Q:

How to disable "From email address" for unauthorized users?

If we define "From email address" then any user can use any of these addresses to send an email through the CiviCRM. Is there any way to disable the selection of these addresses for specific roles?

A:

You can try following:

Go to Administer-> Customize data and Screens-> Navigation Menu and  select Mailing.
From mailing option, do right click and edit on 'From Email Address'.
In the next window, you can choose permission to that particular menu under 'Mailing'.
After choosing permission for menu, assign that permission to the role you want.

With this you can give permission to single submenu. 
If you want restrict unauthorized user, simply do not assign the permission to anonymous user

A:

I write a first approach extension to achieve this question. Needs more test and go further but I think it's a good start. We already have the extension running in our production environment.
Feel free to try it.
https://civicrm.org/extensions/from-email-address-permission
https://github.com/babu-cat/cat.babu.fromemailaddresspermission

