Q:

Control the hardware of an old phone using a Raspberry PI

I have a very old phone (60 years old) and I want to control its part using a Raspberry PI:

Microphone & speaker from the head set
The bell
The dial wheel

I have the electric circuit but don't recognise all of the parts.

My question is now how I can achieve the following using the Raspberry PI:

Detect the signal from the dial wheel
Ring the bell
Use the microphone and the speakerphone from the headset
Detect when the headset was liftet from the hook

Additionally I don't understand all parts in the circuit:
e.g. what is this Pulse Icon is with the caption of 100 between 2 and 6
Update
I tried to decipher the circuit in order to be able to use the hardware of this phone. I used blue for the German color codes of my cables and green for the connectors:

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
On the phone I have the following connectors:

M1: Microphone (red)
M2: Microphone (pink)
T1: Speaker (dark green)
T2: Speaker (light green)
a: Phone line?
b: Phone line?
E: Phone line?
W1 + W2 (bridged)
W3/1: green cable connected n times with red through J when dialled
2: red
3: blue
4: yellow
5: white

Update 2:
It sais 300 Ohm - 7000 W - 0.13 Ku Em on the two coils, which are used for the bells.
This is the acutal phone on the inside.

A:

Take a look at this: https://www.sparkfun.com/tutorials/51 . They reverse engineered a rotary phone similar to yours. If you want some more detailed answers, you're going to have to explain exactly what you don't understand about the schematic.

A:

In order to control a telephone set like this you will probably need to "deconstruct" it down to its essential functional components. Each of these components will then be easier to deal with than trying to use the set as a whole in the original way it was meant to be connected to the two-conductor telephone system. "Deconstruct" means unwire the whole thing and just use the earpiece on its own, the dial one its own, the mic on it's own, etc. 
The dial is simply a cam driven switch. Put an ohm meter across its wires and you will be able to see it operate. You dial a "1" you get one pulse (switch contacts open and close), you dial a "2" you get 2 pulses. The "0" gives you ten pulses.
The headphone is usually a magnetic coil arrangement with an impedance of 300-600 ohms. You can drive this from a simple sub-1-watt audio amplifier. Don't worry about the impedance mismatch, these things were poor audio quality!
The microphone is a carbon mic and requires that you pass a DC current thru it to get an AC voice signal out of it. If you hook up a AA battery and a 470 Ohm resistor in series with it and connect an O-scope between the resistor and mic you will see the voice signal.
The bell is probably the biggest challenge you will face. It takes a lot of voltage at a certain frequency to get it to ring properly. The bell coil assembly is mechanically resonant at a certain frequency. So you need to drive it at that frequency (usually around 30 Hz) to get it to sound properly. Originally, the telephone systems ran on 48 VDC, so that's what the bell was designed for. You may get away with a lesser voltage if you get the drive frequency correct. You'll have to experiment a bit with a signal generator and a beefy audio amplifier to determine the correct frequency to use. There were a number of standard frequencies, but they were all between 20 & 50 Hz. You want to find the frequency at which the bell sounds the loudest. Because that is the resonant frequency of the coil mechanism, that will also be the frequency which requires the least energy ( volts and amps) to drive it.
Good Luck!

