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002502628 | 1806-01-01T00:00:00 | 1806 | The Prose Works of John Milton; with a life of the author, interspersed with translations and critical remarks, by C. Symmons | London | false | Literæ Oliverii Protectoris. 22 citer mensem Octobris 1653, cum in navem quandam Sun derburgensem, cui nomen Salvatori, Nicolao Weinfhinks magistro, merces varias, pannum laneum, aliamque ves tem textilem ac mercimonia plus tribus millibus libra rum æstimata imposeissent, magistro mandasse, ut per fretum Balticum recto curse Dantiscum navigaret, utque ad Elsenoram vectigal folveret, eique etiam pecuniam ad earn rem curasfe : supradictum tamen magistrum perfidiose, et contra quam ipsi a mercatoribus mandatum erat, prætervectum Elsenoram nullo portorio soluto Balti cum pernavigasse. Navssque per hanc causam cum toto onere, non sine magno mercatorum damno, publicata atque retenta est. Quorum in gratiam jampridem ad legatum ma. jestatis vestræ, Londini tune temporis commorantem, scrip. simus; qui, ut ipsi aiunt, pollicitus est, ut primum ad ma jestatem vestram rediisset, daturum operam, uti ratio mer catorum haberetur. Verum cum is postea aliis in regioni bus majestatis vestræ negotia obiret, et ante discessum ejus et postea frustra se eum adiisse ostendunt : unde procura torem suum mittere coacti sunt, qui jus suum Hafniæ per sequeretur, navemque illam ac bona liberari, sibique reddi, flagitaret : verum exinde nullum se fructum percepisse, nisi ut ad damna vetera novas impenfas, et sesceptum frustra laborem, adjungerent : cum filco damnata, et retenta hac tenus sint bona, tametsi ex lege Daniæ, quemadmodum ipsi in libello seo demonstrant, magister quidem navis ob suum delictum est ipse puniendus, navisque, non bona proscrip. tioni sunt obnoxia: eoque gravius accidisse sibi hoc malum existimant, quod, sicuti nobis perlatum est, vectigal illud, quod Elsenoræ solvere debuisset, est admodum exiguum. Quapropter, cum mercatores nostri nullum proscriptioni causam præbuisse videantur, confessusque ipse magister paulo ante obitum sit, seo solum delicto illatum hoc mercatoribus detrimentum esse, cumque pater defuncti jam niagistri ipse per libellum supplicem majestati vestræ exhibitum, sicuti nos accepimus, culpam omnem in filium suum contulerit, mercatores absolverit, haud fane potuimus quin navis illius bonorumque retentionem iniquilsimam esse arbitraremur ; adeoque confidimus, simiilatque majestas vestra hae de re certior facta erit, fore ut non modo has ministrorum fuo rum injurias improbet, verum etiam ipsos rationem reddere. bonaque | 470 | 0.725 | 0.16 | Milton, John | Milton, John, 1608-1674 [person] ; Symmons, Charles, 1749-1826 [person] | J. Johnson | England | England | 7 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
003857519 | 1802-01-01T00:00:00 | 1802 | The Poetical Works of ... T. W. ... Fifth edition, corrected and enlarged. To which are ... added Inscriptionum Romanarum delectus, and an inaugural speech as Camden Professor of history. Together with memoirs of hi s life and writings, and notes, critical and explanatory. By R. Mant | Oxford | false | 56 Where elfin fculptors, with fantaftic clew, 21 O'er the long roof their wild embroidery drewj Where Superstition with capricious hand In many a maze the wreathed window plann'd, With hues romantic ting'd the gorgeous pane, 25 To fill with holy light the wondrous fane ; To aid the builder's model, richly rude, By no Vitruvian fymmetry fubdu'd ; To fuit the genius of the myftic pile : Whilft as around the far-retiring ile, 30 And fretted fhrines, wdth hoary trophies hung, Her dark illumination wide fhe flung, V. 22. O'er the long roof their wild embroidery drew;] He has ufed the fame appropriate and very beautiful expreflion in his note on Gothic Architecture : " The Florid Gothic diftinguifties itfelf " by an exuberance of decoration, by roofs where the moft delicate " fretwork is expreffed in ftone, and by a certain lightnefs of " finifhing, as in the roof of the choir at Glocefter, where it is " thrown like a web of embroidery over the old Saxon vaulting." Obf. on Spenfer, vol. ii. p. 191. It is by the fame elegant figure that he ufes " textile buxum" in Verfes on Trinity Coll. Chapel, ver. 117. And the extreme delicacy of this kind of work is meant to be exprefled by the term " elfin fculptors ;" work too nice to have been executed by the grofs hands of mortals, and requiring the exquifite touch of an " elfin," or fairy, artift. V. 32. Her dark illumination wide (he flung,] H Penferofo, ver. 131. But when the fun begins to fling His flaring beams, &c. Ibid. Her dark illumination — ] An expreflion apparently pa radoxical, but which very well conveys the image intended. Com- | 232 | 0.7 | 0.178 | Warton, Thomas | Mant, Richard, successively Bishop of Killaloe, of Down, Connor, Dromore [person] ; Warton, Thomas, poet [person] | null | null | null | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001975928 | 1802-01-01T00:00:00 | 1802 | The Story of Chicago. (Vol. II. by J. Kirkland and C. Kirkland, 1894.) | Chicago | false | THE STORY OF CHICAGO. North Pond. It was in the form of a Greek cross, and of the style of the most ornate renaissance, having two tall stories, with a dome in the middle and open observatories at the inner angles. The names of the twenty States forming the great Republic were blazoned on medallions ornamenting the elaborately beautiful exterior walls. No structure more charming to the eye could be found in the whole foreign list. The interior was in keeping with the exterior, and the roof was one great promenade garden, with palms, etc. Coffee was of course the main staple; warm welcome and hot coffee were the characteristic offerings to thousands of guests. Brazil's great neighbor, Venezuela, also made an attractive home for her commission. It was of Græco-Roman style, in grayish marble surface, relieved with green and gold ; a center with fluted columns, flanked by shapely wings with domed roofs. It boasted two memorial statues by Sig. Turini of Staten Island; one representing Columbus, and the other the great Simon Bolivar, liberator of his country from her foreign yoke; the Washington of South America. Fine paintings by native artists ornamented the walls of the reception-room. Minerals, woods, coffee, cocoa, textiles and other valuable native pro ducts completed the exhibit. VENEZUELA BUILDING GUATEMALA BUILDING. Guatemala gave us a stately edifice in the square, massive, round arched, low-domed Spanish style. It enclosed a splendid galleried court or "patio," having in the middle a plashing fountain which dis pensed coolness and music all around. All Guatemala's exhibits were concentrated under her own roof, and the adjoining grounds showed a coffee-plantation in full operation, besides banana trees, palms, cacti and other semi-tropical plants. Costa Rica, the "rich coast," has (like some larger States further south) over-loaded itself with internal improvements, beyond imme diate needs or ability to pay, and so falls into temporary financial | 202 | 0.808 | 0.134 | Kirkland, Joseph | Kirkland, Caroline, of Chicago [person] ; Kirkland, Joseph [person] | Dibble Publishing | United States of America | United States of America | 2 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001975928 | 1802-01-01T00:00:00 | 1802 | The Story of Chicago. (Vol. II. by J. Kirkland and C. Kirkland, 1894.) | Chicago | false | THE FOREIGN BUILDINGS. straits, from which its rich soil and richer mines will surely help it in due season. Meanwhile it put up for our Fair a pretty Doric building in a beautiful position facing west on the North Pond. The interior was thrown into a single great room with galleries all around which looked down on a remarkable display. There were miniature mountains to illustrate the country's mineral wealth; and there were silks and other textiles, tortoise-shells, gums and resins, bottled native wines, stuffed animals and birds and some amusing live monkeys — these interested the crowd who came to drink the fragrant native coffee which accompanied crisp native waffles. Colombia, namesake of the great Admiral, is the South American republic that reaches up far enough to grasp the isthmus of Panama and its railway ; and the place where there would be a canal if money could have built it. But alas, Nature did not arrange for a canal at that point. The 500 feet of mountain is of such material as slides in as fast as it is thrown out; and the only other alternative, locking, is out of the question because Nature did not supply water high enough up on the divide for the operating of locks. For canaling, we have to look to Colombia's neighbor next-door-but-one on the north; Nicaragua. There the divide is only one-fourth as high, and there is ample water within forty-two feet of its top; for there lies the great lake Nicaragua, whereof the surface is no feet above the level of the oceans, while the bottom is actually below that level. '97 | 203 | 0.775 | 0.152 | Kirkland, Joseph | Kirkland, Caroline, of Chicago [person] ; Kirkland, Joseph [person] | Dibble Publishing | United States of America | United States of America | 2 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001975928 | 1802-01-01T00:00:00 | 1802 | The Story of Chicago. (Vol. II. by J. Kirkland and C. Kirkland, 1894.) | Chicago | false | 268 THE STORY OF CH/CAGO. The Chicago Society of Decorative Art, an association of public spirited, cultivated women, headed by Mrs. John N. Jewett, makes annual gifts of beautiful fabrics, exquisite laces and quaint and curious articles of antique and foreign make. These donations are imparting a rich look to the fine galleries and educating the crowds who swarm through the building on high days and holidays as to the possibilities of textile fabrics. Most noticeable among the many superb additions to the pictures since 1S92, is the collection of paintings of the late Henry Field pre sented to the Institute after his death by his widow. The gallery in which they hang has been sumptuously fitted up and is a most appro- priate memorial of one who was a patron. discriminating and generous art- There is also a gallery devoted examples of Rembrandt, Franz to the old masters where excellent Hals, Rubens, Holbein, Titian, Murillo, Velasquez, Van Ostade, Teniers and many others may be studied. It is considered by many to be the finest and most complete, though it is not the largest, col lection of the kind in the country. Among the treasures of the Fair to which the Institute fell heir is the splendid collection of replicas of the ancient bronzes in the Museum at Naples, the gift of H. N. Higin botham. There is a room given to veritable antiques, such as Etrus can and Egyptian pottery, scara bcei, Phœnician glass aud beads, quaint jewelry, Pompeiian relics, an Egyptian mummy and so on. In short it would take a volume to W. M. R. FRENCH enumerate and describe the treasures in this shrine of art, one of Chi cago's most interesting and valuable institutions. The school of art and design, a part of the Art Institute, has flourished under its director, W. M. R. French, until it has reached the frontline of such schools in the country. Besides those of the Art Institute there are many notable private collections of painting and sculpture in Chicago. One of the finest in the country is Potter Palmer's. It is splendidly housed in a gallery of beautiful proportions and is rich in examples of almost all of the dis- | 274 | 0.808 | 0.134 | Kirkland, Joseph | Kirkland, Caroline, of Chicago [person] ; Kirkland, Joseph [person] | Dibble Publishing | United States of America | United States of America | 2 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 168 VENUS. at first sight one might be naturally led to consider it the same ; it however differs in its contour, which is more trans versely ovate, and in having a crenulated margin. reflexa. 22. Shell sub-orbicular, with numerous thin elevated distant transverse ribs, and the interstices minutely striated longitudinally; margin crenulated. Venus reflexa. Montagu Supp. p. 40. and p. 168. Venus undulata. Gmelin, p. 3290. Venus, No. 107. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 187. Gualter, t. 75. f. O. Mr. Montagu describes his V. reflexa, to be an inch in dia- meter, and rather broader than long, of a pale yellowish brown, with two or three broken ferruginous rays, running from the umbo to the opposite margin ; these interrupted rays in some specimens are composed of six or seven spots, which faintly resemble arrow heads, and point towards the umbones; he says, the shell has somewhat the habit of V. Gallina, but is more orbicular in its contour, and has the transverse ridges vastly more elevated, thinner, and more distant. From Gmelin's description, 1 think there can be no doubt that his V. undulata, though a badly constituted species, is the same, bul the name has been previously occu pied by Born, for V. textile of Gmelin. gallina. 23. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with crowded membranaceous recurved transverse striæ ; umbones much recurved, and both slopes nearly smooth ; margin crenulated. Venus Gallina. Linnæus Syst. Nat. p. 1 130. Chemnitz, vi. p. 311. t. 30. f. 308 to 310. Schroeter Einl. iii! p. 118. Gmelin, p. 3270. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 82. Dorset Cat. p. 35. t. 8. f. 2. Venus rugosa. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 95. t. 56. f. 50. Venus siuuata. Born. Mus. p. 62, and Vign. at p. 57. f. b. Venus Lusitanica. Gmelin, p. 3281. Venus Casina. Solander's MSS. Pufteney's Dorset Cat. p. 33. Venus striatula. Donovan, ii. t. 68. Montagu Test. p. 113. Pectunculus striatulus. Da Costa Brit. Conch, p. 191. t. 12. f. 2. Bonanni Ree. 2. f. 45, and Kirck. f. 44. Lister Conch. | 188 | 0.733 | 0.166 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 204 VENUS Inhabits the Mediterranean. Chemnitz. Bay of Naples. Ulysses. This shell, as figured by Chemnitz, appears to be about seven lines long, and twice as broad, and marked with fine decus- sated striæ ; the colour is whitish, ornamented with irregu- lar zic-zac stripes, which cross each other, so as to form a kind of net-work. Dr. Turton says, it inhabits the British coasts, but I know not on what authority. rotundata. 105. Shell ovate, slightly angulated on the anterior side, and remotely striated transversely ; posterior depression lanceolate, and obliterated at the end ; margin rounded, entire, and spotted. Venus rotundata. Linnæus Syst. Nat. p. 1135. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 149. Gmelin, p. 3294. Venus ala papilionis. Chemnitz, vii. p. 46. t. 42. f. 441. Argenville Appendix, t. 3. f. D. Knorr, ii. t. 18. f. 4. Favanne, t. 49- f. I. 3. Enc. Meth. t. 281. f. 3. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linnæus. Coasts of Ceylon. Chemnitz. Shell generally about an inch and three quarters long, and three inches and a quarter broad, but is sometimes con- siderably larger ; the colour is pale reddish brown, with four radiated rows of dark brown, or chocolate spots. undulata. 106. Shell oval, very smooth, ante- rior and posterior depression lanceolate ; mar- gin very entire, rounded, and spotted. Venus undulata. Born Mus. p. 67- Venus textrix. Chemnitz, vii. p. 48. t. 42. f. 442 and 443. Venus textile. Gmelin, p. 3280. Venus polita. Solander's MSS. Venus literata Var. Ulysses' Travels, p. 486. Venus, No. 48. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 171. Chama textilis. Museum Geversianum, p. 454. No. 1719. Lister Conch, t. 400. f. 239- Knorr, ii. t. 28. f. 4. Fa- vanne, t. 49- f. I. 2. Enc. Meth. t. 283. f. 1. Inhabits the coasts of Malabar and the Red Sea. Chemnitz. Coromandel. Solander. Bay of Naples. Ulysses. Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and two inches and a quarter broad, yellowish, or pale flesh-colour, with undu- lated reticulated purplish brown veins. In Montagu's Tes- | 224 | 0.808 | 0.144 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 371 CONUS. with punctured grooves, and the spire with an elevated ridge at the sutures. Conus Amadis. Solander's MSS. Chemnitz, x. p. 71. t. 142. f. 1322 and 1323. Gmelin, p. 33S8. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 689- Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 279- Conus Textile, Var. Schreibers Conch, i. p. 43. Conus, No. 38. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 68. L'Amadis. Favanne, ii. p. 571. t. 17. f. M. Variety A. With one or more obsolete brown bunds. Argenville App. t. 1. f. S. Knorr, vi. t. 5. f. 3? Marti- ni, ii. t. 58. f. 642 and 643. Enc. Meth. t. 335. f. 2. Variety B. With one or more yellowish bunds, and a dotted line in the middle of each. Conus fulgens. Solander's MSS. Portland Cat. p. 1 15. lot 2533. Conus Animiralis, Var. Surinamensis,f Gmelin, p. 3380. Chemnitz, x. p. 34. t. 139- f. 1293. Enc. Meth. t. S35. f. 1. Inhabits the coasts of Bantam, Java, and Borneo. Favanne. China and Ceylon. Humphreys. Shell about three inches long, and half as broad, and has the spire much produced at the summit, and marked with trans- verse striæ besides the elevated ridge at the edge of the su- ture ; the outer lip is emarginated at the angle next the spire; Gmelin has erroneously described the spire to be coronated. ACUMInatus. 34. Shell conical, striated at the base, white, reticulated with brown ; spire conical, acuminated, and the whirls concave. Conus acuminatus. Solander's MSS. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 688. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 278. Conus Ammiralis, Var. Americanus, b. Gmelin, p. 3378. Conus Vicarius. Schreibers Conch, i. p. 24. Conus, No. 37. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 67. Variety A. With one or two transverse bands, and intermedi- ate rows of dark spots. L'Amiral de Rumphius. Favanne, ii. p. 569. t. 17. f. N 1. Rumphius, t. 34. f. F. Pettier Amb. t. 15. f. 19- Seba, iii. t. 48. f. 12. Argenville App- t. 1. f. L. Enc. Meth. t. 336. f. 3. Variety B. With one or two transverse bands, and no inter- mediate spots. Chemnitz, x. p. 38. t. 140. f. 1297. Enc. Meth. t. 336. f.4. 2 b2 | 391 | 0.787 | 0.164 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 424 CONUS differs in the spire, and in not having any transverse lines on the brown spots or bands ; it is however a doubtful species. gloria-maris. 139. Shell sub-cylindrical elon- gated, white, with minute brown reticula- tions, and transverse orange bands; spire acuminated, with the upper whirls nodulous. Conus Gloria-maris. Chemnitz Naturf. iii. p. 321. t. 8. ft A, and Conch, x. t. 143. ft 1324 and 1325. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 366, No. 1087- Callone's Cat. p. 16, No. 254. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 756. Lamarck Ann. Mus. xv. p. 438. Shaw Nat. Misc. xxiii. t. 976. Conus, No. 18. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 63. Enc. Meth. t. 347- ft 7- Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Bruguiere. Its native place is presumed to be either Japan, New Guinea, or some less frequented country in Asia. Humphreys. This scarce and beautiful shell is from three to five inches long, and about two fifths as broad ; Gmelin has confounded it with C. Textile, from which it may be distinguished by its more slender form and minute reticulations. pyramidalis. 140. Shell conical elongated, yel- lowish, with numerous longitudinal zic-zac brown lines, and irregular white spots ; spire elevated, acuminated, with the upper whirls nodulous. Conus pyramidalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 438. Conus Textile, Var. M. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 753. Le Drap d'or pyramidal. Favanne, ii. p. 645. t. 18. ft C 1. Enc. Meth. t. 347. ft 5. Inhabits the Torrid Zone. Lamarck. Shell about two inches long, and one third as broad, and is remarkable for its long produced spire, of which the upper whirls are coronated ; it is an intermediate species between C. Gloria maris and C. Textile. textile. 141. Shell sub-cylindrical-ovate, white, with somewhat reticulated brown zic-zac lines, and irregular transverse rows of spots ; spire acuminated. Conus Textile. Linnæus Syst. Nat. p. 1171. Martini, ii. | 444 | 0.793 | 0.152 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 426 CONUS. the breadth is three-fifths of the length ; all the varieties are very slightly grooved transversely, particularly towards the base, and two or three of the lower whirls of the spire are slightly concave. abbas. 142. Shell ovate-oblong, orange, striped with brown, and marked with a few white spots, and three or four finely reticulated transverse bands ; spire acute. Conus Abbas. Bruguiere Enc. Method, p. 750. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 430. Conus Textile, Var. Gmelin, p. 3393. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 43. La Deutelle d'or. Favanne, ii. p. 471. Chemnitz, x. t. 143. f. 1326, b and c. Enc. Meth. t. 345. ft 3. Inhabits the coasts of the Isle of France. Chemnitz. Shell about two inches long, and nearly half as broad ; it differs in form from C. Textile by being more conical, and has the spire faintly marked with cancellated striæ. C. Legatus of Lamarck is narrower, but probably nothing more than a va- riety. archiepiscopus. 143. Shell ovate-conical, ventri- cose, yellowish, with cancellated brown lines, and four bands of blue violet and white reti- culations ; spire acuminated. Conus Archiepiscopus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 747. La- marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 435. Enc. Meth. t. 346. ft 7. Variety B. With the bands rather indistinct, and the reticu- lations of a violet colour. Enc. Meth. t. 346. ft 1. Variety C. With the bands distinct, and the aperture rose-co- loured. Conus Canonicus, A. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 749. Martini, ii. t. 54. ft 602. Enc. Meth. t. 345. ft 5. Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Bruguiere. Shell about three inches long, and rather more than half as broad ; with cancellated longitudinal and transverse lines, in- tersected by four transverse bands of variegated net-work. ' Le Drap d'or violet' of Favanne, which Bruguiere has quoted for this species, is probably a variety of C. Textile, and Lamarck considers it to be his C. Panniculus. | 446 | 0.798 | 0.14 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 428 CONUS Conus Prælatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 746. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 435. Conus Aulicus, Var. e. Gmelin, p. 3394. Conus Textile, Var. Schreibers Conch, i. p. 43. Le Drap d'or Amiral. Favanne, ii. p. 639. t. 18. ft B7. Martini, ii. t. 54. ft 601. Enc. Meth. t. 345. ft 4. Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Favanne. Shell an inch and three quarters long, and hardly half as broad ; and may be distinguished from C. rubiginosus and C. pen- rtaceus by its more pointed spire, as well as its different markings. pennaceus. 147. Shell conical-oblong, orange- brown, with transverse dotted lines, and heart-shaped white spots ; spire obtuse. Conus pennaceus. Born Mus. p. 167. t. 7. ft 14. Bru- guiere Enc. Meth. p. 745. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 434. Le Drap d'or de la Chine. Favanne, ii. p. 643. t. 18. ft C2. Rumphius, t. 33. ft 4. Seba, iii. t. 43. ft 3. JEnc. Meth. t. 344. ft 4. Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. China. Favanne. Shell from an inch and a half to two inches and a quarter long, and the breadth is about three-fifths of the length ; it is more ventricose, and shorter in proportion to its breadth, than its congeners, and has the summit of the spire rose coloured. Bom's description of the dimensions differ materially from the appearance of his own figure, and also from Martini's fig. 596, which he has quoted. Lamarck for his C. Colubrinus has quoted Seba, t. 43. ft 3. and it appears to me to be at most only a variety of this species. rubiginosus. 148. Shell ovate-oblong, orange brown, with irregular large oblong white spots ; spire convex, obtuse. Conus rubiginosus. Solander's MSS. Portland Cat. p. 185. lot 3943. Callone's Cat. p. 15. No. 246. Bru- guiere Enc. Meth. p. 744. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 434. Conus Aulicus, Var. Martini, ii. p. 239. t. 54. ft 593 and 594. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 54. Born Mus. p. 166. Gmelin, p. 3394. Schreibers Conch, i. p. 44. | 448 | 0.784 | 0.163 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
002715751 | 1813-01-01T00:00:00 | 1813 | A Catalogue of the subjects of Natural History, in the Museum of the ... Dublin Society, systematically arranged; also of the Antiquities, etc | Dublin | false | 105 Pinna. 421—424 Pinna Rudis TliornyNaker 425 — 426 Haud-ignobilis Noble ditto 427 Vitrea Pellucid ditto India West Indies West Indies East Indies 428 Pectinata Pectinated ditto Argonaufa. 429 — 430 Argonauta Argo Paper-Sailor Indian Ocean Nautilus. 431—435 Nautilus Pompilius Thick-shelled Sailor 435b Spirula Ram's-Horn ditto India Atlantis Conns. 1. Truncate. — Spire nearly truncate. 436 — 441 Conus Marmoreus Marbled Cone 442 — 444 Imperiaiis Imperial- ditto 445 — i-55 Literatus Lettered ditto America C. of Guinea East Indies Ib. 456 — 457 Generalis Flambeaux ditto 458 — 465 Virgo Virgin ditto C. ofAfriea IL 466 — 469 Capitaneus Captain ditto 2. Pyriform with a rounded Base — the Cylinder half as Spire. long again as the 470 — 470b Conus Vexillum Standard Cone 471 — 472 Cauda-ErraineaErmine-Tail dit East Indies lb. Cauda-Ernainea Ermine-Tail ditto 473 — 474 Miles Garter ditto India 4,15 — 477 Achatinus Agate ditto 478 — 479 Genuanus Butteifly ditto 480 — 484 Glaucus Glaucous ditto West Indies C. of Guinea Africa India West Indies Africa 485 487 Monachus Monk, or Onyx ditto 488 491 Rusticus Rustic ditto 492 Mercator . Net ditto 4,93 4,97 Betulir.us Beechen ditto East Indie* lb. 498 499 Figulinus Potter ditto 500 507 Terebellum Auger ditto lb. 508 510 Ebræus Hebrew, or Diamond do.Ambouna IL 511 614 Stercus-Mus- Fly-marked ditto carum 515 522 Achates-fascia- Banded Agate ditto tus East Indies India 523 525 Varius Variegated ditto 3. Elongated, rounded at the Base — the Cylinder twice as 526 Conus Nussatella Dotted-Auger Cone 527 Striatus Tiger ditto long as the Spire Asia Frederick' s I. Textile Brocade ditto IL 528—534 0 | 115 | 0.583 | 0.214 | O'Reilly, Bernard, Arctic Explorer | O'Reilly, Bernard, Arctic Explorer [person] | null | Ireland | Ireland | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002144986 | 1825-01-01T00:00:00 | 1825 | Notice sur l'Ile de Oualan ou Strong | Paris | false | 15 épais fourrés, h'ortie textile (urtica tenacissa-* ma), une malvacée jaune, un ixora à corymbes de couleur de feu , sont épars dans les bois , au rai lieu des baringtonia , du lourue ou arbre à racines plates , de Yinocarpus edulis , du morinda citrifolia. Le beau liseron (conv. peltatus) les enlace et les cache Jparfois sous ses larges feuilles cordifor mes. La végétation de la plaine se compose d'un basilic très-odorant , d'une synantherée à fleurs jaunes très-commune, d'un cucurbitacée , d'un pancratium, du poivre metysticum, des arum esculentum et macrorhizon , de plusieurs espèces d'orchidées, et de maranta et dracœna, etc. Elle est d'ailleurs uniforme et peu variée. Les bords de la mer, dans les endroits où il y a des grèves sablonneuses, offrent deux espèces depan danus, de scœvolia lobelia, du vitex trifoliatus, etc. Les plages vaseuses sont recouvertes de man gliers, dont le tronc s'élève à plus de 60 à 70 pieds, et je remarquai dans un seul endroit un palmier nain , couvert de fruits , mais je ne sais à quel genre il peut appartenir. Les arbres des montagnes, ont une taille de quinze pieds au moins, et se com posent généralement d'arbres à pain sauvages (1). Les plantes alimentaires indigènes ont été ré- (1) M. Durville, botaniste aussi recommandable qu'ins truit , ne laissera rien à désirer sur cette partie intéres «ante de l'histoire naturelle, dont il s'est occupé avec zèle. | 21 | 0.73 | 0.178 | Lesson, R. P. (René Primevère) | Lesson, R. P. (René Primevère), 1794-1849 [person] | null | null | null | 91 pages (8°) | French | null | null | null | false |
000306237 | 1827-01-01T00:00:00 | 1827 | Statistique de l'île Bourbon, présentée en exécution de l'article 104 § 28 de l'ordonnance royal du 21 août, 1825 | Saint-Denis | false | ÉPOQUES DES s i-. Ï.É Ím £ g O -S S S ë s ru ■ ÏJii 2 B « ï S M - -B ri « « S a £% = 3 f» Q. C" v O u s -s u > s -s. OBSERVATIONS. Semailles. Récoltes. m, \ eoobri , (In :i uilirc, juin ri juillet ilunue à i an ll.M.iii. ;', 4 uns lloililf Ù IO illl.S dix huit mois ou mieux !i 8,4oo liv. de sucre I IO La culture de la e. mue a beaucoup atlgnierte depuis quelques années et tend encore a uu accroissement considérable. ( Voyez u Farlicle sucrerie le mode «le culture et SCS détails. \ Est peu cultivé. Garde comme arbre de curiosité. On coupe tous les jours plus de giroflerics pour les remplacer par des plantations de cannes à sucre. Cultivé pour les usages domestiques. Peu cultivée. Ou U prétend mauvaise. l'en cultivé. Peu cultivé. Peu cultivé. Denrée coloniale. niaíe. ( 'amie a sucre s 4,210 , / / Cardamome / I Canuellier « | G.ioílier : £ I ; .ï \ Gingembre -M J Muscadier ; F Poivre | \ IVavensara / Avoine | -S ! ~ S \ Vmhrcuvalfr 1 1 v U ) Mas i g E M» ( orge ' liicndent ; i Fataque SE* I leuilles deniais n J Id. de cannes § \ Herbe de baiu- a \ Tel. de Guinée H * \ Piquant deux ans après a / i d n niai 5oo 4 » t,io5 8bre.,f)bre., lobre. U S I» o c s. \\] í * L v in 1 ou mal donne ,'i C, ans |;,ii\ ìri donne à si ans mai el juin juin et juillet tlUl'l' l'7,i,ll,',. osai et juin loutc l'année i,l. id. tirées des canne» un an après 8 bre.,9brc., tobre. novembre septembre et K bre. un an apies 4 et j mois après seplciiibi e et <S lire. tonte Tannée id. id. pend, l'exploitaaon Peu cultivé. Vient naturellement. B tsv « H i o Excellente nourriture pour les animaux. \ íeni comme la mailvaise herbe dans les terres non cultivées et niivembre OTOll S1IU11I7I1II711 1 toute Tannée février et juin les savanes. 0 tf) 3 ce M C 1 s j-= a - a •7= I .£ 3 ■B « 3 g •"ï u> -6 (» í Camphrier aromatiques (Voyei aux au- ( tres épiceries. est bon à 4 nus point de saison La seule gomme est celle de bois hoir dont on ne tire aucun parti. Se plante pour les bornes et en rideaux. gommeuses médicinales Tamarin i Pignon-d'Inde oléifères \ B aneoulier ( Ricin t Sappan (grand) di'nni. à { ans donne ;'i '► sus ,1", nie :', ', alls donne à I .in a liesoin d'Are très vieux en mai Mule l'.innée sqitemliie el 8 lue. en janvier eu février id. en juillet en juillet morte sève Se plante pour les bornes et en rideaux. t c = •s — B Cultivé pour les usages domestiques. tinctoriales ( c cc l Safíran [ Roneou textiles Coton un an api es très jaune aoùt La culture en est presque généralement abandonnée. Un UMOCte qn piqutf la baie a la.t cesser cette inlture qui d'ailleurs offre bien mo'ìis d'avantages qne callede La canne à sucre. Brancha intéressante de commerce pour les noirs dont il contiihue à former le revenu propre. tabacs jnin mars c H | 144 | 0.357 | 0.194 | Betting De Lancastel, Michel Eusèbe Mathias | Betting De Lancastel, Michel Eusèbe Mathias [person] | null | null | null | 197 pages (8°) | French | null | null | null | false |
000163919 | 1824-01-01T00:00:00 | 1824 | The Works of Francis Bacon | London | false | Lib. II] Novum Organum. 97 palatum, aut ad stomachuni, aut etiam ad exterio res partes post aliquam moram (ut in emplastris et unguentis) alia vegetabilia inveniuntur calida, alia frigida. Non invenitur in partibus animalium, postquam fuerint mortuæ aut separate, aliquid calidum ad tactum humanum. Nam neque fimus equinus ipse, uisi fuerit conclusus et sepultus, calorem retinet. Sed tamen omnis fimus habere videtur calorem potentialem, ut in agrorum impingua tione. Et similiter, cadavera animalium hujus modi habent latentem et potentialem calorem ; adeo ut in cœmeteriis, ubi quotidie fiunt sepul turæ, terra calorem quendam occultum colligat, qui cadaver aliquod recenter impositum consu mit longe citius, quam terra pura. Atque apud orientales traditur inveniri textile quoddam tenue et molle, factum ex avium plumagine, quod vi innata butyrum solvat et liquefaciat, in ipso levi ter involutum. Quæ impinguant agros, ut finii omnis generis, creta, arena maris, sal, et similia, dispositionem nonnullam habent ad calidum. Omnis putrefactio in se rudimenta quædam exi lis caloris habet, licet non hucusque, ut ad tac tum percipiatur. Nam nec ea ipsa, quæ putre facta solvuntur in animalcula, ut caro, caseus, ad tactum percipiuutur calida ; neque lignum putre, quod noctu splendet, deprehenditur ad tactum calidum. Calor autem iu putridis quandoque se prodit per odores tetros et fortes. Primus itaque caloris gradus ex iis, quæ ad tac tum humanum percipiuntur calida, videtur esse calor animalium, qui bene magnam habet gra duum latitudinem ; nam infimus gradus (ut in in sectis) vix ad tactum deprenditur ; summus autem gradus vix attingit ad gradum caloris radiorum solis in regionibus et temporibus maxime ferven tibus; neque ita aeris est, quin tolerari possit a manu. Et tamen referunt de Constantio, aliisque nonnullis, qui constitutionis et habitus corporis 5 6 7 8 VOL. VIII. H | 117 | 0.767 | 0.146 | Bacon, Francis | Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626 [person] | W. Baynes | England | England | 10 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000163919 | 1824-01-01T00:00:00 | 1824 | The Works of Francis Bacon | London | false | Novum Organum. [Lib. II. 134 artium, sed omnino per casum. Nihil autem repræ sentat aut anticipat casum (cujus mos est, ut tantum per longa secula operetur) præter inventionem for mam m. Exempla autem hujusmodi instantiarum particu laria nihil opus est adducere, propter copiam eorun dem. Nam hoc omnino agendum, ut visitentur et penitus introspiciantur omnes artes mechanicæ, atque liberales etiam (quatenus ad opera) atque hide faci enda est congeries sive historia particularis, tanquam magnalium et operum magistralium, et maxime per fectorum in unaquaque ipsarum; una cum modis ef fectionis sive operationis. Neque tamen astringimus diligentiam, quæ adhi benda est in hujusmodi collecta, ad ea, quæ censen tur pro magisteriis et arcanis alicujus artis tantum, at que movent admirationem. Admiratio enim proles est raritatis : siquidem rara, licet in genere sint ex vulgatis naturis, tamen admirationem pariunt. At contra, quæ revera admirationi esse debent, propter discrepantiam, quæ inest illis in specie, col latis ad alias species ; tamen si in usu familiari præsto sint, leviter notantur. Debent autem notari monodica artis, non minus quam monodica naturæ ; de quibus antea diximus. Atque quemadmodum in monodicis naturæ posuimus solem, lunam, magnetem, et similia, quæ re vulgatissima sunt, sed natura tamen fere sin gulari; idem et de monodicis artis faciendum est. Exempli gratia ; instantia monodica artis, est papy rus; res admodum vulgata. At si diligenter animum advertas, materiæ artificiales aut plane textiles sunt per fila directa et transversa; qualia sunt pannus se ricus, aut laneus, et linteus, et hujusmodi: aut coag mentantur ex succis concretis; qualia sunt later, aut argilla figularis, aut vitrum, aut esmalta, aut porcel lana, et similia; quæ, si bene uniantur, splendent; sin minus, indurantur certe, sed non splendent. At tamen omnia talia, quæ fiunt ex succis concretis, sunt fragilia; nec ullo modo hærentia et tenacia. At con tra, papyrus est corpus tenax, quod scindi et lacerari possit, ita ut imitetur et fere æmuletur pellem sive | 154 | 0.756 | 0.149 | Bacon, Francis | Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626 [person] | W. Baynes | England | England | 10 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001760873 | 1838-01-01T00:00:00 | 1838 | France pittoresque, ou description ... des départements et colonies de la France ... pur A. H | Paris | false | 68 FRANCE PITTORESQUE. — HAUTE-SAONE. lœnitate. Eumènc Tappelle une rivière paresseuse, in certaine, tardive, segniset cunctabundus amnis tardusque. Routes. — On compte dans le département 19 routes (5 royales et 14 départementales), dont la longueur totale est de 721,340 mètres (environ 181 lieues de poste); elles sont en général en bon état et bien en tretenues. On trouve au bord des rivières, les asters, Tandroce num , la sagette, Thypne , les coronilles, les roseaux odorants. L'opbrys insectifère se trouve dans le canton de Montbozon. — Les gramens de toute espèce pullu lent dans les prés. Les céréales, les parmentières, les plantes textiles et tinctoriales sont cultivées avec succès. Régne minéral. — Le département est peut-être un des plus riches de la France sous le rapport des pro ductions minérales. On y trouve le granit rouge, le granit feuille -morte, le porphyre vert, le porphyre violet, le schiste argileux, le schiste anthraciteux, léser oligiste, le manganèse oxidé; des minerais de plomb, de cuivre, d'argent et d'or; le grès houiller, la houille, le grès rouge, le grès vosgien, le grès bigarré; la pierre lithographique, la pierre à chaux; des minerais de fer en roche; des marbres; d'excellentes pierres de taille; des minerais de fer en grains, en très grande quantité; le tuf calcaire, la tourbe, etc. MÉTÉOROLOGIE. Climat. — Le climat est plus doux que dans la plu part des départements voisins ; l'été et l'hiver y sont tempérés; Tautomne est ordinairement beau : seule ment le voisinage des montagnes et Ta.ffluence des nei ges, quand elles s'accumulent sur leurs sommets, ou lorsqu'elles fondent, causent, surtout au printemps, de fréquentes variations de température. Vents. — Les vents dominants sont ceux du sud ouest, qui sont doux et humides et qui alternent avec les vents secs et vifs du nord-est et les vents froids du nord-ouest. Eaux minérales. — L'établissement thermal deLuxeuil est un des plus célèbres de France; on y compte huit sources dont la plus chaude, celle du grand bain , a 52,50 degrés centigrades, et la moins chaude, celle du bain des hommes, 36,50. — II y existe aussi une source ferrugineuse dont la température n'est que dc 22,25. — Les eaux de Luxeuil sont employées principalement pour les affections nerveuses , les rhumatismes et les paralysies; on en fait usage en bains, en douches et en boissons. — Le département possède d'autres sour ces minérales peu fréquentées ou négligées, à Rèpes et à Fédry, et une source thermale à Visoncourt. Eaux salées. — Le département renferme plusieurs sources d'eaux salées dont Texploitation est négligée ; les plus importantes sont celles de Saulnot et de Scey-sur- Saóne. — On exploite à Gouhénans un banc de sel gemme très riche qui a été découvert sous une couche de charbon de terre , de sorte que cette mine offre à la fois la matière première et le combustible nécessaire pour en tirer parti. L'exploitation a lieu en saturant de parties salines une masse d'eau qu'on soumet ensuite a Tévaporation. Maladies. — Les affections catarrhales et rhumatis males, les maladies inflammatoires, pulmoniques et cérébrales sont les plus communes. La surdité est assez fréquente parmi les vieillards qui habitent les montagnes. HISTOIRE NATURELLE. Fossiles. — Le sol du département renferme un grand nombre de débris d'animaux et de végétaux fossiles. — Dans les terrains intermédiaires, les débris d'animaux appartiennent aux crustacés, aux zoophytes et à des mollusques de genres qui n'existent plus. Les terrains secondaires offrent des poissons, des crustacés, des reptiles de formes singulières, des coquillages (ammo nites, gryphées, etc.), de grandes tortues, des croco diles et d'immenses lézards. Les terrains tertiaires re cèlent, outre les coquilles analogues à celles qui vivent aujourd'hui dans nos mers et dans nos étangs, des os sements de grands quadrupèdes terrestres différents de ceux actuellement vivants, et dont les caractères se rapprochent de ceux des tapirs, des rhinocéros et des chameaux; ce sont les palaetheriums , les lophiodons, les anoplotheriums, les antracotheriums, les adapis et les cheroptames. Les terrains d'alluvion renferment des ossements d'animaux terrestres en grande partie incon nus ou au moins étrangers , tels que des carnassiers de la taille du lion , du tigre et de Thyène; des éléphants, des rhinocéros, et des hippopotames, accompagnés d'ossements de chevaux et de nlusieurs grands rumi nants. CURIOSITÉS NATURELLES. Grottes. — Cavernes a ossements. — 11 existe dans le déparlement cinq localités qui offrent des grottes creusées dans des calcaires appartenant aux trois étages du terrain jurassique. Malgré la différence de position géologique, il est probable que toutes ces grottes da lent ele la mème époque et ont la mème origine. Deux des grottes, celles d'Ecìienoz et de Foiuent of frent des débris d'animaux, d'espèces pour la plupart éteintes aujourd'hui , et qui ont été sans doute détruits lors de la dernière des grandes révolutions arrivées à la surface du globe. — Les trois autres grottes , celles de Quincey , de Chaux el de Frétigne) , ne récèlent au cuns restes d'animaux antédiluviens, mais présentent quelques stalactites plus ou moins remarquables. — Les grottes de Fouvent sont au nombre de trois. La première , appelée trou de la Roche-Sainte-Agathe , est un couloir long de 60 mètres , large de 2 mètres et dont la hauteur varie de 70 centimètres à 3 mètres. Les jeunes femmes du pays y vont en pèlerinage. La seconde, dite de Saint-Martin, a la |forme d'une demi-calotte sphé rique, dont le rayon et la hauteur sont d'environ 5 mè tres. C'est dans la troisième, située au pied du flanc opposé du vallon, qu'on a découvert, en 1800, les os sements fossiles décrits par Cuvier dans son grand ou vrage qui a fait une révolution dans les sciences géo logiques. M. Thirria, ingénieur des mines à Vesoul, a fait de nouvelles fouilles dans cette grotte en 1827, et y a trouvé des débris d'éléphant, de rhinocéros, d'hyène, d'ours des cavernes ( ursus spelaeus) , de cheval, de bœuf et de lion. Les cinq premiers genres élaient connus par les fouilles faites en 1800, mais on n'y avait pas encore recueilli d'ossements de bœuf et de lion. La grotte de Fouvent est la première où Ton ait découvert en Frauce Règne animal. — Les races d'animaux domestiques sont les mêmes que dans les départements voisins. — II existe deux variétés de Tespèce chevaline dont Tune, d'origine suisse , donne de bons chevaux de roulage, d'artillerie et de cavalerie — Parmi les animaux sau vages on remarque le loup , le renard , le chat sauvage, la loutre, le blaireau, etc. — Les sangliers sont assez nombreux; le cerf et le chevreuil plus rares. — On trouve en abondance des lièvres et des lapins. — Les oiseaux de toute espèce, de basse- cour, de gibier et de passage sont très multipliés. On voit dans le départe ment, mais rarement, Toutarde , le cygne, le pélican, l'esprit et le goéland. — On remarque parmi les oiseaux de proie, Taigle, Tépervier et la buse. — Parmi les reptiles, la vipère et la couleuvre sont communes. Les rivières fournissent un grand nombre d'excellents pois sons. On vante la carpe de la Saône et du Salon, le barbeau de l'Ognon , la truite saumonée du Ilahin et du Breuchin; les écrevisses du Coney et du Plané sont aussi très recherchées. Règne végétal. — Les essences dominantes dans les bois sont : le chêne, le hêtre et le charme. — L'orme, le tremble, Térable, le frêne, s'y rencontrent plus ra rement. — On trouve le sapin dans Tarrondissement de Lure. Les principales plantes qui croissent sur les mon tagnes de la Haute-Saône sont : la digitale, Tarnica, le pied-de-chat , la mélisse, la valériane, les véroniques, etc. | 82 | 0.63 | 0.182 | Hugo, Jean Abel, count | Hugo, Jean Abel, count [person] | null | null | null | 3 tomes (4°) | French | null | null | null | false |
003592034 | 1838-01-01T00:00:00 | 1838 | The Student's Manual of Modern History, etc | London | false | 123 PROGRESS OF COMMERCE. secure basis than that of the Hanseatic cities, for their com mercial success was the result of their manufacturing industry, in which the}- far surpassed the rest of Europe. Their textile fabrics of wool, cotton, and silk, their tapestry, and their embroidery, supplied the principal nations of Christendom, who purchased these commodities with raw materials. The wealth, the population, and the resources of these cities, raised their sovereigns to the first rank among potentates. Bruges was long the capital and chief mart of Flemish commerce ; it preserved its rank to the close of the fifteenth century, when the superiority was transferred to Antwerp. But intestine wars and political revolutions proved ruinous to the supremacy of the Low Countries ; many of the Flemish manufacturers fled to England, whither they had been invited by Edward III. ; under the patronage of that politic monarch, they established woollen factories in various parts of the country, which soon attained such eminence that they rivalled the best products of the looms of Flanders. At an earlier period, the Hollanders having discovered an improved mode of salting and curing herrings, beo-an to compete with the Flemings in the fish trade ; and the subsequent opening of the Texel made Amsterdam the chief seat of this branch of industry. Section IV. — Revolutions of Germany, France, and Spain. From the period of the accession of Rodolph, the first emperor of the house of Hapsburgh, the German empire began to assume a constitutional form, and to be consolidated by new laws. Under the government of Albert, the son of Rodolph, an important change took place in Switzerland, which, at the com mencement of the fourteenth century, was divided into a number of states, both secular and ecclesiastical. The cantons of Uri, Schwitz, and Underwalden, were immediate dependencies of the empire, while some minor adjoining districts belonged to the dukes of Austria as counts of Hapsburgh. Albert, anxious to found a new kingdom for one of his younger children, resolved G 2 | 137 | 0.668 | 0.179 | Taylor, W. C. (William Cooke) | Taylor, W. C. (William Cooke), 1800-1849 [person] | J. W. Parker | England | England | viii, 519 pages (12°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001192926 | 1836-01-01T00:00:00 | 1836 | Observation on improvements of the town of Manchester, etc | Manchester | false | 40 engrave a seal, and crush masses of obdurate metal like wax before it; draw out without breaking, a thread as fine as gossamer, and lift a ship of war like a bauble in the air. It can embroider and forge anchors, cut steel into ribbands, and impel loaded vessels against the fury of the winds and waves." The certainty, force, and simplicity of this wonderful machine, united to the ease with which it overcomes resist ances, render it an object of admiration; whether viewed in the precision of its performance, or the dexterity of its action in the wide field of human industry. Its adaptation to a variety of purposes, and the facility with which it can be applied to all situations, is in itself a powerful impetus to the extension of the manufactures. Previously to Mr. Watt's improvements of the Steam Engine, manufacturers were obliged to erect their establishments in valleys, fre quently remote from the sea ports, and those markets, from which they derived the raw material, and where they sold their produce. The use of the steam engine has totally changed the nature of our manufacturing localities: there is now no occasion to go in search of water-falls, or to trust to the uncertainty of the winds: a power is always at com mand, and equally effective, on the plain, the mountain, or the sea. Floating on the bosom of the ocean, the same force can be applied, whether in the division of the waves, or the conquest of the adverse elements. Mills for the manufacture of textile fabrics, have risen with unexampled rapidity since the introduction of the steam engine as a moving power; being no longer confined to glens and val leys, they are erected close to the large towns, convenient to the reception of material, distribution of produce, &c. This contiguity to the markets has produced a desideratum of great importance and value to the manufacturers ; it has combined the united advantage of commercial enterprise, to | 54 | 0.778 | 0.156 | Fairbairn, William, Sir | Fairbairn, William, Sir, 1789-1874 [person] | null | null | null | 44 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000586516 | 1837-01-01T00:00:00 | 1837 | Letters from the South [With plates and an appendix.] | London | false | APPENDIX. 261 pentine species, which produces the Balm of Mecca or of India. Wild Pine-apple-tree — a textile plant, knoAvn in Guiana by the name of Pitte Pine apple-trees. Bread-tree (artocarpus incisa) is one of the most valuable vegetable plants. Its fruit affords an abundant, Avholesome, and pleasant nourishment. Aguncate-tree — (Lauras Persia). Its fruit, the aguncate, also bears at Guiana the name of vegetable butter. Chesnut-tree — very rare. A very fine one is to be seen at Bir-mad-Reis, and three at the forage-store of Bir-Kadem. Lemon-tree — already become common. The groAvth should be further increased. Its fruit is excellent. Wild Quince-tree. — Preference should be given to the species called Chinese Quince tree, Beans. — By means of water, and by being properly exposed to the sun, they may be had nearly throughout the year. Fig-tree. — The Carthage Figs were for- | 681 | 0.728 | 0.191 | Campbell, Thomas | Campbell, Thomas, 1777-1844 [person] | Henry Colburn | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000586516 | 1837-01-01T00:00:00 | 1837 | Letters from the South [With plates and an appendix.] | London | false | APPENDIX. 265 this procured for it the name of the rose apple. Chinese Kane-la-chou. — On the branches of this shrub, insects are found whose bodies assume, during summer, a kind of crust, Avhich is the wax itself. It is gathered in the month of September. Chinese Lit-chi — (Euphoria-lit-chi). Its fruit tastes like an excellent Muscatel raisin. Littœa Gemini-flora. — A textile plant, which only needs a temperate greenhouse. The fibres draAvn from its leaves afford a kind of flax which is said to be of great beauty. Mango-tree. — Very common in the Ca ribbee Islands ; is easily propagated by means of its stones, which retain a germinating power for upAvards of a year. This tree has thriven in the greenhouse of the Garden of Plants at Paris. Mangoustan. — (Garcinia mangoustatia.) Its fruit is better than the mango. It requires much heat. Nerium Tinctorium of Bengal. — It is said to produce a finer colour than Avhat is produced from plants of the indigo species. Chinese Ou-kieou-mou-tree. — (Croton | 685 | 0.744 | 0.196 | Campbell, Thomas | Campbell, Thomas, 1777-1844 [person] | Henry Colburn | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000586516 | 1837-01-01T00:00:00 | 1837 | Letters from the South [With plates and an appendix.] | London | false | 266 APPENDIX. cebiferum) a talloAV-tree. Its seeds are covered over with a cebaceous, rather firm, and very Avhite substance, which supplies the Chinese with matter for making candles. It has thriven very well in the Garden of Plants at Toulon. Passiflora Quadrangularis. — Its fruit is of the size of a melon, and its pulp very delicate. This plant is well adapted for lining cradles. Saveet Potatoes. — M. Chevreau has planted some this year. Phormium Tenax. — A textile plant, also known by the name of New Holland Flax, has thriven at Toulon. The filaments obtained from the leaves of this plant, are much stronger than those procured from hemp, and the cord age made from it presents, in an equal quantity, one-third more resistance than what is made from the filaments of hemp. Pistachio-tree — is cultivated at Tunis. Pepper Plant — (Piper nigrum) requires much heat. Bark. — The species used for medical pur poses are very numerous. See the article Bark in the 46th volume of the Dictionary of Medical Sciences. | 686 | 0.774 | 0.168 | Campbell, Thomas | Campbell, Thomas, 1777-1844 [person] | Henry Colburn | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001760871 | 1835-01-01T00:00:00 | 1835 | France pittoresque, ou description ... des départements et colonies de la France, etc [With plates.] | Paris | false | FRANCE PITTORESQUE. — HISTOIRE NATURELLE. 100 Histoire Naturelle. _RÌG_STE VÉGÉTAL. crapaud épineux , animal bideux et d'une taille quelquefois mons trueuse , etc. Les riebesses végétales de la France sont considérables. — La France récolte le u-aïs, le millet, le sarrasin, et toutes les céréa les; le riz seul n'y est point cultivé en grand. — Elle abonde en plantes textiles et oléagineuses. — La betterave lui fournit un sucre pareil en tout à celui de la canne. — Ses vignes produisent des vins des qualités les plus variées. — Les fruits les plus exquis du continent européen y mûrissent. L'imile que donne l'olivier de la Provence surpasse en qualité celle qu'on récolte en Espagne et cn Italie. — Les forêts du continent fraeçais, quoique pendant long-temps négligées , peuvent encore fournir des bois excellents aux constructions civiles et navales. Les sapins de la Corse offrent de superbes mâtures. — _Nous ne pouvons faire ici l'énuméralion de tous les végétaux qui croissent en France. II nous suffira de dire qu'ils formeut plus de 830 genres et se divisent en 6,000 espèces. nÈGNS ANIMAL. Poissons. — On pèche quelquefois sur les bords de l'Océan et de la Méditerranée cette espèce de tortue dont l'écailL* servait aux anciens pour faire leurs lyres. — Les côtes de la France ainsi qnt ses rivières sont généralement poissonneuses. La Manche et l'Océan offrent le turbot, la raie, la sole, le cabillaud, le saumon , le merlan , le maquereau , le mulet et la sardine ; et le hareng donne lieu à de grandes pêches. Dans la Méditerranée, le thon et l'an chois sont aussi spécialement Tobjet de pêches très importantes. Les huîtres de l'Océan jouissent d'une grande réputation ; les côtes de l'ouest fournissent à la consommation une grande quan tité de moules , de langoustes , de homards , etc. Inse tes. — Les insectes sont, en France comme ailleurs , pins nuisibles qu'utiles. Parmi les indigènes, on remarque lc charen çon, qui dévore les blés, le scorpion rous. âtre, etc. D'autres ont été importes par suite des relations commerciales, le puceron, qui fait mourir le pommier, le termes lucifuge et le termes flavicole m qui dévore les bois de charpente, le vorace cancrelat, à odeur infecte , etc. — ■ Les insectes utiles sont : les abeilles , qui prospè rent dans toutes les parties de la France; les vers a soie, qui deviendront une source de richesses pour quelques départements ; la cochenille , qui commence à s'acclimater dans les départements du midi i le kermès à cochenille , la cantharide , etc. Animaux sauvages. — Les progrès de l'agricnlture ont beau coup dimiuué en France le nombre des animaux sauvages. — L'ours au pelage noir (ursus pyrcnaicus) et Tours brun , si facile à appri voiser, vivent dans les Pyrénées françaises, — Les Cévennes et les Hautes- Alpes renferment le lynx à la vue perçante; mais il y est fort rare. — Le chamois et le bouquetin se montrent plus nom breux sur les points culminants des Alpes et des Pyrénées. — Le daim et le cerf, autrefois si nombreux dans les forêts royales, en ont presque entièrement disparu; mais le chevreuil et lc sanglier y sont eucore multipliés. Les lièvres et les lapins y abondent. — Le moufflon, animal sauvage que l'on considère comme le type pri mitif du bélier de nos climats , fréquente les hauts pics de la Corse. —Les forêts des Vosges et les bois de la Moselle nourrissent Técu reuil au poil roux [sciums vulgaris). L'écureuil brun , piqueté de blanc jaunâtre (sciurus alpinus) , et la poli-touche de Sibérie (pte romys), sorte d'écureuil volant qui, peudant la nuit, quitte sa re traite et s'élance avec agilité de branche en branche, habitent les forêts des Hautes-Alpes. Ces montagnes servent aussi d'asile a Ia marte au poil jaunâtre (mustela alpina) et aux marmottes (arctomys marmotta), qui passent l'hivef, en société, engourdies dans leurs terriers. — L'bermiue («-___..'_. /a herminea), dont la fourrure blanche est si recherchée , le hamster {mus crissetus) , célèbre par sa voracité et ses longs voyages , habitent les départements voisins des Vosges , où lc hamster est connu sous le nom de marmotte de Strasbourg. • — Tontes les grandes forêts servent de repaires aux loups , auxquels on fait une chasse continue. — Le putois , la fouine, la belette et le renard sont l'effroi des basses-cours. — Le blaireau, dont les poils sont recherchés pour la peinture , creuse son terrier solitaire dans les bois écartés. — Le hérisson se blottit dans les buissons, la taupe bouleverse les riches prairies. Le rat, le mulot, le loir, la souris , le lérot habitent les champs et les jardins.— La loutre, dont la four rure est si douce au toucher, se cache dans les trous qui bordent les rivières et les étangs , qu'elle dépeuple trop fréquemment. Le rat d'eau (arvicola amphibius) aime les marais et les ruisseaux peu fréquentés. Enfin le desman (mu* moschiferus) , quadrupède aquati que peu connu , qui détruit les vers et les insectes , se montre aux «nvirons de Tarbes ; cet animal a quelque affinité avec le castor, dont on trouve encore quelques familles dans les iles du Rhône. Oiseaux. — Presque toutes les espèces d'oiseaux de l'Europe existent en France. Le flammant rouge , Ie rollier nuancé de bleu , de vert et de violet [galgulus garrulus) fréquentent les rivages de la Méditerranée et les départements méridionaux. De nombreuses espèces d'oiseaux voyageurs visitent chaque année nos climats. On cite le beefigue, le grimpereau, la grive, l'alouette , la caille , l'or tolan , la buppe , le loriot , la mésange , le martin-pécheur, la pa lombe, la tourterelle, Thirondelle, etc. — Parmi les gallinacées sauvages , figurent le coq de bruyère , la perdrix rouge et grise , la gelinotte, etc. — L'outarde et le cygne se montrent sur nos étangs pendant les hivers rigoureux. D'autres oiseaux aquatiques y viennent tous les ans : ce sont la bécasse , la bécassine , le plu vie^ le vanneau , la macreuse , l'alouette de mer , le canard sau vage, etc. — Les principaux oiseaux de proie sont : le grand aigle, i'aigle commun , le vautour , le milan , l'épervier, le grand-duc , la ebouette , etc. Le pays renferme un grand nombre de corbeaux , de corneilles et de choucas. RÌGKTE MINERAI» La France est riche en mines métalliques, parmi lesquelles celles de fer , de plomb et de cuivre , à cause de l'abondance des produits et de la qualité du minerai , occupent le premier rang. Or. — On connaît en France le gîte de deux mines d'or ; l'une à la Porte-de-Fer , commune d'Urbeis (Bas-Rhin); l'autre à la Gardette, commune de Villard- Aymont (Isère). Cette dernière mine, exploitée dans le xvne siècle, n'a donné qne des produits insignifiants. En huit années, de 1781 à 1787, la dépense d'exploi tation a été de 27,000 fr., et la recette seulement de £.000.— Les départements de T Ariège, du Cantal et du Gard renferment de» sables aurifères où l'on trouve des paillettes dont Tor est à un très haut titre. — Avant la découverte de l'Arsérique , les orpailleurs de l'Ariége étaient tenus de livrer l'or qu'ils recueillaient à la Monnaie de Toulouse. La quantité en était alors considérable ; mais elle diminua beaucoup pendant le xvic siècle. Au commence ment du xvnc on ne portait annuellement â Toulouse que 200 marcs d'or. Aujourd bui Tindustrie des orpailleurs est presque nulle. Argent. — II existe aussi en France deux mines d'urgent; l'un* dans le Bas-Rhin , à Aptin goutte, commune d'Urbeis; l'autre dans lo département de Tlsère , à Chalanches. près d'Allemont; cette dernière mine est exploitée. — L'argent se trouve dans d'autres mines ; mais il y est allié an plomb sulfuré et au cuivre. Mercure.' — Le département de la Manche renferme, an Mé nildot, commune de la Chapelle-en-Suger , une mine de merenr» qui a été exploitée dans le siècle deraier, et qui, de 1750 à 1742, a donné des produits assez importants. Etain. — On a cru long-temps que la France ne renfermait pas de mines d'étain ; il es certain cependant qu'il en existe à Vaury, dans la Haute-Vienne, une qni a été exploitée par les anciens. On a aussi trouvé à Ségur, dans la Corrèze , des indices de mi nerai d'étain. Enfin, la mine de Piriac, déconverte en 1813 dans la Loire- Inférieure , paraît tire susceptible d'une exploita tion avantageuse. Plomb. — Le nombre des mines de plomb est considérable; on en trouve dans la plupart des départements. « — Les exploitations les plus importantes sont situées dans le Finistère, la Vienne, Tlsère, la Loire et TArdèche. — Le plomb est souvent sulfuré, et dans ce cas fréquemment argentifère. Le plomb sulfuré est em ployé dans son état naturel sous le nom de vernis ou d'alquifoux. Cuivre. — Parmi les mines nombreuses de cuivre, celles qui donnent lieu aux plus grandes exploitations, se trouvent dans le* départements des Basses-Pyrénées et dn Rhône. Le cuivre existe aussi en France mêlé soit an plomb soit à l'argent. On y tronve des mines de cuivre sulfaté, de cuivre carbonate bien et vert, etc. Fer. — Les mines de fer sont trop abondantes pour que nous puissions les énumérer. Les plus considérables existent dans les départements voisins des Pyrénées. Les mines de fer oxidé four nissent au commerce Tocre et la sanguine, et celles de fer car buré la plombagine. Zinc. — Depuis que le zinc est employé à de nombreux usages, on en a découvert en France un assez grand nombre de mines. II s'y trouve pur et mélangé an cuivre ou an plomb. Le xinr oxidé est livré au commerce sous le nom de calamine. Reptiles. — Parmi les reptiles , la vipère commune et Taspic sont presque les seuls venimeux. Le pays renferme plusieurs es pèces de couleuvres. Le grand lézard vert, la salamandre terrestre et même le gecko de Mauritanie se tronvent dans les départements méridionaux. — On compte en France un grand nombre d'espèces appartenant au genre des batraciens, entre autres le crapaud ac coucheur [bus o obsteiricans) , Ie crapaud vert à odeur ambrée, le Antimoine. — Les mines d'antimoine que renferment la Frasée | 188 | 0.512 | 0.193 | Hugo, Jean Abel, count | Hugo, Jean Abel, count [person] | null | null | null | 2 tomes (4°) | French | null | null | null | false |
001760871 | 1835-01-01T00:00:00 | 1835 | France pittoresque, ou description ... des départements et colonies de la France, etc [With plates.] | Paris | false | FRANCE PITTORESQUE. ____ COTES-DU-NORD. 296 IMPOTS ET RECETTES. Le département a payé à l'Etat (cn 1831) : Contributions directes 3,714,172 f. 84 c Enregistrement, timbre et domaines 1,225,685 27 Douanes et sels 846,456 69 Boissons, droits divers, tabacs et poudres, . 3,537,509 69 Postes 187,663 90 Produit des coupes de bois. . 18 94 Produits divers 71,864 62 Ressources extraordinaires 876,298 53 Total 10,259,670 f. 48 c U a reçu du Trésor 5,597,902 f. 59 c., dans lesquels figurent : La dette publique et les dotations pour 824,159 s. 28 c Les dépenses du ministère de la justice 152,646 02 de l'instruction publique et des cultes. 499,429 51 de l'intérieur 6,660 » du commerce et des travaux publics. . 1,249,840 91 de la guerre 1,313,475 38 de la marine 3,673 02 des finances 140,108 18 Les frais de régie et de perception des impôts. . 964,993 93 Remboursera., restitut. , non valeurs et primes. 242,916 56 Total 5,597,902 f. 59 c Ces deux sommes totales de paiements et de recettes représen tant , à peu de variations près , le mouvement annuel des impôts et des recettes, le département paie annuellement (déduction faite du produit des douanes) 4,015,311 fr. 20 c. déplus qu'il ne reçoit. Cette somme, consacrée aux frais du gouvernement central, dé passe le cinquième du revenu territorial du département. DÉPENSES DEPAHTEMEZffTAI.ES. Elles s'élèvent (en 1831) à 510,072 f. 76 c. Sa. voir : Dép. fixes : traitements, abonnements, etc. 79,061 f. 06 c. Dép. variables .-loyers, encourag. , secours , etc. 251,011 70 Dans cette dernière somme figurent pour 41,000 f. »c. les prisons départementales, 45,Ij00 f »c. les enfants trouvés. Les secours accordés par l'Etat pour grêle, incen- die, épizootie, etc., sont de. 9,200 » Les fonds consacrés au cadastre s'élèvent à. . . . 63,683 14 Les dépenses des cours et tribunaux sont de. . . . 11S,525 59 Les frais de justice avances par l'Etat de 58,900 94 INDUSTRIE AGRICOLE. Sur une superficie de 701,231 hectares, le départ, en compte : 270,000 mis en CHlture. — 50,562 prairies. — 165,756 pâturages. — 32,215 forêts. — 153,933 — landes et friches. Le revenu»territorÌal est évalué à 19,258,000 francs. Le départ, renferme environ : 75,000 chevaux. — 220,000 bêtes à cornes (race bovine). — 13,000 chèvres. — 145,000 moutons. Les troupeaux de bêtes à laine en fournissent chaque année en viron 180,000 kilogrammes. Le produit annuel du sol est d'environ, En céréales 1,800,000 hectolitres. En parmentieres 700,000 id. En avoines 640,000 id. En cidres 500,000 id. Bien que le département possède à Lysandré, un établissement rural digne en tout de servir de modèle , l'agriculture y est encore très arriérée. — H y a des cantons où on laboure avec des ânes. — Le système funeste de jachères est généralement répandu. — Le pays produit néanmoins en céréales , en avoines, en parmentieres, plus qu'il ne faut pour sa consommation ; il renferme d'excellents pâturages. — La partie du littoral sur laquelle il est possible de se servir comme engrais de goémon et d'algues marines, est très fertile. — La culture des plantes textiles est répaudue, mais on néglige complètement celle des arbres fruitiers, à l'exception des pommiers, dont le fruit est employé a faire du cidre. — Les cul tivateurs s'adonnent à l'élève des chevaux et des bètes á cornes et a l'éducation des abeilles ; la race ovine est faible et petite. On estime, pour la qualité de leur chair, les moutons de Goélo. INDUSTRIE COMMERCIALE. Les arrondissements de Lannion , de Saint-Brieuc et de Dinan , sont principalement maritimes ; on s'y occupe d'armements pour la pêche et de cabotage. Saiut-Brieuc fait des armements pour la pêche de Terre-Neuve, la mer du sud et les Antilles. — Tréguier se livre à la pèche du maquereau. — Dinan et Lannion s'occupent du cabotage et des exportations. — II existe à Saiut-Jacut-Lan douart, à quatre lieues de Dinan , un parc d'huîtres de Cancale , qu'on expédie pour Paris. — Saint-Brieuc a employé, en 1828, à la pèche de la morue, 47 bâtiments , jaugeant ensemble 8,090 tonneaux ; ces bâtiments , montés par 2,610 marins , ont rapporté 4,669,200 kilogrammes de morue , rogue , etc. , d'une valeur en semble de 1,845,405 francs. En 1833, le nombre des navires expédiés parles ports du département, s'est réduit á 20 seulement, jaugeant 2,744 tonneaux, et montés par 731 marins. Les retour* de la pêche out subi, on peut lc présumer, une baisse propor tionnelle. — On évalue à 600,000 francs le produit annuel de la grande et petite pêche sur les cùtes du département. — La fabri cation du fil , des toile3 et celle des cuirs , figurent cn première ligne dans l'industrie des arrondissements de Guingamp et de Loudéac. On fait remonter au xve siècle rétablissement de cette industrie dans le pays , et on eu fait honneur a uue baronne de Quintin , dame flamande , qui aurait fait venir de son pays des filcuscs, et fait semer du lin et du chanvre. — D'après des docu ments officiels publiés en 1834, par Dinanais, la fabri cation des toiles dans le seul arrondissement de Loudéac, occupe rait environ 4,000 métiers, mis eu action par 4,000 tisserands, et produisant annuellement 2.000 0U0 dV-ines de toile d'une valeur de 4,000,000 francs. Les toiles de Bretagne sout recherchées prin cipalement pour le commerce avec l'Arnériquc du Sud. — Le départ. renferme 4 hauts fournca?ix pour gueuses et mouleries , et 6 for ges, ïl possède un graud nombre de tanneries, des papeteries , des filatures de lame, des fabriques d'étoffés communes, des manufactures de souliers de troupes et de pacotille, des fabriques de sucre de betterave, un assez grand nombre de marais salants (32), plusieurs exploitations d'ardoises, des fabriques de poterie et de faïencerie , etc. — L'cxportation des grains, des bestiaux, des chevaux, des suifs, du beurre salé, de la cire et du miel, produits principaux de l'industrie agricole, donne lieu â un commerce étendu. Récompenses industrielles. - A l'exposition de 1834, l'indus trie du départem. a obtenu 3 médailles de bronze et 3 citations. — Les médailles de bronze ont été décernées : 2 à M. Baron-Du taya (de l'Hermitage), pour toiles de Bretagne et serviettes , et pour fonte brute ; 1 à M. Lemarchand (de Guingamp), pour cuirs et peaux, — Les citations ont été accordées pour fabrication de toiles de Pédernée, de coutils, de fils de lin retors, et de tuyaux à incendie en fil de chanvre. — A l'expositiou des produits de l'iudustric de 1827, il avait été donné 1 médaille de bronze à AL Leglâtre (de Saint-Brieuc), pour cuirs; 3 mentions honorables, à MM. Le marchaud (de Guingamp), pour cuirs i Pierre Gauccl (de Châtclau dren), Epipliane Lenoir (de Lannion), pour chapellerie en feutre ; enfin 6 citations , à MM. Morvan (de Quintiu), Mahé fils (de Loudéac), pour toiles écrues ; Julien Rochard (de Lamotte), Charles Raoul ( de Guingamp) , Doniol père et fils (de Guingamp), et Théophile Lucas (de Saint-Brieuc), pour///* de lin de bouue qualité. Douanes. — La direction de Saint-Malo a 3 bureaux princi paux, dout 2 seulement sont situés dans le département. Les bureaux du département ont produit en 1831 : Douanes, navig. et timbre. Sels. Total. Paimpol 14,050 f. 208,247 f. 222,297 s. Le Légué 151,771 472,588 624,159 Produit total des douanes 846,456 s- Foires. — Le nombre des foires du département est de 424— Elles se tiennent dans 103 communes , dont 41 chefs-lieux , et du rant pour la plupart 2 à 3 jours , remplissent 469 journées "Les foires mobiles, au nombre de 248 occupent 473 journées. — H y a 5 foires mensaires. — 274 communes sont privées de foires. Les articles de commerce sont les bestiaux , les chevaux , les cuirs en vert, les grains, la laine, le fil de lin, le chanvre, les toiles , etc. — On cite Saint-Albans pour la vente des oies et de la volaille, Pléboulle pour celle de la plume d'oie. — C'est à la foire d'Etables (3e jeudi d'avril) que les marins qui vont á Terre-Neuve font leurs emplettes. BIBLIOGRAPHIE. Annuaire du département des Còtes-du-ï\'ord ; Ìn-18- Saint-Brieuc , 1805 et 1806. — Statistique momtmentaire du départ, des Cótes-du-Nord (Annales françaises des arts, sciences, etc., t. x, 1822). — Anti quités de Bretagne , par le chevalier de Fréminvillc, in-8. Brest, 1828 á 1832. — Antiquités historiques et monumentales à visiter de Monts ort à Corseul-par-Dinan , etc. , Poignant , in-8- Rennes. — Ré~ ponse de M Habasque à diverses questions de M. Chartes Dupin , in-8. Saint-Brieuc, 1828- — Etudes sur la Bretagne, par M. Habasque (Revue de l'Ouest, 1833). — Notions historiques , géographiques, statistiques et agronomiques sur le littoral du départ, des Côtes-dwNord% par Habasque, in-8. Saint-Brieuc, 1835. — Annales de la Société d'Agriculture de Varrond. de Saint-Brieuc ; in-8. Saint-Brieuc, 1828 à 18ô0- — Annuaire dinanais ; iu-18. Dinan , 18ôl à 1834. — Rap port des travaux de la société d'Agriculture , de Commerce et d'Indus* trie de Dinan j iu-8. Dinan, 1828- A. HUGO. Or. souscrit chez DELLOYE , Édileur, place de la Bourse , rue des Filles-S.-Thûmaj, it. Paris. — Imprimerie et Fonderie de Riu-noux et Comp. , rue des Francs-Bourgeois-Saint-Michel, 8. | 570 | 0.513 | 0.201 | Hugo, Jean Abel, count | Hugo, Jean Abel, count [person] | null | null | null | 2 tomes (4°) | French | null | null | null | false |
002502631 | 1833-01-01T00:00:00 | 1833 | The Prose Works of John Milton; with an introductory review by R. Fletcher | Bungay ; London | false | LITERÆ OLIVERII PROTECTORIS. 799 nostra Rep. coortum hoc ineendium, quam si in nos tras cervices expeditæ Suitensium secures illæ (sicuti revera sunt in omnes reformatos) strictique enscs essent. Ut primum itaque a vobis de state rerum vestrarum, et obstinate hostium animo, eertiores facti sumus, adhibitis in concilium viris quibusdam honestissimis, et ecclesiæ aliquot ministris pietate spectatissimis, de subsidio vobis mittendo, quantum quidem rationes nostræ in oræsentia ferre possunt, ea decrevimus, quæ commissa rius noster Pellus vobiscum communicabit. De cætero vestra omnia consilia,. causamque imprimis hanc ves tram justissimam sive pace sive bello tuendam, Deo Opt. Max. sautori commendare non desinimus. laneum, aliamque vestem textilem ac mercimonia plus tribus millibus librarum æstimata imposuissent, maois tro mandasse, ut per fretum Balticum recto cursu Dan tiscum navigaret, utque ad Elsenorum vectigal solveret, eique etiam pecuniam ad earn rem curasse : supradictum tamen magistrum perfidiosd, et contraqu-im ipsi a merca toribus mandatum erat, prætervectum Elsenorum nullo portorio soluto Balticum pernavigasse. Navisque per hanc causam cum toto onere, non sine magno mercato rum damno, publicata atque retenta est. Quorum in gratiam jampridem ad legatum majestatis vestræ, Lon dini tune temporis commorantem, scripsimus; qui, ut ipsi aiunt, pollicitus est, ut primum ad majestatem vestram rediisset, daturum operam, uti ratio mercato rum haberetur. Verum cum is postea aliis in regioni bus majestatis vestræ negotia obiret, et ante discessum ejus et postea frustra se eum adiisc ostendunt: unde procuratorem suum mittere coacti sunt, qui jus suum Hafniæ persequeretur, navemque illam ac bona liberari, sibique reddi, flagitaret : verum exinde nullum se fruc tum percepisse, nisi ut ad damna vetera novas impen sas, et susceptum frustra laborem, adjungerent : cum fisco damnata, et retenta bactenus sint bona, tametsi ex lege Daniæ, quemadmodum ipsi in libello suo de monstrant, magister quidem navis ob suum delictum est ipse puniendus, navisque, non bona proscriptioni sunt obnoxia : eoque gravius accidisse sibi hoc malum existimant, qudd, sicuti nobis perlatum est, vectigal illud, quod Elsenoræ solvere debuisset, est admodum exiguum. Quapropter, cum mercatores nostri nullam proscriptioni causam præbuisse videantur, confessusque ipse magister paulo ante obitum sit, suo soliim delicto illatum hoc mercatoribus detrimentum esse, cumque pater defuneti jam magistri ipse per libellum supplicem majestati vestræ exbibitum, sicuti nos accepimus, cul pam omnem in filium suum contulerit, mercatores absol vent, haud sane potuimus quin navis illius bonorumque retentionem iniquissimam esse arbitraremur; adeoque confidimus, simulatque majestas vestra hac de re certior facta erit, fore ut non modo has ministrorum suorum in jurias improbet, verum etiam ipsos rationem reddere, bonaque ilia suis dominis eorumve procuratoribus quam primum restitui, damnaque inde data sarciri, jubeat. Quod et nos a majestate vestra majorem in modum pe timus, utpote rem usque adeo æquam et rationi consen taneam, ut æquiorem petere aut expectare in causa tam justa nostrorum civium non posse videamur, haud minus æqua vestris subditis, quoties data occasio erit, reddituri. Vestrarum amplitudinum ac dig- Westmonasterio, nitatum studiosissimus, Jan. 1655. Oliverius Prot. Reip. Angliæ, &c. Oliverius Protector Reip. Angliæ, fye. Serenissimo Principi Carolo Gustavo, Dei Gratia Suecorum, Gothorum, Vandalorumque Regi, Magno Principi Finlandia, fye Serenissime Rex ; Cum amicorum inter se mutua omnia, tam adversa quam prospera, atque communia debere esse nemo non intelligat, qudd jucundissimam amicitiæ partem majes tas vestra, gaudium nempe suum impertitum nobis, per suas literas voluerit, non potest id quidem nobis non esse longe gratissimum : quandoquidem et hoc singu laris indicium humanitatis vereque regiæ est, ut nee vivere, ita ne gaudere quidem sibi soli velle nisi amicos quoque et fœderatos eadem, qua se, lætitia affectos esse sentiat. Itaque regi tam præstanti et natum esse filium principem, quem paternæ virtutis atque gloriæ spere mus haeredem, meritd gaudemus, et idem quod regi olim fortissimo, Philippo Macedoni, sive felicitatis sive decoris, domi simul et foris, contigisse gratulamur : Cui eodem tempore et natus Alexander filius, et Illyri corum gens potentissima subacta, memoratur. Nam et Poloniæ regnum vestris armis ab imperio papano, quasi cornu quoddam, avulsum, et cum duce Brandenburgico pax piorum votis omnium exoptata, frendentibus licet adversariis, facta, quin ad ecclesiæ pacem atque fruc tum permagnum sit momentum habitura non dubita mus. Det modd finem Deus tam præclaris initiis dig num ; det modd filium, virtute, pietate, rebusque gestis patn similem: id quod et auguramur sane, et a Deo Opt. Max. tam vestris rebus jam ante propitio, ex ani mo precamur. "estmonasterio, Majestatis vestræ studiosissimus, Feb. 1655. Oliverius Prot. Reip. Angliæ, &c. Serenissimo Principi Joanni Quarto Lusitaniæ, fye Regi. Daniæ Regi. Serenissime Rex ; Serenissime ac potentissime Princeps; Quam pacem et amicitiam cum Anglicana republica majestas vestra, legatione amplissima ac splendidissima jampridem ad nos missa, expetivit, earn a parlamento, quæ turn potestas rebus præfuit, inchoatam, et a nobis summo semper studio exoptatam, Deo imprimis fa vente, proque ea quam accepimus reipublicæ adminis tratione, felicitcr tandem confecimus, ct in perpetuum, Questi sunt per libellum supplicem, suo aliorumque mercatorum Londinensium nomine nobis exhibitum, Joannes Fremannus et Philippus Travesius, hujus reip. cives, se circiter mensem Octobris 1653, cum in navem quandam Sunderburgensem, cui nomen Salvatori, Ni colao Weinshiuks magistro, merces varias, pannum | 857 | 0.6 | 0.144 | Milton, John | Milton, John, 1608-1674 [person] | Westley & Davis | England | England | xliii, 963 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
003592018 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | A Manual of Ancient and Modern History ... Revised, with a chapter on the History of the United States, by C. S. Henry ... Fifth edition ... corrected | New York | false | SYRIA. 33 anguage, and religion, to a hollow dependance. Colonies were also planted beyond the straits of Gibraltar, or, as they were called by the ancients, the Pillars of Hercules. Trade was extended to the British islands and the coasts of the North sea, which must have led to the establishment of colonies and naval stations along the western and northern coasts of Spain. The colonies in northern Africa, Leptis, Carthage, Utica, &c, attained greater splendor than any of the other Phœnician cities, and rivalled Tyre itself in wealth and magnificence. It is exceedingly probable that they had also settlements in western Africa, and that they had even reached the island of Madeira. But to prevent any interfer ence with their lucrative commerce, they designedly cast a veil of mystery over their intercourse with the western regions, of which the Greek poets took advantage to embellish their narratives of fictitious voyages and travels with the most fanciful inventions. It is known that the Phœnicians preceded the Greeks in forming commercial establishments along the coast of Asia Minor and the shores of the Black sea ; but we have no account of the mode in which they were deprived of these possessions by the Greeks. It is probable that the Phœnicians resigned this branch of commerce to attend more closely to their lucrative trade with the western regions. In the eastern seas they had establishments on the Persian and Ara bian gulfs ; but their settlements on the latter were probably not made until David had conquered their commercial rivals, the Edomites, or Idumeans. From that time they paid great attention to their southern trade, and seem to have become close allies of the Egyptians. Section VII. — Phœnician Manufactures and Commerce. The textile fabrics of the Sidonians, and the purple cloths of the Tyrians, were celebrated from the earliest antiquity. The Tyrian purple was not a single color, but was a generic name for all the shades of purple and scarlet. The dye was obtained from a shell-fish found in great abundance on the shores of the Mediterra nean. Vegetable dyes of great beauty and variety were also used ; the dyeing was always performed in the raw materials ; and the Phœ nicians alone understood the art of producing shot colors by using threads of different tints. Glass was very anciently manufactured both at Sidon and Sarepta : tradition, indeed, ascribes the invention of glass to the Phœnicians ; but the Egyptians seem to have a claim at least as good to the discovery. Carvings in wood and ivory, manufactures of jewelry and toys, complete all that has been recorded of the products of Tyrian industry ; and it seems probable that their commerce con sisted more in the interchange of foreign commodities than in the ex port of their own wrought goods. The land-trade of the Phœnicians may be divided into three great branches : the Arabian, which included the Egyptian and that with the Indian seas ; the Babylonian, to which is referred the commerce with central Asia and north India ; and the Armenian, including the overland trade with Scythia and the Caucasian countries. From Yem'en, called Arabia the Happy, the southern division of the 3 | 57 | 0.847 | 0.124 | Taylor, W. C. (William Cooke) | Henry, Caleb Sprague [person] ; Taylor, W. C. (William Cooke), 1800-1849 [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002137545 | 1845-01-01T00:00:00 | 1845 | Le Département des Vosges, statistique, historique, et administrative ... Avec une carte du département dressée par M. Hogard | Nancy | false | AGRICULTURE. 939 Les cultivateurs des terres légères renouvellent leur semence de blé après une période de 5 ou 6 ans ; ils la tirent des terres fortes , et sont par là assurés d'une plus belle récolte que s'ils eussent continué d'employer la semence obtenue de leur culture ou de celle de leurs voisins. D'autre part , les cultivateurs des terres fortes reconnaissent qu'après quelques années , Tavoine dégénère dans ces terres , tandis qu'elle se conserve toujours pure et belle chez les cultivateurs des terres légères ; aussi renouvellent-ils leur semence d'avoine chez ceux-ci. On a considéré cette pratique comme un préjugé , mais sans en faire la preuve suffisante. § 16. PLANTES INDUSTRIELLES Textiles. — Chanvre. Si toutes les autres cultures pouvaient être con duites et soignées comme celle des plantes textiles , l'agriculture serait arrivée chez nous à un degré de progrès fort remarquable , et les terres à une grande fertilité. Mais ces plantes industrielles tiennent peu d'espace dans la culture gé nérale , et parfois elles en tiennent encore trop ; car, comme elles exigent beaucoup d'engrais et n'en rendent pas , c'est toujours au détriment des autres qu'elles s'effectuent. II y aurait certainement plus de profit , par exemple , à bien cultiver le jardin de la ferme qu'à lui épargner les en grais , les travaux et les soins , pour les appliquer à la culture supplé mentaire de quelques ares de chanvre. Les chènevières sont toujours placées, en quelque manière, à la porte des villages , afin que les travaux nombreux quelles exigent puissent se faire économiquement. Cette culture se succède souvent à elle-même sans interruption , sur le mème terrain , pendant une période de 1 0 à 1 2 ans , sans que les derniers produits soient inférieurs aux premiers ; elle reçoit chaque année une fumure abondante , dont en général on fait deux parts , la première est enfouie sous le premier labour, et la seconde est employée en couverture sur le terrain après la semaille. Dans les terrains frais et très-légers des cantons de Bains et de Plom bières , on unit la cendre lessivée à Tengrais ; on attribue à Taddition de cet amendement une grande part de la beauté des récoltes , car avant cet usage , les tiges de chanvre , élancées et de molle consistance , se tenaient difficilement droites : Taction des cendres leur donne une rigidité convenable. | 947 | 0.793 | 0.155 | Lepage, Henri | Charton, Charles, author [person] ; Lepage, Henri [person] ; Hogard, Henri [person] | null | null | null | 2 parts (8°) | French | null | null | null | false |
001700680 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | Essay the First on the Kocch, Bódo, and Dhimál Tribes, in three parts. Copious MS. notes [by the author] | Calcutta | false | VOCABULARY. 52 English. Koeeh. Bodo. LDhimdl. ~A>itfall, Gadh, Hakor, Gadhe. A trap, Dh6rphi, Diirphi, Dhgrphi. Bird-lime, Athd, Atha, A.M. Herdsman's "J Goni bhmns 1 Maishii miisho I -,-.,, ,, „„.-i tt > ,, > , , > JJia pia posnika. ~ craft, J palan, J pushya, J r r „ , ' > Jhank, Hanga, Phalli, Jhak6. Fleece, Poshom, Khomon, Moishii. Breeding, act of, Pushya kam, Poshini hobba, „ Shearing, ditto, „ „ ,, Milking, ditto, Chenka, Srodong, Chepka. Churning, ditto, M6han, „ ,, Milk-pale, Kandia, Khandia, Khandia. Churn, Rahi, „ ,, Shears, Kenchi, Khais, Khainch. Fodder, Chani, Gangsho, ,, Grass, Ghas, Gangsho, Naime. Hay, Khar, Jigap, Senka naime\ Agricultural 1 „, , , . art, / Chasan' Grains, gene- 1 T ,, , . T ,. , . . .,, • , & S Lokhi, Lokhi, Lokhi. rice, j Grasses, ditto, Ghas, Trin, Gangsho, Naim£. Oils, ditto, Tel, Thau, Chiiit.. ,Dyes, ditto, Rong, Rong, Rong. Textile stuffs, 1 c,. ... „,, ., _,,,, ditto, j SutPat> Khundung, Siite. Agricultural 1 T-, ... .. . , ., products, j Kbet«J"«s. Arjun, L&igko. Farming stock, Grihasther saj, „ Cart, small, Gari, Gari, Gari. Waggon, large, Bojhai gari, Carriage, „ Harness, Saj, Jbim, Jing. Saddle, Bridie> " • ;; Sack, Dhiikiir, Chala, ' Chala. Basket, Dhuki, Khada, Pitchfork, Tanra, Thara, Winnow, Kiila, Chongrai, Ra. Flai1' Sickle, Kachi dau, Kachi, Kachi Mattock or 1 „,, .. _,, , . pick-ax, / Khontl. hhonti, Khonta. Spade, K6dal, Kodal, Kodal. Shovel, - B£dha, Beds, Hoe or spud, Dahiiki, Doukbi, Gh6ng6L | 60 | 0.648 | 0.215 | Hodgson, B. H. (Brian Houghton) | Hodgson, B. H. (Brian Houghton), 1800-1894 [person] | null | null | null | null | English | null | null | null | false |
001700680 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | Essay the First on the Kocch, Bódo, and Dhimál Tribes, in three parts. Copious MS. notes [by the author] | Calcutta | false | VOCABULARY. 54 English. Kocch. Bodo. Dhimdl. Interest, Biaz, Bisha, Olehe. Loan, letting, Korojd<m, Dhar la, Dhar rhii. Loan, borrowing, Korojlen, Dhar hot, Dhar pi. Pawn or deposit, Bandhak, Bandha, Bandha. Debit, 1 side of „ Be hanang go, Rhiilika. Credit, J account, „ Imbe hanang go, Pilika. Debt, Koroj, Dhar, Dhar. Payment, Chiik.i, Jopbai, „ Shop-keeper's ] r. , , , craft, P ) Dokam' Retail trade, Paikari, ,, „ A measure, Nap, Chiiyo, Dong. A weight, Toul, Chiiyo, Dong. Dry measure, D6n, „ ,, Wet measure, Kanria, Hachting, Chonghai. Measure of bulk, Don, katta, B6n, k&tha, Don, katha. Ditto of extent, Dighol, Gallou, Rhinka. Land measure, Rassi, ,, „ A span, Takor, Khiijala, Tak6r. A cubit, Hath, Much<_, Khiir dong. A yard, Gaj, Nalam, Bat6ng. A tolah, Tolah, „ „ A chatak, Chatak, ,, „ A seer, Ser, Phol, ,, A maund, Man, Mon, ,, Scales or balance, Tarazii, „ ,, Steelyard, Till, Thouli, Tdl. Manufacturer's "It,,.. craft, / Banal' Textile stuffs 1 „-, . ,,, , TT, „.., or cloths, j Tanterjmis, Daya, H., Saja. Artizan's craft, Karigari, „ „ Implement, tool, Mistrir hathiar, Yagfiju, ,, Mason's craft, Choporbandi, Noomigra, Sa damka. A house, Ghor, N66, Sd. A story, Ground-story, „ „ ,, Mid-story, Atticks, „ „ Foundation, „ ,, M Wall, Bara, Tati, Injiir, Berhem. Roof, Chhfil, Niikiim, Ch_.li. Roof-tree, Mar61, Mandali, Mandal. Supports, Miili, Biiwna, Miidda, M61ing. Door, Diiar, Dwar, Diiar. Window, Khurki, ,, ly Staircase, M6'i, Jakhla, Pahiri. Roomorchamber, Kothari, ,, .. | 62 | 0.734 | 0.192 | Hodgson, B. H. (Brian Houghton) | Hodgson, B. H. (Brian Houghton), 1800-1894 [person] | null | null | null | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | 6 POLICY OF BRITISH WRITERS TOWARDS IRELAND. to reestablish her in her ancient relations with the literature and science of enlightened man. While I feel strongly that this ought to be done, I also feel that I am incompetent to impart to the work I undertake those features of style and diction which would increase its interest, and secure for the nation to which I belong a reasonable share of honor. I feel this thoroughly, and I express it unaffectedly; yet I also mourn the igno rance that prevails in this great country, in relation to Ireland ; and, clumsy though my hand may be, and untutored my pen and tongue, I will avail myself of the opportunity and the means that even J possess, to place before the American public a general digest of Ireland's history, from the beginning of her ages of civilization and government to tbe present time. SECTION II. Policy of British Writers. — Dr. Johnson's Letter. — Discovery of a Key to the Egyptian Inscriptions. — Rosetta Stone. — The Deluge. — Noah. — Settlement of Egypt by the Children of Ham. — Origin of Writing. — Instinct in Insects and Quadrupeds. — Symbolic Writing. — Irish Language constructed on the Sounds of Nature. — Ancient Egyptian Government. — Egyptian Priesthood. — The Pharaohs or Kings of Egypt. — Pyramids.— Brick-making. — Mummies. — Manufactures of Egypt. — Its Architecture. — Metre. — Calendar. — Art and Science. — Libraries. — Histories. — Fathers of History. The majority of British writers have left no effort untried to discredit the early history of Ireland. The laborious records of the ancient Irish historians they have treated as bardic rhapsodies, because their authors claimed for their country a high degree of perfection in government, arts, literature, manufactures, music, civilization, and social refinement. When the knowledge of any art, or law, which moderns value, was attributed to ancient Ireland, the British calumniators seized on the proposition, and held it up to derision, as an absurdity. "Observe," they would say, " the Irish claim the merit of knowing the principles of masonry and building three thousand years ago ; of working in metals, of manufacturing textile fabrics, of understanding mathematics and astronomy, — though we know those various branches of human knowledge were the inventions of modern ages." Arguments of this kind take well with admirers exclusively of modern art and civilization ; | 50 | 0.708 | 0.205 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | 17 SHROUDINGS. MANUFACTURES OF EGYPT. excellence which their woven textile fabrics, whether of linen or cotton, found around those venerable mummies, plainly indicate. The microscope has been applied to the material of those shroudings, to ascertain whether the thread was spun from cotton or from flax ; but the most accurate and scientific observers could not decide, some alleging them to be from a cotton, others from a flaxen fibre. That the art of spinning and weaving, in its advanced stage, was well known to those ancients, is proved, by their exhumed shroudings, beyond all doubt or dispute. Within the pyramidal chambers, castings of the dead, in clay, have been found, which display a high degree of advancement in that art. There have also been found images of the dead, sculptured in stone, laid by the side ofthe deceased. Millions of little glass images of their deities Isis and Osiris are found within every mausoleum ; some of which were colored in the manufacture, and all of which evince the existence of a thorough knowledge of glass-making, a thousand years be fore the period hitherto set down by the learned, as the era of the dis covery of that art. The earthen jars found, in great quantities, amongst the embalmed dead, prove their knowledge of pottery. Specimens ofthe glass and earthen ware, manufactured by the Egyptians four thousand years ago, have been exhibited in Europe and America ; and they equal any thing of the same kind manufactured in the present time. Indeed, the glass specimens surpass the product of the present day. for they were beautifully colored during the process of manufacture — a degree of refinement to which moderns cannot aspire. The knowledge displayed by these remote people, in every branch of science, is truly surprising. They were the inventors of the arch, in architecture, in all its variety, a thousand years, at least, before either Greece or Rome had a social existence. The "Gothic" arch is found in Egyptian monuments which date before the time of Abraham. The pointed arch and the circular arch — the latter used in watercourses — are inventions of the Egyptian age, or probably of ages anterior to the flood. The Egyptians quarried and hewed the hardest granite blocks, some of which were one hundred to one hundred and twenty feet in length, ten feet in width, and eight feet in depth. These were conveyed from the Libyan quarry, hundreds of miles, and raised several hundred feet, to their appointed places in their everlasting piles. The " Doric column," the father of the order of pillars, erroneously attributed to the Greeks, is simply an Egyptian pillar, shaped from the solid block : it is fluted, in concave hollows, from the top to the bottom ; 3 | 61 | 0.801 | 0.151 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | 23 THEIR DOMINION. TYRE. adoration was the sun, will," says Sir William Betham, " appear here after." The principal territory occupied by the Phœnicians, when their power began to swell, was the lands now known as Syria and the Delta, on the south of the Mediterranean Sea, with Sicily, Italy, Spain, and Gaul, on the opposite side. It is certain that the communities of men, which grew up on the borders of the Mediterranean Sea, were direct emanations from this people, or were instructed by them in laws, religion, and arts. It is also admitted by all, that the Phœnicians were a nation contemporary with the Egyptians. The latter occupied the valley of the Nile, covering some ten or twelve hundred miles from its discharging points into the sea, towards its source. The Phœnicians occupied a portion of the Delta, and the neighbor region of Syria. The Egyptians and Phœnicians were distinct, but, as abundantly appears, very friendly nations. The Egyp tians, residing in the interior country, devoted themselves to agriculture, science, and war. The Phœnicians, occupying the sea-shores, devoted themselves to the navigation of the seas, to manufactures, to the dis covery of foreign lands, to the extension of dominion, and to the propa gation of letters, religion, &c. &.c. The celebrated city of Tyre was one of the Phœnician seats of manu facture, and continued, for many ages, the chief seat of manufactures for the whole world. The textile fabrics of that ancient city, and the beau tiful colors which the Phœnician artisans imparted to them, had been, for many ages, the admiration of all other nations. The " Tyrian purple," famous in all history, so infatuated the Roman ladies, that large fortunes were expended in decorating a single family ; and so far did this infatu ation extend, that the emperors issued proclamations which forbade any but the imperial family to assume the precious color in their dress. The city of Tyre, which ever excited the jealousy of both Rome and Greece, was at length destroyed by the ruthless arms of Alexander the Great, about three hundred and thirty years before Christ. We are informed, in holy writ, that " Hiram, king of Tyre, sent his servants to congratulate Solomon on his being made king of Israel. Solomon then sent to Hiram to announce his intention of building a temple to the God of Israel, and requesting his assistance to cut the timber, and quarry tbe stones. Great stones were quarried, hewn, and squared, by the workmen of Hiram, and the temple was erected by Phœnician workmen, for which Solomon bound himself to pay Hiram, every year, twenty thousand measures of wheat, and as many of oil, together with twenty cities, called to this day '•' of the land of Cabul." | 67 | 0.807 | 0.135 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | ANCIENT IRISH AND EGYPTIANS THE SAME FAMILY. 91 From the specimens of the ancient Egyptian and Irish writing, which I have given in previous pages, (see page 83,) it will easily be seen that the Irish language was that spoken and written in the valley of the Nile, four thousand years ago ; and the inference flowing from that iden- tity is, that the first settlers in Ireland spoke and wrote the language of the Pharaohs, and, as I shall prove in another place, practised the same customs, religious, political, and social ; wore the same dresses, manufactured the same textile fabrics, and were learned in the same arts and sciences. On this head the learned English antiquarian, Colonel Vallancey, has the following: "If they [the Irish] had not had an inter- course, in former days, with the Egyptians, Persians, and Phœnicians, how is it possible so many idioms of speech, so many technical terms, in the arts of those ages, could have been introduced into the old Irish dialect ? — terms not to be met with in the dialect of any other northern or western nation. What people, the Egyptians and Irish excepted, named the harp, or music, ouini I — Irish aine, that is, oirfideadh, that is, music, a musical instrument : orphideadh expresses the action of playing. What people in the world, the Orientalists and the Irish excepted, called the copy of a book the son of a book, and echo the daughter of a voice 1 With what northern nation, the Irish excepted, can the Oriental names of the tools and implements of the stone-cutter, the carpenter, the ship- builder, the weaver, be found ? And with what people, the old Irish and Egyptians excepted, does the word ogham signify a book, and the name of Hercules or Mercury ? The Egyptian name of ermes lies concealed in the Irish compound ed-air mes ; that is, the root or art of invention. And in what part of the globe, Egypt, Ireland, and Scotland, excepted, were priests, or holy persons, denominated culdes, or caldes 1 in the Cop- tic, (Egyptian,) kaldes sanctitus 1 Again, the Coptic csonab sacerdos is the Irish eascab, a bishop. To these examples we may add six hun- dred others, of which in their proper place. But the most striking instance of the intercourse of the Hiberno-Scythians with Egyptians and Phœnicians is the prefixes to surnames, O, Ua, and Mac ; the former denoting the eldest of the family, the second being a general name for the son — O' Stirps, familia ; hence O Siris. Thus the Irish use either O or Ua; as, Ua Concobhar ; in English, O'Connor. Among what people, the Egyptians and Irish excepted, did seach nab signify the writing priest ? — he who was skilled in the sacred writing, Sic." Vallancey thus continues, in a most interesting paper on the language, manners, and customs, of the ancient Irish, to discuss their identity with the Egyptians and Phœnicians, which I may refer to again in tbe prog ress of this work. | 135 | 0.771 | 0.167 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | 550 MANUFACTURES OF IRELAND. several causeys, and repaired and made many roads ; he threw two spacious bridges across the River Shannon, one at Athlone, the other at Achochtba ; he also established a new mint, and had money coined at Cluon Macknoise, — repaired the cathedral of Tuam, founded there a great priory ; he punished crime severely ; even his own son was loaded with irons for twelve months for some unstated crime ; he founded and endowed several universities throughout Ireland ; and left great wealth, by bis will, to the churches and colleges. About this time also were held several ecclesiastical synods in Ireland ; the proceedings of which are more interesting to the priest hood than to the general reader, as they related to mere matters of discipline ; they will be found detailed at copious length in Lanuigan, Carew, or Gahan's Ecclesiastical Histories. It may be proper here to take a glance at the manufacturing powers of Ireland and Europe about this period. I have already shown that the people of Ireland manufactured the materials furnished by their mines, forests, flocks, and herds, into every necessary for their own use. I have adduced the holding of several fairs throughout Ireland, at which woollens, serges, flannels, and other textile fabrics, were brought forward for sale. I have shown the immense quantities of iron which were paid as revenue to their various kings : their gold and silver articles of ornament and use were of the highest finish, and display the proficiency of the workmen even to this day. We have heard of the beautiful colors imparted to their manufactures by the use of the marine insect called buccani purpura. This was known in Ireland five hundred years before the Christian era. We have seen that they manufactured silk for their chieftains' dresses, which are frequently described by the bards with remarkable precision. Amongst the articles of dress is noted the silken shirt. In looking back upon those ages, if we see more attention given to the polite arts than to trade and manufactures, we must attribute this bias in the public mind to the universal spirit of chivalry which per vaded, in those times, every nation of Europe. It was then deemed mean to trade or traffic in articles of manufacture ; such was then the prevalent feeling of Europe. The celebrated De Witt, of Holland, writing of those ages, says, " Before this period, [the tenth century,] there were no merchants in all Europe, excepting a few in the republics of Italy, who traded with the Indian caravans of the Levant ; or possibly there might have been found some merchants elsewhere, though but in few places, that carried | 600 | 0.797 | 0.149 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE. 1435 MANUFACTURES OF IRELAND. Woollen Manufacture. — I have shown, in numberless places, through these lectures, that Ireland was a manufacturing country in the long course of ages during which she enjoyed a national independence. It is not easy to believe that a country now so low could once have been the exporter of woollen cloth and linen to all tbe nations of Europe. But the fact is attested by the most credible historians. Italy, Germany, France, England, and Scotland, were then purchasers of Irish serge, flannel, cloth, linen, Stc. Anderson, in his History of Commerce, the most authentic work of its kind extant, states that so celebrated was' the Irish serge, (a thin fabric resembling the French mousseline de laine, which is now manufactured principally of Irish wool,) that the Ital ians preferred it to any other textile fabrication whatever, and one of their eminent poets, Fazio Delli Uberti, the date of whose work is 1357, extols it in the following stanza : — " Similmente passamo en Irlanda, La quel fra noi e. degna di fama, Par le nobile saie che ci manda." Cap. 24, lib. 4. Passing likewise to Ireland, So connected with us, and so deserving of fame, By the noble cloth they send us. Upon which the late Earl of Charlemont remarked, in his History of the Woollen Manufacture of Ireland, "The superiority ofthe fabric and the extent ofthe manufacture must have been invariably acknowledged and extensively known, to have entitled the country to the character of degna difama, and the manufacture to the epithet of nobile." Long before the English landed a hostile band upon the shores of Ireland, they were in the constant practice of buying the woollen cloth of Ireland, and using it as their dress. Maddox* tells us that in the reign of Henry the Third, about 1220, a considerable export of Irish woollen cloth to England had existed for many years. In the time of Edward the Third, 1327, large quantities of Irish cloths were imported into England, and it was specially provided by the English parliament that it should be received free of duty. Whitelaw, in his History of Dublin, p. 980, says, " In the year 1482, not only serges, but other kinds of woollens, and the very fashion of the country, were held in such * History ofthe Exchequer, vol. i. p. 550. | 1,489 | 0.787 | 0.15 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003592040 | 1849-01-01T00:00:00 | 1849 | The World as it is. A new and comprehensive system of Modern Geography, physical, political and commercial [Vol. 1 and 2 by W. C. Taylor and C. Mackay; vol. 3 by W. C. Stafford.] | London | false | 44 SECTION III. EASTERN MARITIME AND INLAND COUNTIES ESSEX, SUFFOLK, NORFOLK, CAMBRIDGESHIRE, HUNTINGDONSHIRE, HERTFORDSHIRE, BEDFORDSHIRE, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, OXFORDSHIRE, AND BERKSHIRE. are excellent pasture-grounds ; but to the north and north-west the land is chiefly used for tillage. The principal towns are Ipswich, anciently more impor tant than it is now, since Harwich was regarded as a port dependent on it ; Bury St. Edmunds, where the English barons formed the league against King John, which led to the concession of Magna Charta ; and Sudbury, which has gained no very enviable notoriety in the history of corrupt elections. In addition to the Stour, which divides it from Essex, the Waveney and Little Ouse which form its northern limits, and the Larke which bounds it on the north west, Suffolk possesses the rivers Dehben, Aide, Blythe, Gipping, and Orwell. Essex is bounded on the east by the sea, on the south by the Thames, on the west by Middlesex and Hertfordshire, and on the north by Cambridgeshire and Suffolk. From east to west it extends more than 60 miles, and from north to south about 30. It is divided into 20 hundreds, and contains 25 towns, few of which have risen into any great importance. Forming part of the great eastern level of England, which, as we have said in a former chapter, may be regarded as a continuation of the European plain, the greater part of the county is low and flat, sinking into salt marshes along the river Thames, and presenting very feeble resistance to the action of the sea along its eastern coast. The encroachments of the German Ocean have cut up this coast into a series of islands and peninsulas, very irregular and variable ; its only port of importance is Harwich, situated on a tongue of land that pro jects into the sea, having the estuary of the Stour and Orwell on the north. Harwich was long the chief port of embarkation for Holland and Germany, hut since the great extension of steam navigation, the greater part of this traffic has been removed to London. The other chief towns are Colchester, Chelmsford, and Maldon, the last of which may he ranked as a sea-port, though vessels of heavy burden cannot approach the town. Towards the north-west of Essex the county rises, and presents a continued inequality of surface, from which several streams flow down to the sea. Besides the Thames, dividing it from Kent ; the Lea, from Middlesex ; the Stour, from Suffolk ; and the Stort, from Hertfordshire, this county possesses the rivers Chelmer, Blackwater, Coin, Crouch, and Roding. Norfolk is bounded on the north and east hy the German Ocean ; on the west by Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and the Wash ; and on the south by Suffolk. It extends about 59 mbes from east to west, and 38 miles from north to south, containing more than a mibion of acres ; and is divided into 33 hundreds, which include one city, (Norwich,) and 34 towns, the chief of which are Yarmouth, Thet ford, Lynn Regis, Castle Rising, Walsingham, and Cromer. The city of Norwich is celebrated for its manufac tures of textile fabrics, which were introduced by the Flemings about the middle of the sixteenth century. It contains several fine public buildings, exclusive of its venerable cathedral, which was founded at the close of the eleventh century ; and its buildings are so interspersed with gardens, that it has been not inaptly described as a city in an orchard. Yarmouth is a port of very extensive commerce, though the sand-hanks in its roads render the approach dan gerous to shipping. Thetford was once the capital of the kingdom of the East Angles, hut was deprived of its importance at an early period hy the cruel ravages of the Danes. Lynn has a deep harbour, hut the anchorage is had ; the buildings of the town exhibit many curious specimens of architectural antiquity. Castle Rising offers the melancholy spectacle of a choked harbour, a disused market and a ruined castle. Walsingham was the scene of many Suffolk has the Stour, separating it from Essex on the south, the German Ocean on the east, Norfolk on the north, and Cambridgeshire on the west. Its extent is 47 miles in extreme length, by 27 in breadth, and its superficial area is estimated at 800,000 acres. It is divided into 21 hundreds, and contains 28 market towns. The inland part of the county, called High Suffolk, or the Woodlands, and the districts adjoining Cambridgeshire and Essex, | 86 | 0.726 | 0.158 | Taylor, William Cooke | Taylor, William Cooke [person] ; Stafford, Wm. C. (William C.), 1793- [person] | null | England | England | 3 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
003592040 | 1849-01-01T00:00:00 | 1849 | The World as it is. A new and comprehensive system of Modern Geography, physical, political and commercial [Vol. 1 and 2 by W. C. Taylor and C. Mackay; vol. 3 by W. C. Stafford.] | London | false | MODERN GEOGRAPHY 70 St. Andrew's, anciently the metropolitan see of Scotland, contains some fine remains of antiquity, and is the seat of a smab university. have long attracted the attention of men of science. The dislocations of the strata render the mountains of this island singularly mid and rugged. Its coast is as irregular as its surface, but the bays by which it is indented, particularly Lamlash, Brodick, and Ranza, afford safe anchorage for shipping in all weathers. Dunfermline was the birth-place of Charles I., and the burial-place of tbe ancient kings of Scotland. It has long been celebrated for the excebence of its textile fabrics — particularly table-linen. Aberdeen, on the hanks of the Don, consists of two distinct towns — the old and the new. Old Aberdeen is chiefly remarkable for its university called King's Cobege, but this is eclipsed by Mares chall College in the new town, which has long been one of the most eminent bterary institutions in Scotland. New Aberdeen is a large seaport, with a good harbour, and enjoys very extensive commerce. We may notice, among its exports, several thousand tons of granite, for paving the streets of London. On the wrest side of the peninsula of Cantire, is another group, of which the island Islay and Jura may be regarded as the nucleus. In shape, Islay resembles a heart, having the point towards the north, the distance from which to the southern extremity is about 30 miles. Jura is bteraby a mountain rising from the depths of the sea, about 20 mbes in length, and 3 in breadth. Some of the peaks, called the Paps of Jura, rise more than 2,400 feet above the level of the sea, and the views from their summits are singularly grand and extensive. Inverness, the capital of the Higldands, is the only town of considerable importance in the northern division of Scotland. Three mbes east of it is Cul loden Moor, where the forces of the young Pretender were decisively routed by the Duke of Cumberland, in 1746, and the pretensions of the Stuarts to the British crown finally destroyed. The small island of Scurba is divided from Jura by a narrow strait, in which is situated — " Corryvrechin's whirlpool rude." It is supposed to have derived its name from a Danish prince who was drowned there, and is thus described by an eminent writer. The seas to the west and north of Scotland are studded with numerous islands; many of which, rising abruptly from the ocean, are rugged in their aspect and singular in thefr shape, being deeply indented by arms of the sea, and separated from each other by narrow channels, through which the tide rushes with great force and rapidity. Some of them are large, others smab and uninhabited, while a great proportion of them are merely barren rocks, which are covered at high water. They are divided into three groups — the Hebrides, the Orkneys, and the Shetlands — and of each we shab give a brief description. " Soon after the flood-tide has entered the sound, the sea at this place is violently agitated. It boils, foams, and passes away in successive whirls. The commotion increases till near the fourth hour of flood, when it is most impetuous. The waves are tossed with a great noise, that may be heard 12 miles distant. But, from the middle of the fifth to the sixth hour of flood, and in neap-tides, from the fourth to the sixth hour, the commotion gradually abates, until at length it totally subsides ; and at the approach of the lowest ebb, the same tranquilhty is restored as takes place at high water." North of this hes a cluster of islands, of which Mull is the largest. It is divided from Argyleshire, of which it forms a part, by a narrow strait, and is of a very irregular shape, being about 24 miles from north to south, and varying from 13 to 30, from east to west. Tobermory Bay, in the northern part of the Sound of Mull, is the most frequented harbour in the Hebrides. THE HEBRIDES. The Hebrides, frequently cabed the Western Isles, from thefr position with regard to the rest of the country, are situated between 56° 30', and 58° 28' of north latitude, and between 4° 52' and 7° 40' of west longitude. They are about 200 in number, but less than 90 are inhabited. Even in these, the population is for the most part thinly scattered, for the general aspect of the country is rugged and barren, as they chiefly consist of hbls, vabeys, lakes, and glens. Of the islands near Mull, Iona and Staffa are the most celebrated. Iona or Icolmkhl (that is, the ceb of Columha), is a small island situated near the western promontory of Mull. Its architectural remains have acquired celebrity from thefr having been the shelter for learning and religion in the dark ages of barbarism. The enterprising missionaries Bute and Arran, situated in the great inlet between the peninsula of Cantire and Ayrshire, form a county of themselves. Arran is remarkable for the great irregularities of its geological structure, which | 114 | 0.739 | 0.149 | Taylor, William Cooke | Taylor, William Cooke [person] ; Stafford, Wm. C. (William C.), 1793- [person] | null | England | England | 3 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | IV CONTENTS. PAGE 52 branches of business in 1831 and 1841 — Division of employments iu Ireland, 1841 — Domestic servants in United Kingdom — Employment of adult males in United Kingdom in 1841 — Employment in textile manufactures— In factories — In mines — In manufacture of metals — Occupations of people in France — Classification of Land-owners — Division of the soil ......•■ Chapter IV. PAUPERISM. Origin and progress of Poor Laws— Act 43rd Elizabeth— Amount expended at various periods for relief of poor— Injurious tendency of the system— Means em- ployed for its amendment— Sums expended for poor in England and Wales in each year of the present century— Proportion of payments to population at each decen- nary enumeration— Results of Law of 1834 -Poor-law of Ireland — Of Scotland — Methods allowed in various countries for relieving the poor— In Norway — In Sweden — In Denmark— In Mecklenburgh— In Prussia— In Wiirtemburg— In Ba- _ varia— In the Canton of Berne— In France— In Holland— In Belgium— Labourers' earnings in England, &c. .....••••• 84 Chapter V. EMIGRATION. Circumstances under which emigration may be desirable— Habit of non-interference on the part of Government — Private associations for promoting emigration — Settlement in South Africa — Number of emigrants from this kingdom, 1820-1844 — Arrivals of emigrants at Quebec and New York, 1829-1843 — Distribution of Emigrants — Transportation of criminals to New South Wales — Suggestion for their employment in British America — Number of convicts transported, 1825-1841 — Convict establishment in the Bermudas 124 SECTION II.— PRODUCTION. Chapter I. AGRICULTURE. Impossibility of importing any large proportion of food for the population— Import- ations of wheat, 1 801 to 1 844 — Comparative smallness of its amount — Numbers fed with wheat of Home and of Foreign growth— Increased productive power of Great Britain— Means whereby this increase has been effected — Deficiency of statistical information connected with agriculture in England — Improvements in Scotland Inclosure Bills aud average prices of wheat since 1760 — Corn Law of 1815 Con- flicting testimony as to agricultural distress given to the Committee in 1833— Increased rents since 1790 — Adaptation of the steam-engine to the draining of fens— Effect upon agriculturists of the restoration of a metallic currency— Land | 10 | 0.616 | 0.195 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | [sec. I. PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 52 CHAPTER III. OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. Change in relative proportions of Agriculturists, Traders, &c, in England, Wales, Scotland, and Great Britain— Employment of Adult Males in the United Kingdom in 1831 — Occupations of Population of Great Britain 1841— Proportions in each County of England, 1811, 1821, 1831, and 1841— Numerical Order of Counties relatively to each other at different periods— Division of Agricultural Population— Occupiers— Labourers —Great Britain and Ireland— Proportions employed in 1831 and 1841 in raising food — Advantage of knowing the proportions into which Population is divided— Failure of attempts to ascertain this in the earlier enumerations — Results of the attempt in 1841— Excise Licenses granted for exercising certain branches of business in 1831 and 1841 —Division of Employments in Ireland, 1841— Domestic Servants in United Kingdom — Employment of Adult Males in United Kingdom in 1841— Employment in Textile Manufactures — In Factories — In Mines — In manufacture of Metals— Occupations of people in France — Classification of Land-owners — Division ofthe Soil. A change has for some time been going forward in regard to the rela tive proportions of the inhabitants of this country who are employed in agricultural pursuits, or in trade, manufactures, &c. The following table will show the variations of this kind, as exhibited in Great Britain by the three decennary enumerations preceding that of 1841 :— Comparative Statement of the Numbers and Occupations of Families in England, Hales, and Scotland, in the Years 1811, 1821, and 1831, according to the Population Returns of those Years respectively ; showing also the Proportions of each Class in Centesimal Parts. Centesimal Parts. At the end of May in each Y'ear. Total Families. Employed in Agri- culture. Employed in Trade, Manufactures, &c. Allother Families. < P — 3 o H England < Wales . | Scotland \ Great I Britain j 1811 1821 1831 1811 1821 1831 1811 1821 1831 1811 1821 1831 2,012,391 2,346,717 2,745,336 129,756 146,706 166,538 402,068 447,960 502,301 2,544,215 2,941,383 3,414,175 697,353 773,732 761,348 72,846 74,225 73,195 125,799 130,699 126,591 895,998 978,656 961,134 923,588 1,118,295 1,182,912 36,044 41,680 44,702 169,417 190,264 207,259 1,129,049 1,350,239 1,434,873 391,450 454,690 801,076 20,866 30,801 48,641 106,552 126,997 168,451 518,868 612,488 1,018,168 34-7 33- 27-7 i56-2 50-6 43-9 31-3 29-2 25-2 35-2 33-2 28-2 45-9 47-6 43-1 27-7 28-5 26-9 42-1 42-5 41-3 44-4 45-9 42-0 19-4 19-4 29-2 16-1 20-9 29-2 26-6 28-3 33-5 20-4 20-9 29-8 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ! 100 i 100 : 100 I 100 ! 100 | 82 | 0.654 | 0.195 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | [sec. i. 74 PROGRESS OF THE NATION. Of greater importance as respects the result of their labour, and nearly equal to domestic servants numerically, are persons engaged in the various branches of our textile manufactures. From the returns of 1841, a summary of which is here given, we find that their number in the United Kingdom was then 1,465,485, or 54 in each 1000 of the entire population. Great Britain. Ireland. We are without the means of comparing these numbers with those of former years, but it will enable us to form an adequate judgment con cerning the progress of those branches of industry if we examine the following table, which particularises the number of factories or mills, and the amount of mechanical power and human labour employed therein in each of the great branches of textile manufacture in the several divisions of the kingdom, as ascertained by the Inspectors of Factories in 1835 and 1839. MALES. FEMALES. Under 20 Years. TOTAL. 20 Years and upwards. Under 20 Years. 20 Years and upwards. Cotton Hose Lace Wool and Worsted Silk Flax and Linen 138,112 32,870 7,013 94,764 31,924 39,438 59,171 5,005 1,307 23,576 9,293 10,908 104,470 10,140 19,785 29,073 26,781 20,821 75,909 2,940 7,242 19,883 15,775 14,046 377,662 50,955 35,347 167,296 83,773 85,213 800,246 Total .... 344,121 109,260 211,070 135,795 Of the above — In England and Wales, and) Isles in the British Seas j In Scotland .... 265,609 84,202 162,207 106,490 618,508 78,512 25,058 48,863 29,305 181,738 Total .... 211,070 135,795 800,246 344,121 109,260 MALES. FEM. .LES. TOTAL. 15 Years and upwards. Under 15 Years. 15 Years and upwards. Under 15 Years. Cotton .... Lace .... Wool and Worsted Silk Flax and Linen Fabric not specified 4,224 43 4 220 446 24,008 80,347 276 1 47 17 800 4,174 1,725 519 70,754 301 107,957 331,369 190 92 2,725 6 5,844 25,154 6,415 655 77,746 770 138,609 441,044 Total . 113,288 5,315 512,625 34,011 I 665,239 | 104 | 0.684 | 0.186 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | [sec. II. 236 PROGRESS OF THE NATION. From these figures it appears, that the number of persons employed for each mechanical horse-power at each period, was : — 1815 1839 5| . . 4| Q nearly. 3\ nearly. 5f . . 4j In Cotton Factories „ Woollen „ „ Flax „ Silk isj . . m The larger proportion in the silk mills might be expected, from the greater number of young persons employed therein. The progress of our textile manufactures during the period of four years will be apparent from the following statement of the increase or decrease in 1839, as compared with 1835, of the number of factories at work or empty, and of the number of persons employed therein, in each division of the United Kingdom : — Engl: ind. Wal les. Scoti id. Irelai id. United Ki ingdom. Ine. Dec. Ine. Dec. Ine. Dec. Ine. Dec. Ine. Dec. Mills at work- Wool . . Cotton . . Silk . . . Flax. . . Mills empty — Wool . . Cotton . Silk . . . Flax . . 343 526 32 17 65 ■ 22 33 13 1 15 5 4 1 425 555 30 45 40 46 11 5 6 7 1 63 53 2 1 23 12 7 4 Persons Em- ployed. Wool, &c— Under 13 yrs. 13 to 18 „ Above 18 „ Total . . 74 312 265 651 478 91 49 152 292 2,64' 11,573 3,808 13,232 2,149 1,136 913 1,571 12,972 4,834 15,162 Cotton — Under 13 yrs. 13 to 18 „ Above 18 „ Total . . 27,028 22,268 36,085 13,211 41 11 171 141 3,811 1,504 2,481 2,834 942 269 826 385 31,822 23,870 39,251 16,44 Silk- Under 13 yrs. 13 to 18 „ Above 18 „ Total . . 2,255 1,664 3,608 311 50 69 77 42 2 25 | 22 49 2,280 1,711 3,636 35! Flax— Under 13 yrs. 13 to 18 „ Above 18 „ Total . . 1,131 890 380 1,641 3,180 2,880 4,488 1,572 2,803 2,769 5,336 236 I " 7,114 6,539 10,204 3.44! I -- | 266 | 0.712 | 0.21 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | ANALYTICAL INDEX. 837 Shipping, ship-building, 796. Fisheries, value and excellence of harbours ; Hali- fax, 796, 797. Live stock; number of acres in crop, 797. Nova Scotia.— Exhibits a remarkable in- stance of the non-existence of crime con- sequent on prevalence of education, 695 696. Parkhurst Juvenile Prison, mental condi- tion of the boys confined there, 703, 704. Pauperism., 84-123.— (See Poor Laws.) Peace. — Great accumulation of capital since the peace, 604. Peas, quantities imported into England from Ireland, 346. Peel, Sir Robert, his bills for abolishing capital punishment, 649. Bills on crimi- nal laws, 656. Oatmeal, quantity imported from Ireland, 346. Oats, quantity imported from Ireland, 346. Occupation, gainful, small proportion of population not engaged in, 530, 531. Occupations.— Number of excise licences issued to various manufacturers and dealers in 1831 and in 1841, 66, 70. Great advantage of classifying popu- lation as to employments, 62. Remarks on this classification, 62-66. Number employed in manual labour and other- wise, 64, 65. Wisdom of his declaration that colonies should be treated as integral parts of the kingdom, 733. Value of real property assumed for assessment to his income tax, 615. Petition to Parliament of London merchants, in 1820, against commercial restrictions, 390-393. Pigs, number imported into England from Ireland, 345. Pimento, quantities imported from West Indies, 808. Pitt, Mr., his financial system introduced in Comparative table of the numbers employed in agriculture and trades, 52- 54. 1797, 475. Table of occupations of the population in 1841, 56, 57. Statement of the proportions in regard to occupations into which the population of each county of England is divided, showing the variations which each has undergone from 1811 to 1841, 58, 59. Specification of occupations in Ireland in 1841, 67, 68. Place, Mr., his evidence before a parlia- mentary committee on improvement in manners of the populace, 683-685. Plate, silver and gold, articles of, used by a much more numerous class during the last 25 years; since 1815 silver forks commonly used at tavern tables instead of those of steel, 543. Remarks on the decreased quantity of plate used, 1830- 1837, compared with the period of 1807- 1814, 543, 544. Improvements in manu- facture of plated articles has diminished the demand for those subject to the plate duty, 545. Table of quantities on which duty was paid, on which drawback was allowed, and which was retained for home use, from 1801 to 1846, 545, 546. In- creased quantity of plate from 1836 to 1845, especially of gold, 546. Poor. — Amount of assessments for poor from 1812 to 1844, 527. Classification of occupations in 1841 compared with 1831, 69, 70. Remarks on the occupations of the people of Ireland, 72. Statement of the numbers occupied in textile manufactures ; in factories ; in mines; in manufactures of metals, 74-79. Classification of population of France as to employments, 81-83. Omnibuses, great and constantly increasing number of, in the thoroughfares of London, 320. Ordnance expenditure. — (See War.) Origin and progress of poor laws, 84. Act 27 Henry VIII. quoted, 84. Act 43 Elizabeth originated compulsory system of provision, 85. Amounts expended in successive years for relief of poor, 86. Evils of the system, 87. Board of Com- missioners appointed, 87. Amendment Act passed, 87. Table of sums expended for poor each year from 1801 to 1844, compared with population and price of wheat, 87, 88. Proportion of payments at each decennial census, 1801-1841, ac- cording to the population, 89. Amount expended in each couuty for relief of the poor in each of the years 1801,1811,1821, 1831, and 1841, and also the average expenditure per head, 94, 95. Poor laws in Ireland, 96-98. Amount expended for relief of poor, 1840-1844, 98. Poor laws, Scotland, 98, 99. Poor laws in various Paper. — Number of licences taken out by manufacturers, 1801-1845, 577. Increase of consumption on reduction of duty in 1836, 576. English paper supplied to Scotland and Ireland ; quantity charged with duty, with amount of revenue produced, from 1803 to 1841. Duty on paper first imposed in 1711 ; its tendency to retard the progress of knowledge, 576. Prices from 1801-1843. Increased consumption for almanacs on repeal of stamp duty thereon, 577, 578. Paris. — The octroi, or town duty, on all articles of provision, imposed at the bar- riers, furnishes more exact means of esti- mating amount of consumption in Paris than in London, 588. | 867 | 0.684 | 0.167 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | ANALYTICAL INDEX. 843 Sugar. — Great and palpable error involved in the custom-house statements of quanti- ties retained for home consumption, 550. Table exhibiting, for 1801. 1811, 1821, the quantity consumed in Great Britain and Ireland, compared with the popula- tion, 551. Sugar, an article of very general consumption, very suitable for indirect taxation, to supply revenue, 551. Quantities exported from Mauritius, 1820-1842; quantities imported into the United Kingdom from Mauritius, 762. Duty on sugar too high ; great reduc- tion of it would increase consumption and revenue, 551, 552. Timber, quantity used exhibits comparative social progress and industry ; quantities used iu 1801-1845, colonial and foreign, 587. The monopoly of, one of the chief obstacles to extension of European com- merce, 380. Remarks on the timber trade, showing the disadvantage of pre- sent restrictions, 580-583. An article of the first necessity ; its importation should be as free as possible, 381. A full dis- cussion of the subject in No. 4 of the ' British and Foreign Quarterly Review,' (note), 383. Tin, no means for ascertaining quantity ex- ported or retained for home use, 587. Tobacco, 574-576. — Relative amount of consumption decreased, owing to increase of duty, 574. Smoking increased in England ; decreased in Ireland, 574. Duty three times greater now than in 1801 ; quantity consumed in Great Britain, 1801-1841 ; amount of duty, 574, 575. In Ireland, 575. Excessive duty on to- bacco encourages smuggling, 575. May be grown with advantage in Australia, 770. Retaliatory tariff adopted by the American congress with respect to the European high duties on tobacco, 575, Differential duty on sugar extremely burdensome and impolitic ; extravagantly great ; acts as prohibition to consumption ; occasions extensive loss to the revenue ; desirable to abolish it altogether, 557, 558. Tabular exhibition of enormous loss to the revenue through operation of pro- hibitory differential duty, 558. Amount of importations from West Indies in 1831, compared with 1840, 556. Fallacy of the argument that high price of sugar is necessary to the emancipated negro population ofthe West Indies, 556, 557. Quantities imported from West Indies, 1822-1844, 808 ; from Antigua, 812. Sumner, Dr., Bishop of Chester, cited on the education ofthe poor, 694. Sunday-schools, their first existence owing chiefly to Mr. Raikes, 697. Swan River.— (See Colonies, Settlement of Western Australia.) Sweden. — Amount of tonnage employed in import and export trade, 417. Switzerland has no custom-house; has free trade in its fullest extent, 247. Has de- 576. Tooke, Mr., his opinion that prices are not affected by abundance or scarcity of cir- culating money, 440. His work on ' The History of Prices' referred to, (note), 597. Trade and manufactures, proportion of population engaged in, 530, 531. Comparative table of numbers em- ployed in trade, agriculture, &c, 52-54. Necessity for adopting more liberal system of, 425. With colonies and dependencies, 813- 816. — (See Colonies, Dependencies.) Progress of, in foreign countries, 41 1- clined joining the Prussian Commercial League, 247. Sykes, Colonel, his estimates of annual ex- penses of servants, 540; of carriages, 541. 419. Progress of, in United States of Ame- rica, 418, 419. Coasting, no records of, earlier than 1824, 342. Tonnage of coasting vessels, 1824-1845, 342. Affected by importa- tions of foreign grain, 343. Trade between Great Britain and Ire- Tavistock, parish registers of the borough of, 35, 36. Population of, 1801, 1811, 1821, 1831, and 1841, 35. Taxes. — (See Finance, Produce of Taxes.) Indirect preferred to direct, by govern- land, imports into Ireland, exports there- from, 1801-1825, 344. Has greatly in- creased, 344, 345. Tables of imports into England, 345, 346. Table of shipping and tonnage, 347. Includes trade with Ireland subsequent ments, 476. Taxation, effects of, especially exhibited in the fluctuations of the coffee trade, 558, 559. Tea, amount of consumption of, indicating condition of working classes, 562. Consumption and revenue would be increased by bold reduction of duty on to 1825, 344. Trade, Free. — (See Commerce.) — Foreign trade of England would long ago have been greater than it is, if left to its own free course, 353. Increase of population demands the greatest possible facilities to commerce for supply of food, 353-355. tea, 563. . . . , . . Consumption of, diminished by im- position of high duties, 563. Textile fabrics, numbers of the population employed in the manufacture of, 74. | 873 | 0.671 | 0.173 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
000811460 | 1849-01-01T00:00:00 | 1849 | The Pictorial History of England (to the death of George III) ... By G. L. Craik and Charles MacFarlane, assisted by other contributors [Edited by G. L. Craik.] (Standard edition.) | London | false | HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF GEORGE III. [Book I. 598 from the woollen manufacture, in which it had been in use many years before it was applied to the production of cotton cloth.* Strutt's improve ment on the stocking-frame, which was invented a few years before the accession of George III., led to the introduction of several new articles of ma nufacture. His patent was twice contested, by the hosiers of Derby and of Nottingham, but unsuccess fully. The superior quality of the water-twist yarn was of great importance in the stocking ma nufacture, in which it soon superseded that made by hand. The application of the stocking- frame to the production of lace was first tried about the year 1777. It would be impossible, without going much more fully into detail than our limits will allow, to trace satisfactorily the progress of the textile ma nufactures of this country in the early part of the reign of George III. Although the manufactures of wool, linen, and silk were all increasing, the rapid strides made in that of cotton threw them com paratively into the shade. At the commencement of the reign, in giving an account of the quantity and value of the linen stamped for sale in Scotland from 1740 to 1760, Macpherson observes that the linen made in private families for domestic use in some shires was probably equal to one-half of what was made for sale; but that all the linen made in the whole kingdom of Scotland was much inferior in value to the woollen cloth manufactured in the West Riding of Yorkshire only.t In the year 1760 the linen stamped for sale in Scotland was 11,747,728 yards, valued at 523,153/.; the produce having risen in twenty years from 4,609,672 yards, which was the quantity stamped in 1740. In 1784 the quantity stamped was 19,138,593 yards, valued at 932,617/4 Writing under the date 1760, Macpherson says, "Some manufactures of a more advantageous nature were now beginning to arise in Scotland, especially in the towns and villages within the influence of the spirited and commercial city of Glasgow, among which Paisley was the soonest distinguished for the industry and ingenuity of its manufacturers. Ben gals (imitations of striped muslins), handkerchiefs, lawns, and threads, had been made in Paisley for a considerable time before the year 1759, when silk gauzes were first made there. As soon as they appeared in London, some gentlemen there resolved to avail themselves of the low rate of wages in Paisley, and to set up a manufacture of silk gauzes upon a large scale. The stagnation occasioned by the general mourning for the late king was of service to their undertaking, as the weavers of light fabrics were all thrown idle, and glad to get employment; and thenceforth silk gauzes became the principal articles of the place. They supplied the London and foreign markets, and gained so decided a preference to those of Spitalfields, that the manufacture was soon after in • See Pict. Hist, of England, vol. iv. p. 731 t Annals of Commerce, vol, iii. p. 336 Id. vol. iv. p. 63. a manner resigned to Paisley, and there it has paved the way to the still more important manu factures of muslin and other articles of cotton."* The manufacture of thread attained considerable importance in Scotland at this time. It is said to have been introduced at Paisley about 1722, and in 1784 the number of machines employed in twining thread at that place is said to have been not less than 120; while in all Scotland they amounted to about 500". It is also stated that, about this time, the number of women employed in the various operations of this manufacture, from the spinning of the flax to the finishing of the thread, was upwards of 20,000, besides 4000 or 5000 men.t The linen manufacture of Ireland increased rapidly until 1771, in which year the exports from Dublin amounted to the value of 1,691 ,000/. ; but, as there was an over-production about that time, the amount fell until, in 1773, it was less than 900,000/. In that year it is said that in the north of Ireland about three-fourths of the looms were out of em ployment ; and in some places a still larger pro portion. This depression in tjie manufacture caused considerable emigration from the north of Ireland, principally to North America. The state of affairs in Scotland was not much better. It was stated in evidence given before the House of Com mons in 1774, that in four shires in Scotland, in cluding Glasgow and Paisley, out of 6000 looms, 2500 were unemployed ; and that in general a third part of the looms in Scotland and thenorth of England were idle.J The quantity of linen cloth exported from Ireland in 1710 was only 1,688,574 yards. In 1760 it had risen to 13,375,456 yards; and in 1770 it was 20,560,754 yards. During the interval the price per yard had slightly increased; the average in 1710 having been Is. 3d, and in 1770 Is. 6d. In the same time the exports of linen yarn had risen from 7975 cwts., valued at 47,853/., to 33,417 cwts., valued at 200,502/.§ " The first water-mill erected in Ireland," Dr. Ure states,)] " for spinning cotton-twist was built in the neigh bourhood of Belfast. In the year 1771, at which time there was not a single cotton-loom in the whole north of Ireland, the late Robert Joy con ceived the scheme of introducing into that then desponding kingdom the cotton manufacture, which has proved a source of industry and considerable * Annals of Commerce, vol. iii. pp. 336, 337. A quotation made by Dr. Ure from Gibson's History of Glasgow, as an incidental evi dence of the coarse quality of British cotton goods, even so late as 1775, is curious: — "While the industrious inhabitants of Glasgow and Paisley were lately exerting themselves to improve, bring to perleetion, and extend the manufactures of cambric and lawn (flax fabrics), the greater part of the women in Scotland were wearing muslin, a fabric of India ; nay, so great is the influence of fashion, that the very wives aud daughters of these men were wearing this exotic themselves I Surely we are void of thought 1" Dr. Ure adds, ' To counteract this absurdity in the Scottish ladies of wearing these foreign robes, .because they were cheaper, more durable, and more becoming than their country-people's webs, a national society was proposed to be founded for shaming down these anti-patriotic habita in the ladies, and for black-balling all the gentlemen who should continue to keen company with the refractory fair in muslin rai ment."— Cotton Manufacture of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 190. ' t Appendix to Anderson's History of Commerce, edition of 1789. 1 Macpherson, Annals of Commerce, iii. 547. 5 Id. vol. iii. p. 515. II Cotton Manufacture of Great Britain, vol, i. p. 680, &c.' | 634 | 0.693 | 0.179 | Craik, George Lillie | Craik, George Lillie [person] ; Macfarlane, Charles [person] | Charles Knight | England | England | 8 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000758139 | 1844-01-01T00:00:00 | 1844 | Amérique centrale. Colonisation du district de Santo-Thomas de Guatemala par la Communauté de l'Union, fondée par la Compagnie Belge de Colonisation. Collection de renseignements publiés ou recueillis par la Compagnie [With maps.] | Paris | false | 24 COMPAGNIE BELGE DE COLONISATION. Cependant personne ne conteste la valeur d'une forêt en France , même placée dans les conditions les moins favorables. Quant à la récolte des productions naturelles, salsepareille, vanille, quin quina, gommes, résines, caoutchouc; aux produits de la fabrication de la potasse, de Textraction des graines oléagineuses, de la préparation des nombreuses plantes textiles et filamenteuses ; enfin, quant aux produits des cultures qui suivront immédiatement les premiers défrichements, telles que le tabac, Tindigo, le riz, le maïs , le plantain , personne ne révoquera en doute la facilité de leur exportation et la certitude de trouver dans la Belgique seu lement un marché prêt à les accueillir avec empressement. Les avantages mêmes que présentent ces exploitations , et les moyens que la Compagnie emploie pour les rendre plus productives sont exposés dans les réponses consacrées aux questions qui restent à résoudre. QUESTION V. lia réalisation des produits de la colonie sera-t-elle prompte ? RÉPONSE. Compte d'une exploitation de forêts à Santo-Thomas Le district de Santo-Thomas se compose de forêts dans lesquelles on trouve des bois de très-grande dimension propres aux constructions navales et civiles. Les produits de Belise, Tétablissement anglais le plus rapproché de Santo- Thomas , étant identiques à ceux des forêts de la Compagnie , on prendra cet établissement comme pqint de comparaison et pour exemple de ce que peut faire la Communauté de TUnion. Belise doit sa naissance, son accroissement, sa prospérité , à Texploitation des forêts. Fondée par des coupeurs de bois, qui, jusqu'en 1825, eurent à lutter contre les pirates de la mer des Antilles, Belise, suivant le Colonial Magazine , comptait, en 1841, 5,076 individus, dont 222 blancs seulement. La valeur foncière et mobilière y était évaluée à 5,000,000 livres ster ling; soit 125,000,000* fr. La valeur créée chaque année s'élevait à 1,000,000 livres sterling , ou 25,000,000 D'après les Archives du commerce et le Dictionnaire de Mac Culloch, en 1824, il avait été exporté de Belise : | 40 | 0.769 | 0.144 | null | null | null | null | null | 4 parts (8°) | French | null | null | null | false |
003110234 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The British World in the East: a guide historical, moral and commercial to India, China, Australia, South Africa and the other possessions or connexions of Great Britain in the Eastern and Southern seas | London | false | 442 [BOOK V. THE BRITISH WORLD IN THE EAST. ing provinces under the Hindoo rule, which position it retained during the Mogul empire ; and its prosperity has latterly much increased owing to the peace it has enjoyed for three quarters of a century, as well as the other advantages of the British rule. Its trade, manu factures, and agriculture, are alike flourishing ; and besides producing grain, sugar, and indigo, it yields large quantities of opium, which forms, with rosewater, saltpetre, oils, and cotton cloths, the principal staple of its trade. The inhabitants resemble the Bengalees in appearance, but are much more addicted to intoxicating drinks, and are less cleanly in their habits. In geographical position Bengal, the next province on the east, is very happily situated, being every where pro tected by a strong boundary, and having the only port in that part of the country ; while it commands the inter nal trade of Hindostan Proper as possessing the prin cipal portion of the navigable part of the Ganges. It has also the advantage of being very productive, the soil being of a siliceous nature, and fertilized by the pre sence of different salts and decayed vegetable matter, and the whole province being well watered, both by streams and the inundations which take place during the rains owing to the flatness of country. Bengal pro duces almost every vegetable which we have mentioned as belonging to the other provinces in India, but its principal productions are rice and other grain, peas, beans, oil-seeds, cocoa-nuts, tobacco, sugar, indigo, cotton, the mulberry and the poppy. On an average each field has two harvests in the year, one of white corn and the other of pulse, oil-seed, or millet. Mangoes, dates, bassias, and a variety of fruits not to be found in Europe are here very plentiful. The manufactures of Bengal are almost confined to textile materials. The celebrated | 466 | 0.779 | 0.141 | Ritchie, Leitch | Ritchie, Leitch, approximately 1800-1865 [person] | null | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
002063818 | 1844-01-01T00:00:00 | 1844 | The Pictorial History of the County of Lancaster, etc | London | false | 10 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: opportunity, and he will undertake to supply all the markets between China and Peru, and will be exceedingly vexed if he has lost an opportunity of selling some yarn at Japan on his way. When trade is dull, the merchants and factors stand motionless as statues, or move about as slowly as if they followed a funeral; the look of eagerness is exchanged for that of dogged obstinacy; it seems to say, "my mind is made up to lose so much, but I am resolved to lose no more." An increase of sternness and inflexibility accom panies the decline of the Manchester trade, and foreigners declare that the worst time to expect a bargain is a season of distress. " High change" lasts little more than an hour; after the clock has struck two the meeting gradually melts away, and before three the building is as silent and deserted as one of the catacombs of Egypt. Suppose, gentle reader, what is not very far from the fact, that we have made an appointment with a mill-owner to see his factory this evening. We are to spend some days in Manchester together, and as the entire social economy of the town depends on its cotton manufactures, we must endeavour to form some adequate notion of their nature, in order to prepare ourselves for rightly comprehending their effects. More than one visit to a cotton mill is necessary to overcome the confusion created by its novelty and its complication, so as to obtain any notion of the several processes to which the material is subjected before it assumes the shape of yarn. The din of the machinery, which, if there be any power-looms at work, beats the Falls of Niagara all to nothing; — the rapid motions of the several wheels and shafts — the variety and complication of the several pro cesses which pass under view, distract the mind, and at first produce a sense of weariness which it is not easy for a visitor to overcome. On the present occasion it will be better not to distract ourselves by entering into an examin ation of the Steam-Engine; its only connexion with cotton spinning is as a moving power, and its place is often beneficially supplied by the water-wheel. We need only remember that steam, or water, turns the horizontal shafts which we shall see revolving close to the ceiling of every room, and that the straps which play over these shafts communicate motion to the several machines we shall inspect. Silk, flax, wool, and cotton, may be regarded as the basis of all textile or woven fabrics: the process of weaving is in principle the same for all, but there is a great variety in the spinning of these several substances, occasioned by the great difference of their staple. Silk indeed, of which the substance is already one of continuous thread, is more properly said to be thrown than spun; cotton has the shortest staple of any material used in spinning, and consequently there is most difficulty in procuring from it a perfectly smooth yarn. Mechanical ingenuity is therefore taxed, not merely to increase the amount, but also to secure uniformity of production, and the contrivances for the latter purpose arc far more minute and curious than those for increasing the quantity. | 24 | 0.761 | 0.157 | null | Redding, Cyrus, 1785-1870 [person] | George Routledge | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
001215997 | 1841-01-01T00:00:00 | 1841 | Horæ Poeticæ ... To which is appended, a popular epistle on the utility of the classics | London | false | 102 PROSERPINE. ? Beauty of Proserpine. . . -her splendid attire. Young Proserpine may with either vie, Her mother's pride, (too soon her pain) ; In form as fair, in birth as high, With equal grace she treads the plain. Diana's form, Minerva's mind, Glow in the charming maid combin'd : Give her a bow, Diana walks ! Give her a helmet, Pallas stalks ! A jasper brooch secures her vest, Of textile art transcendant test ; The loom had ne'er before essay'd, In such a bright harmonious whole, So well to blend the silken braid, For nature blossom'd on the stole. Hyperion's twins, the solar globe, And Luna's crescent, grace the robe. The infant Pow'rs of day and night Unequal glow in broidery bright : By Tethys nurs'd, the infants lie Like rose-buds at her blue-vein'd breast | 126 | 0.798 | 0.155 | Fenner, C. J. | Fenner, C. J. [person] | null | England | England | xvii, 225 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
003447386 | 1845-01-01T00:00:00 | 1845 | By authority of the Directors of the South Eastern Railway Company. The Illustrated Guide to the London and Dover Railway; accompanied by a ... tourist's and traveller's directory ...; visitor's notes to the Metropolis, etc | London | false | SURREY. XLI pinks, bachelor's button's, several acres of daisies, London-pride and the like, are also grown for Covent Garden market, where they are carried, either as entire plants in flower, or the flowers are gathered and sold for nosegays. Grass in small proportions. Asparagus grown in great quantities at Mortlake, East Sheen, and Battersea. Radish and other seeds also grown extensively at Battersea. Onions for se ed at Mortlake and Barnes, though chiefly at Deptford. Three thousand five hundred acres of Surrey employed in raising vege- tables for the London Market. Orchards attached to many of the farms, sufficient to supply from four to twelve hogsheads of cider. Many walnuts at Norbury and other places ; produce 20 to 50 bushels per tree. Live stock inconsiderable. Many cattle and immense numbers of pigs fed at the distilleries. Sheep kept in considerable numbers on the chalk downs. Geese plentiful in the weald. Fowls, of which the Dorking breed is celebrated, invariably bred for sale. Few fish, — Smelt, salmon, and sturgeon, formerly caught at Putney, but the produce now confined to pike, trout, perch. &c., of which the Mole at Cobham yields the best. Iron works on the decline, on account of the dearness of fuel. Abundance of fuller's earth in the southern part of the county, which has been dug since the beginning of the eighteenth century. Excellent firestone at Reigate; when first quarried it is soft; but kept under cover a few months it becomes compact, and able to endure the action of a common fire. Excellent limestone at Dorking which hardens under water; it contains a little flint The sand about Reigate is the finest in the kingdom. Pipe-clay at Sutton. Paper Mills of large size at Guildford, Godal- ming, and Carshalton. Gunpowder at Ewell. Chemical and Colour works at Battersea and Carshalton. Vinegar in immense quantities at Southwark. Tobacco, Snuff, and Starch Works at Mitcham, Wands- worth, Carshalton, &c. Breweries, numerous and extensive; fine establishments at Battersea, Wandsworth, Stockwell, Mortlake, Kingston, Godalming, Croydon, &c. Distilleries, Kingston and Wandsworth. Tanneries and leather dressing at Wandsworth, Mitcham, Godalming, &c. Textile manufactures greatly reduced, a little silk at Haslemere, coarse thread at Chertsey, stockings and fleecy hosiery at Godalming, hop bagging and canvass at Farnham, and matting, bed, and other sacking at Wandsworth. Bleaching and Calico Printing works at Mitcham, Croydon. Carshalton, &c. Hats in immense quantities manufactured in Southwark. Wax bleaching at Stockwell. Brooms made from the spray of the birch to a great extent. Furze sold for burning bricks. Political and Rural Economy. — Average annual value of property. Profit from land, £1,600,000. Houses, £450 000. Trade, £1,550,000. In 1839, the church rates were £16.526, of which, £6,812 was expended on repairs of churches. Number of electors, upwards of 21,000 forthe whole county. Roads bad, though flints and other good materials abound in many places. Poor, numer ous and degraded. Annual Savings' Banks deposits under £600,000. | 127 | 0.544 | 0.145 | South Eastern Railway (Great Britain) | South Eastern Railway (Great Britain) [organisation] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
000164442 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | Selections from the Works of Lord Bacon, comprising the prefaces to the Instauratio Magna and Novum Organum, the Distributio operis, and the fifth and seventh books De Augmentis Scientiarum. Translated, and illustrated with notes from the Novum Organum, and the writings of Locke, Reid ... etc. Together with an appendix of questions, by Thomas W. Moffett | Dublin | false | 41 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. reant hie granula rubra, illic alba ? Num rursus, imagines majores (puta faciem, oculum, etc.) in tantum multiplicatas ostendere, in quantum pulicem, aut vermiculum? Num byssam, aut hujusmodi textile linteum delicatius, et paulo apertius, ita foraminatum ostendere, ac si esset rete ? Verum in compulsionibus experimentorum minus moramur, quia fere extra limites Experientiæ Literatæ cadunt, et ad causas, et axiomata, et Novum Organum potius spectant. Ubicun que enim fit negativa, aut privativa, aut exclusiva; cœpit jam præberi lux nonnulla ad inventionem formarum19. At que de compulsione experimenti hactenus. Applicatio experimenti nihil aliud est, quam ingeniosa traductio ejus ad experimentum aliud aliquod utile. Ex emplum tale sit. Corpora quæque suas habent dimensiones, sua pondera : aurum plus ponderis, minus dimensionis, quam argentum; aqua quam vinum. Ab hoc traducitur experimentum utile, ut ex mensura impleta et pondere excepto, possis dignoscere quantum argenti fuerit admix tum auro, vel aquæ vino. Quod suit Evpr}Ka illud Archi medis. Item, carnes in nonnullis cellis citius putrefiunt quam in aliis : utile fuerit experimentum hoc traducere ad dignoscendos aeres, magis aut minus salubres ad habita tionem ; ubi scilicet carnes diutius vindicentur a putredine : possit idem applicari ad revelandas salubriores aut pestilen tiores tempestates anni. Verum innumera sunt ejusmodi. Evigilent modo homines : et oculos perpetuo, alias ad natu ram rerum, alias ad usus humanos vertant. Atque de ap plicatione experimenti hactenus. Copulatio experimenti est applicationum nexus et catena ; cum, quæ singula profutura non fuissent ad usum aliquem, connexa valeant. Exempli gratia ; rosas aut fructus seroti nos habere cupis ; hoc fiet, si gemmas præcociores avellas ; idem fiet, si radices, usque ad ver adultum, denudes, et aeri exponas; at multo magis si copuletur utrumque. Item, | 71 | 0.784 | 0.138 | Bacon, Francis | Moffett, Thomas W. [person] ; Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626 [person] | James McGlashan | Ireland | Ireland | xxiv, 304 pages (8°) | English | Latin | null | null | true |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | XVI CONTENTS. Advance in Value of Lard.— Coasting Trade — Foreign Trade. —Colonial Trade. Capital invested in Shipping — Annual Profits. The Colonial Interests.— The Political Importance of our Colonies.— Opinions of Mr M'Culloch and Mr Porter.— List of our Colonies - Shipping— Exports. The Foreign Trade.— Comparative Tables of the Imports and Exports of England, France, and the United States from 1801 to 1844.— Exports of Great Britain to all Countries in 1844.— Official and Declared Value of the Exports and Imports of Great Britain from 1801 to 1846 . • Pages 101 to 120 CHAPTER X. CONCLUSION. Review ofthe whole subject Pages 121 to 128 APPENDIX. List of the Authorities referred to in the compilation of this Work. PAGE The Counties of England, in alphabetical order . . . 1 to 45 Summary of England ...... 46 The Counties of Wales, in alphabetical order . . . 48 to 59 Summary of Wales ....■• 60 The Counties of Scotland, in alphabetical order . . . 62 to 93 Summary of Scotland . . . , • 94 The Islands in the British Seas .... 96 The Counties of Ireland, in alphabetical order . 97 to 137 Summary of Ireland . 138 Summary of the United Kingdom . . • • 140 Summary of Persons engaged in Agriculture ... 142 Summary of their Age and Sex . . . . . 144 Summary of Persons engaged in the Manufacture of the Textile Fabrics 147 Summary of all the Persons engaged in Manufactures . . 148 to 151 Summary of their Age and Sex . . • ■ I52 Summary of all persons engaged in Trade and Commerce . . 155 to 160 Summary of all Persons employed in working the Mines . . 163 Tabular statement of the Mining Interest . . . ■ 164 and 165 Summary of the Mining Interest . . . . 166 Tables of the Shipping Interest . . . .. 168 to 173 Professional Persons . . . . . 174 Other Educated Persons ...... 175 Persons returned as Independent .... 176 Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service . . . 177 Parochial Town and Church Officers . . . 178 Domestic Servants . . . . . . 179 Labourers . . • • • ■ 180 Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners . . 181 Workhouses, Hospitals, Gaols, Lunatic Asylums . . ib. Criminals ....... 182 Public Charities . . . . . . 183 Rental of England and Wales . . . 184 and 185 „ of Scotland .... .186 „ of Ireland ... . 187 A Synoptical Table embracing the whole. | 18 | 0.679 | 0.209 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | Objections to the Government Returns. 17 several other divisions given in the returns for Great Britain, they have made use of a classification which confounds all the distinc tions hitherto observed by political economists. According to it, we have the various occupations of the people defined as follows : — Ministering to Food. Ministering to Clothing. Ministering to Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c. Ministering to Health. Ministering to Charity. Ministering to Justice. Ministering to Education. Ministering to Religion. Various Arts and Employments not included in the foregoing. Residue of Population. To show the extreme fallacy of such a classification, it is only necessary to make the following extract from the Report of the Commissioners for Great Britain : — " We would willingly have given a classification of the occupations of the inhabitants of Great Britain into the various wants to which they respectively minister, but, in attempting this, we were stopped by the various anomalies and uncertainties to which such a classification seemed necessarily to lead, from the fact that many persons supply more than one want, though they can only be classed under one head. Thus to give but a single instance, — the farmer and grazier may be deemed to minister quite as much to clothing by the fleece and hides as he does to food by the flesh of his sheep and cattle." Mr Porter, at page 68 of his new edition, has adopted this Irish classification, and given us a table in which, under the head of " Ministering to Clothing," it is gravely stated that no less than 669,310 persons are engaged in the " manufacture of materials." If this were true, it would be more than the number employed in the manufacture of the textile fabrics in the whole of England and Wales, and be equal to nearly seven-eighths of the whole number employed in Great Britain. (See Appendix, page 147.) It is hardly necessary to controvert such a statement, but under the head of Manufactures we shall endeavour to show, notwith standing the deficiency in these returns, what is the extent of the manufacturing interest in the kingdom of Ireland, as also the number dependent on those actually employed. c | 37 | 0.72 | 0.167 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | Occupations of the People. 60 Persons engaged in Manufactures. In 8 Counties in the West there are only - - 61,096 „3 „ South „ - " 22,434 „ 9 „ East „ - " 34>869 „ 7 „ Midland „ - - 51.9?1 „4 „ North „ - - 29,115 Among the most important branches of manufactures are the following : — Number of Persons employed. Cotton - (see Appendix, p. 147) - - 377,662 Wool and Worsted „ - 167,296 Flax and Linen „ - 85,213 Silk - „ - - 83,773 Hose - „ - - 50,955 Lace - „ " 35,347 Total of the Textile Fabrics - - 800,246 Iron Manufactures ----- 29,496 Engineers ------ 25,370 Pottery, China, and Earthenware ... 24,774 Factory Workers, manufactures not specified - - 22,478 Nail Makers ------ 20,311 Brick and Tile Makers ----- 18,363 Hatters and Hat Manufacturers - - - - 18,012 Printers (Cotton and Calico) - - - - 15,303 Rope and Cord Spinners and Manufacturers - - 11,319 Straw Plait Manufacturers - - - - 11,217 196,643 All other branches of Manufactures - 144,017 Total of Great Britain - - 1,140,906 We have extracted all the numbers in the list above 10,000 ; and there is no branch of manufactures in Great Britain giving employment to more than that number, except those we have here enumerated. But the returns for Ireland deserve a separate and distinct notice. There are only two branches of manufactures of any im portance carried on in Ireland, and these are — Flax and Linen (all branches) giving employment to - 135,303 persons. Woollen and Cloth (all branches) - 77,650 „ 212,953 The numbers given are described as including all branches of these trades, and of course spinners and weavers, and yet the same returns give — | 80 | 0.738 | 0.189 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | Occupations of the People. 74 The sense in which the term subsistence is here used by Mr M'Culloch is, that the wages of the persons employed do directly support this number of 1,200,000. But the returns show that the number of males above twenty years of age is only 138,112, and that all the rest are either females, or under twenty years of age ; and therefore not only not heads of families, but it is very improbable that their small earnings can support any but themselves. Our estimate founded on these facts is as follows: — 138,112 Males above 20 years of age. — Heads of Families, and representing three each, besides themselves - - - 414,336 Males under 20 — not Heads of Families - - - - - 59,171 Females above 20 — in most instances the wives of the males above mentioned, and their families, included in the same number - 104,470 Females under 20 years of age ------- 75,909 653,886 Add for the proportion of Females married to persons other than those in- cluded in the number above-mentioned, and for the mechanics and other artisans dependent on this branch ----- 50,000 703,886 Such is the number actually receiving wages or directly deriving support from the manufacture of cotton. In this branch of the textile fabrics mechanical power has acquired a greater ascendancy than in any other. The manufac ture of linens and woollens are fast approximating the same state of things, but in the article of silk the difficulty of applying machinery is found to be much greater. Hence, in proportion to the amount of their productions, the manufacturers of cotton employ a less number of hands, and pay a smaller amount of wages, than any other interest in the kino-dom ; — a consideration of vast importance, when taken in reference to the employment of the population or the taxation of the country. | 94 | 0.73 | 0.177 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | The Manufacturing Interest. 89 foreign silks, and the consequent stimulus which they say has been thereby given to our manufacturers to produce articles in competi tion with the French. A sufficient and a much more natural cause is to be found in the removal of the duties we have referred to, which puts us on the same footing as the foreigner in all respects but one — the price of labour ; and to this and to nothing else is to be attributed our success in the manufacture of silks. The substi tuting a duty of 30 per cent, in the place of prohibition has cer tainly not checked the demand for French silks, or the trade of the smuggler, but, on the contrary, has increased both, for a reference to the foregoing table will prove that these have been, up to a late period, much more extensive and thriving than ever. The reduction of the duty to 15 per cent, will probably put an end to the smuggler's nefarious trade, and at the same time compel some of those large free -trade houses who have already received the attentions of her Majesty's Attorney-General to carry on their trade in silk goods on a more equitable and honourable footing in competition with persons in the same trade. It will also test the ability of our manufacturers to compete with those of France, and we shall rejoice at their success, inasmuch as it will pave the way for that perfect freedom of trade in manufactured goods which in 1849 is to prevail in respect of agricultural pro ductions. The number of silk mills in the United Kingdom, in 1839, was 291. These differ in several respects from those engaged in other branches of the textile fabrics. There are a few large estab lishments in Lancashire, Cheshire, and Derbyshire, but the great bulk are comparatively small concerns, and spread over different parts of the kingdom. Mr Porter says that, with the exception of the preliminary branch — throwing, it has been found impracticable to apply machinery to the production of the finer kinds of silk goods. More depends, therefore, on individual effort to produce any improvement ; and as the necessaries of life are much cheaper in France than England, it gives the French a decided advantage over us in this particular branch. For these reasons, the number of persons employed in the mills | 109 | 0.786 | 0.156 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | Occupations of the People. 96 CHAPTER VIII. THE MINING INTEREST. Its A ntiquity. — Coal. — Iron. — Tin. — Lead. — Salt. — Summary of Persons employed. — Capital embarked. — Annual Productions. — Comparison of Home and Foreign Trade. The Mining Interest of this country is one of great antiquity, and is separate and distinct from the manufacturing, or any other. It existed for centuries before the manufacturing interest acquired any degree of importance , and, as some of our writers assure us that our present stock of coal is likely to hold out for at least 2,000 years more, it is not improbable that the mines of this country may be an inexhaustible source of wealth, long after the manu facture of the textile fabrics shall again have shifted its locality, and set out upon its travels to other countries. Coal. — Our coal mines date from the thirteenth century; and the present annual cousumption is estimated at about 38,000,000 tons. According to Mr M'Culloch, it is thus distributed: — Tons. Domestic consumption and small manufactures 20,000,000 Railway carriages, steamers, &c 1,200,000 21,200,000 Manufactures. Tons. Production of pig and bar iron 9,125,000 Cotton manufacture 1,000,000 Woollen, linen, silk, &c 1,000,000 Copper, smelting, brass manufactures 1 ,000,000 Salt works 375,000 Lime works 700,000 Total consumed in manufactures 13,200,000 Expobts. To Ireland 1,500,000 To colonies and foreign parts 2,500,000 4 000,000 38,400,000 | 116 | 0.73 | 0.197 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
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