Q:

Does the formula $\frac{1}{D + a} f = \frac{1}{a}\left(f - \frac{1}{D + a} f'\right)$ have a name?

Using integration by parts, we can show that:
$$\frac{1}{D + a} f = \frac{1}{a}\left(f - \frac{1}{D + a} f'\right)$$
where $a$ is a real number, $D$ is differentiation, and $D+a$ is the corresponding linear differential operator. This formula is very helpful for computing $\frac{1}{D+a}$ applied to a polynomial, exponential, trigonometric or hyperbolic function.
For example, to solve 
$$y' - 5y = x^7$$
rewrite it as $$(D-5)y = x^7$$ which is equivalent to $$y \in \frac{1}{D-5} x^7$$ which an be solved relatively painlessly using the above formula, which essentially manages your integration by parts for you and allows you to just focus on the algebra.

Question. Is there a name for this formula?

A:

I think this sort of thinking is contained in conventional wisdom about $D$-operator methods. 
You can basically write an infinite series for $1/(D+a)$, i.e.
$$
\frac{1}{D+a} = \tfrac{1}{a}(1+a^{-1}D)^{-1} = \frac{1}{a}\bigl(1 - a^{-1}D+ a^{-2}D^2 - a^{-3}D^3 +  \dots \bigr).
$$
Then when you hit this with a polynomial it obviously collapses to a finite sum. And you can imagine when you hit with an exponential, you can basically re-sum the resulting series to get another exponential. With this in mind, what you've written corresponds to the fact that
$$
\frac{1}{1+x} = 1 - \frac{1}{1+x}x
$$

