuniary aspect being EUR 27,000). The applicant accepted the offer by letter of 5 November 2002 and gave the standard undertaking to repay the CICT award from any other award she may receive, from whatever source, in relation to the same injury. The award was made on an ex gratia basis. Since the State is never a party to CICT proceedings, it became aware of this award later before the High Court (see directly below). C. Civil action for damages (No. 1998/10555P) 1. High Court On 29 September 1998 the applicant instituted a civil action against L.H. and the Minister, as well as against Ireland and the Attorney General, claiming damages for personal injuries suffered as a result of assault and battery including sexual abuse by L.H. Her claim against the latter three defendants (“the State Defendants”) was threefold: (a) negligence by the State arising out of the failure of the State Defendants in relation to the recognition, examination and supervision of the school and in failing to put in place appropriate measures and procedures to protect against, and put a stop to, the systematic abuse by L.H. since 1962; (b) vicarious liability of the State Defendants for the acts of L.H. since, inter alia, the true relationship between him and the State was one of employment; and (c) liability given the applicant’s constitutional right to bodily integrity, the responsibility of the State Defendants to provide primary education under Article 42 of the Constitution and the measures put in place to discharge that responsibility. Since L.H. did not file a defence, on 8 November 1999 the applicant obtained judgment in default against him. On 24 October 2006 the High Court assessed and awarded damages payable by L.H. in the sum of EUR 305,104, comprising EUR 200,000 in general damages, EUR 50,000 in aggravated damages, EUR 50,000 in exemplary damages, and EUR 5,104 in special damages. The applicant took enforcement proceedings. L.H. claimed he had insufficient means and she obtained an instalment order of EUR 400 per month. The first payment was received in November 2007 so that she has been paid in the region of EUR 31,000 to date. She registered a judgment mortgage against that part of the family home owned by L.H. As regards her case against the State Defendants, she requested a Professor Ferguson to advise her on the question of the adequacy of child-protection mechanisms in Ireland in the 1970s. He responded by letter of 14 April 2003. Professor Ferguson agreed that, if the child-protection protocols existing in 2003 had been in place in 1973, it was very likely that the applicant’s abuse would have been acted upon in a manner which would have ensured the promotion of her welfare. He feared that pleading the case on the basis of what the State should have known at the time would be unsuccessful because it would not be possible to project onto the past the knowledge and systems of accountability that existed in the present day. The High Court hearing against the State Defendants began on 2 March 2004. On 5 March 2004, while the applicant was presenting her evidence, the High Court judge, in response to the applicant’s complaint regarding the absence of a State system for adverting to and addressing sexual abuse in national schools, asked Counsel for the applicant as follows: “What evidence do I have, or what should I have deduce[d] from the evidence that has been given that either the system in operation was a bad system, and I will come back to that, or that there was an alternative system that should have been applied, and what that alternative system might have been.” When the applicant’s case concluded, the State Defendants applied for a direction to strike out the case on the basis that no prima facie case had been made out by the applicant as regards all three grounds, submitting, inter alia, that there was no evidence of negligence. On 9 March 2004 the High Court accepted the State Defendants’ application, the court being “satisfied that the plaintiff had not established a case in negligence against the [State Defendants]” (the “non-suit” order). The court did not and was not called upon to distinguish between the two bases of the negligence claim. However, a prima facie case had been made out on the questions of vicarious and constitutional liability and evidence would be called from the defendants on those matters. The trial finished on 12 March 2004. On 20 January 2006 the High Court delivered judgment. It found that the action was not statute barred. It also concluded that the State was not vicariously liable for the sexual assaults perpetrated by L.H. given the relationship between the State and the denominational management of national schools. Although counsel for the applicant had orally suggested that the State should be vicariously liable for the inaction of the manager, the High Court judgment did not address this point. Finally, the High Court found that no action lay for a breach of a constitutional right where existing laws (in this case, tort) protected that right. The costs of the proceedings against the State Defendants were awarded against the applicant. 2. Supreme Court (O’Keeffe v. Hickey, [2008] IESC 72) In May 2006 the applicant appealed to the Supreme Court. Her Notice of Appeal challenged the finding on vicarious liability and referred to two matters: the absence of reasons for the interim ruling of 9 March 2004 and the High Court judgment’s failure to rule on the vicarious liability for the inaction of the manager. Mr Justice Hardiman described the appeal as limited to the State’s vicarious liability for the acts of L.H. and the manager, although he commented in his judgment on the other two initial claims of the applicant (direct negligence and the constitutional claim). Mr Justice Fennelly also considered that the appeal concerned only vicarious liability for the acts of L.H., although he refused to accept that the State was vicariously liable for the manager. The appeal was heard from 11 to 13 June 2006. By a majority judgment of 19 December 2008 (Hardiman J and Fennelly J, with whom Chief Justice Murray and Mr Justice Denham concurred and Mr Justice Geoghegan dissented), the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal. Hardiman J described in detail the legal status of national schools. While the arrangements for national-school education might “seem rather odd today”, they had to be understood in the context of Irish history in the early nineteenth century. Following denominational conflict and the later concession of Catholic emancipation in 1829, the dissenting churches and the Catholic Church wished to ensure that children of their denominations be educated in schools controlled by the denomination and not by the State or the established (Anglican) Church. Those churches were “remarkably successful” in achieving this aim: from the very beginning of the Irish system of national education (encapsulated in the “Stanley letter” of 1831), State authorities paid for the system of national education “but did not manage it or administer it at the point of delivery”. The latter function was left to the local denominational manager. While State funding was accorded on a proportionate basis to all denominational schools, the population was at the time overwhelmingly Catholic so that the majority of national schools had Catholic patrons and managers. Hardiman J went on to describe as “remarkable” the fact that, whilst in nineteenth-century Europe firmer distinctions were being drawn between Church and State and Church influence in the provision of public services (including education) was ebbing, in Ireland the position of the Church became stronger and more entrenched. He adopted the evidence of one expert witness (in the history of education in Ireland) who described the position after the inception of the Irish Free State in 1922 and noted that the Catholic managers in this “managerial” system “were very clearly articulate and very absolutely ... precise in how they interpreted what the situation was for national schools in the new Ireland ... It had to be Catholic schools under Catholic management, Catholic teachers, Catholic children”. That expert witness went on to describe the answer of the Catholic Church in the 1950s to a request by a teachers’ trade union to have local committees deal with maintaining and repairing school buildings. The Catholic Church had responded that there could be no interference whatever with the “inherited tradition of managerial rights of schooling”. The limited proposal of the union was considered to be the thin edge of the wedge because, in due course, the request might be to interfere with “other aspects of the manager’s authority vis-à-vis the appointment and dismissal of teachers which was of course the key concern that had been fought for and won over the years”. Hardiman J referred to the “urgent desire” of the denominations to maintain their role in primary education. As Hardiman J explained, the Constitution reflected this managerial structure: the obligation in Article 42 § 4) on the State to “provide for” free primary education reflected a largely State-funded, but entirely clerically administered, system of education. As a result there were approximately 3,000 national schools in Ireland: most were under the control of Catholic patrons and managers, a few were under the control of other denominations and even fewer were controlled by non-denominational groups. Hardiman J noted that, in recent times and after more than a century and a half, the provision of education was belatedly and at least partially placed on a statutory basis by the Education Act 1998; prior to that Act the system had been administered by the 1965 Rules as well as by other ministerial letters, circulars and notes. As to what could be gleaned from the 1965 Rules, Hardiman J noted: “The Minister laid down rules for national schools but they were general in nature and did not allow him to govern the detailed activities of any individual teacher. He inspected the schools for their academic performance, other than religious instruction, but it did not go further than that. He was ... deprived of the direct control of the schools, and of the enormous power which that brings, because ‘there was interposed between the State and the child the manager or the committee or board of management’. Equally, the Minister did not appoint the manager or the teacher or directly supervise him. This, indeed, was the essence of the ‘managerial system’. I cannot see, on the evidence, that he had any scope whatever to make a personal judgment about either of these two individuals. Moreover, it seems to have been instinctively recognised by the parents who complained about the first defendant that the person with direct authority to receive the complaint and do something about it was the clerical and clerically appointed manager. No complaint, on the evidence, was directed to the Minister or to any State body. The matter was handled, so to speak, ‘in house’ at the election of the complainants. The end result of the process was a voluntary resignation followed by the employment of [L.H.] in another school in the vicinity. All these factors tending to distance the Minister and the State authorities from the management of the school and the control of the first defendant are direct consequences of the long established system of education, described above and mandated in the Constitution whereby the Minister pays and, to a certain extent, regulates, but the schools and the teachers are controlled by their clerical managers and patrons. It is not the concern of the Court either to endorse or to criticise that system but merely to register its existence and the obvious fact that it deprives the Minister and the State of direct control of schools, teachers, and pupils.” Hardiman J observed that the sexual abuse of a pupil was the negation of what L.H. was employed to do but he also found that in 1973 it “was an unusual act, little discussed, and certainly not regarded as an ordinary foreseeable risk of attending at a school”. He considered it “notable” that she did not sue the patron, the diocese of which he was bishop, his successors or his estate, the trustees of the property of the Diocese of Cork and Ross (owners of the school), the manager or his estate or successors. Hardiman J concluded that, having regard to the relevant test for vicarious liability and to the above-described arrangements for the control and management of national schools, the State Defendants were not liable to the applicant for the wrongs committed against her. In particular, even applying the wider form of vicarious liability invoked, the Minister’s absence of direct control over L.H., long since ceded to the manager and the patron, prevented a finding against the Minister. The relationship of L.H. and the State – a “triangular one with the Church” – was entirely sui generis and a product of Ireland’s unique historical experience. The manager was “the nominee of the patron, that is of a power other than the Minister and he did not inform the Minister of any difficulties with, or complaints about, [L.H.] or of his resignation and appointment to teach elsewhere until they were faits accomplis. He was the agent not of the Minister, but of the Catholic Church, the power in whose interest the Minister was displaced from the management of the school”. Hardiman J commented on two of the applicant’s original claims which had “not been proceeded with”. As to the claim of negligence by the State, he remarked “... this is a claim which could more appropriately be made against the manager. It was he who had the power to put in place appropriate measures and procedures governing the running of the school. The Minister can hardly be responsible for a failure to ‘cease’ a course of action of whose existence he was quite unaware”. As to the claim about the responsibility of the State in the provision of primary education under Article 42 of the Constitution and the measures put in place to discharge that responsibility, Hardiman J stated: “I have already analysed the terms of Article 42 from which it will be seen that the Minister, in the case of this national school, was simply providing assistance and subvention to private and corporate (i.e. Roman Catholic) endeavour, leaving the running of the school to the private or corporate entities. The Minister is thereby, as Kenny J pointed out in Crowley v. Ireland [1980] I.R. 102, deprived of the control of education by the interposing of the patron and the manager between him and the children. These persons, and particularly the latter, are in much closer and more frequent contact with the school than the Minister or the Department. I do not read the provisions of Article 42.4 as requiring more than that the Minister shall ‘endeavour to supplement and give reasonable aid to private and corporate educational initiative’, to ‘provide for free primary education’. ... In my view the Constitution specifically envisages, not indeed a delegation but a ceding of the actual running of schools to the interests represented by the patron and the manager.” Hardiman J concluded by pointing out that nothing in the judgment could be interpreted as suggesting liability on the part of the Church and, in any event, it was quite impossible to do so because those authorities had not been heard by the Supreme Court since the applicant had not sued them. Fennelly J, who delivered the other majority judgment, began by noting that the “calamity of the exploitation of authority over children so as to abuse them sexually” had shaken society to its foundations. Cases of sexual abuse had preoccupied the criminal courts and the Supreme Court for many years and it was surprising that that court was confronted for the first time with questions relating to the liability of institutions including the State for sexual abuse of schoolchildren in a national school by a teacher. Fennelly J also described in some detail the history and consequent legal status of national schools, which system had survived independence in 1922 and the enactment of the Constitution in 1937. He accepted the expert’s evidence that it was not a State system but rather a “State-supported system”. He noted the clear division of power between the State (funding and fixing the curriculum) and the manager (day-to-day running of the school including hiring and firing teachers), noting that the different religions were determined to preserve and guard their own distinct religious education so that national schools developed on a denominational basis. He considered inspectors to be a crucially important part of the system of State oversight and maintenance of standards which enabled the Minister to be satisfied about the quality of the system. However, he noted that the inspection regime did not alter the division of responsibilities between the State and the manager, the inspectors having no power to direct teachers in the carrying out of their duties. The 1965 Rules reflected this allocation of responsibilities between the Church and State authorities. Even if, in modern times, the State played a more intrusive role, responsibility for day-to-day management remained with the manager. He concluded that the State was not vicariously liable for the acts of L.H. or, for the same reasons, for the failure of the manager to report the 1971 complaint to the State. L.H. was not employed by the State but, in law, by the manager. While L.H. had to have the qualifications laid down by the Minister and had to observe the 1965 Rules and while the State had disciplinary powers in those respects, L.H. was not engaged by the State and the State could not dismiss him. Referring back to the reference in the Notice of Appeal to the State’s liability for the failure of the manager to report the 1971 complaint, Fennelly J concluded that “[f]or the same reason, insofar as it is necessary to say so, there can be no liability for the failure of [the manager] to report the 1971 complaint. [The manager] was not the employee of the second defendant.” Geoghegan J dissented. He accepted that neither the Department nor its inspectors had any knowledge of the assaults. He noted that, for all practical purposes, most primary education in Ireland took the form of a joint enterprise between Church and State and he considered that that relationship was such that there was a sufficient connection between the State and the creation of the risk as to render the State liable. Geoghegan J relied, notably, on the role of school inspectors. He examined in some detail the evidence given by, and concerning the role of, school inspectors noting, inter alia, that if an allegation of sexual assault by a teacher on a national-school pupil was considered well-founded by an inquiry set up by the Department, it could lead to the withdrawal of recognition or to a police investigation and, if the police found the complaint justified, to the withdrawal of the teacher’s licence to teach. By a judgment of 9 May 2009 the Supreme Court vacated the High Court order for costs against the applicant since it was not disputed that hers was an important and complex test case. It determined that each party had to bear its own costs related to the action against the State Defendants. The applicant was legally represented throughout the civil proceedings, although she did not have legal aid.
train
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{ "applicant": "Louise O’Keeffe", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 34, 93 ], "countries": "IRL", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2014 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Louise O’Keeffe
001-144123
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 49278/09) against the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two British nationals, Mr Stuart Gray and Mr Rory Gray, on 10 September 2009. The applicants were represented by Mr T. Hall, a lawyer practising with Anthony Collins Solicitors LLP, Birmingham. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr H.‑J. Behrens, Ministerialrat, of the Federal Ministry of Justice. The applicants, relying on the Member State’s general duty under Article 1 of the Convention to secure to everyone within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in its Section I, complained, inter alia, under the substantive aspect of Article 2 that shortcomings in the British health system in connection with the recruitment of locum doctors and supervision of out-of-hours locum services had led to their father’s death as a consequence of medical malpractice by German locum doctor U. They further complained that the investigations into their father’s death conducted both in the United Kingdom and in Germany had not complied with the procedural requirements inherent in Article 2 of the Convention. In each case they alternatively invoked a breach of Articles 8, 13 and 14 of the Convention. On 18 December 2012 the application was declared partly inadmissible pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 (a) and 4 of the Convention as being manifestly ill-founded as regards the complaints against the United Kingdom and the complaints under Article 14 of the Convention. At the same time the complaint concerning the German authorities’ failure to discharge the procedural guarantees inherent in Article 2 was communicated to the German Government (see Gray v. Germany and the United Kingdom (dec.), no. 49278/09, 18 December 2012). The applicants and the Government each filed observations on the admissibility and merits of the application. The Government of the United Kingdom, who had been informed of their right to intervene under Article 36 of the Convention, did not make use of this right. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A. Background to the case The applicants are brothers. Mr Stuart Gray (the “first applicant”) lives in Blakedown, United Kingdom, whereas Mr Rory Gray (the “second applicant”) lives in Darmstadt, Germany. The applicants are the sons of the late David Gray (hereinafter referred to as “Mr Gray” or “the deceased”) who died in the evening of 16 February 2008 at the age of 71 at his home in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Mr Gray suffered from kidney stones and from 2004 on he had regularly been attended at home by his doctor, a General Practitioner (“GP”) working for the United Kingdom’s National Health Service (“NHS”) which is represented at local level by NHS Primary Care Trusts (“PCTs”), in the instant case by Cambridgeshire NHS Primary Care Trust (“Cambridgeshire PCT”). The GP had routinely administered injections of opiates, in particular pethidine at a dosage of 100mg, for pain relief. On several occasions between 2006 and 2008 Mr Gray had recourse to out-of-hours medical services by “Take Care Now” (“TCN”), a private agency that recruits locum doctors within the United Kingdom or from abroad to supply out-of-hours medical care for several PCTs, including the Cambridgeshire PCT. Out-of-hours services concern the periods outside business hours of GP surgeries on weekdays as well as weekends and bank holidays. Since TCN clinicians do not routinely carry pethidine, the deceased had on some of these occasions been injected with 10mg doses of the opiate diamorphine, contained in a sealed palliative care box TCN doctors were provided with for the purpose of home visits at that time. Such palliative care boxes were stocked with 10mg and 30mg vials of diamorphine for acute pain relief together with a much larger ampoule of 100mg intended for patients receiving palliative care. Attached to each box was a list of the drugs contained as well as a form with instructions for doctors, and inside a document that listed the relative potencies of the drugs. On Saturday 16 February 2008 Mr Gray developed a severe renal colic. In the afternoon his partner contacted the TCN call centre to arrange for an urgent home visit by a doctor. She explained Mr Gray’s medical history to the TCN clinician who carried out the first telephone triage consultation and specified what medication Mr Gray had received on the occasion of previous home visits. The case was then assigned to doctor U., a German national, who had recently been recruited by TCN through an agency on a self-employed basis to provide out-of-hours care. U., at the time aged 65, had qualified as a doctor in Germany in 1972 where he was practising as an aesthetic surgeon but where he was also formally qualified as a GP. For the purpose of working as a locum doctor in the United Kingdom he had obtained registration with the British General Medical Council (GMC) in 2006 and had applied to be admitted to one of the Medical Performers Lists maintained by each of the local PCTs. Once a GP is admitted to a PCT’s Performers List he may work in the area of any other PCT in England. U. had withdrawn a first application to join Leeds Performers List after being notified that he had not reached a sufficient score in the required English language test. However, the Cornwall and Isles of Scilly PCT authorities, unaware that U. had already tried to register with another PCT, approved a subsequent application and admitted him to their Performers List in July 2007 without verifying his English language skills. U. arrived in the United Kingdom on Friday, 15 February 2008 for his first shift as a locum doctor scheduled for the coming weekend. According to an induction report established by a TCN doctor on 15 February 2008 there had not been sufficient time to assess U.’s professional competence prior to his first assignment the next day. U. attended Mr Gray at his home in the late afternoon of 16 February 2008. He was told by Mr Gray and his partner that in similar situations in the past he had either received injections of 100mg of pethidine for acute pain relief or, where the out-of-hours services did not carry pethidine, had been treated with diamorphine. U. administered 100mg of diamorphine from the respective ampoule included in the palliative care box by intra‑muscular injection. Some two hours after U. had left, Mr Gray’s partner realised that he was no longer breathing and called an ambulance. The attending emergency services confirmed that Mr Gray had died. The police was informed and attended on-site. On Sunday 17 February 2008 TCN suspended U. from duty, terminated his engagement with immediate effect and advised him to return to Germany where he arrived the following day. Subsequently, two other incidents were reported where U. on the occasion of home visits on 16 February 2008 had failed to administer the appropriate medical treatment. On 29 February 2008 U. returned to London to attend a hearing before the GMC in connection with the incidents on 16 February 2008. By an order of the same date, the GMC suspended the applicant from the British medical register on an interim basis. On 4 March 2008 U. informed the competent public health authorities at the Arnsberg District Government (Bezirksregierung), Germany, and by letter of 11 March 2008 his German professional indemnity insurance company of the incident. He explained that when treating the deceased he had committed a grave mistake with fatal outcome that had resulted from the confusion between the drugs pethidine and diamorphine, the latter being a drug not used by on-call services in Germany and with which he had been unfamiliar. On the day of the incident he had further been overtired following his journey from Germany to the United Kingdom and had found himself in a tremendous stress situation. By a letter of 17 April 2008 in reply to a complaint lodged by the first applicant following his father’s death, TCN confirmed that U. had satisfied the requirements generally expected from locum doctors working for the TCN and had completed the compulsory induction process all clinicians had to undergo before they could be assigned to clinical shifts. A post mortem report issued on 25 June 2008 by a forensic pathologist in the United Kingdom established as the cause of Mr Gray’s death diamorphine poisoning in association with alcohol intoxication as well as hypertensive heart disease and myocardial fibrosis. The report further stated that the diamorphine injection had more than minimally contributed to the death and that in view of the large dose administered there was no need to necessarily invoke the additional effect of alcohol in causing death. By a letter of 10 July 2008 to the deceased’s partner and the first applicant, U. apologised for the medical malpractice in connection with the deceased’s treatment and again explained that he had confused the opiates and referred to the stress situation he was subject to when making the mistake. On 8 August 2008 the applicant attended a further hearing before the GMC in London where his suspension from the medical register was confirmed. B. The criminal proceedings instituted against U. in the United Kingdom and Germany Following Mr Gray’s death the Cambridgeshire police commenced criminal investigations against U. for manslaughter by gross negligence. On 5 March 2008 Cambridgeshire Constabulary, through Interpol London, made an application for assistance to the German Federal Office of Criminal Investigation (Bundeskriminalamt) requesting in particular the supply of data with respect to U.’s personal record and past professional career. The request was forwarded to the competent Bochum police department which provided the Cambridgeshire police with the requested information and documentation by mid-March 2008. On 21 April 2008 the English Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) sent a formal letter of request to the Ministry of Justice of the Land North Rhine‑Westphalia, Germany, in accordance with the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters 1959, requesting assistance in obtaining information with respect to U.’s medical qualifications and the authenticity of the related certificates submitted by him to the British authorities when applying to be admitted as a locum doctor. The letter gave a short summary of the circumstances of Mr Gray’s death and specified that while no criminal proceedings had yet been instigated in the United Kingdom, the offence investigated constituted manslaughter, i.e. the unlawful killing of a human being, an offence contrary to Common Law and punishable on conviction by a term of life imprisonment. The CPS asked the German authorities to carry out the respective investigations and to arrange for hearings of the relevant witnesses in Germany in the presence of representatives of Cambridgeshire Constabulary. The request was forwarded by the North Rhine-Westphalia Ministry of Justice to the Hamm General Prosecution Authorities (Generalstaatsanwaltschaft) as well as to the locally competent Bochum prosecution authorities. By a decision of the Bochum Chief Public Prosecutor (Oberstaatsanwalt) of 6 June 2008 the request for assistance was granted and by letter of the same date the Bochum police department was informed accordingly and invited to provide the requested assistance and to coordinate any future investigation measures with Cambridgeshire police. Simultaneously, the Bochum Chief Public Prosecutor ex officio initiated preliminary criminal proceedings (Ermittlungsverfahren) against U. in Germany under file no. 49 Js 174/08 on suspicion of having negligently caused the death of Mr Gray pursuant to Article 152 § 2 of the German Code of Criminal Procedure in conjunction with Articles 222 and 7 § 2 no. 1 of the German Criminal Code (see Relevant domestic and international law and practice below). In a letter of the same date the Chief Public Prosecutor instructed the Bochum police to conduct the necessary investigations also in respect of the domestic preliminary proceedings, in particular to interview the suspect U., who was represented by counsel. He further explicitly invited Bochum police to permit the presence of English police officers also on the occasion of such interview. In accordance with the letter of request dated 21 April 2008, Cambridgeshire police officers visited Germany on several occasions in the period from July until September 2008 and were provided with assistance by the German police in their investigations against U. The investigations focussed on the authenticity of the certificates U. had submitted to the English health authorities as evidence of his medical qualifications as well as on the question whether U.’s treatment of the deceased had amounted to medical malpractice. At the request and in the presence of officers of Cambridgeshire police, German police officers heard, inter alia, representatives of U.’s professional indemnity insurance company, of the public health authorities at the Arnsberg District Government and the Westphalia-Lippe Medical Association (Ärztekammer) as witnesses. The originals of the protocols of the witness hearings conducted as well as the material obtained in the course of the investigations were handed over to Cambridgeshire police. On 10 July 2008 German and British police officers visited U. at his surgery in Witten, Germany, and informed him that criminal investigations were pending against him in Germany and the United Kingdom. U. availed himself of his right not to testify. He also declined a subsequent request by the Cambridgeshire police to be interviewed in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, at the request of the Cambridgeshire Constabulary a forensic expert opinion was obtained from a professor of Essen university hospital on the question whether the treatment of the deceased by U. had complied with medical standards. The expert established his report on the basis of the information contained in the Cambridgeshire police’s investigation files. He presented his preliminary findings to representatives of Cambridgeshire Constabulary on the occasion of one of their visits to Germany in September 2008. In his final report issued on 18 September 2008 the expert confirmed that the cause of Mr Gray’s death had been an overdose of diamorphine. He pointed out that notwithstanding the fact that the therapeutical use of diamorphine was in general not permitted in Germany and therefore doctors in Germany were as a rule not trained in its use, U. had not sufficiently investigated the cause of Mr Gray’s acute pain and had not verified whether the medication administered and its dosage had been an appropriate therapy under the circumstances. The expert concluded that U.’s treatment of the deceased had thus been inadequate and had violated basic principles of medical care. According to a file note by a Bochum police officer of 23 September 2008, the Cambridgeshire police, for their part, had provided their German counterparts upon request with certain documents for use in the preliminary proceedings conducted against U. in Germany, namely with the post mortem report of 25 June 2008 as well as protocols of statements made by Mr Gray’s partner following the latter’s death. By a letter of 1 October 2008 counsel for the second applicant practising in Germany informed the Bochum prosecution authorities that his client was the son of a patient who had possibly been killed by U. on 16 February 2008 through medical malpractice. Counsel asked for information whether preliminary criminal proceedings were pending against U. and, should this be the case, requested access to the relevant investigation files. By a letter of 23 October 2008 counsel for the second applicant reiterated his request for information whether preliminary proceedings had been instituted against U. Pursuant to a file note by the Bochum public prosecution authorities dated 30 October 2008 counsel was informed about the pending preliminary proceedings and forwarded copies of excerpts of the investigation file such as the forensic expert opinion of 18 September 2008 and the letter of March 2008 by which U. had notified the incident to his professional indemnity insurance company. By a letter dated 6 November 2008, Cambridgeshire Constabulary, referring to a telephone conversation of the previous day, requested the German public prosecution authorities to assure that no criminal proceedings would be instituted against U. in Germany prior to finalisation of the investigations in the United Kingdom and that none of the information gathered in the course of the investigations carried out jointly by German and British police officers on the occasion of their visits to Germany would be disclosed to U., Mr Gray’s relatives or their respective counsel. According to a file note by the Bochum public prosecution authorities of 5 November 2008, the German prosecution authorities had informed Cambridgeshire Constabulary in reply to a similar request made over the phone that day that they had been obliged by operation of law to institute preliminary criminal proceedings against U. in Germany and that they were also obliged under German criminal procedure to grant counsel for the accused as well as counsel for the victim’s relatives acting as joint plaintiffs to the prosecution (Nebenkläger) the right to inspect the files in such preliminary proceedings. On 6 November 2008, German counsel for the second applicant, referring to the preliminary proceedings conducted under file no. 49 Js 174/08 against U., transmitted the latter’s apology letter of 10 July 2008 to the deceased’s partner and the first applicant as well as the TCN’s letter to the first applicant dated 17 April 2008 to the Bochum prosecution authorities for inclusion in the investigation file. On 27 February 2009 an arrest warrant was issued against U. by the Huntingdon Magistrates’ Court, Cambridgeshire. On 12 March 2009 the Colchester Magistrates’ Court issued a European Arrest Warrant (”EAW”) against U. for allegedly having caused the death of Mr Gray with an overdose of morphine. On the same day, 12 March 2009, the Bochum Chief Public Prosecutor ordered that the preliminary criminal proceedings against U. be terminated and applied to the Witten District Court for a penal order (Strafbefehl) to be issued against U. convicting him of having caused Mr Gray’s death through negligence pursuant to Article 222 of the Criminal Code and imposing a suspended prison sentence of 9 months as well as a payment of 5,000 euros (EUR) to the treasury. A draft of the penal order was attached to the application. Following previous discussions with the public prosecution authorities, U., represented by counsel, had declared that he would accept the envisaged sentence. The Chief Public Prosecutor’s assessment of the facts of the case and U.’s guilt set out in the draft penal order relied on the circumstances of the case as reflected in the deceased partner’s statements following the incident, the post mortem report of 25 June 2008, the forensic expert opinion of 18 September 2008, the explanatory letter by TCN to the first applicant of 17 April 2008, U.’s notification to his professional indemnity insurance company dated 11 March 2008 as well as his apology letter to the deceased’s family of 10 July 2008. The Chief Prosecutor found that while the fact that U. did not have a criminal record, had made a full confession and had apologised to the victim’s relatives had to be considered in his favour and notwithstanding the fact that an ampoule with a fatal dose of morphine had been included in the care box, U. had nevertheless committed a grave error in the deceased’s treatment and had thus violated basic principles of the medical profession. On 13 March 2009 the EAW was forwarded by the British authorities to the German Federal Office of Criminal Investigation. By email of 17 March 2009 the Cambridgeshire police asked the Bochum public prosecution authorities for information about the procedure to be followed by the German authorities after transmission of the EAW. In their reply of the same day the Bochum public prosecution authorities specified that the Hamm General Prosecutor (Generalstaatsanwalt) was the competent authority to deal with questions regarding U.’s extradition and pointed out that extradition might be hindered on the ground that criminal proceedings were also pending against U. in Germany. On the occasion of a phone call later the same day Cambridgeshire police was informed by the Hamm General Prosecution authorities that execution of the EAW was halted in view of the criminal proceedings pending against U. in Germany in accordance with section 83b (1) of the Act on International Cooperation in Criminal Matters (see Relevant domestic and international law and practice below). On 20 March 2009 the Witten District Court issued the penal order (file no. 49 Js 174/08) against U. as applied for by the prosecution authorities. By a decision of the same day, the District Court determined that the probation period for U. was two years starting from the date the penal order became final. By a letter dated 23 March 2009 the CPS asked the Ministry of Justice of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia for information why the EAW had not yet been executed and for clarification whether any criminal or other proceedings were conducted, pending or envisaged against U. in Germany as well as for copies of related court decisions. By fax dated 14 April 2009 newly appointed counsel for the second applicant practising in Germany asked the Bochum prosecution authorities for information whether the preliminary proceedings against U. had meanwhile been terminated and whether a bill of indictment had been issued. Counsel further asked for information whether a possible trial was to be conducted in Germany or in the United Kingdom. He finally requested to be granted access to the files in the proceedings under file no. 49 Js 174/08. It follows from a subsequent letter by counsel dated 19 May 2009 that his request for inspection of the files was granted. However, it is not clear on what date between 14 April and 19 May 2009 counsel actually obtained access to the file. On 15 April 2009, no appeal having been lodged by U., the penal order of 20 March 2009 became final in accordance with Article 410 of the German Code of Criminal Procedure (see Relevant domestic and international law and practice below). By written submissions dated 6 May 2009 the Hamm General Prosecution Authorities (Generalstaatsanwaltschaft) requested the Hamm Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) to declare U.’s extradition to the United Kingdom inadmissible since U. had been convicted by final decision of a German court for the offence underlying the extradition request and the sentence imposed upon him was currently in the process of being executed. His extradition would therefore be contrary to the ban on double jeopardy as reflected in section 9 (1) no. 1 of the Act on Cooperation in Criminal Matters as well as Article 3 no. 2 of the Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (2002/584/JI) (see Relevant domestic and international law and practice below). By a decision of 14 May 2009 the Hamm Higher Regional Court, endorsing the reasoning of the Hamm General Prosecution Authorities, declared U.’s extradition inadmissible. By a letter of 27 May 2009 the Hamm Chief Prosecutor communicated the Higher Regional Court’s decision to the Colchester Magistrates’ Court in Chelmsford, United Kingdom. By a letter of the same day the Bochum Chief Public Prosecutor, in reply to the CPS’s information request of 23 March 2009, explained that he had been obliged by operation of domestic law to instigate criminal investigations against U. after having learned of the circumstances of Mr Gray’s death through the CPS’s request for assistance dated 21 April 2008. He specified that the domestic proceedings had meanwhile been terminated and that U. had been convicted by a final decision of the Witten District Court for having negligently caused Mr. Gray’s death. A copy of the related penal order of 20 March 2009 was attached to the letter. On 1 July 2009 a meeting between the representatives of the Bochum prosecution authorities, the CPS and Cambridgeshire police took place at Eurojust in The Hague with a view to providing explanations on the conduct of the criminal investigations and proceedings in Germany. The content of these discussions is confidential. In August 2009 and April 2010 counsel for the second applicant was again granted access to the files in the terminated criminal proceedings against U. under file no. 49 Js 174/08. As a consequence of the German authorities’ decision not to extradite U., the criminal investigations in the United Kingdom were discontinued. C. Subsequent investigations and proceedings against U. in Germany The proceedings regarding U.’s fitness to practice medicine before the Arnsberg District Government After U. had informed the Arnsberg District Government of Mr Gray’s death in March 2008, the competent District health authorities commenced investigations regarding U.’s fitness to practice as a doctor (approbationsrechtliches Verfahren). Within the scope of their investigations the health authorities, inter alia, conducted interviews with U. on two occasions in March 2009 and November 2010 with a view to clarifying the circumstances of the incidents of 16 February 2008 and with a view to examining U.’s fitness to practice in general. Furthermore, at the applicants’ request a meeting was arranged between them and representatives of the Arnsberg District Government on 27 September 2010 on the occasion of which they provided further information on the circumstances of the case. Following completion of their investigations by the end of 2010 the health authorities, considering U.’s professional conduct over the last 30 years in Germany, the fact that he had committed himself to refrain from practising medicine abroad in the future and taking into account the particular circumstances under which U.’s medical malpractice had occurred, found that there was nothing to establish that U. would commit a similar error of treatment in Germany or that he lacked the necessary qualifications for practising medicine. Consequently, the health authorities held that there was no need to suspend or revoke U.’s licence to practice medicine in Germany and discontinued the proceedings regarding U.’s fitness to practice. 2. The disciplinary proceedings before the Münster Administrative Court By written submissions of 15 April 2010 the Westphalia-Lippe Medical Association applied for the opening of disciplinary proceedings against U. for breach of his professional duties in connection with the incidents in the United Kingdom on 16 February 2008. By a decision dated 27 April 2011 of the competent Münster Administrative Court sitting in a special formation as disciplinary jurisdiction for the healthcare professions (Berufsgericht für Heilberufe) U. was reprimanded for having disregarded the standards of the medical profession on the occasions of three patient consultations on 16 February 2008 in the United Kingdom, in particular for having committed a grave error in the treatment of Mr Gray, and fined him 7,000 EUR. The decision became final on 4 June 2011. D. Subsequent investigations and proceedings against U. in the United Kingdom A number of further investigations and proceedings were instituted in the United Kingdom following Mr. Gray’s death. An Inquest into the circumstances of the incident was held by the Cambridgeshire Coroner from 14 January to 4 February 2010. The latter not only returned the verdict that the deceased had been unlawfully killed as a consequence of the inadequate treatment administered by U. but also pointed explicitly to the deficiencies in the recruitment, training and supervision of foreign locum doctors in the United Kingdom. These deficiencies were at the origin of a subsequent report by the Coroner to the Secretary of Health and resulted in investigations by the House of Commons Health Committee as well as in an independent inquiry by the Care Quality Commission, a public body overseen by the Department of Health, which came to similar conclusions as the Inquest and identified related shortcomings in the British health system. Moreover, on the occasion of proceedings conducted by the General Medical Council regarding U.’s fitness to practice in the period from 2 to 18 June 2010, the circumstances of Mr Gray’s death were further investigated and additional evidence from expert witnesses and the deceased’s next of kin was considered. The GMC Fitness to Practice Panel considered that U. had breached several of the basic principles of good medical practice and decided to formally strike U.’s name from the medical register in the United Kingdom. In addition, in 2009 the applicants brought civil claims for damages for unlawful killing arising out of negligence with the High Court against U., TCN as well as Cambridgeshire PCT in the United Kingdom. The applicants’ compensation claims were settled with respect to all three defendants by consent orders of December 2009, January and August 2010.
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{ "applicant": "Stuart Gray", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2014 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Stuart Gray
001-60171
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 29271/95) against the Republic of Austria lodged on 28 September 1995 with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by an Austrian national, Hans Dichand, Krone-Verlag GmbH and Co KG, a limited partnership registered under Austrian law, and Krone-Verlag GmbH, a limited company registered under Austrian law. The applicants were represented before the Court by Mr T. Höhne, a lawyer practising in Vienna (Austria). The Austrian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The applicants alleged that an injunction prohibiting them from repeating certain statements they had published in a periodical (“Neue Kronen-Zeitung”), and ordering them to retract these statements, violated their right to freedom of expression, contrary to Article 10 of the Convention. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. By a decision of 9 January 2001 the Chamber declared the application admissible. On 1 November 2001 the Court effected a change in the composition of its Sections, but the present case remained with the former Chamber of Section III which had declared the application admissible. The Chamber having decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 § 2 in fine), the applicant, but not the Government, submitted additional observations on the merits. In addition, third-party comments were received from the Mr Michael Graff, who had been given leave by the President to intervene in the written procedure (Article 36 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 61 § 3). The applicants replied to those comments (Rule 61 § 5). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The first applicant, an Austrian citizen born in 1921 and residing in Vienna, is the chief editor and publisher of the newspaper “Neue Kronen‑Zeitung”. The second applicant, a limited partnership (Kommanditgesellschaft) is the owner of this newspaper. The third applicant is a limited company, the general partner (Komplementär) of the second applicant. The second and third applicants have their places of business in Vienna. The applicants belong to a large media group which at the relevant time was in strong competition with another media group represented by Mr Michael Graff, a lawyer practising in Vienna. Besides his profession as a lawyer, Mr Graff was from 1982 to 1987 secretary general of the Austrian People’s Party (Österreichische Volkspartei) and, from 1983 to 1995, a Member of Parliament for that party. Between 1987 and 1995 he was the Chairman of the Parliament’s Legislative Committee (Justizausschuß). From 1989 to July 1995 he represented the applicants’ competitor in several proceedings concerning unfair competition against companies belonging to the applicants’ media group. In 1989 several Austrian laws were amended by the Extended Pecuniary Limits Amendment Act (Erweiterte Wertgrenzen-Novelle). The Government Bill (Regierungsvorlage) had also provided for an amendment to Section 359 § 1 of the Enforcement Act (Exekutionsordnung), a section which is of particular relevance for the enforcement of injunctions. The Government Bill had envisaged raising the fines that could be imposed for non-compliance with injunctions from ATS 50,000 per enforcement order to ATS 80,000 per enforcement order. Under the chairmanship of Mr Graff, the Legislative Committee dealing with the Government Bill proposed a different version, namely that a maximum fine of AS 80,000 could be imposed for each request for enforcement (Exekutionsantrag) instead of for each enforcement order issued by the Enforcement Court. In its report of June 1989, the Legislative Committee pointed out that the fine had to be multiplied by the number of requests for enforcement, if only one decision combining several requests was taken. This proposal was adopted by Parliament on 29 June 1989 and published as Article XI of the Extended Pecuniary Limits Amendment Act, Federal Law Gazette 1989/343 (Erweiterte Wertgrenzen-Novelle 1989, BGBl. 1989/343). Four years later, in June 1993, the following article written by the first applicant under the pseudonym “Cato” was published in the “Neue Kronen-Zeitung”: “Moral 93 Before Roland Dumas became the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, he was one of Europe’s most famous and most successful lawyers. He administered the gigantic estate of Picasso; he represented Kreisky and an Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs when the latter found himself in a bad situation. Dumas took it for granted that he had to give up his law firm when he became a member of the government. In every democracy of the world this course of action is followed. Only Mr Graff, who is obviously thick-skinned, does not intend to comply with these moral concepts. It so happened that at the time when Mr Graff was presiding Parliament’s Legislative Committee, a law was amended which brought about big advantages for the newspaper publishers whom Mr Graff represented as a lawyer. In order to ensure that in such cases no suspicion, not even one that has no objective justification, can arise, there exists the wise rule of incompatibility; a lawyer is not allowed to take part in the adoption of laws which lead to advantages for his clients. Also the Austrian People’s Party thought that way and they decided to appeal to Mr Graff’s conscience. In vain! It is very telling for the present situation of the Austrian People’s Party that it cannot convince Mr Graff. The other parties will be only too pleased, when it becomes so flagrantly evident how powerless the Austrian People’s Party is vis-a-vis one of their officials who has his own moral concepts. Mr Graff was even allowed to present his disreputable attitude on our monopoly-television. Mr Graff thought that it would be a sign of fear to the ‘Kronen Zeitung’ if he had to resign from the Legislative Committee. The People’s Party does not have to fear the ‘Krone’ but its voters, who will continue turning away from it if the party shows itself incapable of establishing order within its own ranks; how could one then possibly trust that it would succeed in doing this in the State ... Cato.” [German] “Moral 93 Roland Dumas war, bevor er Frankreich’s Außenminister wurde, einer der bekanntesten und erfolgreichsten Rechtsanwälte Europas. Er verwaltete zum Beispiel das gigantische Erbe Picassos, vertrat Kreisky und einen österreichischen Außenminister, als dieser in eine arge Affäre geraten war. Für Dumas war es ganz selbstverständlich, daß er sein Rechtsanwaltsbüro aufgeben mußte, als er in die Regierung eintrat. Überall in der Welt wird dies in Demokratien so gehalten. Nur der offenbar mit einer Büffelhaut ausgestattete Rechtsanwalt Dr. Graff denkt nicht daran, sich nach solchen Moralbegriffen zu richten. So kam es, während er im Justizausschuß des Parlaments den Vorsitz hatte, zur Veränderung eines Gesetzes, wodurch der Zeitungsverlag, den Graff rechtsanwaltlich vertritt, große Vorteile hatte. Damit in solchen Fällen nicht ein bestimmter Verdacht entstehen kann, der keineswegs begründet sein muß, gibt es eben die weise Regel der Unvereinbarkeit; ein Anwalt darf nicht an der Entstehung von Gesetzen beteiligt sein, die seinen Mandanten Vorteile bringen. Das dachte man auch in der ÖVP, und man entschloß sich, Graff ins Gewissen zu reden. Vergeblich! Es sagt einiges über den Zustand der ÖVP aus, daß sie sich gegen Graff nicht durchsetzen konnte. Den anderen Parteien kann es nur recht sein, wenn sich in so brutaler Offenheit zeigt, wie ohnmächtig die Volkspartei gegenüber einem Funktionär ist, der seine eigene Moral hat. Sogar in unserem Monopol-Fernsehen durfte er seine anrüchige Haltung vertreten. Graff meinte, es würde nur Angst vor der ‘Kronen Zeitung’ signalisieren, berufe man ihn im Justizausschuß ab. Nicht vor der ‘Krone’ braucht die ÖVP Angst zu haben, sondern vor ihren Wählern, die sich weiter von ihr abwenden werden, wenn sie sich als unfähig erweist, in der eigenen Partei Ordnung zu machen; wie sollte man da das Vertrauen haben, es könne ihr im Staat gelingen ... Cato.” On 7 June 1993 Mr Graff brought injunction proceedings under Section 1330 of the Austrian Civil Code (Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) against the three applicants before the Vienna Commercial Court (Handelsgericht). He requested that the applicants be prohibited from stating or repeating that he “does not intend to comply with moral concepts existing in democracies all over the world, namely that one has to give up one’s law firm if one becomes a member of the government, (M.G. had never been a member of the government), and/or that he has taken part in the adoption of laws which have brought about advantages for his clients, and/or that he has been allowed to present his disreputable opinion on television”. He also requested that the statement be retracted and that this retraction be published in the “Neue Kronen-Zeitung”. On 9 July 1993 the Vienna Commercial Court issued a preliminary injunction (einstweilige Verfügung) against the applicants prohibiting them from reiterating the impugned statements. The applicants’ appeal against this decision was to no avail. On 9 September 1994 the Vienna Commercial Court granted a permanent injunction. It ordered the applicants not to repeat the impugned statements and to retract the statements in one edition of the “Neue Kronen‑Zeitung”. It found that the applicants’ statements amounted to an insult and therefore fell to be considered not only under Section 1330 § 2 of the Austrian Civil Code, but also under the first paragraph of Section 1330. In that case the onus of proof shifted to the applicants who had to prove the truth of the impugned statements. The court pointed out that all the statements contained in the article were statements of fact which the applicants had failed to prove. The court found that the statement contained in the first paragraph of the newspaper article was an insult, within the meaning of Section 1330 § 1 of the Civil Code, because Mr Graff was accused of ignoring or neglecting moral, democratic standards and had therefore acted immorally. This statement contained the implicit allegation that Mr Graff had become a member of the government. However, the allegation was untrue because Mr Graff had never been a member of the government. The court further considered that the statement in the second paragraph of the newspaper article expressed the suspicion that Mr Graff had abused his position as a Member of Parliament. The proposed evidence that should prove the truth of this allegation, namely the amendment of Section 359 § 1 of the Enforcement Act, was insufficient because the applicants had not even contended before the court that the amendment served the exclusive interest of Mr Graff’s client. In fact this amendment had an objective basis, concerned both competing media groups and had no distorting effect on competition. In respect of the third statement according to which Mr Graff’s attitude was disreputable, the court found that this statement again contained the allegation that Mr Graff had acted immorally because he had exercised two incompatible activities. The court therefore concluded that the applicants could not successfully rely on Article 10 of the Convention, because the interference with the applicants’ rights under this provision was justified in order to protect Mr Graff’s good reputation, which could be prejudiced by such untruthful statements. On 20 October 1994 the applicants appealed. They submitted that the Commercial Court had not sufficiently taken into account a written statement by E.S., an employee of the second applicant, which the applicants had submitted. According to this written statement, Mr Graff had requested the amendment to the Enforcement Act in order to impose a fine for each request for execution, thus exploiting one of the applicants’ weak points. The applicants were the owners of several monthly magazines. Unlike daily newspapers, these magazines were therefore usually on the market longer. If one of the applicants’ magazines, for instance, had violated the Unfair Competition Act (Bundesgesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb), Mr Graff, as the legal representative of the competitors, had immediately obtained a preliminary injunction and had filed almost daily requests for enforcement. He had counted on the fact that the applicants could, in the long run, not afford to pay the fines, or that they could not afford the cost of withdrawing the relevant issue of the monthly magazine from distribution. Under the previous legal situation, several requests for enforcement would be combined in one decision, and the applicants had only had to pay one fine of AS 50,000 for them. Under Section 359 § 1 of the Enforcement Act in its amended form, however, the fines were multiplied by the number of requests and, consequently, increased dramatically. Furthermore, the applicants complained that the Commercial Court had failed to take sufficient account of a written statement by their lawyer, S.R., and had refused to hear this person as a witness. He would have given evidence of a telephone conversation on 12 June 1989 between himself and Mr Graff in which the latter had complained that his requests for enforcement had not been successful and had not reaped the expected fines. He continued that this would require changes in the pecuniary limits and the system of fines. The applicants also submitted that the impugned article constituted a criticism of Mr Graff’s behaviour as a politician and was therefore protected by the freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 10 of the Convention. On 15 December 1994 the Vienna Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) dismissed the applicants’ appeal. It found that the Commercial Court had correctly taken the necessary evidence and assessed the relevant facts. The applicants had not even argued before the Commercial Court that Mr Graff had been a member of the government or that the amendment of the Enforcement Act had served the exclusive interests of Mr Graff’s client. Instead they had merely argued that Mr Graff, in his function as Chairman of the Legislative Committee, had been involved in the making of laws which created advantages for his client. The applicants therefore should have proved that Mr Graff had been a member of the government and that he had manipulated the enactment of laws to the exclusive advantage of his client. The evidence proposed by the applicants, however, had been insufficient to prove such allegations. Moreover, the contested statements were not value judgments, but (political) criticism based on alleged facts. Such criticism was only acceptable if the underlying facts were true. Since the applicants had failed to prove the truth of these facts, they could not rely on Article 10 of the Convention. On 9 March 1995 the Supreme Court rejected as inadmissible the applicants’ extraordinary appeal on points of law (außerordentliche Revision). Referring to its previous case-law, the court pointed out that disparagement by means of untrue statements, even if made in the course of political debate, went beyond acceptable (political) criticism and could not be justified by a weighing of interests or by invoking the right to freedom of expression. This decision was served on the applicants on 10 April 1995.
train
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{ "applicant": "Hans Dichand", "articles": [ 91, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93 ], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2002 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Hans Dichand
001-59470
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 33592/96) against France lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a German national, Mr Bernd Karl Baumann (“the applicant”), on 21 July 1995. The applicant was represented by Mr F. Jemoli, a lawyer practising in Strasbourg. The French Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr Ronny Abraham, Director of Legal Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The applicant complained that he had been denied access to a tribunal, within the meaning of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, or an effective remedy, within the meaning of Article 13 of the Convention, by which to assert his right of ownership of seized property which had subsequently been confiscated pursuant to a judgment of 13 June 1994. He also alleged a breach of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention on the ground that he had been the victim of a breach of his right to peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. Lastly, relying on Article 2 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention, the applicant complained of an infringement of his right to freedom of movement as a result of the seizure and subsequent confiscation of his passport. On 14 January 1998 the Commission (Second Chamber) decided to give notice to the Government of the complaints under Articles 6 § 1 and 13 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and Article 2 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention and to request them to submit their written observations on the admissibility and merits of those complaints. The Government submitted their observations on 2 June and 25 August 1998 after an extension of the time-limit fixed for that purpose. The applicant replied on 13 July and 13 October 1998. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). On 14 March 2000 the Chamber declared the application admissible. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE On 27 November 1993 Strasbourg police officers spotted an occupied vehicle parked in a car park. It turned out that the vehicle had been stolen the previous day in Strasbourg. The investigators proceeded to arrest O.H., who had come to take delivery of the stolen vehicle, and S.B, who had handled it. The on-the-spot investigation established that other transactions had taken place and that the two arrested men used to meet in a hotel in Brumath (Bas-Rhin). The police officers went to the hotel where they arrested O.H.'s wife and Miss C.E while the latter was about to get into a vehicle belonging to the applicant. When questioned at the hotel C.E. stated that her boyfriend, the applicant, had been staying at the hotel for some time, but had been taken into hospital in Germany on 26 November 1993 because his health had given cause for alarm. Their hotel room was searched. The investigators seized a German passport in the applicant's name, 7,700 German marks (DEM) and 2,150 French francs (FRF) found in C.E.'s handbag, bank documents, a vehicle registration certificate and various hand-written documents. Those items were sealed and deposited at the consignment of exhibits department at the Strasbourg tribunal de grande instance. After her release from police custody no court proceedings were brought against C.E. None were brought against the applicant either. On 30 November 1993 O.H. and S.B were charged by an investigating judge of the Strasbourg tribunal de grande instance. The applicant's lawyer lodged an application under Article 99 of the Code of Criminal Procedure on 6 December 1993, registered at the investigating judge's office on 8 December 1993, requesting the investigating judge to return the money and other seized items, including the passport. He received no reply from the investigating judge. On 5 January 1994 the applicant was arrested by the criminal police of Pirmasens (Germany) and convicted by a criminal court in Landau. Since then he has since been imprisoned in Zweibrücken Prison, where he is due to remain until 4 March 2006. O.H. and S.B. were committed for trial at the Strasbourg Criminal Court where they were tried and convicted on 13 June 1994 without the applicant or his girlfriend having been informed. The applicant could not therefore lodge an application for the return of his possessions with the criminal court trying the case. On 14 September 1994 the applicant's lawyer renewed his request to the investigating judge of 6 December 1993. He received no reply. On 28 October 1994 the applicant's lawyer lodged an application with the public prosecutor under Article 41-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure for the return of the DEM 7,700, the bank statements and a rechargeable mobile-telephone battery. On 7 November 1994 the public prosecutor refused his application on the ground that the items had been confiscated by order of the Criminal Court in its judgment of 13 June 1994 in the proceedings against O.H. and S.B. In his reply the public prosecutor referred to the application lodged with the investigating judge on 6 December 1993 and renewed on 14 September 1994. On 6 January 1995 the applicant's lawyer lodged an application with the Sixth Criminal Division of the Strasbourg tribunal de grande instance under Article 710 of the Code of Criminal Procedure for the return of the seized items. The application, which just bore the stamp of the Strasbourg public prosecutor's office, dated 6 January 1995, concerned the applicant's passport, the DEM 7,700, the bank statements and the rechargeable mobile-telephone battery. On 6 February 1995 the public prosecutor replied to that application as follows: “Despite my letter of 7 November 1994 advising you that nothing could be returned to Mr Baumann on any grounds whatsoever because the court had ordered confiscation of the sealed items, you persist in wishing to obtain a hearing in connection with the sealed items in question. I regret to have to repeat myself in pointing out that the judgment dated 9 May 1994 has become res judicata and that Article 710 of the Code of Criminal Procedure does not provide for the reopening of proceedings terminated by a confiscation decision which has become final. Article 710 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is reserved for interlocutory applications relating to the execution of a decision and not disputes about the penalties imposed. The court in question did not have any power to reconsider a measure which had become res judicata. ...” In a letter of 12 February 1996 C.E. requested the public prosecutor to return the seized DEM 7,700 and FRF 2,150 on the ground that the money belonged to her and that she was not in any way involved in the criminal proceedings. In a letter of 29 April 1996 she renewed her request, stating among other things: “my ex-boyfriend has put me in a difficult position which has seriously changed my life ... I have incurred debts because of him ... it is very important for me to recover my money...”
train
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{ "applicant": "Bernd Karl Baumann", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 52, 45, 50, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "FRA", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2001 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Bernd Karl Baumann
001-154399
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in three applications (nos. 26289/12, 29062/12 and 29891/12) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by three Irish nationals, Mr Gabriel Magee, Mr Colin Francis Duffy and Ms Teresa Magee (“the applicants”), on 1 May 2012, 14 May 2012 and 10 May 2012 respectively. The first and second applicants were represented by KRW Law-LLP, a firm of solicitors based in Belfast. The third applicant was represented by Mr P. Moriarty of O’Connor and Moriarty Solicitors, a firm practising in Lurgan. The United Kingdom Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ms M. Addis of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. On 24 September 2012 notice of the applications of the first and second applicant was given to the Government. Notice of the third applicant’s application was given to the Government on 7 November 2012. The applicants and the Government each filed observations on the admissibility and merits of the cases (Rule 59 § 1 of the Rules of Court). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The first applicant was born in 1972 and lives in Craigavon. The second applicant was born in 1967 and lives in Lurgan. The third applicant was born in 1978 and lives in Craigavon. A. The first and third applicants On 14 March 2009 the first and third applicants were arrested under section 41 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (“the 2000 Act”) on suspicion of involvement in the murder of a police officer on 9 March 2009. They were detained at Antrim police station on the same day. The first applicant was interviewed twice on 15 March 2009 and once on 16 March 2009; the third applicant was interviewed three times on 15 March 2009 and once on 16 March 2009. On 16 March 2009 the Director of Public Prosecutions (“DPP”) made applications to the County Court under paragraph 29 of Schedule 8 to the 2000 Act for warrants of further detention in respect of both applicants in order to carry out questioning and to conduct forensic examinations. The first applicant gave evidence on oath in the course of the hearing. Following the hearing, the County Court Judge granted warrants authorising a five-day extension of detention. Each of the applicants was interviewed on twelve occasions in the following five days. On 21 March 2009 the DPP made applications to the County Court under paragraph 36 of Schedule 8 to the 2000 Act for seven-day extensions to the periods specified in the warrants of further detention. The extensions were sought in order to facilitate further questioning of the applicants once the results of additional forensic tests were obtained. At separate hearings on 22 March 2009 a police superintendent gave evidence on oath as to the necessity of the extensions, and arguments were heard on behalf of the first and third applicants. Following the hearings, Her Honour Judge Philpott QC delivered a written judgment in respect of the first applicant and an ex tempore decision in respect of the third applicant. She granted both applications, authorising the first applicant’s continued detention until 7.20 a.m. on 28 March 2009 and the third applicant’s continued detention until 5.52 a.m. on 28 March 2009. In her reasoning, Judge Philpott noted that the relevant forensic evidence was central to the investigation and that the investigation was being carried out diligently and expeditiously. In the rulings Judge Philpott considered whether the 2000 Act or Article 5 of the Convention gave the court deciding whether or not to grant an extension of detention an express or implied power to examine the lawfulness of the arrest or to grant bail. She concluded that it did not as the 2000 Act only gave the judge the power to decide whether or not an extension of detention was necessary. Consequently, she had to confine herself to the issue of whether or not it was necessary to extend detention beyond forty-eight hours for investigative purposes, and any issue as to the lawfulness of the arrest would have to be determined by the High Court in either habeas corpus or judicial review proceedings. B. The second applicant On 14 March 2009 the second applicant was arrested under section 41 of the 2000 Act on suspicion of involvement in the murder of two soldiers at Masserene Barracks, Antrim, on 7 March 2009. He was detained at Antrim Police Station on the same day. On 15 March 2009 the DPP made an application to the County Court under paragraph 29 of Schedule 8 to the 2000 Act for a warrant extending the second applicant’s detention as the results of a number of forensic tests were pending. Following a hearing on 16 March 2009 a County Court Judge granted a warrant authorising a five-day extension to his detention. The second applicant was interviewed on twelve occasions in the following five days. However, neither the interviews nor the results of the forensic tests provided any evidence linking the second applicant to the murders of the two soldiers. On 21 March 2009 the DPP made an application to the County Court under paragraph 36 of Schedule 8 to the 2000 Act for a seven-day extension to the period specified in the warrant for further detention. The extension was sought as the results of further forensic tests which had been sent for analysis to a laboratory in Great Britain were expected to become available within the following seven days and detention was considered necessary to ensure that further questioning could take place and, if there was sufficient evidence, charges could be brought. On 21 March 2009 Judge Philpott granted the application, authorising the second applicant’s continued detention until 7.20 on 28 March 2009. C. Joint proceedings The applicants sought permission to apply for judicial review of Judge Philpott’s decisions of 21 and 22 March 2009 granting further extensions to the warrants authorising their detention. They submitted, firstly, that Judge Philpott had been wrong to conclude that a court, in deciding whether or not to grant an extension of detention, was precluded from investigating the lawfulness of the arrest; secondly, that the judge had failed to address the question of whether the detention of the applicants was required while the results of the forensic examinations were expected; thirdly, that the judge had failed to give reasons for her decision that detention was required; and, finally, that Schedule 8 of the 2000 Act was incompatible with Article 5 of the Convention. Permission to apply for judicial review was granted by the High Court of Northern Ireland on 24 March 2009 and the High Court heard the applications on 25 March 2009. In respect of the applicants’ first submission, the High Court held that paragraphs 5 and 32 of Schedule 8 to the 2000 Act had to be read in conformity with the requirements of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention as explained in the jurisprudence of the Court. Thus, the review of the lawfulness of the detention had to embrace an examination of the basis of the arrest, otherwise a person could be detained under the 2000 Act for up to twenty-eight days without there having been any judicial review of the lawfulness of the original arrest and that could not be Convention compliant. The High Court therefore found that Judge Philpott had been wrong to disavow any review of the lawfulness of the applicants’ arrest and, as a consequence, her decision to grant extensions had to be quashed. The court accepted, however, that a review of the lawfulness of the arrest need not involve a detailed analysis of the basis for the decision to arrest and should reflect the constraints that necessarily apply in many arrests for terrorist offences. With regard to the applicants’ second and third submissions, the High Court found that, although the judge had not focused directly on whether the applicants had to be detained rather than released pending the outcome of the remaining forensic examinations, she had not failed to have regard to the need for detention as the basis for the grant of the warrant. Moreover, although her reasons were pithily stated, they were sufficient to convey to the applicants the basis of her decision. Consideration of the applicants’ fourth submission, namely the compatibility of Schedule 8 to the 2000 Act with Article 5 of the Convention, was adjourned. In a judgment delivered on 24 February 2011, the High Court of Northern Ireland found no basis for the submission that Schedule 8 was incompatible with Article 5 of the Convention. In particular, the court held that, although there was no doubt that the “competent legal authority” referred to in Article 5 § 1 (c) was the authority having competence to deal with a criminal charge (the magistrate in the United Kingdom), in Schiesser v. Switzerland (4 December 1979, § 29, Series A no. 34) and McKay v. the United Kingdom ([GC], no. 543/03, ECHR 2006‑X) the Court had made it clear that the function of “a judge or other officer” for the purposes of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention could be carried out by an officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power and did not necessarily have to be a person with power to conduct the trial of any eventual criminal charge; that, although there was no express power to order release in the 2000 Act as required by Article 5 § 3 of the Convention, such a power must be implied; that, as paragraph 32 of Schedule 8 to the 2000 Act provided that there must be reasonable grounds for believing that the further detention of a person was necessary, it therefore contained a requirement of proportionality; that, there was no provision for conditional release on bail within the statutory scheme, an issue which did not arise in the present case but would need to be addressed in any future case in which it arose; that, although paragraph 33(3) of Schedule 8 enabled a judicial authority to exclude an applicant or anyone representing him from any part of the hearing and paragraph 34 permitted information to be withheld from the applicant or anyone representing him, there were a range of tools available to the court to preserve to the necessary extent an adversarial procedure and equality of arms; and, finally, that there was no authority which supported the applicants’ contention that Article 5 required that a detained person be charged well before the expiry of the twenty‑eight day period contemplated in the 2000 Act. On 4 April 2011 the High Court of Northern Ireland certified that it was satisfied that the decision given on 24 February 2011 involved the following points of law of general public importance. “a) Whether paragraphs 29(3) and 36(3)(b) of Part III of Schedule 8 to the Terrorism Act 2000 (‘the Act’) permitting extended detention for more than four days are compatible with the Applicant’s rights under Article 5(1)(c), 5(2) and 5(3) of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘the Convention’) If compliance with Article 5(3) of the Convention can only be achieved by providing for a detainee to be brought before a judicial authority (i) other than the Magistrates’ Court and (ii) without any charges having been preferred against him; If Articles 5(1)(c) and 5(3) of the Convention are required to be read together as linked provisions and understood as creating a scheme so that the ‘judge or other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power’ referred to in Article 5(3) and ‘the competent legal authority’ referred to in Article 5(1)(c) are one and the same; If the ‘judicial authority’ provided for in Schedule 8 to the Act is the ‘judge or other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power’ within the meaning of Article 5(3) of the Convention; If Articles 5(1)(c) and 5(3) of the Convention cannot be interpreted in such a way as to permit the detention of a suspect without charge for any period specified by Parliament, subject only to the requirement of periodic judicial approval of the kind specified in Article 8 to the Act. b) Whether the absence of a power to allow for conditional release on bail rendered the scheme for extending detention set out in Part III of Schedule 8 incompatible with Article 5 [of the Convention]; and c) Whether the procedure for granting an extension of detention, in circumstances where the suspect and legal representative have been excluded by the judge for a part of the hearing (as per Schedule 8, para 33(3)) and by reason of same information is made available to the judge but withheld from the suspect and his legal representative, Schedule 8, para 34(1) and (2)(f) is incompatible with the request for an adversarial hearing as required by Article 5 in light of Secretary of State for the Home Department v AF (FC) and Anor [2010] 2 AC 269.” However, the High Court refused leave to appeal to the Supreme Court. Permission to appeal was refused by the Supreme Court on 14 November 2011 on the basis that the applications did not raise an arguable point of law of general public importance. D. The applicants’ release from detention The applicants were released without charge on 25 March 2009. The first and third applicants were not subsequently charged with any offence related to the murder of the police officer. The second applicant was immediately rearrested and interviewed over the following two days. On 27 March 2009 he was charged with the murder of the two soldiers, five attempted murders and possession of a firearm and ammunition. He was produced before a District Judge sitting at Larne Magistrates’ Court on 27 March 2009. His application for bail was refused. Following a hearing which took place on 6 and 23 November 2009, bail was refused by the High Court on the ground that there was a real risk of reoffending on account of his suspected involvement with a dissident republican organisation. The High Court again declined to grant bail on 8 October 2010. On 7 November 2011 the second applicant stood trial before a judge sitting without a jury. On 20 January 2012 he was acquitted on all counts of the indictment.
train
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{ "applicant": "Gabriel Magee", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2015 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Gabriel Magee
001-176970
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 8844/12) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a German national, Mr Christof Stollenwerk (“the applicant”), on 9 February 2012. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr D. Hagmann, a lawyer practising in Mönchengladbach. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by one of their Agents, Mr H.-J. Behrens, Ministerialrat, of the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection. The applicant alleged, relying on Article 5 § 4 of the Convention, that the principle of equality of arms had been violated because the Düsseldorf Court of Appeal had taken decisions on 3 and 25 February 2011 relating to the continuation of his detention and his request for a subsequent hearing without giving him the opportunity to reply to the written observations of the Düsseldorf Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office. On 16 March 2016 the complaint concerning Article 5 § 4 of the Convention was communicated to the Government and the remainder of the application was declared inadmissible pursuant to Rule 54 § 3 of the Rules of Court. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1967 and lives in Düren. On 27 August 2010 the Krefeld District Court issued a warrant for his arrest as there was a strong suspicion that he had been trafficking drugs. Earlier that day he had been stopped with 15.8 grams of heroin, which he had allegedly intended to sell. On two previous occasions he had been stopped at the German border with 11 and 12.5 grams of heroin on him. The arrest warrant was based on the risk of him absconding as he could expect a considerable sentence for the offences in question, had no social ties, being unemployed and a drug addict, and had an unstable character. That same day he was detained on remand. Between 30 August 2010 and 11 November 2010 the lawfulness of the applicant’s detention on remand was examined eight times by the District Court or Regional Court. In a judgment of 6 December 2010 the District Court convicted the applicant of three counts of large-scale drug trafficking – two counts of smuggling drugs into Germany and trafficking (dealt with as a single offence instead of two separate offences) and a third count of trafficking only and sentenced him to two years and six months’ imprisonment. On the same day, in a separate decision, the District Court ordered the continuation of the applicant’s detention. On 8 December 2010 the applicant lodged an appeal against that decision. In substance he mainly referred to his previous submissions. On 13 December 2010 he lodged an appeal against the judgment. The District Court did not allow the appeal of 8 December 2010 relating to the applicant’s detention and referred it to the Regional Court, which dismissed it on 15 December 2010, finding that there continued to be a risk of the applicant absconding. On 5 January 2011 the applicant lodged a further appeal against that decision. In substance, again, he referred to his previous submissions. He explicitly asked that the observations of the Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office be sent to him so as to be able to comment on them. On 28 January 2011 the Düsseldorf Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office (Generalstaatsanwaltschaft – “the prosecution authorities”) submitted written observations to the Court of Appeal, requesting the dismissal of the applicant’s appeal of 5 January 2011. The applicant’s counsel received the observations from the prosecution authorities on 3 February 2011 and submitted a reply to the Court of Appeal on 10 February 2011. Following a telephone enquiry to the Court of Appeal, the applicant’s counsel learned on 10 February 2011 that on 3 February 2011 it had already decided the applicant’s appeal of 5 January 2011 and dismissed it. The applicant had therefore not been able to reply to the observations of the prosecution authorities of 28 January 2011 prior to the court taking its decision. That same day the applicant’s counsel requested a subsequent hearing (Nachholung des rechtlichen Gehörs) under Article 33a of the Code of Criminal Procedure. On 14 February 2011 the Court of Appeal’s decision of 3 February 2011 was served on the applicant. On an unspecified date the prosecution authorities submitted written observations in relation to the applicant’s request for a subsequent hearing. On 25 February 2011 the Court of Appeal dismissed the request for a subsequent hearing as inadmissible, finding that the applicant’s right to be heard had not been violated, that the prosecution authorities’ observations of 28 January 2011 had not contained any facts unknown to him and there had therefore been no need to serve them on him. In so far as his submission of 10 February 2011 was to be classified as an objection (Gegenvorstellung), the court rejected it because its decision of 3 February 2011 had not been based on incorrect factual or procedural considerations. Prior to the decision of 25 February 2011, the observations of the prosecution authorities relating to the request for a subsequent hearing had not been served on the applicant, who had thus had no opportunity to reply to them. The Court of Appeal nevertheless quoted and endorsed those observations in its decision. On 7 April 2011 the applicant lodged a complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court. He alleged, in particular, that his right to be heard, as guaranteed by Article 103 § 1 of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), had been violated, because the Court of Appeal had taken its decisions of 3 and 25 February 2011 without giving him the opportunity to reply to the observations of the prosecution authorities. On 28 July 2011 the Federal Constitutional Court declined to accept the applicant’s constitutional complaint without providing reasons (2 BvR 805/11). Its decision was served on him on 10 August 2011.
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{ "applicant": "Christof Stollenwerk", "articles": [ 91, 34, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2017 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Christof Stollenwerk
001-58087
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) on 4 July 1996 and by the Government of the Republic of Austria (“the Government”) on 11 September 1996, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 § 1 and Article 47 of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 22714/93) against Austria lodged with the Commission under Article 25 by an Austrian national, Mr Alfred Worm, on 28 July 1993. The Commission's request referred to Articles 44 and 48 and to the declaration whereby Austria recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46); the Government's application referred to Articles 44 and 48. The object of the request and of the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 10 of the Convention. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 35 § 3 (d) of Rules of Court B, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent him (Rule 31). The lawyer was given leave by the President to use the German language (Rule 28 § 3). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr F. Matscher, the elected judge of Austrian nationality (Article 43 of the Convention), and Mr R. Bernhardt, the Vice-President of the Court (Rule 21 § 4 (b)). On 7 August 1996, in the presence of the Registrar, the President of the Court, Mr R. Ryssdal, drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr F. Gölcüklü, Mr B. Walsh, Mr J.M. Morenilla, Mr B. Repik, Mr K. Jungwiert, Mr U. Lōhmus and Mr J. Casadevall (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 § 5). As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 § 6), Mr Bernhardt, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Austrian Government, the applicant's lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 39 § 1 and 40). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the applicant's and the Government's memorials on 21 and 28 February 1997 respectively. The Commission produced the file on the proceedings before it, as requested by the Registrar on the President's instructions. In accordance with the President's decision, the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 22 April 1997. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr F. Cede, Ambassador, Legal Adviser, Head of the International Law Department, Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agent, Mr S. Benner, Public Prosecutor, Criminal Affairs and Pardons Department, Federal Ministry of Justice, Ms E. Bertagnoli, International Law Department, Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ms I. Ermacora, Constitutional Department, Federal Chancellery, Advisers; (b) for the Commission Mr J.-C. Geus, Delegate; (c) for the applicant Mr W. Masser, of the Vienna Bar, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Geus, Mr Masser and Mr Cede and also replies to its questions. AS TO THE FACTS I. circumstances of the case The applicant, Mr Alfred Worm, is a journalist. He was born in 1945 and lives in Vienna. At the material time the applicant was working for Profil, an Austrian periodical dealing mostly with politics. For several years, he investigated into and reported on the case of Mr Hannes Androsch, a former Vice-Chancellor and Minister of Finance, who was involved in certain criminal proceedings. A. Mr Androsch's criminal record In 1989 Mr Androsch had been convicted by the Vienna Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) of having made false statements as a witness on two occasions. The court found that he had, before a parliamentary investigating committee (Untersuchungsausschuß), wrongly stated that certain amounts of money had been put at his disposal by a Mr S., whereas in fact they had been transferred from anonymous bank accounts operated by his wife and himself. Furthermore, in the context of criminal proceedings against financial officers charged with abuse of authority, Mr Androsch had stated that several anonymous accounts were held by a Mr S., whereas in fact they were operated by his wife, his mother and himself. In 1991 the Vienna Regional Criminal Court (Landesgericht für Strafsachen), sitting as a court of two professional judges and two lay judges (Schöffengericht), conducted criminal proceedings against Mr Androsch concerning charges of tax evasion. It held hearings, inter alia, on 25 and 26 May 1991. On 8 October 1991 Mr Androsch was convicted of having evaded taxes between 1973 and 1981. He was sentenced to a fine of 1.8 million Austrian schillings (ATS). B. The article On 1 July 1991 Profil had published a two-page article written by the applicant, relating to the above proceedings. It read as follows: “ADJOURNED FOR REFLECTION A criminal court sitting with lay judges spent two days considering Hannes Androsch's tax evasion. The atmosphere during the trial was glacial. ‘Above all, there were to be no mistakes during the proceedings. The case was to be handled with common prudence, properly and to the best of our knowledge and belief – but not with kid gloves!’ (Mr Heinz Tschernutter, tax investigator and witness, when asked what principles had governed the hearing of the Androsch case.) On the day before the trial [the Austrian newspaper] Die Presse dropped the bombshell that was meant to shake all Austria. Lawyer Herbert Schachter was quoted as saying: ‘I’m sure that Dr Androsch will present his case in an impressive manner.’ The horizon was darkened by this impressive presentation and the earth shook as the accused worsened his lousy position by taking refuge in lapses of memory (‘I can't remember’ – ‘I don't have any detailed knowledge’) and by attempting to shift the blame onto others (‘I was represented by tax advisers in all those years’) or by playing the animal that has been maltreated (‘There is not a single large-scale business in the whole of Austria that has been subjected for years to as many inspections as I have been’). Hannes Androsch's biggest problem is Hannes Androsch. His second biggest problem is his lawyer, Herbert Schachter. Together, defending counsel and client are invincible. If blatant scorn could change the temperature, the courtroom would be covered by a thick layer of ice. The patient judge, Friedrich Zeilinger, enquires, ‘So, what exactly happened?’ The blasé defendant replies, ‘I would ask you to infer exactly what happened from the file. You have the documents in front of you – I haven't.’ At another point Androsch said, with a disdainful gesture towards Friedrich Matousek: ‘You, my dear Public Prosecutor ...’ in a tone as if to say ‘You wretched worm!’ Androsch underestimates the judiciary. Once again. Judge Zeilinger knows the file inside out, as was clear from each of his questions. The public prosecutor, Matousek, is able to find his way around in the dark generated by the ‘international legal adviser's’ murky financial deals, and, after all, the prosecuting authorities have been examining the flow of funds to and from Hannes Androsch for a good decade. The accused mistook the excessively polite and markedly accommodating manner of the presiding judge for weakness. He has also known the public prosecutor for years and yet still doesn't know him properly. Matousek speaks quietly and slowly so that one can follow what he says, and acts in a spectacularly unspectacular manner. Only the arrogant interpret his lack of grand gestures as cluelessness. Even the public prosecutor did make one mistake, however, when he cited the judgment of the Court of Appeal in the proceedings against Androsch for giving false evidence (now concluded) and referred to ‘long-term, ingenious and sophisticated linking of accounts’. The alleged tax evasion was perhaps ‘long-term’ but by no means ‘ingenious and sophisticated’. The opposite was true: anyone venturing into the maze of Androsch's accounts containing undeclared money is amazed by the structure's simplicity. It is not only wholly lacking in sophistication but is almost astoundingly crude. Crude not because Androsch lacked intelligence but rather because it was based on the cast-iron foundation of the misplaced loyalty of officials. While Androsch was Finance Minister, until January 1981, he could rely on the zealous but unlawful obedience of a number of powerful officials. As soon as Androsch left, those officials had their hands full concealing their complicity in the cover-up. Admittedly, a whole string of other officials, by no means excessively brave but simply law-abiding, attempted again and again to ensure that the law prevailed. They foundered, however, on practicalities. The team led by the Carinthian tax investigator, Adolf Panzenböck (1982 to 1984) certainly gathered all the relevant details, but the head of one of the Vienna tax offices who had been in charge of the case for only a day and a half issued a clean bill of health. And last week, when they appeared as witnesses, the tax officials Walter Handerek, Heinz Tschernutter and Gerhard Berner, who reopened the file between 1985 and 1988, were treated by defending counsel Herbert Schachter as though they were the accused rather than Androsch. It has been known since 1980 that Androsch evaded taxes. The legal proceedings which were adjourned on Friday furnished further proof that for years the accused escaped prosecution thanks to the zealous obedience of officials. When this was no longer possible as an independent judge was in charge of the investigations, Androsch's advisers took every opportunity to delay the proceedings. It is both symptomatic and revealing that Androsch told the trial court again and again that ‘seven inspections’ had been carried out and on each occasion had found in his favour, and that it was very unfair that just the eighth inspection should shatter the ideal world of his illusory innocence. Everyone except him is to blame for this. Androsch has in the meantime become so completely immersed in the role of the innocent victim that he cannot subjectively conceive of ever having been the guilty party. From an objective point of view, it should be pointed out in Androsch's favour that there may be several people in Austria who in nearly two decades (from 1965 to 1983) have evaded more than 6.3 million schillings in tax without, however, being subjected to such intensive publicity. On the other hand, no Austrian Finance Minister has simultaneously operated seven accounts containing undeclared funds. And, as the public prosecutor put it, although the origin of part of the money had been established, approximately five million schillings were left from unknown sources. It was impious of Androsch to wheel out his ‘adoptive uncle’ again at the trial. Admittedly, he argued eloquently that the ‘adoptive uncle’ was actually an ‘adoptive father’, but nonetheless the name of a dead person had been taken in vain. Androsch alarmingly implicated not only his ‘adoptive father’ Gustav Steiner but also his father-in-law Paul Schärf in these financial proceedings. Both were induced to sacrifice themselves for Androsch and to assume a responsibility for undeclared funds and fiduciary relationships which they had never had. The investigating judge Anton Zelenka and subsequently the tax authorities and other judges (Josef Zehetmayer and later the Court of Appeal) proved long ago that Androsch was lying on this point. The flow of funds into and out of the seven accounts containing money not declared to the tax authorities allows of no other interpretation than that Androsch was evading taxes. His defence in court was disgraceful; after so many years one would at least have expected properly constructed arguments. Each time Judge Zeilinger asked him a specific question he either took refuge in lapses of memory or blamed his ‘adoptive father’. He even trotted out the late Sir Arthur Stein, the explorer of the Silk Road, from whom he claims to have received a legacy. No new submissions were made in court – either as regards the accounts containing undeclared money or as regards the funding for his villas. Anyone who had expected Androsch to tell all and, as announced in the newspapers, to reveal new facts and adduce convincing arguments in his defence was bitterly disappointed. Only in respect of the charges of ‘covert distribution of profits’ was there any legal skirmishing. Mr Schachter told the court that Androsch was a ‘victim of politics’. ‘Crimes had been attempted’ against Androsch and his client had always had ‘opponents who had gone as far as attempting to destroy Androsch psychologically and physically’. Bruno Kreisky and others were to blame for this. The court kept trying very gently to bring the defendant back down to earth from his long-winded waffling. And each time he replied ‘I can't say. After all, I do have other things to do’ (i.e. than grapple with such stupid questions). If necessary, the authorities can always be blamed for everything. In the instant case this cliché clearly did not apply to Judge Zeilinger. For two mornings he demonstrated drawing-room justice at its best. The judge forced himself to be polite even when he was clearly irritated by the defendant's bored self-assurance. On the very first day of the trial an area of psychological tension built up which the former Minister clearly misinterpreted. From time to time the 53-year-old slipped into the role of a public speaker talking politics. He paid less and less attention to the judge's questions and treated the public prosecutor with increasingly provocative contempt. He turned to look more and more often at the public in the gallery, seeking approval, and his gestures increasingly reminded one of the self-satisfied, powerful Vice-Chancellor and Finance Minister accustomed to victory. In those circumstances serious tactical errors were made. Defence counsel interrupted the judge and Androsch succumbed to his own charm. He talked and talked, a volubility that the Kronen Zeitung mistook for ‘brilliant rhetoric’. In reality the defendant was distancing himself as much as possible from his own responsibility. Others were to blame. Judge Zeilinger did not lose control of the situation for a second, however. From time to time, as was apparent from his posture, he had a sharp word on the tip of his tongue, but he never actually uttered it. The defendant sensed weakness and made full use of his own – supposed – strength; he forged a link with the public while severing the one with the court. Judge Zeilinger had prepared for this trial keenly and diligently. By citing facts he kept forcing Androsch into corners from which he could only escape by taking refuge in memory lapses. In many major trials the sinner has been given a fair chance to the very end. Androsch too had a fair chance last Friday; of twelve defence motions, ten were dismissed and two allowed. The court admitted evidence as to whether in the tax proceedings against Androsch any unlawful influence had been exerted or instructions issued which adversely affected the taxpayer. In the next stage of trial, in August or September (the court even took account of defence counsel's summer holidays!), officials from the Regional Tax Office and the Ministry of Finance will therefore be heard as witnesses. There comes, however, a point in every trial after which the court expects some sign of understanding. It hopes for a trace of humility that may be appraised as a mitigating circumstance. The defendant has shown no humility to date, not even for a second. But he now has a few weeks to consider whether it is consonant with the principles of a State based on the rule of law for a Finance Minister and his family to have at their disposal accounts containing millions in undeclared funds. It is now for him to display greatness. The judicial system has uncovered serious matters. The court nevertheless was guided wholly by the principles of fairness up to the very last moment of the trial last Friday, when it adjourned the proceedings. For reflection.” C. Proceedings in the Vienna Regional Criminal Court Mr Worm was charged under section 23 of the Media Act (Mediengesetz – see paragraph 23 below) for having exercised prohibited influence on criminal proceedings (verbotene Einflußnahme auf ein Strafverfahren). On 12 May 1992 the Vienna Regional Criminal Court, sitting with one judge (Einzelrichter), acquitted the applicant. It found that the text in issue was not capable of influencing the outcome of the proceedings against Mr Androsch and that it was not established that the applicant had acted with such an intention. The court recalled that in 1991 Mr Androsch had been convicted of tax evasion (see paragraph 9 above). In establishing whether the impugned article was capable of influencing the result of these proceedings, the court noted that the wording and content of the article as a whole, as well as the development of the proceedings reported upon, the person of the accused, and the person of the applicant had to be taken into account. The article, unlike court reports of the scandal press, analysed the conduct of the presiding judge, the public prosecutor, defence counsel and in particular the accused, Mr Androsch, almost as a psychologist would have done. Furthermore, the court found that it was clear for every reader, who was vaguely familiar with the issue, that the applicant, who had been working for Profil for many years, had intensively dealt with the so-called “Causa Androsch” and had frequently reported on it. It appeared from the article that the applicant assumed that the investigations carried out by the tax authorities were correct. He subjected the statements made by the accused at the trial to a critical psychological analysis. However, his way of writing and the wording used were not capable of influencing these proceedings. Even to a lay judge, the applicant's person and his activities as a journalist in the Androsch case were well known. Thus he would not expect the applicant to give a neutral account of the proceedings. Moreover, it had not been established that the applicant had acted with the intention of influencing the outcome of the proceedings, in particular as it appeared that he was convinced that Mr Androsch would in any event be convicted. D. Proceedings in the Vienna Court of Appeal On 19 October 1992 the Vienna Court of Appeal, sitting as a court of three professional judges on an appeal by the public prosecutor, held a hearing in the presence of the applicant and his counsel. Mr Worm was questioned and stated in particular that the first sentence of the incriminated passage, namely that “the flow of funds into and out of the seven accounts containing money not declared to the tax authorities allows of no other interpretation than that Androsch was evading taxes”, was a quotation from the public prosecutor's statement during the trial. The latter had also frequently made reference to Mr Androsch's conviction for having made false statements as a witness (see paragraph 8 above). At the end of the hearing, the operative provisions of the judgment as well as the relevant reasons were read out. The court convicted the applicant of having exercised prohibited influence on criminal proceedings and imposed on him forty day-fines of ATS 1,200 each, that is ATS 48,000, or twenty days' imprisonment in default of payment. The publishing firm was made jointly and severally liable for payment of the fine. The full text of the judgment was served on the applicant on 25 March 1993. The court held, inter alia: “The prosecution appeal is therefore well-founded. It rightly takes as its starting-point that the offence defined in section 23 of the Media Act must be classified as a potentially endangering offence [abstraktes Gefährdungsdelikt] … In general, a potentially endangering offence is defined as conduct typically capable of bringing a dangerous situation into existence, even if in any given case no one is actually exposed to the danger concerned ... The law regulates only the offender's conduct – in this case comment on the value of evidence – and links to it the inference that such comment is also capable of influencing the outcome of criminal proceedings. A potentially endangering offence accordingly amounts to conduct which is criminal irrespective of any result it may have [schlichtes Tätigkeitsdelikt] ... The considerations set out in the judgment at first instance as to the extent to which the comment on Mr Androsch's defence was capable of influencing the outcome of the criminal proceedings were therefore pointless ... The defendant's replies under examination in criminal proceedings constitute evidence ... [The passage in issue] constitutes (unfavourable) comment on the value of the answers given by Mr Androsch, not just – as the court below held – a critical psychological analysis ...” It observed that “the objective element of the offence defined in section 23 of the Media Act is constituted not only by unfavourable comment on evidence but also by favourable comment”. The Court of Appeal also contested the Regional Court's assumption that everybody, including the lay judges, knew the applicant's long-standing commitment in the Androsch case and would therefore not be influenced by his article. It was in no way certain that the lay judges regularly read Profil. On the contrary, in spectacular proceedings like the ones in issue, it happened frequently that lay judges would follow the reports in papers they did not usually read. There was no doubt that, at least with regard to the lay judges, the reading of the incriminated article was capable of influencing the outcome of the criminal proceedings. The court added: “[The above finding] is all the more true in the present case because it can be inferred from the article that the accused wished to usurp the position of the judges dealing with the case. The objective element of the offence defined in section 23 of the Media Act is accordingly made out. As regards the subjective element, it should be observed that it is hard to understand why the court below should have concluded that there was no intention to influence the outcome of the trial when that intention was, on the contrary, quite obvious.” The court further found that the applicant's expertise and involvement in the subject matter rather reinforced the impression that he had written the article with the intention of influencing the outcome of the proceedings. He had researched into the case since 1978 and had written more than a hundred articles about it. From the beginning he had been convinced that Mr Androsch had committed tax evasion. In the article in issue he had not only criticised Mr Androsch's statement but had also anticipated the outcome of the proceedings, namely the conviction of the accused. The judgment ended as follows: “Even the quotation of the answer given by Mr Heinz Tschernutter placed at the top of the article – ‘Above all, there were to be no mistakes during the proceedings. The case was to be handled with common prudence, properly and to the best of our knowledge and belief – but not with kid gloves!’ – gives the average reader the impression that the court was being advised and urged to follow the same approach, in other words not to make any mistakes and not to handle Mr Androsch with kid gloves.”
train
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{ "applicant": "Alfred Worm", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93 ], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1997 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Alfred Worm
001-103120
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 16637/07) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Ms Aysel Aydin (“the applicant”), on 16 April 2007. The applicant was represented by Mr S. Hilbrans, a lawyer practising in Berlin. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, of the Federal Ministry of Justice. The applicant alleged, in particular, that her criminal conviction violated her right to freedom of expression. On 30 November 2009 the President of the Fifth Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). Having been informed of the case by a letter of 3 December 2010, the Turkish Government did not express any wish to intervene under Article 36 § 1 of the Convention. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1972 and lives in Wuppertal. The facts of the case, as submitted by the applicant, may be summarised as follows. 1. Background to the case On 22 November 1993 the German Interior Ministry issued a decision by which it imposed a ban on the activities of the Workers' Party of Kurdistan (“the PKK”), under Article 18, second sentence, of the Law on Associations (Vereinsgesetz, see Relevant domestic law, below). Relevant parts of the decision read as follows: “1. The activities pursued by the “Workers' Party of Kurdistan” (PKK)...run contrary to provisions of the criminal law, are directed against the concept of international understanding, endanger inner security and other important interests of the Federal Republic of Germany. The “Workers' Party of Kurdistan” (PKK)...is not allowed to pursue its activities within the territorial ambit of the Law on Associations.” As the PKK as such did not challenge the imposition of the ban before the German courts, the decision became final on 26 March 1994. Following the arrest of its leader, Abdullah Öcalan, in 1999, the PKK's executives changed their strategy and declared an end to the armed battle against Turkish army entities. Following a “peace initiative” declared by the party's seventh congress on 17 January 2000, the PKK did not organise any further demonstrations or violent acts in Germany. In 2001 the PKK's presidential counsel decided to launch a large-scale campaign, during which their supporters should address themselves to the German authorities, should acknowledge their support for the PKK and should demand that the ban on the PKK's activities be lifted. The supporters signed a declaration. The declarations were then collected and handed over in large numbers to parliaments, administrative bodies and courts. The content of the largely identical declarations was as follows: “Self declaration (Selbsterklärung) “I also am a follower of the PKK” (“Auch ich bin ein PKK'ler”) As the Kurdish people has been denied its basic right to life, it has had no choice but to take up arms. After twenty years of war, our national leader, Abdullah Öcalan, has initiated a strategic change. For two years the PKK has been using exclusively political means to fight for a peaceful and democratic solution to the Kurdish question. On the basis of this new strategy the Workers' Party of Kurdistan (PKK) is undergoing a global reformation. Strongly determined to find a solution, it has developed its political activities against all resistance without leaving the framework of legality. Although the Kurdish question emerged geographically in the Middle East, having regard to its historical, political and international connections it is a European problem waiting for a solution. Europe played a major role in the setting of Middle Eastern boundaries. That is why Europe is now confronted with the task of playing a role in the solution of the problems. Just as it failed to offer a prospect of a solution when our leader was abducted in the framework of an international conspiracy, Europe fails today to make use of the opportunities offered by the PKK. While the majority of the European Member States make Turkey's accession to the European Union dependent on the Copenhagen criteria, they deny the national and political status of the Kurds living in Europe. Germany and England, in particular, insist on a policy of bans. With this destructive attitude Europe puts itself within the context of the policy of destruction and negation which is directed against the Kurdish people. Today as in the past Europe continues its negative tradition. This is nothing but a policy of double moral standards. On this basis I, as a member of the Kurdish people, declare that I share the PKK's new policy, which, for two years, has been leading its political fight on a legal basis. I further declare that I belong to the PKK. I challenge the European Member States to apply the same standards to themselves they apply to non-member States. I furthermore request these States to comply themselves with the express criteria for accession to the European Union with regard to the Kurds living in Europe. I therefore demand the full recognition of the rights granted to other peoples for the Kurdish people. I further demand the official recognition of the cultural and political values created by the Kurdish people in the course of their great struggle. In this context I demand respect for my people's national and political identity. I support the line of the PKK's democratic struggle, as has been confirmed by its seventh congress. Having regard to the fact that the PKK has not committed one single violent act for two years, I demand the lifting of all bans which are applied on the PKK. I further declare that the liberty of our leader, Abdullah Öcalan, and the possibility of his political activity are the only guarantee for an enduring solution. I therefore demand: “Freedom for Abdullah Öcalan – Peace in Kurdistan”. I hereby declare that I most severely condemn the prohibition issued against the PKK and the criminal prosecution of PKK membership and of active sympathy for the PKK. I further declare that I do not acknowledge this prohibition and that I assume all responsibility arising therefrom.” 2. Criminal proceedings against the applicant With others, the applicant organised and coordinated a collection of signatures of the declaration in Berlin. She also signed a declaration herself. On 16 July 2001 the applicant, with two others, handed two folders containing 467 signed declarations to the Berlin public prosecutor. On 24 September 2001 the applicant handed over one further folder containing declarations. Furthermore, the applicant donated certain sums of money to a sub-organisation of the PKK, which was also subject to the ban. Within the framework of the campaign, more than 4,000 declarations were handed to the authorities in Berlin; approximately 100,000 declarations were submitted to German administration as a whole. On 17 July 2003 the Berlin Regional Court (Landgericht) convicted the applicant of contravening a ban imposed on an association's activity (section 20 § 1 no. 4 in conjunction with section 18, second sentence, of the Law on Associations) and sentenced her to 150 daily fines of eight euros each. During the hearing before that court, the applicant submitted a declaration that she had not intended to breach the criminal law, but to express her opinion and to further the understanding between the German and the Kurdish people. The Regional Court considered that the applicant, by signing the declaration, taking part in the campaign and giving donations, had flouted the ban on pursuing the PKK's activities. The Regional Court considered that the declaration's content, seen in the context of the accompanying campaign, was likely to have a positive effect on the association's unlawful activities. The Regional Court considered, in particular, that the declaration “not (to) acknowledge this ban and (to) assume all responsibility arising therefrom” had a twofold effect: Firstly, the applicant expressed her commitment not to abide by the ban in the future and thus to provide the PKK with security for planning further unlawful activities. Secondly, it was likely to strengthen solidarity with other potential supporters. According to the Regional Court, the declaration signed by the applicant was not covered by her right to freedom of expression, as the applicant did not confine herself to claiming freedom and self-determination for the Kurdish people, to demand the lifting of the ban on the PKK and most severely to condemn its continuation, which would fall within the ambit of the applicant's freedom of expression. Seen in the context of the aims of the overall campaign, the declaration also contained the statement that the applicant would continue to support the PKK even if the ban imposed on its activities was not lifted. This was already implied in the concluding statement, that the applicant would “assume all responsibility arising therefrom”, that is to say from any flouting of the ban. The Regional Court also considered that the campaign had the further aim of overburdening the public prosecution service with such a large number of criminal proceedings that they would not be able to cope. The Regional Court considered as mitigating factors, inter alia, the importance of the right to freedom of expression. On 15 January 2004 the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof), referring to its own pilot judgment given on 27 March 2003 (see relevant domestic law and practice, below), dismissed the applicant's appeal on points of law. According to that court, the Regional Court's interpretation of the applicant's statement and the evaluation of her behaviour were compatible with the right to freedom of expression as enshrined in Article 5 of the Basic Law. Having regard to the context and the circumstances of the case, the Regional Court had comprehensively and coherently refuted the applicant's allegations that she had not participated in a campaign which had been organised by the PKK with the aim to hamper the criminal prosecution of breaches of the ban by provoking a massive quantity of criminal investigations, but that she had merely intended to express her opinion on the ban. This was demonstrated by the fact that the applicant and the other campaigners did not address themselves to the Federal Interior Ministry, which would have been competent for lifting the ban, but addressed a massive quantity of collected individually signed declarations to the public prosecutor's office. The applicant's unwillingness to abide by the ban was further demonstrated by the fact that she had been previously convicted of a similar offence and that she had flouted the ban in another, separate way by financially supporting a sub-organisation of the PKK. The Federal Court of Justice finally considered that the Regional Court had sufficiently weighted the importance of the right to freedom of expression when assessing the sentence. On 20 March 2004 the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint in which she complained that her right to freedom of expression and her right to petition had been violated. On 26 September 2006 the Federal Constitutional (Bundesverfassungsgericht), in a reasoned decision of 21 pages, refused to accept the applicant's complaint for adjudication as being unfounded. The Federal Constitutional Court held that the applicant's statements fell within the ambit of her right to freedom of expression under Article 5 of the Basic Law. It considered, however, that her conviction was justified under paragraph 2 of that same Article as being based on a general law. The Federal Constitutional Court considered, at the outset, that the activities of an association could only be banned if it generally and continuously pursued dangerous aims, which was established by the enforceable ban issued by the Interior Ministry. Section 20 § 1 no. 4 of the Law on Association was not directed against the expression of an opinion as such, but only against the purposeful support it lent to the association's activity which had been prohibited in the interest of protecting the democratic state based on the rule of law. An individual person who pursued his own political aims was not concerned; he was merely prevented from doing so by supporting the activities of a prohibited association. It followed that only such behaviour was subject to criminal liability, which was relevant with regard to the purpose of the banning order. Furthermore, the behaviour had to be related to the association's activity. Art. 5 § 1 of the Basic Law had not to cede already where someone advocated the same opinions as the organisation affected by the ban; it did have to cede, however, if an unbiased observer gained the impression that this was an action which was directly related to the association. The necessary relation to the purpose of the banning order was lacking where statements of opinions worked towards a lift of a ban of activities, which was protected by the right to freedom of expression in the interest of the openness of the democratic process. In the context of the criminal courts' examination of whether the constituent elements of an offence exist, freedom of opinion took second place without a weighing being required in the individual case, notwithstanding individual weighing that was necessary on other levels, for instance as regarded the fixing of the fine. The only decisive question was whether the above-mentioned criteria had been met. With regard to the application of these principles in the instant case, the Federal Constitutional Court found as follows: (a) The courts answered the question of whether the self-declarations bore sufficient relation to the association's activity in the affirmative. According to the facts established by the lower courts, which are constitutionally unobjectionable, the declarations were made in the context of a mass campaign initiated and steered by the PKK leadership, which was carried out Germany-wide and attracted considerable public attention. The campaign was preceded by large-scale advertising, the content of the declaration was discussed among Kurdish compatriots, and the letters were collected and submitted, sometimes in the course of demonstrations. The headline and the text of the declaration itself (“I am also a follower of the PKK”, “I further declare that I belong to the PKK”) also made it possible for the courts to infer, in a constitutionally unobjectionable manner, a sufficient relation precisely to the PKK as the organisation affected from the ban on activities. (b) The courts observed the principles established by the Federal Court of Justice in its judgment dated 27 March 2003, that the self declarations would nevertheless have been exempt from criminal liability as expressions of the right to freedom of expression if they had restricted themselves to demanding freedom and self-determination for the Kurdish people, to calling for a lift of the ban on the PKK's activities and severely condemning the maintenance of that ban. The right to freedom of expression includes the right to assert one's opinion as effectively as possible. The effect of a strengthening of solidarity that goes along with a support of the lift of the ban is to be tolerated in the interest of the free expression of opinion even if it is at the same time an expression of sympathy for the banned association. The courts, however, assumed in a constitutionally unobjectionable manner that the self-declarations in favour of the PKK transgressed the boundaries, thus determined, of declarations of solidarity and sympathy in favour of an association affected by a ban on activities to the extent that they had to be understood as a commitment made by those signing it not to respect the ban on activities in the future and not to be deterred from contravening the ban even by the threat of criminal sanctions. The courts could assume without misjudging freedom of opinion that such a declaration of willingness to break the law that was made in the context of a mass campaign complied with the constituent element of the offence in question.” The Federal Constitutional Court further considered that the criminal conviction did not violate the applicant's right to petition as enshrined in the Basic Law. This decision was served on the applicant's counsel on 16 October 2006.
train
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{ "applicant": "Aysel Aydin", "articles": [ 91, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Aysel Aydin
001-161898
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 56925/08) against the Swiss Confederation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Swiss national, Mr Arnaud Bédat (“the applicant”), on 7 November 2008. Having originally been designated by the initials A.B., the applicant subsequently agreed to the disclosure of his name. The applicant was represented by Mr C. Poncet and Mr D. Hoffmann, lawyers practising in Geneva. The Swiss Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr F. Schürmann, of the Federal Office of Justice. The applicant alleged that the fine imposed on him in criminal proceedings for having published information covered by the secrecy of criminal investigations had violated his right to freedom of expression as secured by Article 10 of the Convention. The application was allocated to the Second Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). On 1 July 2014 a Chamber of that Section, composed of Guido Raimondi, Işıl Karakaş, András Sajó, Nebojša Vučinić, Helen Keller, Paul Lemmens and Robert Spano, judges, and Abel Campos, Deputy Section Registrar, delivered its judgment (see A.B. v. Switzerland, no. 56925/08, 1 July 2014), in which it declared the application admissible and held, by four votes to three, that there had been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention. The joint dissenting opinion of Judges Karakaş, Keller and Lemmens was annexed to the judgment. On 29 September 2014 the Government requested that the case be referred to the Grand Chamber under Article 43 of the Convention. On 17 November 2014 a panel of the Grand Chamber accepted that request. The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 26 §§ 4 and 5 of the Convention and Rule 24. The applicant and the Government each filed further observations (Rule 59 § 1). A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 13 May 2015 (Rule 59 § 3). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr F. Schürmann, Head of the International Human Rights Protection Unit, Federal Office of Justice, Agent, Ms D. Steiger Leuba, Mr F. Galli, Mr P. Rohner, Advisers; (b) for the applicant Mr C. Poncet, Mr D. Hoffmann, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Poncet, Mr Schürmann and Mr Hoffmann and replies by Mr Poncet and Mr Schürmann to questions put by judges. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant is a journalist by profession. On 15 October 2003 he published an article in the weekly magazine L’Illustré entitled “Drame du Grand-Pont à Lausanne – la version du chauffard – l’interrogatoire du conducteur fou” (“Tragedy on the Lausanne Bridge – the reckless driver’s version – Questioning of the mad driver”). The article in question concerned a set of criminal proceedings against M.B., a motorist who had been remanded in custody after an incident on 8 July 2003 in which he had rammed his car into pedestrians, before throwing himself off the Lausanne Bridge (Grand-Pont). The incident, in which three people had died and eight others had been injured, had caused much emotion and controversy in Switzerland. The article began as follows. “Surname: B. First name: M. Born on 1 January 1966 in Tamanrasset (Algeria), son of B.B. and F.I., resident in Lausanne, holder of a category C licence, spouse of M.B. Profession: nursing assistant ... It is 8.15 p.m. on Tuesday 8 July 2003, in the austere premises of the Lausanne criminal investigation department. Six hours after his tragic headlong race along the Lausanne Bridge, resulting in three deaths and eight casualties, this reckless driver is alone for the first time, facing three investigators. Will he own up? In fact he doesn’t actually seem to realise what is happening, as if oblivious to the events and all the hubbub around him. The man who upset the whole of Lausanne this fine summer day is not very talkative. This Algerian citizen is withdrawn, introverted, inscrutable, indeed completely impenetrable. And yet the questions are flying from all sides. What were the reasons for this ‘accident’, one of the policemen rather clumsily writes, as if he had already formed his opinion. Four words in reply: ‘I do not know’.” The article continued with a summary of the questions put by the police officers and the investigating judge and M.B.’s replies. It also mentioned that M.B. had been “charged with premeditated murder [assassinat] and, in the alternative, with murder [meurtre], grievous bodily harm, endangering life and serious traffic offences”, and that he “appear[ed] to show no remorse”. The article was accompanied by several photographs of letters which M.B. had sent to the investigating judge. It ended with the following paragraph. “From his prison cell, M.B. now spends his time sending letters to the investigating judge ...: on being taken into custody he asked for his watch to be returned and requested a cup for his coffee, some dried fruit and chocolate. On 11 July, three days after the events, he even asked to be temporarily released for ‘a few days’. ‘I would like to phone my big brother in Algeria’, he subsequently begged. He finally announced on 11 August that he had come to a ‘final decision’: he dismissed his lawyer, Mr M.B., on grounds of ‘lack of trust’. Two days later, another letter: could the judge send him ‘the directory of the Bar Association of the Canton of Vaud’ to help him find a different defence lawyer? However, with all the recurrent lies and omissions, the mixture of naivety and arrogance, amnesia and sheer madness characterising all these statements, surely M.B. is doing everything in his power to make himself impossible to defend?” The article also included a brief summary entitled “He lost his marbles...” (“Il a perdu la boule...”), and statements from M.B.’s wife and from his doctor. It appears from the file that the applicant’s article was not the only piece to have been published on the Lausanne Bridge tragedy. The authorities responsible for the criminal investigation had themselves decided to inform the press of certain aspects of the investigation, which had led to the publication of an article in the Tribune de Genève on 14 August 2003. M.B. did not lodge a complaint against the applicant. However, criminal proceedings were brought against the applicant on the initiative of the public prosecutor for having published secret documents. It emerged from the investigation that one of the parties claiming damages in the proceedings against M.B. had photocopied the case file and lost one of the copies in a shopping centre. An unknown person had then brought the copy to the offices of the magazine which had published the impugned article. By an order of 23 June 2004, the investigating judge sentenced the applicant to one month’s imprisonment, suspended for one year. Following an application by the applicant to have the decision set aside, the Lausanne Police Court, by a judgment of 22 September 2005, replaced the prison sentence with a fine of 4,000 Swiss francs (CHF) (approximately 2,667 euros). At the hearing on 13 May 2015, in reply to a question from the Court, the applicant’s representative stated that the sum of CHF 4,000 had been advanced by his client’s employer and that his client was intending to refund it after the proceedings before the Court. He also confirmed that the amount set by the criminal court had taken account of the applicant’s previous record. The applicant lodged an appeal on points of law. His appeal was dismissed on 30 January 2006 by the Criminal Court of Cassation of the Canton of Vaud. The applicant lodged a public-law appeal and an appeal on grounds of nullity with the Federal Court, which on 29 April 2008 dismissed the appeals. Its decision was served on the applicant on 9 May 2008. The relevant passages from the decision follow. “7. In short, the appellant submits that his conviction for a breach of Article 293 of the Criminal Code is contrary to federal law. He does not challenge the fact that the information which he published falls within the ambit of Article 293 of the Criminal Code. He does, on the other hand, submit, under an interpretation of Articles 293 and 32 of the Criminal Code in the light of the principles inferred from Article 10 ECHR by the European Court of Human Rights, that having received that information in good faith without obtaining it unlawfully, he had the duty as a professional journalist, under Article 32 of the Criminal Code, to publish it owing to what he sees as the obvious interest of the so-called ‘Lausanne Bridge’ case to the general public in French-speaking Switzerland. 7.1. In accordance with Article 293 of the Criminal Code (Publication of secret official deliberations), anyone who, without being entitled to do so, makes public all or part of the documents, investigations or deliberations of an authority which are secret by law or by virtue of a decision taken by that authority, acting within its powers, will be punished by a fine (paragraph 1). Complicity in such acts is also punishable (see paragraph 2). The court may decide not to impose any penalties if the secret thus made public is of minor importance (see paragraph 3). According to case-law, this provision proceeds from a formal conception of secrecy. It is sufficient that the documents, deliberations or investigations in question have been declared secret by law or by virtue of a decision taken by the authority, or in other words that there has been an intention to keep them from becoming public, regardless of the type of classification selected (for example, top secret or confidential). On the other hand, strict secrecy presupposes that the holder of the specific information wishes to keep it secret, that there is a legitimate interest at stake, and that the information is known or accessible only to a select group of persons (see ATF [Judgments of the Swiss Federal Court] 126 IV 236, point 2a, p. 242, and 2c/aa, p. 244). This state of affairs was not altered by the entry into force of paragraph 3 of this Article on 1 April 1998 (RO [Recueil officiel – Official Collection of Federal Statutes] 1998 852 856; FF [Feuille fédérale] 1996 IV 533). That rule concerns not secrets in the substantive sense but rather instances of futile, petty or excessive concealment (see ATF 126 IV 236, point 2c/bb, p. 246). In order to exclude the application of paragraph 3, the court must therefore first of all examine the reasons for classifying the information as secret. It must, however, do so with restraint, without interfering with the discretionary power wielded by the authority which declared the information secret. It is sufficient that this declaration should nonetheless appear tenable vis-à-vis the content of the documents, investigations or deliberations in issue. Moreover, the journalists’ viewpoint on the interest in publishing the information is irrelevant (see ATF 126 IV 236, point 2d, p. 246). In its Stoll v. Switzerland judgment of 10 December 2007, the European Court of Human Rights confirmed that this formal conception of secrecy was not contrary to Article 10 ECHR inasmuch as it did not prevent the Federal Court from determining whether the interference in issue was compatible with Article 10 ECHR, by assessing, in the context of its examination of Article 293, paragraph 3, of the Criminal Code, the justification for classifying a given piece of information as secret, on the one hand, and weighing up the interests at stake, on the other (see Stoll v. Switzerland [GC], no. 69698/01, §§ 138-39, ECHR 2007-V). 7.2. In the present case the offence with which the appellant is charged concerned the publication of records of interviews and correspondence contained in the case file of a live criminal investigation. In pursuance of Article 184 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Canton of Vaud (CPP/VD), all investigations must remain secret until their final conclusion (see paragraph 1). The secrecy requirement relates to all the evidence uncovered by the investigation itself as well as all non-public decisions and investigative measures (see paragraph 2). The law also specifies that the following are bound by secrecy vis-à-vis anyone who does not have access to the case file: the judges and judicial staff (save in cases where disclosure would facilitate the investigation or is justified on public-order, administrative or judicial grounds; see Article 185 CPP/VD), and also the parties, their friends and relatives, their lawyers, the latter’s associates, consultants and staff, and any experts and witnesses. However, disclosure to friends or relatives by the parties or their lawyer is not punishable (see Article 185a CPP/VD). Lastly, the law provides for a range of exceptions. As an exception to Article 185, the cantonal investigating judge and, with the latter’s agreement, the judge responsible for the preliminary inquiry or senior police officers specially appointed by the cantonal government [Conseil d’État] (see Article 168, paragraph 3) may inform the press, radio or television about a pending investigation if so required by the public interest or considerations of fairness, particularly where public cooperation is required to shed light on an offence, in cases which are particularly serious or are already known to the general public, or where erroneous information must be corrected or the general public reassured (see Article 185b, paragraph 1, CPP/VD). The present case therefore concerns secrecy imposed by the law rather than by an official decision. 7.3. As a general rule, the reason for the confidentiality of judicial investigations, which applies to most sets of cantonal criminal proceedings, is the need to protect the interests of the criminal proceedings by anticipating risks of collusion and the danger of evidence being tampered with or destroyed. Nevertheless, the interests of the accused must not be disregarded either, particularly vis-à-vis the presumption of innocence and, more broadly, the accused’s personal relations and interests (see Hauser, Schweri and Hartmann, Schweizerisches Strafprozessrecht, 6th ed., 2005, § 52, no. 6, p. 235; Gérard Piquerez, op. cit., § 134, no. 1066, p. 678; Gérard Piquerez, Procédure pénale suisse: manuel, 2nd ed., 2007, no. 849, pp. 559 et seq.), as well as the need to protect the opinion-forming process and the decision-making process within a State authority, as protected, precisely, by Article 293 of the Criminal Code (see ATF 126 IV 236, point 2c/aa, p. 245). The European Court of Human Rights has already had occasion to deem such a purpose legitimate in itself. The aim is to maintain the authority and impartiality of the judiciary in accordance with the wording of Article 10 § 2 ECHR, which also mentions the protection of the reputation or rights of others (see Weber v. Switzerland, 22 May 1990, § 45, Series A no. 177, and Dupuis and Others v. France, no. 1914/02, § 32, 7 June 2007). Furthermore, in so far as the impugned publication concerned excerpts from records of interviews of the accused and reproduced certain letters sent by the latter to the investigating judge, this evidence can validly be classified secret, by prohibiting public access to it, as provided by the legislation of the Canton of Vaud. This is the inescapable conclusion as regards the records of interviews of the accused, as it would be inadmissible to allow such documents to be analysed in the public sphere, before the conclusion of the investigation, before the trial and out of context, in a manner liable to influence the decisions taken by the investigating judge and the trial court. It is also the only possible conclusion as regards the letters sent by the accused to the investigating judge, which focused on practical problems and criticisms of his lawyer (see Police Court judgment, point 4, p. 7). We might point out here that it appears from the impugned publication – which the cantonal authorities did not reproduce in full in their decisions, although they did refer to it and its content is not disputed – that the aforementioned practical problems concerned requests for temporary release and for access to personal effects (letters of 11 July 2003), for a change of cell (letter of 7 August 2003) and for authorisation to use the telephone (letter of 6 August 2003). Regardless of the guarantee of the presumption of innocence and the inferences concerning the detainee’s character which might be drawn during the criminal proceedings from such correspondence, the detainee, whose liberty is considerably restricted, even in respect of everyday acts relating to his private life, or indeed intimate sphere, can expect the authority restricting his liberty to protect him from public exposure of the practical details of his life as a remand prisoner and as a person facing charges (see Article 13 of the Constitution). It follows that in the instant case the information published by the appellant, in so far as it concerned the content of the records of his interviews and his correspondence with the investigating judge, cannot be described as a secret of minor importance for the purposes of Article 293, paragraph 3, of the Criminal Code. That being so, the impugned publication constituted the factual elements of the offence provided for in Article 293, paragraph 1, of the Criminal Code. 7.4. Moreover, the information in question may be described as being secret in substantive terms because it was only accessible to a restricted number of persons (the investigating judge and the parties to the proceedings). Furthermore, the investigating authority was desirous to keep them secret, with not only a legitimate interest in doing so but an obligation under the Cantonal Code of Criminal Procedure, the justification for which was mentioned above (see point 7.3 above). 7.5. Therefore, the only remaining point at issue is the existence of justification. In short, the appellant submits that he had the professional duty (under former Article 32 of the Criminal Code) as a journalist to publish the information in question because of what he describes as the obvious interest in the ‘Lausanne Bridge’ case for the population of French-speaking Switzerland. He considers that in the light of European case-law, the basic assumption should be that publication is justified in principle unless there is a pressing social need to maintain secrecy. From the standpoint of good faith, he submits that Article 32 should apply to journalists who are not responsible for the indiscretion committed by a third party and who receive information without committing any offence themselves other than the breach of secrecy stemming from the publication. Lastly, he contends that the mode of publication is not a relevant criterion. 8.1. As regards the former point, the cantonal court found that while the accident of 8 July 2003, the circumstances of which were undoubtedly unusual, had triggered a great deal of public emotion, it had nevertheless, in legal terms, been simply a road accident with fatal consequences, and did not in itself entail any obvious public interest. It was not a case of collective trauma on the part of the Lausanne population, which would have justified reassuring the citizens and keeping them informed of the progress of the investigation (see judgment appealed against, point 2, p. 9). It is true that the ‘Lausanne Bridge case’ attracted extensive media coverage (see Police Court judgment, point 4, p. 8, to which the cantonal judgment refers (judgment appealed against, point B, p. 2)). However, this circumstance alone, alongside the unusual nature of the accident, is insufficient to substantiate a major public interest in publishing the confidential information in question. Unless it can be justified per se, the interest aroused among the public by media coverage of events cannot constitute a public interest in the disclosure of classified information, because that would mean that it would be sufficient to spark the public’s interest in a certain event in order to justify the subsequent publication of confidential information likely to maintain that interest. Furthermore, such a public interest is manifestly lacking as regards the letters that were published. As we have seen above (see point 7.3 above), these letters virtually exclusively concerned criticisms levelled by the accused against his lawyer and such practical problems as requests for temporary release, for access to personal effects, to change cells and to use the telephone. This type of information provides no relevant insights into the accident or the circumstances surrounding it. It relates to the private life, or indeed intimate sphere, of the person in custody, and it is difficult to see any interest which its publication could satisfy other than a certain kind of voyeurism. The same applies to the appellant’s requests to the investigating judge in relation to his choice of defence lawyer. Nor is it clear, as regards the records of his interviews, what political question or matter of public interest would have arisen or been worth debating in the public sphere, and the cantonal authorities explicitly ruled out the existence of any collective trauma which might have justified reassuring or informing the population. This finding of fact, which the appellant has not disputed in his public-law appeal, is binding on this court (see section 277 bis of the Federal Criminal Procedure Act). That being the case, the appellant fails to demonstrate the ‘obvious’ interest to the general public of the information published, and the cantonal court cannot be criticised for having concluded that at the very most, such an interest involved satisfying an unhealthy curiosity. 8.2. The other two factors relied upon by the appellant concern his behaviour (good faith in access to information and mode of publication). 8.2.1. It should first of all be noted that Article 293 of the Criminal Code punishes only the disclosure of information, irrespective of how the perpetrator obtained it. Moreover, even under Article 10 ECHR, the European Court does not attach decisive importance to this fact when considering whether applicants have fulfilled their duties and responsibilities. The determining fact is rather that they could not claim in good faith to be unaware that disclosure of the information was punishable by law (see Stoll, cited above, § 144, and Fressoz and Roire v. France [GC], no. 29183/95, ECHR 1999‑I). This point is well-established in the present case (see section B above). 8.2.2. On the other hand, the mode of publication can play a more important role in the context of safeguarding freedom of expression. While the European Court of Human Rights reiterates that neither it, nor the domestic courts for that matter, should substitute their own views for those of the press as to what technique of reporting should be adopted by journalists, in weighing up the interests at stake it nevertheless takes account of the content, vocabulary and format of the publication, and of the headings and sub-headings (whether chosen by the journalist or the editors), and the accuracy of the information (see Stoll, cited above, §§ 146 et seq., especially 146, 147 and 149). In the instant case the cantonal court ruled that the tone adopted by the appellant in his article showed that his main concern was not, as he claims, to inform the general public about the State’s conduct of the criminal investigation. The headline of the article (‘Questioning of the mad driver’, ‘the reckless driver’s version’) already lacked objectivity. It suggested that the case had already been tried in the author’s view, in the sense that the fatalities on the Lausanne Bridge had been caused not by an ordinary motorist but by a ‘mad driver’, a man ‘oblivious to the events and all the hubbub around him’. The journalist concluded by wondering whether the driver was in fact doing his best to ‘make himself impossible to defend’. The manner in which he quoted the excerpts from the records of interviews and reproduced the letters sent by the defendant to the judge pointed to the motives of the author of the impugned article: he confined himself to sensationalism, his modus operandi being exclusively geared to satisfying the relatively unhealthy curiosity which anyone is liable to feel about this type of case. Readers of this highly biased publication would have formed an opinion and subjectively prejudged the future action to be taken by the courts regarding this case, without the least respect for the principle of presumption of innocence (see judgment appealed against, point 2, pp. 9 et seq.). The cantonal court concluded that this factor did not indicate that the public interest in receiving information prevailed. That court cannot be criticised on that account. 8.3. The appellant also submitted that the records of interviews and the letters would in any case be mentioned in subsequent public hearings. He inferred from this that preserving the confidentiality of this information could therefore not be justified by any ‘pressing social need’. However, the mere possibility that the secrecy of criminal investigations might be lifted during a subsequent phase of proceedings, particularly during the trial, which is generally subject to the publicity principle, does not undermine the justification for keeping judicial investigations confidential, because the primary aim is to protect the opinion-forming and decision-making processes on the part not only of the trial court but also of the investigating authority, until the completion of this secret phase of proceedings. Moreover, far from being neutral and comprehensive, the publication in issue included comments and assessments which presented the information in issue in a particular light, without providing the opportunities for adversarial argument which are the very essence of proceedings in trial courts. 8.4. Lastly, the appellant did not explicitly criticise the amount of the fine imposed on him. Nor did he challenge the refusal to grant him a probationary period after which the fine would be struck out (former Article 49, point 4, in conjunction with former Article 106, paragraph 3, of the Criminal Code) under Swiss law. From the angle of weighing up the interest in the interference, we might simply note that the fine imposed, the amount of which took into account a previous conviction dating back to 1998 (imposition of a CHF 2,000 fine, which could be struck out after a two-year probationary period, for coercion and defamation), does not exceed half the amount of the appellant’s monthly income at the material time (see Police Court judgment, point 1, p. 5), and there is nothing to suggest that his freelance status at the time of the first-instance judgment led to any significant drop in his earnings. It should also be pointed out that at CHF 4,000 the amount of the fine is below the statutory maximum set out in former Article 106, paragraph 1, of the Criminal Code (as in force until 31 December 2006), and that this maximum amount, set by the legislature more than thirty years ago, was not revised until the entry into force of the new general section of the Criminal Code, which now sets a figure of CHF 10,000 (see Article 106, paragraph 1, of the Criminal Code as in force since 1 January 2007). Furthermore, the sanction for the offence with which the appellant is charged did not prevent him from expressing his views, since it was imposed after the article had been published (see Stoll, cited above, § 156). That being the case, it is unclear, in view of the nature of the offence charged (the least serious in the classification set out in the Swiss Criminal Code), the amount of the fine and the time of its imposition, how the sanction imposed on the applicant could be regarded as a form of censorship. 8.5. It follows from the foregoing that the appellant disclosed a secret within the meaning of Article 293, paragraph 1, of the Criminal Code and that he cannot rely on any justifying factor in his favour. The decision appealed against does not violate federal law as interpreted in the light of the Convention provisions relied upon by the appellant.”
train
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{ "applicant": "Arnaud Bédat", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 48, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93 ], "countries": "CHE", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2016 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Arnaud Bédat
001-57487
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) and by the Government of the Swiss Confederation (“the Government“) on 12 December 1986 and 25 February 1987 respectively, within the three-month period laid down in Article 32 § 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 10737/84) against Switzerland lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by nine Swiss citizens - Mr. Josef Felix Müller, Mr. Charles Descloux, Mr. Michel Gremaud, Mr. Paul Jacquat, Mr. Jean Pythoud, Mrs. Geneviève Renevey, Mr. Michel Ritter, Mr. Jacques Sidler and Mr. Walter Tschopp - and a Canadian national, Mr. Christophe von Imhoff, on 22 July 1983. The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Switzerland recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); the Government’s application referred to Articles 45, 47 and 48 (art. 45, art. 47, art. 48). Both sought a decision from the Court as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 10 (art. 10). In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 § 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicants stated that they wished to take part in the proceedings pending before the Court and designated the lawyer who would represent them (Rule 30). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mrs. D. Bindschedler-Robert, the elected judge of Swiss nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr. R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 § 3 (b)). On 3 February 1987, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other five members, namely Mr. J. Cremona, Mr. J. Pinheiro Farinha, Sir Vincent Evans, Mr. R. Bernhardt and Mr. A. Spielmann (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 § 4) (art. 43). Subsequently, Mr. Pinheiro Farinha, who was unable to attend, was replaced by Mr. J. De Meyer, substitute judge (Rules 22 § 1 and 24 § 1). Mr. Ryssdal, who had assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 § 5), consulted - through the Deputy Registrar - the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the lawyer for the applicants on the need for a written procedure (Rule 37 § 1). In accordance with the orders made in consequence, the registry received: (a) the applicants’ memorial, written in German by leave of the President (Rule 27 § 3), on 1 June 1987; (b) the Government’s memorial, on 30 July. In a letter of 12 October, the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would make his submissions at the hearing. Having consulted - through the Deputy Registrar - the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the lawyer for the applicants, the President directed on 23 October 1987 that the oral proceedings should commence on 25 January 1988 (Rule 38). On 30 November, the Court decided to inspect the impugned paintings by Josef Felix Müller, as the Government had suggested (Rule 40 § 1). They were duly shown, in camera, in the presence of those appearing before the Court, on 25 January 1988, before the hearing began. In the meantime, on 2 and 4 December 1987, the Registrar had received a number of documents which the President had instructed him to obtain from the Commission. Between 11 January and 8 April 1988, the Government and the applicants furnished several other documents. The hearing was held in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on the appointed day. The Court had held a preparatory meeting immediately beforehand. There appeared before the Court: for the Government Mr. O. Jacot-Guillarmod, Head of the Department of International Affairs, Federal Department of Justice, Agent, Mr. P. Zappelli, Cantonal Judge, Canton of Fribourg, Mr. B. Münger, Federal Department of Justice, Counsel; for the Commission Mr. H. Vandenberghe, Delegate; for the applicants Mr. P. Rechsteiner, avocat, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr. Jacot-Guillarmod for the Government, by Mr. Vandenberghe for the Commission and by Mr. Rechsteiner for the applicants, as well as their replies to its questions. AS TO THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The first applicant, Josef Felix Müller, a painter born in 1955, lives in St. Gall. The other nine applicants are: (a) Charles Descloux, art critic, born in 1939 and living in Fribourg; (b) Michel Gremaud, art teacher, born in 1944 and living at Guin, Garmiswil; (c) Christophe von Imhoff, picture restorer, born in 1939 and living at Belfaux; (d) Paul Jacquat, bank clerk, born in 1940 and living at Belfaux; (e) Jean Pythoud, architect, born in 1925 and living in Fribourg; (f) Geneviève Renevey, community worker, born in 1946 and living at Villars-sur-Glâne; (g) Michel Ritter, artist, born in 1949 and living at Montagny-la-Ville; (h) Jacques Sidler, photographer, born in 1946 and living at Vuisternens-en-Ogoz; (i) Walter Tschopp, assistant lecturer, born in 1950 and living in Fribourg. Josef Felix Müller has exhibited on his own and with other artists on many occasions, particularly since 1981, both in private galleries and in museums, in Switzerland and elsewhere. With the assistance of the Federal Office of Culture, he took part in the Sydney Biennial in Australia in 1984, as Switzerland’s representative. He has been awarded several prizes and has sold works to museums such as the Kunsthalle in Zürich. In 1981, the nine last-mentioned applicants mounted an exhibition of contemporary art in Fribourg at the former Grand Seminary, a building due to be demolished. The exhibition, entitled “Fri-Art 81“, was held as part of the celebrations of the 500th anniversary of the Canton of Fribourg’s entry into the Swiss Confederation. The organisers invited several artists to take part, each of whom was allowed to invite another artist of his own choosing. The artists were meant to make free use of the space allocated to them. Their works, which they created on the spot from early August 1981 onwards, were to have been removed when the exhibition ended on 18 October 1981. In the space of three nights Josef Felix Müller, who had been invited by one of the other artists, produced three large paintings (measuring 3.11m x 2.24m, 2.97m x 1.98m and 3.74m x 2.20m) entitled “Drei Nächte, drei Bilder“ (“Three Nights, Three Pictures“). They were on show when the exhibition began on 21 August 1981. The exhibition had been advertised in the press and on posters and was open to all, without any charge being made for admission. The catalogue, specially printed for the preview, contained a photographic reproduction of the paintings. On 4 September 1981, the day of the official opening, the principal public prosecutor of the Canton of Fribourg reported to the investigating judge that the paintings in question appeared to come within the provisions of Article 204 of the Criminal Code, which prohibited obscene publications and required that they be destroyed (see paragraph 20 below). The prosecutor thought that one of the three pictures also infringed freedom of religious belief and worship within the meaning of Article 261 of the Criminal Code. According to the Government, the prosecutor had acted on an information laid by a man whose daughter, a minor, had reacted violently to the paintings on show; some days earlier another visitor to the exhibition had apparently thrown down one of the paintings, trampled on it and crumpled it. Accompanied by his clerk and some police officers, the investigating judge went to the exhibition on 4 September and had the disputed pictures removed and seized; ten days later, he issued an attachment order. On 30 September 1981, the Indictment Chamber dismissed an appeal against that decision. After questioning the ten applicants on 10, 15 and 17 September and 6 November 1981, the investigating judge committed them for trial to the Sarine District Criminal Court. On 24 February 1982, the court sentenced each of them to a fine of 300 Swiss francs (SF) for publishing obscene material (Article 204 § 1 of the Criminal Code) - the convictions to be deleted from the criminal records after one year - but acquitted them on the charge of infringing freedom of religious belief and worship (Article 261). It also ordered that the confiscated paintings should be deposited in the Art and History Museum of the Canton of Fribourg for safekeeping. At the hearing on 24 February, it had heard evidence from Mr. Jean-Christophe Ammann, the curator of the Kunsthalle in Basle, as to Josef Felix Müller’s artistic qualities. In its judgment, the court pointed out first of all that “the law [did] not define obscenity for the purposes of Article 204 CC [Criminal Code] and the concept [had] to be clarified by means of interpretation, having regard to the intent and purpose of the enactment as well as to its place in the legislation and in the overall legal system“. After referring to the Federal Court’s case-law on the subject, it said among other things: “In the instant case, although Mr. Müller’s three works are not sexually arousing to a person of ordinary sensitivity, they are undoubtedly repugnant at the very least. The overall impression is of persons giving free rein to licentiousness and even perversion. The subjects - sodomy, fellatio, bestiality, the erect penis - are obviously morally offensive to the vast majority of the population. Although allowance has to be made for changes in the moral climate, even for the worse, what we have here would revolutionise it. Comment on the confiscated works is superfluous; their vulgarity is plain to see and needs no elaborating upon. ... Nor can a person of ordinary sensitivity be expected to go behind what is actually depicted and make a second assessment of the picture independently of what he can actually see. To do that he would have to be accompanied to exhibitions by a procession of sexologists, psychologists, art theorists or ethnologists in order to have explained to him that what he saw was in reality what he wrongly thought he saw. Lastly, the comparisons with the works of Michelangelo and J. Bosch are specious. Apart from the fact that they contain no depictions of the kind in Müller’s paintings, no valid comparison can be made with history-of-art or cultural collections in which sexuality has a place ..., but without lapsing into crudity. Even with an artistic aim, crude sexuality is not worthy of protection ... . Nor are comparisons with civilisations foreign to western civilisation valid.“ On the question whether to order the destruction of the pictures under paragraph 3 of Article 204 (see paragraph 20 below), the court said: “Not without misgivings, the court will not order the destruction of the three works. The artistic merit of the three works exhibited in Fribourg is admittedly less obvious than is supposed by the witness Ammann, who nevertheless said that the paintings Müller exhibited in Basle were more ‘demanding’. The court would not disagree. Müller is undoubtedly an artist of some accomplishment, particularly in the matter of composition and in the use of colour, even though the works seized in Fribourg appear rather scamped. Nonetheless, the court, deferring to the art critic’s opinion while not sharing it, and concurring with the relevant findings of the Federal Court in the Rey judgment (ATF 89 IV 136 et seq.), takes the view that in order to withhold the three paintings from the general public - to ‘destroy’ them - it is sufficient to place them in a museum, whose curator will be required to make them available only to a few serious specialists capable of taking an exclusively artistic or cultural interest in them as opposed to a prurient interest. The Art and History Museum of the Canton of Fribourg meets the requirements for preventing any further breach of Article 204 of the Criminal Code. The three confiscated paintings will be deposited there.“ All the applicants appealed on points of law on 24 February 1982; in particular, they challenged the trial court’s interpretation as regards the obscenity of the relevant paintings. For example, it was argued by Josef Felix Müller (in pleadings of 16 March 1982) that something which was obscene sought directly to arouse sexual passion, and that this had to be its purpose, with the essential aim of pandering to man’s lowest instincts or else for pecuniary gain. This, it was alleged, was never the case “where artistic or scientific endeavour [was] the primary consideration“. The Fribourg Cantonal Court, sitting as a court of cassation, dismissed the appeals on 26 April 1982. Referring to the Federal Court’s case-law, it acknowledged that “in the recent past, and still today, the public’s general views on morality and social mores, which vary at different times and in different places, have changed in a way which enables things to be seen more objectively and naturally“. The trial court had to take account of this change, but that did not mean that it had to show complete permissiveness, which would leave no scope for the application of Article 204 of the Criminal Code. As for works of art, they did not in themselves have any privileged status. At most they might escape destruction despite their obscenity. Their creators nonetheless fell within the thrust of Article 204, “since that statutory provision as a whole [was] designed to protect public morals, even in the sphere of the fine arts“. That being so, the court could dispense with deciding the question whether the pictures complained of were the outcome of “artistic ideas, though even then, intention [was] one thing and realisation of it another“. Like the trial court, the appellate court found that Josef Felix Müller’s paintings aroused “repugnance and disgust“: “These are not works which, in treating a particular subject or scene, allude to sexual activity more or less discreetly. They place it in the foreground, depicting it not in the embrace of man and woman but in vulgar images of sodomy, fellatio between males, bestiality, erect penises and masturbation. Sexual activity is the main, not to say sole, ingredient of all three paintings, and neither the appellants’ explanations nor the witness Mr. Ammann’s learned-seeming but wholly unpersuasive remarks can alter that fact. To go into detail, however distasteful it may be, one of the paintings contains no fewer than eight erect members. All the persons depicted are entirely naked and one of them is engaging simultaneously in various sexual practices with two other males and an animal. He is kneeling down and not only sodomising the animal but holding its erect penis in another animal’s mouth. At the same time he is having the lower part of his back - his buttocks, even - fondled by another male, whose erect penis a third male is holding towards the first male’s mouth. The animal being sodomised has its tongue extended towards the buttocks of a fourth male, whose penis is likewise erect. Even the animals’ tongues (especially in the smallest painting) are more suggestive, in shape and aspect, of erect male organs than of tongues. Sexual activity is crudely and vulgarly portrayed for its own sake and not as a consequence of any idea informing the work. Lastly, it should be pointed out that the paintings are large ..., with the result that their crudeness and vulgarity are all the more offensive. The court is likewise unconvinced by the appellants’ contention that the paintings are symbolical. What counts is their face value, their effect on the observer, not some abstraction utterly unconnected with the visible image or which glosses over it. Furthermore, the important thing is not the artist’s meaning or purported meaning but the objective effect of the image on the observer ... . Not much of the argument in the appeal was directed to the issues of intention or of awareness of obscenity, nor indeed could it have been. In particular, an author is aware of a publication’s obscenity when he knows it deals with sexual matters and that any written or pictorial allusion to such matters is likely, in the light of generally accepted views, grossly to offend the average reader’s or observer’s natural sense of decency and propriety. That was plainly so here, as the evidence at the trial confirmed. ... Indeed, several of the defendants admitted that the paintings had shocked them. It should be noted that even someone insensible to obscenity is capable of realising that it may disturb others. As the trial court pointed out, the defendants at the very least acted recklessly. Lastly, it is immaterial that similar works have allegedly been exhibited elsewhere; the three paintings in issue do not on that account cease to be obscene, as the trial court rightly held them to be ...“ On 18 June 1982, the applicants lodged an application for a declaration of nullity (Nichtigkeitsbeschwerde) with the Federal Court. They sought to have the judgment of 26 April set aside and the case remitted with a view to their acquittal and the return of the confiscated paintings or, in the alternative, merely the return of the paintings. In their submission, the Fribourg Cantonal Court had wrongly interpreted Article 204 of the Criminal Code; in particular, it had taken no account of the scope of the freedom of artistic expression, guaranteed inter alia in Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention. Mr. Ammann, one of the most distinguished experts on modern art, had confirmed that these were works of note. Similar pictures by Josef Felix Müller, moreover, had been exhibited in Basle in February 1982 and it had not occurred to anyone to regard them as being obscene. As to the “publication“ of obscene items, which was prohibited under Article 204 of the Criminal Code, this was a relative concept. It should be possible to show in an exhibition pictures which, if they were displayed in the market-place, would fall foul of Article 204; people interested in the arts ought to have an opportunity to acquaint themselves with all the trends in contemporary art. Visitors to an exhibition of contemporary art like “Fri-Art 81“ should expect to be faced with modern works that might be incomprehensible. If they did not like the paintings in issue, they were free to look away from them and pass them by; there was no need for the protection of the criminal law. It was not for the court to undertake indirect censorship of the arts. On a strict construction of Article 204 - that is, one which, having regard to the fundamental right to freedom of artistic expression, left it to art-lovers to decide for themselves what they wanted to see -, the applicants should be acquitted. Confiscation of the disputed paintings, they submitted, could only be ordered if they represented a danger to public order such that returning them could not be justified - and that was a matter the court of cassation had not considered. Since the pictures had been openly on display for ten days without giving rise to any protests, it was difficult to see how such a danger was made out. Josef Felix Müller would certainly not show his paintings in Fribourg in the near future. On the other hand, they could be shown without any difficulty elsewhere, as was proved by his exhibition in Basle in February 1982. It was consequently out of all proportion to deprive him of them. The Criminal Cassation Division of the Federal Court dismissed the appeal on 26 January 1983 for the following reasons: “The decided cases show that for the purposes of Article 204 of the Criminal Code, any item is obscene which offends, in a manner that is difficult to accept, the sense of sexual propriety; the effect of the obscenity may be to arouse a normal person sexually or to disgust or repel him. ... The test of obscenity to be applied by the court is whether the overall impression of the item or work causes moral offence to a person of ordinary sensitivity ... The paintings in issue show an orgy of unnatural sexual practices (sodomy, bestiality, petting), which is crudely depicted in large format; they are liable grossly to offend the sense of sexual propriety of persons of ordinary sensitivity. The artistic licence relied on by the appellant cannot in any way alter that conclusion in the instant case. The content and scope of constitutional freedoms are determined on the basis of the federal law currently in force. This applies inter alia to freedom of the press, freedom of opinion and artistic freedom; under Article 113 [of the Federal Constitution], the Federal Court is bound by federal enactments ... In the field of artistic creation [it] has held that works of art per se do not enjoy any special status ... A work of art is not obscene, however, if the artist contrives to present subjects of a sexual nature in an artistic form such that their offensiveness is toned down and ceases to predominate ... In reaching its decision, the criminal court does not have to view the work through an art critic’s spectacles (which would often ill become it) but must decide whether the work is liable to offend the unsuspecting visitor. Expert opinion as to the artistic merit of the work in issue is therefore irrelevant at this stage, though it might be relevant to the decision as to what action to take in order to prevent fresh offences (destruction or seizure of the item; Art. 204 § 3 CC ...). The Cantonal Court duly scrutinised the paintings for a predominantly aesthetic element. Having regard in particular to the number of sexual features in each of the three (one of them, for instance, contains eight erect members), it decided that the emphasis was on sexuality in its offensive forms and that this was the predominant, not to say sole, ingredient of the items in dispute. The Cassation Division of the Federal Court agrees. The overall impression created by Müller’s paintings is such as to be morally offensive to a person of normal sensitivity. The Cantonal Court’s finding that they were obscene was accordingly not in breach of federal law. The appellants maintained that the publication element of the offences was lacking. They are wrong. The obscene paintings were on display in an exhibition open to the public which had been advertised on posters and in the press. There was no condition of admission to ‘Fri-Art 81’, such as an age-limit. The paintings in dispute were thus made accessible to an indeterminate number of people, which is the criterion of publicity for the purposes of Article 204 CC ...“ Finally, the Criminal Cassation Division of the Federal Court declared the alternative application for return of the paintings to be inadmissible as it had not first been made before the cantonal courts. On 20 January 1988, the Sarine District Criminal Court granted an application made by Josef Felix Müller on 29 June 1987 and ordered the return of the paintings. On the basis that it had been requested in effect to reconsider the confiscation order it had made in 1982, the court held that it had to decide whether the order could stand “almost eight years later“. Hence, the reasons for its decision were as follows: “In Swiss law, confiscation is a preventive measure in rem. This is already clear from the legislative text, which classifies Article 58 under the heading ‘other measures’ - the heading in the margin for Articles 57-62 CC - and not under the subsidiary penalties prescribed in Articles 51-56 CC ... The confiscation of items or assets may admittedly constitute a serious interference with property rights. It must be proportionate and a more lenient order may thus be justified where it achieves the desired aim. Confiscation remains however the rule. It should be departed from only where a more lenient order achieves the desired aim ... In this case, when the confiscation order was made in 1982, the statutory provision (Article 204 § 3 CC) would normally have required the destruction of the paintings. Giving a reasoned decision, the court preferred a more lenient measure which achieved the aim of security, whilst complying with the principle of proportionality ... . The measure itself should remain in force only as long as the statutory requirements are satisfied ... . It is true that the Code makes no provision for an order under Article 58 to be subsequently discharged or varied. The legislature probably did not address itself to this question at the time, whereas provision was made whereby other measures, which were admittedly much more serious because they restricted personal liberty, could be re-examined by a court of its own motion (Articles 42-44 CC). It does not follow that discharge or variation is completely illegal. The Federal Court has, moreover, held that a measure should not remain in force where the circumstances justifying it cease to obtain ... . Accordingly, the view must be taken that an order confiscating a work of art may subsequently be discharged or varied, either because the confiscated item is no longer dangerous and a measure is no longer required, or because the necessary degree of security may be achieved by another more lenient measure (judgment of the Basle-Urban Court of Appeal of 19 August 1980, in the Fahrner case). Judgments concerning freedom of expression and its scope often refer to Article 10 §§ 1 and 2 (art. 10-1, art. 10-2) [of the Convention]. In this area, the decisions of the Convention authorities have a direct influence on the Swiss legal system, by way of strengthening individual liberties and judicial safeguards ... In this case, where the applicant has availed himself of the possibility of applying for the return of his paintings, the court must consider whether the grounds on which it made the confiscation order in the first place, which restricted J.F. Müller’s freedom of expression, are still valid. While the restriction was necessary in a democratic society in 1982 and was justified by the need to safeguard and protect morality and the rights of others, the court considers, admittedly with some hesitation, that the order may now be discharged. It should be noted that the confiscation measure was not absolute but merely of indeterminate duration, which left room to apply for a reconsideration. It appears to the court that the preventive measure has now fulfilled its function, namely to ensure that such paintings are not exhibited in public again without any precautions. Those convicted have themselves admitted that the paintings could shock people. Once the order has achieved its aim, there is no reason why it should continue in force. Accordingly, the artist is entitled to have his works returned to him. It is not necessary to attach any obligations to this decision. If J.F. Müller decided to exhibit the three paintings again elsewhere, he knows that he would be running the risk of further action by the courts under Article 204 of the Criminal Code. Finally, it appears that by exhibiting three provocative paintings in a former seminary in 1982, J.F. Müller deliberately intended to draw attention to himself and the organisers. Since then he has become known for more ‘demanding’ works, to use the terms of the art critic who gave evidence in 1982. Having achieved a certain repute, he may find it unnecessary to shock by resorting to vulgarity. In any event, there is no reason to believe that he will use the three paintings in future to offend other people’s moral sensibilities. ...“ Josef Felix Müller recovered his paintings in March 1988.
train
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{ "applicant": "Josef Felix Müller", "articles": [ 91, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93 ], "countries": "CHE", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1988 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Josef Felix Müller
001-58067
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) and by the Government of the Swiss Confederation (“the Government“) on 10 July and 28 August 1995 respectively, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 of the Convention (art. 32-1, art. 47). It originated in an application (no. 17748/91) against Switzerland lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by a Swiss national, Mr Guy Ankerl, on 10 December 1990. The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Switzerland recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); the Government’s application referred to Articles 32, 45, 47 and 48 (art. 32, art. 45, art. 47, art. 48). The object of the request and of the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1). In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3(d) of Rules of Court A, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings. The President gave him leave to present his own case to the Court (Rule 30). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr L. Wildhaber, the elected judge of Swiss nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Bernhardt, the Vice-President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 4 (b)). On 13 July 1995, in the presence of the Registrar, the President of the Court, Mr R. Ryssdal, drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr F. Gölcüklü, Mr F. Matscher, Mr B. Walsh, Mr S.K. Martens, Mr J.M. Morenilla, Sir John Freeland and Mr P. Kuris (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 5) (art. 43). Subsequently Mr I. Foighel and Mr B. Repik, substitute judges, replaced Mr Martens, who had resigned, and Mr Walsh, who was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rules 22 para. 1 and 24 para. 1). As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 6), Mr Bernhardt, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the applicant and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the registry received the applicant’s and the Government’s memorials on 22 and 24 November 1995 respectively. On 14 December 1995 the Secretary to the Commission indicated that the Delegate did not wish to reply in writing. On 27 February 1996 the Commission produced the file on the proceedings before it, as requested by the Registrar on the President’s instructions. On 6 March 1996 the Registrar asked the applicant and the Government to supply certain documents by 5 April 1996. The applicant replied in a letter of 18 March that with one exception, of which he enclosed a copy, he was not able to produce them. The Government informed the Registrar on 3 April 1996 that it was “not possible to accede to [the] request“, but they nevertheless sent him a number of documents on 9 and 13 May 1996. In accordance with the President’s decision, the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 20 May 1996. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr P. Boillat, Head of the European Law and International Affairs Section, Federal Office of Justice, Agent, Mr A.D. Schmidt, former judge in the Canton of Geneva, Mr F. Schürmann, Deputy Head of the European Law and International Affairs Section, Federal Office of Justice, Counsel; (b) for the Commission Mr F. Martínez, Delegate; (c) the applicant. The Court heard addresses by Mr Martínez, the applicant himself, Mr Schürmann and Mr Boillat. On 28 May 1996 the President of the Chamber received a letter from Mr Ankerl in which the latter protested against the fact that the documents filed out of time by the Government had nonetheless been placed in the case file. On the President’s instructions, the Registrar sent a copy of Mr Ankerl’s letter to the Government and to the Commission. On 24 September 1996 the Court removed the documents in question from the file (Rule 37 para. 1). AS TO THE FACTS I. The circumstances of the case In 1978 Mr Guy Ankerl and his wife moved into a flat on the second floor of no. 3, rue Saint-Léger, Geneva. He subleased the flat from a property-management company, Régie Immobilière SA (“Régie Immobilière“), itself the tenant of a property company, SI Chrysanthemum SA (“Chrysanthemum“), the owner of the building. A. Background In the autumn of 1985 Mr Ruffieux became Chrysanthemum’s main shareholder. On 14 November 1986 the property-management company Régie Naef SA (“Naef“), which managed the building in which the flat in issue was located, informed the applicant that renovation and building work was going to be carried out on the block. In a letter of 8 May 1987 Naef gave Régie Immobilière - which was in liquidation - notice to quit the flat with effect from 29 February 1988, the date of expiry of the lease, and requested them to terminate the subtenancy agreement with Mr Ankerl. It would appear that Régie Immobilière asked Naef to collect the rent direct from Mr Ankerl. On 14 July 1987 Naef allegedly sent Mr Ankerl receipts relating to the payment of rent from April to July of that year and - what is denied by the applicant - specified that in collecting the sums in question they were not recognising the existence of any direct legal relationship between Mr Ankerl and Chrysanthemum. In a registered letter of 21 July 1987 Régie Immobilière informed Mr Ankerl that they were terminating the subtenancy agreement with effect from its expiry. The applicant then applied to the Rents and Leases Conciliation Board for an extension of the agreement. No settlement having been reached, he applied to the Rents and Leases Tribunal but subsequently withdrew the application. From February 1988 onwards the management of the block was taken over by the GPR Degenève SA agency (“GPR Degenève“). The latter notified the applicant of their bank account number. In an unanswered letter of 29 February 1988 Mr Ankerl confirmed to the agency that he would in future pay the rent into that account. He maintains that he did so each month from March 1988 to August 1991, taking care to write “rent“ on the payment advice slips, without meeting any objection. On 22 April 1988 the applicant and his wife had an interview - the terms of which are disputed – with Mr Linder, the director of GPR Degenève (see paragraph 18 below). B. Proceedings in the Canton of Geneva Court of First Instance On 15 November 1988 Chrysanthemum brought an action for possession in the Canton of Geneva Court of First Instance, alleging that the applicant was occupying the premises unlawfully since his subtenancy agreement had been terminated. Mr Ankerl argued that the court had no jurisdiction ratione materiae, maintaining that he had an orally agreed lease from the plaintiff. The court thus had to determine whether the conduct of the protagonists amounted to an agreement to enter into a lease after the termination of the subtenancy. The court held a hearing on 19 May 1989. It heard Mr Linder (GPR Degenève), Mr Veuillet (Naef) and Mrs Ankerl; Mr Ruffieux (Chrysanthemum) and the applicant also gave evidence. Only the first two were heard as witnesses on oath. The transcript of the testimony reads as follows: “... Mr Jean-Gabriel Linder ... When I resumed [the management of the building in March 1988], Mr Ankerl was occupying the premises but he had no written or oral lease or even a tacit one. It is true that I had an interview with Mr Ankerl on my own initiative ... I wanted to know what Mr Ankerl’s position was. I made it clear to him that in my view he did not have a lease. Mr Ankerl said that he very much wished to remain in the flat on sentimental grounds, having, so he said, written a book there. He may have told me that he had earlier supposedly been granted an oral lease, but I cannot state that with certainty. At all events, Mr Ankerl did not ask me to have a lease drawn up for him. At the end of the interview Mr Ankerl suggested to me that he pay a higher rent in order to be able to stay in the flat. I suppose that implies that he was asking to be given a lease. I told the defendant that I would pass on his request to the landlord. I told him clearly, both at the beginning and at the end of the interview, that I could not take a decision myself. I consequently informed the landlord of the conversation I have just described. He told me that he did not wish to proceed in the matter and he did not give me the reasons. I did not myself communicate the shareholder’s position to Mr Ankerl but, on the other hand, I did send the file to our lawyer, who must have informed him of the shareholder’s position. My office staff must, it would seem, have communicated our account number to Mr Ankerl when we took over from Naef. ... I heard about an agreement that had earlier been made between Naef and Mr Ankerl to the effect that Mr Ankerl should pay the rent direct to Naef. Mr Dominique Veuillet ... I have worked for Naef since 1 March 1983. ... We knew that Mr Ankerl was in de facto occupation of the premises ... ... In 1986 or 1987 Mr Ankerl came to see me and told me that his position vis-à-vis Régie Immobilière was a rather special one. I cannot remember now the exact reasons. The defendant asked that we should draw up a lease in his name. At the same time Régie Immobilière had asked us to collect the rent direct from Mr Ankerl ... I myself handed the file over to another property-management company on 31 December 1987, and at that time, as far as we were concerned, Mr Ankerl’s position remained as we had described in our letter of 14 July 1987 ... It is true that on 14 November 1986 we had informed Mr Ankerl about the proposed works in the building. That was because we could not ignore his presence in the building. ... Mrs Méryl Ankerl ... I was present at the interview with Mr Linder in April 1988. Mr Linder asked us what our intentions were regarding this flat and we told him that we wanted to stay in it. He then explained to us that the building was going to be made higher and asked whether the works would not inconvenience us. We replied that the works might perhaps inconvenience us but that we would put up with it since we wanted to stay. Mr Linder added that at all events the process would be a long one, because the architect’s plans had not been approved by the Public Works Department. He also told us that during the building work we could occupy another flat in the block and that after the work was completed we could occupy a newly built flat at the top of the house. Or else we could move back into our second-floor flat. When we left, Mr Linder told us that he would keep us informed. When we came out we were really reassured and optimistic. Mr Linder never asked us to look for a flat elsewhere and he did not indicate that we had to leave within a given time. I cannot remember if Mr Linder said that he was going to consult the landlord. I myself had the impression that he had some freedom of action. Mr Ruffieux: I have myself been the director of the plaintiffs since October 1985. I have never set eyes on Mr Ankerl until today. I once replied to a letter he had sent me asking for an interview and I told him that his case was being dealt with by Naef’s legal department. ... It is true that I told Mr Linder that I refused to give Mr Ankerl a lease. We had never accepted that Mr Ankerl had a tenancy and I did not wish us to agree to it. I knew from the beginning that Mr Ankerl was occupying the premises. He is up to date with the rent. I would not have been opposed to a settlement at the outset but relations with Mr Ankerl have become difficult. I have already allowed Mr Ankerl four years. Mr Ankerl: When I concluded the lease with Régie Immobilière, I did not realise that it was a subtenancy. I had consulted a lawyer before signing it. Mr Ruffieux says today that it is not easy to get on with me, but he said before that he wanted us out because he wanted to renovate his building.“ On 12 October 1989 the court held that there was no lease agreement between the parties and ordered Mr Ankerl to move all property and persons from the flat and restore it to the plaintiffs in good condition. The judgment reads as follows: “... Mr Veuillet, an employee of [Naef], told the Court that the tenant, Régie Immobilière, had asked Naef to collect the rent direct from Mr Ankerl. This arrangement was accepted, the payments being received as an indemnity for unlawful occupation, as appears from a letter of 14 July 1987 ... On 20 January 1988 the new management, the GPR Degenève SA agency, wrote to Régie Immobilière SA, asking that in future the company should pay the indemnity for Mr Ankerl’s unlawful occupation to their own office. Mr Linder, an employee of the new management, told the Court that he had had an interview with Mr Ankerl and had made it clear to him that in his view Mr Ankerl did not have a lease. Mr Ankerl, he said, implicitly requested that a lease should be drawn up, to which Mr Linder said he had replied that it was not for him to decide. Mr Ruffieux, the director and shareholder of the plaintiffs, told the Court that he had never agreed, and did not wish to agree, to enter into a lease with the defendant. However, ... Mr Ankerl had been supplied personally with GPR Degenève’s account number and wrote to that company on 29 February 1988 to inform them that in future he would pay the rent into their account ... That letter does not appear to have been answered, except that, three months later, the lawyer instructed by the landlord wrote to enquire when Mr Ankerl would be leaving. The defendant’s wife - who was present at her husband’s interview with Mr Linder – recalled from that interview that the property-management company had been contemplating offering them another flat in the building for the duration of the works, and that when they had left Mr Linder, the couple had had every reason to be reassured, seeing that they were not being asked to leave the premises. ... In law the only issue which it is necessary to resolve is whether the defendant, since his sublease was terminated, has been given a lease by the landlord. A lease may be entered into orally, although it is to be noted that property-management companies customarily draw up a written agreement. In the instant case no lease has been signed since the termination of the sublease. None of the documents produced discloses any agreement by the plaintiffs to enter into a lease. It remains to be determined whether, by not immediately or clearly replying to the defendant’s letter of 29 February 1988 or by allowing an employee of the property-management company to tell the defendant that he was going to refer back to the landlord, the plaintiffs may – under the doctrine of good faith – have agreed to enter into a lease. The Court reaches the conclusion that, in the circumstances of this case, no lease was entered into orally (the existence of an oral agreement has not been proved) or even implied by the clear conduct of the parties. While it is true that the defendant wishes to remain in the flat, it is not even apparent from the evidence that he has clearly asked for a lease to be drawn up. Despite the unambiguous letters from the plaintiffs, the defendant did not take the trouble to reply in writing. He therefore could not truly suppose – in good faith – that the plaintiffs were implicitly granting him a lease. He had all the less reason to assume a tacit agreement of this kind as, since the termination of the head lease, and accordingly of the sublease, proceedings had been pending for an extension of the lease, during which the landlord had clearly denied being contractually bound to the defendant or wishing to be. Consequently, there is no lease between the parties. ... it must be held that the defendant is on the premises unlawfully. Article 641 para. 2 [of the Civil Code] applies in this case ...“ C. Proceedings in the Canton of Geneva Court of Justice In a judgment of 7 June 1990 the Canton of Geneva Court of Justice dismissed an appeal by Mr Ankerl on the following grounds: “The Court cannot but agree with the court below that there was no contractual relationship between the landlord, Chrysanthemum SA, and Guy Ankerl. It is bold to argue that the existence of a lease is evidenced by the conduct of the landlord or of the landlord’s representatives, who, on the contrary, always emphasised their determination not to enter into a lease with Guy Ankerl for flat at no. 3, rue Saint-Léger, second floor. The fact of having handed over rent receipts accompanied by the letter of 14 July 1987 or of not having replied to the appellant’s letter of 29 February 1988 cannot be construed as meaning that a lease was in existence. It follows, in the absence of any lease, that the Court of First Instance had jurisdiction ratione materiae. ... According to this Court’s case-law, a landlord is entitled to raise his ownership against a subtenant and to rely on Article 641 para. 2 [of the Civil Code], in the absence of any legal relationship between the parties ... The sublease is a lease between the tenant and the subtenant ... Having been given notice for 28 February 1988, Guy Ankerl, from that date, no longer has any right to remain on the premises. ...“ D. Proceedings in the Federal Court The applicant lodged a public-law appeal with the Federal Court against the Court of Justice’s judgment. In his pleading he relied, in particular, on Articles 6 and 14 of the Convention (art. 6, art. 14) and argued: “... the fact that [the cantonal courts] allowed the representative of a party to be heard as a witness on oath created a flagrant inequality vis-à-vis the other party, who by the force of circumstance was not able to call witnesses to whom the oath could be administered. The equality of arms guaranteed both in the Federal Constitution and in the European Convention on Human Rights was not ensured. Such inequality is all the more flagrant where the court dealing with the case has not taken the slightest account in its decision of statements made by a witness, even if heard purely for information purposes. This was a gross breach of the law, which expressly provides, even if it precludes taking the oath, that a spouse may testify and therefore implies that the court dealing with the case will consider that evidence.“ The First Civil Division of the Federal Court delivered its judgment on 3 October 1990. It declared inadmissible - in particular - the complaint based on a violation of Articles 6 and 14 of the Convention (art. 6, art. 14), as follows: “... On a public-law appeal, the Federal Court will consider only the complaints adequately pleaded ... the notice of appeal must contain, inter alia, a succinct statement of the constitutional rights or legal principles violated, specifying in what the breach consists (section 90 (1) (b) of the Federal Judicature Act). ... In many respects, the present appeal does not comply with this requirement that reasons must be given. This is true ... of the ground based on a breach of Articles 6 and 14 (art. 6, art. 14) [of the] European Convention on Human Rights, of which the appellant makes a bald assertion without providing any explanation.“ Dismissing the remainder of the appeal, the First Civil Division said: “The appellant also submitted that the Court of Justice had made an arbitrary assessment of the evidence taken by the court below. ... ... If the appellant’s argument, which is not very clear, has been understood correctly, the cantonal appellate court inadmissibly took into account the interview that Mr Linder had with the appellant in April 1988 in the presence of the appellant’s wife, in that it completely ignored her statements and only took Mr Linder’s statement into consideration. In this connection it must be pointed out that the appellant’s wife was heard only for information purposes and without taking the oath, in accordance with Article 226 [of the] Civil Proceedings Act [of the Canton of Geneva]. According to commentators on Geneva’s Civil Proceedings Act, however, hearing a witness for information purposes is of purely informative import and has no probative value ... There was therefore nothing arbitrary in the instant case in not taking account of the explanations provided by Mrs Ankerl. The appellant did not, moreover, show in what way the cantonal appellate court had unsustainably interpreted the statements made by the sworn witness Jean-Gabriel Linder. Contrary to what he appeared to be arguing, the court below did not infer from those statements that the witness had indicated to the appellant that he would have to leave the flat. It merely found that Mr Linder `confirmed that he would pass on to the landlord Guy Ankerl’s wish to enter into a new lease’. The appellant did not attack that finding. ... The present appeal is manifestly ill-founded, and it must accordingly be dismissed in so far as it is admissible.“ E. The applicant’s departure Mr and Mrs Ankerl left the flat in issue on 16 October 1991.
train
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{ "applicant": "Guy Ankerl", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 93 ], "countries": "CHE", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1996 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Guy Ankerl
001-57443
[]
PROCEDURE The present case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) and by the Government of the Republic of Austria (“the Government“) on 16 July and 21 August 1984, respectively, within the period of three months laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. The case originated in an application (no. 8658/79) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Commission on 18 June 1979 by Mr. Helmut Bönisch, a German national, under Article 25 (art. 25) of the Convention. The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Austria recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); the Government’s application referred to Article 48 (art. 48). Their object was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (d) (art. 6-1, art. 6-3-d) of the Convention. In response to the inquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (b) of the Rules of Court, the Agent of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany advised the Registrar, on 30 July 1984, that her Government did not intend to participate in the proceedings. The applicant, on the other hand, stated that he wished to participate in the proceedings pending before the Court and designated the lawyer who would represent him (Rules 30 and 33 para. 3 (d)). The Chamber of seven judges to be constituted included, as ex officio members, Mr. F. Matscher, the elected judge of Austrian nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr. G. Wiarda, President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)). On 2 August 1984, the President drew by lot, in the presence of the Registrar, the names of the five other members of the Chamber, namely Mrs. D. Bindschedler-Robert, Mr. D. Evrigenis, Mr. F. Gölcüklü, Mr. E. García de Enterría and Mr. B. Walsh (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). Subsequently, Mr. Evrigenis and Mr. García de Enterría, who were prevented from taking part in the consideration of the case, were replaced by Mr. J. Cremona and Mr. R. Bernhardt, substitute judges (Rule 24 para. 1). Having assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), Mr. Wiarda consulted, through the Deputy Registrar, the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the lawyer for Mr. Bönisch regarding the need for a written procedure (Rule 37 para. 1). On 17 September 1984, he directed that the Agent and the lawyer should each have until 15 December 1984 to file a memorial and that the Delegate should be entitled to reply in writing within two months from the date of the transmission to him by the Registrar of whichever of the aforesaid pleadings should last be filed. The Registrar received the applicant’s memorial on 17 December and the Government’s memorial on 28 December 1984. On 3 January 1985, the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would submit his observations at the hearings. On the same date, after consulting, through the Registrar, the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the lawyer for the applicant, the President directed that the oral proceedings should open on 21 January (Rule 38). He had previously granted the applicant leave to use the German language at the hearings (Rule 27 para. 3). On 17 January, the Commission transmitted to the Registrar a number of documents whose production the Registrar had requested on the instructions of the President. Meanwhile, on 26 November 1984, the applicant had sent the Registrar a letter requesting that the President recommend the Government to suspend, until delivery of the Court’s judgment in the instant case, execution of fines imposed on him in Austria (Rule 36 and paragraph 19 below). The President thereupon contacted the Government, who replied on 17 December that they had no comments to make. On 19 December, although he took the view that recovery of the fines in question did not constitute a serious and irreparable measure, Mr. Wiarda, acting through the Registrar and without prejudice to the Court’s ultimate decision on the merits of the case, expressed the wish that the Austrian authorities should consider the possibility of suspending execution. The Permanent Representative of Austria to the Council of Europe notified the Registrar on 11 January 1985 that this wish had been brought to the attention of the responsible authorities. The hearings were held in public at the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on the appointed day. Immediately before they opened, the Court had held a preparatory meeting. There appeared before the Court: for the Government Mr. H. Türk, Legal Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agent, Mrs. G. Kabelka, Staatsanwältin, Federal Ministry of Justice, Mr. G. Lindner, Ministerialrat, Federal Ministry of Health and Protection of the Environment, Advisers; for the Commission Mr. H. Schermers, Delegate; for the applicant Mr. D. Roessler, Rechtsanwalt, Mrs. B. Thaler, Rechtsanwältin, Counsel. The Court heard addresses and replies to its questions from Mr. Türk, Mrs. Kabelka and Mr. Lindner for the Government, Mr. Schermers for the Commission and Mr. Roessler for the applicant. The various speakers also produced to the Court several documents. The applicant lodged three further documents on 19 February. AS TO THE FACTS I. THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant, who is a citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany born in 1936, lives in Vienna. He runs a firm that specialises in meat smoking. He bought the production plant from the firm Krizmanich GmbH, which was thereafter called Bönisch GmbH, following the death of Mr. Krizmanich in 1975. A. Background Mr. Krizmanich had been reported under the then applicable legislation to the prosecuting authorities by the Federal Food Control Institute (Bundesanstalt für Lebensmitteluntersuchung - “the Institute“) for suspected offences resulting from the technique he used for smoking meat. In 1973, during the course of these proceedings, the Medical Faculty of the University of Vienna had been asked to draw up an expert report (Fakultätsgutachten). In this report, the maximum quantity permissible in smoked meats of a carcinogenic substance called benzopyrene 3.4 was stated to be one part per (American) billion (“ppb“). After Mr. Bönisch had bought the firm, similar complaints were lodged with the prosecuting authorities. These led to the prosecution of the applicant before the District Criminal Court of Vienna (22 May 1975 and 27 January 1977) and before the Regional Court of Vienna (28 October 1976). Basing themselves mainly on the expert opinions of the Director of the Institute (see paragraph 20 below), these courts came to the conclusion that the products prepared with the impugned smoking technique were dangerous to health because they contained an excessive quantity - more than one ppb - of benzopyrene 3.4 and that their distribution consequently constituted an infringement of section 56(2) of the Food Act 1975 (“the 1975 Act“). It was further found that the products were adulterated (verfälscht) by reason of an excessive water content not apparent to the consumer, whereby they also contravened section 63 (1), no. 1, of the 1975 Act. Mr. Bönisch was accordingly convicted. His appeals against these decisions, which are not in issue in the present case, were unsuccessful. B. Proceedings prompting the present case 1. The first proceedings In October 1976, the Market Office of the City of Vienna drew two samples of smoked meat from the production of the Bönisch company, leaving two counter-samples from the same pieces to the applicant (see paragraph 20 below). The Institute was entrusted with carrying out the analysis of these samples. In its analysis, which was carried out on 19 October 1976, the Institute found a benzopyrene concentration of 2.7 and 3.0 ppb respectively and an excessive water content. The samples were therefore described as being dangerous to health and adulterated. This opinion by the Institute, which had been drafted on 28 November 1976 by the Director of the Institute, amounted to the lodging of a complaint (Anzeigegutachten); it was transmitted by the Market Office to the prosecuting authorities with a view to the institution of criminal proceedings. The case came before the same judge of the Regional Court who in 1976 had dealt with an earlier case against the applicant (see paragraph 9 above). Pursuant to section 48 of the 1975 Act, he again appointed the Director of the Institute as expert in order to hear him in connection with the opinion submitted. On 17 April 1978, Mr. Bönisch challenged both the judge and the expert; in his contention, the conduct of the proceedings had shown that both were biased against him and resolved to disregard his rights of defence, in particular the right - guaranteed by Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention - to the attendance and examination of witnesses and experts for the defence under the same conditions as those for the prosecution. In addition, the applicant asked for the hearing of several experts. On 26 April 1978, the President of the Regional Court rejected the challenge concerning the investigating judge on the ground that it was unfounded. However, he did not formally examine the challenge concerning the expert, who in fact took part in the proceedings. On 29 June 1978, at the request of Mr. Bönisch, the Regional Court heard as witness Mr. Prändl, the Director of the Institute for Meat Hygiene and Technology of the Veterinary University of Vienna. According to written evidence submitted by this Institute after analysis of the two counter-samples, the concentration of benzopyrene was only 0.75 ppb and 0.12 ppb respectively, and there was accordingly no reason for any objections. In reply to questioning by both the judge and the expert, the witness explained in detail the method of analysis applied by his Institute, which was very similar to that used by the German Federal Institute for Meat Research. The expert thereafter developed his personal opinion. As regards the benzopyrene concentration, he pointed out that the method employed by the Federal Food Control Institute was subject to criteria which were especially stringent and rigorously controlled; its degree of accuracy was maximised and the margin of error did not exceed 20 per cent. On the other hand, he criticised the method used by the witness; in his view, the margin of error had to be considerable as the results obtained from each of the two counter-samples differed greatly, whereas the Institute’s analysis showed analogous results in both instances. He emphasised that the products made by Mr. Bönisch’s firm showed a water content of 3.6 per cent, whereas, according to the Food Code (Codex Alimentarius Austriacus), it should not have exceeded 1.8 per cent. On his side, Mr. Bönisch, who was not represented by a lawyer, stated that a water content below 1.8 per cent was technically unattainable and requested the hearing of a meat and sausage expert on this point. The Regional Court however refused this, on the ground that black smoking was forbidden if the water content could not be limited to the required level. In a judgment delivered the same day (29 June 1978), the Regional Court found the applicant guilty of offences under section 56(1), nos. 1 and 2, and section 63(1), no. 2, of the 1975 Act and accordingly sentenced him to two months’ imprisonment. It particularly stressed that, at the time of the takeover of the firm, the Institute had informed Mr. Bönisch of the requirements of the Food Code, that the applicant was aware of the criminal proceedings instituted against his predecessor and that, moreover, he too had been the subject of criminal proceedings for the same reasons but had nonetheless continued his production without changing method. The Regional Court considered that the expert opinion of the Director of the Institute was conclusive and that there were no doubts as to the reliability of his findings. It shared his view that the different results at which the Institute for Meat Hygiene and Technology of the Veterinary University had arrived were erroneous. Even allowing for a margin of error of 20 per cent in the Institute’s findings, it held that the concentration of benzopyrene in the applicant’s products was by far in excess of the permissible level (1 ppb). The carcinogenic effects of this substance were found to have been established by the Medical Faculty (see paragraph 8 above); the evidence to the contrary adduced by the applicant - in particular letters from two German experts and a publication written by three other experts - did not seem convincing to it. Mr. Bönisch appealed. In essence, he took issue with the Director of the Institute for not having adhered to the opinion of his colleagues, which - in Mr. Bönisch’s view - nevertheless reflected the prevailing view, and submitted that the Director was biased. He also raised objections of principle against the appointment as court expert of the very person who had reported the case to the prosecuting authorities, and complained that this person had been heard as a court expert whereas Mr. Prändl had appeared as a mere defence witness; this seemed to him contrary to the requirements of Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention. In addition, he requested the hearing of several experts. The Vienna Court of Appeal rejected the appeal on 19 December 1978. As to the carcinogenic effects of benzopyrene, it noted that the Regional Court had based its decision on the opinion of the Medical Faculty, which, according to settled case-law, could not be contested. Apart from that, the Regional Court had extensively dealt with all relevant aspects of the case before holding that the products made by the applicant were adulterated and dangerous to health. The findings of the Regional Court were not open to doubt as they were based on the detailed explanations of the expert. As the latter had already refuted Mr. Bönisch’s arguments, it was not necessary to take any additional evidence on the adulterated and dangerous character of the said products. In particular, the Court of Appeal ruled out the hearing of a counter-expert since the expert opinion obtained in the first-instance proceedings was not tainted with any defects (Articles 125 and 126 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). Finally, it rejected the challenge of the Director of the Institute as expert (Article 120 of the same Code). 2. The second proceedings Following analysis of samples taken in October 1977 and May 1978 from products made by the applicant’s firm, the Institute once more found an excessive concentration of benzopyrene (6.1 ppb) and an undeclared high water-content. Criminal proceedings were accordingly instituted against the applicant before the Vienna Regional Court. The case came before the same judge as before, who again appointed the Director of the Institute as expert pursuant to section 48 of the 1975 Act. Hearings were held on 20 September 1979. Invoking Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention, Mr. Bönisch unsuccessfully challenged the expert. The Regional Court pointed out that the 1975 Act required the appointment of an expert from the staff of the Institute; it added that even though the Director had previously given opinions unfavourable to applicant, this did not substantiate the challenge. The expert then presented his report. When the Regional Court examined him on recent research said to support the views of the applicant, he acknowledged that this research had arrived at less emphatic results on the carcinogenic effects of benzopyrene; but, according to him, this did not cause the opinion of the Medical Faculty to lose any of its validity in the particular circumstances. In reply to defence counsel’s questions, he explained the method for analysing foodstuffs used by the Institute, which made it possible to detect 80 per cent of benzopyrene; he conceded that this method differed from the one used by the German Institute, but declared himself not to be bound by the findings of a foreign authority. The defence asked for the hearing of witnesses on the subject; the Regional Court did not accede to this request, considering itself sufficiently informed through the opinions of the Medical Faculty and the expert from the Institute. On the same day (20 September 1979), the Regional Court found the applicant guilty of offences against sections 56 and 63 of the 1975 Act. For reasons almost identical to those stated in the judgment of 29 June 1978 (see paragraph 13 above), it sentenced him to one month’s imprisonment. Mr. Bönisch appealed from this decision on grounds similar to those pleaded in the first proceedings (see paragraph 14 above). The Vienna Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal on 20 May 1980. In its view, the appointment of a particular person as expert was not prohibited unless the person lacked competence to give evidence as a witness (Article 152(1), no. 1, of the Code of Criminal Procedure); apart from this, the applicant had failed to adduce any reasons casting doubt on the impartiality and professional qualifications of the Director of the Institute. Whilst the Director had admittedly already formulated opinions unfavourable to the applicant on several occasions, this did not warrant his being challenged, as the Regional Court had rightly noted. As regards the alleged violation of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention, the Court of Appeal emphasised that section 48 of the 1975 Act required that the official of the Institute who had analysed the samples taken or drawn up the report should be appointed as expert. Rejecting the request for counter-expertise made by Mr. Bönisch, the Court of Appeal reiterated, as far as the remaining issues were concerned, the reasoning contained in its judgment of 19 December 1978 (see paragraph 14 above). On 28 February 1984, the Federal President, exercising his power to grant a pardon, commuted the two prison sentences imposed on the applicant to fines of 30,000 and 15,000 Schillings (see paragraphs 13 and 17 above). II. THE RELEVANT AUSTRIAN LEGISLATION AND CASE-LAW A. The 1975 Act Under the terms of the 1975 Act, the Market Office of a city shall periodically draw samples of foodstuffs and send them for analysis to the Institute (section 43), making available a sealed counter-sample to be used by any private expert that the firm subjected to control might wish to consult. This expert must possess special professional qualifications and have a special authorisation from the Federal Ministry of Health (sections 47 and 50). Several members of the Institute’s staff are involved in the examination of the samples, for which purpose standard scientific techniques are employed. The various results are submitted to the Director of the Institute, who draws up a report. If the Institute has cause to suspect the commission of an offence, it must state so in its report and notify the responsible authorities (section 44). In practice, the report (Anzeigegutachten) is sent to the Market Office, which in such cases transmits it to the public prosecutor’s department. The prosecuting authorities have to decide whether or not criminal proceedings should be brought, but they usually adhere to the Institute’s opinion. Whilst the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure are applicable in such cases, section 48 of the 1975 Act involves a derogation from them in so far as expert evidence is concerned: “If the court has doubts concerning the findings or the opinion of a Federal Food Control Institute or if it considers that such findings or opinion need to be amplified or if justifiable objections have been raised in respect thereof, it shall hear as expert the official of the said Institute who carried out the analysis or drew up the report for the purpose of explaining and supplementing the findings or the report ... In all other respects, expert evidence shall be governed by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure ...“ Under Article 120 of the said Code, the prosecuting authorities and the accused are to be informed of the names of the experts appointed by the court; should they raise valid objections, other experts are to be consulted. Thus, the court is bound to appoint one of the Institute’s officials who carried out the analysis or formulated the opinion. This official may be the person who drew up the report which served as the complaint prompting the criminal proceedings; such a circumstance is not capable of giving cause for a challenge. Should there be other grounds, such as a personal bias against the accused, the expert may be replaced by another official of the Institute who took part in the analysis and in the drafting of the opinion. If any doubts persist or if the findings of these experts “are unclear, vague, contradictory“, etc. (Articles 125 and 126 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), the court may call another expert. Under the terms of Article 149 of the same Code, only the prosecutor and the defence counsel or the accused are entitled to put questions to witnesses and experts. Nevertheless, the court may authorise experts to examine witnesses and the accused. Witnesses, on the contrary, do not have this possibility. B. Public discussion on the 1975 Act and the practice followed The provisions of the 1975 Act, as well as certain practices followed by the courts and the Institutes, have been the subject of controversy in academic writings and on the occasion of an enquiry organised in 1977 by the Federal Ministry of Justice. The matter was debated in Parliament prior to the passing of the Act and subsequently in 1978 when a proposed amendment to section 48 was examined (see paragraph 21 above). This amendment, which was not in fact adopted, provided that both the Institute’s expert and any private expert called by the accused were to be heard only as witnesses and that, in case of doubt, an independent expert should be appointed. The receipt by Institute officials of certain bonus payments also gave rise to some discussion which subsequently provoked their discontinuance (see paragraphs 64-66, 74, 81-83 and 122-125 of the Commission’s report, paragraph 7 of the applicant’s memorial and point C of the Government’s memorial). PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION Mr. Bönisch had lodged a first application (no. 8141/78) relating to the facts mentioned in paragraph 9 above. The Commission declared this application inadmissible on 4 December 1978. In his second application of 18 June 1979 (no. 8658/79), Mr. Bönisch reiterated some of the complaints made in his previous application. He alleged, inter alia, that the proceedings taken against him had violated two provisions of Article 6: paragraph 1, in that they had not provided a fair trial, and paragraph 3 (d) (art. 6-1, art. 6-3-d), by reason of the inequality of treatment between the Institute’s expert and the defence’s expert, who had been heard only as a witness. The Commission declared the application admissible on 14 July 1982. In its report of 12 March 1984 (Article 31) (art. 31), the Commission expressed the unanimous opinion that there had been a breach of Article 6 para. 3 (d) (art. 6-3-d) in the two proceedings complained of and of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) in the first proceedings. The full text of the Commission’s opinion is reproduced as an annex to the present judgment.
train
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{ "applicant": "Helmut Bönisch", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1985 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Helmut Bönisch
001-60638
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in three applications (nos. 32911/96, 35237/97 and 34595/97) against the French Republic lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by three French nationals, Mr Nouredine Meftah, Mr Alain Adoud and Mr Michel Bosoni (“the applicants”), on 10 July 1996, 28 January 1997 and 19 November 1996 respectively. The applicants complained in particular that the procedure in the Court of Cassation was unfair and contravened Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (c) of the Convention, in that the advocate-general's submissions had not been communicated to them, with the result that they had been unable to reply, and they had not been informed of the date of the hearing or permitted to address the Court of Cassation at the hearing. The applications were transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). The applications were allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). On 23 November 1999 Mr Meftah's application was declared partly admissible by a Chamber of that Section, composed of the following judges: Mr W. Fuhrmann, President, Mr J.‑P. Costa, Mrs F. Tulkens, Mr K. Jungwiert, Sir Nicolas Bratza, Mr K. Traja and Mr M. Ugrekhelidze, and also of Mrs S. Dollé, Section Registrar. On 12 September 2000, following two partial admissibility decisions on 7 September 1999, the applications of Mr Adoud and Mr Bosoni were joined and declared admissible by a Chamber of that Section composed of the following judges: Mr L. Loucaides, President, Mr Costa, Mr P. Kūris, Mrs Tulkens, Mr Jungwiert, Mrs H.S. Greve and Mr Ugrekhelidze, and also of Mrs Dollé, Section Registrar. The Court delivered its judgments on 27 February 2001 in Mr Adoud's and Mr Bosoni's case and on 26 April 2001 in the case of Mr Meftah. The Court held unanimously that there had been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. A joint separate opinion of Mr Costa and Mr Jungwiert was annexed to the judgment of 27 February 2001. The French Government (“the Government”) filed requests – on 15 May 2001 in the case of Mr Adoud and Mr Bosoni and on 19 June 2001 in the case of Mr Meftah – for the cases to be referred to the Grand Chamber under Article 43 of the Convention and Rule 73. Requests for a referral to the Grand Chamber were also lodged by Mr Meftah on 9 May 2001 and Mr Adoud and Mr Bosoni on 31 May 2001. A panel of the Grand Chamber granted the requests on 5 September 2001. The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 27 §§ 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24. On 18 January 2002 the Grand Chamber ordered the joinder of the applications. The applicants and the Government each filed a memorial on the merits. A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 27 February 2002 (Rule 59 § 2). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr R. Abraham, Director of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agent, Mr B. Cotte, President of the Criminal Division, Court of Cassation, Mrs M. Dubrocard, Deputy Director, Human Rights Division, Legal Affairs Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mrs O. Wingert, magistrat, Human Rights Office, European and International Affairs Department, Ministry of Justice, Counsel; (b) for Mr Adoud and Mr Bosoni Mr Y. Rio, of the Paris Bar, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Rio, Mr Abraham and Mr Cotte, and also their replies to questions put by some of the judges. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants were born in 1960, 1950 and 1938 and live at Irigny, at Colombes and in Paris respectively. A. The case of Mr Meftah The applicant was arrested on 15 April 1992 and charged by an investigating judge at Mâcon tribunal de grande instance with using a vehicle registration document that had been obtained illegally and handling a stolen vehicle. He was remanded in custody from 16 April to 18 May 1992. On 31 March 1994 he was committed to stand trial before the Mâcon Criminal Court. In a judgment of 21 October 1994 the Mâcon Criminal Court dismissed the applicant's application to have the proceedings set aside as defective and, finding him guilty, imposed a suspended sentence of eight months' imprisonment and a fine of 10,000 French francs (FRF). The applicant appealed. On 2 February 1995 the Dijon Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the Criminal Court in its entirety. The applicant appealed to the Court of Cassation. By a judgment of 17 January 1996 the Court of Cassation dismissed the appeal. B. The case of Mr Adoud On 5 November 1994 the applicant was caught by a speed trap while at the wheel of his vehicle. The gendarmerie reported him for exceeding the speed limit by at least 40 k.p.h., namely by driving at 143 k.p.h. in a 90 k.p.h. speed-limit zone. On 14 March 1995 the Melle Police Court found him guilty of the offence, and imposed a fine of FRF 1,500 and banned him from driving for twenty-one days. On 15 December 1995 the Poitiers Court of Appeal upheld the conviction, and increased the fine to FRF 3,000 and the ban to three months. By a judgment of 6 August 1996 the Criminal Division of the Court of Cassation dismissed the applicant's appeal. C. The case of Mr Bosoni On 11 November 1994 the police reported the applicant for two offences of failing to stop at a red traffic light. He was summoned to appear at the Paris Police Court for a hearing on 8 March 1995. On 12 April 1995 the Paris Police Court found the applicant guilty of the offences. It imposed two fines of FRF 1,800 each and banned him from driving for one month. On 27 October 1995 the Paris Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the Police Court in its entirety. On 2 November 1995 the applicant appealed to the Court of Cassation. He sought communication of the advocate-general's written submissions in order to be able to reply to them, but to no avail. By a judgment of 10 July 1996 the Court of Cassation dismissed the applicant's appeal.
train
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{ "applicant": "Nouredine Meftah", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "FRA", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2002 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Nouredine Meftah
001-59155
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court, in accordance with the provisions applicable prior to the entry into force of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”),0 by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) on 30 October 1999 and by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the Government”), on 10 December 1999 (Article 5 § 4 of Protocol No. 11 and former Articles 47 and 48 of the Convention). The case originated in an application (no. 24882/94) against the United Kingdom lodged with the Commission under former Article 25 of the Convention by two British nationals, Mr John Beard and Mrs Catherine Beard (“the first applicant” and “the second applicant” respectively), on 14 May 1994. The applicants alleged that planning and enforcement measures taken against them in respect of their occupation of their land in their caravans violated their right to respect for home, family life and private life contrary to Article 8 of the Convention. They further complained that they were subject to discrimination as gypsies contrary to Article 14 of the Convention. The Commission declared the application admissible on 4 March 1998. In its report of 25 October 1999 (former Article 31 of the Convention), it expressed the opinion that there had been no violation of Article 8 of the Convention (18 votes to 8) and that there had been no violation of Article 14 of the Convention (18 votes to 8).0 Before the Court, the applicants, who had been granted legal aid, were represented by Mr David Willshaw, a solicitor practising in Honiton. The United Kingdom Government were represented by their Agent, Mr Llewellyn of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. On 4 February 2000, the panel of the Grand Chamber determined that the case should be decided by the Grand Chamber (Rule 100 § 1 of the Rules of Court). The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 27 §§ 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24 of the Rules of Court. Sir Nicolas Bratza, the judge elected in respect of the United Kingdom, who had taken part in the Commission's examination of the case, withdrew from sitting in the Grand Chamber (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Lord Justice Schiemann to sit as an ad hoc judge in his place (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). The applicants and the Government each filed a memorial. Third-party comments were also received from European Roma Rights Centre, which had been given leave by the President to intervene in the written procedure (Article 36 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 61 § 3). A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 May 2000 (Rule 59 § 2). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr H. Llewellyn, Agent, Mr D. Pannick QC, Mr D. Elvin QC, Mr M. Shaw, Counsel, Mr D. Russell, Mr S. Marshall-Camm, Advisers; (b) for the applicants Mr R. Drabble QC, Mr T. Jones, Mr T. Eicke, Mr M.J. Beloff QC, Counsel, Mr D. Willshaw, Solicitor. The Court heard addresses by Mr Drabble and Mr Pannick. On 29 November 2000, Mr Makarczyk, who was unable to take part in further consideration of the case, was replaced by Mr Bonello (Rules 24 § 5 (b) and 28). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicants are gypsies by birth. All their lives, they have moved between official sites and unofficial stopping places, mostly in the Lancashire area. The applicants regard themselves as being Lancashire folk. The first applicant is a carpet seller and does most of his business in Lancashire. Both their children were born in Lancashire, and at present their daughter lives with them and works nearby. Their son travels independently, but stays with them frequently. Over the ten years before 1986, the applicants had to move between a number of sites in Lancashire, often staying in unofficial stopping places. As they wanted to set up a family site, in 1986 they bought a piece of land, known as Cinderbarrow Malt Kiln, Yealand Redmayne, Carnforth in Lancashire. The site is 0.365 hectares in area, and is positioned in the countryside between the M6 motorway and the London-Carlisle railway line. When the applicants bought it, they stated that it was generally regarded as being an eyesore. They referred to letters from local residents describing the site as having been used for car breaking and tipping rubbish, being littered and infested with rats. They spent two years cleaning it up and developing it. The Government disputed this assertion, stating that local authority records indicate that it was after the applicants had occupied it that complaints were received about its condition. They stated that the land was previously used for grazing and growing crops. In August 1991, the applicants moved onto the site and on 17 September 1991 they applied for planning permission to Lancaster City Council (“the Council”) for a small close-knit gypsy family site for six caravans. On 18 October 1991, they were prosecuted in Lancaster Magistrates' Court for being on the land unlawfully. They were convicted and fined 75 pounds sterling (GBP). On 11 November 1991, the applicants' planning application was refused, by letter, on the grounds of adverse effect on highway safety and impact on visual amenity. On 17 December 1991, the applicants submitted an appeal to the Secretary of State. On 18 December 1991, they were served with an enforcement notice requiring them essentially to move the caravans off the land and to reinstate the land to its former condition. They were given 56 days to comply with the latter condition. On 30 December 1991, the applicants submitted a further appeal against the enforcement notice. On 9 June 1992, a public local inquiry was held to consider both appeals. These appeals were heard by an Inspector appointed by the Secretary of State for the Environment. On 9 September 1992, these appeals were dismissed. In his report, the Inspector stated inter alia: “9. Planning policies for the area are contained in the 1990 Lancashire Structure Plan. Policy 6 seeks to limit development of land in the open countryside outside the Green Belt to that needed for the purposes of agriculture and forestry, or other uses appropriate to a rural area. ... Policy 14 refers to Areas of Special Landscape, the appeal site is within such an area. The object is to safeguard such areas from development that is not in keeping with the special character of the landscape and is a of a standard of design appropriate to the area. The site is in an area of open countryside, it is undulating pasture land with a few buildings in the locality and can be seen from a number of public viewpoints, including the canal towpath close at hand, and further afield, from points along Tarn Lane. In my opinion, the appearance of 6 caravans on the site would cause serious harm to the character of the landscape and be in conflict with Policy 14, even allowing for the proximity of the site to Cinderbarrow Cottage. ... By all accounts the land was overgrown until 1990 or thereabouts; it is not overgrown now but I consider that the harm caused to the character of the area by using the site for stationing 6 caravans for residential purposes materially outweighs any benefits that may have accrued from [the applicant's] cleaning up operation. Hedging can reduce the visual impact of a development, [the first applicant] proposed to plant hedging along 3 of the boundaries and he has already done some of this. The types of hedging which are characteristic of the area would not provide much in the way of screening for many years, [the applicant's] approach is to plant quick growing conifers but I share the Council's view that these are not in keeping with the character of the area. With regard to highway safety, you suggest that a common sense view be taken. Cinderbarrow Lane is an unclassified road approximately 2 km long, it is narrow for much of its length and contains a number of bends. In many places, 2 cars could not pass. The hedges along the lane obstruct the visibility at bends, alterations in the hedge line along the site would be a help but in my view such alterations would not go far towards improving the overall situation. The land leads to the A6070 at one end where visibility is significantly below the standards recommended in Planning Policy Guidance Note 13. At the other end, access to and from the A6 can be obtained via Tarn Lane, where visibility at the junction is adequate, and directly along Cinderbarrow lane; the visibility of the junction of this land with the main road is significantly below the recommended standards. [The first applicant] says he uses only the Tarn Lane junction, but I consider that others may well use the other junctions either because of convenience or because they do not appreciate the different standards of visibility at the 3 junctions. ... Cinderbarrow lane and its junctions with the main roads clearly have hazards for traffic. [The first applicant's] use of the appeal site adds to those hazards, in my opinion, because of the increase in the number of traffic movements likely to result from the use and the increased likelihood of vehicles having to be reversed when meeting vehicles coming the other way. I accept that caravans are not likely to be towed onto and off the site on many occasions each year, and if that were the only consideration I would not have regarded the implications for highway safety to be so unacceptable as to warrant a refusal of permission. It is, however, one of a number of drawbacks and I consider that, overall, the highway objection is sustained. The effect of Section 54(A) of the 1990 Act is that the determination of these appeals shall be made in accordance with the development plan, unless material considerations indicate otherwise. The development plan in this case is the Lancashire Structure Plan and on the basis of the evidence I consider that [the first applicant's] development does not accord with it. Highway safety is a material consideration but it is one, which in my view, weighs against his case. A further material consideration, an important one, namely a special need for accommodation to be provided for gypsies, remains to be considered. [The first applicant's] gypsy status is not a matter of dispute, nor is the fact that, since April 1987, the Council's district is designated under the provisions of the Caravan Sites Act 1968, ..., as an area where adequate provision has been made for gypsies residing in, or resorting to the area. Circular 28/77 emphasises, at paragraph 23, that the additional power accruing from a designation order should be seen by Local Authorities as a means of ensuring that gypsies use the accommodation available to them rather that as a means of avoiding the need to provide further sites. Authorities may also have to be prepared to increase the provision they have made if there is a subsequent expansion of the gypsy population in their area. The Council say that provision has been made over and above that which led to the area being designated. Fourteen additional residential pitches and 4 pitches for touring caravans have been provided on 4 private sites ... The Council's own site at Mellishaw Park has 20 double pitches and can, therefore, accommodate 40 caravans. The larger picture for the County is that, under Policy 11 of the Structure Plan and in the context of residential development, the aim is to provide land for caravan sites for gypsies within, or close to, the main urban areas. There are 5 permanent gypsy sites in the County, including the one at Mellishaw Park. The County Council are actively pursuing the provision of 3 further sites, none of which are in Lancaster. The half-yearly count of gypsy caravans since January 1990 discloses that there have been spaces available on authorised sites on every count, except the last one in January 1992. In July 1991, during the period when [the first applicant] was evidently clearing up the appeal site prior to moving onto it in August, the Council say there were 21 vacancies on authorised sites. The Council also say that on the day before the inquiry there were 17 vacancies. In my view the special need for accommodation to be provided for gypsies is not so weighty in the present case as to outweigh the harm caused to the character of the area and the adverse effects on highway safety. [The applicants] put forward a number of reasons why they did not wish to go onto authorised sites in the area. Some of the reasons related to incidents in recent years which led them to embrace the concept of self-help and moving onto the appeal site, which they bought in 1986. I have accorded some weight to these matters but I remain of the opinion that the Council's case is the one that should prevail. ...” The time period for compliance was extended to 6 months. The Inspector also revoked the condition of returning the land to its former condition finding it excessive due to the tidying work carried out by the applicants. The applicants did not appeal against this decision to the High Court, as such appeals can only be made on limited grounds (see paragraph 38). The applicants tried unsuccessfully to find an alternative site both in the Lancashire City Council area and in the nearby Cumbria City Council area. They were offered places on an authorised site, Mellishaw Park, which they turned down for strong personal reasons, namely, since this particular site was occupied by a large, violent gypsy family who had attacked them on more than one occasion. In May 1992, the first applicant received serious injury, being beaten with a baseball bat and being showered with glass as his car was smashed. His assailant was convicted of actual bodily harm. The applicants were advised by the police to stay away from the area. On 28 May 1993, the applicants were prosecuted in Lancaster Magistrates' Court and given a conditional discharge for one year, which would expire on 28 May 1994. On 7 June 1993, they applied for planning permission for a smaller gypsy site which would consist of one mobile home and a transit pitch. On 19 July 1993, their application was refused and they appealed against this decision. On 21 December 1993, a public local inquiry was held. On 25 January 1994, the appeal was dismissed again, on grounds of visual amenity and adverse effect on highway safety. Even though the applicants had offered to provide whatever form of screening was necessary, the Inspector considered that an effective screen would take too long to establish and would look alien. The use of the site for the stationing of a caravan and the addition of a second would “seriously harm the character and appearance of the surrounding area”. He gave weight to the highway authority evidence that the exit from Cinderbarrow Lane to the A6 suffered from lack of visibility. While he noted that the applicants'submission that they could use the alternative exit in Tarn Lane, he considered that the greater convenience of the shorter route would be likely to encourage its regular use. Given the lightly trafficked nature of the road, he did not find this to be a crucial matter however. As regarded the needs of the applicants, he stated: “11. Since 1987 Lancaster District has been designated under the provisions of the Caravan Sites Act 1968, as amended, as an area where adequate provision has been made for gypsies residing in or resorting to the area. The current level of authorised provision within the district is 100 caravan pitches of which 20 pitches are on a council-owned site. Surveys taken during 1993 show that an average of 29 vacancies existed each month on private sites in the district, and an average of 7 vacancies on the council owned site. Circular 28/77 states that it may be necessary to accept the establishment of gypsy sites within areas of open land where the land use policies which apply are severely restrictive to development, but in such cases there will be a special obligation to ensure that the arguments in favour of a departure from the development plan are convincing. [The applicants] put forward reasons why they did not wish to go to authorised sites in the area. Although these reasons were understandable, these are essentially personal reasons which do not, in my opinion, outweigh the harm caused to the character of the area and the adverse effects on highway safety. In my judgment the provision made within the district and the site availability revealed by survey is sufficient for me to conclude that the special need for accommodation to be provided for gypsies is not so weighty in this case as to justify a departure from established planning policy.” In June 1994, further prosecution was adjourned to 7 October 1994. On that date, the applicants were convicted of failing to comply with the enforcement notice and were fined GBP 300 plus costs. In January 1995, the applicants appeared once more in the magistrates' court charged with failing to comply with the enforcement notice. The proceedings were adjourned until 12 May 1995, when the applicants elected to be tried in Preston Crown Court by judge and jury. At a hearing on 8 December, the applicants were directed by the judge that they had no alternative but to plead guilty as they did not have a defence to the charges. He deferred sentence and granted leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal. On 10 May 1996, the Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal, inter alia, endorsing the judge's finding that: “Subsection 3 [of the Town and Country Planning Act 1996] is not concerned with a balance of social factors. It is not concerned with the policy issues as arise in relation to the circumstances in which gypsies live.” The case was remitted to the Crown Court judge, who took the view that there was “powerful mitigation” and sentenced the applicants to a fine of GBP 150 and GBP 100 costs. He observed that it would have been inappropriate to commence a third prosecution and that it would have been more appropriate to commence civil injunctive proceedings in the County Court. On 14 October 1996, the Council decided to take injunctive action against the applicants. At the hearing on 27 February 1997, the County Court had before it an affidavit from the first applicant and two affidavits from the Council. In the affidavit of Mr Dennison for the Council, it was accepted that the applicants had not been able to secure accommodation within the area for their caravan elsewhere but it was suggested that insufficient efforts had been made. In his affidavit, to which were annexed refusals from 25 sites, the first applicant stated that: “Since 1992 my wife and I have been making extensive enquiries about alternative situations... It is wrong for the Council to suggest that we have only tried holiday sites thereby implying that we knew they would fail; to the best of my knowledge and belief all the sites we tried had some residential accommodation. We repeated these efforts prior to the most recent proceedings.” Due to the pressure of the proceedings, the first applicant made an undertaking to the Court to remove his caravans from his land and to break up the hard surface laid out on the land by 1 January 1998. On 26 August 1997, the applicants applied for a variation of the undertaking, seeking an extension of the time for compliance as they had been unable to find anywhere else to site their caravan and due to the first applicant's ill health. The second applicant submitted in an affidavit to the County Court that they had made continuous and strenuous enquiries since February 1997, but had been met with refusals – letters from 22 sites were enclosed. The application was refused and the applicants ordered to pay the Council's costs. On 7 November 1997, the Council served on the first applicant a “Notice to Show Good Reason why an Order for Your Committal to Prison should not be made” which applied for the first applicant to be committed to prison. At the hearing on 14 November 1997, the judge committed the first applicant to prison for three months but suspended the imprisonment on condition that the applicant complied with his undertaking by 21 February 1998. Counsel's notes of the judge's judgment indicated that the order was made to enforce the law as fining had achieved nothing – “If it means that the applicants have to seek something other than static caravan accommodation, so be it”. In order to avoid committal and the ensuing deleterious consequences on the first applicant's health and the applicants' family, the applicants vacated their land and are currently without a fixed address. They have been unable to find alternative accommodation elsewhere. As regards the availability of pitches elsewhere, the Government submitted that during the period of May 1993–June 1995 12 vacancies arose on Mellishaw Park, the official site in the district. There was a waiting list but the applicants would only have had to wait 4–6 months for a vacancy to occur. The conditions on this site were closely monitored by weekly inspections by a resident warden. In the local authority's area, there were also, according to the figures given to the Commission by the Government, space for 99 caravans on seven authorised private sites, where there were currently 31 vacant pitches and a further 107 private authorised/touring and residential sites, comprising, respectively, 4,834 and 561 pitches, with substantial numbers of vacancies. Some of these sites were used by travellers particularly in the winter months. The applicants stated that these sites are largely seasonal for tourists and that gypsies were not welcome. Only one of them has been designated as official gypsy site but is still inhabited mostly by non-gypsies. This site had 40 pitches. According to the 1999 statistics of the Department of the Environment however, the number of authorised private sites had increased by six (from 68 to 74), while the number of public sites had decreased by the same number (from 25 to 19). However, the total number of unauthorised encampments in the area had almost doubled from 11 to 21.
train
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{ "applicant": "John Beard", "articles": [ 91, 34, 49, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2001 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: John Beard
001-58083
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the French Government (“the Government“) on 7 August 1995, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 of the Convention (art. 32-1, art. 47). It originated in an application (no. 20368/92) against the French Republic lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) under Article 25 (art. 25) by a French national, Mr Gérard Vacher, on 18 November 1991. The Government’s application referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48). The object of the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1). In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent him (Rule 30). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr L.-E. Pettiti, the elected judge of French nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Bernhardt, the Vice-President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 4 (b)). On 5 September 1995, in the presence of the Registrar, the President of the Court, Mr Ryssdal, drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr C. Russo, Mr J. De Meyer, Mrs E. Palm, Mr A.N. Loizou, Mr A.B. Baka, Mr J. Makarczyk and Mr E. Levits (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 5) (art. 43). As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 6), Mr Bernhardt, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the applicant’s lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the applicant’s memorial on 11 March 1996 and the Government’s memorial on 29 March 1996. On 30 April 1996 the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would submit his observations at the hearing. On 7 May 1996 the Commission produced the file on the proceedings before it, as requested by the Registrar on the President’s instructions. In accordance with the President’s decision, the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 June 1996. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: for the Government Mr J.-F. Dobelle, Deputy Director of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agent; Mr B. Nedelec, magistrat, on secondment to the Legal Affairs Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr G. Bitti, member of the Human Rights Office, European and International Affairs Department, Ministry of Justice, Counsel; for the Commission Mr J.-C. Soyer, Delegate; for the applicant Mr M. Ricard, of the Paris Bar, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Soyer, Mr Ricard and Mr Dobelle, and also their replies to its questions. AS TO THE FACTS I. Circumstances of the case Mr Gérard Vacher, a French national, is a company director and lives at Neuilly-sur-Seine. On 21 September 1988 the Public Works Department of the département of Hauts-de-Seine lodged a criminal complaint against the applicant alleging offences under the Town Planning Code and, more particularly, that he had built a wall without first obtaining planning permission. On 9 February 1990 the Nanterre Criminal Court sentenced the applicant to a fine of 8,000 French francs (FRF), payment of which was suspended, and ordered him to alter the wall so that it complied with regulations. On 23 May 1991, following an appeal brought by Mr Vacher on 16 February 1990 and a subsequent cross-appeal by the prosecution, the Versailles Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the court below in its entirety and further ordered that the wall should be altered to comply with regulations within a period of four months from the date of its judgment, on penalty of FRF 200 per day’s delay starting at the end of that period. It also ordered the applicant to pay the civil party claiming damages FRF 3,000 in respect of the costs incurred by that party. On 28 May 1991 Mr Vacher lodged a notice of appeal on points of law against the judgment of the Versailles Court of Appeal with that court’s registry (Article 576 of the Code of Criminal Procedure - see paragraph 13 below). On 19 June 1991 the case file for the appeal was registered by the Court of Cassation registry. On 14 August 1991 the applicant filed a pleading in support of his appeal. On 3 September 1991 the chief registrar of the Court of Cassation sent Mr Vacher the following letter: “Further to your letter, I have to inform you that the Criminal Division of the Court of Cassation delivered a judgment on 6 August 1991 dismissing your appeal. Consequently, the pleading received from you at the criminal registry on 14 August 1991 will be disregarded as being out of time.“ The judgment in question, which was served on the applicant on 30 October 1995, was based on the following ground: “No ground of appeal has been filed in support of the appeal; the judgment appealed against is in the proper form and the findings of fact, which cannot be appealed against, justify both the classification of the offence and the sentence.“
train
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{ "applicant": "Gérard Vacher", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93 ], "countries": "FRA", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1996 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Gérard Vacher
001-104905
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 30493/04) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a German national, Mr Paul H. Schmitz (“the applicant”), on 19 August 2004. The applicant was represented by Ms M. Bürger-Frings, a lawyer practising in Aachen. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, Ministerialdirigentin, and by their permanent Deputy Agent, Mr H.-J. Behrens, Ministerialrat, of the Federal Ministry of Justice. The applicant alleged that his preventive detention of an indefinite duration violated his right to liberty under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention and the prohibition of retrospective punishment under Article 7 § 1 of the Convention. On 13 March 2007 a Chamber of the Fifth Section decided to adjourn the examination of the application pending the outcome of the proceedings in the case of M. v. Germany, no. 19359/04. On 22 January 2009 the President of the Fifth Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government, requested them to submit information on changes in the applicant’s detention regime and adjourned the examination of the application until a judgment in the case of M. v. Germany (cited above) has become final. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). In view of the fact that the judgment of 17 December 2009 in the case of M. v. Germany became final on 10 May 2010, the President decided on 20 May 2010 that the proceedings in the application at issue be resumed and granted priority to the application (Rule 41 of the Rules of Court). THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1959 and is currently detained in Aachen Prison. A. The applicant’s previous convictions and the orders for his preventive detention and execution thereof Between 1974 and 1990 the applicant was convicted of sexual offences including attempted rape, sexual abuse of children, sexual assault, attempted sexual assault and dangerous assault in six judgments and spent some eleven years in prison. On 14 February 1990 the Cologne Regional Court convicted the applicant of two counts of sexual assault. It sentenced him to five years and six months’ imprisonment and ordered his (first) preventive detention under Article 66 § 1 of the Criminal Code (see paragraphs 20-21 below). It found that in June and July 1989 the applicant, acting with full criminal responsibility, had sexually assaulted two hitchhikers whom he had taken with him in his car. Having consulted a neurological expert, it further found that owing to his criminal tendencies, it was very likely that the applicant would commit further serious sexual offences comparable to those he was found guilty of on release and was dangerous to the public. Therefore, his preventive detention was necessary. The applicant served his prison sentence until 17 January 1995 and was then held in preventive detention until 29 March 1995, when the preventive detention order was suspended on probation and the applicant released. On 11 November 1996 the Cologne Regional Court convicted the applicant of attempted sexual assault and falsification of a driving licence. It sentenced him to four years and nine months’ imprisonment and ordered his (second) preventive detention under Article 66 § 1 of the Criminal Code. The Regional Court found that in August 1995 the applicant, acting with full criminal responsibility, had again attempted to sexually assault a hitchhiker. He had threatened her with a gas pistol, but she had succeeded in wresting the pistol from him and making good her escape. Having regard to the facts that the applicant had begun to reoffend almost immediately after spending some seventeen years in detention and that, according to the convincing view expressed by an expert, it would take many years to rehabilitate the applicant, if ever, the court further considered its second order of preventive detention to be proportionate. On 20 June 1997 the Bonn Regional Court revoked the suspension on probation of the applicant’s first preventive detention, ordered in the Cologne Regional Court’s judgment of 14 February 1990, as the applicant had reoffended and had not diligently continued his therapy. The applicant served his full prison sentence imposed in the judgment of 11 November 1996 until 25 May 2000. Since 26 May 2000 the applicant has been in preventive detention in Aachen Prison as ordered both in the judgment of the Cologne Regional Court of 14 February 1990 and in the judgment of that same court of 11 November 1996. On 5 June 2002 the Aachen Regional Court, reviewing the applicant’s preventive detention, refused to suspend his preventive detention on probation. B. The proceedings at issue 1. The decision of the Aachen Regional Court On 11 June 2003 the applicant requested the Aachen Regional Court to order his release from preventive detention, arguing that preventive detention violated Article 5 § 1 of the Convention. On 23 July 2003 the Aachen Regional Court, examining the applicant’s request under Article 458 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (see paragraph 24 below), decided that his objections against the admissibility of the execution of his preventive detention were ill-founded. The applicant’s preventive detention, ordered by the Cologne Regional Court in 1996 under Article 66 of the Criminal Code, constituted lawful detention after conviction by a competent court within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 (a) of the Convention. 2. The decision of the Cologne Court of Appeal On 10 September 2003 the Cologne Court of Appeal, endorsing the reasons given by the Regional Court, dismissed the applicant’s appeal. It added that preventive detention under Article 66 of the Criminal Code, which was to be qualified as a measure of correction and prevention and not as a penalty, neither violated the Convention nor the Basic Law. Moreover, Article 67d § 3 of the Criminal Code, in its version in force since 31 January 1998 (see paragraph 23 below), was constitutional. 3. The decision of the Federal Constitutional Court On 15 March 2004 the Federal Constitutional Court, referring to its leading judgment of 5 February 2004 in the case of M. (file no. 2 BvR 2029/01; application no. 19359/04 to this Court), declined to consider the applicant’s constitutional complaint (file no. 2 BvR 1838/03), in which he had complained that his preventive detention of an indefinite duration had violated Article 5 and Article 7 of the Convention. C. Subsequent developments On 19 July 2004, 19 July 2006 and 2 July 2008 the Aachen Regional Court, reviewing the applicant’s detention, refused to suspend the applicant’s preventive detention on probation. It considered that it could not be expected that the applicant, who refused to make a therapy with an external psychologist offered to him, would not reoffend on release. The applicant was in his first preventive detention as ordered in the judgment of the Cologne Regional Court of 14 February 1990 until 15 March 2010. From 16 March 2010 onwards, the applicant’s preventive detention as ordered for the second time in the judgment of the Cologne Regional Court of 11 November 1996 is executed. II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC AND COMPARATIVE LAW AND PRACTICE A comprehensive summary of the provisions of the Criminal Code and of the Code of Criminal Procedure governing the distinction between penalties and measures of correction and prevention, in particular preventive detention, and the making, review and execution in practice of preventive detention orders, is contained in the Court’s judgment in the case of M. v. Germany (no. 19359/04, §§ 45-78, 17 December 2009). The provisions referred to in the present case provide as follows: A. The order of preventive detention by the sentencing court The sentencing court may, at the time of the offender’s conviction, order his preventive detention, a so‑called measure of correction and prevention, under certain circumstances in addition to his prison sentence, a penalty, if the offender has been shown to be dangerous to the public (Article 66 of the Criminal Code). In particular, the sentencing court orders preventive detention in addition to the penalty if someone is sentenced for an intentional offence to at least two years’ imprisonment and if the following further conditions are satisfied. Firstly, the perpetrator must have been sentenced twice already, to at least one year’s imprisonment in each case, for intentional offences committed prior to the new offence. Secondly, the perpetrator must previously have served a prison sentence or must have been detained pursuant to a measure of correction and prevention for at least two years. Thirdly, a comprehensive assessment of the perpetrator and his acts must reveal that, owing to his propensity to commit serious offences, notably those which seriously harm their victims physically or mentally or which cause serious economic damage, the perpetrator presents a danger to the general public (see Article 66 § 1 of the Criminal Code, in its version in force at the relevant time). B. The duration of preventive detention Under Article 67d § 1 of the Criminal Code, in its version in force prior to 31 January 1998, the first placement in preventive detention may not exceed ten years. If the maximum duration has expired, the detainee shall be released (Article 67d § 3). Article 67d of the Criminal Code was amended by the Combating of Sexual Offences and Other Dangerous Offences Act of 26 January 1998, which entered into force on 31 January 1998. Article 67d § 3, in its amended version, provided that if a person has spent ten years in preventive detention, the court shall declare the measure terminated (only) if there is no danger that the detainee will, owing to his criminal tendencies, commit serious offences resulting in considerable psychological or physical harm to the victims. Termination shall automatically entail supervision of the conduct of the offender. The former maximum duration of a first period of preventive detention was abolished. Pursuant to section 1a § 3 of the Introductory Act to the Criminal Code, the amended version of Article 67d § 3 of the Criminal Code was to be applied without any restriction ratione temporis. Article 458 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that a court decision must be obtained if objections are raised to the execution of a sentence. C. Relevant case-law of the Federal Constitutional Court On 4 May 2011 the Federal Constitutional Court delivered a leading judgment concerning the retrospective prolongation of the complainants’ preventive detention beyond the former ten-year maximum period (compare the provisions in paragraphs 22-23 above) and about the retrospective order of the complainants’ preventive detention respectively (file nos. 2 BvR 2365/09, 2 BvR 740/10, 2 BvR 2333/08, 2 BvR 1152/10 and 2 BvR 571/10). The Federal Constitutional Court held that all provisions on the retrospective prolongation of preventive detention and on the retrospective order of such detention were incompatible with the Basic Law as they failed to comply with the constitutional protection of legitimate expectations guaranteed in a State governed by the rule of law, read in conjunction with the constitutional right to liberty. The Federal Constitutional Court further held that all provisions of the Criminal Code on the imposition and duration of preventive detention at issue were incompatible with the fundamental right to liberty of the persons in preventive detention because those provisions did not satisfy the constitutional requirement of establishing a difference between preventive detention and detention for serving a term of imprisonment (Abstandsgebot). These provisions included, in particular, Article 66 of the Criminal Code in its version in force since 27 December 2003. The Federal Constitutional Court ordered that all provisions declared incompatible with the Basic Law remained applicable until the entry into force of new legislation and until 31 May 2013 at the most. In relation to detainees whose preventive detention had been prolonged or ordered retrospectively, the courts dealing with the execution of sentences had to examine without delay whether the persons concerned, owing to specific circumstances relating to their person or their conduct, were highly likely to commit the most serious crimes of violence or sexual offences and if, additionally, they suffered from a mental disorder. As regards the notion of mental disorder, the Federal Constitutional Court explicitly referred to the interpretation of the notion of “persons of unsound mind” in Article 5 § 1 sub-paragraph (e) of the Convention made in this Court’s case-law. If the above pre-conditions were not met, those detainees had to be released no later than 31 December 2011. The other provisions on the imposition and duration of preventive detention could only be further applied in the transitional period subject to a strict review of proportionality; as a general rule, proportionality was only respected where there was a danger of the person concerned committing serious crimes of violence or sexual offences if released. In its judgment, the Federal Constitutional Court stressed that the fact that the Constitution stood above the Convention in the domestic hierarchy of norms was not an obstacle to an international and European dialogue between the courts, but was, on the contrary, its normative basis in view of the fact that the Constitution was to be interpreted in a manner that was open to public international law (völkerrechtsfreundliche Auslegung). In its reasoning, the Federal Constitutional Court relied on the interpretation of Article 5 and Article 7 of the Convention made by this Court in its judgment in the case of M. v. Germany (cited above).
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Germany", "start_offset": 14070 } ] }, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null }
{ "applicant": "Paul H. Schmitz", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 55, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Paul H. Schmitz
001-57847
[]
PROCEDURE The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) on 1 September 1992, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 12235/86) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by the firm of F.M. Zumtobel, a commercial partnership under Austrian law, and its manager, Mr Martin Zumtobel, an Austrian national, on 10 June 1986. The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Austria recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1). In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicants stated that they wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent them (Rule 30) and who was given leave by the President to use the German language (Rule 27 para. 3). The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr F. Matscher, the elected judge of Austrian nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)). On 26 September 1992, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr R. Bernhardt, Mr A. Spielmann, Mr N. Valticos, Mr R. Pekkanen, Mr F. Bigi, Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha and Mr J. Makarczyk (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), Mr Ryssdal, acting through the Deputy Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Austrian Government (“the Government“), the applicants’ lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the Government’s memorial on 18 January 1993 and the applicants’ memorial on 22 January. On 9 March the Commission produced various documents, as requested by the Registrar on the President’s instructions. On 21 April, 7 May and 23 June the Registrar received other documents from the applicants and the Government; the Court agreed to their inclusion in the file (Rule 37 para. 1, second sub-paragraph). In accordance with the President’s decision, the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 23 March 1993. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: for the Government Mr W. Okresek, Federal Chancellery, Agent, Mr F. Haug, Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Adviser; for the Commission Mr Gaukur Jörundsson, Delegate; for the applicants Mr W.L. Weh, Rechtsanwalt, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by them and also their replies to its questions. AS TO THE FACTS I. THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The firm of F.M. Zumtobel, which at the material time was a limited partnership (Kommanditgesellschaft) and was subsequently converted into a limited company (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung), is based in Dornbirn, Austria. Mr Zumtobel was its manager and sole shareholder. The case concerns expropriation proceedings instituted with a view to the construction in the province of Vorarlberg of a provincial highway, the L 52, intended as a bypass for part of the municipality of Rankweil. It appears that the scheme in question dated back to 1960, but that opposition from local landowners had prevented its realisation. The authorities conducted an investigation into inter alia whether the projected road was compatible with the requirements of environmental protection (Landschaftsschutz). The proposed route was published (zur öffentlichen Einsichtnahme aufgelegt) and the file made available for consultation at the Rankweil council offices from 1 to 31 October 1984. Pursuant to the Provincial Highways Law (Landesstraßengesetz), on the initiative of the Highways Authority of the Provincial Government (Landesstraßenverwaltung), expropriation proceedings relating to a parcel of land of 2,140m2 belonging to the Zumtobel partnership were opened on 28 February 1985. The expropriation would have had the effect of dividing the first applicant’s property, which covered an area of some 55,000m2, into two parcels of approximately 20,000m2 and 30,000m2. The authorities consulted several experts. The first applicant repeatedly but unsuccessfully requested to be allowed to study various documents in the file, namely a report of the Court of Audit (Rechnungshof), an expert report on the environmental implications, the decision taken by the local authorities of Feldkirch, Meiningen and Rankweil on the proposed section of the road, and an opinion of the environmental department of the Provincial Government. On 25 June 1985 a hearing took place before the Office of the Provincial Government (Amt der Landesregierung), attended by its chairman, the first applicant’s lawyer, and three of its official experts (Amtssachverständige), specialising in environmental protection, highways and road traffic respectively. They submitted their reports and made additional observations. According to the highways expert and the road traffic expert, the proposed section of highway was important because it would improve traffic links between Rankweil and Feldkirch, which went through densely populated built-up areas. On 13 February 1986 the Office made an order for expropriation and fixed compensation at 620 schillings per square metre. At the same time it dismissed two requests by the first applicant, one for full details of the planning procedure for the L 52, and the other for the appointment of an independent road traffic expert to assess whether the planned road was necessary. The Office considered the first request to be irrelevant to the case; as to the second, it stated that the official expert had not shown any bias in favour of the authorities and had submitted a convincing report. The Zumtobel partnership thereupon applied to the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof). It claimed that the expropriation proceedings, which were subject to final review by the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) and the Constitutional Court, had violated its right of access to a court with full jurisdiction, guaranteed inter alia by Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention. It also alleged that there had been a breach of the principle of equality of arms, as the Office had heard its own experts but refused to consult independent ones. On 27 November 1987, at the conclusion of a hearing held in private (Article 144 para. 2 of the Federal Constitution, Bundes- Verfassungsgesetz), the Constitutional Court decided not to entertain the application since, in view of its case-law on Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention and the authorities’ discretion in determining the routes of highways, the application did not have sufficient prospects of success. Moreover, the alleged violations resulted at the most from the erroneous application of an ordinary law (einfaches Gesetz) and their examination did not involve any constitutional considerations. Finally, the case did not fall outside the Administrative Court’s jurisdiction. The first applicant also challenged the decision of 13 February 1986 (see paragraph 10 above) in the Administrative Court. Relying on substantially the same arguments as in the Constitutional Court, it now complained of breaches of procedural and substantive law; it also asked for an expert to be appointed. The Administrative Court dismissed the appeal on 22 September 1989, after a purely written procedure; the applicants had not asked it to hold a hearing (see paragraph 20 below). In the court’s opinion, the complaint that the scheme objected to was not based on any reasonable overall plan was not enough to establish that the contested decision had been unlawful. The court added as follows: “In the context of the power of review conferred on it by Article 41 of the Administrative Court Law (Verwaltungsgerichtshofgesetz), the Administrative Court cannot hold to be unlawful the fact that the respondent authority had regard to road traffic requirements and based its decision principally on the consideration that no other more appropriate solution - than the construction of the proposed section of the L 52 over the land in issue - was possible. As can be seen from the findings of fact in the contested decision, the respondent authority took the view that it was in the interests of road users to divert through- traffic from the Rankweil-Brederis built-up area, which at the same time would create a useful addition to the existing road network in the Feldkirch-Rankweil area.“ The court held that the applicant partnership had also failed to cast doubt on the official experts’ reports such as could disclose a procedural irregularity capable of affecting the decision. The fact that the Government Office had not made the commencement of construction work for the L 52 subject to a final decision on the length of the route was not incompatible with the Provincial Highways Law. Contrary to the applicant partnership’s arguments, the Office had indeed taken environmental protection into account when assessing the various relevant interests. The commencement of expropriation proceedings before the adoption of a decree (Einreihungsverordnung) defining inter alia the route and length of the highway and the failure to consult the association of local authorities (Gemeindeverband) of Vorarlberg did not vitiate the impugned decision either. As for compensation in kind (Naturalersatz) or an exchange of land (Tauschanbot), the documents in the case showed that these had not been available as alternative solutions. Finally, the fact that notice of the hearing of 25 June 1985 (see paragraph 9 above) had not been given in the Official Gazette (Amtsblatt) could not have infringed the applicant partnership’s rights, as it had been directly notified of the hearing. The court also rejected the complaints relating to the hearing of the official experts. It noted to begin with that the Office was obliged to consult them, under the General Administrative Procedure Law of 1950 (Allgemeines Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz, “the 1950 Law“). The court considered that mere general remarks on the independence of official experts were not enough to prove a specific legitimate doubt for the purposes of Article 7 (1), sub-paragraph 4, of the 1950 Law. The fact that such an expert took part in proceedings to which the Province was a party did not, unless there were special circumstances, constitute a serious reason within the meaning of the 1950 Law to doubt his complete impartiality. In the absence of any formal requirement, there was nothing to prevent a written record being made of an orally delivered expert report, without the expert having to supplement it in writing. Nor had the authorities been obliged to summon the parties to attend the inquiry (Beweisverfahren). With reference to the complaints of lack of access to the case file, the court stated that it could not find that the Office had disregarded procedural rules, compliance with which could have led to a different decision. As the applicant partnership had not been a party to the environmental protection proceedings (Landschaftsschutzverfahren), it could not claim a right of access to that file. As to the Court of Audit’s report, the observations of the department for planning and the environment (Raumplanungs- bzw. Umweltabteilung) and those of the relevant local authorities, there was nothing to show that these documents could have been material to the applicant partnership’s case or that the Office had based its decision on them. The report of expert B. had been included in the expropriation proceedings file but, contrary to the applicant partnership’s arguments, the authorities were not obliged by law to supply photocopies of the entire case file or of certain documents in it. The Administrative Court also found that there had been no breach of Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention and declined to refer the matter to the Constitutional Court. With regard to the request for an independent expert to be appointed to report inter alia on “the economic viability, the reasonableness and hence the lawfulness“ of the proposed route of the L 52, the court cited a judgment given by an enlarged chamber in 1978 and stated: “[That judgment shows that] the Administrative Court is not allowed, in a case which has been before the respondent administrative authority, to put itself in the place of that authority and take evidence, which the latter may have omitted to take, or to supplement the investigation by itself taking investigative measures to establish the facts. The Administrative Court can, however, take evidence in order to determine whether an essential procedural requirement has been breached, and it is therefore entitled to take investigative measures in order to establish whether a procedural defect is essential or whether the respondent authority could have reached a different decision if that procedural defect had been avoided; it can also do so for the purpose of reviewing the assessment of the evidence. In view of the above findings with reference to the weighing up by the respondent authority of the interests at stake and the facts on which its decision was based, however, the Administrative Court sees no reason to order the investigative measure sought.“ The first applicant had meanwhile applied to the Feldkirch District Court (Bezirksgericht) to determine the amount of compensation. On 17 December 1987 this was set at 9,963,032.50 Austrian schillings (ATS). On 28 May 1988, on appeal (Rekurs) to the Feldkirch Regional Court (Landesgericht), the amount was reduced to ATS 4,560,000. On 6 October 1988 the first applicant’s appeal on points of law (Revisionsrekurs) against this decision was dismissed by the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof).
train
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{ "applicant": "Martin Zumtobel", "articles": [ 91, 34, 54, 34, 93 ], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1993 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Martin Zumtobel
001-109791
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 5123/07) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Bulgarian national, Mr Georgiev Cvetan Rangelov (“the applicant”), on 12 October 2004. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was initially represented by Ms U. Groos and subsequently by Mr J. Oelbermann, both lawyers practising in Berlin. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agents, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, Ministerialdirigentin, and Mr H.-J. Behrens, Ministerialrat, of the Federal Ministry of Justice. The applicant alleged that the execution of the preventive detention order against him had violated Articles 5 § 1 and 14 of the Convention because in view of his foreign nationality, he had been refused important measures putting him in a position to prove that he was no longer dangerous to the public. On 7 March 2007 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). The Government of Bulgaria, having been informed of their right to intervene in the proceedings (Article 36 § 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 of the Rules of Court), did not indicate that they wished to exercise that right. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The applicant was born in 1961. When lodging his application, he was detained in Straubing Prison (Germany). He is currently detained in Grad Vraca (Bulgaria). A. The applicant’s previous convictions, the order for his preventive detention and for his expulsion The applicant entered Germany in 1979. He has been convicted some fifteen times since 1980, notably of theft and burglary. In particular, on 1 March 1984 the Kempten District Court convicted him of three counts of joint theft as a member of a gang and sentenced him to three years’ imprisonment. On 7 October 1988 the Munich I Regional Court convicted the applicant of six counts of burglary and one count of attempted burglary and sentenced him to five years’ imprisonment. On 1 October 1993 the Munich District Court convicted the applicant of joint attempted burglary, committed approximately one month after his release from prison, and sentenced him to one year and six months’ imprisonment. On 21 December 1994 the applicant was arrested and remanded in detention. On 26 January 1996 the Munich I Regional Court convicted the applicant of eight counts of burglary and attempted burglary, committed only a few months after his release from prison, and sentenced him to eight years and six months’ imprisonment. It found that by breaking into different shops, the applicant had stolen goods worth some 140,000 Deutschmarks (approximately 71,581 euros). It further ordered the applicant’s preventive detention pursuant to Article 66 § 1 of the Criminal Code (see paragraphs 40-41 below). Having regard to an expert report, the court found that the applicant had a propensity to commit offences by which serious economic damage was caused and was therefore dangerous to the public. By a decision of 16 April 1997, supplemented on 29 October 1997, the city of Munich ordered the applicant’s expulsion to Bulgaria and prohibited him to re-enter Germany for an indefinite duration in view of his criminal convictions. It authorised the applicant’s expulsion directly from prison as soon as he had served his sentence. The expulsion order became final on 30 December 1997, the regional government of Upper Bavaria having dismissed the applicant’s appeal on 25 November 1997. In the plan governing the execution of the applicant’s sentence, drawn up by the Straubing Prison authorities and presented to the applicant on 9 October 1997, it is noted that the applicant’s transfer to a social therapeutic institution, relaxations in the conditions of his detention and preparations for his release were not envisaged as the city of Munich had issued a deportation order against him. On 7 January 2002 the Erlangen Prison authorities informed the applicant, who was at that time detained in Straubing Prison, that it was not possible to transfer him to Erlangen in order to enable him to participate in a social therapy because he was liable to be expelled after having served his prison sentence. The applicant served his full prison sentence until 19 June 2003. Since then, he was remanded in preventive detention. B. The proceedings at issue 1. The decision of the Regional Court On 21 August 2003 the Regensburg Regional Court, in review proceedings pursuant to Article 67c § 1 of the Criminal Code (see paragraph 42 below), decided that the execution of the applicant’s preventive detention was still necessary in view of its objective. On 1 December 2003 the Nuremberg Court of Appeal, allowing the applicant’s appeal, quashed the decision of 21 August 2003 and remitted the case to the Regional Court. It found that the Regional Court had not been entitled to authorise one of its judges to hear the applicant alone instead of hearing him in its full composition without giving reasons for doing so. Moreover, the refusal of the Straubing Prison authorities to allow the applicant’s defence counsel to inspect his personal files had violated the right to a fair trial. The applicant’s counsel was subsequently granted access to the applicant’s personal files at Straubing Prison. On 26 February 2004 the Regensburg Regional Court, having heard the applicant on 15 January 2004 and the applicant and the two experts W. and T. on 19 February 2004, again decided that the execution of the applicant’s preventive detention was necessary in view of its objective (Article 67c § 1 of the Criminal Code). It therefore refused to suspend the execution of the applicant’s preventive detention and to grant probation. Having regard to the report submitted by the expert for forensic psychiatry W., the Regional Court found that it was very likely that the applicant would reoffend if released. He had been convicted of burglary on numerous occasions and had reoffended shortly after having served long prison sentences. As confirmed by a report submitted by the Straubing Prison authorities dated 17 January 2003 and by the applicant’s statements at the hearing, the applicant continuously refused critically to reflect on his offences and felt persecuted and wrongfully convicted by the German courts. The Regional Court considered that there were also no other elements indicating that the applicant was no longer inclined to reoffend. It noted that according to expert W., it was advisable for the applicant to participate in a social therapy. It conceded that the applicant had not been admitted to a social therapy in Erlangen Prison he had applied for in 2002. The conditions of his detention had also not been relaxed (Vollzugslockerungen). Both of these measures were important conditions for arriving at a prognosis that he was no longer dangerous to the public. However, this did not alter the fact that the applicant kept posing a risk to the public. According to the Regional Court, the applicant’s preventive detention was also not disproportionate. As the applicant was not a German national it was unlikely that the prison authorities, having regard to the usual practice, would relax his conditions of detention. He had further been refused a social therapy in view of his imminent expulsion. The court considered that it was illegal to retain a convicted person in preventive detention for an indefinite period of time only as a consequence of his foreign nationality and the resulting refusal of relaxed conditions of imprisonment. The Public Prosecutor’s Office would have to consider this issue when deciding on a fresh motion lodged by the applicant to suspend his preventive detention pursuant to Article 456a of the Code of Criminal Procedure (see paragraph 45 below). Otherwise, a suspension of the preventive detention order against the applicant on probation could have to be ordered in the future for reasons of proportionality even without the conditions of his detention having previously been relaxed. 2. The decision of the Nuremberg Court of Appeal On 23 April 2004 the Nuremberg Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant’s appeal against the Regional Court’s decision of 26 February 2004. Endorsing the reasons given by the Regional Court, the Court of Appeal found that the applicant was still dangerous to the public. He had also proved obstinate in prison and had to be punished three times in 2003 for having insulted the prison staff. Due to the fact that the applicant, as confirmed by expert W., refused to take responsibility for his past offences, there were no suitable measures to prepare the applicant adequately for his release. As the applicant was in preventive detention only since 20 June 2003, the execution of this measure was still proportionate. 3. The decision of the Federal Constitutional Court On 27 May 2004 the applicant, represented by counsel, lodged a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court. He notably argued that his right to freedom as guaranteed by Article 2 § 2 of the Basic Law was violated because his preventive detention was disproportionate. Moreover, he claimed that the refusal to admit him to a social therapy due to his imminent expulsion discriminated him because of his Bulgarian nationality and therefore disregarded his right to equality under Article 3 of the Basic Law. On 28 September 2004 the Federal Constitutional Court refused to admit the applicant’s constitutional complaint and to grant him legal aid (no. 2 BvR 1079/04). It found that his complaint had no prospects of success. There was nothing to indicate that the criminal courts, in reaching their decision under Article 67c § 1 of the Criminal Code, notably in finding that the applicant was still dangerous, had failed duly to consider human dignity and the right to freedom as guaranteed by the Basic Law. The Federal Constitutional Court confirmed that measures relaxing the conditions of detention were a decisive factor for the prognosis of a convicted person’s dangerousness. However, the applicant neither claimed to have applied for such measures in the course of his preventive detention nor to have been unlawfully refused such measures. The decisions of the criminal courts were also not based on the fact that until then, no such measures had been granted. As regards therapeutic measures, the criminal courts had rightly pointed out that due to the applicant’s persistent refusal to accept responsibility for his offences there were no suitable measures to prepare him adequately for his release. C. Subsequent developments Proceedings concerning relaxations in the conditions of the applicant’s detention On 25 November 2004 the Straubing District Court dismissed the applicant’s request for measures relaxing the conditions of his preventive detention, notably leave under escort for one day under the supervision of two prison officers. It argued that he might abscond on that occasion. The applicant’s appeal on points of law against this decision to the Nuremberg Court of Appeal was to no avail. On 14 March 2006 the Straubing Prison authorities dismissed another request made by the applicant to relax his conditions of preventive detention on the same grounds. 2. Proceedings concerning the applicant’s admission to a therapy On 17 December 2004 the Erlangen Prison again declared not to consent to a transfer of the applicant from Straubing Prison to it in order to admit the applicant to a social therapy. It argued that it was not in a position to prepare the applicant, who was liable to be expelled, for a life without offences in Bulgaria. The living conditions in that country were not known to the therapists. On 31 January 2005 the Nuremberg-Fürth Regional Court dismissed as inadmissible the applicant’s request to declare that refusal unlawful. It found that it were the Straubing Prison authorities which were competent to decide on the applicant’s transfer to a different prison. 3. Judicial review of the applicant’s preventive detention On 21 December 2006 the Regensburg Regional Court, reviewing the necessity of the applicant’s preventive detention under Articles 67d § 2 and 67e of the Criminal Code (see paragraphs 43-44 below), refused to suspend the execution of the applicant’s preventive detention order on probation. Having regard to the report of psychiatric expert A. it had consulted, it found that there was still a risk that the applicant would commit further serious offences against the property of others (but no violent offences) if released. The Regional Court considered that the applicant’s continued preventive detention was still proportionate. It conceded that it was problematic that no measures at all were planned by the prison authorities to further the applicant’s reintegration into society. Moreover, owing to, in particular, his foreign nationality, the applicant could not expect any relaxations in the conditions of his detention. In practice, the latter were a precondition for coming to an assessment that a detainee was no longer dangerous to the public. Therefore, the court would have to decide at the next periodic review of the applicant’s preventive detention whether the applicant was to be released for reasons of proportionality, despite the fact that he had not previously been granted relaxations in the conditions of his detention and had not been considered as no longer posing a threat to the public. On 12 March 2007 the Nuremberg Court of Appeal, endorsing the reasons given by the Regional Court, dismissed the applicant’s appeal. It noted, in particular, that expert A. had considered that there was no starting point for beginning with measures preparing the applicant’s conditional release. As he contested having committed the property offences he had been found guilt of, he could not critically reflect on his criminal behaviour. Therefore, relaxations in the conditions of the applicant’s detention, which were very important to arrive at a prognosis that a person was no longer dangerous to the public, had not been refused without good cause. 4. Proceedings under Article 456a of the Code of Criminal Procedure (a) First set of proceedings 31. On 16 February 2005 the Munich I Public Prosecutor’s Office dismissed the applicant’s request to suspend the execution of his preventive detention in view of his imminent expulsion under Article 456a of the Code of Criminal Procedure. On 25 April 2005 the General Public Prosecutor dismissed the applicant’s appeal. 32. On 12 July 2005 the Munich Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant’s request for judicial review. Endorsing the reasons given by the prosecution authorities, it found that there was still a risk that the applicant reoffended and that he was still was not conscious of his guilt. In these circumstances, a therapeutic treatment was without prospects of success. 33. On 19 June 2007 the Federal Constitutional Court declined to consider the applicant’s constitutional complaint (file no. 2 BvR 1676/05). It found that the decision of the Court of Appeal to consider as lawful the prosecution’s balancing between the public interest in the continuation of the applicant’s preventive detention and the applicant’s interest in his personal liberty had – at least at that time – not been unconstitutional. (b) Second set of proceedings 34. On 7 November 2005 the Munich I Public Prosecutor’s Office dismissed another request made by the applicant to suspend the execution of his preventive detention under Article 456a of the Code of Criminal Procedure on the same grounds. 35. The applicant’s appeals were to no avail. In its decision of 16 May 2006 the Munich Court of Appeal noted, in particular, that it might appear contradictory to the applicant that measures aiming at his reintegration into society, such as a social therapy, were refused to him because of the deportation order against him, but that the authorities nevertheless refused to suspend the execution of his preventive detention under Article 456a of the Code of Criminal Procedure. However, the refusal of the said measures alone did not mean that the prosecution authorities could only exercise their discretion in a lawful manner by granting his request under the said provision. (c) Third set of proceedings 36. On 7 September 2007 the Munich I Public Prosecutor’s Office decided to suspend the execution of the applicant’s preventive detention at the date of his expulsion to Bulgaria, and on 1 November 2007 at the earliest, under Article 456a of the Code of Criminal Procedure. 37. On 13 December 2007 the applicant was expelled to Bulgaria in accordance with the deportation order issued by the city of Munich on 16 April 1997. 5. Further developments On 30 November 2009 the Korneuburg Regional Court (Austria) convicted the applicant of two counts of murder, one count of attempted murder and robbery with firearms, committed on 1 June 2009 in Austria and sentenced him to life imprisonment. The judgment was upheld on appeal. The applicant was subsequently transferred to Bulgaria in order to serve his sentence.
train
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{ "applicant": "Georgiev Cvetan Rangelov", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2012 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Georgiev Cvetan Rangelov
001-178381
[]
PROCEDURE The case originated in an application (no. 47274/15) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two German nationals, Mr Ingo Hentschel and Mr Matthias Stark (“the applicants”), on 22 September 2015. The applicants were represented by Mr M. Noli, a lawyer practising in Munich, and Ms A. Luczak, a lawyer practising in Berlin. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agents, Mr H.‑J. Behrens and Ms K. Behr, of the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection. The applicants alleged, under Article 3 of the Convention, that they had been beaten and that pepper spray had been used on them by police officers who, owing to an inadequate investigation, had been neither identified nor punished. They further complained under Article 13 that they had had no judicial remedy at their disposal to challenge the discontinuation and the ineffectiveness of the investigation. On 26 February 2016 the application was communicated to the Government. THE FACTS I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE The first applicant was born in 1969 and lives in Illertissen. The second applicant was born in 1989 and lives in Harburg. A. Police operation On 9 December 2007 both applicants went to a football match in Munich. The police had predicted an increased risk of clashes between rival football supporters owing to confrontations at previous matches between the two teams. Therefore a total of 227 police officers were deployed, including two squads – comprising eight to ten police officers each – of the 3rd platoon of the Munich riot control unit (Unterstützungskommando), one squad of the 2nd platoon of the Munich riot control unit and the 23rd platoon of the 6th Dachau public-order support force battalion (Bereitschaftspolizei). The deployed officers of the Munich riot control unit also included “video officers”, who carried handheld video cameras and recorded videos of incidents that might be relevant under criminal law. The officers of the Munich riot control unit were dressed in black/dark blue uniforms and wore black helmets with visors. The officers of the Dachau public-order support force battalion wore green uniforms and white helmets with visors. Both uniforms did not include any name tags or other signs identifying the individual officers. However, on the back of the helmets an identification number of the squad was displayed. After the match had ended the police cordoned off the stands of the supporters of one of the teams, including both applicants, to prevent them from leaving the stadium and encountering supporters of the other team. The cordon was lifted after around fifteen minutes. 1. The applicants’ version of the subsequent events According to the first applicant, he left the stands after the blockade had been lifted. While walking between the exit of the stands and the exit of the football stadium a group of police officers dressed in black uniforms came running towards the exiting spectators with their truncheons raised above their heads. Some of these officers started hitting the spectators with their truncheons without any prior warning as soon as they reached them. The first applicant himself was hit with a truncheon on the head, which resulted in a bleeding laceration of 3 cm behind his ear. After having reached the exit of the stadium he was treated by a paramedic in an ambulance that was parked close to the ground. Subsequently, he returned to his home town, where he was treated in the emergency unit of the local hospital. The second applicant also exited the stands after the blockade had been lifted. Before exiting the stadium he was grabbed by the shoulder and, after turning round, had pepper spray doused in the face at close range. He lay down on the ground and was subsequently struck on his left upper arm with a truncheon. He suffered swelling and redness of his face and pain in his arm. Both applicants were able to identify their attackers as police officers, but were not able to distinguish them further, owing to their identical uniforms and the lack of identifying signs or name tags. 2. The Government’s version of the subsequent events According to the Government the blockade was lifted due to the aggressive behaviour of some of the spectators and the pressure applied to the police cordon. When the supporters streamed from the stands towards the exit, they came upon police units which had been called in to provide backup for the police cordon. Subsequently some of the supporters continued their aggressive behaviour towards these officers and provoked them. The supporters’ conduct resulted in the arrest of one supporter and two police officers sustained minor injuries. After a few minutes the police pacified the situation and got the exiting supporters under control. The Government furthermore challenged the accounts of the applicants and submitted that there was no credible evidence that the applicants had deliberately been hit or harmed by police officers and that the injuries had been a result of the police operation. B. Investigation As of 15 December 2007 the press reported about the police operation in the aftermath of the football match, inter alia quoting football supporters describing arbitrary attacks by police officers of the riot control unit with truncheons and pepper-spray. In an article of 18 December 2007 a spokesperson of the police commented on the operation and stated that the alleged assaults by police officers would be investigated. On 2 January 2008, the Munich public prosecutor’s office instigated a preliminary investigation. On 21 January 2008 the second applicant reported the alleged police violence and submitted a medical certificate concerning the effects of the pepper spray on his face from the same day. He filed a formal criminal complaint on 7 March 2008. The first applicant filed a criminal complaint against an unidentified police officer on 25 April 2008. He also submitted a medical certificate confirming a bleeding laceration on his head. The certificate was issued at 12.05 a.m. on 10 December 2007. Several other spectators at the match had also lodged criminal complaints against unidentified police officers. The investigation was conducted by the unit of the Munich police responsible for offences perpetrated by public officials under the responsibility of the Munich public prosecutor’s office. The officer in charge interviewed a total of twenty witnesses, including the applicants, the officer in charge of the Munich riot control unit and the squad leaders of the deployed squads of the 2nd and 3rd Munich riot control units. The investigating division was also provided with a DVD showing excerpts of the video surveillance recorded by the riot control police at the football match. The DVDs were compiled by the “video officers” of the Munich riot control unit. In line with their usual procedure the entire recorded video material was reviewed by the respective video officer after his or her deployment and the parts which were deemed relevant under criminal law and of sufficient quality to serve as evidence were copied to a DVD. On 10 September 2008 the competent public prosecutor discontinued the investigation. He found that the investigation had produced evidence that some of the police officers had used truncheons against spectators, including women and children, in a disproportionate way and without an official order or approval. However, he concluded that the investigation had not led to a situation where concrete acts of violence could be related to specific police officers and it could not be ascertained either whether the use of force had been justified. In sum, the public prosecutor had been able neither to establish whether the applicants’ injuries had been inflicted by police officers nor to identify the suspects who had allegedly struck and used pepper spray on the applicants. The applicants appealed against the decision to discontinue the investigation and argued, in particular, that the public prosecutor had only questioned the squad leaders, but had not identified all the officers involved in the operation and deployed in the area of the stadium at issue. On 14 October 2008 the public prosecutor reopened the investigation and ordered further enquiries. On 20 October 2008 the head of the investigation unit met with the platoon leaders of the Munich riot control unit and other division heads of the Munich police to discuss the investigation. Neither the public prosecutor nor the applicants’ representative attended the internal police meeting. Subsequently, a further twenty-two witnesses were interviewed including fourteen platoon leaders, squad leaders and video officers of the deployed police units. The individual squad members of the three squads of the Munich riot control unit were not interviewed. The applicants had requested that they be interviewed, as the evidence had suggested that the alleged perpetrators had belonged to one of these three squads. The investigating police unit was also provided with video surveillance recorded by the 23rd platoon of the 6th Dachau public-order support force battalion. Upon the request of the applicants to secure the entire video material of the police operation, and not only the already submitted video excerpts, it was established that the original video tapes and possible digital copies had already been deleted and that only the excerpts were still available. On 4 August 2009 the public prosecutor discontinued the investigation again. In a detailed fifteen-page decision he first summarised the investigative measures taken, referring in particular to the interviews of several witnesses, including police officers and the alleged victims, the review of video material from the police and from the internet, the assessment of the applicants’ written observations and of the submitted documents, inter alia, medical certificates, as well as gathered information and reports on past events and applicable guidelines. After assessing all the available evidence, the public prosecutor concluded that the enquiries had shown that several supporters had aggressively approached, insulted and provoked the deployed police officers and that therefore a situation had existed in which the officers could have been justified in using their truncheons. Besides this general conclusion he held that the applicants had neither been able to identify a particular suspect nor to determine whether the suspected police officers had been male or female and that the investigation had not produced other persons who had witnessed the alleged acts against the applicants. Furthermore, he outlined in detail certain “considerable discrepancies” in the witness statements of the first applicant and referred to “unspecific” statements of the second applicant. Consequently, according to the public prosecutor, there was insufficient evidence to establish criminal conduct by specific police officers to the detriment of both applicants. He concluded that the investigation had to be discontinued again, since the considerable additional investigative measures had not revealed disproportionate conduct on the part of individual police officers, in particular truncheon strikes against innocent bystanders, which would require criminal prosecution of the respective officers. On 20 August 2009 the applicants appealed and pointed out that the members of the deployed squads had still not been questioned and that the inspected videos were fragmentary, but nonetheless contradicted certain parts of the statements made by the squad leaders. On 3 February 2011 the Munich general public prosecutor confirmed the decision of the public prosecutor’s office of 4 August 2009 to discontinue the investigation. The instructions on available legal remedies attached to the decision informed the applicants that they could request a judicial decision in the framework of proceedings to force criminal proceedings (Klageerzwingungsverfahren). C. Court proceedings On 19 September 2011 the Munich Court of Appeal declared the applicants’ application to force further enquiries inadmissible. The court interpreted the applicants’ request as an application to force criminal proceedings (Klageerzwingungsantrag) and held that these proceedings were only admissible if the prosecution of one or more identified accused had been requested. An application to force criminal proceedings against an unidentified accused had to be declared inadmissible, since the proceedings were not supposed to identify the accused or replace investigations. Only in a case where a public prosecutor’s office had entirely refrained from investigating a crime had a court the possibility to order an investigation. Under Article 173 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozessordnung – hereinafter “the CCP”; see paragraph 37 below) a court was only allowed to conduct minor enquiries to fill in remaining gaps in an investigation. Moreover, the applicants had not submitted specific facts or evidence that would have allowed the court to identify an accused. On 25 October 2011 the applicants lodged a constitutional complaint, relying on Articles 2 § 2, 19 § 4 and 103 § 1 of the German Basic Law (Grundgesetz) (see paragraphs 29-31 below). Besides referring to articles of the Basic Law, the applicants also referred in their complaint to Articles 2, 3, and 13 of the Convention. In essence they complained that the investigation had not been effective and that the Court of Appeal had not evaluated the effectiveness of the investigation. On 23 March 2015 the Federal Constitutional Court (hereinafter “the Constitutional Court”) refused, in a reasoned decision (2 BvR 1304/12), to admit the applicants’ constitutional complaint. The court held that the investigations had been conducted diligently, but had not established sufficient suspicion of criminal conduct on the part of specific police officers. Moreover, the remaining gaps and factual uncertainties could not be attributed to omissions in the investigation. The court also found that it had not been necessary to question all the squad members who had possibly been involved. In its decision the Constitutional Court referred to the Court’s case-law concerning the procedural obligation of Article 2 of the Convention and, in particular, to the cases of McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom (27 September 1995, Series A no. 324) and Grams v. Germany ((dec.), no. 33677/96, ECHR 1999‑VII). The court also emphasised that the public prosecutor’s office had been the responsible authority for the investigation and thereby “master of the proceedings” (Herr des Verfahrens). D. Other investigations During the investigation the applicants also filed criminal complaints in respect of assistance given in an official capacity in avoiding prosecution or punishment (Strafvereitelung im Amt) and suppression of evidence (Beweismittelunterdrückung). The applicants alleged that several relevant parts of the video material, showing disproportionate police violence, had been deleted. The investigation against the five police officers was discontinued by the Munich public prosecutor’s office. A subsequent appeal before the Munich general public prosecutor was to no avail.
train
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{ "applicant": "Ingo Hentschel", "articles": [ 91, 34, 51, 34, 93 ], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2017 }
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ingo Hentschel