Datasets:

monology

/

pile-uncopyrighted

like 106

The estimation of serum guanosine deaminase activity in liver disease. An assay for the estimation of guanosine deaminase is described. The method employs guanosine as substrate and after incubation of serum and substrate at 22 degrees C for 18 h the ammonia liberated is estimated using the Berthelot reaction. Absorbance is measured as 625 nm and the catalytic activity read from a standard curve obtained using ammonia standards. The method provides reproducible measurements of serum guanosine deaminase. The results obtained using 'normal' sera have been used to calculate the 'normal range' for the enzyme in serum. Preliminary results suggest that guanosine deaminase is increased in hepatitis and in patients with liver metastases but normal in all other liver diseases including cirrhosis and obstructive jaundice.

Benthonellania agastachys Benthonellania agastachys is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae. Description Distribution References External links Category:Rissoidae Category:Gastropods described in 1993

James Edwards (bookseller) James Edwards (1757–1816) was an English bookseller and bibliographer. Early life and family Edwards was the eldest son of William Edwards (1720–1808) of Halifax, who in 1784 set up James and a younger son, John, as the firm of Edwards & Sons in Pall Mall, London. John died soon afterwards, and the business was continued by James. A third son, Thomas (d. 1834), was a bookseller in Halifax. Richard, another son, at one time held a government appointment in Minorca. Bookseller Messrs. Edwards & Sons sold many valuable libraries. One sale in 1784 was formed principally from the libraries of N. Wilson of Pontefract and H. Bradshaw of Maple Hall, Cheshire. Among others dispersed in 1787 was the library of Dr. Peter Mainwaring. He made frequent business visits to the continent, and accompanied in 1788 his fellow-bookseller, James Robson, to Venice, in order to examine the Pinelli library, which they purchased and sold by auction the following year in Conduit Street, London. In 1790 Edwards disposed of the libraries of Salichetti of Rome and Zanetti of Venice, and in 1791 that of Paris de Meyzieu. He had purchased at the Duchess of Portland's sale in 1786 the Bedford Missal (a book of hours by the Bedford Master, more correctly the Bedford Hours), now in the British Museum. It was described by Richard Gough in An Account of a Rich Illuminated Missal executed for John, duke of Bedford, Regent of France under Henry VI, 1794. dedicated by the author to Edwards. 'Let me recommend the youthful bibliomaniac to get possession of Mr. Edwards's catalogues, and especially that of 1794,' says Thomas Frognall Dibdin (Bibliomania, i. 123). Later life Around 1804, having acquired a fortune, he decided to retire, and with the Bedford Missal and other literary and artistic treasures he went to live at a country seat in the neighbourhood of Old Verulam. He was succeeded by Robert Harding Evans. On 10 September 1805 he married Katharine, the only daughter of the Rev. Edward Bromhead, rector of Reepham, Norfolk, and about the same period bought the manor-house at Harrow, where some of the archbishops of Canterbury had once lived. The house was finely situated among gardens, in which was an alcove mentioned by Dibdin, some of whose imaginary bibliomaniacal dialogues are set in the surrounding grounds. He died at Harrow 2 Jan. 1816, at the age of fifty-nine, leaving five children and a widow, who afterwards married the Rev. Thomas Butt of Kinnersley, Shropshire. His last instructions were that his coffin should be made out of library shelves. A monument to his memory, sculpted by Peter Turnerelli, is in Harrow Church. Legacy Edwards was Dibdin's "Rinaldo, the wealthy, the fortunate, and the heroic". Some of his books were sold by Christie, 25–28 April 1804. The remainder, a choice collection of 830 articles, fetched the sum of £8,467. 10s. when it was sold by Evans 5–10 April 1815. References External links Edwards of Halifax Category:1757 births Category:1816 deaths Category:English bibliographers Category:English male writers

Pages 30/07/2014 Peter Powell. "Hi-ya! It's Thursday, we've got the music if you've got the time! Here's Top of the Pops, the charts, and The Dooleys!" Chart music: The Dooleys: Wanted [3]. Sham 69: Hersham Boys [23]. Trousers off, birds! It's the Hersham hard men! There are two problems with this song. One, the Hersham boys are described as wearing corduroys not an item of clothing for alienated urban youth even in the dark days of 1979. Two, Hersham is a village in Surrey. Even Jimmy Pursey's determined Mockney dropping of the letter H will never make 'ersham sound like South Central Los Angeles. 28/07/2014 A new documentary film about Adam Ant proves even more meandering than its subject. It’s much too late of course for Adam Ant to make a proper comeback though he retains respect for not treading the well worn path towards television celebrity contest or nostalgia fuelled package tours. This film, shot within the past year, follows the former pop star as he navigates himself back into the music business after an interregnum caused largely by mental issues. Sadly his confidence in the project is not matched by the results while the film ill serves its subject. 21/07/2014 Kid Jensen. "Good evening, and a good welcome to all that's best in the chart in this week's Top of the Pops." Chart music: The Sex Pistols, C’mon Everybody [3]. The Real Thing: Boogie Down (Get Funky Now) [50]. Lined up prominently behind The Real Thing is a gaggle of uncool musicians. Could this be the brass section of the Top of the Pops orchestra? It's a month since the orchestra was last shown accompanying McFadden & Whitehead on the 14/7/79 edition. Once again they get some good close-ups, hopefully proving to any watching Musician's Union representatives that Top of the Pops remains committed to its union agreements. 19/07/2014 The second in the new sequence of Planet of the Apes films is even better than the first. The decision to re-tell the Planet of the Apes saga has proved to be a strong one. 2011’s Rise of the Planet of the Apes was impressive enough both in its depiction of the apes (not that the 60s/70s originals were too shoddy) and the way the narrative unfolded. This sophomore tale is different in tone and intent but more satisfying as a complete film. Set a decade or so after its predecessor it tells the story of how Caesar, the intelligent chimp raised by a human, fares as leader of the apes now living in the forest. Those humans who survived the virus have been reduced to squirrelling a living in wrecked cities and inevitably the two groups will come into conflict. Spoiler warning- if you haven’t seen the film yet this review reveals major plot points 18/07/2014 After a restaurant successfully sued a blogger over a critical review, is this a sign that influential blogs could soon be forced to censor their opnions? Blogs- like social media- are a platform for anyone to express their views. Obviously there must be some limitations to this but if you feel strongly enough to criticise something then chances are it reflects a genuinely bad experience at the hands of a business of some sort. This week a blogger was successfully sued by a French restaurant who claimed their business had been adversely affected by a critical post whose title described the eaterie as ` the place to avoid ` after a poor experience there. A French judge ordered the blogger to alter the title of the post and pay damages to the restaurant. Could this spur other enterprises angered by influential blog criticisms to take similar action? 16/07/2014 This is, as they would say in the capital, a nifty little film. Spoofs are notoriously difficult to pitch at the right level. Go too deeply into the minutiae of the thing you’re spoofing and most people won’t get the references, fail to identify what’s funny about it and it could just look like a poor relative. Rely on basic slapstick and it will look no different to dozens of others. The Hooligan Factory manages to pitch it exactly right. Nick Nevern’s film picks at the clichés of the genre, draws out the inherent silliness of a sub culture that is both childish and dangerous while the film has a polish that lifts it above what you might expect. 14/07/2014 Between vinyl and CDs there was something else people listened to music on. Of all the formats on which music has been delivered there has surely been none as impractical as the cassette tape. Flourishing comparatively briefly in the crossover period when people stopped buying vinyl but couldn’t afford CDs, tapes were the cheap and cheerful answer. For a while they were displayed as prominently in shops as the other formats. Once people heard a CD though, they would never go back and now tapes do not even enjoy the revival which vinyl periodically continues to have. 11/07/2014 Mike Read. "If you've been following this serial for the last 15 years you'll be keen to know what happens in the next episode of Top of the Pops." Chart music: Slick, Space Bass [16]. Siouxsie & The Banshees: Playground Twist [33]. It turns out I've been confusing Siouxsie Sioux and Lene Lovich for years. Playground Twist is an odd choice for opening song and starts Top of the Pops with a sound which is more haunting and gloomy than normal. Adding to the eerie vibe is producer David G. Hiller's decision to intercut the performance with the cover artwork for the single; crudely drawn felt tip figures. 09/07/2014 Whether you like The Stone Roses or not, this 2012 film is about how important music used to be to teenagers. Spike Island is a historical film now, not just because it’s set in 1990, but because it is about something that is dying out. Teenagers and twenty somethings didn’t just used to like music, they loved it, they embraced it, and they were inspired by its brilliance. It was as important as football or sex or having a laugh. In a time when you had to make more of an effort to do anything, getting to see your favourite band was a key rites of passage moment. Usually it involved a series of hurdles- getting tickets at all, getting enough money to buy tickets, getting transport to get to the gig, finding the place to stand at the gig. Even then there was the drama of what will they play, what will the opening song be? And the memories of the gig were indelible. Spike Island perfectly catches a moment that conveys all this excitement. 07/07/2014 Modern life is not rubbish but it is certainly busy. Whatever people’s circumstances we seem to spend our time catching up, endlessly chasing our own tail on some frantic quest for fulfilment. Then it often seems to be the case that people who find that are not especially happy anyway. The relentless effort of keeping up seems- oddly enough- to be more difficult now there are more ways of doing so than in the past. So if we appear to have everything we need should we actually be happier? Is it wrong to feel bad, should we feel guilty if we do? 03/07/2014 Peter Powell. "Hi everyone! It's the show that counts and we give to you the chart! It's Top of the Pops!" Chart music: Sex Pistols, C’mon Everybody [24]. Squeeze: Up The Junction [3]. There's a complicated bit of electronic trickery at the start of this performance. The camera output is framed on screen and as the picture zooms in the frame is also enlarged and slowly pushed off the edges of the picture. The intent is to look like the camera is actually moving through the electronic frame. It doesn't quite work but it shows how the electronic effects are getting more and more advanced. It's only just over a year since the Quantel DPE 5000 digital effects system was first used on Top of the Pops.

Augmentation of the maxillary sinus: comparison of bioimplants containing bone morphogenetic protein and autogenous bone in a rabbit model. To evaluate the effectiveness of various bioimplants used for augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor by means of a rabbit model. Bone was harvested from the posterior iliac crest of 40 adult New Zealand white rabbits to allow bilateral augmentation of the floor of the maxillary sinus with autogenous bone or other materials. One of the following was grafted to the maxillary sinus of each rabbit: particulated autogenous bone, demineralized bone matrix (DBM), DBM combined with purified bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-DBM bioimplants) and bioimplants consisting of a poloxamer gel with BMP in 1 of 2 different doses. Animals were sacrificed at 2 or 8 weeks. Histologic examination was used to assess biologic healing in the various samples. Histomorphometry was used to demonstrate and quantify bone formation. After 2 weeks, the BMP-containing bioimplants had produced more new bone than any of the other materials. Particulated autogenous bone grafts produced less new bone initially (after 2 weeks), but the amount of bone produced by these grafts gradually increased, to levels comparable to the BMP-containing bioimplants by 8 weeks. For groups in which the poloxamer gel was used as a carrier for BMP or where BMP was used in combination with DBM, the amount of bone generated by 8 weeks was similar to that produced by autogenous bone. The rabbit maxillary sinus model allowed evaluation of multiple types of bioimplants that could be suitable for peri-implant maxillary reconstruction. BMP-containing bioimplants demonstrated promise as alternatives to autogenous bone grafts for sinus-augmentation procedures. These bioimplants had more rapid initial bone production than all other materials, including autogenous bone. In the future, such biomaterials may enable earlier placement of dental implants into augmented maxillary sinuses.

Q: Issue with Blowfish encryption using kccOptionECBMode and kccOptionPKCS7padding on ios 6 I am facing problem with BlowFish encryption iOS 6. The funny part is the code is working perfectly fine on iOS 7. Here is what happens, when i execute CCCrypt function i get return value as kccSuccess , and dataOutMoved value exactly as expected. But on iOS 6 surprisingly the encrypted string contains some in between bytes as 0x00. I have been looking on the web a lot , couldn't find any difference between implementation of CCCrypt on ios6 and 7. A: According to the answer i got from the developer forum It is a bug in the older system(i.e. 6.1.) which has been fixed in ios 7 . So cant help it. One has to write his own algorithm to support ios 6.1.

1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to the production of liquid fuels from coal and natural gas and, more specifically, to a method to eliminate carbon dioxide emissions and avoid the usage of water during the production of said fuels. 2. Description of the Related Art A method to eliminate all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions during the production of liquid fuels from coal and natural gas has been developed. Gasification of coal or coal-biomass mixtures produces synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) with H2/CO ratios in the range of approximately 0.5 to 0.9. Production of liquid fuels by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) requires syngas with H2/CO ratios ≧2.0. Traditionally, the additional H2 required has been produced by the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, which is shown below.H2O+CO→H2+CO2  (1)Unfortunately, the WGS reaction produces one molecule of CO2 and uses one molecule of H2O for each molecule of H2 it produces. There is currently a great deal of concern about the production of CO2, which is a green house gas, and a desire to eliminate or reduce the production of CO2 as much as possible. For a large FTS plant, the WGS reaction produces huge amounts of CO2 and uses very large amounts of H2O. This patent demonstrates that the required H2 can be produced with no production of CO2 and no usage of H2O by combining Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) with catalytic dehydrogenation (CDH) of: (1. the gaseous hydrocarbons produced by FTS; and 2. additional methane injection (MI) into the CDH reactor.) This combined process will henceforth be designated as (FTS-CDH-MI). The additional methane for the (FTS-CDH-MI) process can be derived from natural gas that is currently being produced very economically by hydro-fracking. Separation of methane from the other components of natural gas such as CO2 can be achieved by pressure-swing adsorption. The (FTS-CDH-MI) process eliminates the need for the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, which has traditionally been used to increase the H2 content of the syngas used in FTS. This eliminates the production of CO2 and the use of water while producing the H2 needed for FTS of liquid fuels. As a bonus, the CDH reaction in the FTS-CDH-MI process produces a valuable by-product, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), which have many energy-related uses, as discussed below. This research has demonstrated that MWCNT make excellent catalyst supports. They can be used to support many types of catalysts, including catalysts for FTS, CDH of hydrocarbon gases, and CDH of liquid hydrocarbons. Due to the fact that the MWCNT are normally not more than 7-10 nm in diameter, catalyst particles formed on the MWCNT supports by precipitation methods are typically about 1-3 nm in diameter. We have used Co-based catalysts supported on MWCNT for FTS and Fe-alloy catalysts (Fe—Ni, Fe—Mn, Fe—Pd and Fe—Mo) supported on MWCNT for CDH of methane, ethane, and propane. The Fe—Ni, Fe—Mn, and Fe—Pd catalysts all have a face-centered cubic (fcc) {fcc—austenitic} structure, while the Fe—Mo structure is somewhat more complicated. All four catalysts exhibit high activity for CDH of hydrocarbon gases. The Fe—Ni and Fe—Mn catalysts are also attractive because of the relatively low cost of Fe, Ni, and Mn. It is interesting to note that Fe—Mn alloys, which have the widest {(fcc)/austenitic} phase range of all the Fe-based alloy catalysts tested (33 to 53 at. % Mn at 300° C.), also exhibit the slowest rate of catalyst de-activation for CDH of methane in a quartz tube plug-flow reactor that has been observed to date (approximately 2% per hour). In a somewhat different application, it was demonstrated that Pt nanoparticles 1-3 nm in diameter supported on stacked-cone nanotubes (SCNT) are excellent catalysts for the CDH of high-hydrogen content liquid hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane and methyl-cyclohexane. The SCNT are produced by CDH of ethane, propane, and methane in the relatively low temperature range of 450 to 500° C. These catalysts are also active for the CDH of decalin and tetralin. CDH of liquid hydrocarbons could be valuable for the development of cars, trucks, and other vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells. The CDH of cyclohexane produces pure H2 and benzene, which is considered to be a pollutant. However, it is found that CDH of methyl-cyclohexane produces pure H2 and toluene, a valuable chemical. Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent. It is an important organic solvent, but it is also capable of dissolving a number of inorganic chemicals such as sulfur, iodine, bromine, phosphorus, and other non-polar covalent substances. Synthesis gas (syngas) is a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) produced by gasification of coal or mixtures of coal+biomass in oxygen and steam at high temperatures and pressures. Typically, coal constitutes 80-100% of the gasification feedstock. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalytically converts such syngas into liquid fuels and smaller amounts of hydrocarbon gases (methane, ethane, propane, etc.). The primary products of FTS are normally clean, high quality transportation fuels, including gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel fuel. The synthetic fuels resulting from the FTS process advantageously increase energy diversity. They also burn very cleanly and thus hold the promise of additional improved environmental performance, particularly for decreased emissions of fine airborne particulate matter, a topic of significant environmental concern. (“Speciation of Elements in NIST Particulate Matter SRMs 1648 and 1650,” F. E. Huggins and G. P. Huffman, 1999, J of Hazardous Materials, 74, 1-23); (“XAFS Spectroscopic Characterization of Elements in Combustion Ash and Fine Particulate Matter,” F. E. Huggins, N. Shah, G. P. Huffman, and J. D. Robertson, 2000, Fuel Proc. Tech., 65-66, 203-218 [Special Issue on Air Quality: Mercury, Trace Elements and Particulate Matter].) Two previous patents by the applicant address the progression of methods for the reduction of CO2 during the production of liquid fuels from syngas derived from coal and natural gas (U.S. Pat. No. 8,268,897 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,309,616). The teachings and disclosures of both patents are incorporated herein by reference. Two publications by the applicant and his collaborators demonstrate that CDH of ethane and propane produces a large amount of methane and small amounts of H2, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and amorphous carbon. (N. Shah, D. Panjala, and G. P. Huffman, “Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Decomposition of Methane”, Energy & Fuels, 15 (2001) 1528-1534); and (N. Shah, D. Panjala, and G. P. Huffman, “Production of pure hydrogen and carbon nanostructures by catalytic non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and propane”, Energy & Fuels, 18 (2004), 727-736). A patent covering this material (U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,417) was obtained by the applicant and his co-inventors. The teachings of this patent and these publications are fully incorporated herein by reference. A recent publication by the applicant demonstrates that a significant amount of the H2 required by FTS to produce liquid fuels can be produced by catalytic dehydrogenation (CDH) of the hydrocarbon gases produced by FTS. (G. P. Huffman, “Incorporation of catalytic dehydrogenation into Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of liquid fuels from coal to minimize carbon dioxide emissions”, Fuel, 90 (2011) 2671-2676). A patent covering this material was awarded to the applicant. (U.S. Pat. No. 8,268,897). The teachings of the patent are fully incorporated herein by reference. The hydrocarbon gases produced by FTS include both paraffins (CnH(2n+2)) and olefins (CnH2n), with n=1 to 4, commonly referred to as (C1-C4) gases. (Irving Wender, “Reactions of Synthesis Gas, SPECIAL ISSUE, Fuel Processing Technology 48 (1996) 189-297). During the CDH reaction, the C2-C4 gases are quickly converted into methane and small amounts of amorphous carbon and H2 at temperatures of approximately 400 to 500° C. The dominant reaction above 500° C. is the CDH of methane; CH 4 ↔ [ CH 4 ‡ ] → C M + 2 ⁢ ⁢ H 2 ( 2 ) CM denotes carbon in the form of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The CDH reaction is considered to be in a state of pseudo-equilibrium, denoted by the double arrow and the activated complex symbol, [CH‡4]. This concept was invented by Henry Eyring (Eyring, Henry, J. Chem. Phys. 3 (1935), 107-115). This reaction is obviously preferable to the WGS reaction (equation (1) on page 1) since it produces zero CO2 and uses no water. Its only products are H2 and MWCNT, a valuable by-product. Formation of the MWCNT occurs because C atoms produced by CDH and deposited onto the catalyst surface at high temperatures diffuse into the catalyst. As the metallic catalyst becomes saturated with C, the carbon atoms precipitate out of the catalyst surface in the form of MWCNT, which is apparently the low energy structure. Typical results are shown in FIG. 1, where the H2/CO molar ratios produced by the FTS-CDH process are plotted as a function of (C1-C4) (wt. %) using experimental data from 26 different FTS data sets obtained from 10 different papers. These papers are referenced in a recent publication by the applicant (Gerald P. Huffman, “Incorporation of catalytic dehydrogenation into Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of liquid fuels from coal to minimize carbon dioxide emissions”, Fuel, 90 (2011) 2671-2676). Only FTS data obtained using cobalt-based FTS catalysts were used in obtaining the data shown in FIG. 1. No FTS data obtained using iron-based FTS catalysts were used because Fe is an excellent catalyst for the WGS reaction, which the current invention avoids in order to eliminate CO2 emissions and unnecessary usage of water.

People who bought this also bought... Order of Succession: A Science Fiction Romance Realm of Chelyana, Book 1 By: Alaina Stanford Narrated by: Ginger Walton Length: 7 hrs and 26 mins Unabridged Overall 4 out of 5 stars 2 Performance 3.5 out of 5 stars 2 Story 4.5 out of 5 stars 2 The planet of Chelyana is a tropical paradise. Eighty-five percent of its surface is water spotted with a scattering of islands offering sandy beaches, lush foliage, and luxury resorts. When Chelyana is invaded by an insect race determined to devour the planet, Kaelyn discovers the fate of her people lies in her hands. 5 out of 5 stars Entertaining space opera! By Jonella A. Moore on 01-06-18 Lost Fortune The Unbridled Series, Book 1 By: Sandra E. Sinclair Narrated by: C. J. McAllister Length: 3 hrs and 26 mins Unabridged Overall 4 out of 5 stars 21 Performance 4 out of 5 stars 18 Story 4 out of 5 stars 18 Rilla travels across the pond to Boston, the place of her birth. After eight years away, she discovers her very existence has been a lie. The people she thought she knew, and those she loved, had kept secrets and lies that could bring scandal and shame if they are discovered. Everything she holds dear could be taken from her. Making matters worse, she is being hunted by a stranger whose sole purpose is to separate her from her inheritance, leaving her in ruin. 4 out of 5 stars A Comedy of Errors with a Fist Full of Propriety! By ABR-Penelope on 09-13-17 Risk the Queen Lennie Carson Mysteries, Book 1 By: MCM Narrated by: Gracia Gillund Length: 1 hr and 16 mins Unabridged Overall 4.5 out of 5 stars 11 Performance 4.5 out of 5 stars 11 Story 4.5 out of 5 stars 11 Mobsters can be such drama queens sometimes. Lennie's got her work cut out for her when the case of a missing brooch leads her straight into the underbelly of Chicago mob. Booze, deceit, threats...why, between the thugs and her overbearing Uncle - remarkably similar - Lennie's got a little too much to handle. Good thing she doesn't have a tendency to fib her way into deeper trouble, just as things are looking their bleakest. Oh wait. She does! 4 out of 5 stars Review copy By DK on 03-12-18 Witness Otter Creek, Volume 1 By: Rebecca Deel Narrated by: Kristina Fuller Yuen Length: 8 hrs and 6 mins Unabridged Overall 4.5 out of 5 stars 21 Performance 4.5 out of 5 stars 20 Story 4.5 out of 5 stars 20 Four burglaries. Three assaults. One murder. Not the crime stats Police Chief Ethan Blackhawk envisions for his first two weeks on the job. Ethan uncovers a link to his past, an assassin who bested him five years ago and again hunts in his territory. He welcomes a second chance to capture the assassin...until he falls in love with the only witness. This time a failure to unmask the assassin may cost Ethan everything. 4 out of 5 stars Enjoyable and interesting. By cosmitron on 02-23-18 The Kremlin Conspiracy By: Joel C. Rosenberg Narrated by: Adam Grupper Length: 14 hrs and 51 mins Unabridged Overall 4.5 out of 5 stars 2,040 Performance 4.5 out of 5 stars 1,872 Story 4.5 out of 5 stars 1,859 Everything he learned to protect the president, he must use to take out theirs. With an American president distracted by growing tensions in North Korea and Iran, an ominous new threat is emerging in Moscow. A czar is rising in the Kremlin, a Russian president feverishly consolidating power, silencing his opposition, and plotting a brazen and lightning-fast military strike that could rupture the NATO alliance and bring Washington and Moscow to the brink of nuclear war. But in his blind spot is the former U.S. Secret Service agent, Marcus Ryker. 5 out of 5 stars Outstanding thriller By DIANE M TINKLE on 03-12-18 The Two-Night One-Night Stand By: Ryan Ringbloom Narrated by: Tor Thom, Charley Ongel Length: 4 hrs and 14 mins Unabridged Overall 4 out of 5 stars 230 Performance 4 out of 5 stars 211 Story 4 out of 5 stars 211 A girl. A guy. And a talking peen. Holly Martin isn't the type to have a one-night stand. But a crushing break up, a sexy blind date, and a few shots of Fireball is about to change all that. 5 out of 5 stars Laugh out loud funny! By PATRICIA on 09-14-17 Order of Succession: A Science Fiction Romance Realm of Chelyana, Book 1 By: Alaina Stanford Narrated by: Ginger Walton Length: 7 hrs and 26 mins Unabridged Overall 4 out of 5 stars 2 Performance 3.5 out of 5 stars 2 Story 4.5 out of 5 stars 2 The planet of Chelyana is a tropical paradise. Eighty-five percent of its surface is water spotted with a scattering of islands offering sandy beaches, lush foliage, and luxury resorts. When Chelyana is invaded by an insect race determined to devour the planet, Kaelyn discovers the fate of her people lies in her hands. 5 out of 5 stars Entertaining space opera! By Jonella A. Moore on 01-06-18 Lost Fortune The Unbridled Series, Book 1 By: Sandra E. Sinclair Narrated by: C. J. McAllister Length: 3 hrs and 26 mins Unabridged Overall 4 out of 5 stars 21 Performance 4 out of 5 stars 18 Story 4 out of 5 stars 18 Rilla travels across the pond to Boston, the place of her birth. After eight years away, she discovers her very existence has been a lie. The people she thought she knew, and those she loved, had kept secrets and lies that could bring scandal and shame if they are discovered. Everything she holds dear could be taken from her. Making matters worse, she is being hunted by a stranger whose sole purpose is to separate her from her inheritance, leaving her in ruin. 4 out of 5 stars A Comedy of Errors with a Fist Full of Propriety! By ABR-Penelope on 09-13-17 Risk the Queen Lennie Carson Mysteries, Book 1 By: MCM Narrated by: Gracia Gillund Length: 1 hr and 16 mins Unabridged Overall 4.5 out of 5 stars 11 Performance 4.5 out of 5 stars 11 Story 4.5 out of 5 stars 11 Mobsters can be such drama queens sometimes. Lennie's got her work cut out for her when the case of a missing brooch leads her straight into the underbelly of Chicago mob. Booze, deceit, threats...why, between the thugs and her overbearing Uncle - remarkably similar - Lennie's got a little too much to handle. Good thing she doesn't have a tendency to fib her way into deeper trouble, just as things are looking their bleakest. Oh wait. She does! 4 out of 5 stars Review copy By DK on 03-12-18 Witness Otter Creek, Volume 1 By: Rebecca Deel Narrated by: Kristina Fuller Yuen Length: 8 hrs and 6 mins Unabridged Overall 4.5 out of 5 stars 21 Performance 4.5 out of 5 stars 20 Story 4.5 out of 5 stars 20 Four burglaries. Three assaults. One murder. Not the crime stats Police Chief Ethan Blackhawk envisions for his first two weeks on the job. Ethan uncovers a link to his past, an assassin who bested him five years ago and again hunts in his territory. He welcomes a second chance to capture the assassin...until he falls in love with the only witness. This time a failure to unmask the assassin may cost Ethan everything. 4 out of 5 stars Enjoyable and interesting. By cosmitron on 02-23-18 The Kremlin Conspiracy By: Joel C. Rosenberg Narrated by: Adam Grupper Length: 14 hrs and 51 mins Unabridged Overall 4.5 out of 5 stars 2,040 Performance 4.5 out of 5 stars 1,872 Story 4.5 out of 5 stars 1,859 Everything he learned to protect the president, he must use to take out theirs. With an American president distracted by growing tensions in North Korea and Iran, an ominous new threat is emerging in Moscow. A czar is rising in the Kremlin, a Russian president feverishly consolidating power, silencing his opposition, and plotting a brazen and lightning-fast military strike that could rupture the NATO alliance and bring Washington and Moscow to the brink of nuclear war. But in his blind spot is the former U.S. Secret Service agent, Marcus Ryker. 5 out of 5 stars Outstanding thriller By DIANE M TINKLE on 03-12-18 The Two-Night One-Night Stand By: Ryan Ringbloom Narrated by: Tor Thom, Charley Ongel Length: 4 hrs and 14 mins Unabridged Overall 4 out of 5 stars 230 Performance 4 out of 5 stars 211 Story 4 out of 5 stars 211 A girl. A guy. And a talking peen. Holly Martin isn't the type to have a one-night stand. But a crushing break up, a sexy blind date, and a few shots of Fireball is about to change all that. 5 out of 5 stars Laugh out loud funny! By PATRICIA on 09-14-17 Publisher's Summary Gabrielle's shy twin sister is betrothed to a heathen prince from the far north. A Viking! Francesca would not survive the journey north much less the frozen wilderness of her new home. The only way Gabrielle can save her delicate sister is to take her place. Together the twins create a web of deceit that quickly spins out of control leaving a trail of death in its wake. Gabrielle is the elder twin and heir to the throne. Francesca was second born by a matter of minutes, but those critical minutes were enough to label her the spare heir and she felt it every day. Gabrielle is a free spirit. Francesca, a shy shadow hiding behind her sister's skirts. As the eldest, Gabrielle did everything in her power to avoid overshadowing Francesca. So when the day came and Francesca whispered she'd fallen in love, Gabrielle gladly agrees to be the one hiding in the shadows until Francesca was wed. But the King has other plans. Francesca is to be wed to the savage heathen from the north. A Viking! The only way Gabrielle can save her delicate sister is to take her place. Together the twins create a web of deceit that quickly spins out of control leaving a trail of death in its wake. Royal Duty Book 2 This is my first book from this series and it was pretty good. The story was unique and kept me hooked all the way to the conclusion. There were some twists and turns and I was quite shocked with some of the developments. Narration was pretty good and brought the story to life. There were some male voices that were pretty creepy! The story wraps up and there are no cliffhangers. I was really surprised with how the story concluded though. There are some sad moments but the story is well written and moves along at a good pace. "I was given this free review copy audiobook at my request and have voluntarily left this review." Interesting story dynamically read I found myself wanting to know what happens next. Dynamic narrator, good expression. Interesting Scottish accent for the Norwegian, though. still, the accent and voice intonation for each character was distinct. Great! I really enjoyed this unique story. It's the first book I've listened to by this author and I really enjoyed the writing. The narration was perfect - she really did a great job with the various voices! I was given this free review copy audiobook at my request and have voluntarily left this review. The fact that I was gifted this book had no influence over my opinion of it. Fantastic Loved this story! Great characters and a high action storyline made for a very entertaining listen. Fantastic narrator as well, different accents and voices for each character. I received a free review copy of this audiobook at my request and I have voluntarily left this review. Not what I expected. I found the book slow to begin with, but it picks up as the story progresses. One reviewer said that the story was predictable and it is in some places but their are one or two twist that I did not see coming. The narrator was OK when she was voicing the females characters, but I thought she did not do the male characters well. I was given this free review copy audiobook at my request and have voluntarily left this review. Entertaining and Clean Romance I'm not sure what I expected when I read the blurb on this book. It sounded like a fun read and I am glad I read this one! It was very entertaining! I didn't want to stop listening! Its a very short read but that does not take away from how amazing it is. I wish I could follow this story more as it progresses! Gabrielle is the eldest of her twin sister Franscesca by a few minutes. But those few minutes made Gabrielle the heir to the throne. Gabrielle is a free outgoing spirit. She doesn't hold her tongue, she loves to ride her horse and hunt. Franscesca is shy, well mannered and the polar opposite of Franscesca. One night Franscesca comes home in love and excitedly tells her older twin that they will be wed. Shortly afterwards both sisters are pledged to marry. Outgoing Gabrielle to a Duke, fragile Franscesca to a Viking Prince. Oh but the twins hatch a plan of deciet to trick their father to save Franscesca from certain death in the icy lands of the north. The twists and turns and tragedy that follow this decision will keep you on your toes! I very much enjoyed this story. Narrator Kimberly Hobscheid did a wonderful job narrating this! The different voices for each character was amazing and I felt like she really made the story flow. I requested and was given this audiobook complimentary at my request and have voluntarily left this review with my honest opinion. Fun and Clean Listen! I enjoyed this book very much. It is a clean romance with no dull moments and full of action! I’d like to listen to more books by Alaina Standford! The narrator Kimberly Hobscheid did a great job and has lots of potential, so I look forward to listen to other clean romances narrated by her. As far as production, there were a few sentence repeats here and there, as well as some too long pauses between paragraphs. I received this audio-book free for an honest review by the author, narrator, or publisher. Thank you!!! If you found this review helpful would you please take a moment to click yes below, thanks! Sweet Story with a empowered heroine If you could sum up Virtuous Trickery in three words, what would they be? Two twins, completely different characters and destiny. While Gabrielle is a free spirit, Francesca is the serious one. Gabrielle is destined to marry the man that Francesca loves... in her duty to her sister, they agree to change places. Little did they know that it would change their destiny as well.Surprisingly, the personalities are not what you would expect and the outcome neither. this is my first audiobook, it was a bit funny to hear the story with the different voices in the beginning, but having said that... it was really nice. Totally recommend it! What was one of the most memorable moments of Virtuous Trickery? Can not tell you.... it would be a spoiler !!!! but I can say... it gets intriguing at the mid-story. Which character – as performed by Kimberly S Hobscheid – was your favorite? A royal pain Great story, I've never read/listened to Alaina Stanford before but I'll definitely read more.The narrator gives a Viking a lite Scottish brogh, it put me off a little. Otherwise she was great.This Audio book was given to me for free at my request from the publisher, author or narrator and I provided this unbiased voluntary review.Reasons I enjoyed this book:Twisted, Whimsical Tragic, Great world building, Easy-to-read, Original, Page-turner, Witty, Action-packed, Entertaining, Unpredictable, Wonderful characters, Happily Ever After, Romantic.

As it is the case for nearly every Japanese name, there are several ways of writing the name Shigeko with kanji. In this case I found about 3 with comparable frequency of occurence with the help of Google, each with a different meaning.

I have left Diane Anderson on the Confirm Desk a voice mail as to status. Will let you know what she says. -----Original Message----- From: Hansen, Leslie Sent: Friday, November 09, 2001 9:32 AM To: Heard, Marie Subject: Reliant/BOM Ring Trades Marie: Can you please check on the status of the confirmations for the Reliant/Bank of Montreal Ring Trades. Please confirm that the confirmations have been reissued and ask to be informed immediately when we receive executed copies back from the counterparties. This is a big transaction and we need to make sure that we get the confirms signed, sealed and delivered as soon as possible! Thanks for your help with this. Leslie

Lackey (manservant) A lackey or lacquey, in its original definition (attested 1529, according to the Oxford English Dictionary), is a uniformed manservant. The modern connotation of "servile follower" appeared later, in 1588 (OED). Etymology There are several theories about the origins of the word. By one theory, it is derived from Medieval French laquais, "foot soldier, footman, servant", ultimately from Turkish ulak, literally "a messenger". The word also exists in German, where Lakai denotes a liveried manservant in the services of a monarch or prince. Modern Australian use of the term refers to a blue collar working class man who is generally over-worked and under-paid. Lackey is also the anglicization of an unrelated Gaelic surname derived from the word for stone, leac. Usage in popular culture Lackey is typically used as a derogatory term for a servant with little or no self-respect who belittles himself in order to gain an advantage. Such advantage is often assumed to be slight, temporary and often illusory. See also Sycophancy Footman References Category:Domestic work

Erlang Facebook Code Example I’ve finally prevented distraction long enough to finish an example use of the Erlang Facebook library I posted earlier. If you grab the source from the erlang2facebook project, you’ll know find it comes with a bunch of stuff in an “erlprints” directory. The code in “erlprints” is a near literal translation of the “Footprints” app that comes with the standard Facebook PHP library. It’s not perfect, and there are certainly places where more Erlang-ish style could have been used, but I hope it’s good enough to give people a clue to how to use the library. You’ll need to setup Erlang, ErlyWeb, and MySQL (not to mention getting a Facebook account and adding the developer app) before starting.

netcdf test_enum { types: byte enum cloud_class_t {Clear = 0, Cumulonimbus = 1, Stratus = 2, Stratocumulus = 3, Cumulus = 4, Altostratus = 5, Nimbostratus = 6, Altocumulus = 7, Cirrostratus = 8, Cirrocumulus = 9, Cirrus = 10, Missing = 127} ; variables: cloud_class_t primary_cloud ; cloud_class_t primary_cloud:_FillValue = Missing ; // global attributes: :_DAP4_Little_Endian = 1UB ; data: primary_cloud = Stratus ; }

Introduction ============ An estimated 1.7 million people in the U.S. experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year, 80,000 of which develop long-term disabilities and 50,000 of which are fatal (Faul, [@B9]). Approximately 3.2 million individuals are living with such disabilities in the U.S., resulting in a large economic burden, primarily through loss of work and medical expenses (Finkelstein et al., [@B10]). TBI causes several neuropathological manifestations, including cognitive, emotional, physiological, and psychological deficits (Rosenthal et al., [@B20]; Junqué, [@B13]; Vakil, [@B26]; Nampiaparampil, [@B18]; Bales et al., [@B2]). In addition, to these deficits, another pathology often associated with TBI is increased seizure susceptibility and the development of epilepsy (D'Ambrosio and Perucca, [@B8]). TBI is responsible for the development of 10--20% of symptomatic epilepsy in the general population (Pitkänen and Bolkvadze, [@B19]) and has also been reported to increase seizure susceptibility (Kharatishvili and Pitkänen, [@B15]). Why TBI results in the development of epilepsy and increased seizure susceptibility remains largely unknown, although several candidate mechanisms have been postulated, including: neurodegeneration, neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and connective tissue formation. The use of animal models that mimic these effects will aid in the understanding of the mechanisms of TBI and may provide help in the development of better treatment strategies. Previous studies in rats using the fluid percussion injury (FPI) model have demonstrated an increase in seizure susceptibility, as measured by a second-hit chemoconvulsant challenge, as well as the development of spontaneous epileptiform discharges, the hallmark of epilepsy (Silva et al., [@B24]; Kharatishvili et al., [@B14]). One of the main benefits of this model in rats is the high reproducibility. However, because this model has not been extended to mice, it lacks the benefits of using different genetic models. Fundamental studies are needed to enable mechanistic studies using transgenic mice in the FPI model. Therefore, this study examined second-hit seizure susceptibility in mice, using Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) at 30 days after FPI. To further characterize this mouse model of FPI, histopathological and glial response data are also provided. Materials and Methods ===================== Strain and surgeries -------------------- All experimental protocols were carried out as previously approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee (IACUC) of Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Scott &White hospital. Male C57Bl6 mice from Charles River were used in these studies. All the mice from FPI and sham groups underwent surgery. Mice were initially anesthetized with 4% isoflurane and oxygen for anesthesia induction and later to 2% isoflurane for maintenance. Once under anesthesia, the heads of the animals were shaved. Strict sterile technique was maintained during surgical procedures. Animals were placed in a stereotaxic instrument with an attachment for mouse surgery (Stoelting, Inc., IL, USA). A 2-mm hole was drilled, with dura intact, in the skull over the left parietal cortex (antero-posterior: +1.5 mm; medio-lateral: −1.2 mm). A female luer-lock (PlasticOne) was connected to the hole in the skull. Animals in the FPI group received a pressure pulse of 1.5--1.7 atm from the FPI apparatus through the luer-lock for 12--16 ms. Sham animals received identical treatment except no pressure pulse was delivered. Naïve animals were not surgically manipulated. Animals were housed singly after FPI with a 12-h light--dark cycle (light on 6:00 and light off 18:00). All animals had continuous access to food and water. Histopathology -------------- Forty C57Bl6 male mice were used for histological examination. Animals were randomly assigned to experimental (*N* = 16), sham (*N* = 16), and naïve control (*N* = 8) groups. In order to define the injury and subsequent inflammatory response, separate groups of mice were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, and 30 days after FPI (*N* = 4 sham, 4 FPI, and 2 Naïve mice per time point). Mice were euthanized via a transcardiac perfusion of saline followed by paraformaldehyde (PFA) as previously described (Arisi et al., [@B1]). Briefly, animals were given an overdose of i.p. Euthasol, followed by an incision in the right atrium while simultaneously pumping 0.9% sterile saline through the left ventricle. After the blood ran clear (∼50 ml), 4.0% PFA was pumped through the left ventricle. Brains were allowed to post-fix in the skull for 24 h following perfusion, after which they were removed, and post-fixed for another 24 h in PFA. Brains were subsequently hemi-sectioned and cut at 50 μm for analysis. Gross examination of the impact lesion was performed upon extraction from the skull, prior to cutting, in addition to histological and immunocytochemical analysis. ### Cresyl violet Sections were mounted onto gelatin-coated slides and allowed to dry overnight. Slides were then dehydrated and defatted in 70, 95, and 100% ETOH, followed by rehydration and staining in the cresyl violet solution (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA). Slides were rinsed in de-ionized H~2~O, again dehydrated, cleared with xylenes, and coverslips were applied using permount. Sections were then visualized using a Leica SCN 400 (Leica Corp., Wetzlar, Germany) slide scanner. ### Fluoro-Jade C histology for damaged cells Sections were mounted onto gelatin-coated slides and Fluoro-Jade C staining took place according to the packaging instructions (AG325, Millipore Inc., Billerica, MA, USA). Once these slides were dry, they were immersed in xylenes and then cover slips were applied using DPX mounting media. Sections were then visualized on a Olympus IX81 (Olympus Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA) inverted microscope equipped to visualize FITC. ### GFAP and Iba1 immunocytochemistry for astrocytes and microglia Sections were reacted free-floating as previously described (Shapiro et al., [@B23], [@B22]). Briefly, fluorescent labeling of both antibodies was performed in order to provide a qualitative temporal description of the inflammatory response in the ipsi and contralateral cortex following FPI. For GFAP-labeling, a fluorescent-tagged primary GFAP antibody (1:2000; Sigma \#C9205) was used for analysis. For Iba1, a rabbit polyclonal antibody (1:500; Wako labs \# 019-19741) was used, followed by fluorescent-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa-fluor 555; Invitrogen Inc.). Sections were then visualized on a Olympus IX81 (Olympus Inc.) inverted, laser-scanning confocal microscope. In addition, we performed a peroxidase reaction using DAB for GFAP (Rabbit polyclonal 1:1000; Sigma\#G9269) and these slides were visualized on the Leica SCN 400 slide scanner (Leica Corp.). PTZ second-hit seizure challenge -------------------------------- Twenty three male C57Bl/6 mice (23--28 g) were used in this part of the study. The 30-day post-FPI timepoint was selected because previous studies using other models of epileptogenesis have examined the 30-day timepoint for increased seizure susceptibility (Blanco et al., [@B3]; Wilhelm et al., [@B29]). Animals were randomly assigned to experimental (*N* = 9), sham (*N* = 9), and naïve control (*N* = 5) groups. To test for seizure susceptibility, 30 days after the surgery, all the animals from FPI, sham, and naïve control groups were injected i.p. with a subconvulsive dose (Jain et al., [@B12]) of PTZ (30 mg/kg; Sigma). Immediately following the single injection of PTZ, mice were monitored and videotaped, and seizure scores were calculated for 20 min by reviewers blind to the condition of the animal. Seizures were scored as per a modified Racine Scale (Shapiro et al., [@B21]). Briefly, stage 1 seizures were classified by movement of mouth and facial muscles; stage 2 seizures were classified as head-bobs and rocking; stage 3 seizures were classified by forelimb clonus; stage 4 seizures were classified as forelimb and hindlimb clonus; stage 5 seizures were classified as tonic clonic activity and loss of balance. The seizure parameters that were examined in this study were: severity, frequency, and duration of seizures. Data was analyzed by contingency table analysis with Chi-Square, using SPSS 9.0. Results ======= Gross examination ----------------- Gross examination of the brain following removal revealed a substantial lesion surrounded by blood in mice that received the FPI. The lesion was present both at the 1- and 3-day timepoints (data not shown). This was not observed in the sham animals. The blood surrounding the lesion site appeared to be more prevalent at 3 days relative to the 1-day timepoint. By 7 days, the lesion was still present, but the blood surrounding the lesion was no longer evident. At 30 days, there was no gross evidence of a lesion. Histopathology -------------- In general, the FPI results in a consistent lesion that is focused around the center of the impact area and emanates deep to, lateral and medial to the impact area. Examination of Cresyl Violet stained tissue sections revealed that at 1 day after FPI, the lesion size spanned from Anterior/Posterior (AP) +0.3 to −2.54 mm from bregma. The average medial to lateral (ML) span was 1.82 mm (±0.42 mm) at its widest margin, which was located around the epicenter of the impact (AP −1.2 mm, ML +1.5 mm from bregma). The median ML length was 1.78 mm. The range of the dorsal/ventral (DV) damage was between 0.18 and 1.09 mm from the pial surface (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Leukocyte infiltration was observed in the region surrounding the lesion (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Fluoro-Jade staining was performed and damaged cells were seen immediately lateral, medial, and subjacent to the impact zone (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) at the 1 day post-FPI timepoint. {#F1} {#F2} At 3 days post-FPI, the lesion spanned from AP +0.26 to −2.60 mm from bregma. The average ML span was 1.44 mm (±0.47 mm) at its widest margin, which was located around the epicenter of the impact (AP −1.2 mm, ML +1.5 mm from bregma). The median ML length was 1.31 mm (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). The range of the DV damage was between 0.15 and 0.86 mm from the pial surface. Leukocyte infiltration was observed in the region surrounding the lesion (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Fluoro-Jade staining was performed and damaged cells were seen extending deep into the tissue, reaching as far ventral as the corpus callosum (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) at the 3-day post-FPI timepoint. {#F3} At 7 days post-FPI, the lesion size was noticeably smaller relative to the 1- and 3-day timepoints. In two of the four FPI animals examined, the pial surface had healed such that no breach was evident. In the other two mice, only a small disruption of the pial surface was evident. At this timepoint, the lesion size spanned from AP +0.26 to −2.54 mm from bregma. The average ML span was 1.08 mm (±0.28 mm) at its widest margin, which was located around the epicenter of the impact (AP −1.2 mm, ML +1.5 mm from bregma). The median ML length was 1.28 mm (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The range of the DV damage was between 0.43 and 0.65 mm from the pial surface. Fluoro-Jade staining detected only a small number of Fluoro-Jade cells at the 7-day post-FPI timepoint. These cells were located in the immediate surrounding area of the impact zone (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). At 30 days after FPI, the pial surface appeared to be fully restored and intact in all of the mice examined. Although only minimal superficial evidence of the lesion was evident, the cortical layers within and surrounding the region where the lesion occurred no longer exhibit a clear I--VI pattern (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). No Fluoro-Jade labeling was found at this timepoint. Glial response to FPI --------------------- ### GFAP In order to examine the glial response following FPI in mice, we performed immunohistochemistry for astrocytes using anti-GFAP and microglial cells using anti-Iba1. The general pattern of the glia was such that at 1-day post-FPI, there were astrocytes with processes extending toward the lesion (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), indicative of astrocytes migrating to the injury site. However, in the peri-lesion area, only minimal GFAP-labeling is observed (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Minimal GFAP-labeling was also observed throughout ipsi and contralateral cortex (Figures [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} and [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). By 3 days after FPI, there was an intense astrocyte activation located in the peri-lesion region (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) that was considerably more pronounced and widespread compared to 1 day post-FPI (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). In addition to the peri-lesion area, activated astrocytes were robustly observed throughout the entire ipsilateral cortex in the FPI mice (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}), although there was only minimal GFAP-labeling in the contralateral hemisphere (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). At 7 days post-FPI, the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was decreased throughout the ipsilateral cortex relative to the 3-day timepoint (Figures [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). In the peri-lesion area, a robust number of hypertrophied astrocytes are still observed (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), although considerably less astrocytes are seen relative to the 3-day timepoint. In the ipsilateral cortex, GFAP-labeling is observed, but not in the contralateral cortex (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Overall, at 7 days post-FPI, there appears to be less GFAP-labeled astrocytes relative to the 3-day timepoint (Figures [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}--[6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). {ref-type="fig"} **(E,F)**, in which the contralateral hemisphere corresponding to the lesion site also appeared depleted of GFAP-labeling. At 30 days post-FPI **(G,H)**, GFAP-labeled astrocytes are widely distributed throughout both, ipsilateral **(G)** and contralateral **(H)** hemispheres. Note, that we have also provided light microscopic images of DAB-reacted tissue (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) demonstrating these same observations. Scale bar in **(A)** = 50 μm for all images.](fneur-04-00028-g004){#F4} {ref-type="fig"}. The advantage of the DAB-reacted tissue is that it allows for the reader to appreciate the coordinates of the tissue, as well as the relative staining in the ipsi and contra lateral hemispheres at lower magnification.](fneur-04-00028-g005){#F5} ![**Epi-fluorescent microscopy of Iba1-labeling following FPI**. In **(A,B)**, images are from a naïve control mouse. In **(C,D)**, images are from a sham mouse. Note the typical distribution of Iba1-labeled microglial cells in both of these animals. Enlargements **(A1--D1)** are provided in order to illustrate the normal appearance of resting microglial cells in the region corresponding to the FPI-induced lesion **(B,D)** and the region corresponding to this area in the contralateral hemisphere **(A,C)**. Note that microglial cells in normal conditions show minimal overlap, with each cell occupying a specific domain within the parenchyma. At 1-day post-FPI **(E,F)**, some of the Iba1-labeled microglial cells in the contralateral hemisphere **(E1)** exhibit the early stages of microglial activation (white arrows). In the peri-lesion region **(F1)**, robust Iba1-labeling is apparent. Many of these labeled cells at this timepoint exhibit a relatively simple morphology (green arrows) and to a lesser extent more complex microglial cells (white arrowheads) are also evident (Shapiro et al., [@B23]). At 3 days post-FPI **(G,H)**, microglial activation is increased in the contralateral hemisphere **(G)** relative to 1-day post-FPI. In the peri-lesion region **(H)**, a robust Iba1-labeling is observed. At 7 days post-FPI **(I,J)**, the distribution and appearance of Iba1-labeled microglial cells in the contralateral hemisphere **(I)** is similar to 1-day post-FPI. In the peri-lesion area **(J)**, the microglial response is decreased relative to the 3-day timepoint, although there is still a substantial appearance of activated microglial cells. At 30 days post-FPI **(K,L)**, the Iba1-labeled microglial cells in the contralateral hemisphere **(K)** appear to be depleted. Of the few remaining Iba1-labeled microglial cells, many continue to exhibit an activated morphology. Similarly in the peri-lesion region **(L)**, there is a noticeable lack of Iba1-labeled microglial cells in layers I--IV in the region subjacent to where the lesion occurred. In layers V and VI, there are considerably more Iba1-labeled microglial cells, some of which exhibit varying degrees of activation. Scale bar in **(B)** = 50 μm for images **(A--L)**. Scale bar = 50 μm in images **(A1--L1)**.](fneur-04-00028-g006){#F6} ### Iba1 At the 1-day timepoint, activated microglial cells are only sparsely observed in the peri-lesion area (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). No changes were apparent in the contralateral hemisphere. Microglial activation was most robust at 3 days post-FPI (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). The majority of activated microglial cells are observed in the peri-lesion zone (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}), but to a lesser extent, were also observed throughout the ipsilateral cortex (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). At 1 and 3 days after FPI, some of the microglial cells exhibited a rod shaped morphology (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). Some of these rod shaped cells were in pairs or small trains of cells, similar to that observed by Ziebell et al. ([@B30]). By 7 days post-FPI, activated microglial cells were only observed in the immediate peri-lesion region (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) and were relatively less abundant than the 1 and 3 day post-FPI timepoints. At this time point and beyond, very few if any of the microglial cells exhibited a rod shaped appearance (data not shown). Activated microglial cells were relatively sparse at the 30-day timepoint in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). ![**Confocal images of trains of Iba1-labeled microglial cells in the peri-lesion area**. In **(A)**, two separate trains of microglial cells are shown. In these trains, the microglial cells exhibit a rod-like appearance. Ziebell et al. ([@B30]) have described a similar appearance of trains of rod-like cells in the somatosensory cortex following fluid percussion injury in rats. Similar to Ziebell et al. ([@B30]), the rod-cells observed in the present study (both single and in trains) appeared perpendicular to the pial surface. In **(B)**, despite the lack of an elongated, rod-like appearance, the cells within this train appear to have their apical and basal processes connected. In **(C)**, Iba1-labeled cells are shown in tissue that has been counterstained using DAPI. Note that there are at least three rod-cells (green arrows) within this train that contain relatively long apical and basal processes (green arrowheads). Another train of cells that does not exhibit this rod shape (white arrows) is seen at the left edge of the image. Although these cells do not exhibit a rod shape, they still appear to be connected by their apical and basal processes. Scale bars in all images = 10 μm.](fneur-04-00028-g007){#F7} Second-hit PTZ Seizures ----------------------- In response to the PTZ challenge, eight out of the nine mice from the FPI group exhibited stage IV/V seizures compare to one mouse in the sham group and no mice in the naïve control group (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Contingency table analysis was performed and the Chi-Square results revealed a significant increase in the development of stage IV/V seizures between the FPI group, compared to the sham group (*χ*^2^ = 10.888; *p* \< 0.001), and the Naïve group (*χ*^2^ = 10.37; *p* \< 0.001). There was no difference observed between sham and naïve control groups (*χ*^2^ = 0.598; *p* = 0.439, NS). ###### **Chi-Square results from contingency table analysis of stage IV/V seizures**. Stage IV/V seizure No stage IV/V seizure --------------- -------------------- ----------------------- FPI 8\* 1 Sham control 1 8 Naïve control 0 5 *Note that there is no significant differences between sham control and naïve control groups. \*Denotes significant difference from sham control and naïve control group (*p* \< 0.005)*. The frequency of seizures was also significantly different between the three groups such that there was an increase in the FPI mice when compared with mice from the sham (*χ*^2^ = 11.455; *p* \< 0.001) and naïve (*χ*^2^ = 11.455; *p* \< 0.001) groups (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). There was no difference observed between sham and naïve control groups (*χ*^2^ = 0.498; *p* = 0.455, NS). In addition, FPI altered the total duration of seizures between the three groups (*F* = 4.90; *p* \< 0.033), such that the FPI mice had a significantly greater total duration of seizures relative to naïve (*p* \< 0.049) but not relative to sham (*p* = 0.35) groups (data not shown). ###### **Chi-square results from contingency table analysis of median seizure frequency**. Treatment groups Seizure frequency (median) ------------------ ---------------------------- FPI 7\* Sham control 0 Naïve control 0 *Naïve control was not different from sham control. \*Denotes significant difference from sham control and naïve control group (*p* \< 0.005)*. Discussion ========== The results from this study demonstrate increased seizure susceptibility in mice at 30 days after FPI. This finding is entirely novel and has not been reported in mice at the 30-day timepoint after TBI. It is pertinent to note that a recent study did demonstrate increased seizure susceptibility in mice after a FPI, but that study looked at the 6-month post-FPI timepoint (Bolkvadze and Pitkänen, [@B4]). The two studies also contain several other important differences in methodology. First, the present study used a lower subconvulsive PTZ dose of 30 mg/kg, compared with 50 mg/kg used in the aforementioned study (Bolkvadze and Pitkänen, [@B4]). Second, the present study delivered a more moderate trauma (1.5--1.7 atm for 12--16 ms) compared with ∼2.9 atm for 21--23 ms (Bolkvadze and Pitkänen, [@B4]). It should be noted that previous studies in rat have shown that increasing the pressure level of the FPI, increases the extent of tissue damage, acute impairment, and the probability of post-traumatic epilepsy (Curia et al., [@B6]). However, since very few studies have examined FPI in mice, it is unclear what pressure level is required to produce epileptogenic effect. The data presented in the current study show that a moderate FPI is capable of increasing seizure susceptibility, a hallmark of the epileptogenic progression. Third, the coordinates and size of the burr hole used in the two studies is different. In the present study, the burr hole diameter is 2 mm, compared to Bolkvadze and Pitkänen ([@B4]) in which a 3-mm burr hole was drilled. Moreover, the present study used the coordinates (antero-posterior: +1.5 mm; medio-lateral: −1.2 mm), whereas the previous study did not indicate specific coordinates, rather that study indicated that it was the area over the left parietotemporal cortex between bregma and lambda. These latter coordinates are considerably more lateral compared to the current study. Moreover, a shift in the location of the craniotomy is associated with a alteration to the resulting lesion, such that more lateral coordinates are associated with an increased ipsilateral tissue damage in rats (Vink et al., [@B28]). Nevertheless, previous studies in the rat have shown that coordinates analogous to the ones used in the current study result in a robust pro-epileptogenic response (D'Ambrosio and Perucca, [@B8]; D'Ambrosio et al., [@B7]). Histopathological examination of the tissue at several timepoints post-FPI revealed a stereotypical lesion, followed by scarring and a robust glial response. The glial response has clearly been initiated by 1 day post-FPI and peaks at 3 days post-FPI (Figures [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}--[6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}), as observed by astrocyte and microglial cell staining. By 7 days after FPI, a moderate level of healing has occurred such that the integrity of pial surface has been mostly restored. There are fewer activated astrocytes and microglial cells, and Fluoro-Jade labeling is considerably diminished relative to the 1- and 3-day timepoints. One cannot rule out the possibility that the decreased Fluoro-Jade labeling at 7 days post-FPI is as much a result of cells that have died, as it is cell that have been rescued. Consistent with this notion, a persistent area of necrotic tissue is evident in the region immediately surrounding the impact zone. It is pertinent to note that stereological cell counts for neurons was beyond the scope of this study, but it is entirely possible, if not likely, that neuronal loss and remodeling persists following FPI. By 30 days after the FPI, superficial examination of the tissue reveals only minor necrosis and the pial surface appears to have been repaired. Although this study does not directly assess infiltrating components of neuroinflammation, the fact that there is blood brain barrier breakdown following FPI, as well as a robust astroglial and microglial response, is typically indicative of acute neuroinflammation (Streit et al., [@B25]). Moreover, we have previously performed analogous studies in the rat using the FPI paradigm and showed a robust inflammatory response in the cortex by 24 h after injury (Mukherjee et al., [@B17]). Previous studies examining molecular correlates of inflammation following traumatic brain injuries have indicated that the drilling of the Burr hole alone is sufficient to cause inflammation and mild levels of neuropathology (Cole et al., [@B5]). Therefore, the present study incorporated the use of both, a sham group that received identical treatment to the FPI group, minus the actual FPI delivery, as well as a naïve control which had no experimental manipulations performed. In the sham groups, there was no noticeable lesion at any of the timepoints examined, nor was there appreciable astrocyte or microglial activation. Despite this lack of a lesion, or glial activation, it is still possible that neuroinflammatory proteins are altered in response to the craniotomy in sham mice. The fact that one animal in the sham group did exhibit stage IV/V seizures following the PTZ second-hit challenge supports the idea that the sham surgery has the potential to not only cause an inflammatory response (Cole et al., [@B5]), but may also increase seizure susceptibility (Galic et al., [@B11]). This idea is further supported by the fact that previous studies have shown that some inflammatory proteins are pro-convulsive (Kramer et al., [@B16]; Vezzani and Granata, [@B27]). Such findings underscore the need to incorporate both, a sham and a naïve control group when performing studies that pertain to inflammation and/or seizure effects of TBI. In conclusion, this study demonstrates increased seizure susceptibility to a sub-threshold dose of PTZ at 30 days following a FPI. Taken together with the study from Bolkvadze and Pitkänen ([@B4]), future studies can be carried out using transgenic mouse strains and the FPI method to further elucidate mechanisms of TBI. Conflict of Interest Statement ============================== The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. We are also grateful for the funding support from Scott and White Hospital (RGP\#90347). This material is the result of work supported with resources, including a SHEEP grant and the use of facilities at the Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA. We are also grateful to Megan Ruch for her technical support. We would like to thank Drs. Richard Robertson and Pier Di Patre for their meaningful comments regarding the histology data. [^1]: Edited by: András Büki, University of Pécs, Hungary [^2]: Reviewed by: Stefan Plantman, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Manuel B. Graeber, University of Sydney, Australia [^3]: This article was submitted to Frontiers in Neurotrauma, a specialty of Frontiers in Neurology.

--- abstract: 'We examine the physics content of fragmentation functions for inclusive hadron production in a quark jet and argue that it can be calculated in low energy effective theories. As an example, we present a calculation of $u$-quark fragmentation to $\pi^+$ and $\pi^-$ mesons in the lowest order in the chiral quark model. The comparison between our result and experimental data is encouraging.' address: | $^{1}$Center for Theoretical Physics, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, and Department of Physics\ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139–4307\ $^{2}$Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science\ Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104\ [ ]{} author: - 'Xiangdong Ji$^{1}$ and Zheng-Kun Zhu$^{1,2}$' date: 'MIT-CTP-2259.     Submitted to: [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{}     November 1993' title: 'QUARK FRAGMENTATION FUNCTIONS IN LOW-ENERGY CHIRAL THEORY[^1]' --- Despite lack of a rigorous proof, many believe that the color charges in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) are permanently confined. The building blocks of QCD, quarks and gluons, cannot emerge as asymptotic states of the theory and thus are not directly detectable in an experiment. Rather, traces of energetic quarks and gluons in a hard collision manifest in jets of hadrons with highly correlated momenta. Since their discovery in 1975, jets have become bread-and-butter physics in high-energy colliders. Parton fragmentation refers to the process of converting high-energy, colored quarks and gluons out of a hard scattering into hadron jets observed in detectors. Undoubtedly, this process involves QCD physics at many different scales and is rather complicated. However, important developments in perturbative QCD occurred in the beginning of 80’s, coupling with rich experimental data taken from high-energy colliders, have taught us a great deal about what is going on in fragmentation process [@MUE1]. In a modern view, parton fragmentation involves three key concepts: separation of short and long distance physics (factorization theorem or assumption), perturbative evolution of partons from high to low virtualities (parton shower), and non-perturbative fragmentation of partons with virtuality of order of 1 GeV to hadrons (hadronization). While the first two subjects can be treated systematically in perturbation theory, the last one is intrinsically non-perturbative and is difficult to study directly in QCD. In the past, phenomenological models, such as Feynman-Field model [@FF] or Lund string model [@AND], have been used to describe hadronization in Monte Carlo simulations. Except for heavy quarks [@XXX], little progress has been made on understanding fragmentation physics from the fundamental theory. In this Letter we attempt to study hadronization from a low energy effective theory, focusing on calculating fragmentation functions for inclusive hadron production. In order for the reader to understand the context of our calculation and to disperse possible doubts over its relevance, we begin with inclusive hadron production in $e^+e^-$ annihilation, for which a factorization theorem can be proved rigorously in perturbative QCD [@MUE2; @CS1]. The theorem asserts that in the leading order in hard momentum the inclusive hadron is produced by fragmentation of a [*single*]{} quark without influence of others (independent jet fragmentation). Consequently, the fragmentation functions, which describe hadron distributions in the jet, can be expressed in terms of the matrix elements of the quark field operator alone. If similar factorization theorems can be proved for other processes, the same functions appear in the relevant hadron-production cross sections. Like parton distribution functions, the parton fragmentation functions are scale dependent, and the scale evolution is governed by renormalization group equations[@MUE2]. At low-energy scales, the fragmentation functions contain no large momenta and shall be calculable in low-energy models. To illustrate this, we consider pion production in a quark jet using the chiral quark model of Manohar and Georgi [@GM]. The tree level result for $\pi^+$ and $\pi^-$ productions in a $u$-quark jet shows an impressive similarity with the EMC data when evolved to appropriate energy scales. The higher-order corrections can be taken into account systematically in a chiral expansion. To begin our discussion, we consider the hadron tensor for inclusive hadron production in $e^+e^-$ annihilation, $$\hat W_{\mu\nu} = {1\over 4\pi}\sum_X \int d^4\xi e^{iq\cdot \xi} \langle 0|J_\mu(\xi)|H(P)X\rangle \langle H(P)X|J_\nu(0)|0\rangle $$ \label{W1}$$ where $q$ is the moment of a time-like virtual photon, $P$ is the moment of the observed hadron $H$ and $X$ represents other unobserved hadrons and is summed over. In the following discussion, we choose a special coordinate system defined by two light-cone vectors $p={\cal P}(1,0,0,1)$ and $n=1/(2{\cal P})(1,0,0,-1)$ with $p\cdot n=1$, in which the hadron and photon momenta are collinear: $P=p + nM^2/2 $, $q=p/z + \nu n$. In the deep-inelastic limit ($Q^2 = q^2 \rightarrow \infty$, $\nu=P\cdot q \rightarrow \infty$, and ${2\nu /Q^2 } = z = $ finite), the factorization theorem guarantees that the leading contribution to the hadron tensor, neglecting the calculable perturbative corrections, comes from the diagrams in Fig. 1[@MUE2], $$\begin{aligned} \hat W_{\mu\nu} & = & 3\sum_a e_a^2 (\hat f_1^a(z,Q^2) +\hat f_1^{\bar a}(z, Q^2))/z^2 \nonumber\\ &\times& \left[z(-g^{\mu\nu} + q^\mu q^\nu/q^2) - 2/\nu(P^\mu-{z\over 2}q^\mu) (P^\nu-{z\over 2}q^\nu)\right] \label{W2}\end{aligned}$$ where $a$ sums over quark flavors and $$\hat f_1(z, \mu^2) = {1\over 4}z\int {d\lambda \over 2\pi} e^{-i\lambda/z} \langle 0 | {\mathrel{\mathop{n\!\!\!/}}}_{\alpha\beta}\psi_\beta(0)|H(P)X\rangle \langle H(P)X|\bar \psi_\alpha(\lambda n)|0\rangle \label{hf1}$$ is the quark fragmentation function represented by a quark-hadron four-point vertex in Fig. 1. In Eq. (\[hf1\]), $\mu^2$ labels the renormalization-point dependence and the light-cone gauge $A\cdot n =0$ has been used (otherwise a gauge link has to be explicitly included to ensure gauge invariance). Except for a scale dependence, Eq. (\[W2\]) is the naive parton-model result proposed by Feynman before QCD [@F]. It resembles a similar prediction for the hadron structure functions in deep-inelastic scattering, which can be justified by the operator production expansion in QCD. However, validity of Eq. (\[W2\]) in QCD is somewhat more remarkable, for the color charges are knowned to be confined at a scale of order 1 fm, at which something must happen to ensure the quark and antiquark keeping flying apart. The factorization theorem says whatever mechanism it is, it does not affect the hadron content of a jet. To understand better about this independent parton fragmentation picture, we recall the way that the gluon exchanges between the quark and antiquark jets are treated when the factorization theorem is proved[@CSS]. There are two types of gluon exchanges which are important in the so-called leading diagrams. The first is the collinear gluons emitted by a quark, with their momenta parallel to the other quark. These gluons are longitudinally polarized, and are summed to a gauge link to make Eq. (3) gauge invariant. The second is the soft gluons which either are emitted by the jets or link the two at large separations. With use of the soft-gluon approximation and the Slavnov-Taylor identities they can be factorized, and are subsequently cancelled by unitarity when final states, excluding the observed hadron, are summed. Thus, it appears that the study of inclusive hadron production in $e^+e^-$ annihilation reduces to evaluating Eq. (\[hf1\]). Notice the close similarity of $\hat f_1(z)$ with the quark distribution function $f_1(x)$ in a hadron of momentum $P$, $$f_1(x, \mu^2) = {1\over 2}\int {d\lambda \over 2\pi} e^{i\lambda x} \langle P|\bar \psi(0) {\mathrel{\mathop{n\!\!\!/}}} \psi(\lambda n)|P \rangle ~~. \label{f1}$$ Our experiences in calculating the latter provide us with valuable insights in calculating the former: First, the fact that the spectators $X$ in Eq. (3) are colored states is not a problem in a real calculation. Similar colored intermediate states occur in the distribution functions if a complete set of states is inserted in-between the quark fields. \[In the MIT bag model, these are di-quark states.\] Second, the fragmentation functions at $\mu^2$ less then 1 GeV$^2$ involve only low-energy scales and are entirely dominated by non-perturbative QCD physics. As such, techniques useful for calculating the parton distributions can in principle be used to calculate the fragmentation functions. The explicit sum over the spectators can not be eliminated in the fragmentation functions, even if one is only interested in their moments. This renders lattice QCD and QCD sum rule methods largely useless. However, the low-energy chiral theory is an exception. One version of the theory particularly useful here is the chiral quark model of Manohar and Georgi [@GM], which is an effective theory of QCD at scales between $\Lambda_\chi =4\pi f_\pi$, the chiral symmetry breaking scale, and $\Lambda_{\rm QCD}$, the QCD confinement scale. Emergence of such a theory at low energy can be argued as follows: As an energy scale decreases below $\Lambda_\chi$, the instability of the perturbative QCD vacuum leads to spontaneous breaking of the flavor $SU(3)_L\times SU(3)_R$ chiral symmetry, creating an octet of Goldstone bosons. Meanwhile, the quarks and gluons acquires their constituent masses through non-zero vacuum condensates. The interactions between the constituent quarks and gluons and Goldstone bosons are determined by chiral dynamics and are controlled by expansion of small parameters $m_\pi^2/\Lambda_\chi^2$ and $k^2/\Lambda_\chi^2$, where $k$ is a small momentum. Matching the QCD quarks above $\mu=\Lambda_\chi$ and the constituent quarks below deserves some explanations. First of all, to find the exact matching conditions one has to solve both QCD and the effective theory around $\Lambda_\chi$ completely. Second, an effective theory is effective only if matching conditions are simple. In this study, we take the most naive assumption that a QCD quark [*is*]{} just a constituent quark at the matching scale. This is motivated by successes of similar assumptions used in other constituent quark models. We also note that the matching conditions should be used in conjunction with the way that the effective theory is treated. We will return to this point later when we choose a cut-off for ultra-violet momenta. For simplicity, we will neglect the gluon fragmentation at low energy scale, because in the effective theory gluons interact weakly with quarks, $\alpha_s^{\rm eff}\sim 0.3$. This, of course, means that our result is unreliable for small $z$, where hadrons are mostly produced by bremsstrahlung gluons. In particular, the so-called hump-back plateau in hadron spectra, caused by intrajet coherence effects, is beyond our scope [@MSDK]. Thus to the leading order, the effective lagrangian for quarks and Goldstone bosons is $${\cal L} = \bar \psi (i {\mathrel{\mathop{D\!\!\!/}}} + {\mathrel{\mathop{V\!\!\!/}}} -m) \psi + g_a\bar \psi {\mathrel{\mathop{A\!\!\!/}}} \gamma_5 \psi \label{lagr}$$ where $\psi$ carries implicit color, favor, and spin indices. The vector and axial-vector fields are defined as, $$(V_{\mu}, A_{\mu}) = {i\over 2}(\xi^\dagger\partial_\mu \xi \pm \xi\partial_{\mu} \xi^{\dagger})$$ where $\xi = \exp(i\pi/f_\pi)$ and $\pi = \sum_a \pi^a T^a$ with $f_\pi=93$ MeV and Tr$T^aT^b=\delta^{ab}/2$. Under the chiral transformation: $$\begin{aligned} \Sigma (= \xi^2) &\rightarrow& L\Sigma R^\dagger, \nonumber \\ \xi & \rightarrow & L\xi U^\dagger=U\xi R^\dagger, \nonumber \\ \psi & \rightarrow & U\psi,\end{aligned}$$ where $L$ and $R$ are group elements of $SU(3)_L\times SU(3)_R$, ${\cal L}$ is invariant. Let us first consider the $\pi^+$ production from a $u$-quark jet. The momentum-space Feynman rules for $f_1(z)$ can be derived easily when re-writing $\hat f_1$ as, $$\hat f_1(z, \mu^2) = {1\over 4}z\int {dk^-d^2k_\perp \over (2\pi)^4} \int d^4\xi e^{-i\xi\cdot k} \sum_X \langle 0| \gamma^+_{\alpha\beta} \psi_\beta(0)|H(P)X\rangle \langle H(P)X|\bar \psi_\alpha(\xi)|0\rangle \label{hf11}$$ with $zk^+=p^+$, and each matrix element is transformed to the interaction picture [@COLLINS]. The lowest order diagram is shown in Fig. 2. A simple calculation yields, $$\hat f_1^{\pi^+}(z) = {1\over 2z} g_a^2 \int {d k_\perp^2 \over (4\pi f_\pi)^2}$$ In contrast to logarithmic theories, e.g., QED and QCD, the pion transverse momentum integration has no collinear singularity. In large momentum region, it diverges quadratically. In our calculation, we cut off this type of integrations at the scale $\Lambda_{\chi}$, beyond which the effective theory ceases to be valid. Of course, the result depends sensitively on ways that the cut is imposed, more so than in logarithmic theories. However, we believe that the arbitrariness is cancelled when a choice is used in conjunction with the corresponding matching conditions. Here, we make a simplest choice, $k_\perp^{\rm max}=\Lambda_\chi$. Thus, $$f_1^{\pi^+}(z, \Lambda_{\chi}^2) = {1\over 2z}g_a^2$$ where $\Lambda_\chi =4\pi f_\pi$ has been used. To confront this with experimental data, we must evolve this to appropriate scales using the Altarelli-Parisi equation [@FIELD]. In Fig. 3, we show a comparison between the evolved result ($g_a=0.75$) and the data from EMC measurement [@EMC]. Considering the simplicity of the approach, we think the agreement is impressive. A more intricate case is $\pi^-$ production from the $u$-quark jet, which is an unfavored process. In the lowest order, $\pi^-$ has to be produced together with a $\pi^+$ meson. There are two way to accomplish this: The first is a sequential emission of pions through the axial-vector coupling, and the second is a sea-gull emission through the vector coupling. The two processes interfere as shown in Fig. 4. The sign of the interference term is completely determined by the sign of the vector coupling, which in turn is fixed by chiral symmetry. The resulting expression for $\hat f_1(z)$ is complicated and we evaluate it numerically. A few salient features can be said briefly. First, there is a $1/z$ divergence for the longitudinal momentum integration of $\pi^+$. A natural cut-off for this is $m_\pi/{\Lambda_\chi} \sim 0.1 $, the mass of pion over the scale of the virtuality of the quark. This is because pions cannot be produced with a $z$ smaller than this due to energy conservation. Second, the numerical result shows a strong cancellation between diagrams in Fig. 4a and 4b and the interference diagrams in Fig. 4c and 4d. The cancelation is maximum if $g_a=1/\sqrt{2}$, i.e., the vector coupling is the square of the axial-vector coupling. In Fig. 5, we have shown the EMC data and our relsult for $g_a=1.0$. The fact that a slightly larger $g_a$ is needed to reproduce the experimental data reflects the oversimplified matching conditions we use. Finally, we present a result for the chiral-odd fragmentation function $\hat e(z)$, for which there is no data available. In Ref. [@JAFFEJI], Jaffe and Ji pointed out the importance of this fragmentation function in measuring the transversity distribution of the nucleon in deep-inelastic scattering. The QCD definition for $\hat e(z)$ is , $$\hat e_1(z, \mu^2) = {1\over 4M}z\int {d\lambda\over 2\pi} e^{-i\lambda/z} \langle 0| \psi_\alpha(0)|H(P)X\rangle \langle H(P)X|\bar \psi_\alpha(\xi)|0\rangle$$ where $M$ is taken to be the nucleon mass. A simple calculation in the chiral quark model yields, $$\hat e(z) = z\hat f_1(z) {m_q\over M} \sim {1\over 3} z\hat f_1(z)$$ where $m_q$ is the constituent quark mass. Note that this relation is only true at the scale $\Lambda_\chi$, beyond which $\hat e(z)$ evolves in a much complicated way (twist-three) [@JI]. However, as a rough estimate for $\hat e(z)$, one can take (12) to be true beyond the model, using it in conjunction with the experimental data for $\hat f_1(z)$. To summaries, we argue that the fragmentation functions can be calculated in low-energy effective theories. As an example, we show how the pion fragmentation functions are calculated in the chiral quark model. The results seem to be encouraging. A study for other fragmentation functions, including $K^\pm$ and extending possibly to $P(\bar P)$ productions, will be presented elsewhere. We thank J. Collion, M. Strikman for discussions on factorization theorems and A. Manohar for discussions on the chiral quark model. Z. Zhu would like to thank Professor Da Hsuan Feng for his numerous encouragement and support. A. H. Mueller, [*Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics*]{}, World Scientific, 1989. R. D. Field and R. P. Feynman, Phys. Rev. D15 (1977) 2590. B. Andersson, G. Gustafson, G. Ingelman, and T. Sjostrand, Phys. Rep. 97 (1980) 31. C. Peterson et al., Phys. Rev. D27 (1983) 105; E. Braaton, K. Cheung, and T. C. Yuan, Phys. Rev. D48 (1993) 5049; R. L. Jaffe and L. Randall, MIT CTP-preprint No. 2189. A. H. Mueller, Physics Report 73 (1981) 237. J. Collins and D. Soper, Nucl. Phys. B185 (1981) 172. A. Manohar and H. Georgi, Nucl. Phys. B234 (1984) 189. R. P. Feynman, [*Photon-Hadron Interactions*]{}, Benjamin-Cummings, 1972. J. C. Collins, D. E. Soper, and G. Sterman, in [*Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics*]{}, ed. by A. H. Mueller, World Scientific, 1989. A. H. Mueller, Phys. Lett. 104B (1981) 161; Yu. L. Dokshitzer, V. S. Fadin, and V. A. Khoze, Z. Phys. C15 (1982) 325. J. Collins, Nucl. Phys. B396 (1993) 161. R. D. Field, [*Applications of Perturbative QCD*]{}, Addison-Wesley, 1989. M. Arneodo [*et. al.*]{} (the EMC collaboration), Nucl. Phys. B321 (1989) 541; J. Aubert [*et. al.*]{} (the EMC collaboration), Phys. Lett. B160 (1985) 417. R. L. Jaffe and X. Ji, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 (1993) 2547. X. Ji, MIT-CTP preprint No. 2219, to be appear in Phys. Rev. D, 1994. \[fig1\] [^1]: This work is supported in part by funds provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (D.O.E.) under contract \#DE-AC02-76ER03069 (MIT) and the National Science Foundation (Drexel).

Château de Sigy The Château de Sigy is a modernised castle in the commune of Sigy in the Seine-et-Marne département of France. The castle dates originally from the 14th century, though much altered in the 15th, 17th and 18th centuries. Of note are the walls and roofs of the castle and its outbuildings, including two towers, the gardens surrounded by moats and two bridges across the moats. Inside, the central staircase with wooden balusters is beneath a dome. In the north wing, the grand bedroom and the 'Trudaine' bedroom contain magnificent chimneys. Privately owned, the castle has been listed since 1984 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. See also List of castles in France External links Ministry of Culture listing for Château de Sigy Château de Sigy on montjoye.net References Category:Castles in Île-de-France Category:Châteaux in Seine-et-Marne Category:Monuments historiques of Île-de-France

This application's long-term objectives are to understand the central steps by which human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) nucleocapsids transit from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (nuclear egress), and to exploit that understanding for drug discovery. This project is especially health-related, as new drugs are needed for treatment of HCMV. In this application, HCMV proteins that are involved in nuclear egress are investigated. One of these proteins, the UL97 protein kinase, is already an established drug target. Two other proteins, UL50 and UL53, interact to form a nuclear egress complex (NEC) that can serve as a new drug target. Specific aim 1 is to investigate the roles of UL97 that are important for production of infectious virus in both non-dividing and dividing cells;in particular, whether the only role of UL97 in nuclear egress is phosphorylation of lamin A/C to disrupt the nuclear lamina. A principal approach will be to analyze a recombinant HCMV expressing a dominant negative mutant of lamin A/C in place of UL97 to determine if that virus can replicate and disrupt nuclear lamina as well as wild type virus in dividing cells or as well as a virus expressing human papillomavirus E7 in non-dividing cells. Specific aim 2 is to investigate the function(s) of the NEC. HCMV mutants that fail to express UL50 or UL53 or that have more specific alterations such as defects in UL50-UL53 interactions will be constructed and their block(s) in nuclear egress will be determined with the aid of techniques including electron microscopy. Why the HCMV NEC is not sufficient to disrupt nuclear lamina in the absence of UL97 will be investigated. Candidate proteins that interact with the NEC in HCMV-infected cells will be investigated to explore the hypothesis that such proteins are recruited to effect budding of nucleocapsids through the inner nuclear membrane. These proteins will be tested for co-localization with the NEC in cells, whether they interact directly with the NEC, and, if so, to map determinants of the interaction. The importance of these proteins for HCMV replication will be investigated using techniques including RNA interference. Should these studies fail to uncover a role for interacting proteins, in vitro studies to test whether the NEC can promote membrane curvature and vesiculation will be undertaken. Specific aim 3 is to determine the structure of the NEC. The structures of truncated versions of NEC subunits that retain sequences that are conserved among herpesviruses are being determined by NMR, as are the locations of the subunit interfaces, which can lead to an NMR structure of the complex. Efforts to improve crystals of the complex will continue, with the goal of obtaining a high resolution crystal structure. Specific aim 4 is to establish a high throughput assay for small molecules that inhibit subunit interactions of the NEC using an amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay or other assay. This assay will be used to screen libraries of small molecules and natural products. "Hits" will be then assayed for biochemical activity and specificity, and for anti-HCMV activity and cytotoxicity, with the long range goal of developing them into antiviral drugs. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: HCMV causes severe disease in people with impaired immunity, and is associated with a number of diseases in the immunocompetent population. There is considerable need for new drugs to combat HCMV, as current drugs have major limitations. The research proposed should not only provide information that could aid in understanding drug targets and mechanisms, but aims directly to discover new anti-HCMV drugs.

Q: Jaxb generate classes from xsd:s with common include fails I'm trying to generate classes from a bunch of xsd:s that all include the same common schema which simplified looks something like this: Schema1.xsd: <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="namespace"> <xsd:include schemaLocation="common.xsd"/> ..... </xsd:schema> Schema2.xsd: <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="namespace"> <xsd:include schemaLocation="common.xsd"/> ..... </xsd:schema> and the common schema does not define a targetNamespace Now when I try generating my classes using: xjc -extension -episode episode.xjb -p se.test -encoding UTF-8 -mark-generated Schema1.xsd Schema2.xsd I get an error saying: Two declarations cause a collision in the ObjectFactory class Which point to the same line number in the common schema. Is there any way of getting around this problem. If I leave out the package parameter everything works fine but I would like to specify my own package. A: So the problem was actually that one of the XSDs (I have like 60 of them so I didn't look at each in detail...) was missing its namespace. Gonna contact the supplier of the XSDs and ask them to fix it.

Q: Multithreading Logical Situation S1: Lookup for some input data S2: IF not found SET IT S3: INSERT DATA S4: ELSE RETURN Intially there is no data stored. If 2 threads simultaneously look up for same input data, lookup returns FALSE in both cases .Then both go through long SET phase. Finally a singleton service Thread Inserts entry in a non synchronized Insert method. In this way, though lookup was intended to never let same data go twice , because of 2 threads working on same data, its purpose was not solved. HOw to handle such situation in multi threaded programs ? A: Double check locking applied: S1: Lookup for some input data S2: IF not found { synchronized(getClass()) { S2-1: Lookup for some input data S2-2: IF not found S2-3: INSERT DATA } S3: RETURN result of S1, S2-1, or S2-3

Q: Location update in background and suspended app modes I want to write application that every 5 min sends to server low-accuracy-location for its both modes: foreground and background. Because I don't want to reduce the battery charge and the locationSignificantChange gives only the high-accuracy-values, I start/stop locationUpdates from GPS every 5 min. Application works fine from foreground mode, but works only about 1 hour from background mode (and stops to send location afterwards). I guess I am missing something in backgroundTask/NSTimer code because I am new with iOS. I will very appreciate your help. The application will be only for iOS 7 and up. In general my algorithm is follow: ** start backGroundTask ** [_locationManager startUpdatingLocation] ** handle received location in "didUpdateLocations:" listener ** [_locationManager stopUpdatingLocation] ** create new thread and fire the NSTimer with delay 5 min ** end backGroundTask This is my code: - (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions { [self startLocationManager]; // .. other init app code } - (void) startLocationManager { _locationManager = [[CLLocationManager alloc] init]; _locationManager.desiredAccuracy = kCLLocationAccuracyNearestTenMeters; _locationManager.distanceFilter = 10; _locationManager.delegate = self; _locationManager.pausesLocationUpdatesAutomatically = NO; [_locationManager startLocation]; } - (void) startLocation { UIApplication * app = [UIApplication sharedApplication]; self.bkgdTask = [app beginBackgroundTaskWithExpirationHandler:^{ }]; [self.locationManager startUpdatingLocation]; } - (void) stopUpdatingLocation { [_locationManager stopUpdatingLocation]; dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH, 0), ^{ self.locationNextTimer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:5 * 60 target:self selector:@selector(startLocation) userInfo:nil repeats:NO]; [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer:self.locationNextTimer forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode]; [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] run]; [app endBackgroundTask:self.bkgdTask]; self.bkgdTask = UIBackgroundTaskInvalid; }); } - (void) locationManager:(CLLocationManager *)manager didUpdateLocations:(NSArray *)locations { [self.locationNextTimer invalidate]; self.locationNextTimer = nil; //ToDo Location Handling [self stopUpdatingLocation]; } EDIT: As I understood from iOS7 Apple wants that startUpdatingLocation for locationManager will be done only from foreground. So any ideas for solution of this problem? I also tried additional solution: instead stop/startUpdatingLocation with NSTimer, to change the accuracy and distanceFilter for big/small values with NSTimer. It did not work because I receive trigger in "didUpdateLocations:" listener 4 times for "freeway drive" instead of one time. A: The location manager will decide for itself the least activity based on your settings. Set the parameters as appropriate for your use case then act responsibly in your delegate. Test the locations received, if they are too recent then you do nothing. This will allow your app processing to impact battery as little as necessary. significantLocationChanges is meant to reduce impact and, in my experience, does a pretty good job of it. Another option is to use region monitoring instead or along with. You can further limit activity by creating regions of a size based on the accuracy you wish to achieve. Update regions and save location only as boundaries are crossed. This may be more appropriate for your needs.

--- abstract: 'We study resonant tunneling through a layered medium with a negative index medium (NIM) slab as a constituent layer. We demonstrate large delays in transmission mediated by the surface and the guided modes of the structure with low losses. We show how important it is to include NIM dispersion for correct assessment of the nature and magnitude of the delay. We also point out the role of NIM absorption for the feasibility of such compact delay devices.' address: | $^1$ Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302 , India\ $^{2}$ School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India author: - 'Dheeraj Golla$^1$, Subimal Deb$^2$ and S Dutta Gupta$^2$' title: Competition between structural and intrinsic dispersion in delay through a left handed medium --- Introduction ============ In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in negative index materials (NIMs), which can exhibit exotic properties [@veselago1968; @shalaevbook; @shalaev2007; @sar]. The rich physics of these materials (not occuring in nature) were discussed theoretically by Veselago [@veselago1968], though their potential application for beating the diffraction limit [@pendry2000] and experimental realization in the microwave range [@shelby1] triggered off the vast current activities. Now such materials (also known as metamaterials or left handed materials) have been fabricated in other wavelength domains right upto the visible range [@shalaev2007; @sar]. Applications of these metamaterials now range from super-lensing and super-resolution [@pendry2000; @fang] to lasing spasers [@zheludev] and optical nanocircuits [@engheta]; invisibility cloaks to electromagnetically induced transparency and slow or stopped light [@sdgprb; @zheludev-arxiv], etc. The real challenge now is to fabricate a low loss metamaterial with high figure of merit (FOM=$-Re(n)/Im(n)$ where $n$ is the refractive index of the metamaterial) and to broaden the frequency domain where both the permittivity and permeability are negative. It is also important to push the domain to even higher frequencies maintaining low losses. In the context of slow light using NIM, the role of dispersion cannot be underestimated. As pointed out by Veselago, a lossless NIM is essentially dispersive [@veselago1968]. The important role played by dispersion has been felt by others in the context of waveguides [@kivshar2003] and especially with reference to cavity QED applications [@zhu1; @fleischhauer2005; @xu2009]. In the context of any finite structure, the frequency dependence of its important characteristics (e.g., transmission through it) emerges from two sources [@sdg1998]. The first is due to the material dispersion of its constituents, while the second is due to the boundary conditions. For example, the transmission through an empty Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity, or the cavity filled with a dispersive material, can be quite different. These characteristics can be quite different as compared to the case of propagation through the bulk dispersive sample. We refer to the first as material or intrinsic dispersion, while the second is labelled as structural dispersion. In this paper our goal is to bring out the salient features of how these sources of dispersion affect the transmission through a NIM guide in a resonant tunnelling (RT) geometry [@pendry2008; @sdg2009]. Unfortunately, many of the papers on the NIM waveguides do not address the issue of material dispersion for calculating the overall dispersion features [@kong2003]. In many others the system is investigated at a particular wavelength, concentrating on structural dispersion only, avoiding thus all material dispersion related issues [@jose]. Our choice of the RT geometry is motivated by several facts. It was shown recently that light can be slowed down using a gap plasmon guide in RT configuration [@sdg2009]. Very recently a multilayered metal/dielectric structure in the same configuration was studied experimentally to show enhanced transmission mediated by the modes of the structure [@pendry2008]. We show that a NIM guide in RT configuration can lead to significant delays provided the losses are low. Our calculations are carried out with experimental data for the permittivity and the permeability of the NIM [@dolling2006], albeit with the approximation of low losses. We also assumed a homogeneous and isotropic character for the NIM. We studied both $\sin{}$/$\cos{}$ and the $\sinh{}$/$\cosh{}$ types of modes of the NIM guide [@kong2003]. We refer to the former as guided modes and the latter as the plasmon-like modes. Indeed, the latter ones (TE polarized) resemble the TM polarized surface plasmon polaritons of a thin metal film or a gap plasmon guide. We correlate the angular location of the peaks in resonant transmission to the corresponding modes in a bare NIM guide. In all our calculations, along with retention of both the sources of dispersion, we present results where material dispersion is suppressed. We show that such a step can lead to wrong conclusions as regards the nature and the magnitude of the delay. In fact, there is a danger of predicting superluminal transit while actually it is subluminal. It is believed that NIMs have to be essentially lossy [@stockman2007; @kinsler2008prl]. In order to have some quantitative idea about the effect of absorption on the delay, we assume a causal response of the NIM medium. We show that even in presence of a much improved magnetic response it may be a difficult job to have high-Q guided and surface modes in the optical and near IR domains. Our study thus reiterates the important observation of Veselago in the context of absorption and dispersion of a realistic metamaterial. The structure of the paper is as follows. In section 2, we consider a generic negative index material slab in order to reveal the roles of intrinsic and structural dispersion. We show that there can be qualitative differences in the group delay if the material dispersion is suppressed. In section 3, we pick the NIM parameters from a recent experiment [@dolling2006], albeit with the assumption of small damping. We study group delay through a structure supporting resonant tunnelling. After a brief discussion of the NIM dispersion and the resulting delay in bulk, we investigate the plasmon-like modes of the structure. We show that the excitation of such modes can lead to enhanced delay as compared to FP modes, albeit at the expense of lower transmission. In section 4, we discuss the guided modes of the same structure, except for lower values of refractive index of the spacer layers. Like in the case of plasmon-like modes, these guided modes are also shown to lead to enhanced delay. In section 5, we fit the experimental data [@dolling2006] for the magnetic resonance to a causal response and vary the relevant parameters in order to obtain better features of the NIM. We show that even a substantial improvement of the magnetic response fails to excite true high-Q guided and surface modes in the NIM guide. Finally, we summarize the main results in Conclusions. We make an important observation on how the large damping in the present day metamaterials can destroy the resonant tunnelling features, stressing the dire need to fabricate ‘transparent’ metamaterials. Group delay in a FP cavity containing a generic NIM =================================================== Consider first the propagation of an optical pulse through a bulk NIM sample. Let the permittivity $\epsilon$ and the permeability $\mu$ of the NIM be given by the following expressions [@sdgprb; @kroll2000] $$\epsilon(\omega)=\frac{\omega^2-\omega_p^2}{\omega^2}, ~~ \mu(\omega)=\frac{\omega^2-\omega_b^2}{\omega^2-\omega_0^2+i\Gamma\omega} .\label{eq:1}$$ Recall that the group delay for a segment of length $d$ in the bulk is given by $$\tau = \frac{d}{v_g} = \left( \frac{d}{c} \right)n_g , ~ n_g = n(\omega) + \omega \frac{\partial n}{\partial \omega}, \label{eq:2}$$ where $n_g$ and $n$ are the group index and the refractive index of the material, respectively. It can be easily seen from (\[eq:2\]) that group index $ n_g$ is the same as the normalized delay $\tau/(d/c)$. Since the source of delay in (\[eq:2\]) is the material dispersion, we will refer to this as delay due to intrinsic dispersion. From a different viewpoint, delay $\tau$ through a segment of length $d$ can be linked to the frequency derivative of the phase $\phi_t$ (accumulated over distance $d$) of the (amplitude) transmission coefficient $t$ ($ = |t|e^{i\phi_t} $ ) [@wigner1955] as $$\tau=\frac{\partial \phi_t}{\partial \omega}|_{\omega=\omega_c},\label{eq:3}$$ where $\omega_c$ is the carrier frequency of the pulse. $\tau$ in (\[eq:3\]) is also referred to as the Wigner phase time. As mentioned earlier, for finite structures, there is another source of frequency dependence of important parameters like transmission and reflection through it. For example, if one considers a slab of width $d$ of a material with some refractive index, embedded in a medium with another index, the characteristic signatures of the Airy resonances of the FP cavity will be imprinted on the delay features. We will refer to such features (with neglect of material dispersion), as delay due to pure structural dispersion. The overall delay emerges as an interplay and competition of these two distinct sources of dispersion. It is thus clear that none of the sources of dispersion can be ignored for correct assessment of the delay. Irrespective of the nature of the delay, it can be evaluated by calculating the phase of the amplitude transmission coefficient and using the expression for the Wigner phase time. ![(a) Real (solid) and imaginary (dotted) parts of the refractive index of the NIM, (b) the normalized delay for a bulk sample. The parameters chosen are: $f_p = 12 $ GHz, $f_b = 6 $ GHz, $f_0 = 4 $ GHz and $\Gamma/\omega_0 =10^{-3}$.[]{data-label="fig:1"}](figure1){width="11cm"} The group delay of a pulse passing through a NIM FP cavity was studied in detail and an analytical expression for the delay was derived [@sdgprb]. It was shown that such a system can lead to large group delays at frequencies corresponding to the Airy resonances. A closer inspection of the expression of the Wigner phase time reveals that the delay has a very pronounced dependence on the frequency derivatives of the permittivity and the permeability. It is thus expected that negligence of the material dispersion would lead to quite erroneous conclusions, even to the extent of the sign of the delay. In other words, one may wrongly predict superluminal transit, while it is actually subluminal. In order to have a quantitative assessment of the contributions of intrinsic and structural dispersion for the delay, we first study the dispersive properties of the bulk material given by (\[eq:1\]). Parameters were taken from the work of Smith [@kroll2000], namely $f_p = 12 $ GHz, $f_b = 6 $ GHz, $f_0 = 4 $ GHz and $\Gamma/\omega_0 =10^{-3}$, where $f_{p,b,0}=\omega_{p,b,0}/(2\pi)$. The frequency dependence of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index is shown in figure \[fig:1\]a. In the bottom panel (figure \[fig:1\]b) we have plotted the time taken for propagation through a distance $d$ in the bulk sample. It is clear that over the specified range of frequencies the bulk material exhibits normal dispersion which leads to a delay of the pulse. If propagation is through a slab of such a ![(a) Intensity transmission coefficient $T$ (top) and the normalized delay $\tau/(d/c)$ (bottom) for a FP cavity as functions of frequency; (b) the same as functions of angle of incidence $\theta_i$ for $f=5$ GHz, $\Gamma/\omega_0 =10^{-3}$ and $d=10$ cm. The bottom right panel compares the normalized delays with (solid) and without (dashed) material dispersion.[]{data-label="fig:2"}](figure2a_2b "fig:"){width="12cm"}** material, embedded in air, the FP resonances are imprinted on this background leading to large delays at these resonances. Now we demonstrate how suppression of the material dispersion can lead to completely erroneous conclusions. Consider the same FP slab, but now with frequency independent $ \epsilon = \epsilon_{f=5{\rm GHz}} $, $ \mu = \mu_{f=5{\rm GHz}}$. For reference we have chosen the material parameters at an intermediate frequency, namely, $f = 5 $ GHz. The Airy resonances of this FP cavity are shown in the top panel of figure \[fig:2\]a. The bottom panel shows the corresponding normalized delay. As can be seen from this figure, just the structural dispersion of the slab for the said parameters leads to negative delay characteristics, which is just the opposite of the actual situation. The same results can be verified from the angle scan of the transmission and the normalized delay at a particular frequency of incident light. In figure \[fig:2\]b we show the dependence of the intensity transmission $T$ and the normalized phase time $\tau/(d/c)$ as functions of the angle of incidence $\theta_i$ at $f=5$ GHz. For each angle of incidence we evaluated the complex amplitude transmission coefficients at two infinitesimally close frequencies $\omega \pm \Delta\omega$ and extracted the corresponding phases. The ratio of the differences in the phases to that of the frequencies lead to the phase time at $\omega$. Results for the cases with (solid line) or without (dashed line) intrinsic dispersion are shown in the lower panel of figure \[fig:2\]b. Material dispersion was suppressed by assuming $\epsilon(\omega \pm \Delta\omega) = \epsilon(\omega) $, $\mu(\omega \pm \Delta\omega) = \mu(\omega) $. Again it is clear that neglect of dispersion can lead to the incorrect result of negative delay. ![Schematics of the layered structure with central NIM layer sandwiched between two spacer layers and high index prisms. All other materials except for the NIM are assumed to be non-magnetic.[]{data-label="fig:3"}](figure3){width="7cm"} Delay in resonant tunnelling mediated by plasmon-like modes =========================================================== In this section we consider a structure which can lead to resonant tunnelling via the excitation of the surface (guided) modes. The structure is assumed to be symmetric ($\epsilon_i=\epsilon_f, ~ \epsilon_1=\epsilon_3, ~ d_1=d_3$) with the central layer made up of NIM (see figure \[fig:3\]). In order to establish a proper connection with the current experimental activities, and also to test their feasibility with our current proposal, we pick the NIM parameters like $\epsilon(\omega)$ and $\mu(\omega)$ from the experiment of Dolling [@dolling2006]. As mentioned earlier, despite the huge volume of literature on novel metamaterials, very few give the complete dispersion data (real and imaginary parts of both $\epsilon$ and $\mu$) for the NIM [@valentine2008; @zhang2005; @kildishev2006]. Most of these data are extracted from transmission studies. The work of Dolling reported a figure of merit of about 3 at $\lambda \sim 1.4 \mu$m, where $Re(n)=-1$, much needed for perfect lensing applications. We used the data digitized from their results for $\epsilon$ and $\mu$ with two significant changes. It is understood that a thin layer of (120nm in their experiment) metamaterial is highly anisotropic. In our calculations we assumed the NIM material to be isotropic and homogeneous. Hopefully 3d near isotropic metamaterials will be realized in near future. The second approximation concerns the losses in the metamaterial. We later comment on how the actual losses of currently available metamaterials can wash out all the interesting effects reported here. Thus the other issue concerns the dire need of truly low-loss metamaterials. Instead of the actual experimentally observed losses, we assume a small loss of $i\gamma$ at the working frequency $\overline{\omega}$ for both permittivity and permeability. Thus at the specified frequency for the NIM we write $$\begin{aligned} \eqalign{ \epsilon_2(\overline{\omega}) &= Re(\epsilon_d(\overline{\omega})) + i\gamma, \\ \mu_2(\overline{\omega}) &= Re(\mu_d(\overline{\omega})) + i\gamma, }\label{eq:epsmugamma} \end{aligned}$$ where $\epsilon_d(\overline{\omega})$ and $\mu_d(\overline{\omega})$ are taken from the work of Dolling [@dolling2006]. The motivation for introducing the small damping is to understand, at least qualitatively, the effect of damping on the resonant tunnelling through a NIM guide. Henceforth, in this and the next section, we consider only the low-loss NIM guide with properties given by (\[eq:epsmugamma\]) excited by a TE-polarized light. ![(a) Intensity transmission coefficient T (b) phase of transmission (in units of $\pi$) and (c) normalized delay as a function of the angle of incidence. The parameters used are $ \lambda = 1.425\mu m, \epsilon_i = \epsilon_f = 6.145, \epsilon_1 = \epsilon_3 = 2.25, d_1 = d_3 = 1 \mu m, d_2 = 2 \mu m$ for $\gamma = $ 0.0001 (dashed), 0.001 (solid) and 0.01 (dotted). (Figure \[fig:4\]a inset) Plot of $(k_2^2-k_1^2)d^2$ as a function of $\alpha_2 d$ as in the work of Wu [@kong2003]. (Figure \[fig:4\]c inset) Normalized delays with (solid lines, values reduced by a factor of 700) and without (dashed lines) material dispersion for $\gamma=0.001$. []{data-label="fig:4"}](figure4a_4c){width="12cm"} In order to have the plasmon like modes of the NIM guide we choose the spacer layer refractive index $n_1$ larger than $|Re(n_2)|$ at the working wavelength. In particular, we choose the following system parameters: $ \lambda = 2\pi\overline{\omega}/c = 1.425\mu m, \epsilon_i = 6.145, \epsilon_1 = \epsilon_3 = 2.25, d_1 = d_3 = 1 \mu m, d_2 = 2 \mu m$. The thickness of the spacer layers was chosen so as to optimize the excitation of a given mode of a NIM guide. The results for the intensity transmission ($T$), phase of transmission ($\phi_t$) and corresponding normalized delay ($\tau/(d_T/c)$, $d_T=d_1+d_2+d_3$) as functions of the angle of incidence are shown in figure \[fig:4\] a, b and c, respectively. The dashed, dotted and solid curves are for three different values of $\gamma$, namely, $\gamma = $ 0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01, respectively. The nature of the peaks in figure \[fig:4\] a and c can be easily understood if one recalls the critical angles for the relevant interfaces at the specified wavelength. For the prism/silica interface the critical angle is about 37.24$^\circ$ while that for the prism/NIM interface it is about 35.25$^\circ$. For $\theta_i>37.24^\circ$ waves are evanescent in silica as well as the NIM slab. Thus the peak occurring at $\theta \sim 39^\circ$ can be associated with the surface-plasmon-like mode of the NIM guide. Such a mode is the dual of the TM-polarized surface plasmon polariton in a metal film [@kong2003] and have been discussed in detail in [@kivshar2003; @kong2003] and used even for QED applications [@xu2009]. Following Wu [@kong2003] we now determine the symmetry of the mode occuring at $\theta_i=39.45^\circ$. For this purpose we consider a symmetric NIM guide with width $d_2=2\mu m$ embedded in silica (with $\epsilon=2.25$). For such a guide with $\mu_1/\mu_2=-0.7487$ the symmetric (cosh-type) and anti-symmetric (sinh-type) mode dispersion curves are shown in the inset of figure \[fig:4\]a. From the parameters used in figure \[fig:4\]a, $(k_2^2-k_1^2)d^2=-15.7594$ (horizontal line in the inset of figure \[fig:4\]a). We obtain two values of $\alpha_2 d=(k_x^2-k_2^2)^{1/2} d$ corresponding to the symmetric (solid curve) and anti-symmetric (dashed curve) modes. For the symmetric mode $\alpha_2 d \sim 5.949$ (vertical line in the inset of figure \[fig:4\]a). The excitation angle corresponding to this value of $\alpha_2 d$ is 39.65$^\circ$ and is closer to the value of $\theta_i$ from the RT data. Thus the resonance at $\theta_i=39.45^\circ$ in figure \[fig:4\]a is recognized as the symmetric plasmon-like mode. The peak close to $\theta_i=34.5^\circ$ corresponds to one of the FP modes of the layered medium, since waves are propagating both in silica as well as in the NIM layer. It is clear from figure \[fig:4\]b that the phase of the transmission coefficient undergoes qualitatively different (positive and negative) changes as one sweeps the angles through the FP or the plasmon-like resonances. The oscillatory (plasmonic) modes are associated with positive (negative) jumps in phase. However, both lead to large delays. It is also clear how increasing damping gradually erases the RT features. For values of NIM losses as in [@dolling2006], the transmission peak due to the ‘plasmonic’ mode gets washed completely though the enhanced delay properties survive. Of course, there is no use of a delayed signal if its peak amplitude is vanishingly small. FP modes and the associated delay still survive to some extent even for large losses. One other important aspect that should be noted from figure \[fig:4\] is that the plasmon-like modes can lead to much larger delays than the FP modes, due to the large quality factors associated with such modes. Delay in resonant tunnelling mediated by guided modes ===================================================== In this section, we consider again the RT configuration (see figure \[fig:3\]), albeit with two changes. We choose a spacer layer with $\epsilon_1=\epsilon_3=1.0$, so that $n_1< Re(n_2)$ and the guided modes could be excited. In other words, the spacer layer is chosen to be optically rarer than the NIM. The other change is in the width of the spacer layers, namely, $d_1=d_3=0.25\mu m$, in order to optimize the excitation of the modes. The critical angles for the prism/air interface is 23.79$^\circ$ and prism/NIM interface (at $\lambda=1.425\mu m$) is 35.25$^\circ$. For angles greater than 23.79$^\circ$ and less than 35.25$^\circ$, the waves are evanescent in the spacer layers, while they are propagating in the NIM layer. Thus guided modes can be excited in the NIM layer only for this range of angles. Any peak observed in the transmission profile in this range can be recognized as due to the excitation of these guided modes. ![Same as in figure \[fig:4\] except that $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_3 = 1, ~\mu_1=\mu_3=1, ~d_1 = d_3 = 0.25 \mu m$. Inset in figure \[fig:5\]a shows the effective index of the modes as a function of guide width. Inset in figure \[fig:5\]c shows the normalized delays with (solid lines, values reduced by a factor of 200) and without (dashed lines) material dispersion for $\gamma=0.001$. []{data-label="fig:5"}](figure5a_5c){width="15cm"} We show the intensity transmission $T$, phase of transmission $\phi_t$ and the normalized delay $\tau/(d_T/c)$ as functions of the angle of incidence $\theta_i$ in figures \[fig:5\]a, b and c, respectively. The dashed, solid and dotted curves correspond to $\gamma=$ 0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01, respectively. It is clear from figure \[fig:5\] that two guided modes corresponding to $\theta_i=$ 27.76$^\circ$ and 33.51$^\circ$, respectively, are supported in the NIM layer. In the inset of figure \[fig:5\]a we plot the effective index, $n_{\rm eff}=k_x/k_0 $, of the modes of a lossless NIM guide in air as a function of the guide width. Different curves are labeled by the corresponding mode numbers. Recall that for a NIM guide the $m=0$ mode does not exist and the lowest allowed mode ($m=1$) has a cutoff (also noted in [@kivshar2003; @kong2003]). From the inset we confirm that for $d_2=2\mu m$ (vertical dashed line in the inset), only two guided modes (marked with circles) are supported. The excitation angles ($\theta_i$) for these values of $n_{\rm eff}$ are 31.61$^\circ$ (for $m=1$) and 27.28$^\circ$ (for $m=2$), respectively, and they match well with the RT data. The mismatch can be attributed to the fact that losses were ignored. The loading of the guide with the prism in the RT configuration is another important source of this mismatch. The plot of the phase of transmission (figure \[fig:5\]b) shows positive jumps at the location of the guided mode resonances (compare with figure \[fig:4\]b). The plot of normalized delay (figure \[fig:5\]c) shows positive delays for both the guided modes. The intensity of transmission gets considerably weakened with increased damping though the delay characteristic is retained. In the inset of figure \[fig:5\]c we plot the normalized delays for $\gamma=0.001$ with (solid line, values reduced by a factor of 200) and without (dashed line) including the effect of the material dispersion. We note again that consideration of material dispersion removes the erroneous negative delay features (obtained by disregarding the material dispersion) of NIM. Finally, a comparison of figures \[fig:5\]c and \[fig:4\]c reveal that the delay with the plasmonic mode is usually higher than that with the guided mode. This is perhaps due to the tighter confinement of the field and the larger quality factor of the plasmonic mode. Effects of losses in the framework of a causal response ======================================================= The treatment in the previous sections (3 and 4) at a given frequency was simple and losses were introduced just to demonstrate their devastating effects on resonant tunnelling features. The realistic treatment of losses over the whole spectral domain is much more complicated. In order to have a causal response, one must have susceptibilities analytic in the upper half complex plane, which is a direct consequence of the fact that response functions vanish for negative arguments. Moreover, the real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility are related by the Kramers-Kronig relation. Recent analysis of causality in the context of NIM dispersion sheds much insight on the underlying phenomena (with or without additional gain) [@stockman2007; @kinsler2008prl; @nistad2008prl]. These studies are based on the analytic properties of $n^2(\omega)=\epsilon(\omega)\mu(\omega)$. ![The real (solid) and imaginary (dashed) parts of refractive index (top row), the normalized delay (middle row) and FOM (bottom row) as a function of $\lambda$. The left top panel shows the fitted curves for digitized data from Dolling [@dolling2006]. The right panel shows the corresponding curves for improved magnetic resonance ($f=10$).[]{data-label="fig:6"}](figure6a_6b){width="15cm"} A compensation or reduction of material losses narrows down the regime over which the left-handed behaviour is observed. On the other hand, as noted in the preceeding sections, increasing loss washes out the interesting features associated with NIM guides. Attainment of a lossless NIM thus reaches an impasse. There should thus be a trade-off between the material loss and the regime of negative index behaviour for practical metamaterials. Magnetic losses are known to play a dominant role in controlling the negative index behaviour of metamaterials. In this section we analyze a material with Lorentz type magnetic permeability given by [@zhang2005oe] $$\mu (\omega) = \mu_\infty - \frac{F \omega_0^2}{ \omega^2 - \omega_0^2+ i\gamma_m \omega},\label{eq:mucausal}$$ where $\mu_\infty$, $\omega_0$, $F$ and $\gamma_m$ have their usual meanings. Note that the experimental data of Dolling [@dolling2006] can be fitted to (\[eq:mucausal\]) with the following values of the parameters $\mu_\infty=0.6$, $\lambda_0=2\pi c/\omega_0$=1.459 $\mu m$, $\gamma_m/\omega_0=0.028$ and $F=4.425 (\gamma_m/\omega_0)$. We used the digitized data for the permittivity. The dependence for the said parameter values is shown in the top panel of figure \[fig:6\]a, while the middle and the bottom panels show the corresponding normalized delay in bulk sample and the FOM, respectively. It was mentioned earlier that in a guide with such material parameters, the RT features are completely washed out. Hence we probe the case of an NIM with improved magnetic response, whereby we scale down the damping $\gamma_m$ by a factor $f_\gamma$ with simultaneous scaling up of the oscillator strength $F$ by $f_o$. The corresponding improved response for $f_o=f_\gamma=10$ is shown in figure \[fig:6\]b. ![Intensity transmission coefficient $T$ (top row), phase of transmission $\phi_t$ in units of $\pi$ (middle row) and the time delays (bottom row) as functions of the angle of incidence $\theta_i$ for the RT structure supporting plasmon-like modes (a) and guided modes (b). Parameters chosen for panel (a) are $\epsilon_1=\epsilon_3=4$, $d_1 = d_3 = 1 \mu m$, $d_2 = 0.5 \mu m$ and for panel (b) are $\epsilon_1=\epsilon_3=1$, $d_1 = d_3 = 0.05 \mu m$, $d_2 = 1 \mu m$. The common parameters are $\epsilon_i=\epsilon_f=6.145$ and $f=$1 (solid), 10 (dashed), 100 (dotted).[]{data-label="fig:7"}](figure7a_7b){width="15cm"} We studied the transmission and pulse delay through a RT geometry for $f_o=f_\gamma=10, 100$ and compared it with the material of Dolling [@dolling2006] ($f_o=f_\gamma=1$). Delay in RT mediated by plasmon-like modes were studied in a structure with $d_1=d_3=1\mu m$, $\epsilon_1=\epsilon_3=4$ and $d_2=0.5\mu m$ at $\lambda=1.425\mu m$ and the results are shown in figure \[fig:7\]a. The critical angles for the prism/NIM interface is $44.42^\circ$ and the prism/spacer layer interface is $53.79^\circ$. We show that plasmon-like modes can be supported in this structure with large time delays for improved magnetic responses. These features disappear for the experimental data of Dolling [@dolling2006]. A study of time delays mediated by guided modes with parameters $d_1=d_3=0.05\mu m$, $\epsilon_1=\epsilon_3=1$ and $d_2=1.0\mu m$ at $\lambda=1.425\mu m$ (figure \[fig:7\]b) shows that the supported guided mode shows enhanced transmission and delay for improved magnetic responses ($f_o=f_\gamma=10,100$) whereas the data corresponding to Dolling [@dolling2006] ($f_o=f_\gamma=1$) barely shows any transmission or delay features. Thus it should be possible to have enhanced delay characteristics with materials having improved magnetic responses. Conclusions =========== We studied pulse delay through a layered medium containing a NIM layer. We considered three specific cases, namely, a generic NIM, a realistic, recently reported NIM with the assumption of low losses and NIM with improved magnetic response. We also assumed the NIM to be homogeneous. We showed that large delays in transmission, mediated by the modes of the NIM guide, are achievable exploiting a resonant tunneling geometry only for very low loss structures. Both guided and plasmon-like modes were exploited to this end. We probed the role of structural and intrinsic NIM dispersion in this delay and stressed the need to retain both for its correct assessment. We also commented on how the large damping of contemporary metamaterials can destroy the RT transmission features. We probed a NIM with better magnetic response to show the reemergence of these features. These calculations are carried out in the framework of a full causal theory. We thus ingeminated Veselago’s observation about the importance and necessity of retaining intrinsic NIM dispersion in all relevant problems. We also emphasized the need for truly low-loss metamaterials for the realization of such compact delay devices. The authors are thankful to the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for supporting this work. SDG also thanks Girish S Agarwal for interesting discussions. References {#references .unnumbered} ========== [99]{} Veselago V G 1968 [*Sov. Phys. Usp.*]{} [**10**]{} 509 Sarychev A K and Shalaev V M 2007 [*Electrodynamics of Metamaterials*]{} World Scientific Singapore Shalaev V M 2007 [*Nature Photonics*]{} [**1**]{} 41 (and references therein) Ramakrishna S A and Grzegorczyk T M 2008 [*Physics and Applications of Negative Refractive Index Materials*]{} London: CRC press Pendry J B 2000 [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**85**]{} 3966 Shelby R A, Smith D R, Nemat-Nasser S C and Schulz S 2001 [*Appl. Phys. Lett.*]{} [**78**]{} 489 Fang N and Zhang X 2003 [*Appl. Phys. Lett.*]{} [**82**]{} 161 Zheludev N I, Prosvirnin S L, Papasimakis N and Fedotov V A 2008 [*Nature Photonics*]{} [**2**]{} 351 Engheta N 2007 [*Science*]{} [**317**]{} 1698 Dutta Gupta S, Arun R and Agarwal G S 2004 [*Phys. Rev. B*]{} [**69**]{} 113104 Papasimakis N, Fedotov V A and Zheludev N I 2008 [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**101**]{} 253903 Shadrivov I V, Sukhorukov A A and Kivshar Y S 2003 [*Phys. Rev. E*]{} [**67**]{} 057602 Yang Y, Xu J, Chen H, and Zhu S 2008 [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{}, [**100**]{} 043601 Kästel J and Fleischhauer M 2005 [*Phys. Rev. A*]{} [**71**]{} 011804 Xu J P, Yang Y P, Lin Q and Zhu S Y 2009 [*Phys. Rev. A*]{} [**79**]{} 043812 Dutta Gupta S 1998 [*Progress in Optics (ed. Wolf E)*]{}, North Holland, Amsterdam, [**38**]{} 1 Tomita S, Yokoyama T, Yanagi H, Wood B, Pendry J B, Fujii M and Hayashi S 2008 [*Opt. Exp.*]{} [**16**]{} 9942 Dutta Gupta S 2009 [*Pramana*]{} [**72**]{} 303 Wu B, Grzegorczyk T M, Zhang Y and Kong J A 2003 [*J. Appl. Phys.*]{} [**93**]{} 9386 Jose J 2009 [*J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.*]{} [**42**]{} 095401 Dolling G, Enkrich C, Wegener M, Soukoulis C M and Linden S 2006 [*Opt. Lett.*]{} [**31**]{} 1800 Stockman M I 2007 [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**98**]{} 177404 Kinsler P and McCall M W 2008 [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**101**]{} 167401 Smith D R and Kroll N 2000 [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**85**]{} 2933 Wigner E P 1955 [*Phys. Rev.*]{} [**98**]{} 145 Valentine J, Zhang S, Zentgraf T, Ulin-Avila E, Genov D A, Bartal G and Zhang X 2008 [*Nature*]{} [**455**]{} 376 Zhang S, Fan W, Panoiu N C, Malloy K J, Osgood R M and Brueck S R J 2005 [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**95**]{} 137404 Kildishev A V, Cai W, Chettiar U K, Yuan Hsiao-Kuan, Sarychev A K, Drachev V P, Shalaev V M 2006 [*JOSA B*]{} [**23**]{} 423 Nistad B and Skaar J 2008 [*Phys. Rev. E*]{} [**78**]{} 036603 Zhang S, Fan W, Malloy K J, Brueck S R J, Panoiu N C and Osgood R M 2005 [*Opt. Exp.*]{} [**13**]{} 4922

Opinion issued July 14, 2015 In The Court of Appeals For The First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-14-00800-CV ——————————— PROPPANT SOLUTIONS, LLC, Appellant V. EMMA DELGADO, Appellee On Appeal from the 11th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 2014-17992 OPINION This is a personal jurisdiction case. Proppant Solutions, a California limited liability company, partnered with ChristDel, a Tennessee corporation, to provide oilfield proppant to EOG, a Texas oil company. After Proppant Solutions and ChristDel completed the contract, Proppant Solutions filed this lawsuit claiming that ChristDel breached the partnership agreement, breached its fiduciary duty as a partner, and committed fraud. It also claimed that the three siblings who owned ChristDel, including Tennessee resident Emma Delgado, participated in ChristDel’s breach of fiduciary duty, made fraudulent misrepresentations, and conspired to accomplish the fraud. Emma filed a special appearance challenging the trial court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over her because she is a Tennessee resident, has no contacts with Texas outside of her business, and is not alleged in the petition to have committed a tort in Texas. Proppant Solutions responded that Texas has specific jurisdiction over Emma because of her involvement in the creation and performance of the contract between ChristDel and Proppant Solutions. The trial court granted Emma’s special appearance, and Proppant Solutions timely appealed. We affirm. Background This lawsuit arises from a contract between two businesses, Proppant Solutions and ChristDel. Proppant Solutions is a California limited liability company with its principal place of business in California. ChristDel is a Tennessee Corporation with its principal place of business in Tennessee. Joseph Brown formed Proppant Solutions when, according to his affidavit, he “began looking into the business of selling oilfield proppant.” Proppant 2 Solutions obtained a contract to provide oilfield proppant1 to EOG facilities in Pleasanton, Texas. It planned to buy the proppant from China but needed a way to ship it to the United States. According to its petition, Proppant Solutions’ majority owner, Brown, discovered ChristDel online. On its website, ChristDel represented that it “had extensive experience as a logistics supplier of proppant.” Brown contacted ChristDel’s corporate officers, including Emma; they told Brown that ChristDel “had extensive experience . . . moving large shipments of proppant from China to the U.S.A.” They also represented that ChristDel “had fixed logistics contracts in place” for most of the shipping expenses and that with some variable expenses the total cost was “just over 15 cents per pound of proppant.” Proppant Solutions offered—and ChristDel agreed—to fulfill the contract with EOG as a partnership, splitting the profits. As part of the partnership agreement, Proppant Solutions agreed to pay ChristDel the amount of the base costs, i.e., 15 cents per pound. According to the petition, these representations were false. Proppant Solutions alleged that it would not have offered to complete the EOG contract with ChristDel as a partnership but for these representations. Brown relied on ChristDel 1 According to the petition, “[p]roppant is a solid material, typically treated sand or man-made ceramic materials, designed to keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracture treatment.” 3 because he “had no prior experience in buying, selling, or shipping proppant in the oilfield industry.” The petition alleged that ChristDel shipped millions of dollars of proppant from China to EOG in Texas over 18 months. ChristDel, acting through Emma, invoiced Proppant Solutions monthly. The invoices did not disclose ChristDel’s costs, allegedly to “hide ChristDel’s prior misrepresentations.” Over the course of the contract, Proppant Solutions paid ChristDel over $50 million in expenses and $6 million in shared partnership profits. After the contract was completed, ChristDel refused to provide an accounting of its costs. The petition identified four specific misrepresentations by Emma: (1) “Defendants had extensive experience in providing the logistics to move large shipments of proppant from China to Houston,” (2) “Defendants had fixed logistics contracts in place and . . .the only variables were trucking fuel surcharges and demurrage,” (3) “Defendants calculated their actual costs . . . [were] just over $0.15/pound of proppant,” and (4) “the parties would share the profits 60/40.” Proppant Solutions further alleged that Emma and the other individual defendants used ChristDel “for the purpose of perpetrating” a fraud. All defendants appeared except Emma. Emma filed a special appearance stating that she is a Tennessee resident with no ties to Texas outside of her business, she is a director of ChristDel, she had no conversations with Proppant 4 Solutions regarding the matters in the lawsuit in her personal capacity, and all of her communications with Proppant Solutions occurred while she was in Tennessee. During her one trip to Texas in connection with the contract, she met with EOG, not Proppant Solutions. In response to Emma’s special appearance, Proppant Solutions filed an affidavit signed by its majority owner, Brown. In addition to supporting many of the factual allegations in the petition, Brown stated that after he discovered ChristDel’s website he called and talked with Juan, Marcus, and Emma Delgado, who misrepresented ChristDel’s experience. Contrary to these representations, ChristDel “had little or no experience in the logistics of moving proppant from China to the U.S.A.” Therefore, ChristDel secretly hired a third party to perform many of its contractual obligations in return for a portion of its profits. Brown claimed that he communicated with Emma “numerous times by email and telephone calls,” although he never claimed that the communications between he and Emma were transmitted to or from Texas. With respect to the claim that ChristDel hid its costs, Brown averred that, because of her financial positon with ChristDel, Emma “had to be personally aware of . . . this fact.” Proppant Solutions filed a second affidavit by its co-owner, Michael Hall. Hall, who had primary responsibility for the company’s financial matters, stated that he worked primarily out of his home in Texas and dealt directly with Emma 5 regarding “finance and billing.” She communicated with Hall by email and telephone from her office in Tennessee. Emma sent him invoices for ChristDel’s expenses. One expense item was a visit to Texas by Emma to meet with EOG officials and tour their Pleasanton facility. Finally, Hall stated that Emma also sent him documentation regarding the movement of proppant into the Port of Houston and then to Pleasanton. Proppant Solutions filed a third affidavit signed by Ronald Cope, the principal shareholder of the Houston-based company that assisted ChristDel with shipping the proppant. Cope averred that he had estimated ChristDel’s shipping cost at only 10 cents per pound, but ChristDel marked up the cost to over 15 cents per pound to increase its profits. The trial court granted Emma’s special appearance without issuing any findings of fact or conclusions of law. Proppant Solutions timely appealed. Standard of Review “Whether a court has personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is a question of law, which we review de novo.” Zinc Nacional, S.A. v. Bouche Trucking, Inc., 308 S.W.3d 395, 397 (Tex. 2010) (citing BMC Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002)). When, as here, the trial court did not make findings of fact or conclusions of law, we infer all findings necessary to support the trial court’s ruling. Moki Mac River Expeditions v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 6 569, 574 (Tex. 2007); Stull v. LaPlant, 411 S.W.3d 129, 133 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). Jurisdictional Pleading Requirements In a special appearance, the parties bear shifting burdens. “[T]he plaintiff bears the initial burden to plead sufficient allegations to bring the nonresident defendant within the reach of Texas’s long-arm statute.” Kelly v. Gen. Interior Constr., Inc., 301 S.W.3d 653, 658 (Tex. 2010). A plaintiff may carry its initial pleading burden in its petition or response to the defendant’s special appearance. Stull, 411 S.W.3d at 134; Touradji v. Beach Capital P’ship, L.P., 316 S.W.3d 15, 23 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.). If, however, “the plaintiff fails to plead facts bringing the defendant within reach of the long-arm statute (i.e., for a tort claim, that the defendant committed tortious acts in Texas), the defendant need only prove that it does not live in Texas to negate jurisdiction.” Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 658–59. “Once the plaintiff has pleaded sufficient jurisdictional allegations, the defendant filing a special appearance bears the burden to negate all bases of personal jurisdiction alleged by the plaintiff.” Id. at 658. “Because the plaintiff defines the scope and nature of the lawsuit, the defendant’s corresponding burden to negate jurisdiction is tied to the allegations in the plaintiff’s pleading.” Id. The defendant can negate jurisdiction on either a factual or legal basis. Id. at 659. A 7 defendant negates jurisdiction on a factual basis by presenting evidence showing an absence of contacts with Texas, thus disproving the plaintiff’s jurisdictional allegations. Stull, 411 S.W.3d at 134 (citing Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 659). A defendant negates the legal basis for jurisdiction by showing that “if the plaintiff’s alleged facts are true, the evidence is legally insufficient to establish jurisdiction; the defendant’s contacts . . . fall short of purposeful availment; . . . the claims do not arise from the contacts; or . . . traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice are offended by the exercise of jurisdiction.” Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 659. If the nonresident defendant produces evidence negating personal jurisdiction, the burden returns to the plaintiff to show that the court has personal jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant. Stull, 411 S.W.3d at 134. A court should dismiss a lawsuit against a nonresident defendant if the exercise of personal jurisdiction lacks an adequate factual or legal basis. Id. Requirements for Personal Jurisdiction “Texas courts have personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant when (1) the Texas long-arm statute provides for it, and (2) the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with federal and state due process guarantees.” Spir Star AG v. Kimich, 310 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex. 2010). The Texas long-arm statute authorizes Texas courts to exercise personal jurisdiction over anyone “doing business” in Texas. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE 8 ANN. § 17.042 (West 2015). “The broad language of the long-arm statute’s ‘doing business’ requirement permits the statute to reach as far as the federal constitutional requirements of due process will allow.” Guardian Royal Exch. Assur., Ltd. v. English China Clays, P.L.C., 815 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1991). Consequently, the statute’s requirements are satisfied if exercising jurisdiction comports with federal due process limitations. Spir Star, 310 S.W.3d at 872. Due process is satisfied “when two conditions are met: (1) the defendant has established ‘minimum contacts’ with the forum state, and (2) the exercise of jurisdiction comports with ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’” Alenia Spazio, S.p.A. v. Reid, 130 S.W.3d 201, 210 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). Depending upon the nature of a nonresident’s contacts, personal jurisdiction may be general or specific. Moncrief Oil Int’l, Inc. v. OAO Gazprom, 414 S.W.3d 142, 150 (Tex. 2013). Specific Jurisdiction Proppant Solutions asserts that Delgado is subject to specific personal jurisdiction. “Specific jurisdiction . . . arises when (1) the defendant purposefully avails itself of conducting activities in the forum state, and (2) the cause of action arises from or is related to those contacts or activities.” Retamco Operating Inc. v. Republic Drilling Co., 278 S.W.3d 333, 338 (Tex. 2009); see also Moki Mac, 221 9 S.W.3d at 576, 579 (specific jurisdiction requires satisfaction of “two co-equal components”). A. Purposeful availment The first prong of specific jurisdiction, purposeful availment, is the “touchstone of jurisdictional due process.” Michiana Easy Livin’ Country, Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 784 (Tex. 2005). To determine whether a defendant has purposefully availed herself to the benefits of Texas law, we consider (1) the defendant’s own actions but not the unilateral activity of another party, (2) whether the defendant’s actions were purposeful rather than “random, isolated, or fortuitous,” and (3) whether the defendant sought “some benefit, advantage, or profit by ‘availing’ itself of the jurisdiction.” Id. at 785. “The purposeful availment test should focus on ‘the defendant’s efforts to avail itself of the forum’ and not ‘the form of action chosen by the plaintiff.’” Touradji, 316 S.W.3d at 24 (quoting Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 576); see Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 789–90 (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474, 105 S. Ct. 2174, 2183 (1985)) (for determining personal jurisdiction, “it is ‘the defendant’s conduct and connection with the forum’ that are critical”). B. Relatedness The second prong, relatedness, analyzes the relationship between the defendant, the forum, and the litigation. IRA Res., Inc. v. Griego, 221 S.W.3d 592, 10 596 (Tex. 2007); Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 576. Generally, courts analyze the relationship between jurisdictional contacts and each claim separately. Moncrief, 414 S.W.3d at 150. However, “a court need not assess contacts on a claim-by- claim basis if all claims arise from the same forum contacts.” Id. at 150–51. Pleadings and Evidence Before the Trial Court Proppant Solutions asserts that Emma has sufficient minimum contacts with Texas because she: (1) “participated in negotiating the relationship between ChristDel and Proppant Solutions as they prepared to do business in Texas,” (2) “personally participated in organizing the delivery and receipt [of the oilfield proppant] from China through the Port of Houston, and onto Pleasanton, Texas,” (3) “sent and received e-mails to and from Texas billing for the logistic services and the expenses [of transporting the proppant],” and (4) “traveled to Texas to personally review the logistics operation.” A. Emma’s role in forming the relationship between ChristDel and Proppant Solutions is not personal availment Emma’s role in the formation of the relationship between ChristDel and Proppant Solutions—her response to Proppant Solutions’ inquiry allegedly misrepresenting ChristDel’s capabilities and experience—was not a purposeful contact with Texas for three reasons. First, the choice of Texas as the delivery point was, for Emma, entirely fortuitous. Second, nonresident agents of 11 nonresident businesses negotiated the contract outside of Texas. Third, Proppant Solutions never alleged that Emma actually participated in those negotiations. 1. Proppant Solutions’ prior relationship with EOG is fortuitous The mere fact that Emma’s response to Proppant Solutions’ inquiry led to a business agreement to fulfill Proppant Solutions’ preexisting contract with EOG in Texas is not, by itself, enough to show purposeful availment. “Sellers who ‘reach out beyond one state and create continuing relationships and obligations with citizens of another state’ are subject to the jurisdiction of the latter . . . . By contrast, a defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction solely based on contacts that are ‘random, isolated, or fortuitous.’” Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 785. In Michiana, a Texas plaintiff, Holten, contacted Michiana, a factory outlet for Coachmen RVs. Based on his conversations with the company, Holten purchased an RV. At Holten’s request and expense, Michiana shipped the RV to Texas. Id. at 784. Holten subsequently sued Michiana in Texas for fraudulent misrepresentations made during Holten’s telephone conversation with Michiana, for breach of contract, and for statutory claims. Id. at 781, 788–92. The Court concluded that Michiana had no purposeful contacts with Texas. Michiana never solicited Holten’s business. It never marketed itself in Texas nor made any attempt to enter the Texas RV market. Michiana’s contact with Texas arose solely because a Texas resident decided to buy an RV from it. Had Holten 12 not been a Texan, Michiana would have had no contact with Texas. Id. at 785–87. This contact with Texas was fortuitous because it arose from Holten’s actions, not Michiana’s. See id at 786. “[T]he mere sale of a product to a Texas resident will not generally suffice to confer specific jurisdiction upon our courts. Instead, the facts alleged must indicate that the seller intended to serve the Texas market.” Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 577. In Moki Mac, Texas plaintiffs sued Moki Mac, a Utah river-rafting expedition company, in Texas for the wrongful death of their son during a rafting expedition in Arizona. The Court noted, “Unlike in Michiana, the evidence . . . indicates that Moki Mac does intend to serve the Texas market.” Id. Moki Mac regularly sold rafting trips to Texas residents. It sent targeted mailings to Texas residents, advertised in Texas newspapers and national publications with Texas subscribers, ran mass and targeted direct-marketing e-mail campaigns to solicit Texas clients, worked with Texas residents to solicit Texas business, and offered Texas residents various incentives to sign up for an expedition. Id. at 577– 78. “Moki Mac’s contacts with Texas did not result, as did the defendant’s in Michiana, from the mere fortuity that the [plaintiffs] happened to reside here. Rather, the contacts it had with Texas resulted from additional conduct through which it aimed to get extensive business in or from this state.” Id. at 578. 13  In a commercial dispute, the unilateral activities of others will not support specific jurisdiction over a defendant. Parex Res., Inc. v. ERG Res., LLC, 427 S.W.3d 407, 422 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. filed). In Parex, a Texas company, ERG, sought to buy shares of a Columbian oil and gas interest from Nabors, a Bermudan company with a Houston office. Id. at 412. During these negotiations, Nabors solicited other bidders from the Royal Bank of Canada, which in turn solicited a bid from Parex Canada, a Canadian company. Id. at 413. Parex began communicating with Nabor’s Houston office about the shares. Id. at 414. Shortly thereafter, ERG and Nabors entered into a contract to sell the shares; when that deal failed to close, Parex re-submitted its bid. Id. ERG sued Nabors and Parex for specific performance of its contract and for tortious interference of contract. But the Fourteenth Court of Appeals found that Texas did not have special jurisdiction over Parex. “Parex Canada’s initial contact with Nabors . . . was solicited by Nabors and did not stem from Parex Canada’s unsolicited decision to reach into Texas. Accordingly, Parex Canada’s decision to engage in negotiations with a Texas company . . . was fortuitous and based on Nabors’s unilateral activities.” Id. at 421. The court noted that even after Parex began actively competing with ERG, “Parex Canada’s decision to reach into Texas via these contacts was certainly less purposeful than if Parex Canada was independently seeking out a Texas seller without initial prompting from Nabors.” 14 Id. at 422. “Moreover, the fact that Texas-based ERG was now part of the equation was based on Nabors’s unilateral decision to contract with ERG, not any Parex Canada decision.” Id. Accordingly, Parex’s offer did “not support substantial Texas availment.” Id. This case is more like Michiana and Parex than Moki Mac. Here, there is no evidence that ChristDel or Emma have ever attempted to market themselves to Texas or serve the Texas market. Emma, in particular, had no self-initiated contacts with Texas. Her only contacts with Texas were, much like in Michiana and Parex, because a customer with ties to Texas contacted her Tennessee employer. Importantly, Proppant Solutions actively recruited ChristDel and its personnel, not vice versa. Proppant Solutions agreed to provide oilfield proppant to EOG in Texas. Proppant Solutions then sought out ChristDel to help perform this task. Proppant Solutions offered to fulfill the contract2 with ChristDel and split the profits. The dissent contends that, by relying on Michiana and Moki Mac, we “fail to recognize the distinction between establishing personal jurisdiction over a defendant in a stream of commerce case and establishing personal jurisdiction over a defendant in a fraud and fraudulent inducement case brought with respect to the negotiation and performance of a contract.” But Michiana was a fraud case. 2 The contract contains a Texas choice-of-law provision and a Houston forum- selection clause—but Emma was not a party to the contract. 15 Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 788, 791. Personal jurisdiction is established by contacts, not culpability. Id. As Parex indicates, the underlying reasoning of Michiana and Moki Mac—that a defendant must purposefully reach out to Texas—is not limited to the typical stream of commerce context. Moreover, “jurisdictional analysis always centers on the defendant’s actions and choices to enter the forum state and conduct business.” Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 660. It was Proppant Solutions, not Emma, who chose for the product to be delivered in Texas. 2. Nonresidents negotiated the contract outside of Texas The contract was negotiated outside of Texas by nonresidents on behalf of two nonresident businesses. And Emma is not a party to the contract. Thus any connection to Texas from these negotiations or from the written contract alone would be “even less purposeful and more attenuated.” See Peredo v. M. Holland Co., 310 S.W.3d 468, 475 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (third party’s Texas contacts, which resulted from a contract between two nonresidents, did not satisfy minimum-contacts requirement). 3. Emma’s involvement in the formation of the contract was limited The alleged scope of Emma’s involvement in the formation of the business relationship is small, and the extent of Emma’s knowledge regarding Proppant Solutions’ relationship to Texas when she spoke to Brown is unclear. The petition simply says: “ChristDel’s owners, Juan, Marc, and Emma Delgado each later 16 verified [statements on ChristDel’s website] that . . . ChristDel had extensive experience in providing logistics and moving large shipments of proppant.” According to Brown’s affidavit, this representation was made before Proppant Solutions proposed to fulfill the EOG contract as a partnership. There is no allegation and no evidence regarding whether Emma participated in negotiating the partnership agreement between Proppant Solutions and ChristDel or whether she knew of Proppant Solutions’ connection to EOG in Texas when she spoke to Brown. Thus, Emma did not purposefully direct her activities toward Texas by responding to Brown’s inquiries regarding ChristDel’s experience shipping proppant. Rather, Proppant Solutions unilaterally responded to representations by Emma and other ChristDel associates by seeking ChristDel’s assistance to fulfill Proppant Solutions’ preexisting obligations to EOG. From Emma’s perspective, that Proppant Solutions had previously contracted with an EOG facility in Texas, instead of any other state, was merely fortuitous. B. That Emma communicated with an off-site employee working from a home office in Houston, instead of Proppant Solutions’ California headquarters, was merely fortuitous For similar reasons, Emma’s communications with Michael Hall in Houston also do not constitute a purposeful contact with Texas. 17  According to his affidavit, Hall “was responsible for handling the financial aspects of the partnership agreement between Proppant Solutions and ChristDel.” Emma “handled finance and billing for ChristDel.” “Each month . . . I received an invoice for the logistics of shipping the proppant from Emma. She also periodically sent me invoices for ChristDel’s expenses . . . .” It was Emma’s responsibility to send these communications to her counterpart at Proppant Solutions—Michael Hall. These were business communications between a two businesses registered and headquartered outside of Texas. The record does not contain any evidence that Emma actively sought to work with an off-site employee in Texas instead of Proppant Solutions’ California headquarters or that she sought any benefit of Texas law thereby. The record indicates that Hall worked from a home office in Houston. If Proppant Solutions had a functioning satellite office, the record reveals nothing about it. It does not reveal whether any other Proppant Solutions employees work in Texas or anywhere else outside of California. And it does not explain why Hall, a senior officer and co-owner of Proppant Solutions, worked at home in Houston. Thus, the record suggests no reason why these calls and e-mails were sent to Houston other than Hall’s decision to receive them there. But Hall’s unilateral decision does not determine personal jurisdiction over Emma. See Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 794 (RV dealership not subject to special jurisdiction in Texas because 18 its “only contact with Texas was Holten’s decision to place his order from there”). That Hall worked from his home office in Houston, not California, was merely fortuitous. See Parex, 427 S.W.3d at 427 (“Parex Canada’s telephone, email, and virtual data room contacts with Nabors coupled with a finding that Parex Canada intended the contacts to harm ERG in Texas is not enough to establish purposeful availment.”). C. The record does not establish Emma’s participation in organizing the proppant delivery Proppant Solutions also contends that specific jurisdiction is proper because Emma “personally participated in organizing the delivery and receipt [of the oilfield proppant] from China through the Port of Houston, and onto Pleasanton, Texas.” The dissent agrees, contending that “[Emma] helped organize the receipt of the proppant in Houston, and she arranged for trucks to deliver it to Pleasanton. She . . . arrang[ed] the logistics of the transportation and [dealt] with financing and billing.” But Proppant Solutions’ petition alleged a much more limited role: “ChristDel, through its financial officer, Emma Delgado, sent eighteen monthly invoices to Michael Hall, Proppant Solutions’ financial officer in Houston, Texas.” Proppant Solutions’ response to the special appearance explained: “She was the administrator of ChristDel and handled its finances and invoiced Proppant Solutions monthly for expenses and logistics . . . . She was responsible for the 19 billing to Proppant Solutions for all expenses and charges for logistics for the entire project . . . .” The only allegation to the trial court suggesting that Emma controlled or orchestrated proppant delivery comes from Proppant Solutions’ sur-reply, which alleged: “Emma was involved in setting up a logistics chain in Texas to import [proppant] for ultimate destination in Pleasanton, Texas.” That allegation cites an e-mail from Emma to Proppant Solutions, which states, “Juan, Marc and I have delivered a logistics chain that is competitive.” Assuming that we may consider an allegation raised for the first time in a sur-reply, this sheds almost no light on Emma’s role, if any, in coordinating the movement of proppant. Absent more, this is not enough to establish purposeful availment. D. Emma’s visit to Texas is not related to this litigation Proppant Solutions relies on Emma’s visit to EOG’s Pleasanton, Texas facility to support the exercise of specific jurisdiction. But Proppant Solutions did not allege that Emma ever met with, communicated with, or committed any tort against Proppant Solutions while visiting Texas. This contact cannot support special jurisdiction over Emma because no alleged liability arises from or is related to it. See Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 659–60. In Kelly, an Arizona general contractor contracted to renovate a Houston hotel. Id. at 655. The general contractor hired several Texas subcontractors to perform the 20 work. Id. After the contract was performed, the hotel owner asserted that the work was substandard and sued the general contractor and the subcontractors. Id. at 655– 56. One of the Texas subcontractors filed third-party claims for breach of contract, violation of the Texas Trust Fund Act, and fraud against the Arizona general contractor and its corporate officers. Id. at 656. The third-party plaintiff asserted that the officers of the general contractor, despite operating from the Arizona office, had the following Texas contacts: they received the subcontractors’ invoices from Texas, sent payments and change orders from Arizona to the subcontractors in Texas, and traveled to Texas several times during the renovation to oversee the subcontractors’ work. Id. The Texas Supreme Court held that these activities did not allow Texas to exercise specific jurisdiction over the officers; the subcontractor’s pleading “contain[ed] no allegations that the [o]fficers’ wrongdoing occurred in Texas. . . . [I]t did not allege that any fraudulent acts occurred in Texas.” Id. at 659–60. “Thus, although [the subcontractor] has alleged two claims of wrongdoing, it has not alleged that any acts giving rise to these two claims occurred in Texas.” Id. at 660. Nevertheless, Proppant Solutions cites Carlile Bancshares, Inc. v. Armstrong, No. 02-14-00014-CV, 2014 WL 3891658, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 7, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.), to assert that Emma’s one visit to Texas is enough to create specific jurisdiction. In Carlile, a Colorado corporation sought 21 out a business relationship with a Texas corporation; two officers from the Colorado corporation allegedly made fraudulent statements while meeting with the Texas corporation in Texas. Id. “These allegations met [the plaintiffs’] initial pleading burden by alleging acts or omissions in Texas . . . and torts arising from such conduct.” Id. at *12. This case is more similar to Kelly than Carlile. Here, Proppant Solutions never alleged any tort arising from Emma’s visit to EOG in Texas. It has not alleged any interaction with Emma during her trip. It has not asserted a claim based on any alleged misrepresentation made during or about the trip. Therefore, Emma’s visit to the EOG facility is not substantially related to Proppant Solutions’ claims against her. E. Proppant Solutions cannot rely on directed-at tort jurisdiction The allegation that all of Emma’s actions were part of a conspiracy intended to defraud Proppant Solutions in Texas does not aid its case. Only Emma’s contacts, not the contacts of her co-defendants, affect our analysis. See Burger King, 471 U.S. at 474–75, 105 S. Ct. at 2183 (quoting Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S. Ct. 1228, 1239–40 (1958)); see also Nat’l Indus. Sand Ass’n v. Gibson, 897 S.W.2d 769, 773 (Tex. 1995) (criticizing conspiracy as independent basis for jurisdiction). Further, the Texas Supreme Court has rejected directed-at tort jurisdiction. Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 790; see also Curocom Energy LLC v. 22 Young-Sub Shim, 416 S.W.3d 893, 897 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (“Directing a tort at the forum from afar does not constitute purposeful availment.”); Proskauer Rose LLP v. Pelican Trading, Inc., No. 14–08–00283– CV, 2009 WL 242993, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 3, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (rejecting “directed-at-tort contentions” and holding trial court did not have specific personal jurisdiction over New York law firm whose attorney created opinion letter in New York and sent it to Texas). Rather, “jurisdiction turns . . . on a defendant’s contacts, [not] where the defendant ‘directed a tort.’” Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 790. Thus the issue is not whether there was a tortious conspiracy directed at Texas, but rather whether Emma has sufficient minimum contacts with Texas to support the exercise of specific personal jurisdiction over her. For the reasons stated in this opinion, we conclude that she does not. Conclusion Under the applicable standards of review and based on Proppant Solutions’ allegations and evidence, we find no substantial connection between Emma’s purposeful contacts with Texas and the operative facts of this litigation. See Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 585–88 (finding no specific jurisdiction because substantial connection between defendant’s purposeful contacts with Texas and operative facts of litigation did not exist); BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 797 (concluding no specific jurisdiction existed for contact that occurred outside of Texas). 23 Accordingly, we overrule Proppant Solutions’ sole issue on appeal and affirm the trial court’s order granting Emma’s special appearance. Harvey Brown Justice Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Higley, and Brown. 24 

Anatomy of mandibular third molars. A comparison between radiographic appearance and clinical observations. The purpose of this study was to present a radiographic technique for the examination of mandibular third molars and to investigate the extent of correspondence between the radiographic appearance and the true anatomy of the tooth. Forty-four mandibular third molars were examined radiographically and subsequently removed. The investigation showed that radiographic examination of mandibular third molars, utilizing intraoral films in three different projections, gave an insight into the true anatomy of the tooth. The few instances of minor misinterpretation could be grouped into two categories: (1) root dilacerations which paralleled the direction of the beam were not always apparent on the radiographs; and (2) the degree of fusion between roots lying close together was not usually well defined on the radiographs.

Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007 The Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007 was passed by the Parliament and led to the formation of Armed Forces Tribunal in India. References Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2007 Category:Military of India Category:2007 in law Category:2007 in India

/* * Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. * * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. * * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that * accompanied this code). * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. * * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any * questions. */ package javax.swing.border; import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Insets; import java.awt.Component; import java.beans.ConstructorProperties; /** * A composite Border class used to compose two Border objects * into a single border by nesting an inside Border object within * the insets of an outside Border object. * * For example, this class may be used to add blank margin space * to a component with an existing decorative border: * * <pre> * Border border = comp.getBorder(); * Border margin = new EmptyBorder(10,10,10,10); * comp.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(border, margin)); * </pre> * <p> * <strong>Warning:</strong> * Serialized objects of this class will not be compatible with * future Swing releases. The current serialization support is * appropriate for short term storage or RMI between applications running * the same version of Swing. As of 1.4, support for long term storage * of all JavaBeans&trade; * has been added to the <code>java.beans</code> package. * Please see {@link java.beans.XMLEncoder}. * * @author David Kloba */ @SuppressWarnings("serial") public class CompoundBorder extends AbstractBorder { protected Border outsideBorder; protected Border insideBorder; /** * Creates a compound border with null outside and inside borders. */ public CompoundBorder() { this.outsideBorder = null; this.insideBorder = null; } /** * Creates a compound border with the specified outside and * inside borders. Either border may be null. * @param outsideBorder the outside border * @param insideBorder the inside border to be nested */ @ConstructorProperties({"outsideBorder", "insideBorder"}) public CompoundBorder(Border outsideBorder, Border insideBorder) { this.outsideBorder = outsideBorder; this.insideBorder = insideBorder; } /** * Returns whether or not the compound border is opaque. * * @return {@code true} if the inside and outside borders * are each either {@code null} or opaque; * or {@code false} otherwise */ @Override public boolean isBorderOpaque() { return (outsideBorder == null || outsideBorder.isBorderOpaque()) && (insideBorder == null || insideBorder.isBorderOpaque()); } /** * Paints the compound border by painting the outside border * with the specified position and size and then painting the * inside border at the specified position and size offset by * the insets of the outside border. * @param c the component for which this border is being painted * @param g the paint graphics * @param x the x position of the painted border * @param y the y position of the painted border * @param width the width of the painted border * @param height the height of the painted border */ public void paintBorder(Component c, Graphics g, int x, int y, int width, int height) { Insets nextInsets; int px, py, pw, ph; px = x; py = y; pw = width; ph = height; if(outsideBorder != null) { outsideBorder.paintBorder(c, g, px, py, pw, ph); nextInsets = outsideBorder.getBorderInsets(c); px += nextInsets.left; py += nextInsets.top; pw = pw - nextInsets.right - nextInsets.left; ph = ph - nextInsets.bottom - nextInsets.top; } if(insideBorder != null) insideBorder.paintBorder(c, g, px, py, pw, ph); } /** * Reinitialize the insets parameter with this Border's current Insets. * @param c the component for which this border insets value applies * @param insets the object to be reinitialized */ public Insets getBorderInsets(Component c, Insets insets) { Insets nextInsets; insets.top = insets.left = insets.right = insets.bottom = 0; if(outsideBorder != null) { nextInsets = outsideBorder.getBorderInsets(c); insets.top += nextInsets.top; insets.left += nextInsets.left; insets.right += nextInsets.right; insets.bottom += nextInsets.bottom; } if(insideBorder != null) { nextInsets = insideBorder.getBorderInsets(c); insets.top += nextInsets.top; insets.left += nextInsets.left; insets.right += nextInsets.right; insets.bottom += nextInsets.bottom; } return insets; } /** * Returns the outside border object. */ public Border getOutsideBorder() { return outsideBorder; } /** * Returns the inside border object. */ public Border getInsideBorder() { return insideBorder; } }

Description This week’s update brings with it much of the content offered by the latest content poll. Additionally it sees the arrival of the most anticipated integrity change, which is the change to pickpocketing some NPCs. Plus there are a number of runescape 2007 gold changes to mobile content (there’s a Members Beta going on, by the way)! Hi! 2018 Summer Vacation Flash Sale on Rsorder come again!Want to Join it for Free 300M OSRS gold and 1500M RS3 gold at 3:00 am. GMT on July 20 ? Both Dusk and Dawn have had their health reduced from 600 to 450. Additionally, you can now purchase the Unlock Double Trouble: Slaying Dusk and Dawn now counts for two kills towards your task rather than one.After tapping the battery indicator to display your current charge percentage, you can now tap it again to dismiss this.Quick-prayers can now be activated whilst the World map is minimised. Seaweed Spores The amount of Seaweed spores dropped by the creatures on Fossil Island has received a notable buff. Ancient wyverns will now drop up to a maxiumum of 24 (previously 12), Fossil wyverns will now drop up to a maximum of 12 (previously 6), Lobstrosities will now drop up to a maximum of 5 (previously 1), and Ammonite crabs will drop up to a maximum of 2 (previously 1). In addition, Seaweed spores now have a chance to randomly appear when you are diving in the shallow water off Fossil Island. Players harvesting Cactus spines will now find that the harvesting works in a similar way to herbs, where the Farming level reduces the chance of using up one of the lives of the patch. At level 55 there is a 75% chance of using one of those lives with each pick, versus a 30% chance at level 99. You’ll always receive a minimum of three spines. For those of you with access to mobile, please do make sure you update Old School RuneScape as and when a new version is made live! Whilst it doesn’t affect the actual in-game content, this is essential to ensuring that you benefit from the latest changes to the mobile build.The login flow for existing players has been streamlined (be sure to update Old School RuneScape as mentioned above). When searching for items in the bank, the chatbox will now also display a count of how many items have been found meeting the search criteria. This is especially helpful to players on mobile who are unable to see much of the bank due to the amount of screen covered by the keyboard. Some issues with overlapping interfaces on Tutorial Island have been addressed.The logout menu now contains a link to our Support Centre, this is for platform compliance reasons.You are now able to tap anywhere within the chatbox to continue dialogue with NPCs. The Tap to continue messaging proved quite annoying to navigate. Hi! 2018 Summer Vacation Flash Sale on Rsorder come again!Want to Join it for Free 300M OSRS gold and 1500M RS3 gold at 3:00 am. GMT on July 20 ?Snap by http://www.rsorder.com Now! Part II:The Elite Dungeon Drgaon Laboratory II Celebration: OSRS gold/RS3 gold with 5% free bonus&6% off Code DDL6 Until July 23, 2018! Part III:All Kinds of rs 07 gold/rs3 gold and osrs accounts with only $1 is also waitting for you on RSorder Auction at 03:00 am. GMT each Monday and Thurday!Win from https://www.rsorder.com/auction. Long-Term Discount Code:7% off code SYTHE to buy RS 2007 gold Anytime！

hich is greater: 0 or -32/30383? 0 Is -103995 greater than -103999? True Is -4560639 at least -4560638? False Is 50146 greater than 50145? True Which is smaller: -191 or -72? -191 Which is greater: -21/441853 or -1? -21/441853 Which is greater: -367/2 or -0.727? -0.727 Is 60349 equal to 60353? False Which is smaller: 137/2 or -562? -562 Is 10001 less than 9999? False Which is bigger: 1086.7 or -17? 1086.7 Does 19007 = 76029/4? False Is 2 bigger than 283/108? False Do -981753 and -981753 have different values? False Is -253784/7 != -36255? True Which is smaller: 1819 or 181857/100? 181857/100 Which is greater: 0 or 8/1147935? 8/1147935 Is 25639 smaller than 25641? True Which is greater: 8/345 or -1? 8/345 Which is smaller: -66 or -1649/25? -66 Which is bigger: -484 or 220? 220 Which is greater: 95168 or 95167? 95168 Are 2/808281 and 0 unequal? True Is 1 <= -106/401? False Which is greater: -1 or 19806? 19806 Is -123111 at least as big as -123111? True Which is greater: -2 or -1067.7? -2 Which is bigger: 25513 or 102055/4? 102055/4 Is -889 > 2.52? False Which is smaller: 9807 or 107890/11? 9807 Is -2766088 less than -2766088? False Which is smaller: 3906/2669 or 1? 1 Is 1/604965 bigger than 2/5? False Is -2/3 at least as big as 5758/3? False Which is smaller: -3.843 or 163? -3.843 Are -4448 and -48913/11 unequal? True Which is greater: 2 or 2302730? 2302730 Which is smaller: -392/157 or -3? -3 Is 1531/3 less than -0.9? False Which is greater: 344238 or 344240? 344240 Do -663 and -679 have the same value? False Which is smaller: 1/1234 or -11? -11 Is -1 < 471/6604? True Which is greater: 10108/13 or 777? 10108/13 Which is bigger: -8749 or -8750? -8749 Which is greater: -1 or 462.7? 462.7 Is -1 at least 32/3959? False Are 20140 and 20137 equal? False Is 3188 smaller than 0.6? False Are -255/14 and -17 equal? False Is 0 at least as big as -7134? True Which is smaller: 43723 or 43727? 43723 Are -21481 and -21491 nonequal? True Which is bigger: -48733 or 5? 5 Is 81606 at least as big as 81606? True Is -0.1 > -4/145197? False Which is greater: 9201 or 9200? 9201 Is -1059 bigger than -37? False Is -16455 equal to -16628? False Which is smaller: -2/15 or -7/17306? -2/15 Which is smaller: 189 or 2082/11? 189 Is -1/233 less than 0.06? True Is -10681222 > 0.1? False Is -3978 > -3965? False Which is smaller: -4/7 or -127/19? -127/19 Is 161607 > 161608? False Is 943282 less than or equal to 943282? True Is 9 not equal to -52296/7? True Are 0 and -100/403 non-equal? True Which is bigger: -211604 or -211606? -211604 Does 2029 = 2049? False Is -5340 bigger than -5404? True Which is bigger: -21761 or -369942/17? -21761 Which is greater: 0 or 1/534100? 1/534100 Is -2750 <= -6? True Is 38764 != 1? True Which is smaller: -0.64492 or -0.07? -0.64492 Which is smaller: 807083 or -2? -2 Are 20055/43 and 465 nonequal? True Which is greater: -1/4055835 or 1? 1 Do 48/79 and -2/3 have different values? True Is -1/64 < 219? True Is -2/29 < 5/4031? True Is 18338 not equal to 18318? True Which is smaller: -56 or -0.364? -56 Is -2789 > 761? False Is 93 at most as big as 13? False Do -6/1054451 and -1 have different values? True Which is greater: 6 or -5592? 6 Which is greater: 521 or 520? 521 Which is smaller: -30565 or -5/18? -30565 Does 0 = 41/9347? False Which is smaller: 1 or 127/472? 127/472 Which is smaller: -2/8065 or 112/3? -2/8065 Which is bigger: -27135/181 or -149? -149 Which is greater: -1125 or -1117? -1117 Are 26 and -224 non-equal? True Is 554/7 less than -7/8? False Which is smaller: 286 or 770? 286 Is -1 != 39/40090? True Is -205413 greater than or equal to -205412? False Which is bigger: 1/5 or 246131? 246131 Does -1 = 3/33994? False Do -26.1 and -153 have different values? True Which is greater: -3392 or -98366/29? -98366/29 Does -75/9302 = 0? False Which is greater: 291 or -0.15? 291 Which is greater: -447 or -448? -447 Is -2051.31 smaller than 0.04? True Which is bigger: 241097 or 241090? 241097 Is -7502 less than or equal to -7510? False Which is smaller: 21383 or 21391? 21383 Which is smaller: 1462 or 97? 97 Is -3794187 greater than -3794188? True Which is smaller: 0.1 or 57479? 0.1 Which is bigger: 97085 or 97087? 97087 Which is greater: -82267 or -82266? -82266 Which is bigger: 44501 or 44499? 44501 Which is smaller: -1164 or 25/36? -1164 Which is smaller: -625/38 or -17? -17 Which is bigger: -5 or -165.64? -5 Which is greater: 39/214180 or -1? 39/214180 Are 2180753 and 2180752 nonequal? True Which is smaller: -145943 or -145925? -145943 Which is greater: 186 or 0.1631? 186 Is 280041 at least 0? True Are -6904 and -6900 equal? False Which is bigger: -20907 or -1? -1 Do -1 and -4/89099 have the same value? False Which is greater: 353 or 402? 402 Which is smaller: -32047/7 or -4579? -4579 Is 848897 not equal to 848896? True Which is smaller: 0 or 2/1160051? 0 Are 62890 and 62890 nonequal? False Is -2/23155 less than 1? True Which is smaller: 1 or 2/48827? 2/48827 Is -3526/761 at most -6? False Is 169829 smaller than 169826? False Is -1 less than or equal to -4/42037? True Which is bigger: -423 or -411? -411 Which is bigger: 725292 or 725293? 725293 Is -2175420 > -2175422? True Is -161170 less than or equal to -161170? True Are -0.32 and -76/23 non-equal? True Which is smaller: -89/5437 or 1? -89/5437 Which is greater: -541 or -557? -541 Is 2010 at least 40207/20? False Which is smaller: 2/109 or 1/3? 2/109 Which is greater: 17/142383 or 0? 17/142383 Which is smaller: -3468 or -3451? -3468 Which is smaller: 0.2 or 383676? 0.2 Which is bigger: -155638 or -155639? -155638 Which is greater: -216520 or -216518? -216518 Which is smaller: 65497 or 65544? 65497 Which is smaller: -1 or 126.8374? -1 Which is greater: -18663 or -18660? -18660 Is -12 <= -3998? False Is -1877 at most as big as 124? True Is 3179 greater than or equal to 2744? True Which is smaller: -2489959 or 0.1? -2489959 Is 4 <= 386/115? False Is 1 at most 925/3436? False Is 0 less than -29/42422? False Is 55912 < 55935? True Which is smaller: 89/16 or 2261? 89/16 Which is smaller: -11106/7 or -1587? -1587 Which is smaller: 6/106993 or -1? -1 Are -15/10823 and 1 nonequal? True Does -3 = 2151/2? False Is -314 != -71944/229? True Is -203/1616 equal to 1? False Which is bigger: 2361 or -9? 2361 Is 25378 at most as big as 25359? False Which is smaller: -22460 or -22457? -22460 Which is smaller: 0 or 23266? 0 Is -75 at least as big as 33? False Is -587878 > -587880? True Is -885497 equal to -885496? False Is -331 bigger than 217? False Is -2134/175 <= -11? True Which is smaller: 53660 or 53667? 53660 Which is smaller: -1 or 2/2693245? -1 Which is smaller: -9213323 or -9213324? -9213324 Is 520 greater than 27? True Which is greater: -5989 or 2/3? 2/3 Is 247 smaller than 115? False Which is greater: -3/921359 or 0? 0 Is -141306 >= -989134/7? False Is -2667905 bigger than -2667905? False Is -813/2 smaller than -0.1? True Do 0 and 168/110233 have the same value? False Which is smaller: -1629 or -2? -1629 Which is smaller: 6.94 or -1/75? -1/75 Is -69565 less than or equal to -139127/2? True Which is smaller: 1528 or 1441? 1441 Is 2/35459 greater than or equal to 19/3? False Does 14508/25 = 580? False Is -24766/11 bigger than -2252? True Which is smaller: -1 or 3/2138? -1 Is -1156 >= 4? False Is 2/35 < -0.74? False Which is greater: 2297/22 or 105? 105 Which is smaller: 267508 or 535013/2? 535013/2 Is -33/962 > 80? False Do -184223 and -184232 have the same value? False Which is bigger: -2159 or -2160? -2159 Which is bigger: -18/8875 or 1? 1 Is -14326 equal to -14242? False Is 206947 at least 206947? True Is -20/4059 less than 0? True Is -2/1630887 equal to -1? False Is -3/245 at least -15/7? True Is 17233 <= 17231? False Is 120/4121 >= 0? True Are -917/106 and -10 equal? False Is 36522 > 0? True Is -494 equal to -539? False Which is smaller: 755 or 16? 16 Is -25125/2 <= -12563? False Is 93189 < -0.2? False Do -404504 and -0.1 have different values? True Which is bigger: -11602 or -14/13? -14/13 Does -40293 = -40325? False Which is smaller: -3222 or -38671/12? -38671/12 Which is smaller: 92071 or 4? 4 Which is smaller: -2/7 or 72.2464? -2/7 Is -570 at most -559? True Which is smaller: 17 or 14? 14 Which

Edgewater 1 Apartment, Yamba From $106 per night {{quote.pricing.message}} Total {{quote.pricing.price | format:'currency':'short'}} for Min 2 - 7 nights stay 7 guests 3 bedrooms 4 beds 2 bathrooms Description Looking for the ultimate Yamba getaway? Look no further then our new listing Edgewater 1 This 3 bedroom, top floor unit, situated opposite Pippi Beach is perfect for a surfing, fishing or family holiday Enjoy the perfect ocean view from the top balcony, or even from the couch So if you love Yamba and are after uninterrupted ocean views and a short walk to town this is the property for you Sleeps 7- 1 x Queen 2 x Singles 1 x Tri-bed Please note that linen is not included in this property You can BYO - set of sheets, bath towels, bath mat, hand towel,tea towel ORhire everything from us for $10 p/person

Anna J. Hamilton Anna J. Hamilton (April 20, 1860 - ) was an American educator, journalist, writer, and editor from the U.S. state of Kentucky. She was one of the editors for Kentucky on "A Woman of the Century", and was engaged in editorial work on the "National encyclopedia of America". Hamilton served as principal of Semple Collegiate School in Louisville, after taking over its management in 1900, along with Annie Moore. Early years and education Anna J. Hamilton was born in Louisville on April 20, 1860. She was descended on the maternal side from the old Kentucky family of Caldwells, and on the paternal side from the Hamiltons, of Pennsylvania. She was educated in the public schools of Louisville and was graduated from the girls' high school. Career Hamilton served as chair in the Normal School, being known as an enthusiastic educator. She was a writer of both prose and poetry. Her poems were published in the local journals and in various periodicals. Much of her time was on editorial work. For a year, she edited the children's column in a prominent educational journal. She was one of the editors for Kentucky on "A Woman of the Century", and was engaged in editorial work on the "National encyclopedia of America". She was a member of the library committee from Kentucky for the World's Fair. The committee purpose was to establish a woman's library, and she collected and contributed all the volumes written by the women of Kentucky. She was a member of the Filson Club, and the Daughters of the American Revolution. References Attribution Bibliography Category:1860 births Category:Year of death unknown Category:19th-century American educators Category:19th-century American journalists Category:American women educators Category:American women journalists Category:Writers from Louisville, Kentucky Category:19th-century American women writers Category:Encyclopedists Category:American editors Category:Kentucky women writers Category:Kentucky women in education Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century

Wall socket types can vary from country to country and from place to place. The plugs that must mate with the wall socket must vary according to the wall socket type. In addition, current, voltage, et cetera can also vary as geographic location is varied. A traveler can carry electric and electronic devices with them during their travels. It is therefore sometimes desirable for the traveler to use local sources of electricity. In order for the traveler to use these local electricity sources, they must adapt to, among other things, the configuration of the wall socket. A universal adaptor may be employed for this purpose. Generally, universal adaptors include prongs that fold into an adaptor base. Adaptor plugs are fitted over the prongs thereby allowing the universal adaptor to mate with a wall socket. The type of adaptor plug is selected to mate with the desired configuration of wall socket.

Hemostatic glues in tonsillectomy: A systematic review. The aim of this study was to compare use of hemostatic glues to conventional techniques of intraoperative hemostasis for tonsillectomy. A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. All published prospective controlled trials that compared hemostatic glues to conventional techniques of hemostasis were identified. We performed a meta-analysis of articles comparing fibrin sealant to electrocautery, and of those comparing electrocautery to electrocautery plus fibrin hemostasis. Seven studies were identified that made qualifications for review, with a total of 748 patients. Outcome measures were postoperative hemorrhage recorded by investigators, and visual analogue scores of pain for day 1, day 3, and day 10 postoperatively. Use of fibrin sealant was not associated with a reduction in hemorrhage rates following tonsillectomy when compared to electrocautery (pooled relative risk [RR] 0.315; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.047-2.093, 224 patients). No statistical difference in bleeding rate was seen between electrocautery hemostasis alone, compared to electrocautery with fibrin sealant (pooled RR 1.742; 95% CI: 0.433-7.005, 108 patients). No statistically significant difference in pain was identified. Pain and bleeding are significant causes of morbidity post-tonsillectomy. We conclude that there is no significant evidence to support hemostatic glues over current techniques for reducing severity of these outcomes. Consequently, we do not recommended hemostatic glues for routine use in current clinical practice. Studies were generally of low quality and inadequately powered to detect a statistical difference, even when pooled. We advocate further research to facilitate future meta-analysis.

without replacement from {s: 1, m: 2, y: 7, o: 7, f: 1}. What is prob of sequence sof? 7/4896 Two letters picked without replacement from {p: 2, i: 9, k: 5}. What is prob of sequence kp? 1/24 Four letters picked without replacement from {a: 4, k: 7, n: 2}. What is prob of sequence ankn? 7/2145 What is prob of sequence pnfa when four letters picked without replacement from {f: 2, p: 10, a: 1, n: 2, g: 1}? 1/1092 Calculate prob of sequence tt when two letters picked without replacement from pptptptppp. 1/15 Two letters picked without replacement from fgvgdgvvhjjfvdh. Give prob of sequence hf. 2/105 Three letters picked without replacement from {p: 3, g: 7}. Give prob of sequence ppp. 1/120 What is prob of sequence ddad when four letters picked without replacement from {d: 4, a: 2}? 2/15 What is prob of sequence zzzs when four letters picked without replacement from {s: 6, y: 4, z: 7}? 3/136 What is prob of sequence kubb when four letters picked without replacement from {u: 1, k: 14, b: 2}? 1/2040 Two letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, i: 2, c: 2}. Give prob of sequence lc. 2/15 Calculate prob of sequence kaa when three letters picked without replacement from {a: 4, k: 3, m: 2}. 1/14 What is prob of sequence fz when two letters picked without replacement from {f: 2, e: 5, i: 4, g: 1, z: 2, n: 1}? 2/105 Three letters picked without replacement from {a: 3, l: 2}. Give prob of sequence lla. 1/10 Three letters picked without replacement from wwwwfwwwfffwf. What is prob of sequence wff? 40/429 Calculate prob of sequence yly when three letters picked without replacement from {y: 5, l: 2}. 4/21 Calculate prob of sequence agpg when four letters picked without replacement from {h: 4, p: 1, g: 6, a: 5}. 5/1456 Three letters picked without replacement from zttocztcottcvcomtv. What is prob of sequence mco? 1/408 Calculate prob of sequence ddwa when four letters picked without replacement from {d: 3, w: 1, a: 1}. 1/20 What is prob of sequence ojk when three letters picked without replacement from jkkkokeoj? 2/63 Calculate prob of sequence qssq when four letters picked without replacement from {q: 5, s: 14}. 455/11628 Three letters picked without replacement from {o: 2, n: 3, c: 4, r: 1}. Give prob of sequence noo. 1/120 Two letters picked without replacement from {s: 1, y: 1, v: 1, o: 1, x: 1}. Give prob of sequence vx. 1/20 What is prob of sequence oxo when three letters picked without replacement from {o: 5, s: 1, e: 1, w: 3, y: 1, x: 1}? 1/66 Calculate prob of sequence zzd when three letters picked without replacement from {d: 1, z: 19}. 1/20 Three letters picked without replacement from xsxubzsutuss. What is prob of sequence ubu? 1/220 What is prob of sequence zqy when three letters picked without replacement from {z: 1, q: 1, u: 1, d: 1, y: 1}? 1/60 Three letters picked without replacement from {p: 3, x: 1, h: 1, b: 2, i: 6}. Give prob of sequence ppb. 1/143 Calculate prob of sequence wz when two letters picked without replacement from zjqlzzzllwllzjg. 1/42 What is prob of sequence yy when two letters picked without replacement from {q: 4, y: 2, b: 1, p: 1, t: 2}? 1/45 Two letters picked without replacement from {s: 2, q: 1}. Give prob of sequence sq. 1/3 Three letters picked without replacement from {e: 5, y: 2, q: 2, x: 3}. Give prob of sequence qqe. 1/132 What is prob of sequence kvp when three letters picked without replacement from pgdkdkpkpv? 1/80 Two letters picked without replacement from aabaddaapd. Give prob of sequence dp. 1/30 Three letters picked without replacement from xvxvavfv. What is prob of sequence vvv? 1/14 Three letters picked without replacement from ntttnt. What is prob of sequence ttn? 1/5 What is prob of sequence wzv when three letters picked without replacement from wvzvvzt? 1/35 Calculate prob of sequence pwi when three letters picked without replacement from {w: 3, e: 5, o: 1, p: 8, i: 3}. 1/95 Four letters picked without replacement from {x: 3, b: 12}. What is prob of sequence bbbx? 11/91 Four letters picked without replacement from bcnnucbcnfnnbb. What is prob of sequence bfnn? 10/3003 Four letters picked without replacement from pwpwpaarlxrpp. Give prob of sequence plpx. 1/858 Four letters picked without replacement from {o: 3, y: 1, k: 1, h: 1, x: 6, z: 4}. What is prob of sequence kyhx? 1/7280 What is prob of sequence iw when two letters picked without replacement from riwooioiwioogimo? 1/24 Calculate prob of sequence wywy when four letters picked without replacement from wttmdmwmymyy. 1/990 What is prob of sequence qssi when four letters picked without replacement from {g: 2, c: 1, s: 1, q: 2, i: 1}? 0 Calculate prob of sequence lf when two letters picked without replacement from {u: 1, p: 1, l: 3, f: 4, h: 2}. 6/55 Two letters picked without replacement from {m: 2, d: 1, t: 1}. Give prob of sequence mm. 1/6 Four letters picked without replacement from {y: 3, d: 4, a: 1, r: 3, h: 1, u: 3}. Give prob of sequence hdry. 1/910 Three letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, r: 10, w: 2, a: 3}. Give prob of sequence wra. 1/56 What is prob of sequence xw when two letters picked without replacement from wxbwxxwxzwl? 8/55 Two letters picked without replacement from egrgeeg. Give prob of sequence re. 1/14 Calculate prob of sequence dod when three letters picked without replacement from {i: 5, y: 6, p: 2, e: 2, d: 1, o: 3}. 0 What is prob of sequence aaa when three letters picked without replacement from ccaaacccccc? 1/165 Two letters picked without replacement from uovuv. Give prob of sequence ou. 1/10 Four letters picked without replacement from {j: 8, z: 5}. Give prob of sequence jzzz. 4/143 Calculate prob of sequence uy when two letters picked without replacement from uoyy. 1/6 Four letters picked without replacement from rbubuarparaddpaa. Give prob of sequence ddap. 1/2184 What is prob of sequence gg when two letters picked without replacement from ttgg? 1/6 Two letters picked without replacement from hhhhxhxhhxhhhhh. What is prob of sequence hx? 6/35 Three letters picked without replacement from {d: 7}. What is prob of sequence ddd? 1 Calculate prob of sequence sss when three letters picked without replacement from {y: 5, s: 7}. 7/44 What is prob of sequence mmm when three letters picked without replacement from tttmmtttt? 0 Two letters picked without replacement from {q: 1, y: 3, g: 3, s: 1, u: 2}. What is prob of sequence uy? 1/15 Three letters picked without replacement from {u: 9, h: 10}. Give prob of sequence hhu. 45/323 Two letters picked without replacement from wjvaaajjawwoaa. Give prob of sequence aj. 9/91 Calculate prob of sequence wtwm when four letters picked without replacement from tmtwmwwwmwwmww. 8/429 Calculate prob of sequence cn when two letters picked without replacement from cncynnnnycyyycy. 2/21 Two letters picked without replacement from hshfs. What is prob of sequence fs? 1/10 Calculate prob of sequence bb when two letters picked without replacement from {b: 9}. 1 Four letters picked without replacement from {n: 3, t: 1, g: 2, c: 3, x: 1, z: 2}. Give prob of sequence znzt. 1/1980 Calculate prob of sequence nloo when four letters picked without replacement from nalolvnnvaleonnvnlo. 1/646 What is prob of sequence we when two letters picked without replacement from wcyyyywffffeewyfec? 1/34 What is prob of sequence aece when four letters picked without replacement from {a: 9, c: 3, e: 2, s: 2}? 9/7280 Calculate prob of sequence qf when two letters picked without replacement from qkfkm. 1/20 Four letters picked without replacement from hhhhqhhh. Give prob of sequence hhqh. 1/8 Two letters picked without replacement from ppppuppp. Give prob of sequence up. 1/8 Two letters picked without replacement from {c: 1, b: 2, n: 2, w: 1, e: 2, h: 5}. What is prob of sequence nw? 1/78 Three letters picked without replacement from hczzskzhysh. Give prob of sequence skc. 1/495 Three letters picked without replacement from {q: 2, e: 3, g: 15}. Give prob of sequence qeq. 1/1140 Two letters picked without replacement from {d: 5, j: 4, s: 1, w: 3, n: 1, f: 6}. Give prob of sequence nd. 1/76 Two letters picked without replacement from tvtvvvt. What is prob of sequence vt? 2/7 Three letters picked witho

Q: UISearchcontroller searchbar delegate not working class PlaceSelectorViewController: UIViewController, GMSAutocompleteResultsViewControllerDelegate, UISearchBarDelegate { I have included searchbar delegate searchController?.searchBar.delegate = self and I have set the delegate. But method func searchBarCancelButtonClicked(_ searchBar: UISearchBar) { stopHighlight() } doesn't happen. Delegate has set properly and stopHighlight() is a real function A: Make delegate of searchbar in viewdidload method. override func viewDidLoad() { super.viewDidLoad() searchBarCustom.delegate = self } or you can set it in storyboard as -hence delegates will call as func searchBarCancelButtonClicked(_ searchBar: UISearchBar) { print("searchBarCancelButtonClicked") } EDIT: For UISearchController var searchController: UISearchController! func configureSearchController() { // Initialize and perform a minimum configuration to the search controller. searchController = UISearchController(searchResultsController: nil) searchController.searchResultsUpdater = self searchController.dimsBackgroundDuringPresentation = false searchController.searchBar.placeholder = "Search here..." searchController.searchBar.delegate = self searchController.searchBar.sizeToFit() // Place the search bar view to the tableview headerview. tblSearchResults.tableHeaderView = searchController.searchBar }

981 F.2d 1248 Temp-Way Corporation,Spellman (Denis J., Martin F.)v.Continental Bank, Vicari (Ronald), Leis (Frank), Conway(Frank) v. Spellman (Mary Ellen, Leslie F.) NOS. 92-1283, 92-1389 United States Court of Appeals,Third Circuit. Nov 02, 1992 1 Appeal From: E.D.Pa., 2 Bechtle, C.J., 139 B.R. 299 3 AFFIRMED.

Rates of Serious Complications Estimated by the ACS-NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator in Predicting Oncologic Outcomes of Patients Treated with Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Head Cancer. The purpose of this study was to validate the predictive value of the oncologic outcome in addition to the validation of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) surgical risk calculator in patients treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) or pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) for pancreatic head cancer. From June 2005 to December 2014, 199 patients underwent PD or PPPD for pancreatic head cancer. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for investigating general patient characteristics and any comorbid diseases. The calculated perioperative complication risks from the ACS NSQIP calculator were compared with observed complication rates. In a propensity score matching analysis, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated according to calculated severe complication rate (CSCR). The CSCR > 17.9% (n = 69) and CSCR < 17.9% (n = 130) groups were significantly different considering number of the retrieved lymph nodes (22.95 ± 14.0 vs 18.80 ± 10.1, p = 0.029), histologic grade (p = 0.0235), and incidence of lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.026). The CSCR < 17.9% group had longer DFS (17.0 vs. 11.0 months, p = 0.015), but the OS was similar between the groups (39.0 vs. 23.0 months, p = 0.48). In the 1:2 propensity score analysis, the CSCR < 17.9% group had longer DFS and OS (DFS 26.0 vs. 11.0 months, p = 0.009; OS 44.0 vs. 26.0 months, p = 0.023). The ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator predicts surgical risk in patients with pancreatic head cancer who undergo PD or PPPD. Furthermore, this tool can help predict the prognosis of surgically treated pancreatic head cancer.

Sweethearts and Wives Sweethearts and Wives is a 1930 American pre-Code mystery film with comedic elements produced and released by First National Pictures and directed by Clarence G. Badger. The film stars Billie Dove, Clive Brook, Sidney Blackmer and Leila Hyams. The film was based on the play, entitled Other Men's Wives, by Walter C. Hackett. Plot Billie Dove plays the part of an aristocrat who tries to prevent her sister's divorce by attempting to recover of a diamond necklace, which is being used as incriminating evidence against her. This necklace was stolen when Dove's sister while she was secretly in another's man apartment. Dove is to meet a thief at a lonely French Inn outside of Paris who has stolen the necklace. Dove quickly disguises herself as a French maid. Unfortunately the thief is killed by someone who enters the house just as she was about to regain the diamonds. At this point, Sidney Blackmer, who has come in search of some one to fix his car and sell him some gas, arrives at the Inn. Blackmer is in an awkward position himself as he is having an affair with a married woman, played by Leila Hyams, and they are both fearful lest her husband learn of this escapade. Dove reveals that she is not a maid but an English aristocrat. The police and Clive Brook soon arrives at the house, playing the part of a divorce detective, who is secretly working to find the diamond necklace to return it to the husband of the woman who lost it. Hyams switches into Dove's maid costume in order to escape detection from Brook and the police. Meanwhile, the police are investigating the murder of the thief. Soon after the waiter and hotel clerk steal Blackmer's repaired car and take off. As the film progresses, Blackmer and Dove soon grow fond of each other and fall in love. Dove confides in Blackmer and he helps her find the necklace. In the process of recovering the necklace, three of the thieves end up being killed. In the end, Dove manages to retrieve the necklace back and save her sister from a scandalous divorce. Cast Billie Dove as Femme de Chambre Clive Brook as Reginald De Brett Sidney Blackmer as Anthony Peel Leila Hyams as Angela Worthington Albert Gran as Police Inspector Crauford Kent as Sir John Deptford John Loder as Sam Worthington Rolfe Sedan as Waiter Preservation The film survives complete. It was transferred on to 16mm film by Associated Artists Productions in the 1957 and shown on television. A 16mm copy is housed at the Wisconsin Center for Film & Theater Research. The Library of Congress also maintains a print of the film. References External links Category:1930 films Category:Films made before the MPAA Production Code Category:First National Pictures films Category:English-language films Category:American films Category:American mystery films Category:American black-and-white films Category:Films directed by Clarence G. Badger Category:American films based on plays Category:1930s mystery films

Lonely (fashion label) Lonely is a lingerie, swimwear and clothing label based in New Zealand. It was established in 2009 by Helene Morris and Steven Ferguson, who had created the Lonely Hearts Club label in 2003. Lingerie from the Lonely label has gained a cult following and is often worn by celebrities such as Kylie Jenner. The label is known for embracing body positivity by using a diverse range of models and by not retouching photos. In 2017, to promote body positivity, Lena Dunham and Jemima Kirk starred in a series of untouched photos wearing the brand's lingerie. External links References Category:Clothing brands

Proteasome inhibitors induce osteoclast survival by activating the Akt pathway. Osteoclasts rapidly undergo spontaneous apoptosis when deprived of survival factors. Regulation of osteoclast survival is important to treat bone-related diseases, such as osteoporosis. In this study, we found that the proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and ALLN, significantly inhibited osteoclast apoptosis induced by etoposide, as well as under conditions of survival factor deprivation. MG132 and ALLN inhibited the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol in the absence of survival factors and suppressed the cleavage of pro-caspase-9 and -3 to its active forms induced by etoposide. In addition, MG132 and ALLN enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in osteoclasts. However, MG132 and ALLN did not inhibit the cleavage of caspase-9 and -3 in the presence of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) inhibitor, LY294002, while the inhibitory effect of MG132 and ALLN were intact in presence of the MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126. LY294002 inhibited the survival of osteoclasts induced by MG132 and ALLN. Taken together, our results have demonstrated that proteasome inhibitors suppressed osteoclast apoptosis under conditions of survival factors deprivation through activation of the PI-3K/Akt pathway.

A Schottky diode is a unipolar device using electrons as carriers, which is characterized by high switching speed and low forward voltage drop. The limitations of Schottky diodes are the relatively low reverse voltage tolerance and the relatively high reverse leakage current. The limitations are related to the Schottky barrier determined by the metal work function of the metal electrode, the band gap of the intrinsic semiconductor, the type and concentration of dopants in the semiconductor layer, and other factors. For improving the Schottky diode device performance, a trench type Schottky diode was proposed, in which a thermal oxide layer is grown in trenches, and then a polysilicon or metal material is filled in trenches of the device to pinch off the reverse leakage current, so as to reduce the current leakage of the device. A typical structure of Schottky diode device with MOS trench has been disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,365,102. Please refer to FIGS. 1A-1F illustrating the manufacturing method of the trench MOS barrier Schottky rectifier (TMBSR). As shown in FIG. 1A, a substrate 12 having two opposite surfaces 12a and 12b is provided. The substrate 12 has a relatively heavily-doped cathode region 12c (shown as N+) adjacent to the surface 12a. A relatively lightly-doped drift region 12d (shown as N) preferably extends from the cathode region 12c to the surface 12b. A silicon oxide layer 13 is then grown on the surface 12b to relieve interlayer stress between the substrate 12 and a later-formed silicon nitride layer 15. A photoresist layer 17 is then formed on the silicon nitride layer 15. In FIG. 1B, a lithography and etching step is performed to partially remove the silicon nitride layer 15, the silicon oxide layer 13 and the substrate 12 so as to form a plurality of discrete mesas 14 in the drift region 12d of the substrate 12 and trench structures 22 with a specific dimension defined by the mesas 14. Referring to FIG. 10, a thermal oxide layer 16 is formed on the trench sidewalls 22a and the trench bottoms 22b. After removing the remaining portions of the silicon oxide layer 13 and the silicon nitride layer 15, the resultant structure is shown as FIG. 1D. Then, a top metallization step and a backside metallization step are performed to form an anode metal layer 18 on the mesas 14 and a cathode metal layer 20 on the surface 12a (FIG. 1E and 1F). Accordingly, a Schottky barrier contact is formed on the interface between the semiconductor mesas 14 and the anode metal layer 18. The process of manufacturing the TMBSR is thus completed. The trench Schottky diode manufactured from the aforementioned process may have a low forward voltage drop. Furthermore, the trench structure can pinch off reverse leakage current, such that the current leakage of the TMBSR would less than that of a Schottky diode without any trench structure. However, stress deriving from trench-etching cannot be effectively released and the Schottky diode may be damaged during the reliability test. In particular, the product including the trench Schottky diode possibly malfunctions because of the small cracks caused by the stress. Therefore, there is a need of providing an improved trench Schottky diode and associated manufacturing method to overcome the problems encountered in the prior art.

############################################################################# # Tables adapted from the Xotl FACTION ASSIGNMENT & RARITY TABLES # # Original tables can be found here: # # http://www.classicbattletech.com/forums/index.php/topic,1219.0.html # # As noted in the original files, these are fan works and should not be # # taken as official in any way. # # # # Adaptation performed by Deric Page (aka Netzilla on # # http://www.classicbattletech.com/forums/) # # If any discrepancies are found between these files and the original # # Xotl tables, please contact me by PM on the forums or via email: # # [email protected]. # # # # Notes on adaptation: # # * The original Xotl tables use a d1,000 to randomly determine the unit. # # For the adaptation I simply use the frequency of the entry as the # # MegaMek RAT Weight value. So, a unit that appears on rolls 101-200 # # receives a base Weight of 100. # ############################################################################# Taurian 3039 Assault Vehicles B Partisan Heavy Tank (AC2),17 Partisan Heavy Tank (Standard),162 Schrek AC Carrier (Standard),17 Schrek PPC Carrier (Standard),95 Demolisher Heavy Tank (Standard Mk. I),279 Partisan Heavy Tank (LRM),17 Devastator Heavy Tank (Standard),56 Behemoth Heavy Tank (Standard),195 Rhino Fire Support Tank (Flamer),11 Rhino Fire Support Tank (MG),21 Rhino Fire Support Tank (Standard),124 Rhino Fire Support Tank (SL),6

Q: Best Package for Sparse Matrix Multiplication I am looking for the best package for sparse matrix multiplication on single core solution. I am not looking for CUDA, MPI or OpenMP solutions. My preference for languages in decreasing order : Matlab, Python, C/C++. Matlab has its own matrix multiplication function which can be used for sparse matrix multiplication. But are there any better package(s) available ? I have to multiply two large matrices which are in sparse format. Eg., one matrix is 677000-by-48000 and another is 48000-by-8192. Here, n-by-d means n : # of rows, d : # of columns A: I'm no expert for sparse matrices but I do know the renowned 'eigen' C++ library. They have a tutorial on sparse matrices, reachable from the documentation page.

Introduction ============ Lung cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed in males, and the fourth most common diagnosed malignancy in females worldwide. Moreover, it is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in males and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in females. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, lung cancer accounts for 13% (1.6 million) of the total cases and 18% (1.4 million) of deaths in 2008 ([@b1-etm-04-04-0569]). Lung cancer is a complex, multistage and multifactor disease. Smoking and environmental or occupational exposure may increase the risk of lung cancer; inherited polymorphisms including carcinogen metabolism ([@b2-etm-04-04-0569]), DNA damage and repair capacity ([@b3-etm-04-04-0569]), cell apoptosis ([@b4-etm-04-04-0569]) and cell-cycle control ([@b5-etm-04-04-0569]) also play important roles in determining interindividual variations in lung cancer susceptibility. The murine double minute 2 (*MDM2*) gene located on chromosome 12q13--14 encodes an important negative regulator for the p53 tumor suppressor, resulting in its ubiquitination by direct binding to p53 ([@b6-etm-04-04-0569]). Apart from this critical function, *MDM2* overexpression may inhibit DNA repair independent of p53 ([@b7-etm-04-04-0569],[@b8-etm-04-04-0569]). The carcinogenesis of *MDM2* overexpression has been observed in various human tumors including lung ([@b9-etm-04-04-0569]--[@b11-etm-04-04-0569]), breast ([@b12-etm-04-04-0569]), bladder ([@b13-etm-04-04-0569]), gastric ([@b14-etm-04-04-0569]) and colorectal cancers ([@b15-etm-04-04-0569]). An SNP (SNP309, T to G change at nucleotide 309) in the first intron of the *MDM2* gene was identified and was found to be associated with an increased affinity for binding stimulatory protein SP1 to the promoter region, resulting in increased *MDM2* gene transcription and attenuation of the p53 pathway ([@b16-etm-04-04-0569]). Subsequently, several molecular epidemiological studies were conducted to assess the association between *MDM2* SNP309 and lung cancer risk in Asians ([@b10-etm-04-04-0569],[@b17-etm-04-04-0569]--[@b19-etm-04-04-0569]) Caucasians ([@b9-etm-04-04-0569],[@b20-etm-04-04-0569]--[@b22-etm-04-04-0569]) and African-Americans ([@b11-etm-04-04-0569]). However, the results were not always consistent, possibly attributable to the fact that the majority of studies featured only a small number of samples or the association between the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and lung cancer risk did not achieve statistical significance. Two meta-analyses published in 2009 exploring the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and lung cancer risk yielded contradictory results ([@b23-etm-04-04-0569],[@b24-etm-04-04-0569]) and other two meta-analyses investigating *MDM2* SNP309 and tumor susceptibility published in 2011 also showed inconsistent results ([@b25-etm-04-04-0569],[@b26-etm-04-04-0569]). To resolve these inconsistencies, we conducted the present meta-analysis of available case-control studies investigating the association between *MDM2* SNP309 and lung cancer risk using METAGEN ([@b27-etm-04-04-0569]). In addition to performing subgroup analyses based on ethnicity and smoking status as the previous meta-analyses ([@b23-etm-04-04-0569],[@b24-etm-04-04-0569]), we conducted subgroup analyses involving gender and histology using the most appropriate genetic model. Materials and methods ===================== Search strategy --------------- Pubmed, Embase and HuGENet databases were searched using the following terms or combinations: 'murine double minute 2', 'SNP309', '*MDM2*', 'polymorphism' and 'lung cancer'. The search was conducted until February 2012, and was limited to English language studies. To obtain additional potentially eligible studies we also reviewed the reference lists of the original studies identified, as well as reviews and previous meta-analyses. Inclusion and exclusion criteria -------------------------------- The eligible studies assessed in our meta-analysis had to achieve all of the following criteria: i) original studies concerning *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and lung cancer risk, ii) studies containing useful genotype distribution information, iii) case-control or cohort studies and iv) studies with a control population without prior or current severe respiratory disease and malignant disease. The exclusion criteria were: i) studies analyzing the same patient population (the most recent or complete study was chosen) and ii) case-only studies, which were studies without a healthy control group. Data extraction --------------- From each eligible study, we extracted data consisting of the first author, year of publication, ethnicity of the population, the genotype frequency of the cases and controls, diagnostic criteria and genotyping methods. For studies including the the frequency of genotypes of the cases and controls according to different subgroups for gender, histology and smoking status, data were separately extracted for each subgroup whenever possible. Statistical analysis -------------------- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for the genotype distributions in the controls of each study was assessed using Pearson's Square (P≥0.05) ([@b28-etm-04-04-0569]). Cochran's Q test ([@b29-etm-04-04-0569]) and the inconsistency index (*I^2^*) ([@b30-etm-04-04-0569]) were next calculated for assessment of heterogeneity. We considered P\<0.05 and I^2^\>50% to indicate significant heterogeneity ([@b31-etm-04-04-0569],[@b32-etm-04-04-0569]). In this case, we checked the data and statistical methods again, and conducted sensitivity analysis or subgroup analysis to analyze the reasons for heterogeneity. If significant heterogeneity was present, the random-effects model was used, or else, the fixed-effect model was chosen. Next, logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between the *MDM2* SNP309 T\>G polymorphism and lung cancer risk. Three genetic models: dominant (GG/TG vs. TT), recessive (GG vs. TG/TT) and co-dominant (GG vs. TG and TG vs. TT) were used to evaluated the risk. The methodology used to determine the most appropriate genetic model was reported by Bagos and Nikolopoulos ([@b27-etm-04-04-0569]). Two parameters θ~2~ and θ~3~ were calculated using the formula: log it (π~ij~) = α~i~ + θ~2~ z~i2~+θ~3~ z~i3~ and OR~AB/AA~= exp(θ~2~), OR~BB/AA~= exp(θ~2~); where α~i~ are indicators of the study-specific fixed-effects, and θ~2~ and θ~3~ are dummy variables of genotypes AB and BB. The appropriate genetic model was identified using the following criteria ([@b33-etm-04-04-0569]): no association: θ~2~=θ~3~ (OR~AB/AA~ = OR~BB/AA~ = 1)dominant model: θ~2~≠0, θ~3~≠0 and θ~2~=θ~3~ (OR~AB/AA~ = OR~BB/AA~≠1)recessive model: θ~2~=0 (OR~AB/AA~ = 1) and θ~3~≠0 (OR~BB/AA~ ≠ 1)co-dominant model: θ~2~≠0, θ~3~≠0 and 2θ~2~=θ3 (OR^2^~AB/AA~ = OR~BB/AA~) Finally, once the most approtriate genetic model was identified, it was used to again pool the results for both logistic regression analysis and heterogeneity assessment. Subgroup analysis also abided by this procedure. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's tests and Begg's funnel plot ([@b34-etm-04-04-0569]). The statistical analysis was performed using METAGEN (<http://bioinformatics.biol.uoa.gr/~pbagos/metagen/>) and STATA version 11.1 (Stata Corporation, USA). All P-values were two-sided. Results ======= Study inclusion and characteristics ----------------------------------- According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we extensively searched the Pubmed, Embase and HuGENet databases. There were 14 original studies relevant to the associated of *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and lung cancer risk retrieved. We reviewed all full-text studies intensively and excluded four studies without a control group ([@b35-etm-04-04-0569]--[@b38-etm-04-04-0569]). The study of Jun *et al* ([@b39-etm-04-04-0569]) was excluded since it included the same case and control population as Park *et al* ([@b17-etm-04-04-0569]). Finally, we excluded the study of Chua *et al* ([@b19-etm-04-04-0569]) since this study focused on the relevance between *MDM2* SNP309 and lung cancer risk among non-smoking women, while the other studies included no gender and smoking state restriction. Thus, eight case-control studies (6,696 lung cancer cases and 7,972 controls) concerning the associated of the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and lung cancer risk were included in this meta-analysis ([@b9-etm-04-04-0569]--[@b11-etm-04-04-0569],[@b17-etm-04-04-0569],[@b18-etm-04-04-0569],[@b20-etm-04-04-0569]--[@b22-etm-04-04-0569]). The study of Pine *et al* ([@b11-etm-04-04-0569]) reported a population consisting of Caucasians and African-Americans, thus we recorded data on *MDM2* SNP309 genotype distributions, respectively. All of the eligible studies were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The characteristics of the studies are summarized in [Table I](#t1-etm-04-04-0569){ref-type="table"}, and frequencies of the *MDM2* 309T\>G polymorphism in the different populations are documented in [Table II](#t2-etm-04-04-0569){ref-type="table"}. Among these studies, some provided information on *MDM2* SNP309 genotype frequencies in different subgroups based on gender, histology and smoking status ([Table III](#t3-etm-04-04-0569){ref-type="table"}). Meta-analysis results --------------------- [Table IV](#t4-etm-04-04-0569){ref-type="table"} shows the detailed results of the heterogeneity test, assessment of the most appropriate genetic model, and the association between *MDM2* SNP309 T\>G polymorphism and lung cancer risk evaluated using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In the overall analysis, using the fixed-effect model, significant associations between the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and lung cancer risk were observed in the recessive model (OR, 1.143; 95% CI, 1.047--1.247). Moreover, following the stratification of studies according to ethnicity, a statistically significant association was noted in Asian (OR, 1.260; 95% CI, 1.111--1.429) while not in European population. In the subgroup analysis based on gender, we found that the *MDM2* SNP309 GG genotype conferred a statistically significant increased risk of lung cancer development in females (OR, 1.282, 95%; CI, 1.062--1.548). However, we did not observe a similar result in males. In the subgroup analysis based on smoking status, a statistically significant association was observed in never smokers (OR, 1.328; 95% CI, 1.119--1.575) but not in the ever smoking group. However, there was no evidence of a statistically significant association between the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and lung cancer risk in the subgroup analysis based on histology. Publication bias ---------------- We performed Egger's test to access the publication bias. There was no indication that the shapes of the funnel plots exhibited obvious asymmetry, indicating any obvious evidence of publication bias in this meta-analysis. Discussion ========== Previous meta-analyses elucidating the link between the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and lung cancer risk have provided discrepant results. Gui *et al* ([@b24-etm-04-04-0569]) found that the *MDM2* 309G allele is a low-penetrant risk factor for developing lung cancer in Asians, yet Bai *et al* ([@b23-etm-04-04-0569]) conducted a meta-analysis involved in the same research and found that the *MDM2* SNP309 GG genotype enhanced the risk of lung cancer development in never smokers with statistical significance, but no statistically significant was noted in Asian and European individuals. The main difference between these two meta-analyses was the genetic model selection. Hence, we conducted the present meta-analysis, one study more than these two meta-analyses ([@b23-etm-04-04-0569],[@b24-etm-04-04-0569]) using METAGEN. Apart from finding that the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism increases the risk of lung cancer development with a statistical significance, particularly in never smoking and Asian populations, we explored the relationships between the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and the risk of lung cancer based on subgroups of different gender and histology using the most appropriate genetic model. We detected a statistically significant association between the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and the risk of lung cancer in females. According to the results of this meta-analysis, our main finding was that the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism was statistically significantly associated with the risk of lung cancer in females but not in males. It appears that the results of the subgroup analysis according to females and males was due to smoking and no smoking status as more men smoke than women, and it has been suggested that *MDM2* SNP309 increases the risk of lung cancer in never smokers ([@b21-etm-04-04-0569],[@b23-etm-04-04-0569],[@b40-etm-04-04-0569]). Yet, this assumption counteracts with the traditional view that tobacco smoking causes lung cancer. We prefer to believe that the estrogen receptor α (ERα) regulates *MDM2* SNP309 expression and leads to an increased risk of lung cancer in females. This indicates that men and women have approximately the same prevalence of lung cancer although smoking status tends to be higher among men compared to women. The *MDM2* SNP309 G allele frequency was found to be a risk factor in Asians. This result is consistent with previous studies ([@b17-etm-04-04-0569],[@b18-etm-04-04-0569]). The possible cancerogenic mechanism of the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism was previously documented. However, the reason for the differential effects of the *MDM2* polymorphism according to ethnicity is unclear. The differences in environment and genetic backgrounds may influence the association between the *MDM2* SNP309 polymorphism and risk for lung cancer. Here, we must mention that, following subgroup analysis of Asian individuals, the result of our meta-analysis exhibited dissimilarity with Bai *et al* ([@b23-etm-04-04-0569]), which included the same studies conducted in Asians ([@b10-etm-04-04-0569],[@b17-etm-04-04-0569],[@b18-etm-04-04-0569]). The main reason is the selection of the genetic model. We identified the most appropriate genetic model using METAGEN as described by Bagos and Nikolopoulos ([@b27-etm-04-04-0569]) and this method allowed for heterogeneity between studies, thus our results should be more accurate. Heterogeneity is inevitable in a meta-analysis ([@b41-etm-04-04-0569],[@b42-etm-04-04-0569]). We have to admit heterogeneity also existed between all the included studies in our meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity may come from various channels. First, studies included in this meta-analysis were distributed according to different ethnicity and environment. In addition, a different methodology including the source of controls, diagnostic criteria and genotyping methods may lead to heterogeneity. Other possible limitations should be taken into account which contributed to the low statistical power of this meta-analysis. For instance, we only selected studies published in the electronic edition of the databases in English language and ignored the studies published in other languages, in paper version or not published at all. Publication bias may exist although Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test did not detect bias. Additionally, not all the included studies contained the complete data needed particularly for the subgroup analysis, thus we only analyzed the obtained data. In conclusion, the current meta-analysis demonstrates that the *MDM2* SNP309 GG genotype may increase the risk of lung cancer particularly in Asians, females and never smoking population. Considering the limitations of this meta-analysis, further studies with large sample sizes, using well-designed and more accurate methods of genotyping are warranted to confirm the association between *MDM2* SNP309 and lung cancer risk. This study was supported by the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (grant no. 0991116). ###### Characteristics of all eligible studies included in this meta-analysis. Sample size Diagnostic criteria ---------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- ------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- --------------------- ------- Hu *et al* ([@b10-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Asian 717 1,083 Patients with histopathologically confirmed lung cancer. Cancer-free controls were frequency-matched to the cases regardingage (65 years), gender and residential area (urban or countryside). PIRA-PCR Population 0.832 Li *et al* ([@b9-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Caucasian 1,026 1,145 Patients had newly diagnosed, histopathologically confirmed, previously untreated (i.e. by radiotherapy or chemotherapy) lung cancer without restrictions on age, gender, stage or histology. Controls were frequency-matched to the cases regarding age (±5 years), gender, ethnicity and smoking status (i.e. ever and never). Patients previously receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy or recent (in last 6 months) blood transfusions or with previous cancer were excluded. PIRA-PCR Hospital 0.101 Lind *et al* ([@b20-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Caucasian 341 412 Cases were newly diagnosed lung cancer patients treated by surgery. Tumor histology was confirmed by an experienced pathologist, and only NSCLC cases were included in the study. Controls had a mean age of 59 years, smoked \>5 cigarettes/day, were current smokers or quit smoking for \<5 years prior to study. TaqMan Population 0.059 Park *et al* ([@b17-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Asian 582 582 Patients were newly diagnosed with primary lung cancer, and patients with a prior history of cancers were excluded. Control subjects were randomly selected from a pool of healthy volunteers who visited the general health check-upcenter. They were frequency-matched (1:1) to the cases based on gender and age (±5 years). PCR-RFLP Population 0.438 Pine *et al* ([@b11-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Caucasian 371 421 All cases were histologically confirmed non-small cell primary tumors of the lungs. Patients were currently not taking antibiotics or steroid medications and had not previously undergone chemotherapy or radiation therapy (43). Hospital controls were cancer-free patients recruited from the same hospital as the cases and were frequency-matched to the cases by gender and ethnicity. Population controls were recruited from Baltimore City and the same counties to match cases by age, gender and ethnicity (43). MGB Eclipse Population Hospital 0.712 Pine *et al* ([@b11-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 African 133 255 All cases were histologically confirmed non-small cell primary tumors of the lungs. Patients were currently not taking antibiotics or steroid medications and had not previously undergone chemotherapy or radiation therapy (43). Hospital controls were cancer-free patients recruited from the same hospital as the cases and were frequency matched to the cases by gender and ethnicity. Population controls were recruited from Baltimore City and the same counties to match cases by age, gender and ethnicity (43). MGB Eclipse Population Hospital 0.252 Zhang *et al* ([@b18-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Asian 1,106 1,420 Cases were newly diagnosed histopathologically confirmed lung cancer and patients were previously untreated with radio- or chemotherapy; no age, gender, tumor stage, or histology restrictions. Patients with previous cancer or metastasized cancer from other organs were excluded. Cases had no individual history of cancer and the subjects were frequency-matched to the patients in terms of age (75 years) and gender. ARMS-PCR Population 0.721 Liu *et al* ([@b21-etm-04-04-0569]) 2008 Caucasian 1,787 1,360 Histologically confirmed lung cancer patients (≥ 18 years of age). Controls were recruited among healthy friends, non-blood related family members of cancer patients, or spouses and friends of cardiothoracic surgery patients. Potential controls that carried a previous diagnosis of malignancy (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer) were excluded. TaqMan Hospital 0.615 Mittelstrass *et al* ([@b22-etm-04-04-0569]) 2008 Caucasian 633 1,294 Patients with an onset of disease at ≤50 years of age. Only newly diagnosed patients with histological or cytological confirmed primary lung cancer entered the study. Matched by gender and according to 3-year age groups to the cases in a 1:2 matching design MALDI-TOF Population 0.454 HWE, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. ###### Frequency of the *MDM2* 309T\>G polymorphism in the different populations. Cases Controls ---------------------------------------------- ------ ------------------ ------- ---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- Hu *et al* ([@b10-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Asian 166 373 178 274 538 271 Li *et al* ([@b9-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Caucasian 419 472 135 408 573 164 Lind *et al* ([@b20-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Caucasian 130 156 55 161 207 44 Park *et al* ([@b17-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Asian 113 280 189 122 299 161 Pine *et al* ([@b11-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Caucasian 150 167 54 182 187 52 Pine *et al* ([@b11-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 African-American 111 20 2 203 47 5 Zhang *et al* ([@b18-etm-04-04-0569]) 2006 Asian 249 561 296 418 711 291 Liu *et al* ([@b21-etm-04-04-0569]) 2008 Caucasian 702 802 283 530 631 199 Mittelstrass *et al* ([@b22-etm-04-04-0569]) 2008 Caucasian 270 293 70 547 598 149 ###### Frequency of the *MDM2* 309T\>G polymorphism in the different subgroups. Cases Controls --------------------------- ------- ---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ---------------------------------------------- Gender   Females 191 230 63 215 294 78 Li *et al* ([@b9-etm-04-04-0569])   Males 228 242 72 193 279 86   Females 24 47 12 40 51 6 Lind *et al* ([@b20-etm-04-04-0569])   Males 106 109 43 121 156 38   Females 11 40 28 22 62 31 Park *et al* ([@b17-etm-04-04-0569])   Males 19 62 45 100 237 130   Females 346 381 139 302 362 91 Liu *et al* ([@b21-etm-04-04-0569])   Males 350 424 147 230 272 103   Females 95 103 30 197 232 50 Mittelstrass *et al* ([@b22-etm-04-04-0569])   Males 175 190 40 350 366 99 Histology   Adenocarcinoma 196 231 76 408 573 164 Li *et al* ([@b9-etm-04-04-0569])   Squamous cell carcinoma 98 98 28 408 573 164   Adenocarcinoma 30 102 73 122 299 161 Park *et al* ([@b17-etm-04-04-0569])   Squamous cell carcinoma 57 128 85 122 299 161   Adenocarcinoma 82 171 108 418 711 291 Zhang *et al* ([@b18-etm-04-04-0569])   Squamous cell carcinoma 113 241 122 418 711 291   Adenocarcinoma 422 475 158 530 626 204 Liu *et al* ([@b21-etm-04-04-0569])   Squamous cell carcinoma 178 186 59 530 626 204   Adenocarcinoma 98 98 25 547 598 149 Mittelstrass *et al* ([@b22-etm-04-04-0569])   Non-small carcinoma 382 415 130 408 573 164 Li *et al* ([@b9-etm-04-04-0569])   Small cell carcinoma 31 37 3 408 573 164   Non-small carcinoma 89 234 162 122 299 161 Park *et al* ([@b17-etm-04-04-0569])   Small cell carcinoma 24 46 27 122 299 161   Non-small carcinoma 183 205 50 547 598 149 Mittelstrass *et al* ([@b22-etm-04-04-0569])   Small cell carcinoma 70 67 16 547 598 149   Non-small carcinoma 130 156 55 161 207 44 Lind *et al* ([@b20-etm-04-04-0569])   Non-small carcinoma 702 802 283 530 631 199 Liu *et al* ([@b21-etm-04-04-0569]) Smoking status   Ever 357 385 112 332 482 146 Li *et al* ([@b9-etm-04-04-0569])   Never 62 87 23 76 91 18   Ever 650 735 253 362 419 125 Liu *et al* ([@b21-etm-04-04-0569])   Never 52 67 30 195 212 74   Ever 195 206 46 165 173 40 Mittelstrass *et al* ([@b22-etm-04-04-0569])   Never 71 77 21 369 413 105   Ever 19 61 45 94 228 122 Park *et al* ([@b17-etm-04-04-0569])   Never 11 41 28 28 71 39   Ever 172 338 182 255 377 141 Zhang *et al* ([@b18-etm-04-04-0569])   Never 77 223 114 193 334 150 ###### Meta-analysis of the *MDM2* SNP309 T\>G polymorphism in lung cancer. Group OR~AB/AA~ (95% CI) OR~BB/AA~ (95% CI) Genetic model OR (95% CI) of assumed genetic model Heterogeneity check ---------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------- -------------------------------------- --------------------- -------- Total 1.003 (0.931--1.081) 1.144 (1.037--1.262) Recessive 1.143 (1.047--1.247) 0.056 47.20%   Caucasian 0.932 (0.850--1.022) 1.024 (0.896--1.170) No association   Asian 1.2 (1.050--1.372) 1.379 (1.142--1.665) Dominant 1.260 (1.111--1.429) 0.145 48.30% Gender   Male 0.927 (0.817--1.053) 0.948 (0.796--1.131) No association   Female 0.939 (0.815--1.082) 1.239 (1.011--1.519) Recessive 1.282 (1.062--1.548) 0.336 12.10% Histology   SCC 0.936 (0.779--1.124) 1.039 (0.796--1.358) No association   AC 0.991 (0.870--1.130) 1.204 (0.959--1.512) No association   SCLC 0.842 (0.653--1.086) 0.723 (0.501--1.043) No association   NSCLC 0.921 (0.838--1.014) 1.075 (0.944--1.225) No association Smoking status   Never 1.271 (1.063--1.521) 1.521 (1.214--1.905) Dominant 1.328 (1.119--1.575) 0.151 40.50%   Ever 1.013 (0.846--1.212) 1.2 (0.886--1.625) No association All ORs were derived from random-effects model if the heterogeneity was statistically significant, or else, from the fixed-effects model. Logistic regression analysis and heterogeneity check were performed using the same genetic model. AC, adenocarcinoma; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; NSCLC, non-small carcinoma; SCLC, small cell carcinoma. [^1]: Contributed equally

A friend of mine somewhat recently became a licensed realtor. One thing that surprised him was the lack of technology being used in his workplace. Though not a technologist himself, he enjoys an efficient workflow such as using a tablet and managing documents digitally. So whenever he’s asked to complete a transaction using piles of paper and copy machines and so forth, it obviously gets under his skin. For the last several months we’ve been trying to find ways that I can use my various talents (finite though they may be) to make his work easier or even improve the chances he’ll be successful in a sale. We’ve had a few conversations and personally I’ve been brainstorming and keeping notes and scratching out ideas. Some of the ideas I’ve had are more expensive and involved while others are more simple and can be done inexpensively. One more expensive and involved idea is shooting drone footage of lakeside homes to help differentiate the listing. I hope to get a chance to shoot some drone footage soon. (hire me?) One idea that, thanks to Twilio, is very easy and inexpensive to do is writing a SMS autoresponder to send property information to a would-be-buyer. And since I’ve wanted an excuse to play with Twilio this was my chance. Here is the idea; A buyer pulls up in front of a house that they may be interested in. In the front yard, the listing agency’s sign would have a phone number that the buyer could send a code to and get information about the property. A phone number (you can purchase one from Twilio for $1/month or a short code for $1,000/month) A server to host Three Toe Let me just state right up front; using Twilio will cost money but it is very inexpensive. You get charged for each message received and each message sent. So in our example of a buyer texting a code and getting a response that is 1 round trip that costs just about a penny and a half (at current prices). A penny to send a home buyer a link to a beautiful web site of the home they want is a no-brainer. Here is how Twilio works: Potential buyer sends a text message to your Twilio-powered number Twilio receives that text, creates a “POST” with general information about the sender (phone number, location, and contents of message, etc.) Twilio then sends that information to your app via a “webhook” Your app parses the response, and can do anything you want. In our case, we’re using Twilio to send a message back to the sender with information based on the code they sent Theoretically you could use this simple service to do just about anything. You could ask for their email address and subscribe them to your newsletter. You could send back a YouTube video. You could keep a log of their phone number in a database and an agent could follow up with them at a later date. You could call the sender and read an audio message back to them with background music. Or, you could first call the agent in charge of the property and then call the sender back and connect the two together. But I didn’t do any of that. All I wanted to do for this service was set up an easy way to allow my friend the realtor to create an auto response for the code the potential buyer sent. Here is the app works: Twilio sends a webhook POST and it is received by Three Toe. Using the contents of the message (e.g. “T0001”) it looks in a “responses” directory for a TXT file with that same name. If that TXT file is found, it responds to the sender with its contents. If that TXT file is not found, it responds with something like “There is no information available for this property.” Very, very simple. To add a new “code” that the application will respond to my friend the realtor just needs to add a new TXT file to the “responses” directory. Or, alternatively, I plan on creating a very simple form that will allow him to list and edit the responses and add new ones. I’m fully aware that there are thousands of open source versions of this same sort of thing. In fact, this is basically what Twilio would likely use as their example code for others to learn from. I made this simply to scratch our itch and to get familiar with the Twilio API. It was fun to hack around with. Update on June 28th, 2016: I’ve tagged version 0.2.1 on Github which includes a new configuration area to make it dead simple to create, edit, and delete codes and responses. Update on June 29th, 2016: I’ve tagged version 0.3.0 on Github which includes a Bootstrap-style theme for the configuration area. This makes it easy to update codes and responses on mobile devices. I have a few planned features for Three Toe that I’ll likely be able to build as extensions. I’ve already sold three copies of this simple app (with slight modifications) and some of the features needed by those customers will be making their way back into the repo. Fun app to hack away on.

// Copyright 2013 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved. // Copyright (C) 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. // // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions // are met: // 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. // 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the // documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. // // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY APPLE INC. AND ITS CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY // EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED // WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE // DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL APPLE INC. OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY // DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES // (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; // LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON // ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS // SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. description( "This test checks whether the pair of opcodes (less, jtrue) is incorrectly optimized in a LogicalOrNode." ); var failMessage = "FAIL"; var temp = failMessage || failMessage; var result = 1 < 2 || false; shouldBeTrue("result");

We noticed that you're using an unsupported browser. The TripAdvisor website may not display properly.We support the following browsers:Windows: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome. Mac: Safari. We arrived at this building (converted apartments?) on July 28th 2017, and stayed for two long nights. We had an early flight into Seattle; we wanted to drop our bags and go downtown. We were met with “check in isn’t until 2” before I could...More This is a terrible place, filthy dirty, bugs, old, no air conditioning-just a half broken plug in fan in the closet, the door locks are not secure, outdated and very very overpriced! There is nothing redeeming. Never stay here. I recently stayed here on the second floor while needing to be near Harbor view hospital. The apartments are within walking distance of both Swedish and Harbor View, however the carpet and furnishing have the old musty smell and everything is everything outdated. I felt...More My friend and I rented the Loft Suite as it was the only room available. I thought the loft style was awesome, and took the room up the stairs. It was within a 20 minute walk of the baseball field which wasn't too bad. We...More I liked the place as it is near 10 min walk from my work, with big room and fully furnished with kitchen which I stared to cook my favorite Iraqi dishes, friendly employee and with availability of the laundry and a very good price in...More

// // UIScrollView+MJRefresh.h // MJRefreshExample // // Created by MJ Lee on 14-5-28. // Copyright (c) 2014年 itcast. All rights reserved. // #import <UIKit/UIKit.h> @interface UIScrollView (MJRefresh) #pragma mark - 下拉刷新 /** * 添加一个下拉刷新头部控件 * * @param callback 回调 */ - (void)addHeaderWithCallback:(void (^)())callback; /** * 添加一个下拉刷新头部控件 * * @param callback 回调 * @param dateKey 刷新时间保存的key值 */ - (void)addHeaderWithCallback:(void (^)())callback dateKey:(NSString*)dateKey; /** * 添加一个下拉刷新头部控件 * * @param target 目标 * @param action 回调方法 */ - (void)addHeaderWithTarget:(id)target action:(SEL)action; /** * 添加一个下拉刷新头部控件 * * @param target 目标 * @param action 回调方法 * @param dateKey 刷新时间保存的key值 */ - (void)addHeaderWithTarget:(id)target action:(SEL)action dateKey:(NSString*)dateKey; /** * 移除下拉刷新头部控件 */ - (void)removeHeader; /** * 主动让下拉刷新头部控件进入刷新状态 */ - (void)headerBeginRefreshing; /** * 让下拉刷新头部控件停止刷新状态 */ - (void)headerEndRefreshing; /** * 下拉刷新头部控件的可见性 */ @property (nonatomic, assign, getter = isHeaderHidden) BOOL headerHidden; /** * 是否正在下拉刷新 */ @property (nonatomic, assign, readonly, getter = isHeaderRefreshing) BOOL headerRefreshing; #pragma mark - 上拉刷新 /** * 添加一个上拉刷新尾部控件 * * @param callback 回调 */ - (void)addFooterWithCallback:(void (^)())callback; /** * 添加一个上拉刷新尾部控件 * * @param target 目标 * @param action 回调方法 */ - (void)addFooterWithTarget:(id)target action:(SEL)action; /** * 移除上拉刷新尾部控件 */ - (void)removeFooter; /** * 主动让上拉刷新尾部控件进入刷新状态 */ - (void)footerBeginRefreshing; /** * 让上拉刷新尾部控件停止刷新状态 */ - (void)footerEndRefreshing; /** * 上拉刷新头部控件的可见性 */ @property (nonatomic, assign, getter = isFooterHidden) BOOL footerHidden; /** * 是否正在上拉刷新 */ @property (nonatomic, assign, readonly, getter = isFooterRefreshing) BOOL footerRefreshing; /** * 设置尾部控件的文字 */ @property (copy, nonatomic) NSString *footerPullToRefreshText; // 默认:@"上拉可以加载更多数据" @property (copy, nonatomic) NSString *footerReleaseToRefreshText; // 默认:@"松开立即加载更多数据" @property (copy, nonatomic) NSString *footerRefreshingText; // 默认:@"MJ哥正在帮你加载数据..." /** * 设置头部控件的文字 */ @property (copy, nonatomic) NSString *headerPullToRefreshText; // 默认:@"下拉可以刷新" @property (copy, nonatomic) NSString *headerReleaseToRefreshText; // 默认:@"松开立即刷新" @property (copy, nonatomic) NSString *headerRefreshingText; // 默认:@"MJ哥正在帮你刷新..." @end

Q: Get ListView item properties I am adding items to my ListView manually. I am quite new to UWP and xaml. This is my xaml and c# codes: public sealed partial class CalendarFlyout : SettingsFlyout { public CalendarFlyout() { this.InitializeComponent(); Width = 450; for (int i = 0; i < GlobalVars.table.Count; i++) { calendarFlyout.Items.Add(new Items { Time = sSplit[0], Country = sSplit[1], Title = sSplit[2], Results = sSplit[3] + "|" + sSplit[4] + "|" + sSplit[5], FlagImage = imagePath, bull1 = images[0], bull2 = images[1], bull3 = images[2], Color = new SolidColorBrush(Colors.LimeGreen)}); } //change background here } } public class Items { public string Time { get; set; } public string Country { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public string Results {get; set; } public string FlagImage { get; set; } public string bull1 { get; set; } public string bull2 { get; set; } public string bull3 { get; set; } public Brush Color { get; set; } } xaml: <ListView x:Name="calendarFlyout" BorderThickness="0" ItemsSource="{Binding}" Width="450"> <ListView.ItemTemplate> <DataTemplate> <Border Name="bord1" BorderBrush="#FFCDCDCD" BorderThickness="0,0,0,1" Width="450" VerticalAlignment="Stretch" HorizontalAlignment="Left"> <Grid HorizontalAlignment="Left" Width="450" Height="50" Background="{Binding Color}"> <TextBlock x:Name="timeText" Text="{Binding Time}" Margin="0,0"/> <TextBlock Name="countryText" Text="{Binding Country}" Margin="65,0,0,0"/> <TextBlock Name="newsText" Text="{Binding Title}" Margin="120,0,0,0"/> <TextBlock Name="resultText" Text="{Binding Results}" Margin="120,30,0,0" FontWeight="Bold"/> <Image Margin="0,15,440,0" Source="{Binding bull1}" Stretch="Uniform"/> <Image Margin="20,15,420,0" Source="{Binding bull2}" Stretch="Uniform"/> <Image Margin="40,15,400,0" Source="{Binding bull3}" Stretch="Uniform"/> <Image Name="flag" Margin="65,20,355,10" Source="{Binding FlagImage}" Stretch="Uniform"/> </Grid> </Border> </DataTemplate> </ListView.ItemTemplate> </ListView> I am trying to change the background color of specific item. How can I access that item? Is there a way to set the background color after that the item is created rather then when it is created? A: Firstly, you could access an item of the ListView like this way: Items targetItem= calendarFlyout.Items[2] as Items; Then, if you want to change its background color by assigning the target Brush value to that item, you need make your model class implement the interface INotifyPropertyChanged, so the definition of your model class would be like this: public class Items : INotifyPropertyChanged { public string Time { get; set; } public string Country { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public string Results { get; set; } public string FlagImage { get; set; } public string bull1 { get; set; } public string bull2 { get; set; } public string bull3 { get; set; } private Brush _brush; public Brush Color { get { return _brush; } set { _brush = value; RaisePropertyChanged("Color"); } } private void RaisePropertyChanged(string propertyName) { if (PropertyChanged != null) { PropertyChanged.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName)); } } public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged; } Finally, you could change its background color: Items targetItem = calendarFlyout.Items[2] as Items; targetItem.Color = new SolidColorBrush(Colors.Red); Further more, as a suggestion, I think you'd better have a deeper leaning about INotifyPropertyChanged and MVVM design pattern.

{ "AdditionalNotificationServices": "تصفح كتالوج الملحقات لتثبيث خدمات إشعارات إضافية.", "Alerts": "التنبيهات", "All": "الكل", "AllLibraries": "كل المكتبات", "AllowHWTranscodingHelp": "عند تفعيلها , سيسمح لتونر بتحويل العرض في الحال . هذا قد يساعد في تخفيض التحويل المطلوب من السيرفر.", "AllowRemoteAccess": "السماح بالاتصالات عن بعد إلى خادم إمبي هذا.", "AllowRemoteAccessHelp": "إذا لم يتم تحديده ، فسيتم حظر جميع الاتصالات عن بُعد.", "Audio": "الصوت", "BirthDateValue": "وُلد: {0}", "BirthPlaceValue": "مكان الميلاد: {0}", "Browse": "تصفح", "MessageBrowsePluginCatalog": "تصفح قائمتنا للملحق لترى المتوفر من الملاحق.", "ButtonAddMediaLibrary": "إضافة مكتبة وسائط", "ButtonAddScheduledTaskTrigger": "إضافة زناد", "ButtonAddServer": "إضافة خادم", "ButtonAddUser": "اضافة مستخدم", "ButtonArrowLeft": "يسار", "ButtonArrowRight": "يمين", "ButtonAudioTracks": "المقاطع الصوتية", "ButtonBack": "خلف", "ButtonCancel": "الغاء", "ButtonChangeServer": "غير الخادم", "ButtonEditOtherUserPreferences": "اضبط إعدادات حساب المستخدم هذا، وصورته وتفضيلاته الشخصية.", "ButtonForgotPassword": "نسيت كلمة السر", "ButtonFullscreen": "ملء الشاشة", "ButtonInfo": "معلومات", "ButtonLibraryAccess": "صلاحيات المكتبة", "ButtonManualLogin": "الدخول اليدوي", "ButtonMore": "المزيد", "ButtonNetwork": "الشبكة", "ButtonNextTrack": "المقطوعة التالية", "ButtonOk": "موافق", "ButtonOpen": "إفتح", "ButtonParentalControl": "التحكم الأبوي", "ButtonPause": "توقف مؤقت", "ButtonPreviousTrack": "المقطوعة السابقة", "ButtonQuickStartGuide": "دليل بدء الاستخدام السريع", "ButtonRefreshGuideData": "إعادة تنشيط بيانات الدليل", "ButtonRemove": "إزالة", "ButtonRename": "إعادة التسمية", "ButtonResetEasyPassword": "إعادة تهيئة الرمز الشخصي الميسر", "ButtonResume": "استأنف", "ButtonRevoke": "أرفض", "ButtonSelectDirectory": "إختر الدليلة", "ButtonSelectView": "إختر طريقة عرض", "ButtonSend": "إرسال", "ButtonShutdown": "إنهاء التشغيل", "ButtonSignIn": "تسجيل الدخول", "ButtonSignOut": "تسجيل الخروج", "ButtonStart": "إبدأ", "ButtonStop": "إيقاف", "ButtonSubmit": "تسليم", "ButtonTrailer": "العرض الإعلاني", "ButtonUninstall": "إزالة التثبيت", "ButtonWebsite": "موقع إلكتروني", "ChannelAccessHelp": "إختر قناة لمشاركتها مع هذا المستخدم. المدراء سيكونون قادرين على تغيير إعدادات القنوات باستخدام مدير واصفات البيانات.", "Channels": "القنوات", "CinemaModeConfigurationHelp": "الطور السينمائي يوفر أجواء سينمائية إلى قلب صالتك مع إمكانية تشغيل عروض إعلانية لأفلام أخرى وعرض مقدمات أخرى من انتقاءاتك قبل تشغيل الفيلم الرئيسي.", "CustomDlnaProfilesHelp": "إنشاء عرائض مخصوصه تستهدف جهازاً جديداً أو يمتطي حساباً نظامياً.", "DeathDateValue": "توفي: {0}", "ErrorDefault": "كان هناك خطأ في معالجة الطلب. الرجاء المحاولة لاحقاً.", "Delete": "حذف", "DeleteDeviceConfirmation": "هل أنت متأكد أنك تريد حذف هذا الجهاز؟ سيظهر الجهاز من جديد في المرة القادمة التي يسجل فها مستخدم دخوله عبره.", "DeleteImage": "حذف صورة", "DeleteImageConfirmation": "هل انت متاكد من حذف هذه الصورة؟", "DeleteMedia": "حذف الوسائط", "DeleteUser": "حذف مستخدم", "DeleteUserConfirmation": "هل انت متاكد من انك تريد حذف هذا المستخدم ؟", "DeviceAccessHelp": "هذه الميزة تنطبق حصرياً على الأجهزة التي يمكن التعرف عليها فردياً ولن تمنع المتصفح من الدخول عليها. ترشيح الوصول لأجهزة المستخدم ستمنع المستخدمين من استعمال الأجهزة الجديدة إلى أن يتم اعتمادهم من هنا.", "DrmChannelsNotImported": "القنوات المجهزة بإدارة الحقوق الرقمية DRM لن تورّد.", "EasyPasswordHelp": "الرمز pin الميسر الخاص بك يستخدم للوصول بدون اتصل عبر التطبيقات المدعومة أو الدخول على حسابك في الشبكة الداخلية.", "EnablePhotos": "عرض الصور", "EnablePhotosHelp": "سيتم اكتشاف الصور وعرضها مع ملفات الوسائط الأخرى.", "ErrorAddingListingsToSchedulesDirect": "كان هناك خطأ في إضافة الاصطفاف لخدمة \"Schedules Direct\" الخاصة بك. خدمة \"Schedules Direct\" لا تسمح إلا بعدد محدود من الاصطفافات لكل حساب. قد تحتاج إلى تسجيل الدخول إلى موقع \"Schedules Direct\" لإزالة الاصطفافات الأخرى من حسابك قبل المتابعة.", "ErrorAddingMediaPathToVirtualFolder": "كان هناك خطأ في إضافة مسار الوسائط. الرجاء التأكد من صحة المسار وأن خادم أمبي لديه صلاحية الوصول إلى الموقع.", "ErrorAddingTunerDevice": "كان هناك خطأ في إضافة جهاز المولف. الرجاء التأكد من صلاحية الوصول إليه ثم عاود المحاولة.", "ErrorAddingXmlTvFile": "كان هناك خطأ في محاولة الوصول إلى ملف XMLTV. الرجاء التأكد من وجود الملف ثم حاول مرة أخرى.", "ErrorGettingTvLineups": "كان هناك خطأ في إنزال اصطفافات التلفاز. الرجاء التأكد من أن بياناتك صحيحة ثم عاود المحاولة.", "ErrorStartHourGreaterThanEnd": "وقت النهاية يجب أن يكون أكبر من وقت البداية.", "ErrorPleaseSelectLineup": "الرجاء اختيار اصطفاف ثم المحاولة مرة أخرى. إن لم تتوفر أية اصطفافات، فالرجاء التأكد من اسم المستخدم وكلمة المرور الخاصة بك، وتأكد من صحة رمزك البريدي.", "ErrorSavingTvProvider": "كان هناك خطأ في حفظ مزود التلفزة. الرجاء التأكد من صلاحية الوصول إليه ثم عاود المحاولة.", "ExitFullscreen": "الخروج من الشاشة الكاملة", "ExtractChapterImagesHelp": "استخلاص صور الفصول سيسمح للتطبيقات أن تظهر لك قوائم تصويرية لتبويبات الأفلام. هذه العملية قد تكون بطيئة، وتستغل موارد الجهاز بشكل ملحوظ، وقد تحتاج إلى حيازة بضعة غيغابايتات من مساحة التخزين بشكل مؤقت. هذه المهمة تعمل خلال عملية استكشاف المقاطع المرئية، كما يمكن أن تحدد لتكون مهمة ليلية مجدولة. يمكنك جدولة العملية من قسم جدولة المهام. لا ينصح بتشغيل هذه المهمة خلال ساعات الذروة من دخول المستخدمين.", "FFmpegSavePathNotFound": "لم نستطع تحديد موقع ffmpeg باستخدام المسار الذي أدخلته. سوف نحتاج تطبيق FFprobe أيضاً ويجب أن يتواجد في نفس المكان. إن هذه الأجزاء تكون بالعادة محزومة معاً في نفس ملف الإنزال. الرجاء التأكد من المسار المدخل والمحاولة مرة أخرى.", "FastForward": "التقديم السريع", "FileNotFound": "الملف غير موجود.", "FileReadCancelled": "تم الغاء قراءة الملف.", "FileReadError": "حدث خطأ بقراءة الملف.", "Friday": "الجمعة", "Fullscreen": "الشاشة كاملة", "GuideProviderLogin": "تسجيل الدخول", "GuideProviderSelectListings": "إختر المبوبات", "H264CrfHelp": "معامل المعدل الثابت CRF هو الجودة الافتراضية لإعدادات مشفر x264. بإمكانك إعطاء قيمة تتراوح بين 0 و 51، وكلما قلت القيمة فسينتج عن ذلك جودة أفضل (على حساب حجم تخزين أعلى). القيم المعقول تتراوح بين 18 و 28. الافتراضي لـ x264 هي 23، لذا فبإمكانك استخدام هذه القيمة كنقطة بداية.", "EncoderPresetHelp": "اختر قيمة أعلى لتحسين السرة والأداء وقيمة أقل لتحسين الجودة.", "HardwareAccelerationWarning": "تمكين التسريع بعتاد الحاسوب قد يتسبب في عدم استقرار بعض أنواع الأنظمة. تأكد من أن نظام التشغيل الخاص بك محدث إلى آخر نسخة وأن سواقات الفيديو محدثة أيضاً. إذا واجهت أية صعوبات في تسغيل الفيديو بعد تمكين هذه الخاصية، فعليك إرجاع الإعداد إلى وضعية بلا None.", "HeaderAccessSchedule": "جدول الدخولات", "HeaderAccessScheduleHelp": "إنشئ جدول دخولات لكي تتمكن من تحديد ساعات للدخول.", "HeaderActiveDevices": "الأجهزة المفعّلة", "HeaderActiveRecordings": "التسجيلات المفعلة", "HeaderActivity": "الأنشطة", "HeaderAddUpdateImage": "إضافة/تحديث صورة", "HeaderAdditionalParts": "أدوار إضافية", "HeaderAdmin": "المدير", "HeaderAlert": "تنبيه", "HeaderAllowMediaDeletionFrom": "السماح بحذف الوسائط من قبل", "HeaderApiKey": "مفتاح API", "HeaderApiKeys": "مفاتيح API", "HeaderApiKeysHelp": "التطبيقات الخارجية تحتاج أن تمتلك مفتاح api لكي تتصل بالخادم. هذه المفاتيح تُصدر عن طريق تسجيل الدخول بمستخدم عادي، أو عن طريق منح التطبيق مفتاحاً أصدر يدوياً.", "HeaderApp": "التطبيق", "HeaderAudioSettings": "إعدادات الصوت", "HeaderBranding": "وسومات البرنامج", "HeaderCastAndCrew": "الممثلين وطاقم العمل", "HeaderChannelAccess": "صلاحيات القنوات", "HeaderCodecProfile": "عريضة الكودك", "HeaderCodecProfileHelp": "عرائض الكودك تشير إلى محدودية جهاز ما عند تشغيل وسيطة مشفر بكودك معيّن. إن كان هناك أي محدودية مذكورة فستحال الوسيطة إلى التشغير البيني، حتى لو كانت الصيغة مضبوطة للعمل بتلقائية.", "HeaderConfirmPluginInstallation": "أكد عملية تثبيت الملحق", "HeaderConfirmProfileDeletion": "أكّد حذف العريضة", "HeaderConfirmRevokeApiKey": "أرفض مفتاح API", "HeaderConnectToServer": "اتصل إلى الخادم", "HeaderConnectionFailure": "فشل في الاتصال", "HeaderContainerProfile": "عريضة الحاوية", "HeaderContainerProfileHelp": "عرائض الحاويات تشير إلى محدوديات جهاز ما عند تشغيل صيغ معينة. إن كان هناك أي محدودية مذكورة فستحال الوسيطة إلى التشغير البيني، حتى لو كانت الصيغة مضبوطة للعمل بتلقائية.", "HeaderContinueWatching": "استئناف", "HeaderCustomDlnaProfiles": "الحسابات المخصوصة", "HeaderDateIssued": "تاريخ الإصدار", "HeaderDefaultRecordingSettings": "إعدادات التسجيل الافتراضية", "HeaderDeleteDevice": "حذف الجهاز", "HeaderDeleteItem": "احذف العنصر", "HeaderDeleteProvider": "حذف المزود", "HeaderDeleteTaskTrigger": "حذف زناد المهمة", "HeaderDeveloperInfo": "معلومات المطور", "HeaderDeviceAccess": "الدخول على جهاز", "HeaderDevices": "الأجهزة", "HeaderDirectPlayProfile": "عريضة التشغيل المباشر", "HeaderDirectPlayProfileHelp": "أضف مباشرةً عريضة تشغيل للإشارة لأي صيغة يتمكن الجهاز من التعامل معه بتلقائية.", "HeaderEasyPinCode": "الرمز الشخصي الميسر", "HeaderError": "حدث خطأ", "HeaderFeatureAccess": "صلاحية الخاصية", "HeaderFetchImages": "إطهار الصور:", "HeaderForKids": "للأطفال", "HeaderFrequentlyPlayed": "تم تشغيله مراراً", "HeaderGuideProviders": "مزودو الأدلة", "HeaderHttpHeaders": "رؤوس HTTP", "HeaderIdentification": "التعريفة", "HeaderIdentificationCriteriaHelp": "أدخل على الأقل معيار واحد للتعريف.", "HeaderIdentificationHeader": "رأس التعريفة", "HeaderImageOptions": "خيارات الصورة", "HeaderImageSettings": "إعدادات الصورة", "HeaderInstall": "تثبيت", "HeaderInstantMix": "مزيج فوري", "HeaderLatestEpisodes": "احدث الحلقات", "HeaderLatestMedia": "آحدث الوسائط", "HeaderLatestMovies": "أحدث الأفلام", "HeaderLatestMusic": "أحدث الموسقى", "HeaderLatestRecordings": "التسجيلة الأخيرة", "HeaderLibraries": "المكتبات", "HeaderLibraryAccess": "صلاحيات المكتبة", "HeaderLibraryFolders": "مجلدات الوسائط", "HeaderLoginFailure": "فشل في تسجيل الدخول", "HeaderMedia": "الوسائط", "HeaderMediaFolders": "مجلدات الوسائط", "HeaderMoreLikeThis": "المزيد من الروابط لهذا", "HeaderMyMedia": "وسائطي", "HeaderNewApiKey": "مفتاح API جديد", "HeaderOtherItems": "عناصر أخرى", "HeaderParentalRatings": "التصنيف الأبوي", "HeaderPassword": "كلمة السر", "HeaderPasswordReset": "إعادة تهيئة كلمة السر", "HeaderPaths": "مسارات", "HeaderPinCodeReset": "أعد تهيئة الرمز الشخصي", "HeaderPlayAll": "تشغيل الكل", "HeaderPlayback": "تشغيل الوسائط", "HeaderPleaseSignIn": "الرجاء تسجيل الدخول", "HeaderPluginInstallation": "تثبيت الملحفات", "HeaderPreferredMetadataLanguage": "اللغة المفضلة لواصفات البيانات", "HeaderProfileInformation": "معلومات العريضة", "HeaderProfileServerSettingsHelp": "هذه القيم ستتحكم في كيفية تقديم شكل الخادم في للعملاء.", "HeaderRecentlyPlayed": "تم تشغيله مؤخراً", "HeaderRecordingPostProcessing": "تطبيق ما-بعد-المعالجة للتسجيل", "HeaderRemoteControl": "التحكم عن بعد", "HeaderRemoveMediaFolder": "إحذف مجلد الوسائط", "HeaderRemoveMediaLocation": "إحذف مكان الوسائط", "HeaderResponseProfile": "عريضة الرد", "HeaderResponseProfileHelp": "عرائض الرد تتيح طريقة لتخصيص المعلومات المرسلة إلى جهاز ما عند تشغيل نوع من أنواع الوسائط.", "HeaderRevisionHistory": "تاريخ المراجعات", "HeaderRunningTasks": "المهام المشغّلة", "HeaderScenes": "المشاهد", "HeaderSeasons": "المواسم", "HeaderSelectCertificatePath": "إختر مسار الشهادة", "HeaderSelectMetadataPath": "إختر مسار واصفات البيانات", "HeaderSelectMetadataPathHelp": "تصفح أو أدخل المسار الذي ترغب أن يُستخدم لحفظ واصفات البيانات. يجب أن يكون هذا المجلد قابل للكتابة فيه.", "HeaderSelectPath": "إختر المسار", "HeaderSelectServerCachePath": "إختر مسار كاشة الخادم", "HeaderSelectServerCachePathHelp": "تصفح أو أدخل المسار الذي ترغب أن يُستخدم كاشة لملفات الخادم. يجب أن يكون هذا المجلد قابل للكتابة فيه.", "HeaderSelectTranscodingPath": "إختر المسار المؤقت للتشفير البيني", "HeaderSelectTranscodingPathHelp": "تصفح أو أدخل المسار الذي ترغب أن يُستخدم لملفات التشفير البيني. يجب أن يكون هذا المجلد قابل للكتابة فيه.", "HeaderSendMessage": "أرسل رسالة", "HeaderServerSettings": "إعدادات الخادم", "HeaderSetupLibrary": "ضبط مكتبة المحتوى الخاصة بك", "HeaderSortBy": "ترتيب حسب", "HeaderSortOrder": "تسلسل الترتيب", "HeaderSpecialEpisodeInfo": "معلومات الحلقة الخاصة", "HeaderStatus": "الوضعية", "HeaderSubtitleProfile": "عريضة الترجمة", "HeaderSubtitleProfiles": "عرائض الترجمة", "HeaderSubtitleProfilesHelp": "عرائض الترجمة تصف صيغ الترجمة المدعومة على الأجهزة المختلفة.", "HeaderSystemDlnaProfiles": "عرائض النظام", "HeaderTaskTriggers": "زنادات المهام", "HeaderThisUserIsCurrentlyDisabled": "هذا المستخدم موقف حالياً", "HeaderTracks": "المقاطع الصوتية", "HeaderTranscodingProfile": "عريضة التشفير البيني", "HeaderTranscodingProfileHelp": "أضف عرائض التشفير البيني للإشارة لأي صيغة يتعيّن استخدامها عندما توجد حاجة للتشفير البيني.", "HeaderTunerDevices": "أجهزة التوليف", "HeaderTuners": "المولفات", "HeaderTypeImageFetchers": "{0} جالبات الصور", "HeaderTypeText": "أدخل النص", "HeaderUpcomingOnTV": "البرامج القادمة على التلفاز", "HeaderUploadImage": "رفع الصور", "HeaderUser": "المستخدم", "HeaderUsers": "المستخدمون", "HeaderVideoTypes": "صيغ الفيديوهات", "HeaderVideos": "الفيديوهات", "HeaderXmlDocumentAttribute": "سمات مستند xml", "HeaderXmlDocumentAttributes": "سمات مستند xml", "HeaderXmlSettings": "إعدادات xml", "HeaderYears": "السنوات", "ImportFavoriteChannelsHelp": "فقط القنوات التي علّمت في المفضلة على جهاز المولف ستورد.", "ImportMissingEpisodesHelp": "المعلومات الناقصة للحلقات ستورّد إلى قاعدة بياناتك وستعرض داخل المواسم والمسلسلات. قد تتسبب هذه بأوقات أطول بكثير عند تمشيط المكتبات.", "LabelAbortedByServerShutdown": "(تم إهماله بسبب عملية إغلاق الخادم)", "LabelAccessDay": "يوم الأسبوع:", "LabelAccessEnd": "وقت النهاية:", "LabelAccessStart": "وقت البداية:", "LabelAirDays": "أيام البث:", "LabelAirTime": "وقت البث:", "LabelAlbum": "الألبوم:", "LabelAlbumArtHelp": "PN المستخدمة في رسومات الألبوم، داخل سمة dlna:profileID في upnp:albumArtURI. بعض الأجهزة تحتاج قيمة محددة، مهما كان حجم الصورة.", "LabelAlbumArtMaxHeight": "الارتفاع الأقصى لرسومات الألبوم:", "LabelAlbumArtMaxWidth": "العرض الأقصى لرسوم الألبوم:", "LabelAlbumArtPN": "رسومات الألبوم PN:", "LabelAlbumArtists": "فنانو الألبومات:", "LabelAllowHWTranscoding": "السماح بالتشفير البيني بعتاد الحاسب", "LabelAppName": "اسم التطبيق", "LabelAppNameExample": "مثال: Sickbeard، Sonarr", "LabelArtists": "الفنانون:", "LabelArtistsHelp": "افصل بين الفنانين ب ; فاصلة منقوطة.", "LabelAudioLanguagePreference": "اللغة المفضلة للصوت:", "LabelBindToLocalNetworkAddress": "إربطه إلى عنوان شبكة محلي:", "LabelBindToLocalNetworkAddressHelp": "تجاوز عنوان الآي بي المحلي لربطه بخادم http. إذا ترك فارغاً، فإن الخادم سيربطه بجميع العناوين المتاحة. تغيير هذه القيمة يتطلب إعادة تشغيل خادم جيلليفن.", "LabelBlastMessageInterval": "فترات بث رسالة قيد التشغيل", "LabelBlastMessageIntervalHelp": "يحدد الفترة بالثواني بين بث رسائل قيد التشغيل.", "LabelCache": "مَخبأ (كاش):", "LabelCachePath": "مسار ذاكرة الكاش:", "LabelCachePathHelp": "حدد موقع مخصص لملفات الخادم المؤقتة، مثل الصور وغيرها. أترك هذه الخانة فارغة لاستعمال القيمة الافتراضية.", "LabelCancelled": "تم الإلغاء", "LabelCollection": "المجموعة:", "LabelCommunityRating": "تقييم المجتمع:", "LabelContentType": "نوع المحتوى:", "LabelCountry": "البلد:", "LabelCurrentPassword": "كلمة السر الحالية:", "LabelCustomCertificatePath": "مسار شهادة SSL المخصص:", "LabelCustomCertificatePathHelp": "مسار ملف PKCS # 12 يحتوي على شهادة ومفتاح خاص لتمكين دعم TLS على مجال مخصص.", "LabelCustomCss": "تنيسق CSS مخصص:", "LabelCustomCssHelp": "طبق تنسيقك css المخصص لواجهة الويب.", "LabelCustomDeviceDisplayNameHelp": "أذكر اسم عرض مخصوص أو أتركه فارغاً لاستخدام الاسم المبلغ من الجهاز.", "LabelDateAddedBehavior": "كيف يتصرف المحتوى الجديد نحو \"تاريخ الإضافة\" الخاص به:", "LabelDateAddedBehaviorHelp": "إذا اخذت واصفات البيانات قيمة، فإنها سوف تستخدم قبل أن تستخدم أي من هذه الخيارات.", "LabelDay": "اليوم:", "LabelDeathDate": "تاريخ الوفاة:", "LabelDefaultUser": "المستخدم الافتراضي:", "LabelDefaultUserHelp": "لتحديد مكتبة المستخدم التي تظهر على الأجهزة المتصلة. بإمكان الامتطاء على هذه القيمة لكل جهاز عن طريق عرائض الأجهزة.", "LabelDeviceDescription": "وصف الجهاز", "LabelDidlMode": "طور DIDL:", "LabelDisplayName": "الاسم المعروض:", "LabelDisplaySpecialsWithinSeasons": "أظهر الحلقات الخاصة في المواسم التي بثت فيها", "LabelDownMixAudioScale": "تعزيز الصوت عند تقليل توزيع قنوات الصوت:", "LabelDownMixAudioScaleHelp": "تعزيز الصوت عند تقليل توزيع قنوات الصوت. حدد القيمة ب 1 للمحافظة على القيمة الأصلية للصوت.", "LabelDownloadLanguages": "إنزال اللغة:", "LabelDynamicExternalId": "معرفة {0}:", "LabelEasyPinCode": "الرمز الشخصي الميسر:", "LabelEmbedAlbumArtDidl": "ضمن رسومات الألبوم في مخطط DIDL", "LabelEmbedAlbumArtDidlHelp": "بعض الأجهزة تفضل هذه الطريقة لاستخلاص رسومات الألبوم، فيما قد يفشل تشغيلها بتفعيل هذا الخيار.", "LabelEnableAutomaticPortMap": "فعل الخاصية الآلية في التوفيق بين المنافذ", "LabelEnableAutomaticPortMapHelp": "حاول التوفيق بين المنفذ العالمي والمنفذ المحلي آلياً باستخدام آلية UPnP. هذه الخاصية قد لا تعمل مع بعض أنواع الراوترات.", "LabelEnableBlastAliveMessages": "بث رسائل قيد التشغيل", "LabelEnableBlastAliveMessagesHelp": "فعل هذه الخاصية إذا كان الخادم لا يكتشف بكفاءة من قبل أجهزة UPnP الأخرى على شبكتك.", "LabelEnableDlnaClientDiscoveryInterval": "فترات استكشاف العملاء", "LabelEnableDlnaClientDiscoveryIntervalHelp": "يحدد الفترة بالثواني بين عمليات بحث SSDP التي يقوم بها أمبي.", "LabelEnableDlnaDebugLogging": "تفعيل خاصية كشوفات أخطاء DLNA", "LabelEnableDlnaDebugLoggingHelp": "هذه ستنشئ سجلات كشفية ضخمة ولا ينبغي تفعيلها إلا عند الحاجة إليها بغرض استكشاف الأخطاء وحصرها.", "LabelEnableDlnaPlayTo": "تفعيل خاصية DLNA Play To", "LabelEnableDlnaPlayToHelp": "بإمكان أمبي أن يستكشف الأجهزة على شبكتك ويقدم لك إمكامية التحكم بهم عن بعد.", "LabelEnableDlnaServer": "تفعيل خادم Dlna", "LabelEnableDlnaServerHelp": "يمكن أجهزة UPnP على شبكتك لتصفح محتوى أمبي.", "LabelEnableRealtimeMonitor": "تفعيل خاصية المراقبة في الوقت الحقيقي", "LabelEnableRealtimeMonitorHelp": "التغييرات ستعالج مباشرة إذا كان نظام الملفات مدعوم.", "LabelEnableSingleImageInDidlLimit": "حدد عدد الصور المضمّنة لصور واحدة", "LabelEnableSingleImageInDidlLimitHelp": "بعض الأجهزه لن تظهر الصور جيداً إن ضمّنت صور عديدة في مخطط didl.", "LabelEndDate": "تاريخ الانتهاء", "LabelEpisodeNumber": "رقم الحلقة:", "LabelEvent": "الحدث:", "LabelEveryXMinutes": "كل:", "LabelExtractChaptersDuringLibraryScan": "استخلص صور الأبواب أثناء تمشيط المكتبة", "LabelExtractChaptersDuringLibraryScanHelp": "عند التفعيل، فإن صور الأبواب ستُستخلص عندما تدرج الفيديوهات الجديدة أثناء تمشيط المكتبة. عند عدم التفعيل فإن عملية الاستخلاص ستكون محصورة أثناء مهمة صور الأبواب المجدولة، ما يسمح لعملية تمشيط المكتبة أن تنتهي بصورة أسرع.", "LabelFailed": "العملية فشلت", "LabelFileOrUrl": "الملف أو الرابط:", "LabelFinish": "إنهاء", "LabelForgotPasswordUsernameHelp": "أدخل اسم المستخدم الخاص بك، إن كنت تتذكرها", "LabelFormat": "الصيغة:", "LabelFriendlyName": "اسم مخصوص لك", "LabelServerNameHelp": "هذا الاسم يسيتخدم للتعرف على الخادم. إن ترك خالٍ، فإن اسم الحاسوب سوف يستخدم.", "LabelGroupMoviesIntoCollections": "تجميع الأفلام إلى مجاميع", "LabelGroupMoviesIntoCollectionsHelp": "عند استعراض قوائم الأفلام، فإن الأفلام التي تنتمي إلى مجموعة واحدة ستظهر كعنصر جامع.", "LabelH264Crf": "قيمة CRF لتشفير H264:", "LabelEncoderPreset": "إعدادات تشفير H264:", "LabelHardwareAccelerationType": "التسريع بعتاد الحاسب", "LabelHardwareAccelerationTypeHelp": "متاح في الأنظمة المدعومة فقط.", "LabelHttpsPort": "رقم منفذ https المحتلي:", "LabelHttpsPortHelp": "رقم منفذ tcp المتوجب على بروتوكول https أن يرتبط من خلاله في خادم أمبي.", "LabelIconMaxHeight": "الارتفاع الأقصى للأيقونة.", "LabelIconMaxWidth": "العرض الأقصى للأيقونة:", "LabelImageFetchersHelp": "مكّن ورتّب جالبات الصور التي تفضلها حسب أولوية التفضيل.", "LabelImageType": "صيغة الصورة:", "LabelImportOnlyFavoriteChannels": "أحصر العرض على القنوات المعلّمة كمفضلات", "LabelInNetworkSignInWithEasyPassword": "تفعيل تسجيل الدخول من الشبكة الداخلية باستخدام الرمز الشخصي الميسر", "LabelInNetworkSignInWithEasyPasswordHelp": "عند التفعيل، ستتمكن من استخدام الرمز الشخصي الميسر للدخول إلى تطبيقات أمبي عبر شبكتك الداخلية. أما كلمة السر الخاصة بك فلن تحتاجها إلا عندما تكون على شبكة الإنترنت بعيداً عن مكانك. إن ترك الرمز الشخصي فارغاً فلن تحتاج إلى إدخال شيء للدخول من داخل الشبكة.", "LabelKidsCategories": "تصنيفات الأطفال:", "LabelKodiMetadataDateFormat": "تنسيق تاريخ الإصدار:", "LabelKodiMetadataDateFormatHelp": "جميع التواريخ داخل ملف nfo ستُقرأ وتُكتب وفق هذا التنسيق.", "LabelKodiMetadataEnableExtraThumbs": "إنسخ extrafanart إلى extrathumbs", "LabelKodiMetadataEnableExtraThumbsHelp": "عند إنزال الصور بإمكان حفظها إلى extrafanart و extrathumbs لتكون متوافقة مع مظاهر Kodi بأقصى حد.", "LabelKodiMetadataEnablePathSubstitution": "تفعيل إبدال المسارات", "LabelKodiMetadataEnablePathSubstitutionHelp": "فعل إبدال المسارات الخاصة بمسارات الصور مستخدماً إعدادات إبدال المسارات الخاصة بالخادم.", "LabelKodiMetadataSaveImagePaths": "إحفظ مسارات الصور داخل ملقات nfo", "LabelKodiMetadataSaveImagePathsHelp": "هذا الخيار ينصح به إذا كان لديك صور لا تتوافق مع الدليل الإرشادي لنظام Kodi.", "LabelLanguage": "اللغة:", "LabelLineup": "سلسل:", "LabelLocalHttpServerPortNumber": "رقم منفذ http المحلي:", "LabelLocalHttpServerPortNumberHelp": "رقم منفذ http المتوجب على الخادم أن يرتبط من خلاله.", "LabelLoginDisclaimer": "إخلاء مسؤولية تسجيل الدخول:", "LabelLoginDisclaimerHelp": "هذه ستعرض أسفل شاشة تسجيل الدخول.", "LabelLogs": "السجلات الكشفية:", "LabelManufacturer": "المصنّع", "LabelManufacturerUrl": "رابط url للمصنّع", "LabelMatchType": "وفّق النوع:", "LabelMaxBackdropsPerItem": "أكبر عدد للخلفيات لكل عنصر:", "LabelMaxParentalRating": "الحد الاقصى لتصنيف الرقابة الابوية المسموح بها:", "LabelMaxResumePercentage": "النسبة العليا للمتابعة:", "LabelMaxResumePercentageHelp": "العنواين ستعتبر مشغلة حتى النهاية إذا أوقفت بعد هذا الوقت", "LabelMaxScreenshotsPerItem": "أكبر عدد للصور الملتقطة لكل عنصر:", "LabelMaxStreamingBitrate": "أقصى تدفق للجودة", "LabelMaxStreamingBitrateHelp": "تحديد الحد الأقصى لمعدل البت أثناء البث التدفقي.", "LabelMessageText": "نص الرسالة:", "LabelMessageTitle": "عنوان الرسالة:", "LabelMetadata": "واصفات البيانات:", "LabelMetadataDownloadersHelp": "مكّن ورتّب منزّلات واصفات البيانات التي تفضلها حسب أولوية التفضيل. المنزّلات الأقل أولوية ستستخدم لتحل محل المعلومات التي لا يمكن العثور عليها.", "LabelMetadataPath": "مسار واصفات البيانات:", "LabelMetadataPathHelp": "حدد موقع مخصوص لإنزال الأعمال الفنية وواصفات البيانات.", "LabelMetadataReaders": "قارءات واصفات البيانات", "LabelMetadataReadersHelp": "رتب مصادر واصفات البيانات التي تفضلها حسب أولوية التفضيل. أول ملف يعثر عليه سيحمّل.", "LabelMetadataSavers": "حافظات واصفات البيانات:", "LabelMetadataSaversHelp": "إختر صيغ الملفات التي ترغب في حفظ واصفات البيانات إليها.", "LabelMethod": "الطريقة:", "LabelMinBackdropDownloadWidth": "أقل جودة للخلفية المنزلة:", "LabelMinResumeDuration": "الفترة الدنيا للمتابعة (بالثواني):", "LabelMinResumeDurationHelp": "العناوين الأقصر من هذا الوقت لن يتاح لها خاصية الاستئناف", "LabelMinResumePercentage": "النسبة الدنيا للمتابعة:", "LabelMinResumePercentageHelp": "العناوين ستعتبر غير مشغلة إذا أوقفت قبل هذا الوقت", "LabelMinScreenshotDownloadWidth": "أقل جودة للصور الملتقطة المنزلة:", "LabelModelDescription": "وصف الموديل", "LabelModelName": "اسم الموديل", "LabelModelNumber": "رقم الموديل", "LabelModelUrl": "رابط url للموديل", "LabelMonitorUsers": "راقب الأنشطة من:", "LabelMovieCategories": "تصنيفات الأفلام:", "LabelMoviePrefix": "بادئة الأفلام:", "LabelMoviePrefixHelp": "إن كان هناك بادئة لعناوين الأفلام، فأدخلها هنا لكي يتمكن أمبي من أن يتعامل معها بالطريقة الصحيحة.", "LabelMovieRecordingPath": "مسار تسجيل الأفلام (خيارية):", "LabelMusicStreamingTranscodingBitrate": "معدل البت للتشفير البيني الموسيقي", "LabelMusicStreamingTranscodingBitrateHelp": "تحديد الحد الأقصى لمعدل البت وقت البث التدفقي الموسيقي", "LabelName": "الاسم:", "LabelNewName": "الاسم الجديد:", "LabelNewPassword": "كلمة السر الجديدة:", "LabelNewPasswordConfirm": "تأكيد كلمة السر الجديدة:", "LabelNewsCategories": "التصنيفات الأخبارية:", "LabelNotificationEnabled": "تفعيل هذه الإشعارات", "LabelNumberOfGuideDays": "عدد أيام بيانات الدليل للإنزال:", "LabelNumberOfGuideDaysHelp": "إنزال أيام أكثر من بيانات الدليل ستوفر أمكانية جدولة أيام أبعد وإظهار قوائم أطول للبرامج، لكنها ستأخذ وقتاً أطول للإنزال. االخيار الآلي سوف يتخيّر بناء على عدد القنوات المتاحة.", "LabelOptionalNetworkPath": "(خياري) مجلدة مشاركة الشبكة:", "LabelOptionalNetworkPathHelp": "إن كان هذا المجلد مشاركاً على شبكتك فإن تزويد مسار الشبكة سيسمح لتطبيقات أمبي على الأجهزة الأخرى بالوصول إلى ملفات الوسائط مباشرة.", "LabelPassword": "كلمة السر:", "LabelPasswordConfirm": "تأكيد كلمة السر:", "LabelPasswordRecoveryPinCode": "الرمز الشخصي:", "LabelPath": "المسار", "LabelPlayDefaultAudioTrack": "تشغيل المقطع الصوتي الافتراضي بغض النظر عن اللغة", "LabelPostProcessor": "تطبيق ما-بعد-المعالجة", "LabelPostProcessorArguments": "معطيات سطر الأوامر لتطبيق ما بعد المعالجة", "LabelPostProcessorArgumentsHelp": "استخدم المسار: {path} كمسار لملف التسجيل.", "LabelPreferredDisplayLanguage": "لغة الواجهة المفضلة:", "LabelProfileAudioCodecs": "كودك تشفير الصوت", "LabelProfileCodecs": "الكودكات:", "LabelProfileCodecsHelp": "يجب فصل العناصر بفواصل (,). يمكن أن تترك هذه فارغة إذا أريد تطبيقها على كل الكودكات.", "LabelProfileContainer": "الحاوية", "LabelProfileContainersHelp": "يجب فصل العناصر بفواصل (,). يمكن أن تترك هذه فارغة إذا أريد تطبيقها على كل الحاويات.", "LabelProfileVideoCodecs": "كودك الفيديو", "LabelProtocol": "البروتوكول:", "LabelProtocolInfo": "معلومات البروتوكول:", "LabelProtocolInfoHelp": "القيمة التي ستستخدم عند الرد على طلب GetProtocolInfo من الجهاز.", "LabelPublicHttpPort": "رقم منفذ http العالمي:", "LabelPublicHttpPortHelp": "رقم المنفذ العالمي الذي يجب أن يوافق منفذ http المحلي.", "LabelPublicHttpsPort": "رقم منفذ https العالمي:", "LabelPublicHttpsPortHelp": "رقم المنفذ العالمي الذي يجب أن يوافق منفذ https المحلي.", "LabelRecordingPath": "المسار الافتراضي للمقاطع المسجلة:", "LabelRecordingPathHelp": "حدد موقع افتراضي لحفظ المقاطع المسجلة، لو تركت هذه الخانة فارغة، فسيستعمل مجلد بيانات البرنامج.", "LabelReleaseDate": "تاريخ الإصدار", "LabelRemoteClientBitrateLimit": "حدد معدل البت للتشغيل التدفقي عبر الإنترنت (Mbps)", "LabelRuntimeMinutes": "مدة التشغيل (بالدقائق):", "LabelSaveLocalMetadata": "حفظ الأعمال الفنية وواصفات البيانات فى مجلدات الوسائط", "LabelSaveLocalMetadataHelp": "حقظ الأعمال الفنية وواصفات البيانات مباشرة فى مجلدات الوسائط سيسهل عليك الوصول وعمل التعديلاات عليها.", "LabelScheduledTaskLastRan": "آخر تشغيل {0}، وقد استغرق {1}.", "LabelSeasonNumber": "رقم الموسم:", "LabelSelectUsers": "إختر المستخدم:", "LabelSelectVersionToInstall": "إختر الإصدار للتثبيت", "LabelSendNotificationToUsers": "أرسل الإشعارات إلى:", "LabelSerialNumber": "الرقم التسلسلي", "LabelSeriesRecordingPath": "مسار تسجيل المسلسلات (خيارية):", "LabelServerHost": "المضيف:", "LabelServerHostHelp": "192.168.1.100:8096 أو https://myserver.com", "LabelSkipIfAudioTrackPresent": "تخطّىإن كان المقطع الصوتي الافتراضي يتوافق مع اللغة المنزلة", "LabelSkipIfAudioTrackPresentHelp": "لا تختر هذه لكي تؤكد وجود ترجمة لجميع الفيديوهات، بغض النظر عن لغة الصوت.", "LabelSkipIfGraphicalSubsPresent": "تخطّى إن كان الفيديو يحتوى على ترجمة مسبقاً", "LabelSkipIfGraphicalSubsPresentHelp": "الإبقاء على النسخ النصية للترجمة سيؤدي إلى رفع كفاءة التوصيل وسيقلل من احتمالية تفعيل التشفير البيني للفيديو.", "LabelSonyAggregationFlags": "إشارات تحشيد سوني:", "LabelSonyAggregationFlagsHelp": "تحدد محتوى عنصر aggregationFlags في النطاق الاسمي لـ urn:schemas-sonycom:av namespace .", "LabelSource": "المصدر:", "LabelSportsCategories": "التصنيفات الرياضية:", "LabelStartWhenPossible": "إبدأ حال الإمكان:", "LabelStatus": "الوضعية:", "LabelStopWhenPossible": "أوقف حال الإمكان", "LabelStopping": "قيد الإيقاف", "LabelSubtitleFormatHelp": "مثال: صيغة srt", "LabelSubtitlePlaybackMode": "طور الترجمة:", "LabelSupportedMediaTypes": "أنواع الوسائط المدعومة:", "LabelTag": "البطاقة:", "LabelTime": "الوقت:", "LabelTimeLimitHours": "الوقت المحدد (بالساعة):", "LabelTranscodingTempPathHelp": "هذا المجلد يحتوي على ملفات قيد الاستعمال من قبل المشفر البيني. حدد مساراً مخصوصاً او اتركه فارغاً لاستعمال القيمة الافتراضية في مجلد بيانات الخادم.", "LabelTranscodingThreadCount": "عدد مسارات التشفير البيني", "LabelTranscodingThreadCountHelp": "إختر الحد الأقصى المسموح به من مسارات التشفير البيني. إن تقليل عدد المسارات سيقلل من نسبة استخدام المعالج لكنه قد لا يحوّل الوسيطة بالسرعة المطلوبة لتشغيل سلس.", "LabelTriggerType": "نوع الزناد:", "LabelTunerIpAddress": "عنوان آي بي المولف:", "LabelTunerType": "نوع المولف:", "LabelType": "النوع:", "LabelTypeMetadataDownloaders": "{0} تنزيل البيانات الوصفية:", "LabelTypeText": "النص", "LabelUseNotificationServices": "استخدم الخدمات التالية", "LabelUser": "المستخدم:", "LabelUserLibrary": "مكتبة المستخدم:", "LabelUserLibraryHelp": "إاختر أي من مكتبات المستخدم لإظهارها على الجهاز. أتركها فارغة لوراثة القيمة الافتراضية", "LabelUsername": "اسم المستخدم:", "LabelVaapiDevice": "جهاز واجهة API صوت وصورة:", "LabelVaapiDeviceHelp": "هذه هي عقدة التصيير التي ستستخدم من قبل التسريع بعتاد الحاسوب.", "LabelValue": "القيمة:", "LabelVersionInstalled": "{0} مثبتة", "LabelXDlnaCap": "سقف X-Dlna:", "LabelXDlnaCapHelp": "تحدد محتوى عنصر X_DLNACAP في النطاق الاسمي لـ urn:schemas-dlna-org:device-1-0 .", "LabelXDlnaDoc": "وثيقة X-Dlna:", "LabelXDlnaDocHelp": "تحدد محتوى عنصر X_DLNADOC في النطاق الاسمي لـ urn:schemas-dlna-org:device-1-0 .", "LabelYoureDone": "تم الانتهاء!", "LabelZipCode": "الرمز البريدي:", "LabelffmpegPath": "مسار ffmpeg:", "LabelffmpegPathHelp": "المسار الدال على ملف تطبيق ffmpeg أو المجلد الذي يحتوي ffmpeg.", "LatestFromLibrary": "أحدث ال{0}", "LibraryAccessHelp": "اختر مجلد وسائط لمشاركته مع هذا المستخدم. المدراء سيكونون قادرين على تغيير إعدادات المجلدات باستخدام مدير واصفات البيانات.", "MapChannels": "توفيق القنوات", "MaxParentalRatingHelp": "المحتويات ذات التصنيف الأبوي الأعلى ستخفى عن هذا المستخدم.", "MediaInfoAnamorphic": "التشوه", "MediaInfoAspectRatio": "النسبة الباعية", "MediaInfoBitDepth": "عمق البت", "MediaInfoBitrate": "معدّل البت", "MediaInfoChannels": "القنوات", "MediaInfoCodec": "الكودك", "MediaInfoCodecTag": "بطاقة الكودك", "MediaInfoContainer": "حاوية", "MediaInfoDefault": "إفتراضي", "MediaInfoExternal": "خارجي", "MediaInfoForced": "مجبر", "MediaInfoFramerate": "معدل الأطارات", "MediaInfoInterlaced": "خطوط متعارضة", "MediaInfoLanguage": "اللغة", "MediaInfoLayout": "مخطط التصميم", "MediaInfoLevel": "المستوى", "MediaInfoPath": "مسار", "MediaInfoPixelFormat": "صيغة البكسل", "MediaInfoProfile": "العريضة", "MediaInfoRefFrames": "الأطر المرجعية", "MediaInfoResolution": "الجودة", "MediaInfoSampleRate": "معدًل الإعتيان", "MediaInfoSize": "حجم", "MediaInfoTimestamp": "البصمة الزمنية", "MessageAlreadyInstalled": "هذا الإصدار تم تثبيته مسبقاً.", "MessageAreYouSureYouWishToRemoveMediaFolder": "هل أنت متأكد أنك تريد إزالة مجلد الوسائط هذا؟", "MessageConfirmDeleteGuideProvider": "هل أنت متأكد أنك ترغب في حذف مزود الدليل هذا؟", "MessageConfirmDeleteTunerDevice": "هل أنت متأكد أنك تريد حذف هذا المولف؟", "MessageConfirmProfileDeletion": "هل أنت متأكد أنك تريد حذف هذه العريضة؟", "MessageConfirmRemoveMediaLocation": "هل أنت متأكد أنك تريد حذف هذا المكان؟", "MessageConfirmRestart": "هل أنت متأكد أنك تريد أن تعيد تشغيل خادم أمبي؟", "MessageConfirmRevokeApiKey": "هل أنت متأكد من أنك تريد أن ترفض المفتاح (api) هذا؟ سيتم قطع اتصال التطبيق عن خادم أمبي مباشرة.", "MessageConfirmShutdown": "هل أنت متأكد أنك تريد أن تنهي تشغيل الخادم؟", "MessageContactAdminToResetPassword": "الرجاء التواصل مع مدير النظام لإعادة أعداد كملة سرّك.", "MessageCreateAccountAt": "أنشئ حساب في {0}", "MessageDeleteTaskTrigger": "هل أنت متأكد أنك تريد حذف زناد المهمة؟", "MessageDirectoryPickerBSDInstruction": "من أجل BSD، يمكنك أن تضبط إعدادات التخزين دخال حساب FreeNAS Jail الخاص بك لكي يتمكن أمبي أن يتصل به.", "MessageDirectoryPickerLinuxInstruction": "من أجل أنظمة التشغيل التالية: Linux أو Arch Linux أو CentOS أو Debian أو Fedora أو openSUSE أو Ubuntu، يجب أن تمنح المستخدم النظامي صلاحية القراءة ليتمكن من الوصول إلى أماكن التخزين.", "MessageEnablingOptionLongerScans": "قد يؤدي تمكين هذا الخيار إلى إبطاء البحث في المكتبات بشكل ملحوظ.", "MessageFileReadError": "حصل خطأ أثناء قراءة الملف. الرجاء المحاولة مرة اخرى.", "MessageForgotPasswordFileCreated": "الملف التالي قد أنشيء على خادمك وهو يحتوي على التوجيهات لكيفية البدء:", "MessageForgotPasswordInNetworkRequired": "الرجاء المحاولة من خلال شبكة المنزل لبدء عملية إعادة إعداد كملة السر.", "MessageInvalidForgotPasswordPin": "لقد تم إدخال رمز شخصي غير صحيح أو منتهي الصلاحية. الرجاء المحاولة مرة أخرى.", "MessageInvalidUser": "اسم المستخدم أو كلمة السر غير صحيحة. الرجاء المحاولة مرة أخرى.", "MessageItemSaved": "تم حفظ العنصر.", "MessageItemsAdded": "تم اضافة العناصر.", "MessageNoAvailablePlugins": "لا توجد أي ملحقات.", "MessageNoMovieSuggestionsAvailable": "لا يوجد حالياً اقتراحات افلام. إبداً بمشاهدة وتقييم الأفلام ثم عاود زيارة هذه الصفحة لمشاهدة المقترحات.", "MessageNoPluginsInstalled": "ليس عندك أي ملحقات مثبتة.", "MessageNoTrailersFound": "لم يتم إيجاد أي عروض إعلانية. قم بتثبيت قناة العروض الإعلانية لتحسين متعة المشاهدة بإضافة مكتبة عروض إعلانية من الإنترنت.", "MessageNothingHere": "لا شىء هنا.", "MessagePasswordResetForUsers": "لقد تم حذف كلمات السر الخاصة بالمستخدمين التاليين. لتسجيل الدخول، يجب استخدام كلمة سرية فارغة.", "MessagePleaseEnsureInternetMetadata": "الرجاء التأكد من أن إمكانية إنزال واصفات البيانات من الإنترنت ممكنة.", "MessagePluginConfigurationRequiresLocalAccess": "لضبط", "MessagePluginInstallDisclaimer": "إن الملحقات التي بناها أعضاء مجتمع أمبي لهي طريقة رائعة لتحسين متعة استخدام أمبي وذلك بإضافة المزايا والخدمات الجديدة. قبل تثبيت الملحقات، نرجو أخذ العلم بالآثار التي قد تلحقها بخادم أمبي الخاص بك، مثل أوقات أطولة لتمشيط مكتبتك، والعمليات الخلفية الإضافية وتقليل استقرار نظامك.", "MessageReenableUser": "أنظر أدناه لإعادة التفعيل", "MessageTheFollowingLocationWillBeRemovedFromLibrary": "مكان الوسائط التالي سيزال من مكتبة أمبي الخاصة بك:", "MessageUnableToConnectToServer": "لم نستطع الاتصال إلى الخادم المختار في الوقت الحالي. الرجاء التأكد من أنه يعمل ثم المحاولة مرة أخرى.", "MessageUnsetContentHelp": "المحتوى سيعرض كمجدات اعتيادية. لأفضل النتائج استخدم مدير واصفات البيانات لإعداد نوع محتوى المجلدات الفرعية.", "MessageYouHaveVersionInstalled": "الإصدار المثبت حالياً هو {0}.", "MetadataManager": "مدير واصفات البيانات", "MetadataSettingChangeHelp": "تغيير واصفات البيانات سيكون له تأثير على المحتوى الجديد الذي سيضاف لاحقاً. لإعادة تنشيط المحتوى الموجود، إفتح شاشة التفاصيل ثم اضغط على زر إعادة التنشيط، أو قم بعمل إعادة تنشيط جماعية من خلال مدير واصفات البيانات.", "MinutesAfter": "عدد الدقائق اللاحقة", "MinutesBefore": "عدد الدقائق السابقة", "Monday": "الاثنين", "MoreFromValue": "المزيد من {0}", "MoreUsersCanBeAddedLater": "يمكن اضافة المستخدمين لاحقا من لوحة العدادات.", "Mute": "صامت", "NextUp": "التالي", "MessageNoNextUpItems": "لم يتم ايجاد شيء، إبدأ بمشاهدة برامجك!", "MessageNoPluginConfiguration": "هذا الملحق ليس له إعدادات تضبط.", "NumLocationsValue": "{0} مجلد(ات)", "Option3D": "ثلاثي أبعاد", "OptionAdminUsers": "المدراء", "OptionAllUsers": "جميع المستخدمين", "OptionAllowAudioPlaybackTranscoding": "تمكين تشغيل الصوت الذي يحتاج تشفيراً بينياً", "OptionAllowBrowsingLiveTv": "السماح للوصول إلى قنوات التلفزة الحية", "OptionAllowContentDownloading": "اسمح بإنزال الوسائط", "OptionAllowLinkSharing": "السماح بالمشاركة في قنوات التواصل الاجتماعي", "OptionAllowLinkSharingHelp": "فقط الصفحات التي تحتويى على معلومات الوسائط سيسمح لها بالمشاركة. أما ملفات الوسائط فإنها لن تشارك مع قنوات التواصل. المشاركات محددة زمنياً وستنتهي بعد {0} يوم/أيام.", "OptionAllowManageLiveTv": "السماح بإدارة وتسجيل قنوات التلفزة الحية", "OptionAllowMediaPlayback": "السماح بتشغيل الوسائط", "OptionAllowRemoteControlOthers": "السماح بالتحكم في المستخدمين الآخرين عن بعد", "OptionAllowRemoteSharedDevices": "السماح بالتحكم في الأجهزة المشاركة عن بعد", "OptionAllowRemoteSharedDevicesHelp": "أجهزة Dlna ستعتبر مشاركة إلى أن يبدأ مستخدم ما بالتحكم بها.", "OptionAllowUserToManageServer": "إسمح لهذا المستخدم بالتحكم بالخادم", "OptionAllowVideoPlaybackRemuxing": "تمكين تشغيل الفيديو الذي يحتاج إلى التحويل من غير تشفير", "OptionAllowVideoPlaybackTranscoding": "تمكين تشغيل الفيديو الذي يحتاج تشفيراً بينياً", "OptionAutomaticallyGroupSeries": "إدمج الحلقات الموزعة بين عدة مجلدات إلى مجلد واحد تلقائياً.", "OptionAutomaticallyGroupSeriesHelp": "في حال التفعيل فإن الحلقات الموزعة بين عدة مجلدات ستدمج تلقائياً في مجلد مسلسل واحد.", "OptionCaptionInfoExSamsung": "CaptionInfoEx (أجهزة سامسونج)", "OptionCommunityRating": "تقييم المجتمع", "OptionCriticRating": "تقييم النقاد", "OptionCustomUsers": "مخصوص", "OptionDaily": "يومي", "OptionDateAdded": "تاريخ الإضافة", "OptionDateAddedFileTime": "استخدم تاريخ إنشاء الملف", "OptionDateAddedImportTime": "استخدم تاريخ التمشيط في المكتبة", "OptionDatePlayed": "تاريخ التشغيل", "OptionDisableUser": "تعطيل هذا المستخدم", "OptionDisableUserHelp": "عند التعطيل، فلن يسمح الخادم لهذا المستخدم بالاتصال. وسيتم قطع الاتصالات الموجودة بشكل فوري.", "OptionDislikes": "المنكورات", "OptionDisplayFolderView": "استعراض المجلد كمجلد وسائط بسيطة", "OptionDisplayFolderViewHelp": "عند التفعيل، فإن تطبيقات أمبي ستعرض تصنيفات المجلدات إلى جانب إظهار مكتبة وسائطك. سيكون ذلك مفيد إن كنت تحب أن تستعرض المجلدات كمجلدات عرض بسيطة", "OptionDownloadImagesInAdvance": "أنزل الصور مسبقاً", "OptionEmbedSubtitles": "ضمّن داخل الحاوية", "OptionEnableAccessFromAllDevices": "تفعيل الدخول على كافة الأجهزة", "OptionEnableAccessToAllChannels": "تفعيل الدخول على كافة القنوات", "OptionEnableAccessToAllLibraries": "تمكين الدخول على كافة المكتبات", "OptionEnableExternalContentInSuggestions": "تمكين المحتوى الخارجي في المقترحات", "OptionEnableExternalContentInSuggestionsHelp": "السماح للعروض الإعلانية من الإنترنت وبرامج بث التلفزة الحي لتضمّن في المحتوى المقترح.", "OptionEnableForAllTuners": "تمكين كل أجهزة المولفات", "OptionEnableM2tsMode": "تفعيل طور M2ts", "OptionEnableM2tsModeHelp": "تفعيل طور M2ts عند التشفير إلى صيغة mpegts.", "OptionEquals": "تساوي", "OptionEstimateContentLength": "توقّع طور المحتوى حال التشفير", "OptionEveryday": "كل يوم", "OptionExternallyDownloaded": "الإنزال من الخارج", "OptionExtractChapterImage": "تفعيل استخلاص صور الأبواب", "OptionHasThemeSong": "أغنية الشارة", "OptionHasThemeVideo": "فيديو الشارة", "OptionHideUser": "أخفي هذا المستخدم من شاشة الدخول", "OptionHideUserFromLoginHelp": "هذه مفيدة لحسابات المدراء المتخفّين أو الخصوصيين. على المستخدم في هذه الحالة أن يدخل بياناته يدوياً عبر إدخال اسم المستخدم وكلمة السر.", "OptionHlsSegmentedSubtitles": "ترجمات hsl مقطّعة", "OptionIgnoreTranscodeByteRangeRequests": "تجاهل طلبات مديات البايتات أثناء التشفير البيني", "OptionIgnoreTranscodeByteRangeRequestsHelp": "عند التفعيل، فسيلتزم بهذه الطلبات ولكن سيتم تجاهل رؤوس مديات البايتات.", "OptionImdbRating": "تقييم IMDb", "OptionIsHD": "جودة عالية", "OptionIsSD": "جودة منخفضة", "OptionLikes": "المحببات", "OptionMax": "الحد الأقصى", "OptionMissingEpisode": "حلفة مفقودة", "OptionOnInterval": "بناء على فترة", "OptionParentalRating": "التصنيف الأبوي", "OptionPlainStorageFolders": "غرض جميع المجلدات كمجلدات تخزين بسيطة", "OptionPlainStorageFoldersHelp": "عند التفعيل، فإن جميع المجلدات ستُمثّل في مخطط DIDL كالتالي: \"كائن.حاوية.مجلد_تخزين\" بدلاً من النوع الأكثر تخصيصاً كما يلي\"الكائن.الحاوية.الشخص.الفنان_الموسيقي\".", "OptionPlainVideoItems": "إظهار جميع الفيديوهات كعناصر فيديو بسيطة", "OptionPlainVideoItemsHelp": "عند التفعيل، فإن جميع الفيديوهات ستُمثّل في مخطط DIDL كالتالي: \"كائن.عنصر.عنصر_فيديو\" بدلاً من النوع الأكثر تخصيصاً كما يلي \"كائن.عنصر.عنصر_فيديو.فيلم\".", "OptionPlayCount": "مرات التشغيل", "OptionPremiereDate": "تاريخ العرض", "OptionProtocolHls": "البت الحي عبر http", "OptionReleaseDate": "تاريخ الإنتاج", "OptionReportByteRangeSeekingWhenTranscoding": "قرّر ما إذا كان الخادم يدعم البحث عن البايت حال التشفير", "OptionReportByteRangeSeekingWhenTranscodingHelp": "هذه مطلوبة لبعض الأجهزة التي لا تحسن البحث في الوقت.", "OptionRequirePerfectSubtitleMatch": "نزّل فقط الترجمات التي توافق بدقة ملفات الفيديو الخاصة بي", "OptionResElement": "عناصر res", "OptionResumable": "إمكانية التكملة", "OptionSaveMetadataAsHidden": "حفظ واصفات البيانات والصور كملفات مخفية", "OptionSaveMetadataAsHiddenHelp": "إن تغيير هذه سيطبق على واصفات البيانات الجديدة من الآن. أما واصفات البيانات الموجودة مسبقاً، فهي ستحدث من قبل الخادم في المرة القادمة التي يتم حفظها.", "OptionSpecialEpisode": "حصريات", "OptionTrackName": "اسم المقطوعة", "OptionTvdbRating": "تقييم Tvdb", "OptionUnairedEpisode": "حلفة لم تبثّ", "OptionWakeFromSleep": "استيقظ من السبات", "OptionWeekdays": "أيام الأسبوع", "OptionWeekends": "أيام العطلة", "OptionWeekly": "أسبوعي", "OriginalAirDateValue": "تاريخ البث الأصلي: {0}", "ParentalRating": "Parental Rating", "PasswordMatchError": "كلمة السر وتاكيدها يجب ان يتطابقان.", "PasswordResetComplete": "لقد تم اعادة تعيين كلمة السر.", "PasswordResetConfirmation": "هل انت متاكد من انك تريد اعادة تعيين كلمة السر؟", "PasswordSaved": "تم حفظ كلمة السر.", "PictureInPicture": "صورة داخل صورة", "PinCodeResetComplete": "تمت إعادة تهيئة الرمز الشخصي", "PinCodeResetConfirmation": "هل أنت متأكد أنك تريد إعادة تهيئة الرمز الشخصي؟", "PleaseAddAtLeastOneFolder": "الرجاء إضافة مجلد واحد على الأقل لهذه المكتبة بالضغط على زر \"إضافة\"", "PleaseConfirmPluginInstallation": "الرجاء الضغط على زر موافق لتأكيد قرائتك لما ورد أعلاه وأنك ترغب في الاستمرار في تثبيت الملحق.", "RecommendationBecauseYouLike": "لأنك أحببت {0}", "RecommendationBecauseYouWatched": "لأنك شاهدت {0}", "RecommendationDirectedBy": "إخراج {0}", "RecommendationStarring": "بطولة {0}", "MessageChangeRecordingPath": "إن تغيير مجلد التسجيل لم يهجّر التسجيلات الموجودة من الموقع القديم إلى الموقع الجديد. سيتعين عليك أن تنقلهم بنفسك لو شئت.", "RememberMe": "تذكرني", "Rewind": "الترجيع", "Saturday": "السبت", "Save": "تخزين", "SendMessage": "إرسال رسالة", "Series": "المسلسل", "ServerUpdateNeeded": "خادم أمبي بحاجة إلى التحديث. لإنزال أحدث إصدار أمبي، الرجاء زيارة {0}", "Settings": "الاعدادات", "SettingsSaved": "تم حفظ الاعدادات.", "SettingsWarning": "إن تغيير هذه الإعدادات سيتسبب في عدم استقرار النظام أو فشل في الاتصالات. إن صرت تلاحظ أية مشاكل، فننصح أن ترجع الإعدادات إلى القيم الافتراضية.", "ShowAdvancedSettings": "عرض الاعدادات المتقدمة", "Sports": "الرياضة", "Subtitles": "الترجمات", "Sunday": "الاحد", "Sync": "مزامنة", "SystemDlnaProfilesHelp": "عرائض النظام تكون مقفلة للقراءة-فقط. وأي تغيير على عريضة من عرائض النظام ستحفظ إلى عريضة مخصوصة جديدة.", "TabAccess": "الدخول", "TabAdvanced": "متقدم", "TabCatalog": "الكتالوج", "TabCodecs": "الكودكات", "TabContainers": "الحاويات", "TabDashboard": "لوحة العدادات", "TabDirectPlay": "تشغيل مباشر", "TabLatest": "الاخير", "TabLogs": "الكشوفات", "TabMusic": "الموسيقى", "TabMyPlugins": "ملحقاتي", "TabNetworks": "الشبكات", "TabNfoSettings": "أعدادات Nfo", "TabNotifications": "إشعارات", "TabOther": "أخرى", "TabParentalControl": "التحكم الأبوي", "TabPlugins": "الملحقات", "TabProfiles": "الحسابات", "TabResponses": "الردود", "TabScheduledTasks": "المهام المجدولة", "TabServer": "الخادم", "TabStreaming": "التشغيل التدفقي", "TabUpcoming": "القادم", "TellUsAboutYourself": "اخبرنا عن نفسك", "ThisWizardWillGuideYou": "مرشد الاعدادات سيساعدك خلال خطوات عملية الاعدادات. للبدء، الرجاء اختيار لغتك المفضلة.", "Thursday": "الخميس", "TitleHardwareAcceleration": "تسريع بعتاد الحاسوب", "TitleHostingSettings": "إعدادات الاستضافة", "TitlePlayback": "تشغيل", "Tuesday": "الثلاثاء", "UninstallPluginConfirmation": "هل انت متاكد انك تريد إزالة تثبيت {0}؟", "HeaderUninstallPlugin": "الغاء الملحق", "Unmute": "غير صامت", "UserProfilesIntro": "إمبي يتضمن الدعم التلقائي حسابات المستخدمين، ما يتيح لكل مستخدم أن يحفظ إعدادات العرض الخاصة وحالات تشغيل الوسائط وخواص الرقابة الأبوية.", "ValueAlbumCount": "{0} ألبومـ(ات)", "ValueAudioCodec": "كودك تشفير الصوت: {0}", "ValueCodec": "كودك التشفير: {0}", "ValueConditions": "الشروط: {0}", "ValueContainer": "الحاوية: {0}", "ValueDiscNumber": "القرص {0}", "ValueEpisodeCount": "{0} حلقة/حلقات", "ValueMinutes": "{0} دقيقة/دقائق", "ValueMovieCount": "{0} فيلم/أفلام", "ValueMusicVideoCount": "{0} فيديو(هات) موسيقيـ(ـة)", "ValueOneAlbum": "ألبوم واحد", "ValueOneEpisode": "حلقة واحدة", "ValueOneMovie": "فيلم واحد", "ValueOneMusicVideo": "فيديو موسيقي واحد", "ValueOneSeries": "مسلسل واحدة", "ValueOneSong": "أغنية واحدة", "ValueSeriesCount": "{0} مسلسل(ات)", "ValueSongCount": "{0} أغنية/أغاني", "ValueTimeLimitMultiHour": "الحد الزمني: {0} ساعة/ساعات", "ValueTimeLimitSingleHour": "الحد الزمني: ساعة واحدة", "ValueVideoCodec": "كودك تشفير الفيديو: {0}", "ViewPlaybackInfo": "عرض معلومات التشغيل", "Wednesday": "الاربعاء", "WelcomeToProject": "مرحباً بك في إمبي!", "WizardCompleted": "هذا كل ما نحتاجه منك الآن. لقد بدأ أمبي بجمع المعلومات التي يحتاجها عن مكتبة الوسائط الخاصة بك. تفحص بعض تطبيقاتنا ثم اضغط <b>إنهاء</b> لعرض <b>لوحة عدادات الخادم</b>.", "XmlDocumentAttributeListHelp": "هذه السمات تنطبق على العناصر الجذرية لكل رد xml.", "XmlTvKidsCategoriesHelp": "البرامج من هذه التصنيفات ستعرض كبرامج أطفال. إفصل الإدخالات المتعددة برمز \"|\".", "XmlTvMovieCategoriesHelp": "البرامج من هذه التصنيفات ستعرض كأفلام. إفصل الإدخالات المتعددة برمز \"|\".", "XmlTvNewsCategoriesHelp": "البرامج من هذه التصنيفات ستعرض كبرامج أخبارية. إفصل الإدخالات المتعددة برمز \"|\".", "XmlTvPathHelp": "مسار إلى ملف xml تلفزيوني. سيقوم أمبي بقراءة هذا الملف ويتأكد باستمرار لأية تحديثات. ستكون أنت المسؤول عن إنشاء وتحديث الملف.", "XmlTvSportsCategoriesHelp": "البرامج من هذه التصنيفات ستعرض كبرامج رياضية. إفصل الإدخالات المتعددة برمز \"|\".", "Yesterday": "البارحة", "ConfirmDeleteImage": "حذف الصورة ؟", "ConfigureDateAdded": "قم بتكوين كيفية تحديد \"تاريخ الاضافة\" في لوحة تحكم سيرفر Jellyfin ضمن اعدادات المكتبة", "Composer": "الحان", "CommunityRating": "تقييم المجتمع", "ColorTransfer": "نقل اللون", "ColorSpace": "مساحة اللون", "ChannelNumber": "رقم القناة", "ChannelNameOnly": "قناة {0} فقط", "ChangingMetadataImageSettingsNewContent": "سيتم تطبيق التغييرات على إعدادات بيانات التعريف أو تنزيل العمل الفني فقط على المحتوى الجديد الذي تمت إضافته إلى مكتبتك. لتطبيق التغييرات على العناوين الحالية ، ستحتاج إلى تحديث بيانات التعريف الخاصة بها يدويًا.", "Songs": "الأغاني", "Playlists": "قوائم التشغيل", "Photos": "الصور", "Movies": "الأفلام", "Shows": "الحلقات", "Books": "الكتب", "ValueSpecialEpisodeName": "خاص - {0}", "HeaderAlbumArtists": "فناني الألبومات", "Genres": "التضنيفات", "Folders": "المجلدات", "Favorites": "المفضلة", "Collections": "مجموعات", "Categories": "التصنيفات", "CancelSeries": "الغاء المسلسل", "CancelRecording": "الغاء التسجيل", "ButtonScanAllLibraries": "فحص جميع المكتبات", "ButtonGotIt": "وجدتها", "ButtonAddImage": "اضف صورة", "BurnSubtitlesHelp": "لتحديد ما إذا كان يجب على السيرفر حرق الترجمة عند تحويل الفيديو وفقًا لتنسيق الترجمة. تجنب حرق الترجمة يؤدي إلى تحسين أداء السيرفر. حدد \"تلقائي\" لنسخ التنسيقات القائمة على الصور (VOBSUB ، PGS ، SUB / IDX ، إلخ) وبعض العناوين الفرعية ASS / SSA.", "BoxRear": "صندوق (خلفي)", "Box": "صندوق", "BookLibraryHelp": "الكتب الصوتية والنصيةمدعومه. راجع {0} دليل تسمية الكتاب {1}.", "Blacklist": "القائمة السوداء", "BirthLocation": "مكان الميلاد", "Banner": "بانر", "Backdrops": "خلفيات متغيرة للصفحة", "Backdrop": "خلفية متغيرة للصفحة", "Auto": "تلقائي", "AuthProviderHelp": "اختار مقدم المصادقة ليتم استخدامه لمصادقة كلمة مرور هذا المستخدم.", "AroundTime": "حول", "AspectRatio": "نسبة العرض الى الارتفاع", "Ascending": "تصاعدي", "AsManyAsPossible": "أكبر عدد ممكن", "Artists": "الفنانين", "Art": "فن", "Anytime": "اي وقت", "AnyLanguage": "أي لغة", "AlwaysPlaySubtitlesHelp": "الترجمة التي تطابق تفضيلات اللغة سيتم تحميلها بغض النظر عن لغة الصوت.", "AlwaysPlaySubtitles": "شغل الترجمة دائماً", "AllowedRemoteAddressesHelp": "قائمة لعناوين IP أو إدخالات IP / قناع الشبكة مفصولة بفاصلة للشبكات التي سيتم السماح لها بالاتصال عن بعد. إذا تركت فارغة ، فسيتم السماح بجميع العناوين البعيدة.", "AllowOnTheFlySubtitleExtractionHelp": "يمكن استخراج الترجمات المدمجة في الفيديو وعرضها على المشاهد بنص عادي للمساعدة في منع تحويل الفيديو. ولكن في بعض الأنظمة ، قد يستغرق هذا وقتًا طويلًا ويتسبب في توقف تشغيل الفيديو أثناء عملية الاستخراج. قم بتعطيل هذا الأمر ليتم حرق ترجمات مضمّنة مع تحويل الفيديو عندما لا تكون معتمدة من قبل الجهاز العميل.", "AllowOnTheFlySubtitleExtraction": "السماح بإستخراج الترجمه في الحال", "AllowMediaConversionHelp": "السماح او عدم السماح بالوصول لخاصية تحويل الوسائط.", "AllowMediaConversion": "السماح بتحويل الوسائظ", "AllLanguages": "كل اللغات", "AllEpisodes": "كل الحلقات", "AllComplexFormats": "جميع التنسيقات المعقدة (ASS ، SSA ، VOBSUB ، PGS ، SUB / IDX ، ...)", "AllChannels": "كل القنوات", "Albums": "البومات", "Aired": "عرضت", "AirDate": "تاريخ العرض", "AddedOnValue": "أضيفت", "AddToPlaylist": "أضف لقائمة", "AddToPlayQueue": "أضف لقائمة التشغيل", "AddToCollection": "أضف للمجموعة", "Add": "إضافة", "Actor": "ممثل", "AccessRestrictedTryAgainLater": "الوصول مقيد حاليًا. الرجاء معاودة المحاولة في وقت لاحق.", "Absolute": "مطلق", "Ended": "انتهى", "EndsAtValue": "ينتهى عند {0}", "Episodes": "الحلقات", "ConfirmDeletion": "تأكيد الحذف", "ConfirmDeleteItems": "سوف يتم حذف هذه العناصر من نظام الملفات ومن مكتبة الوسائط. هل ترغب فى الاستمرار؟", "EveryNDays": "كل {0} يوم", "ConfirmDeleteItem": "سوف يتم حذف هذا العنصر من نظام الملفات ومن مكتبة الوسائط. هل ترغب فى الاستمرار؟", "DropShadow": "اسقاط ظل", "LabelDropShadow": "اسقاط الظل:", "EditSubtitles": "تعديل الترجمات", "EditMetadata": "تعديل البيانات الوصفية", "EditImages": "تعديل الصور", "Edit": "تعديل", "ManageRecording": "ادارة التسجيل", "ManageLibrary": "ادارة المكتبة", "MessageImageTypeNotSelected": "الرجاء اختيار نوع الصورة من القائمة المنسدلة.", "MessageImageFileTypeAllowed": "ملفات JPEG و PNG مدعومون فقط.", "MessageDownloadQueued": "تمت إضافة التحميل إلى قائمة الانتظار.", "MessageConfirmRecordingCancellation": "الغاء التسجيل؟", "MessageAreYouSureDeleteSubtitles": "هل انت متأكد انك تريد حذف ملف الترجمة هذا؟", "Menu": "القائمة", "MediaIsBeingConverted": "يتم تحويل الوسط الى صيغة متوافقة مع الحهاز الذي يشغل الوسط.", "ContinueWatching": "اكمل المشاهدة", "Horizontal": "عرضي", "Home": "الصفحة الرئيسية", "HideWatchedContentFromLatestMedia": "اخفاء المحتوى الذي تمت مشاهدته من احدث الوسائط", "Hide": "اخفاء", "Help": "المساعدة", "HeaderVideoType": "نوع الفيديو", "HeaderVideoQuality": "جودة الفيديو", "HeaderSubtitleDownloads": "تحميلات الترجمة", "HeaderSubtitleAppearance": "شكل الترجمة", "HeaderStopRecording": "اوقف التسجيل", "HeaderStartNow": "شغل الآن", "HeaderSeriesStatus": "حالة المسلسل", "HeaderSeriesOptions": "اعدادات المسلسل", "HeaderSecondsValue": "{0} ثوانى", "HeaderRecordingOptions": "اعدادات التسجيل", "HeaderPlaybackError": "خطأ فى التشغيل", "HeaderPlayOn": "شغل على", "HeaderPhotoAlbums": "البومات الصور", "HeaderOnNow": "الآن", "HeaderNextVideoPlayingInValue": "سيتم تشغيل الفيديو القادم فى {0}", "HeaderNextEpisodePlayingInValue": "سيتم تشغيل الحلقة القادمة فى {0}", "HeaderNewDevices": "الاجهزة الجديدة", "HeaderNavigation": "التنقل", "HeaderMyMediaSmall": "وسائطى (العرض الصغير)", "HeaderMyDevice": "جهازى", "HeaderMusicQuality": "جودة الموسيقي", "HeaderMetadataSettings": "اعدادات البيانات الوصفية", "HeaderLiveTvTunerSetup": "اعداد موالف التلفاز المباشر", "HeaderLibrarySettings": "اعدادات المكتبة", "HeaderLibraryOrder": "ترتيب المكتبة", "HeaderKodiMetadataHelp": "لتشغيل او اطفاء البيانات الوصفية بصيغة NFO، عدل احد المكتبات فى اعدادات المكتبات واوجد قسم حافظات البيانات الوصفية.", "EnableNextVideoInfoOverlay": "عرض معلومات الفيديو القادم اثناء التشغيل", "DatePlayed": "تاريخ التشغيل", "DateAdded": "تاريخ الاضافة", "CriticRating": "تقييم النقاد", "ResumeAt": "اكمل من {0}", "AskAdminToCreateLibrary": "أطلب من الأدمن إنشاء مكتبة.", "Artist": "الفنان", "AllowFfmpegThrottling": "إبطاء الترميزات", "AlbumArtist": "المؤدي", "Album": "الألبوم", "Disconnect": "قطع الاتصال", "Disc": "القرص", "Directors": "المخرجون", "Director": "المخرج", "DirectPlaying": "بث بدون تحويل الصيغة", "DirectStreaming": "البث المباشر", "DirectStreamHelp2": "البث المباشر للملف يستخدم قوة معالجة قليلة جدًا دون أي خسارة في جودة الفيديو.", "DirectStreamHelp1": "الوسائط متوافقة مع الجهاز فيما يتعلق بالدقة ونوع الوسائط (H.264 ، AC3 ، إلخ) ، ولكنها في حاوية ملفات غير متوافقة (mkv ، avi ، wmv ، إلخ). سيتم إعادة حزم الفيديو في الوقت الحقيقي قبل بثه إلى الجهاز.", "DetectingDevices": "يتم الكشف عن الأجهزة", "Desktop": "سطح المكتب", "Descending": "تنازلي", "Depressed": "منخفض", "DeinterlaceMethodHelp": "حدد طريقة فك التشابك لاستخدامها عند تحويل محتوى متشابك.", "DefaultSubtitlesHelp": "يتم تحميل الترجمات استنادًا إلى العلامات الافتراضية والقسرية في البيانات الوصفية المضمنة. سيتم اعتبار تفضيلات اللغة عند توفر خيارات متعددة.", "DefaultMetadataLangaugeDescription": "هذه هي إعداداتك الافتراضية ويمكن تخصيصها على أساس كل مكتبة.", "Default": "افتراضي", "CopyStreamURL": "نسخ عنوان الرابط", "Continuing": "مستمر", "CopyStreamURLSuccess": "URL copied successfully.", "Connect": "اتصال", "ConfirmEndPlayerSession": "هل تريد اطفاء النظام؟", "ColorPrimaries": "الألوان", "ClientSettings": "إعدادات التطبيق", "ButtonTogglePlaylist": "قائمة التشغيل", "BoxSet": "طقم", "ButtonSplit": "تقسيم", "AllowFfmpegThrottlingHelp": "عندما يتقدم رمز تحويل أو إعادة تحويل بعيدًا بما فيه الكفاية عن موضع التشغيل الحالي ، أوقف العملية مؤقتًا حتى تستهلك موارد أقل. هذا مفيد للغاية عند المشاهدة دون البحث كثيرًا. أوقف هذا إذا واجهت مشاكل في التشغيل.", "InstallingPackage": "تثبيت {0} (الإصدار {1})", "Images": "الصور", "Identify": "التعرف على الوسائط", "HttpsRequiresCert": "لتمكين الاتصالات الآمنة ، ستحتاج إلى توفير شهادة SSL موثوقة ، مثل Letsencrypt. يرجى إما تقديم شهادة أو تعطيل الاتصالات الآمنة.", "HeaderServerAddressSettings": "إعدادات عنوان السيرفر", "HeaderRemoteAccessSettings": "إعدادات الوصول عن بعد", "HeaderKeepSeries": "حافظ على السلسلة", "HeaderKeepRecording": "استمر في التسجيل", "HeaderIdentifyItemHelp": "أدخل معيار بحث واحد أو أكثر. إزالة المعايير لزيادة نتائج البحث.", "HeaderHttpsSettings": "إعدادات HTTPS", "HeaderFetcherSettings": "إعدادات الجلب", "HeaderExternalIds": "المعرفات الخارجية:", "HeaderEnabledFieldsHelp": "قم بإلغاء تحديد حقل لقفله ومنع تغيير بياناته.", "HeaderEnabledFields": "الحقول الممكّنة", "HeaderEditImages": "تحرير الصور", "HeaderDVR": "DVR", "HeaderDownloadSync": "تنزيل ومزامنة", "HeaderDetectMyDevices": "كشف أجهزتي", "HeaderDeleteItems": "حذف العناصر", "HeaderContinueListening": "استمر في الاستماع", "HeaderConfigureRemoteAccess": "إعدادات الوصول عن بعد", "HeaderChapterImages": "صور الفصل", "HeaderCancelSeries": "إلغاء السلسلة", "HeaderCancelRecording": "إلغاء التسجيل", "HeaderBlockItemsWithNoRating": "حظر العناصر التي لا تحتوي على معلومات تصنيف أو لم يتم التعرف عليها:", "HeaderAudioBooks": "الكتب الصوتية", "HeaderAppearsOn": "يظهر على", "ApiKeysCaption": "قائمة مفاتيح API الممكّنة حاليًا", "HeaderAddToPlaylist": "أضف إلى قائمة التشغيل", "HeaderAddToCollection": "أضف إلى المجموعة", "HDPrograms": "برامج HD", "Guide": "الدليل", "GuestStar": "النجم الضيف", "GroupVersions": "إصدارات المجموعة", "GroupBySeries": "تجميع حسب السلسلة", "Genre": "نوع أدبي", "General": "الاعدادات العامة", "FormatValue": "صيغة الملف: {0}", "Filters": "مرشحات", "File": "ملف", "FetchingData": "يتم تنزيل بيانات إضافية", "Features": "الميزات", "Favorite": "المفضلة", "Extras": "مواسم إضافية", "ErrorDeletingItem": "حدث خطأ في حذف العنصر من سيرفر Jellyfin. يرجى التحقق من أن سيرفر Jellyfin لديه حق الوصول للكتابة إلى مجلد الوسائط وحاول مرة أخرى.", "Episode": "حلقة", "EnableThemeVideosHelp": "قم بتشغيل الفيديوهات الرئيسية في الخلفية أثناء تصفح المكتبة.", "EnableThemeSongsHelp": "قم بتشغيل اللحن الرئيسي في الخلفية أثناء تصفح المكتبة.", "EnableStreamLoopingHelp": "قم بتمكين هذا إذا كانت عمليات البث المباشر تحتوي فقط على بضع ثوان من البيانات وتحتاج إلى إعادة طلب مستمر. قد يؤدي تمكين هذا عندما لا تكون هناك حاجة إلى مشاكل.", "EnableStreamLooping": "تكرار البث المباشر", "EnableHardwareEncoding": "تمكين تشفير الأجهزة", "EnableExternalVideoPlayersHelp": "سيتم عرض قائمة مشغل خارجي عند بدء تشغيل الفيديو.", "EnableExternalVideoPlayers": "مشغلات الفيديو الخارجية", "EnableDisplayMirroring": "اعرض شاشتك على شاشة أخرى", "EnableColorCodedBackgrounds": "تصنيف الخلفيات حسب اللون", "EnableCinemaMode": "وضع السينما", "EnableBackdropsHelp": "اعرض الخلفيات في خلفية بعض الصفحات أثناء تصفح المكتبة.", "DownloadsValue": "عدد التنزيلات {0}", "Download": "تحميل", "Down": "أسفل", "DoNotRecord": "لا تسجل", "DisplayModeHelp": "حدد نمط العرض الذي تريده للواجهة.", "DisplayMissingEpisodesWithinSeasonsHelp": "يجب تمكين هذا أيضًا لمكتبات التلفزيون في إعدادات السيرفر.", "DisplayMissingEpisodesWithinSeasons": "عرض الحلقات المفقودة خلال المواسم", "DisplayInOtherHomeScreenSections": "عرض في أقسام الشاشة الرئيسية مثل أحدث الوسائط واستمر في المشاهدة", "DisplayInMyMedia": "عرض على الشاشة الرئيسية", "Display": "عرض", "ButtonSyncPlay": "SyncPlay", "ExtraLarge": "كبير جدا", "EnableNextVideoInfoOverlayHelp": "في نهاية الفيديو, عرض معلومات عن الفيديو القادم في قائمة التشغيل.", "LabelDroppedFrames": "الاطارات الساقطة:", "LabelDropImageHere": "اسقط صورة هنا، او ضغط تصفح.", "LabelDisplayOrder": "ترتيب المعروض:", "LabelDisplayMode": "وضع المعروض:", "LabelDisplayLanguageHelp": "ترجمة جيلليفين هو مشروع مستمر.", "LabelDisplayLanguage": "لغة العرض:", "LabelDiscNumber": "رقم القرص:", "LabelDeinterlaceMethod": "طريقة تقليل التشابك:", "LabelDefaultScreen": "الشاشة الافتراضية:", "LabelDateTimeLocale": "وقت و تاريخ محلي:", "LabelDateAdded": "تاريخ الاضافة:", "LabelCustomRating": "تقييم مخصص:", "LabelCriticRating": "تقييم النقاد:", "LabelCorruptedFrames": "الإطارات التالفة:", "LabelChannels": "القنوات:", "LabelCertificatePasswordHelp": "اذا تطلبت شهادتك الامنية كلمة مرور، من فضلك ادخلها هنا.", "LabelCertificatePassword": "كلمة مرور الشهادة الامنية:", "LabelBurnSubtitles": "الترجمات المحروقة:", "LabelBlockContentWithTags": "احجب العناصر بالعلامات:", "LabelBitrate": "معدل البت:", "LabelBirthYear": "عام الميلاد:", "LabelBirthDate": "تاريخ الميلاد:", "LabelAutomaticallyRefreshInternetMetadataEvery": "حدث وصف البيانات تلقائيا من الانترنت:", "LabelAuthProvider": "مقدم التصديق:", "LabelAudioSampleRate": "سرعة معينة الصوت:", "LabelAudioCodec": "ترميز الصوت:", "LabelAudioChannels": "قنوات الصوت:", "LabelAudioBitrate": "معدل بث الصوت:", "LabelAudioBitDepth": "عمق بث الصوت:", "LabelAllowedRemoteAddressesMode": "وضع مرشح عنوان المضيف IP البعيد:", "LabelAllowedRemoteAddresses": "مرشح عنوان المضيف IP البعيد:", "LabelAirsBeforeSeason": "عروض بث قبل الموسم:", "LabelAirsBeforeEpisode": "عروض بث قبل الحلقة:", "LabelAirsAfterSeason": "عروض بث بعد الموسم:", "Label3DFormat": "صيغة ثلاثية الابعاد:", "Kids": "اطفال", "Items": "عناصر", "ItemCount": "{0} عنصر", "InstantMix": "خلط فوري", "HeaderSyncPlayEnabled": "تزامن اللعب ممكَّن", "HeaderSyncPlaySelectGroup": "انضم لمجموعة", "EnableDetailsBannerHelp": "اظهر صوره اللافته اعلى عنصر تفاصيل الصفحة.", "EnableDetailsBanner": "لافتة التفاصيل", "EnableDecodingColorDepth10Vp9": "تمكين ترميز ال10 بت عبر العتاد الصلب من اجل VP9", "EnableDecodingColorDepth10Hevc": "تمكين ترميز ال10 بت عبر العتاد الصلب من اجل HEVC" }