Q:

Why did Hashem create only one planet (Earth) in the whole entire universe that can support intelligent life

Is there any rabbinic literature explaining why Hashem created only one planet (Earth) in the whole entire universe that can support intelligent life?

A:

Technically, given the way the Torah deals with life on Earth, there could be worlds designed for future settlement or worlds with intelligent beings and travel possible or impossible. Note how the Torah ignores the other civilizations on this Earth except as they interact with Bnai Yisrael. You should be asking if Chazal deal with the possibilities of other worlds.
For example Is There Life on Other Planets?

Several Torah scholars of past generations have discussed the
  possibility of life on other planets. Rabbi Chasdai Crescas (Spain,
  1340–1411) wrote that there is nothing anywhere in Torah that negates
  such a possibility.3 Rabbi Yosef Albo (Spain, 1380–1444), on the other
  hand, disagreed.4 Rabbi Pinchas Horowitz (Poland 1765-1861), cites
  Albo, but rejects his thesis.5

Ohr Hashem 4:5.  
Sefer Ha'Ikrim.  
Sefer HaBrit HaShalem 1:3, 4.  

There are discussions as to whether beings on other planets would or would not have free will and what Hashem would command them and would they be given a (or the) Torah. Since we cannot determine this, any discussion is a matter of opinion based on how we read the Torah.

