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“The best value for money in cooking equipment, in my mind, is first a digital scale and digital thermometer. They’re both about $20. They help you cook so much more accurately that they’re both enormously valuable.”
Nathan Myhrvold is the former chief technology officer at Microsoft and co-founder of Intellectual Ventures. He’s also the co-author of the six-volume 2011 Modernist Cuisine and the 2012 single volume Modernist Cuisine At Home. I caught up with him after a cooking talk he gave at the recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston and asked him about the simplest things people can do to cook better at home.
“A blowtorch is a wonderful thing. You can get one of those for about 25 bucks at Home Depot. And there’s a ton of things that you can use a blowtorch for, in browning a steak or touching up the browning of a chicken or making crème brûlée.
“The next thing I’d get is a pressure cooker. Pressure cookers are relatively inexpensive, they’re in every kitchen store, your grandma probably had one, but a lot of people don’t. A pressure cooker is interesting because by pressurizing the vessel, you’re able to cook much hotter than the boiling point of water, and still have water be present. And so that let’s you do a lot of cooking tasks easier and faster. So we love a pressure cooker for making stock, for making vegetable soups and so forth.”
You can hear parts of Myhrvold’s lecture and the full interview on an upcoming episode of the Science Talk podcast. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Why do I have white spacing around my positioned nav?
This my be a noob quesston but, Why do I have white spacing around my positioned nav?I created a nav that appears at the bottom for moblie devices and I have what looks like top and bottom padding in my nav element, but when I pull up the dev tools there is no padding or anything I would think would cause this, What is it and how can I remove it?
https://jsfiddle.net/7am3d06L/
<html>
<head>
<title>Somalia</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="keywords" content="css, html, test">
<meta name="description" content="This is an html and css review">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<style>
*{
text-align: center;
}
h1,nav{
font-family: arial;
}
#headerNav{
display: none;
}
#footerNav{
position: fixed;
bottom: 0px;
width: 100%;
background-color: white;
padding: 0;
}
nav ul{
padding: 0;
}
nav li{
list-style-type: none;
border: 1px solid black;
margin: 0;
}
nav a{
text-decoration: none;
font-weight: 700;
}
nav a, nav a:visited {
color: green;
}
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<h1>Somalia</h1>
<nav id="headerNav">
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<li><a href="Geography">Geography</a></li>
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<p>
Somalia (/səˈmɑːliə, soʊ-, -ljə/ so-mah-lee-ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال aṣ-Ṣūmāl),
officially the Federal Republic of Somalia[1] (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, Arabic:
<bdi>جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية</bdi> Jumhūrīyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fidirālīyah), is a country located in the
Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the
north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on
Africa's mainland, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Climatically, hot
conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.
</p>
<p>Somalia has an estimated population of around 12.3 million. Around 85% of its residents are ethnic
Somalis,[3] who have historically inhabited the northern part of the country. Ethnic minorities are largely
concentrated in the southern regions. The official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic, both of
which belong to the Afroasiatic family. Most people in the country are Muslim, with the majority being Sunni.
</p>
<p>In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial centre. It is among the most probable locations of the
fabled ancient Land of Punt. During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional
trade, including the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Warsangali Sultanate, and the Geledi Sultanate.
In the late 19th century, through a succession of treaties with these kingdoms, the British and Italian
empires gained control of parts of the coast and established the colonies of British Somaliland and Italian
Somaliland.[19][20] In the interior, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's Dervish State repelled the British Empire
four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region, before succumbing to defeat in 1920 by British
airpower.[22] The toponym Somalia was coined by the Italian explorer Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti (1855–1926).
Italy acquired full control of the northeastern, central and southern parts of the area after successfully
waging the so-called Campaign of the Sultanates against the ruling Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of
Hobyo.[20] Italian occupation lasted until 1941, yielding to British military administration. British
Somaliland would remain a protectorate, while Italian Somaliland in 1949 became a United Nations
Trusteeship under Italian administration, the Trust Territory of Somaliland. In 1960, the two regions
united to form the independent Somali Republic under a civilian government.</p>
<p>The Supreme Revolutionary Council seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic.
Led by Mohamed Siad Barre, this government later collapsed in 1991 as the Somali Civil War broke out.
Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum, particularly in the south.
During this period, due to the absence of a central government, Somalia was a "failed state", and residents
returned to customary and religious law in most regions. A few autonomous regions, including the
Somaliland and Puntland administrations emerged in the north. The early 2000s saw the creation of fledgling
interim federal administrations. The Transitional National Government (TNG) was established in 2000,
followed by the formation of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004, which reestablished
national institutions such as the military. In 2006, the TFG, assisted by Ethiopian troops,
assumed control of most of the nation's southern conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union
(ICU). The ICU subsequently splintered into more radical groups such as Al-Shabaab, which battled the TFG
and its AMISOM allies for control of the region.</p>
<p>By mid-2012, the insurgents had lost most of the territory that they had seized. In 2011–2012, a
political process providing benchmarks for the establishment of permanent democratic institutions was
launched. Within this administrative framework a new provisional constitution was passed in August 2012,
which reformed Somalia as a federation.[29] Following the end of the TFG's interim mandate the same month,
the Federal Government of Somalia, the first permanent central government in the country since the start
of the civil war, was formed[30] and a period of reconstruction began in Mogadishu. Somalia has maintained
an informal economy, mainly based on livestock, remittances from Somalis working abroad, and
telecommunications</p>
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A:
You reset the padding but you need to reset the margin also:
nav ul{
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
See example
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
In light of the abuse allegations leveled against
Woody Allen by his daughter Dylan Farrow in the New York Times, the Hollywood press immediately began
showing sympathy for the those who have the most to lose in this awful situation: Cate Blanchett and Blue
Jasmine's Oscar chances.
Is Cate Blanchett's best actress Oscar for
her performance in Woody Allen's Blue Jasmine as assured as most
people believe? Probably — but being called out on the New York Times'
website for associating with an alleged child molester certainly won't help her
cause.
No, those allegations generally don't help many
causes. But, if you're Feinberg, the most important cause at hand is Cate Blanchett. And asking questions like, why would a young woman ever want to admit alleged abuse unless she wanted to ruin a movie starring Cate Blanchett?
Advertisement
The question of the minds of many is why Farrow,
who has heretofore maintained a low public profile, would choose to publicly
discuss her history with Allen now? The timing and focus of her piece
certainly suggest, to me, that she would like to derail any chance that Allen
or those associated with him on his latest film, Blue Jasmine, have of
receiving additional awards recognition at the Oscars on March 2.
These questions, of course, completely gloss over
the fact the allegations were first made public in 1993 and again last year in
a Vanity Fair profile and are in no
way new or now. Or that if ruining
Oscars was her thing, Farrow could have a field day with 2011's Midnight in Paris. But those facts don't
matter because what about Blanchett? We can't forget about Blanchett.
Only Farrow herself can say what her objective
was in writing this piece when and how she did. But, whether intended or not,
the byproduct of her actions may well be that some Academy members will think
twice before supporting Allen or those who have chosen to associate with him on
Blue Jasmine when they fill out their Oscar ballots. And while that
won't matter much for Allen and Hawkins' prospects — they were both considered
to be long shots well before this brouhaha — it could, conceivably, make the
road to victory for Blanchett, who is a heavy favorite — having already won
best actress Critics' Choice, Golden Globe and SAG, New York Film Critics
Circle, Los Angeles Film Critics Association and National Society of Film
Critics awards — a little bumpier.
Only in Hollywood—the land where everyone hates
priests but loves Michael Jackson and Roman Polanski—are conversations about alleged sexual abuse characterized as bumpy "brouhahas." The Wrap'sSteve Pond at least had the decency to admit that asking questions
about Blanchett's chances is an "uncomfortable" act.
On Saturday night, Blanchett herself responded
to questions about Farrow's statement, and managed to do so without mentioning
awards season, presumably because she has a functional brain. "I mean, it's obviously been a
long and painful situation for the family, and I hope they find some sort of
resolution and peace," she said.
Alec Baldwin, who was also called
out in Farrow's statement for his association with Allen, took to Twitter on
Sunday with his own compelling
stance on the controversy: "What
the f&@% is wrong w u that u think we all need to b commenting on this
family's personal struggle?" he tweeted. "So you know who's guilty? Who's
lying? You, personally, know that?" he continued, adding: "You are mistaken if
you think there is a place for me, or any outsider, in this family's issue." He
later deleted his responses.
No one knows where the truth lies in this
situation, but the knee-jerk responses to defend Allen, call out "liars," and worry about how
allegations—allegations for which he cannot be
charged—will impact a stupid award is ridiculous. Those in Hollywood
who are framing the situation as a premeditated awards-season attack on Allen
shows just how far the industry will go to avoid uncomfortable conversations
and defend their gods. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
/*
Set covering employment in Gecode.
Problem from
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SetCoveringDeployment.html
Compare with the following models:
* MiniZinc: http://www.hakank.org/minizinc/set_covering_deployment.mzn
* Comet : http://www.hakank.org/comet/set_covering_deployment.co
This Gecode model was created by Hakan Kjellerstrand ([email protected])
Also, see my Gecode page: http://www.hakank.org/gecode/
*/
#include <gecode/driver.hh>
#include <gecode/int.hh>
#include <gecode/minimodel.hh>
using namespace Gecode;
const std::string Countries[] = {"alexandria", "asia_minor", "britain", "byzantium", "gaul", "iberia", "rome", "tunis"};
class SetCoveringDeployment : public MinimizeScript {
protected:
static const int n = 8; // number of countries
IntVar num_armies; // number of armies (to minimize)
IntVarArray X; // the first army
IntVarArray Y; // the second (reserve) army
int num_armies_args; // parameter number of armies from command line
public:
// Search variants
enum {
SEARCH_DFS, // Use depth first search to find the smallest tick
SEARCH_BAB, // Use branch and bound to optimize
};
SetCoveringDeployment(const SizeOptions& opt)
:
num_armies(*this, 0, n),
X(*this, n, 0, 1),
Y(*this, n, 0, 1),
num_armies_args(opt.size())
{
// the incidence matrix
// See the map at
// http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SetCoveringDeployment.html
int mat[] =
{
0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1,
1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0,
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,
0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1,
1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1,
1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0
};
//
// calculate num_armies
//
IntVarArray XY(*this, n, 0, n*n);
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
rel(*this, X[i]+Y[i]==XY[i], opt.icl());
}
linear(*this, XY, IRT_EQ, num_armies, opt.icl());
//
// Constraint 1: There is always an army in a city (+ maybe a backup)
// Or rather: Is there a backup, there must be an an army
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++ )
rel(*this, X[i] >= Y[i], opt.icl());
//
// Constraint 2: There should always be an backup army near every city
//
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
IntVarArray y_tmp(*this, n, 0, n);
for(int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (mat[i*n+j] == 1) {
rel(*this, y_tmp[j] == Y[j], opt.icl());
} else {
rel(*this, y_tmp[j] == 0, opt.icl());
}
}
IntVar y_sum(*this, 0, n);
linear(*this, y_tmp, IRT_EQ, y_sum, opt.icl());
rel(*this, X[i] + y_sum >= 1, opt.icl());
}
// Constraint 3 for full search
// don't forget
// -search dfs
if (num_armies_args) {
rel(*this, num_armies <= num_armies_args, opt.icl());
}
branch(*this, X, INT_VAR_DEGREE_MAX(), INT_VAL_MIN());
branch(*this, Y, INT_VAR_DEGREE_MAX(), INT_VAL_MIN());
}
// Print solution
virtual void
print(std::ostream& os) const {
os << "num_armies: " << num_armies << std::endl;
os << "X: " << X << std::endl;
os << "Y: " << Y << std::endl;
os << std::endl;
}
// Return cost
virtual IntVar cost(void) const {
return num_armies;
}
// Constructor for cloning s
SetCoveringDeployment(bool share, SetCoveringDeployment& s) : MinimizeScript(share,s),
num_armies_args(s.num_armies_args) {
X.update(*this, share, s.X);
Y.update(*this, share, s.Y);
num_armies.update(*this, share, s.num_armies);
}
// Copy during cloning
virtual Space*
copy(bool share) {
return new SetCoveringDeployment(share,*this);
}
};
int
main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
SizeOptions opt("SetCoveringDeployment");
opt.solutions(0);
opt.search(SetCoveringDeployment::SEARCH_BAB);
opt.search(SetCoveringDeployment::SEARCH_DFS, "dfs");
opt.search(SetCoveringDeployment::SEARCH_BAB, "bab");
opt.parse(argc,argv);
switch (opt.search()) {
case SetCoveringDeployment::SEARCH_DFS:
MinimizeScript::run<SetCoveringDeployment,DFS,SizeOptions>(opt); break;
case SetCoveringDeployment::SEARCH_BAB:
MinimizeScript::run<SetCoveringDeployment,BAB,SizeOptions>(opt); break;
}
return 0;
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
The product that will result from this proposal is a nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding erythropoietin for treatment of red blood cell deficiency (anemia). In vitro transcribed mRNAs encoding physiologically important proteins have considerable potential for therapeutic applications. However, mRNA is naturally labile, inefficiently translated and immunogenic and has therefore been traditionally unsuited for therapy. RNARx is developing a technology that modifies mRNA by incorporating non-classical nucleosides, such as pseudouridine. Our preliminary data suggest that this improves the translational efficiency and overall stability of mRNA, as well as diminishing its immunogenicity in vivo. These favorable new properties provide an opportunity to develop deliverable pseudouridine-modified mRNAs as vectors for expressing clinically beneficial proteins safely and effectively in vivo. RNARx will collaborate with the University of Pennsylvania in this Fast-track proposal to develop the first of these therapeutic vectors for delivery of human erythropoietin (EPO). In Phase 1, nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding EPO will be developed, characterized and delivered to mice for verification of biological EPO activity in the absence of immune activation. In Phase 2, a suitable (preferably non-injection) delivery system will be developed and modified mRNA will be tested in small and large animal systems. In addition, based on new models of autoimmunity immunopathogenesis, we will investigate the potential of mRNA to exacerbate a model of autoimmunity (SLE) and whether non-immunogenic nucleoside-modified mRNA avoids this potential. At the completion of these studies, we plan to file an IND to initiate clinical trials of EPO-encoding modified mRNA. Future objectives will include the use of the mRNA platform for other biologics and for intracellular protein delivery (gene therapy), an important therapeutic need for which there are currently no products beyond human clinical trials. Deliverable proteins such as erythropoietin, insulin, and clotting factors are an enormously important arsenal of medical therapies that nevertheless carry a risk of dangerous allergic reactions. In addition, many proteins in the human body, including cell structural proteins, cannot be replaced by conventional protein administration and alternative therapies, such as gene therapy, have not performed to expectation. The product we are developing, a structurally-modified messenger RNA (the intermediary between DNA and protein), is an alternative to protein delivery and gene therapy that will enable the safe (non-allergic) and efficient replacement or enhancement of proteins (in this proposal erythropoietin) including cell structural proteins. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable] | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} |
Ezpeleta Could Lead F1 Breakaway Championship
Submitted by Kropotkin on Mon, 2009-06-08 12:16
Those worried by the current state of the MotoGP championship - dwindling grids, rocketing costs and a barrage of rule changes aimed at "fixing" the problem - can be comforted by the state of Formula 1. While overtaking became increasingly rare in F1, the racing in MotoGP got better and better, until the pointless rule change reducing capacity from 990 to 800cc effectively killed off the racing. But as long as F1 remained as processional as it had been for the past 10 years or so, MotoGP had nothing to fear, it was felt.
Then, with the onset of the topsy-turvy 2009 season, the on-track action in Formula 1 took a dramatic turn for the better, with overtaking making a big comeback. Tragically for F1, though fortunately for the MotoGP series, the off-track arguments have been tearing the world's premier motorsport apart just as the on-track antics are making it a sport worth watching again. The teams and bodies that run the sport are engaged in an all-out war for control, with Bernie Ecclestone and Max Mosley attempting to impose a GBP 40 million budget cap on the teams, after first attempting to instigate a two-tier system of technical rules for capped and uncapped teams.
The dispute has seen FOTA, the fledgling Formula One Teams Association, set up to allow the teams to form a common front against Max Mosely of the FIA and Bernie Ecclestone's Formula One Management, threaten to pull out of the 2010 Formula 1 championship, and set up a championship of their own.
What does this have to do with motorcycle racing, you ask? Well, according to the Spanish sports daily AS, the name at the top of the list of candidates to run this new breakaway championship is none other than Carmelo Ezpeleta. As CEO of Dorna, Ezpeleta is currently charged with running the MotoGP series, and has been instrumental behind both the series phenomenal growth, and the plethora of rules which have bogged it down over the past few seasons. According to AS, Ezpeleta has already had discussions about the new series, and feels inclined to take the reins of any breakaway F1 series.
Ezpeleta is already familiar with F1 and the F1 paddock, as both Dorna and F1 were owned by private equity company CVC, before the European Commission forced CVC to divest itself of the MotoGP rights over anti-trust concerns, and both F1 and MotoGP meet regularly to avoid scheduling conflicts.
Comments
As much as I have little regard for the meglomania that are Max (Mosely) and Bernie (Ecclestone), there is little to recommend Carmelo to FOTA for anything other than "negative impact demonstrations".
Aside from the initial problem with this being an obvious target of another anti-trust suit, it has appeared that the group Mr. Ezpeleta inexplicably tries to emulate are exactly the same people FOTA are trying to distance themselves from. Surely, they must know this.
Additionally, at a time when Dorna should have been capitalizing on the fact that MotoGP could be a bountiful haven for fatigued F1 sponsors, the grid is going the wrong direction (it is smaller than F1) with the comparatively economical opportunities lying fallow. Naturally, this is a consequence of the rules changes having rigged the sport away from what made it so exciting just five years ago.
If Dorna do manage to swindle FOTA and acquire the remnants of F1, maybe MotoGP will end up somewhere preferrable.
"until the pointless rule change reducing capacity from 990 to 800cc effectively killed off the racing"
This is ridiculous statement. The rule change was necessary. The handling of the change was subpar but the reasons behind the change are solid. The 800cc race machine is the finest racing motorcycle on the planet and no 990 would beat it anywhere, or at any time. You fell into the common misunderstanding of the situation.
I've been over this in great detail before, but here's the executive summary. The capacity reduction from 990 to 800cc was done in the name of safety, and put into motion after Daijiro Kato's tragic death at Suzuka. The 800cc bikes started breaking lap records almost immediately, and the place they gained that speed was in the corners, the very place where riders are most likely to crash, increasing the dangers. For a while (until Mugello, 10 days ago) the top speeds had been brought down a little, though I am at a loss to understand how crashing at 300 km/h is any safer than crashing at 310 km/h.
In fact, so unsuccessful has the switch been from 990cc to 800cc that they had to change the tire rules to prevent the bikes from getting any quicker. The official behind the introduction of the single tire rule was as a safety measure, the reasoning being that controlling the tire wars would be a way to limit the increase in corner speeds, and keep track safety affordable.
You are absolutely correct to say that the 800s are the finest racing machines on the planet. However, if you were to take a 2006 990 and race it against an 800, I think the 800 would have a great deal of trouble beating it. Just like the 500 V twins vs the 500 fours, the twins would get through the corners faster, but then get blasted by the raw horsepower down the straight. The 800s would get into the corners quicker and carry more speed, but when the 990 rider opened the throttle, the 800 would be left standing. All the 990 rider would have to do is get past on the straight, then hold the 800 up round the rest of the track. The 800 would set the faster lap time, but the 990 would win the race. And of course, part of the 800s advantage would come from racing a bike which is three years behind the curve in terms of development.
The 800s are the finest racing motorcycles on the planet because they are the MotoGP class. That is the point of the MotoGP class. But they would be the finest racing motorcycles on the planet no matter what capacity they were, 800, 990, 1400, unlimited. They are the finest racing motorcycles on the planet because they are designed from the ground up to be racing motorcycles, with no concessions to anything else, such as user-friendliness, comfort, engine durability, ease of maintenance, etc etc, such as you see on World Superbike machines. The question of capacity is irrelevant, other than the effect it had on costs.
Most of the changes that have occurred in MotoGP are reminiscent of changes made to F1---capacity reduction, proposed elimination of TC, proposed rev limits, engine life rules, testing restrictions, control tire, etc.
Ezpeleta's track record proves he's too conventional to run modern prototype racing in the 21st century. As much as I despise Ecclestone and Mosley (and disapprove of many new changes they've made), they are the only governing personnel who are attempting to ensure the survival of 21st century prototype racing by shifting paradigms. They are also the only governing officials who've realized the problem with modern prototype racing.
Truth be told, direct manufacturer participation in the form of private racing companies is the problem. Everyone, except the manufacturers, participates to earn profits directly from racing operations. Like a government bureaucracy, the manufacturers participate only to spend. The economic decisions made by people who do not operate for-profit often cause serious inefficiencies within the sport that lead to poorly-conceived regulatory remedies.
Ezpeleta is the front runner for the FOTA simply because he is a familiar face with a history of letting manufacturers walk all over him. I doubt they prefer him for his vision or his leadership abilities.
I am not going to write anymore than has already been said by others. Where is Jean Todt when we need him? I am ready to take up drinking again and will buy everyone a round, at the pub of your choice, if this becomes reality. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
It’s that time of the year when stacks of logs in your living room are entirely permissible… unless you don’t have a fireplace, because then you’ll just look like a hoarder. This Mixrack is a simple frame of powder-coated steel that can accommodate firewood, wine bottles, or magazines. As long as you keep the stack tidy and avoid any other compulsive gathering of multiple materials, it’s an excellent way to store whatever you choose in a minimal way.
$125.00 – $150.00 | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
For example, A World of Languages. Did you know that 146 living languages are used as a first language in Malaysia?
Graphic courtesy of Alberto Lucas López
Unsurprisingly, there are lots of infographics to do with cycling. This one plots the increase in the number of riders who completed the Rapha Festive 500 between 2011 and 2014.
Graphic courtesy of Rapha
For 2017, the number of roundel winners is above 19,000.
More details about the 2012 and 2013 Festive 500s are presented in these infographics.
Graphic courtesy of Rapha
Graphic courtesy of Rapha
Some activity-tracking sites produce individualised infographics. Strava is perhaps the most popular online cyclists’ community, with 203 million rides logged in 2017.
Each cyclist using Strava can generate a movie summarising their own achievements in 2017. The closing graphic looks like this.
Graphic courtesy of Strava
Strava also lets members generate heatmaps showing where they have ridden during a user-selected time period. The color used highlight the routes changes from blue through purple to red, depending on how often that particular route has been ridden.
Map courtesy of Strava
Third parties can access Strava’s data to produce their own infographics. This is the heatmap produced by Jonathan O”Keeffe’s Strava Multiple Ride Mapper application. It improves on the native Strava heatmap by using a wider range of colors to indicate ride frequency.
When I first started using VeloViewer, I focused primarily on the graph showing distance cycled by year. My main goal in 2015 and 2016 was to cycle further than I had in any previous year. This zoomable graph was one way to track my progress, ride by ride, against that goal.
Graph courtesy of VeloViewer
VeloViewer displays a plethora of other data, spread across eleven pages. You can read an overview which I wrote more than two years ago here.
I occasionally browse the other pages, but I spend most of my time on only two pages. The Update page, where you import your Strava data into VeloViewer, and the Summary page, where the graph above, and other charts and tables, are displayed.
It was many months before one item, highlighted in red in a panel titled Activity Stats on the Summary page, caught my eye. It was a button labeled “Eddington”.
Graphic courtesy of VeloViewer
Which I soon found out stood for “Eddington number”.
Some Googling revealed that there are two Eddington numbers, both devised by Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington. Arthur Eddington was, among other things, an astrophysicist. In astrophysics, the Eddington number NEdd is the number of protons in the observable universe. Eddington was the first to propose, in 1938, a value of NEdd.
Arthur Eddington was also a cyclist. He is credited with devising a measure of a cyclist’s long-distance riding achievements. The Eddington number (E-number) for cycling is defined as the largest number E, where you have cycled at least E kilometers / miles on at least E days. For example an E-number of 50 kilometers means that you have ridden 50 kilometers or more on 50 or more days.
Note that the units of distance are important. An E-number of 50 in miles means having covered at least 50 miles on 50 days. The equivalent E-number in kilometers means having covered at least 80 kilometers on 80 days.
Achieving a high Eddington number is difficult, since moving from, say, a metric 80 to 85 will probably require more than five new long distance rides, as any rides shorter than 85km will no longer be included in the reckoning.
VeloViewer displays an informative graph when you click on the red “Eddington” button in the Activity Stats panel.
Graph courtesy of VeloViewer
The blue bars show the number of times each distance (you can select kilometers or miles) has been completed. The top of the orange bar intersects with the orange E-number line. The orange bar shows your current E-number.
A more interesting feature pops up when you hover the cursor over a bar.
Graph courtesy of VeloViewer
The pop up box shows how many days you have cycled the distance denoted by that bar. For bars to the right of the orange one, the pop up box also displays the number of days you need to cycle at least that distance for it to become your new E-number.
My current metric lifetime E-number is 104. VeloViewer tells me that I have covered at least 104km on 113 days.
To move my E-number to 110, I need 23 days of 110km or more. A minimum of 2,530km is a lot of riding to move my E-number up by 6.
Which is what makes the E-number an interesting, and I am sure to Type A cyclists, an addictive measure of progression. It gets more and more difficult to increase your E-number.
June has been a quiet month for riding. The weather, weekend travel, illness and idleness have all kept me off my bikes. I started 2015 with aspirations to average 1,000km a month. So far I am 150km per month short of that goal. Nevertheless 2015 is shaping up to be one of my better years for cycling.
I consider my first day as an avid cyclist to be Sunday January 31st, 2010. That was the day Big Bill B guided me on a 53km loop around Houston, including a food stop at Carter & Cooley Company Delicatessen in The Heights.
It was the first time I rode with a Garmin cycling computer on my handlebar, which allowed me to commit this and all future rides to that collective memory that is the internet. I am a bit of a ride data geek. I started feeding that habit with Garmin Connect. After a few years I supplemented that with Ride With GPS, and very soon after Strava was added to the mix. Lately Veloviewer has joined the party.
Why so many tracking apps? In my case, mostly because they each provide different ways to view my ride data. Ride With GPS provides nice summaries by month or year. I can see what my buddies have been up to in Strava. Veloviewer makes annual comparisons easy. Charts like these ones provide the grist for this post.
Charts courtesy of Veloviewer
Between January and the end of April 2010 I rode in and around Houston. Those rides included my first century ride, The Space Race, and my first BP MS150.
Heat Map courtesy of Strava
My biker chick had started her new job in Den Haag, The Netherlands, in April. So my bike spent May in a container, along with our other possessions, on a ship bound for Europe.
I spent the rest of the year exploring the bike paths around Den Haag.
I logged 2,831kms in 2010. My average ride distance was 59kms. My average ride time was 2 hours 28 minutes.
In 2011 my total distance covered jumped to 6,886kms. My average distance went up slightly to 63kms. The average ride length went up in tandem to 2 hours 33 minutes.
Much of that increase in total distance ridden is testament to the outstanding cycling infrastructure in The Netherlands. You can’t help but get on your bicycle in a country where the riding in so safe, convenient, and scenic.
In 2012 my mileage again jumped significantly over the previous year. To 11,019kms. The average distance stayed almost the same at 62.25kms. I picked up speed though, with my rides averaging 2 hours 29 minutes.
Heat map courtesy of Strava
Almost all of my riding over these two years was in The Netherlands. I did occasionally venture further afield. I made my first extended cycling trip in 2011. I went to Ninove in Belgium, to ride in the Ronde van Vlaanderen sportif.
In 2012 I did the Ronde van Vlaanderen again, which started and ended this time in Oudernaarde. I also took two trips to Maastricht, for the UCI World Championships and the Amstel Gold sportifs.
Heat map courtesy of Strava
In October 2012 my biker chick and I returned to Kuala Lumpur. My bikes (by this time I had two) followed soon after by air freight. So it wasn’t long before I was immersing myself in the relatively new and booming road cycling scene in Malaysia.
Cycling in Kuala Lumpur reminds me a lot of cycling in Houston. You share the roads with traffic. Sometimes a lot of traffic. City riding is best done at night, when the roads, or motorcycle lanes where provided, are quieter. The popular daytime cycling routes are mostly outside the city.
In 2013 I started venturing further afield. Century rides in various cities around the country become a regular activity, including one international road trip to Hatyai in Thailand.
Despite the number of century rides, my mileage in 2013 was only 7,102kms. My rides had become shorter, averaging 49kms and 1 hour 58 minutes per ride. I remember that tropical rainstorms had a lot to do with curtailing riding time in 2013.
The downward trend continued in 2014. I had four months of enforced time off my bikes because of a crash, and two unrelated surgeries. Those breaks from cycling resulted in only 3,918kms ridden. My average ride was surprisingly long though, at 66kms and 2 hours 35 minutes.
Heat map courtesy of Strava
Almost all of my cycling since the end of 2012 has been in Malaysia. The exceptions were in 2013, when I flew to the United States to ride in the BP MS150 from Houston to Austin, and to ride in the 5 Boros Ride in New York City. In between those rides I visited an old friend in Denver, where I managed to squeeze in a few rides as well. I came home with bicycle number three.
Heat Map courtesy of Strava
That bicycle is a Ritchey Breakaway. It came with me to Melbourne in December 2013. My last cycling trip away from home to date.
Heat map courtesy of Strava
2015 looks good so far. I am up to 5,078kms as at the end of June. My average ride length for the year is 71kms. I must be a bit fitter than I was last year too. I am riding on average 5kms further this year as compared to last, but my average time is the saddle is only 3 minutes more, at 2 hours 38 minutes.
I’m hoping to take at least one cycling trip outside Malaysia this year. And I am looking forward to staying healthy and spending as much time as possible riding. | {
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Fil Delacruz
Filimon "Fil" Delacruz (born 1950) is a National artist nominee, visual artist and a master printmaker who specializes in mezzotint prints, a printmaking process used to achieve producing half tones without the use of line or dot based techniques such as hatching, stippling and pointillism. His works is known for being rich in ethnic imageries and indigenous symbols. He is a former president of the Philippine Association of the Printmakers and a former senior lecturer of college of fine arts in University of the Philippines Diliman.
Early life and education
Delacruz was born on November 22, 1950, in Hagonoy, Bulacan. He is the father of Janos Delacruz, an award-winning printmaker. He studied in University of Santo Tomas College of Architecture and Fine Arts and pursued Advertising major. He went to New York to be part of Art Students' League in 1983 and in 1992, he attended a lithography workshop in Paris, France to study printmaking techniques and at the same time, he was named by the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) as one of the Thirteen Artist Awardees, a triennial and prestigious award granted by the Cultural Center of the Philippines. During his early years, he is fond of participating national competitions, which he wins consistently especially in the annual art competition by the Art Association of the Philippines (AAP). He is an awardee of Benavidez Award for Outstanding Achievement.
Career history
From 1992 to 1995, Delacruz worked as a senior lecturer at the University of the Philippines College of Fine Arts in Diliman, Quezon City. After years of teaching, he was appointed as the president of the Philippine Association of Printmakers in 1995. He is also a president of Lakansining ng Bulakan. His works has been exhibited in France, New York, New Jersey, Czechoslovakia, Germany, China, Hong Kong, Korea, Spain, Belgium, and in the Philippines. He is currently residing in his studio named "Bahay Sining", which is located in Muntinlupa together with his son, Janos and Dax. Delacruz is holding art workshops in the Artist Gallery BF located in Paranaque.
Awards, distinctions and achievements
See also
Janos Delacruz
Printmaking
Mezzotint
Art Students League of New York
References
External links
http://fildelacruz.tripod.com
http://www.190gallery.com/artists.php?profile=29
https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100901/http://art.spongemode.com/interview-with-fil-delacruz/
https://filipinojourneys.wordpress.com/2013/08/13/fil-de-la-cruz/
Category:1950 births
Category:Artists from Bulacan
Category:Living people
Category:Filipino artists
Category:University of Santo Tomas alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
Classes and Objects. Summing the data
So here's the question:
Create a 'DISTANCE' class with:
data members: feet and inches
member functions:
• Input to input distance
• Output to output distance
• Add to add two distance objects
Write an application program with a main function to create 2 objects of DISTANCE
class, namely d1and d2. Then using object d3, sum the objects d1 and d2 and store the
sum in d3 and then display the object d3.
I tried to do it but i'm getting error messages. Can someone tell me what's wrong with my program? I'm learning it on my own. Any help will be appreciated. Thank you. :)
Here's my code for the .h file:
#ifndef DISTANCE_H
#define DISTANCE_H
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Distance
{
private:
double feet_1,feet_2;
double inches_1,inches_2;
public:
double inputfeet1(double feet1);
double inputfeet2(double feet2);
double inputinch1(double inch1);
double inputinch2(double inch2);
double sumFeet(double feets);
double sumInch(double inches);
};
#endif // DISTANCE_H
This one is for the .cpp file
#include "../include/Distance.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double Distance::inputfeet1(double feet1)
{
if(feet1 < 0)
{
cout<<"Cannot be less than zero. Default value of 0 is used.";
}
else
{
feet_1 = feet1;
}
}
double Distance::inputfeet2(double feet2)
{
if(feet2 < 0)
{
cout<<"Cannot be less than zero. Default value of 0 is used.";
}
else
{
feet_2 = feet2;
}
double Distance::inputinch1(double inch1)
{
if(inch1 < 0)
{
cout<<"Cannot be less than zero. Default value of 0 is being used.";
}
else
{
inch_1 = inch1;
}
}
double Distance::inputinch2(double inch2)
{
if(inch2 < 0)
{
cout<<"Cannot be less than zero. Default value of 0 is being used.";
}
else
{
inch_2 = inch2;
}
}
double Distance::sumFeet()
{
return feet_1 + feet_2;
}
double Distance::sumInch()
{
return inches_1 + inches_2;
}
}
And this one is the main.cpp
#include "include/Distance.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
Distance d1,d2,d3;
double f1,f2,I1,I2;
double sum1,sum2;
cout<<"Distance 1.";
cout<<"\nEnter the feet: ";
cin>>f1;
cout<<"Enter the inch: ";
cin>>I1;
cout<<"Distance 2.";
cout<<"\nEnter the feet: ";
cin>>f2;
cout<<"Enter the inch: ";
cin>>I2;
d1.inputfeet1(f1);
d1.inputfeet2(f2);
d2.inputinch1(I1);
d2.inputinch2(I2);
sum1 = f1 + f2;
d3.sumFeet(sum1);
cout<<"Feet: "<<d3.sumFeet();
return 0;
}
A:
I see only minor errors, and they amount to what you would class as bad punctuation in language:)
I have annotated the changes I made ion the code below: mainly you need to indent your code and ensure that you match all open brackets with a closing bracket.
The next thing to do is ensure you have correct return types. I will post better instructions on the basics tonight when I get home and have the time to post a better tutorial rather than a fix with little instructive value.
I have more correctly indented the .cpp file for distance for you and if you change the code in main.cpp to have
sum1 = d3.sumFeet();
instead of
sum1 = f1 + f2;
d3.sumFeet(sum1);
it will work with the following modifications to the remaining code:
Distance.h needs to be changed to the following:
#ifndef DISTANCE_H
#define DISTANCE_H
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Distance
{
private:
double feet_1,feet_2;
double inches_1,inches_2;
public:
void inputfeet1(double feet1);
void inputfeet2(double feet2);
void inputinch1(double inch1);
void inputinch2(double inch2);
double sumFeet();
double sumInch();
};
#endif // DISTANCE_H
and Distance.cpp needs to be amended as follows:
void Distance::inputfeet1(double feet1)
{
if(feet1 < 0)
{
cout<<"Cannot be less than zero. Default value of 0 is used.";
}
else
{
feet_1 = feet1;
}
}//added this
void Distance::inputfeet2(double feet2)
{
if(feet2 < 0)
{
cout<<"Cannot be less than zero. Default value of 0 is used.";
}
else
{
feet_2 = feet2;
}
}//added this too
void Distance::inputinch1(double inch1)
{
if(inch1 < 0)
{
cout<<"Cannot be less than zero. Default value of 0 is being used.";
}
else
{
inches_1 = inch1;
}
}
void Distance::inputinch2(double inch2)
{
if(inch2 < 0)
{
cout<<"Cannot be less than zero. Default value of 0 is being used.";
}
else
{
inches_2 = inch2;
}
}
double Distance::sumFeet()
{
return feet_1 + feet_2;
}
double Distance::sumInch()
{
return inches_1 + inches_2;
}
//removed curly brace here
Tutorial Section
To achieve your aims I would utilise a more object oriented approach, it may seem like overkill for such a simple problem, however the practice will pay off when you eventually start using larger constructs and hierarchies:
Basic needs:
At the basic level you are dealing with Feet and Inches, we wont bother with them as they are effectively just different names for Doubles in your example code so they are fine as doubles.
Next we have a distance composed of Feet and Inches, so we want to do something with that.... (lets call it DistanceBase)
And then we want to do some things with two distances, we will keep the same name as you had earlier and call it Distance
So we will have a class called DistanceBase composed of Feet and Inches and a class called Distance composed of 2 DistanceBase.
DistanceBase
Header File:
As this is a conceptually trivial (not necessarily trivial in the C++ sense 1) class we can make everything be in the header file, that way it makes the code more portable and transparent, though less secure.
#pragma once
#ifndef DISTANCE_BASE_H
#define DISTANCE_BASE_H
/*
Header file for the DistanceBase class
#pragma once effectively does the same as the #ifndef loop on compilers that support it.
Both are included simply as a belt-and-braces approach
*/
// So that we have a nice simple and clear to read indexing system, lets set up an enum...
enum Units
{
FEET = 0, // typing Units::FEET will be the same as 0 but more readable and maintainable
INCHES = 1 // and likewise Units::INCHES will be the same as 1
};
class DistanceBase
{
private:
double distance[2]; // we can store the 2 doubles in one array (easier to throw around as a pair then:)
public:
void inputFeet(double feet) { distance[0] = feet; } // need a way to set the feet
void inputInches(double inch) { distance[1] = inch; } // and inches
double* getDistance() { return distance; } // a way to get both in one go
double getFeet() { return distance[Units::FEET]; } // a way to get just the feet
double getInches() { return distance[Units::INCHES]; } // a way to get just the inches
};
#endif // DISTANCE_BASE_H
Now that we have a class with such a simple level of complexity we can utilise it to create a simple class for your purposes, Distance:
Distance
Header File
#pragma once
#ifndef DISTANCE_H
#define DISTANCE_H
/*
Header file for the distance class
*/
#include "DistanceBase.h"
class Distance
{
private:
DistanceBase *D1, *D2; // 2 instances of the DistanceBase class to use together
public:
Distance() // this is the constructor, where we can initialise
{ // the 2 instances we created earlier
D1 = new DistanceBase(); // initialise D1
D2 = new DistanceBase(); // initialise D2
}
DistanceBase* getD1() { return D1; } // this will be the function we use to access all of the properties and members of D1
DistanceBase* getD2() { return D2; } // this will be the function we use to access all of the properties and members of D2
double sumFeet() { return D1->getFeet()+D2->getFeet(); } // add the feet components of D1 and D2
double sumInches() { return D1->getInches()+D2->getInches(); } // add the inch components of D1 and D2
};
#endif // DISTANCE_H
Again, as this class is very simple (and for ease of posting) I have made everything fit in the header.
Now for the main function, which is now much more simple as the details are take care of by the respective classes:
#include "Distance.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
Distance *dist = new Distance(); // instantiate a Distance class as dist
dist->getD1()->inputFeet(3); // set the feet of D1 to 3
dist->getD2()->inputFeet(7); // set the feet component of D2 to 7
cout << dist->getD1()->getFeet() << endl; // check that the values stored match the values input
cout << dist->getD2()->getFeet() << endl; // check that the values stored match the values input
cout << dist->sumFeet(); // add the 2 distances together
// now lets use user inputs:
cout << "Please input the first distance in feet: ";
// we can reuse the same variable to save CPU time and memory for all our inputs....
double tempValue;
cin >> tempValue;
dist->getD1()->inputFeet(tempValue);
cout << "Please input the first distances inch component: ";
cin >> tempValue;
dist->getD1()->inputInches(tempValue);
cout << "Please input the Second distance in feet: ";
cin >> tempValue;
dist->getD2()->inputFeet(tempValue);
cout << "Please input the second distances inch component: ";
cin >> tempValue;
dist->getD2()->inputInches(tempValue);
cout << dist->getD1()->getFeet() << endl; // check that the values stored match the values input
cout << dist->getD2()->getFeet() << endl; // check that the values stored match the values input
cout << dist->sumFeet() << endl; // add the 2 distances together
cout << dist->sumInches() << endl; // add the inches components together
return 0;
}
Exploration Points:
Some things you can try out to test yourself:
separate function definitions and prototypes into .cpp and .h files
add functionality to the inches input that turns values greater than 12.0 into feet and inches
add functionality to change any feet component into feet and inches if there is a decimal point present
create a Feet class and Inches class to encapsulate the functionality above
ensure Feet and Inches are using the most minimal type they can (for example int for feet and float for inches)
add error handling to trap things like text input instead of numbers etc.
Let me know if this all seems OK, or if you need more info, I will happy to help :)
Notes:
1 Trivial class: in C++ a trivial class is one defined (defined with class, struct or union) as both trivially constructible and trivially copyable, which implies that:
it utilises the implicitly defined default, copy and move constructors, copy and move assignments, and destructor.
it possesses no virtual members.
it possesses no non-static data members with brace- or equal- initializers.
its base class and non-static data members, if it has any, are likewise trivial.
| {
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} |
David Carradine's Death Photo
Updated on June 8, 2009
Thai Rath Tabloid
Photo of Carradine's Body published in Tabloid
Found dead in a Bangkok hotel room under mysterious circumstances, a photo of David Carradine's body was published recently by Thai Rath, a Thai tabloid newspaper. RadarOnline.com described the image as portraying Carradine with his hands tied in front of him, hanging from the support bar in a closet.
Reported to be an accidental hanging, it has lead to a great deal of speculation as to whether Carradine committed suicide, was murdered, or died in an auto-erotic asphyxiation act gone wrong. Police Lieutenant General Worapong Chewprecha, Commander of the Metropolitan Police, remarked that the closed cirucit television installed with the hotel supported the theory that no other persons were involved with the death. However, trying to come to terms with their loss, the family has asked the FBI to oversee the Thai police investigation to definatively determine if there was anyone else involved in David Carradine's death. They are also seeking an independent autopsy. Keith Carradine, his half brother, said the family was "profoundly disturbed" by the photo release.
David Carradine's Works
David Carradine
More by this Author
I am sorry to announce that Facebook has removed the RSS Feed feature. I recommend you contact Facebook to complain and request that it be restored.
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Comments 4 comments
I feel bad for the family, there is enough to go through with the grief and they have to add all the publicity on to it.
Maraiya Storm 7 years ago from Prescott, Arizona
I'm glad you wrote about this. Since it happened, people and the news seem to have totally lost interest in the case. Some people aren't even aware that he died, or how.
This death has seemed very mysterious to me, and I sort of suspect that he was murdered. Close friends said that at that time, David was in high spirits and his career was on a nice upswing.
I was a big fan of the Kung Fu series and thought that David played the part superbly.
I heard a news story earlier this year reporting that David had said he was a complete phony, that he didn't believe in the part that he played on Kung Fu and was just acting. This greatly surprised me, and I am still not sure if this news story was true or false. I wonder if he believed in his role at one time, and then later changed his mind? Although if you look at the types of roles he's been playing in more recent years, they are all violent and dark; so, I don't know.
But whether he was just acting or really "being" the part of Qwai Chang Cain (sp?), a lot of people have learned much about spirituality and how to deal with the enemy's attacks by watching this series.
I sure do hope they can find out if he was murdered or not. I have heard nothing in the news about it since then.
If he committed suicide, then why would his hands be tied in front of him? A person who is committing suicide just wouldn't do this, would they?!
David is most famous for his Kung Fu series; and so I wonder if someone wanted to kill him because they didn't like the spirituality portrayed in the TV series? Just a speculation.
Kimmy 6 years ago
Check out "David Carrdine: The Eye of My Tornado". I found it on Amazon
stevestoltz 4 years ago
i always watched him religiusly on thus nights i always wondered the cowboy sheriff wanted to hang him for blaming him for throwing that star killing and thats how he relly died | {
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} |
Why Hollywood as We Know It Is Already Over (good long read via Vanity Fair)
“But the real threat isn’t China. It’s Silicon Valley. Hollywood, in its over-reliance on franchises, has ceded the vast majority of the more stimulating content to premium networks and over-the-top services such as HBO and Showtime, and, increasingly, digital-native platforms such as Netflix and Amazon. These companies also have access to analytics tools that Hollywood could never fathom, and an allergy to its inefficiency. Few have seen the change as closely as Diller himself, who went from running Paramount and Fox to building his own tech empire, IAC. “I don’t know why anyone would want a movie company today,” Diller said at Vanity Fair’s New Establishment Summit in October. “They don’t make movies; they make hats and whistles.” (Half of the people in the audience, likely representing the tech industry, laughed at this quip; the other half, from Hollywood, cringed.) When I spoke to Mike Moritz, the iconic venture capitalist, backstage at the event, he noted that a nominal investment in a somewhat successful tech company could generate more money than Hollywood’s top-grossing movies. “In my mind,” he said, “Hollywood is dying.”” | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
//{{NO_DEPENDENCIES}}
// Microsoft Visual C++ generated include file.
// Used by resource.rc
//
#define IDI_ICON1 101
// Next default values for new objects
//
#ifdef APSTUDIO_INVOKED
#ifndef APSTUDIO_READONLY_SYMBOLS
#define _APS_NEXT_RESOURCE_VALUE 102
#define _APS_NEXT_COMMAND_VALUE 40001
#define _APS_NEXT_CONTROL_VALUE 1001
#define _APS_NEXT_SYMED_VALUE 101
#endif
#endif
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Gutters
Daltex Contractors LLC uses seamless 5” and
6” gutters in multiple baked enamel finishes. We can also add gutter screens
and leaf guards in areas where needed. Gutters are an important feature to the
home as they collect water and disperse it away from the home, protecting its structure
and foundation. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
#ifndef BOOST_MPL_AUX_PARTITION_OP_HPP_INCLUDED
#define BOOST_MPL_AUX_PARTITION_OP_HPP_INCLUDED
// Copyright Eric Friedman 2003
// Copyright Aleksey Gurtovoy 2004
//
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
// (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
//
// See http://www.boost.org/libs/mpl for documentation.
// $Id$
// $Date$
// $Revision$
#include <boost/mpl/apply.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/eval_if.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/if.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/pair.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/aux_/lambda_spec.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace mpl {
namespace aux {
template< typename Pred, typename In1Op, typename In2Op >
struct partition_op
{
template< typename State, typename T >
struct apply
{
typedef typename State::first first_;
typedef typename State::second second_;
typedef typename apply1< Pred,T >::type pred_;
typedef typename eval_if<
pred_
, apply2<In1Op,first_,T>
, apply2<In2Op,second_,T>
>::type result_;
typedef typename if_<
pred_
, pair< result_,second_ >
, pair< first_,result_ >
>::type type;
};
};
} // namespace aux
BOOST_MPL_AUX_PASS_THROUGH_LAMBDA_SPEC(3, aux::partition_op)
}}
#endif // BOOST_MPL_AUX_PARTITION_OP_HPP_INCLUDED
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
People are increasingly using applications on computing devices, such as “apps” on a smartphone, to access content and perform computing tasks such as browsing the Internet, managing e-mail, shopping, and consuming news, “tweets,” photos, and other data. Often, users of an application want to perform an action in another application that may be related to their current activity; for example, users browsing shoes for purchase on an e-commerce website in a mobile web browser, or receiving a link to the shoes in an email, may want to view and/or purchase a particular shoe in an application dedicated to the e-commerce website that may offer additional and/or enhanced functionality and/or a more streamlined environment. It can be difficult, however, to move easily between applications while safely transferring information as part of the process. For example, a computing device may determine to invoke a particular application in response to a user clicking on a link in a different application and transfer information to the invoked application as part of the process. While this approach may be an effective way to transfer information between applications, if the invoked application is malicious, then the information may be stolen or otherwise misused, for example. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
It’s 24 June, 2025, and Britain is marking its annual Independence Day celebration. As the fireworks stream through the summer sky, still not quite dark, we wonder why it took us so long to leave. The years that followed the 2016 referendum didn’t just reinvigorate our economy, our democracy and our liberty. They improved relations with our neighbours.
The United Kingdom is now the region’s foremost knowledge-based economy. We lead the world in biotech, law, education, the audio-visual sector, financial services and software. New industries, from 3D printing to driverless cars, have sprung up around the country. Older industries, too, have revived as energy prices have fallen back to global levels: steel, cement, paper, plastics and ceramics producers have become competitive again.
The EU, meanwhile, continues to turn inwards, clinging to its dream of political amalgamation as the euro and migration crises worsen. Its population is ageing, its share of world GDP shrinking and its peoples protesting. “We have the most comprehensive workers’ rights in the world”, complains Jean-Claude Juncker, who has recently begun in his second term as President of the European Federation, “but we have fewer and fewer workers”.
The last thing most EU leaders wanted, once the shock had worn off, was a protracted argument with the United Kingdom which, on the day it left, became their single biggest market. Terms were agreed easily enough. Britain withdrew from the EU’s political structures and institutions, but kept its tariff-free arrangements in place. The rights of EU nationals living in the UK were confirmed, and various reciprocal deals on healthcare and the like remained. For the sake of administrative convenience, Brexit took effect formally on 1 July 2019, to coincide with the mandates of a new European Parliament and Commission.
That day marked, not a sudden departure, but the beginning of a gradual reorientation. As the leader of the Remain campaign, Lord Rose, had put it during the referendum campaign, “It’s not going to be a step change, it’s going to be a gentle process.” He was spot on.
In many areas, whether because of economies of scale or because rules were largely set at global level, the UK and the EU continued to adopt the same technical standards. But, from 2019, Britain could begin to disapply those regulations where the cost of compliance outweighed any benefits.
The EU’s Clinical Trials Directive, for example, had wiped out a great deal of medical research in Britain. Outside it, we again lead the world. Opting out of the EU’s data protection rules has turned Hoxton into the software capital of the world. Britain is no longer hampered by Brussels restrictions on sales, promotions and e-commerce.
Other EU regulations, often little known, had caused enormous damage. The REACH Directive, limiting the import of chemical products, had imposed huge costs on manufacturers. The bans on vitamin supplements and herbal remedies had closed down many health shops. London’s art market had been brutalised by EU rules on VAT and retrospective taxation. All these sectors have revived.
Financial services are booming – not only in London, but in Birmingham, Leeds and Edinburgh too. Eurocrats had never much liked the City, which they regarded as parasitical. Before Brexit, they targeted London with regulations that were not simply harmful but, in some cases, downright malicious: the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive, the ban on short selling, the Financial Transactions Tax, the restrictions on insurance. After Britain left, the EU’s regulations became even more heavy-handed, driving more exiles from Paris, Frankfurt and Milan. No other European city could hope to compete: their high rates of personal and corporate taxation, restrictive employment practices and lack of support services left London unchallenged.
Other cities, too, have boomed, not least Liverpool and Glasgow, which had found themselves on the wrong side of the country when the EEC’s Common External Tariff was phased in in the 1970s. In 2016, the viability of our commercial ports was threatened by the EU’s Ports Services Directive, one of many proposed rules that was being held back so as not to boost the Leave vote. Now, the UK has again become a centre for world shipping.
Shale oil and gas came on tap, almost providentially, just as the North Sea reserves were depleting, with most of the infrastructure already in place. Outside the EU, we have been able to augment this bonanza by buying cheap Chinese solar panels. In consequence, our fuel bills have tumbled, boosting productivity, increasing household incomes and stimulating the entire economy.
During the first 12 months after the vote, Britain confirmed with the various countries that have trade deals with the EU that the same deals would continue. It also used that time to agree much more liberal terms with those states which had run up against EU protectionism, including India, China and Australia. These new treaties came into effect shortly after independence. Britain, like the EFTA countries, now combines global free trade with full participation in EU markets.
Our universities are flourishing, taking the world’s brightest students and, where appropriate, charging accordingly. Their revenues, in consequence, are rising, while they continue to collaborate with research centres in Europe and around the world.
The number of student visas granted each year is decided by MPs who, now that they no longer need to worry about unlimited EU migration, can afford to take a long-term view. Parliament sets the number of work permits, the number of refugee places and the terms of family reunification. A points-based immigration system invites the world’s top talent; and the consequent sense of having had to win a place competitively means that new settlers arrive with commensurate pride and patriotism.
Unsurprisingly, several other European countries have opted to copy Britain’s deal with the EU, based as it is upon a common market rather than a common government. Some of these countries were drawn from EFTA (Norway, Switzerland and Iceland are all bringing their arrangements into line with ours). Some came from further afield (Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine). Some followed us out of the EU (Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands).
The United Kingdom now leads a 22-state bloc that forms a free trade area with the EU, but remains outside its political structures. For their part, the EU 24 have continued to push ahead with economic, military and political amalgamation. They now have a common police force and army, a pan-European income tax and a harmonised system of social security. These developments have prompted referendums in three other EU states on whether to copy Britain.
Perhaps the greatest benefit, though, is not easy to quantify. Britain has recovered its self-belief. As we left the EU, we straightened our backs, looked about us, and realised that we were still a nation to be reckoned with: the world’s fifth economy and fourth military power, one of five members on the UN Security Council and a leading member of the G7 and the Commonwealth. We recalled, too, that we were the world’s leading exporter of soft power; that our language was the most widely studied on Earth; that we were linked by kinship and migration to every continent and archipelago. We saw that there were great opportunities across the oceans, beyond the enervated eurozone. We knew that our song had not yet been sung.
Daniel Hannan is a Conservative MEP and author of Why Vote Leave published by Head of Zeus
I guess that means I’ve just committed myself to keeping this blog up until at least 2025. | {
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I am Naheez Thawfeeg and this is my formal blog.The stories written here are about my life and my interests.It reflects my own opinion and research.Beginning on Friday 31 July 2015 I have decided to upload photos and videos to my blog.Almost all will be taken by me and many are photo selfies and video selfies
Sunday, November 20, 2016
Afternoon coffee and snacks in South Beach
Today is Sunday 20 November 2016 and it's now early evening 4:28 PM...This afternoon around 2:20 PM I had a snack of short eats and half black coffee and mineral water in South Beach cafe' near Hulhumale' ferry terminal...Today the weather is bad for Male' but sometimes there was bright sun shine...Allah Akbar...Allah is great... :) | {
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Date: Mon, Aug 9, 2010
In honor of the great Michael Broadbent's 400th column for its magazine, Decanter Magazine today ran a story touting this achievement as well as giving us some insight into Mr. Broadbent's current and highly educated view of the world of...
Date: Mon, Aug 9, 2010
It's overcast in the town of Napa at 8:00am. It will be overcast in the town of Napa at 9:00am. And probably 10:00am too. Later in the afternoon, the temperature spring northward to somewhere around 79 or 80 degrees. When...
Date: Fri, Aug 6, 2010
A recent comment by the head of the Wine & Spirit Wholesalers Association got me thinking about an important question: Who is responsible for all the lawsuits that supporters of H.R. 5034 claim is the reason for this legislation? In...
Date: Tue, Aug 3, 2010
Wine is one of those rare products that in nearly every case in which it is used, it adds to the happiness of the occasion.In my world, I measure the value of a person, product, occasion, situation, place or time...
Date: Mon, Aug 2, 2010
Gallup's annual poll of who drinks and how many drink alcohol was released today. It turns out those who claim to drink alcohol is up, while those that claim to drink wine is slightly down. What' most interesting is what...
Date: Fri, Jul 30, 2010
Of late, this blog has concentrated a bit more than usual on the the politics and regulations concerning the alcohol beverage industry. The introduction of H.R. 5034 has prompted the relative increase in political posts. However, Fermentation is hardly the...
Date: Wed, Jul 28, 2010
The current state of H.R. 5034, a bill introduced into Congress on behalf of wholesalers that would give the middlemen the power to initiate and see passed state laws that protect their state-mandated control of the market in beer, wine...
Date: Mon, Jul 26, 2010
If, when you travel, you don't ask yourself, "Could I live here?", then I suspect you aren't traveling with your head, but rather just with your feat. And that's no way to travel. I was recently sitting at a window...
Date: Sat, Jul 24, 2010
“Pinot Noir is the tuning fork of the soul.” "I seek a Pinot that transmits truth.” “Pinot is the only grape that can legitimately be described as ethereal.” It all strikes me as a bit much to heap on one...
Date: Wed, Jul 21, 2010
Some products just don't lend themselves to being marketed by touting their primary function or benefit. Wine is a perfect example. Wine, like beer and spirits, is primarily differentiated from every other beverage not by its taste, not by its...
Date: Wed, Jul 21, 2010
The International Pinot Noir Celebration strikes me as an act of homage not too subtle. I find this somewhat ironic given that one of the things most of us love about Pinot Noir is it's nuanced and often subtle arrangement...
Date: Tue, Jul 20, 2010
Amazon reports today that over the past three months it sold more "Kindle" e-books than it has hardcover books. Undoubtedly this announcement will make its way into future accounts of the transformation of publishing and reading. And undoubtedly wine books...
Date: Mon, Jul 19, 2010
In regions like Napa, Sonoma, Anderson Valley, Finger Lakes and other wine producing regions where visitors have great choice which tasting rooms they'll visit and which bars they'll belly up to, the best piece of marketing a winery tasting room...
Date: Wed, Jul 14, 2010
With so much at stake for America's alcohol wholesalers and their protected monopoly status that props up unearned profits, it's no surprise they would swing for the fences with all their state-granted political power and attempt to pass H.R. 5034.... | {
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Dalhousie Ward
Dalhousie Ward is a former ward in the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was created in 1888 when it was annexed by Ottawa from Nepean Township, becoming Ottawa's eighth ward. It was merged with Wellington Ward in 1994 to become Somerset Ward. It consisted mainly of the neighbourhood of Centretown West, which includes Ottawa's Chinatown and Little Italy. Before it was merged, the ward contained Hintonburg, Mechanicsville and parts of the Civic Hospital and Centretown neighbourhoods.
City councillors (1915-1994)
T. T. Beattie (-1915)
Edward P. McGrath (-1915)
W. C. Leech (1916)
Jim Forward (1916-1923)
Edward P. McGrath (1917)
John P. Balharrie (1918-1920)
Fred Hunt (1921)
W. E. O'Meara (1922)
Fred Hunt (1923-1924)
Jim Forward (1925-1929) [ran in Elmdale Ward in 1930]
Sam Crooks (1924-1929) [ran in Elmdale Ward in 1930]
Dan McCann (1930-1931)
Clarence M. Denneny (1930)
E. P. McGrath (1931-1933)
Wilbert Hamilton (1932-1933)
James J. McVeigh (1934)
Dan McCann (1934-1948)
Wilbert Hamilton (1935-1956)
James McAuley (1949-1968)
Charles Parker (1957-1966)
Rudy Capogreco (1967-1972)
Pat Doherty (1968-1969)
Gale Kerwin (1970-1974)
Rolf Hasenack (1975-1985)
Mac Harb (1985-1988)
Peter Harris (1988-1989)
Michael Janigan (1989-1991)
Peter Harris (1991-1994)
Category:Ottawa wards | {
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Howdy!
Howdy! may reder to:
Howdy! (Teenage Fanclub album)
Howdy! (Pat Boone album)
See also
Howdy (disambiguation) | {
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Antihelium: the Heaviest Antimatter Particle Ever Detected
A particle accelerator experiment at the Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, N.Y., has found antihelium-4, the heaviest antimatter that physicists have ever observed. The discovery could be one of the keys to figuring out why our universe in dominated by matter rather than antimatter—a scientific quest that continues this Friday with a new instrument that will launch on the space shuttle.
Scientists at Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, N.Y., have discovered the heaviest antimatter ever observed. It's antihelium-4, a conglomeration of two antiprotons and two antineutrons. This antihelium is the antimatter partner to what physicists call the alpha particle (identical to a standard helium nucleus), and its discovery comes on the 100th anniversary of the discovery of the alpha particle itself, says Aihong Tang, lead author on the paper published in Nature.
Most Popular
Scientists shot two streams of gold ions at each other at nearly the speed of light. The gold ion particle beams exploded into half a trillion pieces on contact. It took almost one billion particle smash-ups with Brookhaven's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider—each collision happening in just ten-trillionths of a trillionth of a second—for the scientists to observe just 18 antihelium-4 particles. That may not seem like a lot, but 18 can be plenty in the world of high-energy physics. "Finding 18 of them means that it's way beyond the possibility of chance," Tang says, meaning they are sure that the signal is coming from the annihilation of antihelium-4 and not some other particle-collision event.
The discovery broke Brookhaven's own record for heaviest antimatter ever created, which was antihelium-3, consisting of two antiprotons and one antineutron. The new finding was especially remarkable because the heavier antimatter is, the less likely it will be created. High-energy particle collisions knock loose all the quarks and anti-quarks that make up matter and antimatter, respectively. But creating antihelium-4 requires 12 antiquarks—three for each antineutron and three for each antiproton—to combine in just the right way to produce a stable nucleus. Thanks to its more complex makeup (and the fact that even stable forms of antimatter will collide with matter and disappear), antihelium-4 is vanishingly rare and hard to find.
Antihelium isn't just fascinating and fleeting, though—it might also help scientists figure out some details about the dawn of our universe. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider where physicists found this new antihelium-4 is part of an experiment called STAR, an international collaboration to re-create conditions of the universe moments after the Big Bang. At that time, the thinking goes, the primordial soup was equal parts matter and antimatter, which annihilate each other on contact. But antimatter quickly gave way to matter, which arranged itself into the atoms and molecules that make up most of our universe today. Why there is more stuff than anti-stuff in the universe is one of the great lingering, vexing questions in physics.
Still, antimatter is around: Scientists have seen antielectrons (also called positrons) in thunderstorm clouds here on Earth, and antimatter is present wherever stars are being formed. This antimatter out in space, combined with the discovery of antihelium in the lab, could begin to provide some answers about antimatter. An instrument called the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), scheduled to be launched aboard the space shuttle Endeavor this Friday, is designed to detect distant cosmic sources of antimatter. The recent observation of antihelium-4 gives the AMS team a background rate on how often the stuff is formed. It's rare enough to be extremely unlikely to randomly happen on Earth, so if the instrument detects even a single antihelium-4 event, scientists are now more sure than ever that it would have to have traveled from the far reaches of the cosmos. "Now we know that if we see an anti-alpha from AMS, it won't be from Earth," Tang says.
If the space-based detector comes up with an antihelium nucleus, that will indicate the existence of an "antimatter area" somewhere in the universe, according to a lecture by Francesca Spada, a collaborator on the AMS project. That's what most physicists are hoping for, because the Standard Model, which is the rule book for how particles interact, predicts that there ought to be some antimatter out there at the edge of our matter-dominated universe. But if AMS sees no antimatter, then there could be a problem with the Standard Model. (Uh-oh.)
As for whether scientists will be able to discover heavier antimatter particles in the future, Tang says, don't hold your breath. Current detector technology is not sensitive enough to find anything heavier than the antihelium-4. The heavier antimatter particles are, the rarer they are, and the next stable antiparticle—antilithium-6, with three antiprotons and three antineutrons—is just too uncommon for current detectors to find. "Of course, we'll keep looking," Tang says. | {
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In the third paragraph of the Results and Discussion section under Study 2: Assessing the Adequacy of the New Self-Report Inventory, the reference should be "(see Table 1)."
In the first paragraph of the Results and Discussion section of Study 3: Reliability, Validity and Correlates of the Self-Report Inventory, the second sentence should read: "As Table 2 shows, all scales possess good or very good estimates of internal reliability."
In the first sentence of the fourth paragraph under the heading for Study 3: Reliability, Validity and Correlates of the Self-Report Inventory, the wrong name is used for the questionnaire. The correct name is the "Musical Experience Questionnaire."
Table S4 in [File S1](#pone.0101091.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"} is missing a decimal separator and numerical values. Please see below for a complete File S1 with corrected Table 4.
Supporting Information {#s2}
======================
######
**Table S1, Items of self-report inventory.** Values of Cronbach's alpha are derived from the full sample of 147,633 participants. **Table S2, Inter-factor correlations for confirmatory model 4. Table S3, Data norms for subscales and general sophistication (sample n = 147,633). Table S4, Values of the test statistic and corresponding p-values derived from the conditional inference permutation tests for all socio-economic variables as well as self-reported musical training and active engagement influencing General Musical Sophistication scores as well as performance on the two listening tests.**
(DOCX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
| {
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Glossodoris
Glossodoris is a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae.
Taxonomic history
The use of the genus name Glossodoris has been a subject of debate amongst taxonomists for over 150 years. Because it is the oldest name in the Chromodorididae it has been used differently by different taxonomists, sometimes including many species of Hypselodoris and Chromodoris and the other smaller genera recognised today. Its modern status is based on the analysis of DNA sequences.
Species
Species in the genus Glossodoris include:
Glossodoris acosti Matsuda & Gosliner, 2018
Glossodoris aeruginosa Rudman, 1995
Glossodoris andersonae Matsuda & Gosliner, 2018
Glossodoris angasi Rudman, 1986
Glossodoris aureola Rudman, 1995
Glossodoris bonwanga Matsuda & Gosliner, 2018
Glossodoris buko Matsuda & Gosliner, 2018
Glossodoris cincta (Bergh, 1888)
Glossodoris erythraea Ehrenberg, 1831
Glossodoris gregorius Rudman, 1986
Glossodoris hikuerensis Pruvot-Fol, 1954
Glossodoris kahlbrocki Yonow, 2018
Glossodoris katoi Baba, 1938
Glossodoris kophos Yonow, 2001
Glossodoris limbata Vicente, 1967
Glossodoris lamberti (Crosse, 1875)
Glossodoris misakinosibogae Baba, 1988
Glossodoris moerchi (Bergh, 1879)
Glossodoris pallida Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828
Glossodoris pantherina (Bergh, 1905)
Glossodoris prismatica (Pease, 1860)
Glossodoris rufomarginata (Bergh, 1890)
Glossodoris semeion Winckworth, 1946
Glossodoris souverbiei (Crosse, 1875)
Glossodoris thalassopora (Bergh, 1879)
Glossodoris vespa Rudman, 1990
Glossodoris xishaensis Lin, 1975
Species brought into synonymy
Glossodoris acriba: synonym of Felimare acriba
Glossodoris aegialia (Bergh, 1904): synonym of Hypselodoris aegialia (Bergh, 1904): synonym of Felimare agassizii (Bergh, 1894)
Glossodoris agassizi: synonym of Felimare agassizii (Bergh, 1894)
Glossodoris albomaculata (Pease, 1866): synonym of Goniobranchus albomaculatus Pease, 1866
Glossodoris alternata Burn, 1957: synonym of Chromodoris alternata (Burn, 1957)
Glossodoris amoena (Cheeseman, 1886): synonym of Ceratosoma amoenum (Cheeseman, 1886)
Glossodoris annulata (Eliot, 1904): synonym of Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904)
Glossodoris arbuta Burn, 1961: synonym of Thorunna arbuta (Burn, 1961)
Glossodoris atopa (Bergh, 1905): synonym of Ceratosoma amoenum (Cheeseman, 1886)
Glossodoris atromarginata Cuvier, 1804: synonym of Doriprismatica atromarginata (Cuvier, 1804)
Glossodoris aureomarginata (Cheeseman, 1881): synonym of Goniobranchus aureomarginatus (Cheeseman, 1881)
Glossodoris aureopurpurea (Collingwood, 1881): synonym of Goniobranchus aureopurpureus (Collingwood, 1881)
Glossodoris australis (Risbec, 1928): synonym of Thorunna australis (Risbec, 1928)
Glossodoris averni Rudman, 1985: synonym of Ardeadoris averni (Rudman, 1985)
Glossodoris baumanni (Bertsch, 1970): synonym of Felimida baumanni (Bertsch, 1970)
Glossodoris bennetti (Angas, 1864): synonym of Hypselodoris bennetti (Angas, 1864)
Glossodoris bilineata Pruvot-Fol, 1953: synonym of Felimare bilineata (Pruvot-Fol, 1953)
Glossodoris bombayana Winckworth, 1946: synonym of Goniobranchus bombayanus (Winckworth, 1946)
Glossodoris californiensis: synonym of Felimare californiensis
Glossodoris capensis Barnard, 1927: synonym of Hypselodoris capensis (Barnard, 1927)
Glossodoris carlsoni Rudman, 1986: synonym of Ardeadoris carlsoni (Rudman, 1986)
Glossodoris cavae (Eliot, 1904): synonym of Goniobranchus cavae (Eliot, 1904)
Glossodoris charlottae: synonym of Goniobranchus charlottae (Schrödl, 1999)
Glossodoris clenchi: synonym of Felimida clenchi(Russell, 1935)
Glossodoris clitonota (Bergh, 1905): synonym of Mexichromis lemniscata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)
Glossodoris coelestis (Deshayes in Fredol, 1865): synonym of Felimare orsinii (Vérany, 1846)
Glossodoris coi Risbec, 1956: synonym of Goniobranchus coi (Risbec, 1956)
Glossodoris cruenta Rudman, 1986: synonym of Ardeadoris cruenta (Rudman, 1986)
Glossodoris dalli (Bergh, 1879): synonym of Felimida dalli (Bergh, 1879)
Glossodoris daphne (Angas, 1864): synonym of Goniobranchus daphne (Angas, 1864)
Glossodoris decora (Pease, 1860): synonym of Goniobranchus decorus (Pease, 1860)
Glossodoris decorata (Risbec, 1928): synonym of Hypselodoris maculosa (Pease, 1871)
Glossodoris dendrobranchia Rudman, 1990: synonym of Doriprismatica dendrobranchia (Rudman, 1990)
Glossodoris dollfusi Pruvot-Fol, 1933: synonym of Hypselodoris dollfusi (Pruvot-Fol, 1933)
Glossodoris dorbignii Gray, 1850: synonym of Doris sticta (Iredale & O'Donoghue, 1923)
Glossodoris edenticulata: synonym of Hypselodoris picta (Schultz in Philippi, 1836)
Glossodoris edmundsi Cervera, Garcia-Gomez & Ortea, 1989: synonym of Felimida edmundsi (Cervera, Garcia-Gomez & Ortea, 1989)
Glossodoris electra Rudman, 1990: synonym of Ardeadoris electra (Rudman, 1990)
Glossodoris festiva (A. Adams, 1861): synonym of Hypselodoris festiva (A. Adams, 1861)
Glossodoris fidelis (Kelaart, 1858): synonym of Goniobranchus fidelis (Kelaart, 1858)
Glossodoris flava (Eliot, 1904): synonym of Diversidoris flava (Eliot, 1904)
Glossodoris florens Baba, 1949: synonym of Thorunna florens (Baba, 1949)
Glossodoris fontandraui Pruvot-Fol, 1951: synonym of Felimare fontandraui (Pruvot-Fol, 1951)
Glossodoris ghanensis Edmunds, 1968: synonym of Felimida ghanensis (Edmunds, 1968)
Glossodoris haliclona Burn, 1957: synonym of Noumea haliclona (Burn, 1957)
Glossodoris inornata Pease, 1871: synonym of Chromodoris aspersa (Gould, 1852)
Glossodoris kulonba (Burn, 1966): synonym of Doriprismatica kulonba (Burn, 1966)
Glossodoris kuniei (Provot-Fol, 1930): synonym of Goniobranchus kuniei (Pruvot-Fol, 1930)
Glossodoris lata (Risbec, 1827): synonym of Chromodoris lata Risbec, 1928
Glossodoris lemniscata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832): synonym of Mexichromis lemniscata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)
Glossodoris luteopunctata Gantès, 1962: synonym of Felimida luteopunctata (Gantès, 1962)
Glossodoris maccarthyi (Kelaart, 1858): synonym of Doriprismatica atromarginata (Cuvier, 1804)
Glossodoris macfarlandi: synonym of Felimida macfarlandi
Glossodoris marginata (Pease, 1860): synonym of Goniobranchus verrieri (Crosse, 1875)
Glossodoris mariei (Crosse, 1872): synonym of Mexichromis mariei (Crosse, 1872)
Glossodoris maritima Baba, 1949: synonym of Hypselodoris maritima (Baba, 1949)
Glossodoris multituberculata Baba, 1953: synonym of Mexichromis multituberculata (Baba, 1953)
Glossodoris ndukuei (Risbec, 1928): synonym of Goniobranchus decorus (Pease, 1860)
Glossodoris neona: synonym of Felimida neona (Er. Marcus, 1955)
Glossodoris nona Baba, 1953: synonym of Chromodoris nona (Baba, 1953)
Glossodoris norrisi: synonym of Felimida norrisi (Farmer, 1963)
Glossodoris ocellata Ortea, Gofas & Valdés, 1997: synonym of Felimida ocellata (Ortea, Gofas & Valdés, 1997)
Glossodoris odhneri Risbec, 1953: synonym of Hypselodoris tryoni (Garrett, 1873)
Glossodoris orsinii (Vérany, 1846): synonym of Felimare orsinii (Vérany, 1846)
Glossodoris paladentata Rudman, 1986: synonym of Doriprismatica paladentata (Rudman, 1986)
Glossodoris perplexa: synonym of Thorunna perplexa (Burn, 1957)
Glossodoris picta (Schultz in Philippi, 1836): synonym of Felimare picta (Schultz in Philippi, 1836)
Glossodoris placida Baba, 1949: synonym of Hypselodoris placida (Baba, 1949)
Glossodoris plumbea (Pagenstecher, 1877): synonym of Doriprismatica plumbea (Pagenstecher, 1877)
Glossodoris poliahu Bertsch & Gosliner, 1989: synonym of Ardeadoris poliahu (Bertsch & Gosliner, 1989)
Glossodoris porterae: synonym of Mexichromis porterae Glossodoris pullata Rudman, 1995: synonym of Ardeadoris pullata (Rudman, 1995)
Glossodoris punctilucens (Bergh, 1890): synonym of Felimida punctilucens (Bergh, 1890)
Glossodoris purpurea: synonym of Felimida purpurea Glossodoris quadricolor: synonym of Chromodoris quadricolor (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828)
Glossodoris ransoni Pruvot-Fol, 1954: synonym of Goniobranchus kuniei (Pruvot-Fol, 1930)
Glossodoris rubroannulata Rudman, 1986: synonym of Ardeadoris rubroannulata (Rudman, 1986)
Glossodoris rufomaculata (Pease, 1871): synonym of Goniobranchus rufomaculatus (Pease, 1871)
Glossodoris runcinata (Bergh, 1877): synonym of Hypselodoris infucata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831)
Glossodoris sagamiensis Baba, 1949: synonym of Hypselodoris sagamiensis (Baba, 1949)
Glossodoris sedna Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967: synonym of Doriprismatica sedna (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967)
Glossodoris setoensis Baba, 1938: synonym of Goniobranchus setoensis (Baba, 1938)
Glossodoris shirarae Baba, 1953: synonym of Goniobranchus tumuliferus (Collingwood, 1881)
Glossodoris sibogae (Bergh, 1905): synonym of Doriprismatica sibogae (Bergh, 1905)
Glossodoris stellata Rudman, 1986: synonym of Doriprismatica stellata (Rudman, 1986)
Glossodoris symmetrica Rudman, 1990: synonym of Ardeadoris symmetrica (Rudman, 1990)
Glossodoris tasmaniensis (Bergh, 1905): synonym of Goniobranchus tasmaniensis (Bergh, 1905)
Glossodoris tennentana (Kelaart, 1859): synonym of Goniobranchus tennentanus (Kelaart, 1859)
Glossodoris tibboeli Valdés & Adams, 2005: synonym of Doriprismatica tibboeli (Valdés & M.J. Adams, 2005)
Glossodoris tomsmithi Bertsch & Gosliner, 1989: synonym of Ardeadoris tomsmithi (Bertsch & Gosliner, 1989)
Glossodoris tricolor: synonym of Felimare tricolor (Cantraine, 1835)
Glossodoris trimarginata Winckworth, 1946: synonym of Goniobranchus trimarginatus (Winckworth, 1946)
Glossodoris tumulifera (Collinwood, 1881): synonym of Goniobranchus tumuliferus (Collingwood, 1881)
Glossodoris tura: synonym of Mexichromis tura (Marcus & Marcus, 1967)
Glossodoris undaurum Rudman, 1985: synonym of Ardeadoris undaurum (Rudman, 1985)
Glossodoris undulata Pruvot-Fol, 1954: synonym of Doriprismatica sibogae (Bergh, 1905)
Glossodoris valenciennesi (Cantraine, 1841): synonym of Felimare picta (Schultz in Philippi, 1836)
Glossodoris variata (Risbec, 1928): synonym of Goniobranchus aureopurpureus (Collingwood, 1881)
Glossodoris verrieri (Crosse, 1875): synonym of Goniobranchus verrieri (Crosse, 1875)
Glossodoris vicina (Eliot, 1904): synonym of Goniobranchus tennentanus (Kelaart, 1859)
Glossodoris victoriae Burn, 1957: synonym of Goniobranchus epicurius (Basedow & Hedley, 1905)
Glossodoris webbi (d'Orbigny, 1839): synonym of Felimare picta (Schultz in Philippi, 1836)
Glossodoris westraliensis O'Donoghue, 1924: synonym of Chromodoris westraliensis (O'Donoghue, 1924)
Glossodoris xantholeuca (Ehrenberg, 1831): synonym of Glossodoris pallida (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828)
Glossodoris youngbleuthi (Kay & Young, 1969): synonym of Glossodoris rufomarginata (Bergh, 1890)
Glossodoris zebra: synonym of Felimare zebraReferences
Further reading
Bertsch H. (1977) The Chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the Pacific coast of America.- Part I. Investigative methods and supra-specific taxonomy. The Veliger 20(2): 107-118
Ortea, J., Valdés, Á. & García-Gómez, J.C. (1996). Revisión de las especies atlánticas de la familia Chromodorididae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) del grupo cromático azul. Avicennia suplemento 1: 1-165 page(s): 17
Rudman W. B. (1985). "The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: Chromodoris aureomarginata, C. verrieri and C. fidelis colour groups". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 83: 241-299. .
Rudman W. B. (1986). "The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: The genus Glossodoris Ehrenberg (= Casella, H. & A. Adams)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 86(2): 101-184. .
Rudman W. B. (1990). "The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: further species of Glossodoris, Thorunna and the Chromodoris aureomarginata colour group". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' 100(3): 263-326. .
Category:Chromodorididae | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
How could send a value AJAX to controler in ZF2?
I have this code
//ajax script
<SCRIPT>
$('#grupo').on('change', function() {
var opc=$(this).find(":selected").text();
$.ajax({
url: "seleccionGrupos/1",
type: "POST",
cache: false,
ifModifiedBoolean:false,
success:function (data){
$("#tablaGrupos").show();
//value from de CONTROLER
$("#tablaGrupos").html('<?php echo $this->datostablagruposb ?>');
},
error: function(data) {
$("span").append("Oops Something Went Wrong");
}
});
});
</SCRIPT>
i need get query result dynamic how i can get it? any solution?
to dynamically get the query value
A:
Your ajax call:
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function(){
$('#myFormID').bind("submit",function(event) {
event.preventDefault();
$.ajax({
url :$(this).attr("action"),// or the ure of your action
type : $(this).attr("method"),// POST, GET
cache : false,
data : $(this).serializeArray(), // the data from your form , in your case the :selected
success : function( response, status,jQXHR)
{
var result= $.parseJSON(response);// this is needed to decode your JSON data the you get get back you action
},
error : function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown){
alert('Error: '+ errorThrown);
}
});
return false;
});
});
</script>
Your Action should look like this in your Controller:
<?php
public function myAction()
{
// get your form from your entity or model
$form = $this->getForm();
$response = $this->getResponse();
$request = $this->getRequest();
// get some form element and do somthing with theme her
if ($request->isPost()){
$form->setData($request->getPost());
$response->setContent(\Zend\Json\Json::encode(array('data'=>'send any data you wish')));
return $response;
}
?>
And you can send an ajax call from the route by useing $('myButton').target.attr('href') instead of post;. Hope this help.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
/**CFile****************************************************************
FileName [ifLibLut.c]
SystemName [ABC: Logic synthesis and verification system.]
PackageName [FPGA mapping based on priority cuts.]
Synopsis [LUT library.]
Author [Alan Mishchenko]
Affiliation [UC Berkeley]
Date [Ver. 1.0. Started - November 21, 2006.]
Revision [$Id: ifLibLut.c,v 1.00 2006/11/21 00:00:00 alanmi Exp $]
***********************************************************************/
#include "if.h"
#include "base/main/mainInt.h"
ABC_NAMESPACE_IMPL_START
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// DECLARATIONS ///
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// FUNCTION DEFINITIONS ///
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Reads the description of LUTs from the LUT library file.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
If_LibLut_t * If_LibLutReadString( char * pStr )
{
If_LibLut_t * p;
Vec_Ptr_t * vStrs;
char * pToken, * pBuffer, * pStrNew, * pStrMem;
int i, k, j;
if ( pStr == NULL || pStr[0] == 0 )
return NULL;
vStrs = Vec_PtrAlloc( 1000 );
pStrNew = pStrMem = Abc_UtilStrsav( pStr );
while ( *pStrNew )
{
Vec_PtrPush( vStrs, pStrNew );
while ( *pStrNew != '\n' )
pStrNew++;
while ( *pStrNew == '\n' )
*pStrNew++ = '\0';
}
p = ABC_ALLOC( If_LibLut_t, 1 );
memset( p, 0, sizeof(If_LibLut_t) );
i = 1;
//while ( fgets( pBuffer, 1000, pFile ) != NULL )
Vec_PtrForEachEntry( char *, vStrs, pBuffer, j )
{
if ( pBuffer[0] == 0 )
continue;
pToken = strtok( pBuffer, " \t\n" );
if ( pToken == NULL )
continue;
if ( pToken[0] == '#' )
continue;
if ( i != atoi(pToken) )
{
Abc_Print( 1, "Error in the LUT library string.\n" );
ABC_FREE( p->pName );
ABC_FREE( p );
ABC_FREE( pStrMem );
Vec_PtrFree( vStrs );
return NULL;
}
// read area
pToken = strtok( NULL, " \t\n" );
p->pLutAreas[i] = (float)atof(pToken);
// read delays
k = 0;
while ( (pToken = strtok( NULL, " \t\n" )) )
p->pLutDelays[i][k++] = (float)atof(pToken);
// check for out-of-bound
if ( k > i )
{
Abc_Print( 1, "LUT %d has too many pins (%d). Max allowed is %d.\n", i, k, i );
ABC_FREE( p->pName );
ABC_FREE( p );
ABC_FREE( pStrMem );
Vec_PtrFree( vStrs );
return NULL;
}
// check if var delays are specified
if ( k > 1 )
p->fVarPinDelays = 1;
if ( i == IF_MAX_LUTSIZE )
{
Abc_Print( 1, "Skipping LUTs of size more than %d.\n", i );
ABC_FREE( p->pName );
ABC_FREE( p );
ABC_FREE( pStrMem );
Vec_PtrFree( vStrs );
return NULL;
}
i++;
}
p->LutMax = i-1;
// check the library
if ( p->fVarPinDelays )
{
for ( i = 1; i <= p->LutMax; i++ )
for ( k = 0; k < i; k++ )
{
if ( p->pLutDelays[i][k] <= 0.0 )
Abc_Print( 0, "Pin %d of LUT %d has delay %f. Pin delays should be non-negative numbers. Technology mapping may not work correctly.\n",
k, i, p->pLutDelays[i][k] );
if ( k && p->pLutDelays[i][k-1] > p->pLutDelays[i][k] )
Abc_Print( 0, "Pin %d of LUT %d has delay %f. Pin %d of LUT %d has delay %f. Pin delays should be in non-decreasing order. Technology mapping may not work correctly.\n",
k-1, i, p->pLutDelays[i][k-1],
k, i, p->pLutDelays[i][k] );
}
}
else
{
for ( i = 1; i <= p->LutMax; i++ )
{
if ( p->pLutDelays[i][0] <= 0.0 )
Abc_Print( 0, "LUT %d has delay %f. Pin delays should be non-negative numbers. Technology mapping may not work correctly.\n",
i, p->pLutDelays[i][0] );
}
}
// cleanup
ABC_FREE( pStrMem );
Vec_PtrFree( vStrs );
return p;
}
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Sets the library associated with the string.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
int Abc_FrameSetLutLibrary( Abc_Frame_t * pAbc, char * pLutLibString )
{
If_LibLut_t * pLib = If_LibLutReadString( pLutLibString );
if ( pLib == NULL )
{
fprintf( stdout, "Reading LUT library from string has failed.\n" );
return 0;
}
// replace the current library
If_LibLutFree( (If_LibLut_t *)Abc_FrameReadLibLut() );
Abc_FrameSetLibLut( pLib );
return 1;
}
int Abc_FrameSetLutLibraryTest( Abc_Frame_t * pAbc )
{
char * pStr = "1 1.00 1000\n2 1.00 1000 1200\n3 1.00 1000 1200 1400\n4 1.00 1000 1200 1400 1600\n5 1.00 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800\n6 1.00 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000\n\n\n";
Abc_FrameSetLutLibrary( pAbc, pStr );
return 1;
}
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Reads the description of LUTs from the LUT library file.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
If_LibLut_t * If_LibLutRead( char * FileName )
{
char pBuffer[1000], * pToken;
If_LibLut_t * p;
FILE * pFile;
int i, k;
pFile = fopen( FileName, "r" );
if ( pFile == NULL )
{
Abc_Print( -1, "Cannot open LUT library file \"%s\".\n", FileName );
return NULL;
}
p = ABC_ALLOC( If_LibLut_t, 1 );
memset( p, 0, sizeof(If_LibLut_t) );
p->pName = Abc_UtilStrsav( FileName );
i = 1;
while ( fgets( pBuffer, 1000, pFile ) != NULL )
{
pToken = strtok( pBuffer, " \t\n" );
if ( pToken == NULL )
continue;
if ( pToken[0] == '#' )
continue;
if ( i != atoi(pToken) )
{
Abc_Print( 1, "Error in the LUT library file \"%s\".\n", FileName );
ABC_FREE( p->pName );
ABC_FREE( p );
fclose( pFile );
return NULL;
}
// read area
pToken = strtok( NULL, " \t\n" );
p->pLutAreas[i] = (float)atof(pToken);
// read delays
k = 0;
while ( (pToken = strtok( NULL, " \t\n" )) )
p->pLutDelays[i][k++] = (float)atof(pToken);
// check for out-of-bound
if ( k > i )
{
ABC_FREE( p->pName );
ABC_FREE( p );
Abc_Print( 1, "LUT %d has too many pins (%d). Max allowed is %d.\n", i, k, i );
fclose( pFile );
return NULL;
}
// check if var delays are specified
if ( k > 1 )
p->fVarPinDelays = 1;
if ( i == IF_MAX_LUTSIZE )
{
ABC_FREE( p->pName );
ABC_FREE( p );
Abc_Print( 1, "Skipping LUTs of size more than %d.\n", i );
fclose( pFile );
return NULL;
}
i++;
}
p->LutMax = i-1;
// check the library
if ( p->fVarPinDelays )
{
for ( i = 1; i <= p->LutMax; i++ )
for ( k = 0; k < i; k++ )
{
if ( p->pLutDelays[i][k] <= 0.0 )
Abc_Print( 0, "Pin %d of LUT %d has delay %f. Pin delays should be non-negative numbers. Technology mapping may not work correctly.\n",
k, i, p->pLutDelays[i][k] );
if ( k && p->pLutDelays[i][k-1] > p->pLutDelays[i][k] )
Abc_Print( 0, "Pin %d of LUT %d has delay %f. Pin %d of LUT %d has delay %f. Pin delays should be in non-decreasing order. Technology mapping may not work correctly.\n",
k-1, i, p->pLutDelays[i][k-1],
k, i, p->pLutDelays[i][k] );
}
}
else
{
for ( i = 1; i <= p->LutMax; i++ )
{
if ( p->pLutDelays[i][0] <= 0.0 )
Abc_Print( 0, "LUT %d has delay %f. Pin delays should be non-negative numbers. Technology mapping may not work correctly.\n",
i, p->pLutDelays[i][0] );
}
}
fclose( pFile );
return p;
}
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Duplicates the LUT library.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
If_LibLut_t * If_LibLutDup( If_LibLut_t * p )
{
If_LibLut_t * pNew;
pNew = ABC_ALLOC( If_LibLut_t, 1 );
*pNew = *p;
pNew->pName = Abc_UtilStrsav( pNew->pName );
return pNew;
}
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Frees the LUT library.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
void If_LibLutFree( If_LibLut_t * pLutLib )
{
if ( pLutLib == NULL )
return;
ABC_FREE( pLutLib->pName );
ABC_FREE( pLutLib );
}
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Prints the LUT library.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
void If_LibLutPrint( If_LibLut_t * pLutLib )
{
int i, k;
Abc_Print( 1, "# The area/delay of k-variable LUTs:\n" );
Abc_Print( 1, "# k area delay\n" );
if ( pLutLib->fVarPinDelays )
{
for ( i = 1; i <= pLutLib->LutMax; i++ )
{
Abc_Print( 1, "%d %7.2f ", i, pLutLib->pLutAreas[i] );
for ( k = 0; k < i; k++ )
Abc_Print( 1, " %7.2f", pLutLib->pLutDelays[i][k] );
Abc_Print( 1, "\n" );
}
}
else
for ( i = 1; i <= pLutLib->LutMax; i++ )
Abc_Print( 1, "%d %7.2f %7.2f\n", i, pLutLib->pLutAreas[i], pLutLib->pLutDelays[i][0] );
}
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Returns 1 if the delays are discrete.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
int If_LibLutDelaysAreDiscrete( If_LibLut_t * pLutLib )
{
float Delay;
int i;
for ( i = 1; i <= pLutLib->LutMax; i++ )
{
Delay = pLutLib->pLutDelays[i][0];
if ( ((float)((int)Delay)) != Delay )
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Returns 1 if the delays are discrete.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
int If_LibLutDelaysAreDifferent( If_LibLut_t * pLutLib )
{
int i, k;
float Delay = pLutLib->pLutDelays[1][0];
if ( pLutLib->fVarPinDelays )
{
for ( i = 2; i <= pLutLib->LutMax; i++ )
for ( k = 0; k < i; k++ )
if ( pLutLib->pLutDelays[i][k] != Delay )
return 1;
}
else
{
for ( i = 2; i <= pLutLib->LutMax; i++ )
if ( pLutLib->pLutDelays[i][0] != Delay )
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Sets simple LUT library.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
If_LibLut_t * If_LibLutSetSimple( int nLutSize )
{
If_LibLut_t s_LutLib10= { "lutlib",10, 0, {0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}, {{0},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1}} };
If_LibLut_t s_LutLib9 = { "lutlib", 9, 0, {0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}, {{0},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1}} };
If_LibLut_t s_LutLib8 = { "lutlib", 8, 0, {0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}, {{0},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1}} };
If_LibLut_t s_LutLib7 = { "lutlib", 7, 0, {0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}, {{0},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1}} };
If_LibLut_t s_LutLib6 = { "lutlib", 6, 0, {0,1,1,1,1,1,1}, {{0},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1}} };
If_LibLut_t s_LutLib5 = { "lutlib", 5, 0, {0,1,1,1,1,1}, {{0},{1},{1},{1},{1},{1}} };
If_LibLut_t s_LutLib4 = { "lutlib", 4, 0, {0,1,1,1,1}, {{0},{1},{1},{1},{1}} };
If_LibLut_t s_LutLib3 = { "lutlib", 3, 0, {0,1,1,1}, {{0},{1},{1},{1}} };
If_LibLut_t * pLutLib;
assert( nLutSize >= 3 && nLutSize <= 10 );
switch ( nLutSize )
{
case 3: pLutLib = &s_LutLib3; break;
case 4: pLutLib = &s_LutLib4; break;
case 5: pLutLib = &s_LutLib5; break;
case 6: pLutLib = &s_LutLib6; break;
case 7: pLutLib = &s_LutLib7; break;
case 8: pLutLib = &s_LutLib8; break;
case 9: pLutLib = &s_LutLib9; break;
case 10: pLutLib = &s_LutLib10; break;
default: pLutLib = NULL; break;
}
if ( pLutLib == NULL )
return NULL;
return If_LibLutDup(pLutLib);
}
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Gets the delay of the fastest pin.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
float If_LibLutFastestPinDelay( If_LibLut_t * p )
{
return !p? 1.0 : p->pLutDelays[p->LutMax][0];
}
/**Function*************************************************************
Synopsis [Gets the delay of the slowest pin.]
Description []
SideEffects []
SeeAlso []
***********************************************************************/
float If_LibLutSlowestPinDelay( If_LibLut_t * p )
{
return !p? 1.0 : (p->fVarPinDelays? p->pLutDelays[p->LutMax][p->LutMax-1]: p->pLutDelays[p->LutMax][0]);
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// END OF FILE ///
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
ABC_NAMESPACE_IMPL_END
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
First Month of Spanish Anti-Piracy law yields 79 Takedowns
After the first month of the controversial Sinde law being in place in Spain, copyright holders have filed almost 300 complaints and 79 website take down requests of websites said to be infringing copyright.
The Sinde law, known internationally as the Spanish version of the Stop Online Piract Act (SOPA), allows copyright holders and their representatives to contact the Spanish Ministry for Culture, pointing out instances of infringement. These are then reviewed by the ministry and at its discretion, can send requests to the sites to cease their actions as well as shut them down if necessary. Any sites outside of the country that it deems unwilling to halt will see ISPs given a court order to block them.
So far the ministry has yet to act on any of the claims, though potentially the entire process could take as little as one month, so anytime in the next few weeks could see the first set of actions in regards to the complaints.
When the law was brought into play on 1st March, Spanish citizens performed an ingenious form of protest by illegally linking to a file by opponent of the bill Eme Navarro, who then made official complaints to the ministry in an attempt to find out more about the process and to swap its presumably far from limitless staff.
There's no word as of yet about whether any of the complaints made are with regards to the protest. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
-42*a**5 + 6*a**4
Expand (8 - 1 + 2)*((-2*y + 5*y - y)*(-3 + 2 + 2) - 3*y - 1 + 1)*(-51 - 95 - 11).
1413*y
Expand 0*a**2 - 2*a**2 + 0*a**2 + (-8224 + 8224 + 98*a)*(192 + 7*a - 192).
684*a**2
Expand -c**4 - 3*c**4 + 5*c**4 + (0*c**2 + c**2 + c**2)*(-26*c**2 - 22*c + 7*c + 17*c).
-51*c**4 + 4*c**3
Expand (-q**3 + 2*q**3 - 3*q**3 - 2*q**4)*(4520*q - 4739*q + 2 - 2).
438*q**5 + 438*q**4
Expand (4 - 3 + 1)*(-2*l - 2*l + 5*l)*(-5*l**3 + l**3 + 3*l**3 + (0*l - l + 3*l)*(2605*l - 2605*l + 53*l**2) + 3*l**3 - l**3 - 4*l**3).
206*l**4
Expand (1 - o - 1)*(2 - 2 + 2*o) + (-71*o**2 + 7*o**2 - 6*o**2)*(-88 - 85 + 131).
2938*o**2
Expand (-3 - 3*s + 3)*(-1 + 1 - 2*s) - 2 + 8*s**2 + 2 - 10*s + 10*s + 2*s**2.
16*s**2
Expand -3*z**5 - 10*z - 2*z**3 + 10*z + 3*z**5 + 3*z**5 - 4*z**5 + (3*z**2 + 0*z**2 - 2*z**2)*(-18*z**3 - 224*z**3 - 73*z**3).
-316*z**5 - 2*z**3
Expand (2*s - 2*s**2 - 2*s)*(2*s + 0*s - 5982*s**3 + 6633*s**3).
-1302*s**5 - 4*s**3
Expand (-11332 + 11337 + 146*o - 825*o)*(o**2 - o**2 + o**3).
-679*o**4 + 5*o**3
Expand (56 - 89*v - 56)*(18*v + 24*v + 4*v).
-4094*v**2
Expand -250*m**2 - 23*m**3 + 250*m**2 - m**3 + 0*m**3 - 2*m**3 + (-2*m**2 + 2*m**2 - 2*m**2)*(m + 0 + 3 + 7).
-28*m**3 - 20*m**2
Expand (4*s**4 + 3*s**4 - 3*s**4 + (-3*s + 8*s + 9*s)*(2*s**3 + 0*s**3 - s**3))*(-s + 9*s - 4 - 19*s).
-198*s**5 - 72*s**4
Expand (12*l - 1 + 7*l + 0*l)*(-3 + 0 + 2)*(-2*l + 1 - 1) + (3*l + 3*l - 3*l)*(0*l - 3*l + l) - 17*l**2 + 8*l**2 - 17*l**2.
6*l**2 - 2*l
Expand (2*q + 1 - 1)*(-1 - 1 + 1) - 3594 + 7189 - 3594 + 922*q.
920*q + 1
Expand 2*h**5 + 23*h**5 + 26*h**5 + (h**3 + 3*h**3 - 2*h**3)*(-2 + 2 - 2*h**2) + (0*h**3 - h**3 + 0*h**3)*(3*h**2 - 4 + 4).
44*h**5
Expand (n - n - 2*n**2)*(-2 + 19 + 2 + (-3 + 1 + 1)*(0 - 1 + 3) - 1 + 1 + 1)*(-4 + 4 + 1 + (-1 - 3 + 2)*(6 + 3 - 5) - 2 + 3 + 0).
216*n**2
Expand (2 + 21*m - 3*m - 2)*(m**4 + 251*m**4 - 46*m**4).
3708*m**5
Expand (-k**4 + 2*k**4 - 3*k**4)*(-k + 2*k + 2*k) - 7639*k**5 + 15334*k**5 - 7556*k**5 + 13*k**4.
133*k**5 + 13*k**4
Expand (2*c**2 - 14*c + 14*c)*(-9 + 12 + 6 + (-4 + 3 + 0)*(1 + 1 + 1))*(-c**2 + 2*c**2 + 0*c**2).
12*c**4
Expand (-1 - 3*h**2 + 1)*(1 + 16118*h**3 - 15954*h**3 - 3).
-492*h**5 + 6*h**2
Expand -59*v**2 + 59*v**2 - 32*v**4 + (2*v**2 + 3*v**2 - 6*v**2)*(-1 + 1 - 2*v**2) + 0*v - v**4 + 0*v + 10*v**4 - 19*v**4 + 7*v**4.
-33*v**4
Expand 5*m**2 - 5*m**2 + 2*m**3 + ((-2*m**2 + 2*m**2 - 2*m**2)*(7*m + 0*m + 9*m) - 44 + 2*m**3 + 44)*(-1 + 3 - 4).
62*m**3
Expand 165 - 165 - 5*z + (-4*z + 2*z + 0*z)*(2 + 0 - 1) + 5*z + 6*z - 5*z - 19*z + 40*z + 6*z.
26*z
Expand ((1 - 1 - 1)*(r - 2 + 2) + r - 5*r + 2*r + 0*r - 12*r - r)*(-2*r + 0 + 0 - 2*r + 2*r - r + (-6*r - r + 5*r)*(-2 + 0 + 3)).
80*r**2
Expand (6*d - 6*d + d + d - 5*d + 2*d + (0 + 2 - 1)*(3*d - d - 3*d))*(-1 + 11 + 23).
-66*d
Expand (15*j + 68*j + 981 - 979)*(-192 + 167*j + 192 - 2*j**2).
-166*j**3 + 13857*j**2 + 334*j
Expand (-49*o**2 - 23127 + 23127)*(-16 + 28 + 5*o**2 - 13).
-245*o**4 + 49*o**2
Expand (5 - 7 - 5)*(-7 - 8 + 5)*(0*h**3 + 2*h**3 - 4*h**3)*(1 - 4 + 1).
280*h**3
Expand 2*g + 8*g**2 + 4*g**2 - 1 - 13*g**2 + ((3 + 0 - 5)*(2*g - 6*g + g) - 4*g + g + 17*g)*(-4*g + 3*g + 8*g).
139*g**2 + 2*g - 1
Expand (-q**3 + 7*q + 3 - 7*q)*(-5 + 3 + 1)*(-105*q + 699465 - 699465).
-105*q**4 + 315*q
Expand (0 - 1 + 4)*(45*c - 2 + 6 - 3)*(-1 + 0 - 1)*(1 + 2*c - 1).
-540*c**2 - 12*c
Expand 31 - 31 - 7*g**4 - g + (-4*g**3 + 6*g**3 + 2*g**3)*(2*g + 4 - 4) - 4*g**4 + 5*g**4 - 4*g**4 + (-g + 1 - 1)*(-2*g**3 + 5*g**3 - 4*g**3).
-g**4 - g
Expand (-12 + 4*k + 12)*(-32 - 17 + 221).
688*k
Expand (4*i - 3*i + i)*(-5*i + 5*i + i) + 1 - 1 + 2*i**2 + 10*i**2 - 28*i**2 - 4*i**2 + 196*i - 196*i - 12*i**2.
-30*i**2
Expand (-35*x - 26*x + 4*x)*(0*x + 4*x - 5*x)*(4*x**3 + 4*x - 4*x).
228*x**5
Expand (-10*g - 32*g + 5*g + (4*g - 2*g - 4*g)*(1 + 4 - 4))*(4*g + 0 + 0)*(7*g - 6*g - 2*g - g**2).
156*g**4 + 156*g**3
Expand (-385*p - 289*p - 3 + 1)*(12*p - 26 + 26).
-8088*p**2 - 24*p
Expand (0 - 2 + 3)*(-2 + 2 - s) + (-2 - 3 + 0)*(52 + 0*s - 62 - s).
4*s + 50
Expand (24239*m - 3187*m**2 - 24239*m)*(-2*m**2 - 3 + 3 - 2*m).
6374*m**4 + 6374*m**3
Expand (816*m + 3596*m + 1471*m)*(2*m**2 - 4*m**2 - m**2).
-17649*m**3
Expand 50*n**4 - 18*n**3 + 18*n**3 + (-2*n + 2*n - n)*(-3*n**3 + 3*n**3 + n**3) + 9*n**4 + 5*n**4 + 2*n**4.
65*n**4
Expand (2 + 3*r**2 - 2)*(0 + 0 + 1)*(-1 + 3 - 3)*((-22 - 18 - 8)*(-2 + 3 + 0) + 2 + 1 - 1)*(-3 + 3 - 2*r).
-276*r**3
Expand (2*k**2 - 2*k + 2*k)*(513972 - 1027087 + 514691 + 6*k).
12*k**3 + 3152*k**2
Expand (2*v - 3 + 3)*(3*v - 18*v + 12*v - 33*v**2 + 6).
-66*v**3 - 6*v**2 + 12*v
Expand (-32 - 16*d + 32)*(-11 - 401*d + 14 - 3).
6416*d**2
Expand (-4*j**2 + 3*j**2 + 2*j**2)*(-3154 - 23241 - 12463 + 5436 - 18802 - 12032).
-64256*j**2
Expand (0*l**2 + 2*l**2 - 4*l**2)*(-l**2 + 0*l + 0*l) + 623*l**4 + 31148*l**2 - 31148*l**2.
625*l**4
Expand (-z - 4*z + 4*z)*(11 - 5 + 12) - 5*z - 20*z - 18*z - 2*z + z + 0*z.
-62*z
Expand (379 - 1902 - 4768 - 3358 - 991)*(-4*s**5 + 3*s**5 + 0*s**5).
10640*s**5
Expand (129 + 52 + 167 - 73)*(21*s**2 - 14*s**2 + 11*s**2)*((2*s + s - s)*(1 + 0 + 0) + 6*s + 4*s - 4*s).
39600*s**3
Expand (2 - 2 + h)*(-h**3 + 2*h**3 - 2*h**3) + (-3 - 3 + 4)*(h**4 + 2 - 2) - 13*h**4 - 41*h**4 + 12*h**4 - 3*h**3 + 3*h**3 + h**4.
-44*h**4
Expand (0*s**2 - s**2 - s**2)*(-127*s**2 + 460*s**2 + 202*s**2)*(-17*s + s + 0*s).
17120*s**5
Expand b**3 - b**2 + b**2 + (-4*b + 2*b + 3*b)*(-21*b + 21*b + 36*b**2) - 9 + 5*b**3 + 3*b**3 - 9*b**3 + 3*b**3 + 3*b - 4*b + 0*b**3.
39*b**3 - b - 9
Expand (177*t - 178*t - 40 - 10 - 5)*(25*t**4 - 205*t**4 - 42*t**4).
222*t**5 + 12210*t**4
Expand (-6 - 1 - 10)*(-2*d + d + 0*d)*(-8957 + 8957 + 874*d + (-4 - 1 + 6)*(4 - 4 - 2*d) + (-4*d + d + 5*d)*(-1 + 1 - 1)).
14790*d**2
Expand -460*a**4 + 2*a**2 + 158*a**4 + 171*a**4 + (-2*a**3 + 2*a - 2*a)*(3*a + a - 3*a) - 2*a**4 + 4*a - 4*a - 2*a**2 - a**4 + 2*a**2 + 0*a**4 - a**4 - 2*a**4.
-139*a**4 + 2*a**2
Expand 30520*y**2 + y - y**4 - 30520*y**2 - 27*y**3 + (-5 - 3 + 0)*(2 - 2 - y**4).
7*y**4 - 27*y**3 + y
Expand (6 + 142 - 37*x**2 - 22*x**2 + 36473972*x - 36473972*x)*(-2*x**2 + 4*x**2 - 3*x**2).
59*x**4 - 148*x**2
Expand (2 - 4 + 3)*(-426*m - 134*m - 377*m)*(-2 - 3 + 6)*(-2*m + 2*m - m).
937*m**2
Expand (2*a + 4*a - a)*(-7 + 4 + 0) + (-4*a - 3*a + a)*(0 + 3 - 4).
-9*a
Expand (-4*g**5 - g**5 + 4*g**5)*(3 - 3 + 11) - 61*g + 4*g**3 + 59*g + 10*g**5 - 5*g**5.
-6*g**5 + 4*g**3 - 2*g
Expand (6*x**2 + 54*x**2 - 17*x**2)*(3*x**2 + 2*x**2 - 3*x**2) - 8*x**4 - 3*x + 3*x.
78*x**4
Expand (o - o + 21*o**2)*(3*o**3 - 501 + 253 + 244 - 2*o**2).
63*o**5 - 42*o**4 - 84*o**2
Expand (-3*h + 0*h + 5*h)*(368*h + 395*h - 142*h)*(-h**3 - h**2 + h**2).
-1242*h**5
Expand (4*z**2 + 4*z**2 - 4*z**2)*(-z**3 + 4*z**3 - 5*z**3 + (-1 + 29 - 1)*(17 - 17 - 5*z**3)).
-548*z**5
Expand ((-2 + 5 - 1)*(-2 - y + 2) + 0*y + y - 2*y - 5 + 5 - 3*y)*(-4635*y - 4106*y + 9714*y).
-5838*y**2
Expand (-1 + k + 1)*(-112*k + 204*k - 1263*k) + (-1 + 1 + k)*(k + k + 0*k).
-1169*k**2
Expand (-2008*w**2 + 2008*w**2 - 294*w**4)*(0 - 4 + 0 + (-3 + 5 - 4)*(-4 + 4 - 2) - 3 + 2 + 0).
294*w**4
Expand (755 - 2839 - 953)*(0*p**2 - p**2 + 2*p**2) + (3*p + 4*p - 5*p)*(p - 1 + 1).
-3035*p**2
Expand (-w**4 - 3*w**4 - w**4)*(0*w + 8*w - 4*w + 2*w - 1 + 1 + (1 + 0 - 2)*(2*w - w + w) + w + 0*w + 0*w).
-25*w**5
Expand 8*j**4 + 33*j**2 - 33*j**2 + (-2*j**2 + j**2 + 0*j**2)*(-j - 2*j**2 + j) + 7*j**2 - 3*j**4 - 7*j**2 + (4*j**2 + j**2 - 3*j**2)*(20 - 13 - 8 + j**2).
9*j**4 - 2*j**2
Expand (-2*h + h - 8*h)*(-h**4 - h + h) + 219*h**5 + 186*h**5 - 462*h**5.
-48*h**5
Expand (690 + 18 + 41 + 362)*(7 - 3 - 3)*(4*d**4 + 2*d**4 + 5*d**4).
12221*d**4
Expand (-2*m**2 - m**2 + 5*m**2)*(-166*m**3 + 51*m**3 - 20*m**3) - 4*m**5 + 3*m**5 + 3*m**3 + 2*m**3.
-271*m**5 + 5*m**3
Expand (-34340*l**2 - 33498*l**2 + 70573*l**2)*(-5 + 5 + l)*(-3 + 0 - 2).
-13675*l**3
Expand (-4*w**4 + 4*w**4 + 3*w**5)*(1 + 0 + 4) - 24*w**5 - 184*w**5 - 47*w**5 - w**5 + 4*w**5 - 4*w**5.
-241*w**5
Expand (2 + 2*h - 2)*(3*h + 6 - 6) - 164 + 51 + 1025*h**2 + 114 + (-3 + 3 + h)*(h - 2*h + 2*h).
1032*h**2 + 1
Expand (0 + 0 - 2)*(-3 + 1 + 0)*(-1 - 2 + 1)*(132*r - 73*r + 74*r)*(5 + 7 - 6).
-6384*r
Expand u**4 + 0*u + 0*u + (35*u + 249*u + 242*u)*(3*u**2 + 4*u**3 - 3*u**2).
2105*u**4
Expand (-4 - | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
} |
2014–15 Liga IV Suceava
The 2014–15 Liga IV Suceava was the 47th season of the Liga IV Suceava, the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system. The season began on 24 August 2014 and ended on 14 June 2015
League table
See also
2014–15 Liga I
2014–15 Liga II
2014–15 Liga III
2014–15 Liga IV
2014–15 Liga IV Alba
References
External links
Official website
Category:Sport in Suceava County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tecucel
The Tecucel is a right tributary of the river Bârlad in Romania. It discharges into the Bârlad in the city Tecuci. Its length is and its basin size is .
References
Trasee turistice - județul Galați
Category:Rivers of Romania
Category:Rivers of Galați County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Outpost Club
The Outpost Club (“OC”) is an invitation-only, national golf society in the United States. Modeled after historic golf societies in Great Britain, it does not own a course but members can play more than 50 events each year at Top 100 courses around the world. These events range in format from members only, to members and guests, to matches against other private clubs.
History
The Outpost Club was formed on February 11, 2010 by Quentin Lutz, Colin Sheehan, and Will Smith. Lutz previously worked for the American Golf Course Designer Arthur Hills and holds the distinction of being the youngest person ever to play the complete list of Golf Magazine's Top 100 Courses in the World. Colin Sheehan is the author of A History of The United States Amateur Championship, 1895-2005 and head coach of the Yale University golf team. Will Smith has worked for Tom Doak and Gil Hanse.
Charitable contributions
The OC conducts many events each year for charity. These events have been sponsored by companies such as, TRUElinks, Ralph Lauren, Macallan, Highland Park and Dunning Golf. Organizations they have raised money for include: Troops First, Wounded Warrior Project, American Cancer Society, and St Jude's.
References
External links
Official website
The Robb Report
AOL Travel - 17 Best Golf Destinations
Category:Golf clubs and courses in the United States
Category:2010 establishments in the United States
Category:Sports organizations established in 2010 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The selection and refinement of appropriate psychophysical methods for the separate measurement of the various aspects of taste perception is a primary and continuing concern of this project. Normal variation in taste perception with chronological age is assessed by procedures which quantify not only the taste detection threshold but also the intensity and pleasantness of the subject's taste experience. Both naturally occurring anomalies and therapeutically induced changes in taste are investigated in parallel studies which emphasize the role of saliva in distortions of taste perception. Finally, the possibility that taste perception differences exist between individuals with and without caries experience is being investigated. | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} |
Q:
How to Fetch Value from Joomla 2.5 Database Column, Field Name & Value
I am trying to create a condition in which basis
Column Name
Field Name
Field Value
of mysql database, a conditional script should show in - Attached Table
ColumnName - FormId
Fieldname - Listing
Fieldvalue - Listing Value
Below is script
$max = 1;
$listing = JRequest::getInt('listing');
if($listing) {
$db = JFactory::getDBO();
$db->setQuery("SELECT COUNT(`SubmissionId`) FROM #__rsform_submission_values WHERE `FormId`='".(int) $formId."' AND `FieldName`='listing' AND `FieldValue`='".$listing."' ");
$nrSub = $db->loadResult();
if ($nrSub >= $max) {
$formLayout = '<p>Sorry, no more submissions are accepted for this car.</p>';
}
}
I think am messing up with Fieldvalue column - may be it might not be able to fetch in value. Can someone help and advise pls
A:
You are Quering count, it should be column names or * for all columns, if you need values, see example below:
$db->setQuery("SELECT * FROM #__rsform_submission_values WHERE `FormId`='".(int) $formId."' AND `FieldName`='listing' AND `FieldValue`='".$listing."' ");
$nrSub = $db->loadAssocList();
print_r($nrSub);
Additionally, Please go through with for ref Joomla DB Documentation
EDIT:
$Query = "SELECT
COUNT(`SubmissionId`) SubmissionCount, `FormId`, `FieldName`, `FieldValue`
FROM #__rsform_submission_values
WHERE `FormId`='".(int) $formId."' AND `FieldName`='listing' AND `FieldValue`='".$listing."'
GROUP BY `FormId`, `FieldName`, `FieldValue`";
$db->setQuery($Query);
$nrSub = $db->loadAssocList();
print_r($nrSub);
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Identity Disc
Identity Disc is a 2004 five-part comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics. The story was written by Robert Rodi and penciled by John Higgins.
In the story, six Marvel villains "team up" to steal the Identity Disc, which supposedly contains data on every Marvel hero, including their relatives and credit reports. The plot is largely inspired by the film The Usual Suspects.
Synopsis
The story opens with a younger Adrian Toomes, pre-Vulture, being captured by police as his wife takes his daughter from him. Years later, Deadpool, Bullseye, Juggernaut, Sandman, the Vulture, and Sabretooth are recruited by an agent working for underworld figure Tristram Silver, who knows a dark secret for each supervillain, (although at the time Juggernaut and, arguably, Deadpool, were not villains). The agent demonstrates that she can take any one of them down by killing the Sandman. She wants them to hunt down the Identity Disc, which contains every piece of information on Marvel's Earthbound superheroes.
The remaining villains break into A.I.M headquarters to steal it. Deadpool separates from the rest of the group to draw off the assaulting A.I.M. agents (due to his advanced healing factor). Sabretooth descends down an elevator shaft only to be accidentally crushed by a plummeting Juggernaut (who was in turn tripped by Bullseye) as the two argued who would make a last stand against the advancing A.I.M. forces at the mouth of the shaft. The invulnerable Juggernaut locates the identity disc only to be gassed into unconsciousness by an unseen assailant. The A.I.M. lair collapses and the Vulture is taken into custody by S.H.I.E.L.D.
Nick Fury informs Toomes that Sabretooth (whose secret was never revealed), was responsible for the set-up. In the twist ending of the book, however, it is revealed that Silver's agent is not only actually an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., but Vulture's daughter, Valeria Toomes, now an adult. Toomes scoffs at the notion that he wouldn't recognize his own daughter and privately concedes to having been responsible for the entire plan, in order to protect her identity (which was also on the disc). As she leads him to be taken away in a S.H.I.E.L.D. chopper, she secretly instructs him to fall so that she can pick him up. The two share a secret, tender embrace—father and daughter reunited.
Meanwhile, Sandman is revealed to be alive and enjoying a tropical vacation, having faked his own death at the behest of his real employer—the real Tristram Silver.
Collected editions
Identity Disc was published collectively as a 120-page trade paperback, .
References
Category:2004 comics debuts | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Test to ensure bidi is resolved correctly</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="c" width="256" height="64" style="direction:rtl"></canvas>
<script type="text/javascript">
var canvas = document.getElementById('c');
var ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
var str = "goodbye\u202D\u05DD\u05D5\u05DC\u05E9\u202Chello";
ctx.fillStyle = 'black';
ctx.font = '10px sans-serif';
ctx.fillText(str, 128, 32);
</script>
</body>
</html>
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Graphic novelists shake up world of Indian comics
NEW DELHI (Reuters Life!) - Characters from centuries-old myths and folktales have adorned the covers of children's comic books in India for decades, but a new wave of graphic novelists has emerged to shake up the art form.
Their quest for ultra-Indian superheroes has created new crossover comics aimed at both children and adults, while others have boldly gone further, tackling issues such as suicide and homosexuality -- taboo topics in much of India.
"We are the new recorders of history. That's how I consider myself," said Sarnath Banerjee, whose graphic novel "Corridor" is set in New Delhi and delves into politics and sex.
"I write, I see through my own eyes and I put it out."
Generations of young Indians have grown up with the Amar Chitra Katha series based on Hindu epics and mythology, and it remains one of India's best-selling comic books series.
But the success of Banerjee and others, such as the pioneering 1994 black-and-white "River of Stories" by Orijit Sen that dealt with the social and environmental impact of a controversial dam, are prompting changes even among such traditional comic publishers.
Some are also looking to create brand new superheroes that are quintessentially Indian to see off competition from the likes of Spiderman and Batman, who have gained popularity with the onslaught of American cartoons and movies on Indian TV.
Indian superheroes are not the "cape-flying, spandex-wearing guy who is flying about, but a guy who is practical, who has an Indian outfit, who can connect to an Indian," said Karan Vir Arora, editor-in-chief of Vimanika Comics, a Mumbai start-up.
Continued... | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
1. Technical Field
The techniques described herein relate to signal buffers and in particular to a high frequency smart buffer.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In previous versions of a high frequency buffer, the push-pull output buffer is biased at a fixed condition. This makes the trade-off difficult in circuit design. If the biasing of the buffer is low then the buffer can not drive a heavy capacitive load at high frequency. If the biasing current is high it wastes current when the output capacitance to be driven is low. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
{tr}A new file was posted to file gallery{/tr}: {$galleryName}
{tr}Posted by{/tr}: {$author}
{tr}Date{/tr}: {$mail_date|tiki_short_datetime}
{tr}Name{/tr}: {$fname}
{tr}File Name{/tr}: {$filename}
{tr}File Description{/tr}: {$fdescription}
You can download the new file at:
{$mail_machine}/tiki-list_file_gallery.php?galleryId={$galleryId}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Synthesis and photophysics of novel 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum metal complex with fluorene units.
A novel luminescent metal complex, (MQPF)3Al2, with 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum and 9,9-diphenylfluorene was synthesized. The optical properties were investigated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra. The results showed that the luminescence quantum yield of (MQPF)3Al2 was 0.612 in THF and it emitted red light with the band gap of 3.18 eV estimated from the onset absorption. The emission spectra exhibited obvious solvent effect. With the increase of polarity of solvents the fluorescence spectra changed obviously and appeared blue shift about 60 nm at room temperature. In addition, the light-emitting can be quenched by both electron donor (N,N-dimethylaniline) and electron acceptor (Fullerene), where the processes followed the Stern-Volmer equation. However, when adding 1,4-dicyanobenzene (DCB) which was a stronger electron acceptor to the solution of (MQPF)3Al2, the fluorescent intensity was increased. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Puisne
Puisne (; from Old French puisné, modern puîné, "later born, younger" (and thence, "inferior") from late Latin post-, "after", and natus, "born") is a legal term of art obsolete in many jurisdictions and, when current, used mainly in British English meaning "inferior in rank". The word became in the 18th and 19th century legal world was more often pronounced to distance it from its anglicized form puny, an adjective meaning "weak or undersized".
The judges and barons of the national common law courts at Westminster, other than those having a distinct title, were called puisne. This was reinforced by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1877 following which a "puisne judge" is officially any of those of the High Court other than the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justice of England, the Master of the Rolls (and the abolished positions of Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer).
Puisne courts existed as lower courts in the early stages in the judiciary in British North America, in particular Upper Canada and Lower Canada. The justices of the Supreme Court of Canada other than the Chief Justice are still referred to as puisne justices.
See also
Puisne judge – the title of a judge, other than the chief justice, of a superior court of a common law jurisdiction
References
Category:French words and phrases
Category:Judges
Category:French legal terminology
Category:Kinship and descent | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
PPC Professionals: 2014 Will Be About Conversion Rate Optimization
“2014 will be the Year of Design,” declares Hanapin Marketing as the result of its new survey [pdf] of PPC professionals. The study, fielded among “hundreds of search marketing professionals,” found that 85% will focus more on conversion rate optimization next year, compared to just 2% who will focus less on this area. Around 6 in 10 plan to focus more on entering new ad networks.Â
Search ad networks appear to have the leg up on social networks when it comes to planned spending increases. 73% plan to spend more on Google AdWords while 55% will spend more on Bing ads. By comparison, 52% will spend more on display networks, and the same proportion plan to hike their spending on Facebook. LinkedIn (26%), Twitter (24%) and other social networks (18%) will get a spending boost from fewer professionals.
In fact, 68% find social ads to be moderate-to-not important. By contrast, 95% say text ads are important or very important, and 64% feel the same way about remarketing.
Overall, 84% are hungry for more spending, saying current levels are still not high enough. 72% of respondents say they plan to increase their PPC spending next year.
Respondents appear to be confident about the state of the market, with 83% saying they feel “good” or “very good.” Nevertheless, their enthusiasm is a little more tempered when compared to last year: 65% feel “good” or “very good” compared to 2012.
About the Data: 63% of respondents have annual PPC budgets of more than $300,000 and 45% have budgets of more than $1 million. 60% are managers or higher with their company. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1548,14 +1548,14 @@
install -d $(INSTALL_PATH)/$$header_dir; \
done
for header in `$(FIND) "include/rocksdb" -type f -name *.h`; do \
- install -C -m 644 $$header $(INSTALL_PATH)/$$header; \
+ install -c -m 644 $$header $(INSTALL_PATH)/$$header; \
done
install-static: install-headers $(LIBRARY)
- install -C -m 755 $(LIBRARY) $(INSTALL_PATH)/lib
+ install -c -m 755 $(LIBRARY) $(INSTALL_PATH)/lib
install-shared: install-headers $(SHARED4)
- install -C -m 755 $(SHARED4) $(INSTALL_PATH)/lib && \
+ install -c -m 755 $(SHARED4) $(INSTALL_PATH)/lib && \
ln -fs $(SHARED4) $(INSTALL_PATH)/lib/$(SHARED3) && \
ln -fs $(SHARED4) $(INSTALL_PATH)/lib/$(SHARED2) && \
ln -fs $(SHARED4) $(INSTALL_PATH)/lib/$(SHARED1)
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
Why are a Tableau Data Source and Sheet showing different data?
I've created a Tableau workbook that is based off of a SQL query connecting to an Oracle Database. Let's pretend that the query has 2 fields, ID and Stock number. On the Data Source tab one row shows ID = 2040 and the Stock number = 47 but on Sheet 1, ID = 2040 shows a Stock number = 2040. The remote type of the Stock number field on the Data Source tab is "Fixed precision number" and on Sheet 1 it is "Double-precision floating-point number."
For a reason I do not understand the Stock number is equal to the ID for all rows of the data when looking at the data on Sheet 1 (or any other Sheet for that matter). This is incorrect when I look at the Data Source tab or if I use Oracle SQL Developer to run the query. Why and how is this happening in Tableau?
What I've already tried
Using the Stock number field as a Dimension and a Measure
Using "View Data" on Sheet 1 - It shows that the row where ID = 2040 also has a Stock number = 2040
instead of the correct value of 47
A:
My advice is to start a new workbook and take your query right back to basics. Only have a simple select statement and return a few rows.
Then build up from there. You want to get as simple as you can, with no column aliases if you can avoid it.
From there add more complexity to your query, one step at a time so you can pinpoint the exact moment when your query stops working.
I have seen Tableau get confused by data types before, so make sure you check all of the data types that Tableau suggests when you first build your data source. And update them as necessary.
If you can remove or even blur out any sensitive content and show us a picture that would help immenesly. Obviously a picture tells a thousand words.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Foundation of nursing practice essay
Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge develop a clinical question related to your area of practice that you would like to buy a nursing essay. If you do use any part of our free nursing essay samples please remember to reference the work if you haven’t found the sample foundation nursing. How does knowledge of the foundations and history of nursing provide a context in which to understand current practice essay. Implementation of iom future of nursing report (essay sample) implementation of iom future of nursing this nature is the varied nursing oriented foundations. Theoretical and philosophical foundations in nursing print the main thrust of the theory is to return nursing to a practice nursing essay writing. Theoretical foundations of nursing practice mcewen, m, & wills, e (2010) theoretical basis for nursing (3rd ed) philadelphia, pa: lippincott williams & wilkins.
Foundation of nursing practice essay федор. Theoretical foundations of nursing the course has enabled to understand that nursing practice is based on conceptual theoretical foundations of nursing. Baccalaureate bsn to dnp master of science in nursing nurse practitioner adult‐gerontology/family child/psych‐mental health doctor of nursing practicerunning head.
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Free essays nursing theory: foundation for nursing as nursing theory: foundation for nursing as there are five integral components to nursing practice that. Module 2 dq 1 how does knowledge of the foundations and history of nursing provide a context in which to understand current practice identify at least three trends. The importance of communication is the essential foundation of nursing communication in nursing essay communication in nursing practice will. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Dr. Goldstein, Dr. Goldstein,There is none like you in the world.He entered dressed up as an officerAnd cocked his Galil rifle.He snuck quietly into the hall named for Isaac.He took aim at the terrorists’ heads and squeezed the trigger tightAnd shot bullets and shot bullets and shot,And shot bullets.[Refrain]Dr. Goldstein, Dr. Goldstein,There is none like you in the world.Dr. Goldstein, Dr. Goldstein,Everyone loves you.
Lyrics to a song of praise for Dr. Baruch Goldstein, the settler who murdered 29 Muslim worshippers in Hebron during Purim in 1994. Sung by Jewish settlers at a Purim celebration in the Sheik Jarrah neighborhood of East Jerusalem (see this short video: http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3857671,00.html)
Until now I have provided many facts and figures to describe the conditions that have been imposed on Palestinians in East Jerusalem. On January 2nd and January 10th I outlined the strategies used by settler NGO’s in collaboration with the government to evict long-term Palestinian residents from their homes. On January 26 I described how the government has deprived Palestinian East Jerusalem of resources, causing severe social and economic distress to the populace.
But statistics cannot convey the struggles of day-to-day life in East Jerusalem. So this is the first of several posts that will open a window into how the influx of settlers and government actions have impacted the personal experiences of Palestinian residents.
Two populations:
There are two populations living side by side in the areas abutting the Old City of Jerusalem who hate each other. Before getting into the specifics of Palestinian-settler interactions, I think it is useful to try to gain an understanding of the attitudes and beliefs of these two groups.
Jewish Settlers
The Jewish settlers who have moved into Palestinian neighborhoods are ideologically driven by a messianic vision of redemption. These religious settlers believe they have a divine right, actually a commandment, to settle the land of Israel. It is a spiritual act to serve a transcendent purpose. These beliefs have also been reinforced by 60 years of brutal terror attacks and wars. Many view the Palestinians as a modern incarnation of Amalek, the tribe that harassed the Hebrews when they wandered in the desert after the Exodus from slavery in Egypt. God commanded the total destruction of Amalek without mercy.
Perhaps the best insight into the attitudes of these settlers, and those with similar ideologies, can be gleaned from what happened during the Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day) celebrations last year. This day, which commemorates the re-unification of Jerusalem in 1967, is usually a disturbing day for Palestinians but this one was particularly difficult. 40,000 settlers and their supporters rallied throughout East Jerusalem, hurling curses at Arab residents and mass chants of “Death to Arabs.” For 24 hours, through the middle of the night, thousands of religious youth marched through densely packed Palestinian neighborhoods until the early morning hours, screaming out nationalist songs. This link is a truly frightening video clip that illustrates through actions and words the sentiments of a large and influential segment of Israel’s population: http://www.en.justjlm.org/487
As Shulman points out, “The slogans call up rather specific memories: I couldn’t help wondering how many of the marchers were grandchildren of Jews who went through such moments—as targets of virulent hate—in Europe.” Nevertheless, these are the sentiments that are prevalent among the settler population living in the midst of thousands of East Jerusalem Arabs. Let’s keep this in mind when viewing the next series of posts that will examine settler interactions with the Palestinians.
Palestinians:
The Palestinians in East Jerusalem view the settlers as invaders who intend to force them out of their homes so as to populate their neighborhoods completely with Jews. Indeed, this is the stated goal of the settlers and the NGOs that support them – and the government is clearly cooperating with this endeavor as well. As noted previously, the settlers live in heavily guarded compounds in houses from which Palestinian residents were evicted. The evictions were facilitated by allegations of fraud and by laws specifically designed for the sole purpose of removing Palestinians from their homes. Many more families were forced out when their homes were demolished by the authorities. In the Silwan area, large tracts of land have been expropriated for archeological digs managed by Elad, one of the settler NGOs, and many more homes are threatened with demolition when a large tourist attraction that is planned will be built.
Everyone knows someone in these close knit neighborhoods who was made homeless by these actions. Compounded by the lack of municipal services, this has caused huge resentment towards the settlers and the government. Indeed, many residents know it is only a matter of time until they too will lose their homes without any recourse.
Like the settlers, there certainly are radicals among the Palestinian population who are driven by messianic or religious zeal. But the vast majority of residents simply want to raise their children, build a good life for themselves, and live in peace among their families and friends. They also yearn for political independence and equal rights.
Given the conflicting goals, friction is inevitable between the Jewish settlers and the Palestinian residents. In a democracy it is the role of government to mediate disputes, enforce the law equally, and provide all residents with equal opportunity. That is not happening. Settlers receive all the support of the government as they attempt to displace the Palestinian residents who are helpless in the face of an overwhelming power.
In the coming posts, I will describe the experiences of the Palestinian populace, using their own words whenever possible, as they interact with settlers and the police.
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Should I flatten multiple customer into one row of dimension or using a bridge table
I'm new to datawarehousing and I have a star schema with a contract fact table. It holds basic contract information like Start date, end date, amount ...etc.
I have to link theses facts to a customer dimension. there's a maximum of 4 customers per contract. So I think that I have two options either I flatten the 4 customers into one row for ex:
DimCutomers
name1, lastName1, birthDate1, ... , name4, lastName4, birthDate4
the other option from what I've heard is to create a bridge table between the facts and the customer dimension. Thus complexifying the model.
What do you think I should do ? What are the advantages / drawbacks of each solution and is there a better solution ?
A:
I would start by creating a customer dimension with all customers in it, and with only one customer per row. A customer dimension can be a useful tool by itself for CRM and other purposes and it means you'll have a single, reliable list of customers, which makes whatever design you then implement much easier.
After that it depends on the relationship between the customer(s) and the contract. The main scenarios I can think of are that a) one contract has 4 customer 'roles', b) one contract has 1-4 customers, all with the same role, and c) one contract has 1-n customers, all with the same role.
Scenario A would be that each contract has 4 customer roles, e.g. one customer who requested the contract, a second who signs it, a third who witnesses it and a fourth who pays for it. In that case your fact table will have one row per contract and 4 customer ID columns, each of which references the customer dimension:
...
RequesterCustomerID int,
SignatoryCustomerID int,
WitnessCustomerID int,
BillableCustomerID int,
...
Of course, if one customer is both a requester and a witness then you'll have the same ID in both RequesterCustomerID and WitnessCustomerID because you only have one row for him in your customer dimension. This is completely normal.
Scenario B is that all customers have the same role, e.g. each contract has 1-4 signatories. If the number of signatories can never be more than 4, and if you're very confident that this will 'always' be true, then the simple solution is also to have one row per contract in the fact table with 4 columns that reference the customer dimension:
...
SignatoryCustomer1 int,
SignatoryCustomer2 int,
SignatoryCustomer3 int,
SignatoryCustomer4 int,
...
Even if most contracts only have 1 or 2 signatories, it's not doing much harm to have 2 less frequently used columns in the table.
Scenario C is where one contract has 1-n customers, where n is a number that varies widely and can even be very large (class action lawsuit?). If you have 50 customers on one contract, then adding 50 columns to the fact table becomes difficult to manage. In this case I would add a bridge table called ContractCustomers or whatever that links the fact table with the customer dimension. This isn't as 'neat' as the other solutions, but a pure star schema isn't very good at handling n:m relationships like this anyway.
There may also be more complex cases, where you mix scenarios A and C: a contract has 3 requesters, 5 signatories, 2 witnesses and the bill is split 3 ways between the requesters. In this case you will have no choice but to create some kind of bridge table that contains the specific customer mix for each contract, because it simply can't be represented cleanly with just one fact and one dimension table.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Supervising emotionally focused therapists: a systematic research-based model.
Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) is an empirically validated relational therapy that recognizes the complexity of couple's therapy and supports the need for specialized training of therapists. Until now, there has been little research on effective methods for EFT supervision and no systematic model for conducting EFT supervision. The findings of a qualitative study of certified EFT therapists' experiences with EFT supervision and training are presented in this study, along with a systematic model of EFT supervision. The model of EFT supervision is based on the findings of this study, relevant research regarding effective clinical supervision, and the authors' experiences with EFT supervision. This model of EFT supervision is isomorphic to the clinical practice of EFT, in that it is theoretically grounded in attachment theory and emphasizes experiential and emotionally based processes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
C# invoke base constructor with parameters and parameterless constructor of current class
public class A
{
public A() { Console.WriteLine("A parameterless"); }
public A(int a) : this() { Console.WriteLine("A with a"); }
}
public class B : A
{
public B() { Console.WriteLine("B paramterless"); }
public B(int b) : base(b) { Console.WriteLine("B with b"); }
}
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
new B(3);
}
}
Gives:
A parameterless
A with a
B with b
What can I do to invoke "B parameterless" as well?
So, I'd need something along the lines of:
public B(int b) : base(b), this() { ... }
Or, a virtual constructor, so that when the base class invokes this(), it redirects to child's parameterless constructor.
A:
You cannot do it with constructor chaining. But I dont see any problem with this:
public class A
{
public A()
{
Console.WriteLine("A parameterless");
}
public A(int a) : this()
{
Console.WriteLine("A with a");
}
}
public class B : A
{
public B()
{
ThingsIWant();
}
public B(int b) : base(b)
{
ThingsIWant();
Console.WriteLine("B with b");
}
protected void ThingsIWant()
{
Console.WriteLine("B paramterless");
}
}
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
new B(3);
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
OBJECT: Glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor, has a poor prognosis, even with aggressive resection and chemoradiotherapy. Recent studies indicate that CD133(+) cells play a key role in radioresistance and recurrence of glioblastoma. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, is over-expressed in a variety of tumors, including CD133(+) glioblastomas. The COX-2-derived prostaglandins promote neovascularization during tumor development, and conventional radiotherapy increases the proportion of CD133(+) cells rather than eradicating them. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, in enhancing the therapeutic effects of radiation on CD133(+) glioblastomas.METHODS: Cells positive for CD133 were isolated from glioblastoma specimens and characterized by flow cytometry, then treated with celecoxib and/or ionizing radiation (IR). Clonogenic assay, cell irradiation, cell cycle analysis, Western blot, and xenotransplantation were used to assess the effects of celecoxib alone, IR alone, and IR with celecoxib on CD133(+) and CD133(-) glioblastoma cells. Three separate xenotransplantation experiments were carried out using 310 severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice: 1) an initial tumorigenicity evaluation in which 3 different quantities of untreated CD133(-) cells or untreated or pretreated CD133(+) cells (5 treatment conditions) from 7 different tumors were injected into the striatum of 2 mice (210 mice total); 2) a tumor growth study (50 mice); and 3) a survival study (50 mice). For these last 2 studies the same 5 categories of cells were used as in the tumorigenicity (untreated CD133(-) cells, untreated or pretreated CD133(+) cells, with pretreatment consisting of celecoxib alone, IR alone, or IR and celecoxib), but only 1 cell source (Case 2) and quantity (5 × 10(4) cells) were used.RESULTS: High levels of COX-2 protein were detected in the CD133(+) but not the CD133(-) glioblastoma cells. The authors further demonstrated that 30 μM celecoxib was able to effectively enhance the IR effect in inhibiting colony formation and increasing IR-mediated apoptosis in celecoxib-treated CD133(+) glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, reduction in radioresistance was correlated with the induction of G2/M arrest, which was partially mediated through the increase in the level of phosphorylated-cdc2. In vivo xenotransplant analysis further confirmed that CD133(+)-associated tumorigenicity was significantly suppressed by celecoxib treatment. Importantly, pretreatment of CD133(+) glioblastoma cells with a combination of celecoxib and IR before injection into the striatum of SCID mice resulted in a statistically significant reduction in tumor growth and a statistically significant increase in the mean survival rate of the mice.CONCLUSIONS: Celecoxib combined with radiation plays a critical role in the suppression of growth of CD133(+) glioblastoma stemlike cells. Celecoxib is therefore a radiosensitizing drug for clinical application in glioblastoma. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
[Statistical process control as a monitoring tool for the evaluation of reorganisation measures. Investigation in an intensive care unit].
The German health care system is currently in a constant state of flux owing to enhanced competition and to the increasing focus on economic aspects. Medical services, especially treatment processes, are being reorganised in an attempt to adapt them to the new economic challenges. Ideally, radical reorganisation and streamlining of medical therapy processes should be accompanied by controlling and quality management systems. The purpose of this is to monitor the intensity of any economic and any patient-related (side)-effects. Business management techniques are needed that allow online and long-term performance reviews of reorganisation measures once initiated. In industry, the method applied for this purpose is statistical process control (SPC). The present study demonstrates for the first time that use of this monitoring tool can be extended to the medical sector. In an intensive care unit (ICU) the following process parameters were monitored: duration of sedation, time to persisting spontaneous breathing, length of stay in ICU, length of stay in hospital, patient mortality in ICU and in the next 30 days after admission to the ICU. Group 1 was made up of 87 patients examined before and group 2, 93 patients after process optimisation. The main feature of the reorganisation was application of a new analgo-sedation technique and of the weaning concept. In group 2 duration of sedation, time to spontaneous breathing and length of stay on the ICU were significantly shorter than in group 1. The length of stay in hospital, patient mortality in the ICU and 30 days after the initiation of intensive care did not differ significantly between the two groups. Economic and patient-related key figures can be evaluated with SPC. It allows online assessment both before and during process optimisation, and especially in the long term afterprocess optimisation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Graph equation code fix needed!
I am trying to graph this image
using this line of code
Manipulate[ (sol =
NDSolve[{y[t] == h[t]*(Ke^(-h[t]/r)), y[0] == 0.001},
y[t], {t, 0, 1000}];
Plot[Evaluate[x[t] /. sol], {t, 0, 1000},
PlotRange -> {0, 10}]), {{r, 0.01}, 0, 0.05}, {{Ke, 5}, 0, 10}]
But my code isn't working. Can you tell me what's wrong? This is the equation that is supposed to model the graph
$$y=hKe^{-\frac{h}{r}}$$
A:
You gave the equation at the end. Just plot it:
Manipulate[
Plot[h*k*Exp[-h/r], {h, 1, 1000}, PlotRange -> All],
{{k, 50}, 10, 100},
{{r, 50}, 10, 100}
]
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
AWS ssl is not working in imported certificate for custom domain
I have dobut in AWS SSL.
I have launched instance in AWS.
Then I got Public IP of launched instance, which pointed to BLUEHOST (only for domain ) DNS record ( Type A).
when I tried subdomain.example.com is working in browser.
Then for SSL, I imported certificate key and crt in certificate manager.And
certificate status is ISSUED.
When I tried HTTPS in browser ( https://subdomain.example.com ) is not working
Any one guide me.
A:
You cannot use the certificate provided by Amazon Certificate Manager(ACM) on EC2 instance. That can only be used with certain AWS services such as Elastic Load Balancer, CloudFront, API Gateway and Elastic Beanstalk.
If you want to use ACM, you can setup a ELB in front of your EC2 instance and have your certificate applied to ELB. When you are requesting for a certificate via ACM make sure to add *.example.com domain to protect your subdomain as well.
If you want to setup SSL on your EC2 instance itself, you can request for SSL certificates from a ssl certificate provider. There are many certificate providers, such as letsencrypt, sslforfree etc..
Here is a guide on how to install SSL certificates obtained from a certificate provider on your EC2 instance.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
SVK14 cells express an MCH binding site different from the MCH1 or MCH2 receptor.
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic peptide, mainly involved in the regulation of skin pigmentation in teleosts and feeding behavior in mammals. The human keratinocyte SVK14 cell line has been previously shown to express binding sites for the MCH analog [125I]-[Phe13,3-iodo-Tyr19]MCH. We report here that: (1) this binding site similarly recognized [125I]-[3-iodo-Tyr13]MCH; (2) its pharmacological profile clearly differed from those observed at the two human MCH receptor subtypes, MCH1-R and MCH2-R; (3) MCH did not induce any effect on second messenger systems (including cAMP, calcium, and MAP kinase signaling pathways), and (4) no mRNAs corresponding to the MCH receptors were found. In conclusion, the binding site characterized in the SVK14 cell line is distinct from the MCH1 and MCH2 receptors and deserves therefore further investigation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
OSCAR: More On Foreign Language Race
The 22nd annual Palm Springs International Film Festival is the reigning festival showcase for top foreign films, a sort of Cannes in the desert that takes pride in presenting as many of the official Academy Award Foreign Language entries as possible. This year, Fest director Darryl MacDonald and programmer Helen du Toit managed to corral 40 of the 65 contenders and lured many of their filmmakers to Palm Springs for Q&As and lots of hobnobbing. Producer Ron Yerxa (Little Miss Sunshine), who’s on the Executive Committee that selects three of the 9 semi-finalists,told me he came to the desert just to catch up with many of these films. The Fest is like one-stop shopping.
Friday night, I moderated a packed-to-the-rafters turnaway post screening Q&A at the Art Museum with Javier Bardem, the Spanish star of Mexico’s entry Biutiful. (He had the audience roaring with his impressions of Woody Allen who directed him in Vicky Cristina Barcelona). At the Riviera hotel, I met up with Feo Aladag, writer/director of Germany’s powerful Oscar hopeful When We Leave followed by a long chat with the large Italian contingent there who had just screened their entry LaPrima Cosa Bella (aka First Beautiful Thing).
Star Micaela Ramazzotti and director Paola Virzi were excited about the standing ovation their movie received at the Palm Springs High School auditorium. The engaging film also reportedly played very well for the Academy Foreign Language selection committee on December 6th, according to members who told me it drew one of the biggest crowds of the year at those exclusive screenings.Earlier in the year I reported about controversy over its selection instead of the Tilda Swinton starrer, I Am Love among other candidates. But it looks like this could be Italy’s first pic to make the final five since Roberto Begnini’s Life Is Beautiful 12 years ago. Virzi told me he was sorry there was badmouthing about his film which was a big hit in Italy.
Saturday afternoon I caught the intense Romanian entry, If I Want to Whistle, I Whistle and later the Q&A with its director Florin Serban. Before the Saturday night main event, the Gala, I met the Barreto clan supporting their entry, Lula, The Son Of Brazil, another movie that generated controversy earlier this season (as reported here) over its Oscar selection by the Brazilian committee. Producer Paula Baretto says it’s her third time in the running.
At the reception before Saturday night’s Gala, Aaron Eckhart told me he had just been asked by Mark Johnson, the Academy’s Foreign Language chair, to serve on the 30-person committee that whittles down the 9 semi-finalists to the final 5 nominees. But it’s a three-day commitment during the weekend of January 20th and he couldn’t find the time. Eckhart was able to present the fest’s career achievement award to his Thank You For Smoking co-star Robert Duvall saying, “I can’t believe at this point in my career that I am the one who gets to give this to Robert Duvall. I grew up watching The Great Santini. It was a big inspiration in my family.”
Presenting the ensemble award to his cast was David Fincher with Social Network producer Cean Chaffin and Sony Pictures chair Michael Lynton and Sony boss Sir Howard Stringer showed up, fresh from the Facebook pic’s just-announced National Society of Film Critics wins including for Fincher’s direction. Though he has to return to shooting The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo early Sunday morning, he blew into town for his cast who, with the exception of Justin Timberlake, were all there to accept. Fincher told me he takes all the awards coming his way now “an hour at a time” and has been in Sweden shooting for most of this season. When I said not much has changed since he was on the circuit with Benjamin Button including the faces, he looked around the glammed up room and quipped, “It looks like a few faces have changed here.”
There’s no question this PSIFF event has grown in size each year and true to form it ran as long as an Oscar show even though there were only 11 awards to hand out. It was surprising how many notables attended. Natalie Portman gave her Goya’s Ghost co-star Javier Bardem the International Star award by saying he used to take her dancing at gay bars while they were shooting. Bardem explained he felt those would be the only places she would be “safe” before giving a romantic shout out to his very pregnant wife. The Fighter’s David O. Russell received Director of the Year from his stars Mark Wahlberg and Amy Adams. The Queen‘s Helen Mirren presented the Actor award to The King’s Speech‘s Colin Firth (who got the only standing ovation other than Duvall), while Jake Gyllenhaal presents the Actress trophy to his Brothers co-star Natalie Portman. “True story. I first met Natalie Portman standing in line at a Star Wars convention to get her to sign my Queen Amidala doll. If she wins the Oscar it will be worth a shitload of money!” he said. The pregnant Portman especially thanked her Black Swan choreographer Benjamin Milliepied by saying, “he partnered me in the film and now also in life”. The Town’s star and director Ben Affleck received the Chairman’s award while Danny Boyle won the Visionary Award and flew in from London to accept. Duvall said about his career achievement award, “You never get too old to get things like this. It’s not the end. I have a few more things to do.” But that was the end of the ceremony which also featured this poignant moment, Frederick Lowe Music award winner Diane Warren’s tribute to slain publicist Ronni Chasen who was hugely responsible for the PSIFF’s growing success. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Earthquakes begin steel placement at new stadium site
SAN JOSE, Calif. – The San Jose Earthquakes began erecting the steel framework for the club’s future office building and locker rooms at their new stadium site Tuesday morning.
Recently signed head coach Mark Watson, general manager John Doyle and president Dave Kaval signed the first crossbeam, which was placed on the west end of the structure. Representatives from Devcon Construction and Schuff Steel Company were also on hand to celebrate the occasion.
“Today is another milestone in our construction process as we continue to build our new home,” Kaval said. “We wanted to commemorate our future team building by including two of the stakeholders who will be tied to that facility, our head coach and general manager. The next step that fans will see in December is the erection of the stadium’s superstructure.”
The Earthquakes’ new 18,000-seat stadium will be located on Coleman Ave next to San Jose International Airport. The stadium was designed by renowned stadium architecture firm 360 Architecture - designers of Safeco Field and MetLife Stadium. The stadium will feature a European-style roof design that was inspired by many stadia in Europe, including Craven Cottage (Home of Fulham Football Club) and Loftus Road (Home of Queens Park Rangers).
Fans can visit sjearthquakes.com to watch daily progress on the stadium web cam or check out the stadium with the new stadium 3D seat viewer. For more information about season tickets, please contact the Earthquakes’ Front Office at 408-556-7700. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Tug Fork
The Tug Fork is a tributary of the Big Sandy River, long, in southwestern West Virginia, southwestern Virginia, and eastern Kentucky in the United States. Via the Big Sandy and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
It is also known as the Tug Fork River. The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on "Tug Fork" as the stream's official name in 1975.
The Tug Fork rises in the Appalachian Mountains of extreme southwestern West Virginia, in southern McDowell County, near the Virginia state line. It flows in a meandering course through the mountains generally northwest, past Welch. Approximately northwest of Welch, it briefly forms approximately of the state line between West Virginia (northeast) and Virginia (southwest). For the remainder of its course it forms part of the boundary between West Virginia (east) and Kentucky (west), flowing northwest past Williamson, West Virginia. It joins the Levisa Fork at Louisa, Kentucky to form the Big Sandy.
The river flows through an especially remote mountainous region in its upper course. The river valley between Pike County, Kentucky and Mingo County, West Virginia was the scene of the infamous Hatfield–McCoy feud in the late 19th century.
Toponymist George R. Stewart writes about the origin of the name "Tug Fork". In 1756 a small army of Virginians and Cherokees conducted war raids against the Shawnee. At one point they killed and ate two buffaloes and hung their hides on a tree. Later they returned and, being out of provisions, took the hides and cut them into thin strips called "tugs". These they roasted and ate. For this reason, the story goes, the stream was given the name "Tug." Stewart also points out another possible origin. Even if the story is true, the second explanation may have reinforced the name. In the Cherokee language "tugulu" refers to the forks of a stream, as in the Tugaloo River and other streams in former Cherokee lands named "tug".
See also
List of Kentucky rivers
List of Virginia rivers
List of West Virginia rivers
River borders of U.S. states
Martin County Sludge Spill
References
External links
Hatfield-McCoy: Reunion of the Millennium
Category:Rivers of Kentucky
Category:Rivers of Virginia
Category:Rivers of West Virginia
Category:Borders of West Virginia
Category:Borders of Kentucky
Category:Rivers of Wayne County, West Virginia
Category:Rivers of Mingo County, West Virginia
Category:Rivers of McDowell County, West Virginia
Category:Landforms of Buchanan County, Virginia
Category:Rivers of Pike County, Kentucky
Category:Bodies of water of Martin County, Kentucky
Category:Bodies of water of Lawrence County, Kentucky | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
On operating deflection shapes of the violin body including in-plane motions.
Earlier investigations have assumed only "out-of-plane" vibrations of the plates of the violin. The violin body can, however, be described as a thin-walled, double-arched shell structure and as such it may very well elongate in one direction as it contracts in another. Therefore, at least two orthogonal vibration components have to be included to describe the vibrations. The operating deflection shapes (ODSs) of a good, professionally made and carefully selected violin were therefore measured in several directions by TV holography to determine both "in-plane" and out-of-plane vibration components of the ODSs. The observations were limited to the frequency range 400-600 Hz, as this interval includes two most-prominent resonance peaks of bridge mobility and sound radiation as well as a third poorly radiating resonance. These three peaks clearly showed orthogonal vibration components in the ODSs. The vibration behavior of the violin body, sectioned in the bridge plane, was interpreted as the vibrations of an "elliptical tube" with nodal diameters. The number of nodal diameters increases from two to three in the selected frequency range. The TV holography measurements were supported by electrodynamical point measurements of bridge mobility, of air volume resonances, and by reciprocity, of radiation properties. Furthermore, a fourth mode, the air mode, A1, is involved indirectly in the sound radiation via influence on the body vibrations. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.
Before
TANG, LAWRENCE, and KASPRZYK,
Appellate Military Judges
_________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Richard G. LANGILL
Aviation Structural Mechanic Second Class (E-5), U.S. Navy
Appellant
No. 201900206
Decided: 29 January 2020.
Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary.
Military Judge: Captain Aaron C. Rugh, JAGC, USN. Sentence ad-
judged 15 April 2019 by a special court-martial convened at Naval
Station San Diego, California, consisting of a military judge sitting
alone. Sentence in the Entry of Judgment: confinement for 11
months, 1 and a bad-conduct discharge.
For Appellant: Lieutenant Commander Erin L. Alexander, JAGC,
USN.
For Appellee: Brian K. Keller, Esq.
_________________________
This opinion does not serve as binding precedent under
NMCCA Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2(a).
1 The convening authority suspended confinement in excess of 8 months pursuant
to a pretrial agreement.
United States v. Langill, NMCCA No. 201900206
_________________________
PER CURIAM:
After careful consideration of the record, submitted without assignment of
error, we have determined that the findings and sentence are correct in law
and fact and that no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial
rights occurred. Articles 59 and 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859, 866.
However, we note that the Entry of Judgment does not accurately reflect
the disposition of the charges. The Entry of Judgment does not accurately re-
flect the disposition of Specification 3 of the Charge. As referred to special
court-martial, Specification 3 alleged Appellant committed an aggravated as-
sault. Appellant entered a plea of guilty to the lesser-included offense of as-
sault consummated by battery. Prior to announcement of the findings, the
trial counsel moved to withdraw the greater offense to be dismissed without
prejudice upon announcement of sentence, with such dismissal to ripen into
dismissal with prejudice upon completion of appellate review in which the
findings and sentence have been upheld. Although we find no prejudice from
these errors, Appellant is entitled to have court-martial records that correctly
reflect the content of his proceeding. United States v. Crumpley, 49 M.J. 538,
539 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1998). Accordingly, pursuant to this Court’s author-
ity under Rule for Courts-Martial 1111(c)(2), Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States (2019 ed.), the Entry of Judgment shall be modified to properly
reflect the disposition of the greater offense originally alleged in Specification
3.
The findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
RODGER A. DREW, JR.
Clerk of Court
2
UNITED STATES NMCCA NO. 201900206
v. ENTRY
OF
Richard G. LANGILL JUDGMENT
Aviation Structural Mechanic
Second Class (E-5)
U. S. Navy As Modified on Appeal
Accused 29 January 2020
On 15 April 2019, the Accused was tried at Naval Station San Diego, California
by a special court-martial, consisting of a military judge sitting alone. Military
Judge Captain Aaron C. Rugh, JAGC, USN, presided.
FINDINGS
The following are the Accused’s pleas and the Court’s findings to all offenses the
convening authority referred to trial:
Charge : Violation of Article 128, Uniform Code of Military Justice,
10 U.S.C. § 928.
Plea: Guilty.
Finding: Guilty.
Specification 1: Assault and Battery on or about 9 August 2018.
Plea: Guilty.
Finding: Guilty.
Specification 2: Assault and Battery on or about 9 August 2018.
Plea: Guilty.
Finding: Guilty.
Specification 3: Aggravated Assault on or about 9 August 2018.
Plea: Not Guilty of aggravated assault, but Guilty of assault
and battery.
United States v. Langill, NMCCA No. 201900206
Modified Entry of Judgment
Finding: Guilty of assault and battery. 2
SENTENCE
On 15 April 2019, a military judge sentenced the Accused to the following:
Confinement for 11 months.
A bad-conduct discharge.
The convening authority suspended confinement in excess of 8 months.
FOR THE COURT:
RODGER A. DREW, JR.
Clerk of Court
2 The greater offense of aggravated assault was withdrawn and dismissed without preju-
dice, with such dismissal to ripen into prejudice upon completion of appellate review in which
the findings and sentence have been upheld.
4
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
Jonkerbos War Cemetery
The Jonkerbos War Cemetery and Memorial is located in the town of Nijmegen, Netherlands. The cemetery contains 1,643 British Commonwealth and foreign service personnel of World War II. It was built to a design by Commission architect Philip Hepworth.
Background
On the site of this cemetery the preparation camp was stationed for the Waal Crossing during Operation Market Garden. Approximately 400 soldiers were first buried at an army complex in the neighborhood and were reburied in 1947 on this site.
Images
Nearby Commonwealth War Graves
Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery
Groesbeek Canadian War Cemetery
Mook War Cemetery
References
External link
Category:1945 establishments in the Netherlands
Category:World War II memorials in the Netherlands
Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in the Netherlands
Category:Cemeteries in the Netherlands
Category:Cemeteries in Gelderland
Category:Nijmegen | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bringing Home The Bacon: How To Calculate Your Take Home Pay?
While many people love their jobs, it might not surprise you to find out that most people don't think they make enough money. That could be because when they got their job, they didn't properly calculate how much take home pay they would be earning from every check.
If you don't calculate your net income correctly, you could be mistaking your gross for your net, and making financial errors left and right. Find out the four steps to calculating your pay from every check.
1. Consider Deductions and Exemptions
If you get hired for a new job, you might be excited to see the figure that you're being offered. However, if you get stars in your eyes too quickly, you'll end up taking an offer that's less than you realized. If you don't run the numbers in your head, you might end up accepting an offer that you should have tried to negotiate.
Figuring out how much you're going to be taking home can be simple for some people. Below a certain threshold, you can take off a standard percentage from your gross salary to get your net. After your federal and state taxes are deducted, you might not have as much as you would have expected.
You can also request some deductions or exemptions depending on your status. If you anticipate having to pay a lot to the government at the end of the year, you could have a small portion of your paycheck deducted every month and sent in.
Your first day at a new job, you'll probably be asked to fill out a W-4 form. This is the form where you can request that your employer help you to withhold a certain amount of money from every paycheck. If you're single, you could have one or zero personal exemptions.
If you're contributing to your retirement accounts on a regular basis or paying health or life insurance, these get deducted from payroll. When you're trying to figure out how much you're going to bring home from every paycheck, don't forget about these costs.
2. How Much Income Is Taxable
While you might not realize it, some of your income might not be taxed. If you earn below $120,000 a year, you'll pay around $7.65 of every paycheck to Medicare and Social Security.
Be sure you subtract this when calculating. Then you'll be adjusting your number based on your personal exemptions or standard deductions. These are given to you by the IRS before calculating income tax. Every year, personal exemption rates change.
Each exemption that you claim on your W-4 form will cost you around $4,000. This rate is subject to change so make sure to check the IRS website to understand how it's changed every year. If you have children, you'll be subtracting this amount again and again from your gross income that will be taxed.
From this perspective, if you made around $4,000 and had one exemption, you would have no taxable income. Next, the IRS will calculate by subtracting your standard deduction. This is another figure that will change every year.
Check out the latest rates from Forbes. After subtracting all of these figures, you'll know how much of your income will be considered "taxable". This is the figure that the state and federal tax authorities will use to calculate how much to deduct from your paycheck.
3. Figure out Income Tax
Your income is going to be subject to several different taxes. You'll be hit by federal and state income taxes, which can be high based on the state that you live in. There might even be a third tax that's more locally oriented, especially if you live in a major city.
Your tax bracket, which is where your income falls in relation to standards set by the government, determines how much you're going to pay. Also affecting how much you pay is your filing status, which is related to whether or not you're married.
If you're in one of the states that require a personal income tax, you'll find the figure is based on your local tax bracket. There are different median incomes for every state in the country.
The state government website where you live will tell you how much you should be paying. Search for rates of local taxes as well. If you live in New York City, for example, expect to pay an additional percentage on top of federal and state taxes.
Combine these figures together to get an idea of how much gets deducted from your paycheck. If you don't have any other "after-tax" deductions, this will be how much you'll take home for every regular check this year. Expect rates to change next year.
4. Other Deductions
Those aforementioned after-tax deductions from your payroll will also impact your take-home pay. While some accounts, like a health savings account, will have their money deducted before taxes, payroll deducts some funds after.
If you contribute a certain percentage of your income from every check to a retirement fund, you'll be deducting that figure before taxes. However, if you're sending money to a savings account, that money will be sent after taxes.
If you pay health insurance from your check, that will be another after-tax deduction. Any union dues that come out of your check will also be in that category.
Think Realistically by Calculating Take Home Pay
When you're trying to calculate how you're going to pay for this or that expenditure, make sure you're adequately measuring your take home pay. If you don't, you could make some critical errors in budgeting or calculating whether or not you could afford your next big purchase.
Avoid the headache and generate your pay stubs using our tool! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Questions closed for insufficient information
Recently, I've had a few questions closed or recently closed for insufficient information. Wouldn't it make more sense to ask for specific details, rather than simply closing the question? Generally, when I don't post information, it's because I'm not sure what would be relevant.
A:
Don't panic!
Questions can easily be re-opened once they are edited to conform to the site's standards.
Just edit it, add more relevant information, and members of the community will vote to re-open it as they did to close it.
Feel free to read the FAQ specifically this about closed questions
A:
As Jqan already pointed out, closing is a temporary state, and any question which is closed can later be re-opened. Furthermore, gaming follows a policy of close first, ask questions later. There are a number of reasons for this, but the main ones are:
Users that abandon their questions: A lot of users won't bother improving their question, and will vanish from the site shortly after posting it never to return. In situations like this we prefer to close first so that the question gets closed. If we held off on closing it for some arbitrary amount of time it's likely the question would never get closed at all. Whereas if we close it right away this won't be a problem.
It's easier to improve a question when it's closed: When a question is closed users can't post answers to it. Due to this it's a lot easier to improve a question when it's closed, that way no one posts answers that won't be valid once the question is improved (and will thus require us to clean them up).
Re-Opening a Question is Easy: By design re-opening a question is very easy on Stack Exchange. Due to this there's really no drawback to closing a question and then re-opening if it gets improved. The only drawback would be questions being forgotten by 3k+ users, and never being re-opened, but this is a rare situation. In the vast majority of situations if a user improves their question after it being closed they'll ping one or more of the users who closed the question, who will in turn bring the improved question to the attention of other 3k+ users to ensure it gets re-opened. A users can also flag the question to be re-opened, which will also bring it to the other of 10k+ users and mods.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
/*
* Copyright 2019 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.google.flatbuffers;
import static com.google.flatbuffers.Constants.*;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.ByteOrder;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
/**
* Helper type for accessing vector of signed or unsigned 16-bit values.
*/
public final class ShortVector extends BaseVector {
/**
* Assigns vector access object to vector data.
*
* @param _vector Start data of a vector.
* @param _bb Table's ByteBuffer.
* @return Returns current vector access object assigned to vector data whose offset is stored at
* `vector`.
*/
public ShortVector __assign(int _vector, ByteBuffer _bb) {
__reset(_vector, Constants.SIZEOF_SHORT, _bb); return this;
}
/**
* Reads the short value at the given index.
*
* @param j The index from which the short value will be read.
* @return the 16-bit value at the given index.
*/
public short get(int j) {
return bb.getShort(__element(j));
}
/**
* Reads the short at the given index, zero-extends it to type int, and returns the result,
* which is therefore in the range 0 through 65535.
*
* @param j The index from which the short value will be read.
* @return the unsigned 16-bit at the given index.
*/
public int getAsUnsigned(int j) {
return (int) get(j) & 0xFFFF;
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
The tape has long been broken, the champagne sprayed and champions crowned at the 2017 IRONMAN® World Championship, but for the first time we have in-depth access to data that paints a new and dynamic picture of the day.
What we saw on the live broadcast on October 14 didn’t fully capture the strategies and pacing that played out on course on a day that resulted in a new course record and several new names making the podium for the first time in both the women’s and men’s professional races.
With the help of the Quarq and their Quarq Qollector, IRONMAN’s® Live Pro Race Tracking Partner, we were able to analyze real-time data, which we shared for various athletes live during the race through the IRONMAN® Live Blog. Additionally, we were able to study comparative data after the race, giving us valuable new insight into the pacing throughout the bike and the run for the top athletes in both the women’s and men’s races.
We recently wrote about the power and pacing of Lionel Sanders during this year’s race. The Canadian pro cracked a major piece of the Kona puzzle on his third attempt by finishing second after being passed by eventual champion Patrick Lange at mile 23. Using the Qollector, we can put his effort into the larger comparative context and see how the fast pace of the bike played out favorably for strong runner Lange, but cost other top pros like Sebastian Kienle the top spot.
On the women’s side, the data shows that despite being the heavy pre-race favorite, it was no cake walk for Daniela Ryf on her way to her third straight victory. We can see that she was fighting hard to stave off the hard-charging dark horse Lucy Charles for much of the bike and the run.
Before we dive into the data for the men’s and women’s pro races, take a look at the interactive tool Quarq has graciously set up for everyone to use to compare pro athletes’ paces throughout the race.
Click on the image below to see the Quarq Qollector Interactive Time Gap Plot
The Time Gap Plot Explained
Looking at the Time Gap Plot from left to right you will see that it starts to provide a lot of information on what the athletes were experiencing at different sections of the race:
The left side axis shows the athlete time gaps, though the actual number is not as important as the relative time difference between athletes.
The right side shows the altitude of the course.
The bottom axis is a reference time for which the gaps are measured against.
The most important thing to follow is the relative time-gap distance between athletes and the rate of time change.This shows where and how quickly things can change out on course.
The initial separation of time indicates the starting gaps out of the swim. This data, our knowledge of some of the athletes’ additional data such as power, what we saw on the broadcast and what the athletes themselves said about the race can provide a deeper understanding of how the race unfolded.
With that let’s dive into this new tool to dissect both the women’s and men’s pro races:
The Women’s Race
From the beginning we thought this was a race for second and third, with Daniela Ryf as a lock to three-peat, but the time-gap data shows that the race was anything but a lock—especially early on.
Looking at the chart we can see that phenomenal swimmers Lucy Charles and Lauren Brandon (select Brandon from the drop down to see her data) came out of the water with a significant advantage on Ryf and third-place finisher Sarah Crowley.
Having watched Ryf decimate the field on the bike at the IRONMAN® 70.3 World Championship we expected her to pull a similar move to Sanders, Cameron Wurf and Kienle and quickly reel in the leading ladies.
To most people’s surprise Crowley and Brandon actually gained time on Ryf up to the turnaround in Hawi. Looking at the chart, the only athlete to gain time in the first 60 miles of the bike on the leaders was fourth-place finisher Heather Jackson.
Fifth-place finisher Kaisa Sali hung on to Jackson until the base of the climb, where she fell off the pace and settled into a more consistent tempo settling for the final third of the bike course.
Brandon and Charles held pace at the front of the race for two-thirds of the bike. Ryf was riding consistent fairly close behind them, but not to her normal standard, and Crowley was happy to sit in a ride with her.
Just as Heather Jackson cut her overall deficit to the Ryf’s chase group to roughly a minute and a half, the rust came off Ryf and starting at mile 87 she started putting in a big effort, quickly distancing herself from Jackson and cutting into Brandon and Charles.
Crowley held on to the pace until mile 100, then fell off sharply, losing back all the gains she had made on Jackson.
As Ryf continued to push the pace Charles was starting to fall off. Brandon, who was keeping pace with Charles, suffered a mechanical (which can be seen as the sharp cliff drop on her data line). By the end of the bike Ryf had made up the five-plus-minute deficit and taken the overall lead heading into T1 over the course of just 25 miles.
The question remained if this monumental final effort on the bike would impact Ryf’s run. In 2016 she decimated the field with a even all-around race and subsequently breaking the course record.
Her pace starting the run was slower than that of 2016, but compared to her competition she was slowly pulling away. As it turned out her run of three hours was still enough to secure the best run split and the overall win, but a far cry away from her 23+ minute victory last year.
For Charles her run was consistent throughout. She steadily lost time to the other podium contenders, but her ability to string together an amazing swim with a strong bike will have her in contention in most races as her run continues to progress.
One story missed from the broadcast was the battle for the final podium spot. Looking at the time gap plot for Heather Jackson and Sarah Crowley you can see that they battled it out throughout the run, with the lead changing multiple times. Crowley was able to pull away slightly on the Queen K heading back into town, but the back and forth would have made for great viewing, and also shows once again just how critical those last few miles of the run back into town can be.
The Men’s Race
For the men’s race we start by examining the top-five pro finishers. Much of the broadcast, and our own power analysis, focused on Lionel Sanders’ performance. Looking at the chart you can see why.
As expected he started with around a five-minute deficit on the swim compared to the large main lead pack which included Lange, third-place finisher David McNamee, Ben Hoffman, and others.
While that is a large gap, Sanders was able to stay with two major allies in Kienle and former professional cyclist Cameron Wurf. In the Quarq tool, if you change McNamee to Wurf you can see how the three quickly bridge the initial time gap before the climb to Hawi.
Before this pass the lead group maintained a similar strategy to years past where the group pretty much stuck together and conserved energy. If you add Ben Hoffman and Tim O’Donnell in place of Kienle and Sanders, you can see how close the pack stayed until Wurf made the pass.
At this point there was a tactical decision to make as the race started up Hawi. This climb proved to be a pivotal point in the race.
Athletes who tried to hang on to Wurf, Kienle and Sanders included previous podium finishers Hoffman, Odonnell, and two-time defending champion Jan Frodeno. Two athletes who chose not to go were eventual champion Lange and McNamee, who stayed to a more consistent plan.
In previous years, this type of move didn’t occur until after the turnaround, and typically was a solo effort by Kienle—the new dynamic this year split the tactics. Having access to Sanders’ data we can estimate the efforts of all the athletes that matched the leaders’ pace up the climb.
On the climb to the turnaround, Sanders actually lowered his averaged power compared to the effort he was putting out to catch the group from 325 to 315 watts. However, for him this effort represents less than 80 percent of his FTP, whereas for many of the athletes who chose to pick up the pace this effort is roughly 90 percent of their thresholds.
Holding such a high pace for the 20-minute climb is definitely doable for these athletes, but after the turnaround Sanders, Wurf and Kienle kept the pressure on, forcing the athletes who went with them to make a decision to push beyond their means or back off.
One interesting note is that of all the people who went with the lead pack, James Cunnama was late to make his move, instead of pushing up the entire climb, he chose to bridge the time gap late in the climb and closer to the turnaround. While his effort was likely higher than that of the other chasers, it was for a much shorter time period, where he could potentially get some recovery on the descent.
Once the decision to go was made there was no backing off for Frodeno, Hoffman, Cunnama or Tim O’Donnell until the lead group (including Sanders) put in a monstrous 365 watt effort up the 1.7 mile climb to Kawaihae. At this point the chasers fell off the pace, holding steady until O’Donnell made a sharper fall off pace heading into T2.
The conditions on the day for the pro men were a bit more mild than typical; there were lower crosswinds and the prevailing headwind never materialized coming back into town.
Most of the pro athletes had by far their fastest Kona bike splits, and the top-three men’s bike times all broke the previous record by more than three minutes!
What was more important for Sanders was that he didn’t have to push much higher than plan to achieve such a good split, but he was able to still wear out much of the chase group behind him.
Looking at the chart we can see that he made quick work of new bike record holder Cameron Wurf, whereas the rest of the main chasers were losing time from the start of the run. But what he was probably most worried about were the run legs of Kona marathon record holder Patrick Lange, one of the few athletes in pre-race contention who chose to hold back on the bike.
In a different year this plan may not have worked out: A rule of thumb we have come up with for Kona is that in a windy year you can add five minutes to your time, and in a really good year you can subtract five minutes from your typical Kona bike-split time.
Strong cyclists often prefer worse weather because it highlights their advantage over the others. Lange rode within himself for a 4:28:53 split, where last year he rode 4:37:49 (with a penalty).
So removing the penalty, this year he still rode about four minutes faster this year than in 2016. While we don’t have his power data, he rode a very consistent race without any surges, so it’s safe to say it was in the same ballpark.
This put him roughly nine minutes back of Sanders out of T2, and looking at the Quarq chart you can see that he and David Mcnamee started eating significant time out of the field right out of the gate.
It wasn’t until right before the climb up Palani that McNamee fell off the blistering pace of Lange, but continued to make ground on the rest of the field, eventually settling into third.
Kienle put up a valiant effort for fourth, after being in an unfamiliar place coming off the bike behind two athletes, but you can see his pace decline over the run—a pattern that mimicked all but a handful of athletes in the men’s pro race.
The only member of the original chase group to end up in the top-five was James Cunnama. His decision to hold back just a bit on the climb might have been the difference between his fifth place finish and dropping out of the top 10.
As for the top spot, anyone who watched the broadcast could tell that Sanders was definitely struggling in the later stages of the race, but despite this he still had the fourth best run split in the pro field.
His pace really started to suffer on the Queen K, whereas Lange ran his typical consistent fast pace throughout, making the pass at mile 23. The end result for the championship was a difference of only two minutes and 47 seconds. For Lange it was the perfect day and for Sanders it’s motivation to fuel next year’s race— where the winds might just be in his favor.
For fans of IRONMAN® there will be many more years of excitement to come and new technologies from companies like Quarq, TrainingPeaks, and Best Bike Split, allowing us to dive deeper into both the real-time analytics during the race as well as post-race tactical breakdowns in ways not possible before. The future is indeed bright for speed.
Ryan Cooper is the Chief Scientist at TrainingPeaks and Co-founder of Best Bike Split. He has worked and consulted with multiple World, Olympic, and IRONMAN champions, as well as teams including UnitedHealth Care, Dimension Data, Cannondale Drapac, Orica Scott, BMC, Trek, and Sky. His main mission is spreading the metrics-based training approach of TrainingPeaks and the predictive race day analytics provided by Best Bike Split. Learn more at TrainingPeaks.com and BestBikeSplit.com. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
How to select following siblings until a certain sibling
I'm currently working with VDA message types that have been convert to xml using a custom xml converter. However each header and line record in the source document is at the same level, as in the sample below:
<root>
<row>
<Record_type>512</Record_type>
<Customer_item_Number>A0528406</Customer_item_Number>
<Supplier_item_number>10962915</Supplier_item_number>
</row>
<row>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>170306</Date>
<Quantity>115</Quantity>
</row>
<row>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>190306</Date>
<Quantity>97</Quantity>
</row>
<row>
<Record_type>512</Record_type>
<Customer_item_Number>A0528433</Customer_item_Number>
<Supplier_item_number>10962916</Supplier_item_number>
</row>
<row>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>170306</Date>
<Quantity>115</Quantity>
</row>
<row>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>170306</Date>
<Quantity>115</Quantity>
</row>
<row>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>170306</Date>
<Quantity>115</Quantity>
</row>
<row>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>170306</Date>
<Quantity>115</Quantity>
</row>
</root>
(512) record types are headers, the following (513) record types are lines for the preceding (512) record above it.
I am struggling to format this message, so that the lines (513) are indented underneath each header (512) record.
i.e. required output, something like this.
<root>
<Header>
<Record_type>512</Record_type>
<Customer_item_Number>A0528406</Customer_item_Number>
<Supplier_item_number>10962915</Supplier_item_number>
<Line>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>170306</Date>
<Quantity>115</Quantity>
</Line>
<Line>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>190306</Date>
<Quantity>97</Quantity>
</Line>
</Header>
<Header>
<Record_type>512</Record_type>
<Customer_item_Number>A0528433</Customer_item_Number>
<Supplier_item_number>10962916</Supplier_item_number>
<Line>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>170306</Date>
<Quantity>115</Quantity>
</Line>
<Line>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>170306</Date>
<Quantity>115</Quantity>
</Line>
<Line>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>170306</Date>
<Quantity>115</Quantity>
</Line>
<Line>
<Record_type>513</Record_type>
<Date>170306</Date>
<Quantity>115</Quantity>
</Line>
</Header>
</root>
I have had some success using following sibling, but I'm unable to link this with preceding-sibling, to filter out only the required records before the next loop.
I am hoping someone will be able to assist. :)
A:
For every row that has a Record_type of 512, create a Header element.
In order to find the row elements for the relevant group of Line elements, you want to select the row elements that are following-sibling from the 512 who's Record_type = 513 and who's first preceding-sibling is the current header.
for $header in $doc/root/row[Record_type = 512]
let $lines := $header/following-sibling::row[Record_type = 513]
[preceding-sibling::row[Record_type = 512][1] = $header]
return
<Header>{
$header/*,
for $line in $lines
return <Line>{ $line/* }</Line>
}</Header>
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Outcome of incisional hernia repair in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Incisional Hernia (IH) repair in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has not been well studied. Outcomes of 170 patients with IBD who underwent IH repair were included in the study. The incidence of recurrence after IH repair in IBD is 27%. Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) had larger defects at the time of repair, higher proportion of bowel resection and a longer postoperative stay when compared to Ulcerative colitis (UC). The only significant predictor of recurrence after IH repair was the number of previous bowel resections prior to hernia repair (HR 1.59, p < 0.01). Three cases (10%) of late onset enterocutaneous fistulas were identified in patients who underwent IH repair with synthetic mesh inlay. Surgical repair results in a recurrence of IH in 27% of patients with IBD. The number of previous bowel resections is the only factor that correlates with development of recurrent IH in IBD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
How can I use innerHTML without removing entire html inside of tag?
I have searched almost whole internet but couldn't able to get a solution about this..
Suppose that we have a div element with some html inside of it. After selecting this tag by its id (or other selectors, whatever) and if I use "innerHTML" method, I lost all html inside of the tag. What can i do to not destroy html parts inside of the tag? I just want to add something "more", not to "destroy all" and then insert something into new instead.
document.getElementById('something').innerHTML = document.getElementById('something').innerHTML + new_html_to_append;
the method above doesn't work for 3rd iteration, or in a for loop so it's useless for me.. i need something fits infinite supplementation.
Thank You!
(I know .append() method but i am not allowed to use JQuery there.)
A:
appendChild()
...................................
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Invasive aspergillosis in children and adolescents.
Invasive aspergillosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children. Disease control depends on prevention, early diagnosis, predictive microbiological information, prompt and appropriate treatment and restoration of host defenses. Relative to adults, invasive aspergillosis in children and adolescents is unique in its clinical presentation, epidemiology, and in particular, the utility of newer diagnostic tools and the pharmacokinetics of active antifungal agents. Here we review the presentation and epidemiology of invasive aspergillosis in children and adolescents and discuss the value of current diagnostic tools and strategies and options for treatment and prevention in this special population. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Spice Things Up with a Stucco Ceiling
When
you think of a stucco finish, you normally picture it in terms of an
exterior product. Although this is true, it can also be used in
interior applications. The popcorn finishes of the sixties were
referred to as stucco, but the stucco of today is far more attractive
and modern.
Interior Stucco
Interior stucco
is a hard and durable form of plaster that adds a thick, protective
layer to a wall or ceiling. It can be troweled or sprayed to create
different designs, and then painted any color imaginable. Because of
its more unique application and design, it does require greater skill
to achieve a nice appearance.
Texture and Technique
You
can also create the stucco look through a faux technique. To accomplish
this, mix up two different shades of tinted drywall taping compound.
Using a trowel and design squeegee, apply the two shades in alternating
patterns over each other onto the wall. Rearrange them to meet the
desired appearance you are trying to create. Remember, you can always
scrape it off and start over as long as you do it before it dries. Seal
the stucco with a polyurethane sealant.
There is another, more elegant form of interior stucco referred to as Tobias Stucco. As shown in these images, it can be a beautiful alternative to traditional paint and plaster. Available in several colors, it brings an unusual texture and appearance that will set your home apart from other designs.
Stucco Ceilings
Ceilings
pose a difficult design area. All too often, we tend to just paint it a
neutral color and settle for the easy way out. For design purposes,
however, the ceiling provides a great opportunity to really spice-up a
room and to bring an unexpected custom look. Stucco is an easy way to
bring style to a ceiling without a lot of effort or expense. Consider
the various options for ceiling design for your home, and then request
free estimates from prescreened drywall or painting contractors in your area. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Kosovo Police
Kosovo Police (, ) is the policing law enforcement agency of Kosovo.
Size
The Kosovo Police has grown steadily since 1999, and in 2004 reached its planned full size of nearly 7,000 officers. As of 2010, it has around 9,000 employees. About 90% of Kosovo Police officers are ethnic Albanians while 10% are ethnic minorities with mostly Serbs.
Formation
It was created in 1999 in the aftermath of the Kosovo War and subsequent withdrawal of the Yugoslav forces from Kosovo.
The establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) included a large international policing component, called the UNMIK Police. They were given two main tasks by UN Security Council Resolution 1244: 1) to establish a new police force; 2) in the meantime, to maintain civil law and order. The name for the new police force, "Kosovo Police Service", was chosen by the first international police commissioner, Sven Frederiksen.
Recruitment began immediately, and former police school premises in the city of Vučitrn were renovated by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which began to train cadets.
As of February 2008, when Kosovo declared independence, the force became a governmental agency of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo. Before, it was subordinated to the UNMIK Police, and the police commissioner retained command authority over both the international police and the Kosovo Police.
Specialised units and breakdown
The bulk of the Kosovo Police are patrol officers. However the force has specialised investigative units in all six regions, including Organised Crime Units, Forensics Units, and several others. In addition to those specialist units in the investigative side of law enforcement, every region has a Regional Operational Support Unit (called ROSU), who are trained for times where forced entry is needed on search warrants, as well as acting as front line officers during riot situations, or in times when crowd control is necessary. The Kosovo Police Close Protection unit serves as the body guards for visiting heads of state, and for Kosovo's own political leaders.
Regional Street Crimes Unit / Regional Operational Support Unit
The first ROSU in Kosovo was for Prishtina and originally called Regional Street Crimes Unit (RSCU) in early 2002, which was created and led by CIVPOL Chief Angel G.Queipo (Florida, United States) and Deputy Chief Jim Renfrow (Arkansas, United States) who implemented undercover operations, narcotics interdiction, medium risk arrest warrants, and special police tactics to include public disorder units within the ranks of the RSCU. The unit was commanded by CIVPOL Chief Jim Renfrow in the second year and then later Peter Willig of Germany took over after Renfrow ended his CIVPOL mission in late 2003. The creation of the RSCU was under the command of Pristina Regional Commander, Superintendent Paul Hamlin (Northern Ireland) . That unit was based in Kosovo Polje and was used to support all regions as needed. Later due to successes of that unit and additional responsibilities in the team mission to include support of CPU on high risk principals, the name was changed to ROSU (under Chief Jim Renfrow) and duplicate units were placed in each region of Kosovo. The idea was to operate each unit as a separate "troop" with a commander reporting to the mission commander similar to how the State Police operate in the United States. The ROSU is still in use today.
Close Protection Unit
The Close Protection Unit within the Kosovo Police was established on 21 January 2002.
The main task of the Close Protection Unit is to provide personal protection to VIPs. In addition, the Close Protection Unit provides protection for persons believed to be subject to threats.
The Close Protection Unit also undertakes tactical operations, escorting delegations, and evacuations of both international staff and Kosovo Police officers. The RSCU or Regional Street Crime Unit was formed in May 2001 and was active for duties (16 Operators were selected among 45 that were on intensive training.)
The Unit was then renamed as ROSU and had around 120 Operators trained for: entry teams, riots, surveillance, special tactics driving, VIP protection, VIP buildings, and government buildings. This Unit is known as a unit that goes first where high risk is the case. The Unit successfully took place in operations along Kosovo's border with Serbia when the crossing was blocked and barricaded by local Serbian civilians and MUP members.
Special Intervention Unit SIU (Former GSI / SIG - FIT)
This KPS special police unit was created in 2003. The start was a standard SWAT unit (two teams of 15 officers each) trained by two American contractors. In March 2005 the "Special Intervention Group – GSI / SIG" project ("Grupi Special i Intervenimit GSI" in Albanian) was launched on a low-profile bases as the Elite "CT" & "HR" force of Kosovo Police. A strict selection policy was followed through several firm tests; and only 18 trainees were selected among hundreds of willing volunteer officers to be the first generation of the unit.
It was formed, established, equipped, coached and trained by a team of UNMIK professional specialised instructors who worked within that field in their native countries (1) "French GIPN", (1) "Egyptian HRF", (1) "German SEK" and (1) "Bulgarian SP OPS" trainers, in addition to (1) "US CPU" trainer, (1) "Danish PT" coach, and (1) German GSG-9 operator. That experienced team was led firstly by the French "GIPN", then the Egyptian "HRF" Trainer who became the 1st Commander of the GSI. By mid of 2006, due to certain difficulties, the project was converted to a standard "SWAT" police unit level.
In September 2006 a brand-new project, ordered by head of UNMIK, was prepared, developed and implemented mostly by French Gendarmerie UNMIK contingent members, following their usual rules of action.
One Senior Officer and 4 specialised NCO's from PI (Intervention Platoon), 1 US SWAT instructor as specialised shooting trainor and one Turkish Police officer, intended the program of all different specific and very specialised training periods.
By the end of January 2007, the first group was ready and fully trained. Its first real operation took place - with full success - immediately the day after the official launching presentation.
The second group was ready in April 2007. These two first groups constituted the new "First Intervention Team" (which name had been chosen by the KPS Police Officers themselves).
In the late 2007 the Unit started its upgrading to face new challenges and ever changing threats. It took the name of SIU, stands for Specialized Intervention Unit. In late 2008, UNMIK handed the task over to EULEX (European Union Rule of Law mission). The international contribution is currently through the mentoring-monitoring-advising tasks, accompanying the FIT/SIU on the way of the full autonomy.
Canine Unit
The canine unit of the Kosovo Police was established in November 2002. The first canine unit had seven officers. These officers have completed basic training in Great Britain continuing with further trainings with international instructors. In 2000, the canine unit began to operate with five police patrol dogs and five dogs for narcotics detections.
The canine unit performs different police operation with seven police patrol dogs, three dogs for narcotics detections and one for explosives detection. The canine unit has three local instructors who organize training for new recruits to the unit. Instructors were trained in Slovenia, Police Dog Training Center, on the basis of a bilateral agreement. Today they are divided into two groups, one of which operates under the General Police Operations and the other under the Border Police. All together there is more than 20 officers.
Motorcyclists Unit
The Motorcyclists Unit functions within the Kosovo Police. The first generation of this Unit was established on 29 August 2003 and 7 police officers were trained by the international instructors.
The second generation was trained in the second half of 2003, with 5 police officers, while the third generation with 9 police officers was trained in 2004. In 2005, a fourth generation of twelve police officers was trained, while currently the Motorcycles Unit has 32 police officers.
The main responsibility of the Motorcyclists Unit is to escort Very Important Persons (VIPs).
Interpol membership
In November 2018 Kosovo's police was denied membership in Interpol, the international organization that facilitates international police cooperation. Kosovo accused Serbia of being behind the negative vote and retaliated against Serbia with 100% tariffs over goods imported from their northern neighbor country.
Firearms
Sig Sauer / 516, 5.56cal
Sig sauer / 716, 7.62x51 Nato
Sig Sauer / MPX, 9x19
SAKO / Trg22, 308 win
SAKO / Trg42, 338 LM
See also
Kosovo Bomb Squad (IED/EOD)
Kosovo Protection Corps
Kosovo Security Force
Kosovo Force (KFOR)
Triumf Riza
Crime:
Crime in Kosovo
Notes and references
Notes:
References:
External links
Kosovo Police Official Website
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Kosovo Center for Public Safety, Education and Development
Special units of Kosovo Police – ROSU
Category:Law enforcement in Kosovo
Category:Government agencies established in 1999
Category:1999 establishments in Kosovo | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Attached is the latest revision, incorporating comments from the Enron team.
There were some comments which were either discussion points or not readily
decipherable, so those will need to be addressed in the next version.
There's still some harmonization/nit stuff which we will pick up then also.
Hopefully, David Hunt (MDEA's lawyer) and I will hammer out the more
legalistic (yet important) stuff while he is in our office tomorrow.
Ed, maybe we can schedule a call with our local counsel to get some more
comfort on the authority issue. In addition, we can ask for an
authority/enforceability opinion from MDEA's counsel. We'll beef up the reps
as well.
Reagan/David, Ed's availability is best first thing tomorrow (Thurs) morning.
See you soon,
Kay | {
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
} |
Known diode-accessed, cross-point memory cells may use a rectifying diode as an access device to a state-changeable memory element. The memory element may contain chalcogenide phase change material. Applying a current to the memory element may change a phase of the material so that the memory element exhibits a different resistance. The phase may also be changed back. Hence, the two resistive states provide the “on” and “off” status for data storage.
FIG. 1 shows a conceptual, perspective view of a diode-accessed, cross-point memory array and illustrates its general spatial configuration. The simplified view of FIG. 1 merely shows a memory array 100 that includes words lines 102 having a direction orthogonal to a direction of bit lines 104 and overlapping at cross-points. At cross-points, an access diode containing a n-type material 106 and a p-type material 108 is combined with a memory element 110 in an electrically-connected series extending between word line 102 and bit line 104 at the cross-point. Actual structures implementing the concept shown in FIG. 1 may be formed by a variety of known methods.
To achieve a 4F2 footprint, where “F” is feature size of the access diode, some known methods form n-type material 106 and p-type material 108 in a monocrystalline silicon substrate. With the rectifying diode positioned in monocrystalline silicon, a high current density may be provided to effect a phase change in the state-changeable memory element 110 when it contains chalcogenide phase change material. Other silicon-based diodes may include those formed in polysilicon.
Unfortunately, forming silicon-based diodes uses processing temperatures in excess of 400° C. For activation annealing, temperature may be from 800° C. to 1000° C. for a time of from 2 hours to 20 seconds. As a result, structures of the memory array sensitive to temperatures in excess of 400° C. are formed in advance of processing the silicon-based diodes. Although silicon-based diodes may provide a high current density, their presence also limits the materials and processing order suitable for forming the memory array. Methods and/or materials that overcome the limitations of using silicon-based diodes may be useful. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
This copy is for your personal non-commercial use only. To order presentation-ready copies of Toronto Star content for distribution to colleagues, clients or customers, or inquire about permissions/licensing, please go to: www.TorontoStarReprints.com
It’s described in its subtitle as “a Detective Inspector LeBrock of Scotland Yard scientific-romance thriller” but there’s so much more to it than that.
For a start, LeBrock is a hulking, humanoid badger hunting criminals through an alternate world in which the French won the Napoleonic Wars — and almost every character is an animal, from fish to fowl, that walks upright.
This is a thriller, but it has more twists and turns than a Paris back street and a density of storytelling that hearkens back to Talbot’s 1970s/80s masterwork The Adventures of Luther Arkwright. And as emotive as Dotter of Her Father’s Eyes, which Talbot created with his wife Mary and was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize.
Article Continued Below
Grandville is also a beautiful series of books. This is the fifth and, tragically, last of the colourful, intricately-designed hardbacks featuring LeBrock. Every one is a treasure. They even smell good.
If you’re looking for a Christmas gift for that special someone, and they have geeky tendencies, these supercool volumes should be on your list.
All Star Batman is one of DC’s biggest and best books of recent years, and the first storylines have been collected for the first time. Snyder and his collaborators have done a difficult thing here: they’ve presented a modern, gritty take on Batman that is still lots of fun.
So we get the flamboyant villains, starting with Two Face and the Riddler, but they’re also a bit scary. We get the gadgets, which are exciting but not too unbelievable, and we get daring escapades that will make you grin, not sigh heavily. Batman wielding a chainsaw may even make you laugh aloud.
This is good for serious bat-enthusiasts and lapsed readers who might appreciate neatly-packaged, complete stories.
Article Continued Below
The Unquotable Trump
By R. SikoryakDrawn & Quarterly, 48 pages, $21.95
“Such a nasty woman!” declares Donald Trump, President of the United States, as Wonder Woman throws him over a wall. In the foreground, he drops the cellphone that, presumably, he was using to tweet.
The line was real, as we all know, and the scene recreates the cover of Wonder Woman #2, first published in 1942. Welcome to the clever work of Sikoryak.
The Unquotable Trump, which depicts the president on its cover in a redrawn image of The Incredible Hulk, is sheer guilty pleasure. Shock at Trump’s real quotes is mixed with amusement at how they are aptly used in recreated comic book covers from down the decades.
With appropriate speech bubbles using his own words, Trump is depicted as Magneto, Uncle Scrooge, and more, in styles from Watchmen to The Walking Dead.
And all covers, original artists and quotations are carefully attributed in footnotes. This isn’t fake news.
The Good Times Are Killing Me
By Lynda BarryDrawn and Quarterly, $24.95, 184 pages
Absorbing and deceptively simple, Lynda Barry’s 1988 illustrated novella is back in a new edition, and it feels like the right time. Difficult conversations about racial divides are still happening, so this story of a young girl’s friendship with a black neighbour is affecting and relevant.
Narrator Edna Arkins begins by describing the racial makeup of her neighbourhood and how it’s been changing. But, as a kid in a white household, she displays, matter-of-factly, the attitudes of her parents and she echoes the way they talk.
With sparse punctuation and breathless, run-on sentences, the story is presented with a naïve voice in a powerful way. The illustrations are stark and appropriate. It’s quite a package.
This is a coming-of-age piece, too, with stories of summer friendship, trauma in the family and Edna’s desperate need to be popular. It’s about music and community and, above all, race.
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Copyright owned or licensed by Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or distribution of this content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Toronto Star Newspapers Limited and/or its licensors. To order copies of Toronto Star articles, please go to: www.TorontoStarReprints.com | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Tesseract Example for Iphone
I have compiled tesseract for using it in xcode following: http://iphone.olipion.com/cross-compilation/tesseract-ocr
I obtain the .a file, import it as framework in the iphone project, and update the header search path for tesseract header files.
So now I need a simple example in order to get start.
I can't find anything in http :// code.google.com/p/tesseract-ocr/ or by googling.
Anyone can help me give me a starting point (a code snippet)..?!
Many ThankS!
--
Later i found this code:
#include "baseapi.h"
TessBaseAPI::InitWithLanguage(NULL, NULL, language, NULL, false, 0, NULL);
char* text = TessBaseAPI::TesseractRect(imagedata, bytes_per_pixel,
bytes_per_line, 0, 0,
width, height);
TessBaseAPI::End();
but when I try to compile for device (only inserting include statement without the code above) i get the following:
error:syntax error before 'PAGE_RES'
warning:type defaults to 'int' in declaration of 'PAGE_RES'
warning:data definition has no type or storage class
and so on with BLOCK_LIST, IMAGE etc.
if compile for simulator i get
error: expected '=',',',','asm' or 'attribute' before 'PAGE_RES'
and so on with BLOCK_LIST, IMAGE and TessBaseAPI
--- Other Update:
I found solution for include problem:
Where the include occurs must be rename the file.m in .mm extension because we have to tell xcode that we have to use objective-c and c++ together.
A:
http://github.com/nolanbrown/Tesseract-iPhone-Demo
OCRDemo is a demo application that utilizes the Tesseract library (http://code.google.com/p/tesseract-ocr/) as a static library compiled under Mac OS 10.6 using the shell script found at http://robertcarlsen.net/2009/07/15/cross-compiling-for-iphone-dev-884.
The program is only meant to provide a demonstration of the OCR library and it’s abilities on the iPhone, the program is not optimized in any way...
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Day and Time: TH, 11 a.m.-1:30 p.m
Room: BQ C238
Students will learn the basics of personal investments and savings
vehicles including the how and why of saving for retirement. The
importance of financial literacy will be stressed. By the end of
the course, the students should be able to discuss basic investing
and financial planning concepts. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
#ifndef _RAR_LOG_
#define _RAR_LOG_
void InitLogOptions(const wchar *LogFileName,RAR_CHARSET CSet);
#ifdef SILENT
inline void Log(const wchar *ArcName,const wchar *fmt,...) {}
#else
void Log(const wchar *ArcName,const wchar *fmt,...);
#endif
#endif
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
The Association Between PTSD Symptoms and IPV Perpetration Across 6 Years.
A large literature documents that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration among adults. However, research on this relationship among adolescents and young adults has been plagued by methodological flaws (e.g., cross-sectional designs). Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the longitudinal and bidirectional associations between PTSD symptoms and psychological and physical IPV perpetration from adolesence to young adulthood. A sample of racially and ethnically diverse high school students ( N = 1,042; 56% female) were assessed annually for 6 years (from 2010 to 2015 in Southeastern Texas). At each assessment, participants completed measures of PTSD symptoms and psychological and physical IPV perpetration. The mean age of the sample at the first assessment was 15.09 ( SD = .79). Structural equation modeling demonstrated that PTSD symptoms at Years 2, 3, and 4 predicted increases in psychological IPV perpetration in the subsequent year. In turn, psychological IPV perpetration at Years 1 and 4 predicted increases in PTSD symptoms in the subsequent years. In addition, psychological IPV perpetration mediated the association between PTSD symptoms and physical IPV perpetration over time. Results were consistent across gender and race/ethnicity. Findings provide initial evidence that PTSD symptoms are associated with IPV perpetration across time from adolescence to young adulthood. Prevention and intervention programs for adolescent and young adult IPV perpetration may benefit from screening for, and potentially treating, PTSD symptoms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
(1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to gas turbines and, more specifically, to liquid fuel injection systems for industrial gas turbines.
In particular, the present invention relates to a device for purging the systems that inject fuel into the gas turbines.
(2) Description of the Related Art
Gas turbines generally comprise an air intake system, a compressor with one or more compression stages having an air flow rate regulating device, an internal combustion system, an expansion turbine connected mechanically to the compressor, and a system for discharging the exhaust gases. Gas turbines are designed with combustion systems capable of injecting liquid fuel and/or gaseous fuel into the combustion system, via concentric injectors for example. However, certain gas turbines are capable of running alternately on liquid fuel and on gaseous fuel such as, for example, natural gas. In general, gas turbines burn each of the liquid and gaseous fuels alternately. Thus, when the gas turbine is burning a liquid fuel, the supply of gaseous fuel is cut off and when the gas turbine is burning a gaseous fuel, the supply of liquid fuel is cut off. During the switchover from liquid fuel to gaseous fuel, the pressure in the liquid fuel circuit drops gradually while the pressure in the gaseous fuel circuit gradually increases. This type of gas turbine entails a purge system auxiliary to the liquid fuel injection system to eliminate the liquid fuel present in the injectors of the combustion chamber and thus provide the injectors with a continuous cooling air stream. The purge system is generally switched into operation when the liquid fuel supply system starts or is shut down. This is because it is necessary to purge the liquid fuel supply circuit to prevent liquid fuel remaining in a high-temperature region near the combustion chamber which could lead to coking of the liquid fuel, namely to solidification of the liquid within the supply circuit and therefore progressive degradation of the operation of the gas turbine, blocking of valves, pipes, check valves.
One solution for purging the liquid fuel is to use compressed air or a liquid.
In this respect, reference may be made to document EP 0 949 454 which comprises a complex purge system comprising a purge air supply valve combined with a soft purge valve, a non-return check valve and a multi-orifice purge valve directing the purge air towards the injectors. However, this type of purge system proves complex.
Reference may also be made to document U.S. Pat. No. 6,438,963 which describes a purge system comprising a three-way valve to reduce the residual quantity of liquid fuel and effectively avoid combustion gases returning to the liquid fuel supply circuit and to the purge circuit.
However, because it is difficult to regulate the pressure of the purge air, the use of compressed air leads to sudden purges of liquid fuel into the combustion chamber, leading to a sudden increase in the power of the gas turbine.
In order to alleviate this disadvantage, the prior art proposes lengthening the purge time. However, lengthening the purge period means that the residual liquid fuel flow rate needs to remain constant during purging, which it rarely does. In addition, such a solution entails a highly complex purge control system that is difficult to install. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Introduction {#S1}
============
The intestinal epithelium separates the diverse and ubiquitous members of the intestinal luminal microbiome, virome, and mycobiome from the largest population of resident immune cells anywhere in the body, forming our largest single barrier to the external environment ([@B1]--[@B4]). As such, in addition to its critical role in digestion, the gut epithelium is also charged with mediating much of the interaction between luminal organisms and immune cells to ensure appropriate defensive reactions to pathogens versus tolerance of commensal microorganisms ([@B1]).
The physical intestinal barrier consists of a continuous single layer of columnar epithelial cells overlain by a variably thick layer of mucus. This mucus layer is embedded with antibodies and antimicrobial peptides and physically separates the epithelium from direct contact with much of the luminal microbiota ([@B2]). The majority of intestinal epithelial cells are absorptive enterocytes, but the epithelium also contains a number of more specialized cell types, including Paneth cells (in the small intestine only), goblet cells, hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells, microfold (M) cells, and tuft cells ([@B2], [@B5]). Indeed, even these subtypes are too generalized to fully reflect the diversity of intestinal epithelial cells. Recent single-cell sequencing data identified two subtypes of tuft cells and subclassified enteroendocrine cells beyond the eight subclasses previously reported ([@B6]).
The gut epithelium is continuously renewed by *Lgr5^+^* stem cells located in the base of the intestinal crypts. Newly formed precursor cells differentiate as they migrate away from the crypt toward the villus tip in the small intestine or luminal surface in the large intestine, where they are expelled into the lumen approximately every 4--5 days. The exception to this is Paneth cells, which are long-lived and instead move toward the crypt base ([@B2], [@B5]). Each cell type plays critical and distinct roles in intestinal function. Mucus-secreting goblet cells are crucial for maintenance of the luminal mucus layer and increase in frequency moving distally along the intestine, peaking at a frequency of approximately 25% of total epithelial cells in the distal colon ([@B2]). Small intestinal Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides and also contribute to stem cell maintenance and function through the production of Wnt3, pro-epidermal growth factor, and Notch ligands ([@B2]). M cells overlie gut-associated lymphoid tissues and facilitate the transport of luminal antigens to lymphoid cells, while tuft cells coordinate type 2 immune responses to parasites ([@B5], [@B7], [@B8]). Much of intestinal epithelial research, including a portion of that presented herein, has focused on the use of colorectal cancer cell lines to elucidate gut epithelial function. However, due to the heterogeneity of the intestinal epithelium *in vivo*, observations made from cell lines, which are not representative of all gut epithelial cell types, may be misleading. Recent advances in three dimensional intestinal epithelial organoid cultures, which differentiate into the various epithelial cell subtypes seen *in vivo*, are improving our ability to more effectively characterize intestinal epithelial function, and many of these studies will be highlighted in this review ([@B9]).
The gut-associated lymphoid tissues, including Peyer's patches and isolated lymphoid follicles, are likely the most well-recognized portion of the intestinal immune system. However, the entire gut is armed with a diverse repertoire of immune cells, which vary in location and frequency throughout the length of the intestine ([@B2]). The majority of these cells function in the lamina propria or within the epithelium of the intestinal mucosa. The epithelium predominantly hosts T cells, while the lamina propria is home to cells of both the adaptive and innate arms of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and eosinophils ([@B2]). Immune cells may sense luminal antigens directly when the epithelial barrier is breached or by the extension of transepithelial dendrites, as has been observed in macrophages and dendritic cells. The intestinal epithelium is uniquely positioned and equipped with a cadre of pattern recognition receptors to sense luminal antigens and danger signals and relay this information to immune cells ([@B2]).
The intestinal epithelium faces the difficult challenge of permitting nutrient absorption and ion movement while maintaining an impermeable barrier to microorganisms and antigens in the gut lumen. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier is critical for health; dysfunction of this barrier has been proposed to contribute to both intestinal and systemic disease, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ([@B10], [@B11]). Intestinal epithelial cells are linked by three types of specialized junctional complexes that attach adjacent cells and permit the selective paracellular movement of solutes and ions: desmosomes, adherens junctions, and tight junctions ([@B10], [@B11]). Desmosomes and adherens junctions predominantly serve as physical attachments between cells, while the more apically located tight junctions act as selective semipermeable barriers to intercellular spaces ([@B12]). Tight junctions are composed of four types of transmembrane proteins: junctional adhesion molecules, claudins, occludin, and tricellulin. Claudins are a family of proteins that are differentially expressed between tissues and exert different effects on paracellular permeability. Claudins critically regulate the selectivity of the epithelial barrier by forming charge- and size-specific channels between epithelial cells ([@B12]). The types of claudin proteins within tight junctions determine the permeability of these paracellular channels. For example, claudin-2 and claudin-6 have been shown to increase tight junction permeability. Intracellular zonula occludens proteins connect tight junction transmembrane proteins to cytoskeletal actin/myosin complexes, which facilitate opening of the tight junction under specific conditions ([@B11], [@B12]).
Cytokines and chemokines, soluble protein mediators critical for intercellular communication, support intestinal mucosal homeostasis but can also be key drivers of intestinal inflammation and inflammation-associated damage ([@B1], [@B10], [@B13]). For example, the genetic deletion of interleukin (IL)-10 or IL-2 precipitated spontaneous colitis in mice, suggesting that these cytokines are essential for colon homeostasis. However, a number of other cytokines, including IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-18, IL-1β, and IL-17, are overexpressed in the inflamed intestine and have been implicated as contributors to intestinal damage ([@B10]). Despite these seemingly clear-cut observations, there is strong evidence that the traditional labels of pro- and anti-inflammatory are too simplistic and perhaps even deceiving when used to describe cytokine actions in the intestine. In support of this, clinical trials targeting cytokines thought to be predominantly pro-inflammatory in the intestine, such as IL-17, failed to induce remission in patients with IBD ([@B10], [@B14]). In addition, the literature contains conflicting and often equally convincing evidence for both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions of specific cytokines in the gut ([@B10], [@B15]). There are a number of potential explanations for these conflicting data, such as the timing of cytokine action, model system used, cytokine concentration, and the method of cytokine administration or removal ([@B15]--[@B17]). As such, cytokine actions should be interpreted on a situational basis to gain a more complete understanding of their diverse roles in health and disease.
Cytokines and chemokines can positively or negatively affect intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, and may be derived from resident innate or adaptive immune cells, infiltrating inflammatory cells, or from intestinal epithelial cells themselves (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) ([@B10]--[@B12], [@B18]--[@B20]). Intestinal epithelial proliferation and cell death can be induced or restricted by cytokines ([@B21]--[@B23]). Concordantly, various cytokines help heal the epithelial erosions and ulcerations characteristic of severe intestinal inflammation, while others exacerbate these lesions ([@B10]). Specific cytokines have also been shown to regulate opposing epithelial functions under different circumstances, for instance, proliferation or cell death ([@B16], [@B22], [@B24]--[@B26]). In addition, cytokines can directly alter intestinal epithelial permeability ([@B27], [@B28]). The permeability of epithelial tight junctions may be increased or decreased by cytokine modification of the expression or localization of their protein components ([@B11], [@B12], [@B27], [@B29], [@B30]). Cytokines can also drive phosphorylation of myosin light chains, resulting in contraction and opening of tight junctions ([@B11]). Chemokine production by the intestinal epithelium recruits immune cells to areas of inflammation; however, whether this means epithelial suicide or survival depends on the inflammatory insult. Recruited immune cells may be crucial for defense against a pathogen but can perpetuate inflammation in conditions such as IBD ([@B31]--[@B34]). Regardless of mechanism, cytokines and chemokines are critical players in the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in our understanding of how cytokines and chemokines, both those made by and acting on the intestinal epithelium, orchestrate many of the diverse functions of the intestinal epithelium and its interactions with immune cells in health and disease.
{#F1}
Cytokine Actions on the Intestinal Epithelium {#S2}
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Cytokine Stimulation of Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation {#S2-1}
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Multiple cytokines regulate proliferation of the intestinal epithelium, a function that is crucial for both wound closure and replacing cells lost through homeostatic shedding (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) ([@B7], [@B8], [@B16], [@B18], [@B35]--[@B50]). Although generally thought to contribute to the pathology of IBD, recent studies have shown that TNF, IL-6, and IL-17 promote epithelial proliferation ([@B14], [@B16], [@B18], [@B21], [@B44]).
{#F2}
### Tumor Necrosis Factor {#S2-1-1}
In murine models of T cell activation and chronic chemically induced colitis, genetic ablation of either TNF or its receptor impaired Wnt/β-catenin signaling, resulting in reduced epithelial proliferation and delayed mucosal healing ([@B16]). This result may seem curious in light of the success of anti-TNF therapy in IBD patients; however, the authors offer an explanation for this perceived conflict by highlighting the mechanism of action of efficacious versus ineffective anti-TNF therapies. Therapeutic anti-TNF antibodies reduce inflammation in IBD patients by inducing apoptosis in inflammatory cells expressing membrane-bound TNF ([@B51]). By contrast, treatment with a soluble TNF receptor, which was ineffective in treating Crohn's disease, binds soluble TNF, which the authors propose blocks the ability of TNF to promote mucosal healing ([@B16], [@B52]).
### Interleukin-6 {#S2-1-2}
Interleukin-6 increased proliferation and stem cell numbers in an *in vitro* model of murine small intestinal epithelial organoids, and the crypt epithelial cells also expressed IL-6, suggesting an autocrine signaling mechanism. Interestingly, the IL-6 receptor was only present on the basal membrane of crypt Paneth cells, making it unclear how IL-6 may affect epithelial cells in segments of the intestine lacking Paneth cells, such as the colon ([@B18]). However, Paneth cell metaplasia can be found in various types of colitis, in which case this mechanism of IL-6-facilitated epithelial repair could play a role ([@B53]). Furthermore, Kuhn et al. demonstrated that the early inhibition of IL-6 in murine models of bacterial colitis and wounding by biopsy impaired colon wound healing by limiting epithelial proliferation. They also demonstrated by *in situ* hybridization that IL-6 mRNA transcripts were enriched within the mucosa surrounding sites of intestinal perforation in human patients, suggesting that this IL-6-driven mechanism of wound healing may also be important in humans. These findings suggest that while Paneth cells may be crucial for IL-6-induced epithelial proliferation in the small intestine, other mechanisms exist for IL-6 to drive epithelial repair in the colon ([@B45]).
### Interleukin-17 {#S2-1-3}
Similarly, genetic ablation of IL-17 reduced intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and worsened dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis ([@B44]). Furthermore, IL-17 was shown to synergize with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) to promote intestinal healing in this study. FGF2 and IL-17 signaling synergistically activated ERK and induced genes related to tissue repair and regeneration in primary murine intestinal epithelial cells. The authors demonstrated that the mechanism of this synergy depended on Act1, an adaptor molecule that suppresses FGF2 signaling but is required for IL-17 signaling. When cells were co-stimulated with IL-17 and FGF2, Act1 was preferentially recruited to IL-17 receptors, preventing Act1-mediated suppression of FGF2 signaling ([@B44]). These findings may offer one explanation for the unexpected results of a clinical trial investigating the inhibition of the IL-17 receptor as a therapy for active Crohn's disease, in which a disproportionate number of patients actually experienced worsening disease with treatment ([@B14]).
### Interleukin-22 {#S2-1-4}
Interleukin-22 increased growth in both human and murine intestinal organoids, both by inducing proliferation of the epithelial cells and facilitating stem cell expansion ([@B46]). IL-22 was also shown to be crucial for stem cell maintenance *in vivo* in the small intestine in a murine model of methotrexate-induced intestinal damage ([@B54]). During *Citrobacter rodentium* infection, IL-22 production by CD4^+^ T cells was critical for colonic epithelial proliferation and resistance to infection-induced mucosal pathology ([@B55]).
### Interleukin-36 {#S2-1-5}
Induction of IL-36 receptor signaling through any one of its ligands, IL-36α, IL-36β, or IL-36γ, induced proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells in *in vitro* organoid cultures, and mice with genetic deletion of the IL-36 receptor were more susceptible to chemically induced colitis, demonstrating higher disease activity, more severe colon pathology, greater bacterial translocation, and decreased survival. Furthermore, administration of a combination of IL-36α and IL-36γ accelerated wound healing in murine colons by increasing proliferation of epithelial cells adjacent to the experimental wounds ([@B47]).
### Interleukin-28A {#S2-1-6}
Similarly, IL-28A \[also termed interferon (IFN) λ2\] induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and proliferation in murine small and large intestinal epithelial organoid cultures ([@B39]). Mice with global knockout of the IL-28A receptor or intestinal epithelial cell-specific knockout of STAT1 developed more severe oxazolone and DSS-induced colitis, and the administration of IL-28A or genetic ablation of the IL-28A receptor in mice with induced colon wounds improved or delayed wound healing, respectively. The authors went further to link their murine models to human patients with IBD, demonstrating that both IBD patients and mice with colitis showed increased expression of the IL-28A receptor on the colon epithelium, as well as higher expression of IL-28A by cells within the lamina propria of the colon mucosa. Co-labeling of lamina propria cells in IBD patients identified dendritic cells as a major source of IL-28A ([@B39]).
### Interleukin-10 {#S2-1-7}
A separate study also highlighted innate immune cells as a crucial cytokine source for mucosal healing. In a murine model of biopsy-induced colon injury, macrophage-derived IL-10 was crucial for optimal wound healing ([@B48]). IL-10 mRNA and protein were increased at wound sites within 1 day of wounding, and IL-10 induced epithelial proliferation by stimulating synthesis of Wnt1-inducible signaling protein-1. Interestingly, the absence of T and B cells in *Rag*1^−/−^ mice also used in this study did not impair wound closure, further highlighting macrophages as the primary source of IL-10 in this model and suggesting that adaptive immune cells do not play a crucial role in this mechanism of wound healing ([@B48]).
### IL-13, IL-4, and IL-33 Support the Differentiation of Specialized Epithelial Cells {#S2-1-8}
Expansion of tuft cells, a specialized taste-chemosensory subtype of the intestinal epithelium, can also be induced by innate immune cells. During helminth infection, IL-25 secreted by tuft cells activates type 2 ILCs to produce IL-13, which induces the differentiation of increased numbers of tuft and goblet cells from epithelial progenitor cells ([@B7], [@B8]). IL-4, which shares the common receptor subunit IL-4 receptor α with IL-13, can also induce tuft cell hyperplasia ([@B49]). Mahapatro et al. demonstrated that IL-33 also directly affected the differentiation of epithelial progenitor cells. The constitutive expression of IL-33 in the small intestine of mice increased goblet and Paneth cell numbers but did not promote the proliferation/differentiation of absorptive enterocytes. Challenge of IL-33^−/−^ mice with *Salmonella* Typhimurium demonstrated that IL-33 was critical for microbial defense, as mice lacking IL-33 had more severe intestinal damage and a greater *Salmonella* burden associated with decreased numbers of goblet and Paneth cells and reduced antimicrobial peptide production ([@B50]). Similarly, mice with genetic deletion of IL-33 or its receptor had decreased numbers of goblet cells and more severe colitis in a model of oxazolone-induced intestinal inflammation ([@B17]).
Cytokine-Induced Proliferation and Carcinogenesis {#S2-2}
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In the absence of wound closure, cytokine-induced intestinal epithelial proliferation may prove to be more deleterious than healing. In fact, a number of studies have suggested that cytokines, including IL-17, IL-6, IL-22, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-13, either alone or in combination, may promote carcinogenesis in intestinal epithelial cells ([@B56]--[@B60]). Wang et al. demonstrated that IL-17 receptor type A (IL-17RA) signaling promoted proliferation of transformed colon enterocytes. IL-17RA signaling also induced IL-6 expression, a cytokine previously associated with colitis-associated cancer development ([@B56]). The concurrent neutralization of either IL-6 and IL-22 or TNF-α and IL-17A inhibited NF-κB or STAT3 signaling, respectively, and reduced the mitogenic effects of these cytokines on human colorectal cancer cells ([@B57]). Multiple studies have also shown that IL-22 alone can promote colorectal cancer progression ([@B58], [@B59]).
Furthermore, both IL-4 and IL-13 may contribute to colon cancer progression. IL-4 and IL-13 increased the expression of NADPH oxidase 1 in human colon cancer cell lines, which led to the production of reactive oxygen species and cellular proliferation. When examined in resected tissues from patients with colon cancer, the authors found increased active NADPH oxidase 1 in the tumor tissue relative to the adjacent normal colon tissue, leading them to suggest that IL-4/IL-13-driven NADPH oxidase 1 expression may drive colon carcinogenesis ([@B60]).
Cytokine Inhibition of Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation {#S2-3}
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In complement to the plethora of proliferation-inducing cytokines detailed earlier, a smaller number of cytokines limit intestinal epithelial proliferation (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) ([@B24], [@B61]--[@B64]).
### Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) {#S2-3-1}
Transforming growth factor-β suppressed expression of Survivin, a molecule critical for functional cell division in intestinal epithelial progenitor cells ([@B61]). Consistent with this finding, genetic disruption of TGF-β signaling in intestinal epithelial cells was sufficient for the development of invasive colon cancer in the face of chronic inflammation in mice ([@B62]).
### Interferons {#S2-3-2}
In a model of constitutive β-catenin signaling, Katlinskaya et al. demonstrated that type I IFNs limit intestinal epithelial proliferation ([@B63]). Concordantly, Tschurtschenthaler et al. characterized mice with intestinal epithelial-specific genetic deletion of the type I IFN receptor as having increased numbers of small intestinal goblet and Paneth cells, epithelial hyperproliferation, and increased tumor burden following tumor induction with azoxymethane and DSS ([@B64]). Remarkably, the authors were able to eliminate the epithelial hyperproliferation and increase in tumors by cohousing the type I IFN receptor knockout mice with wild-type mice, demonstrating that these knockout-induced phenotypes were dependent on the gut microbiota ([@B64]).
The effects of the type II IFN, IFN-γ, on the intestinal epithelium vary with length of exposure. The short-term incubation of the intestinal epithelial cell line T84 with IFN-γ activated β-catenin signaling and induced proliferation of the T84 cells, peaking at 24 h. However, extended exposure of the T84 cells to IFN-γ induced expression of DKK1, which inhibited Wnt-β-catenin signaling and reduced proliferation. Interestingly, the addition of both TNF-α and IFN-γ enhanced these effects ([@B24]).
Damage Control: Cytokine Regulation of Apoptosis {#S2-4}
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While well-regulated apoptosis is essential for the homeostatic shedding of enterocytes, any perturbations to this process could quickly compromise the intestinal epithelial barrier. Indeed, increased apoptosis has been detected in the intestinal epithelium of IBD patients, although it is unclear if this is an initiating event in the disease, an effect of inflammation, or some combination of both ([@B5]). Increased intestinal epithelial apoptosis is also a consistent feature in critically ill humans and animal models of critical illness, such as sepsis. This increase in apoptosis contributes to intestinal epithelial barrier compromise in critical illness, which has been implicated as a critical driver of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ([@B11]). Cytokines can induce or inhibit intestinal epithelial apoptosis (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) ([@B16], [@B22]--[@B26], [@B65]--[@B67]).
{#F3}
### Interferons {#S2-4-1}
Interferons have been shown to induce apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Using human colon explant cultures, Jarry et al. demonstrated that administration of IFN-α-2a rapidly induced IFN-γ production by lamina propria resident T cells and IFN-γ-dependent epithelial apoptosis, a direct effect of IFN-γ on the intestinal epithelium that has been reported previously ([@B24], [@B65], [@B66]). Katlinskaya et al. also demonstrated a role for type I IFN in promoting apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium in a model of constitutive β-catenin signaling ([@B63]).
### Tumor Necrosis Factor {#S2-4-2}
In contrast to its ability to promote intestinal epithelial proliferation, one of the most well-characterized actions of TNF in the intestine is its ability to induce epithelial cell death. Injection of mice with TNF results in increased apoptosis of both small and large intestinal epithelial cells within 6 h, with a concentration of apoptotic cells in the intestinal crypts. Exposure of intestinal epithelial organoids derived from mice with genetic deletion of TNF receptors 1 and 2 revealed that while both receptors participated in TNF-mediated epithelial apoptosis, TNF receptor 1 signaling was predominantly involved. The authors further demonstrated that TNF-induced intestinal epithelial apoptosis is regulated by the inhibitor of apoptosis protein cIAP1. Inhibition of cIAP1 by second mitochondrial activator of caspases-mimetic compounds, tumor necrosis factor-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), or genetic deletion sensitized mice to TNF-induced intestinal epithelial apoptosis ([@B22]). A separate *in vitro* study using cancerous and non-cancerous colon epithelial cell lines demonstrated that osteopontin reduced TNF-induced apoptosis, while the overexpression of IFN regulatory factor 1 increased TNF-mediated apoptosis ([@B25]). TNF was also implicated as contributing to the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation in mice with conditional knockout of receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). Full RIPK1 knockout mice die perinatally, but the conditional RIPK1 knockout in intestinal epithelial cells in mice used in this study resulted in intestinal inflammation and early death associated with epithelial cell apoptosis. However, this phenotype was rescued by a deficiency in TNF receptor 1, and the lack of RIPK1 in *in vitro* cultured intestinal epithelial organoids sensitized the cultures to TNF-induced apoptosis ([@B26]).
In lieu of apoptosis, under certain circumstances, cells may undergo the pro-inflammatory process of regulated necrosis termed necroptosis ([@B68]). In addition to its ability to drive apoptosis, TNF can also initiate necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells under specific conditions. In a model of conditional knockout of caspase 8 in intestinal epithelial cells, Günther et al. demonstrated that necroptosis in gut epithelial cells was triggered by TNF-α produced by other cells upon bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, not direct LPS-induced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the epithelium. By contrast, gut epithelial necroptosis due to TLR3 ligation in the same model was cytokine-independent and directly initiated by TLR3 signaling ([@B69]).
In light of the strong evidence for a pro-apoptotic function of TNF in the gut, Bradford et al. curiously demonstrated an anti-apoptotic effect of TNF in the intestinal epithelium. In the murine model of T cell activation induced by anti-CD3 antibody injection used in this study, intestinal epithelial apoptosis is expected both acutely at the villus tips and later in the crypts around 24 h post-injection. Interestingly, and perhaps counterintuitive to the evidence presented herein thus far, administration of anti-CD3 antibody in TNF^−/−^ mice resulted in a sevenfold increase in crypt epithelial apoptosis, suggesting that TNF works to limit epithelial apoptosis in this model ([@B16]). Other studies have also characterized an anti-apoptotic role for TNF in the intestinal epithelium, and the authors suggest that the level of TNF may determine whether it acts to promote or prevent apoptosis, with higher levels of TNF proposed to be pro-apoptotic ([@B16], [@B67]).
### Transforming Growth Factor-β1 {#S2-4-3}
Transforming Growth Factor-β1 can also inhibit intestinal epithelial cell death. TGF-β1 reduced apoptosis and prevented necrosis in rat jejunal crypt epithelial cells exposed to the TcdA toxin of *Clostridium difficile* ([@B23]).
Cytokine Reinforcement of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity {#S2-5}
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Appropriate permeability of the intestinal epithelium is crucial for the balance between nutrient absorption and pathogen exclusion, and a number of cytokines positively affect this epithelial function (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}) ([@B12], [@B17], [@B27], [@B42], [@B70]--[@B72]).
{#F4}
### Interleukin-17 {#S2-5-1}
Inhibition of IL-17 receptor A by antibody neutralization worsened disease in the multidrug resistance-1a-ablated (*Abcb1a^−/−^*) murine model of colitis and was associated with increased epithelial permeability as detected by increased serum concentrations of soluble CD14 and LPS binding protein and increased plasma concentrations of orally administered sucralose, lactulose, and mannitol ([@B70]). Lee et al. also demonstrated that a loss of IL-17 signaling increased intestinal epithelial permeability by showing increased amounts of orally administered fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)--dextran in the serum of mice with both chemically induced and T cell transfer-induced colitis in which IL-17 was removed by antibody neutralization or genetic deletion ([@B27]). The authors attributed the increase in gut epithelial permeability in the absence of IL-17 to disruptions in the structure of tight junctions, junctional complexes which are critical to the selectivity inherent in appropriate gut barrier permeability. The absence of IL-17 resulted in the intracellular mislocalization of the tight junction complex protein occludin and a loss of co-localization of occludin with F-actin. To provide more support for this mechanism, the authors applied TNF-α, a cytokine previously reported to disrupt tight junctions and increase epithelial barrier permeability, to cultured Caco-2 cells with or without co-stimulation with IL-17A ([@B27], [@B28]). Consistent with their observations *in vivo*, TNF-α altered the intracellular localization of occludin; however, co-stimulation with IL-17A reduced the TNF-induced occludin mislocalization ([@B27]). Along with the previously described ability of IL-17 to induce intestinal epithelial regeneration, the ability of IL-17 to reinforce the intestinal epithelial barrier offers an additional potential explanation for the worsening of Crohn's disease observed in clinical trial patients treated with an antibody to inhibit IL-17 receptor signaling ([@B14]).
### Interleukin-10 {#S2-5-2}
Multiple studies have shown the positive effects of IL-10 signaling in the gut epithelium for maintenance of appropriate epithelial permeability ([@B42], [@B73], [@B74]). Stimulation of T84 cell monolayers with IL-10 restored transepithelial electrical resistance disrupted by compromise of the monolayers by incubation with IFN-γ. In addition, knockdown of the IL-10 receptor 1 in human intestinal epithelial cell lines impaired barrier formation as assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance and increased paracellular flux ([@B42]). These changes suggest alterations in the function of intercellular tight junctions owing to the lack of IL-10 signaling; however, this potential mechanism was not explored in this study. In the same study, mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific knockout of the IL-10 receptor 1 developed more severe chemically induced colitis with increased epithelial permeability to FITC--dextran ([@B42]). The authors concluded that the more severe colitis in these mice was driven by increased barrier permeability due to a lack of IL-10 signaling in epithelial cells. However, as previously discussed, IL-10 can induce proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells ([@B48]). As such, the inhibition of IL-10-induced epithelial restitution could have also contributed to the more severe colitis demonstrated in mice lacking intestinal epithelial expression of the IL-10 receptor 1 in this study.
In a separate study, Zheng et al. demonstrated how a cytokine, in this case IL-10, can interact with the intestinal microbiota to regulate epithelial function ([@B73]). Butyrate, a short chain fatty acid made by the intestinal microbiota *in vivo*, induced the expression of both IL-10 receptor α subunit mRNA and protein in T84 and Caco-2 cells. Treatment of T84 cells with butyrate and IL-10 increased epithelial barrier integrity more than butyrate alone as determined by increased transepithelial electrical resistance. Based on the increased expression of the IL-10 receptor α subunit in the epithelial cells due to butyrate treatment, the mechanism for this increase in barrier integrity owing to butyrate and IL-10 could be hypothesized to be an increase in IL-10 signaling due to increased IL-10 receptor expression. However, the authors did not compare these data with the transepithelial electrical resistance induced by IL-10 in the absence of butyrate. As a result, it is unclear from these data whether butyrate and IL-10 synergistically increase transepithelial electrical resistance in intestinal epithelial cells, or if the level reported in this study could have been induced by IL-10 alone. The authors went further to demonstrate that butyrate reduced both the mRNA and protein expression of the pro-permeability tight junction protein claudin-2 in T84 cells in an IL-10 receptor α-dependent manner, providing a potential mechanism for the observed increases in epithelial barrier integrity in the presence of butyrate ([@B73]). Interestingly, reductions in butyrate-producing bacteria have been reported in the microbiota of ulcerative colitis patients, suggesting a potential mechanism of epithelial barrier compromise due to dysbiosis as a contributing factor in this disease ([@B75]).
A study by Lorén et al. demonstrated how IL-10 can increase the effectiveness of other therapies ([@B74]). Previous work by this group correlated low IL-10 mRNA levels with poor glucocorticoid response in active Crohn's disease. In a later study, the authors discovered a possible mechanism for this observation, as treatment with a combination of IL-10 and glucocorticoids, but neither treatment alone, restored the transepithelial electrical resistance of Caco-2 cell monolayers following their disruption with TNF-α ([@B74]).
### Interleukin-6 {#S2-5-3}
A study by Kuhn et al. provided more evidence for the crucial relationship between the microbiota, immune system, and intestinal epithelial barrier ([@B71]). Bacteria in the order Bacteroidales were sufficient to induce localization of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the colons of mice, and these cells were an important source of IL-6. IL-6 supported epithelial barrier function, as IL-6^−/−^ mice displayed reduced expression of the tight junction protein claudin-1, a thinner mucus gel layer, and augmented paracellular permeability, all defects which were resolved by the transfer of IL-6^+/+^ intraepithelial lymphocytes to affected mice ([@B71]).
### Stem Cell Factor {#S2-5-4}
C-kit signaling has also been shown to promote intestinal epithelial barrier integrity through the regulation of a tight junction protein. The overexpression of c-kit or administration of its ligand stem cell factor increased expression of the tight junction protein claudin-3 in colorectal cancer cells *in vitro*, and decreased claudin-3 expression was observed in the colon epithelium of mice lacking functional c-kit ([@B72]).
### Interleukin-33 {#S2-5-5}
Rectal biopsies from adult and pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis have increased IL-33 expression relative to specimens lacking inflammation ([@B17]). To determine if this implicates IL-33 as a contributor to inflammation or an anti-inflammatory response in these patients, Waddell et al. investigated the role of IL-33 in chemically induced colitis in mice ([@B17]). Mice with genetic deletion of ST2, the receptor for IL-33, had decreased colon transepithelial electrical resistance and increased permeability to FITC--dextran, suggesting that IL-33 promotes colon epithelial barrier function. In support of these data, genetic deletion of either ST2 or IL-33 precipitated more severe chemically induced colitis in these mice ([@B17]). However, the authors did not fully characterize the mechanism by which IL-33 promoted epithelial barrier integrity in these studies. The authors reported that intestinal epithelial proliferation and apoptosis were unaffected by the absence of IL-33 or ST2 in this model of colitis, but that goblet cell numbers and *Muc2* expression were decreased in these mice. This suggests that alterations in the mucus layer could have influenced epithelial barrier permeability in these mice, but the mucus layer itself was not evaluated. In addition, potential effects of IL-33 on interepithelial junctional complexes were not assessed; however, the authors did demonstrate that IL-33-induced augmentation of transepithelial electrical resistance in T84 cell monolayers was dependent on ERK1/2 signaling ([@B17]). This is particularly curious in light of a recent paper that reported reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and claudin-1 expression induced by IL-33-stimulated ERK signaling in human keratinocytes ([@B76]). This discrepancy could be explained by the different cell types investigated; however, conflicting roles for IL-33 in intestinal inflammation have been reported. Other investigators have demonstrated exacerbation of multiple models of murine colitis and decreased intestinal epithelial barrier integrity due to the administration of IL-33 ([@B77], [@B78]). Waddell et al. suggest that these inconsistencies could be due to differences in IL-33 concentrations among studies or the differing characteristics of inflammation in each colitis model, two reasonable explanations that warrant further investigation ([@B17]). In support of the data reported by Waddell et al., Sattler et al. demonstrated the induction of protective IL-10-producing regulatory B cells by IL-33 ([@B78]). The administration of IL-33 accelerated spontaneous colitis in IL-10-deficient mice but did not induce intestinal inflammation in wild-type mice. In addition, the transfer of IL-33-induced, IL-10-producing regulatory B cells to IL-10-deficient mice reduced colitis severity and delayed disease onset ([@B78]). As previously discussed, IL-10 promotes epithelial barrier integrity ([@B42], [@B73]). As such, reduced IL-10 production owing to genetic ablation of IL-33 signaling is a potential mechanism for the increased intestinal epithelial permeability observed by Waddell et al. ([@B17], [@B42], [@B73]).
Falling Through the Cracks: Cytokine Promotion of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability {#S2-6}
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In contrast to the barrier reinforcing properties of the cytokines described earlier, a handful of cytokines can also disrupt the intestinal epithelium and promote barrier permeability (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}) ([@B29], [@B30], [@B79], [@B80]).
### Tumor Necrosis Factor {#S2-7-1}
Various effects of TNF-α on the intestinal epithelium discussed herein could disrupt the epithelial barrier; however, TNF-α stimulation of intestinal epithelial cells has also been specifically demonstrated to decrease the protein expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1), as well as to induce cytoskeletal F-actin rearrangement and the mislocalization of occludin and ZO-1 ([@B29], [@B30]). Multiple studies have identified mechanisms to reduce TNF-α-induced epithelial barrier compromise, including the overexpression of anterior gradient protein 2 homolog, rebeccamycin treatment, and the stimulation of muscarinic cholinoceptor-mediated signaling ([@B29], [@B30], [@B81]).
### Interleukin-22 {#S2-7-2}
Interleukin-22 also increases gut epithelial permeability *via* manipulation of tight junction protein expression. IL-22 stimulation of Caco-2 cells *in vitro* and murine colon epithelial cells *in vivo* increased the expression of the tight junction protein claudin-2, which forms cation channels. Caco-2 monolayers treated with IL-22 displayed decreased transepithelial electrical resistance, indicating increased paracellular ion permeability, but no change in movement of uncharged macromolecules across the monolayers was observed ([@B79]).
### Interferon-γ {#S2-7-3}
The increase in intestinal epithelial permeability induced by IFN-γ described by Sumagin et al. provides an elegant example of the intricate relationships between cytokines, the epithelium, and immune cells ([@B80]). Using the T84 intestinal epithelial cell line for an *in vitro* model of transepithelial migration of neutrophils, the authors demonstrated that IFN-γ induced expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the apical membrane of T84 cells and increased the number of neutrophils adherent to the apical epithelial membranes *via* ICAM-1 post-migration. The ligation of ICAM-1 by neutrophils resulted in the phosphorylation of myosin light-chain kinase and a subsequent increase in epithelial permeability characterized by actin cytoskeletal reorganization, paracellular FITC--dextran flux, and a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance. Notably in this model, this increase in epithelial permeability facilitated neutrophil transepithelial migration ([@B80]).
Additional Cytokine Effects on Intestinal Epithelial Function {#S2-7}
-------------------------------------------------------------
In addition to those detailed earlier, cytokines modulate a wide array of other intestinal epithelial functions. While endogenous type III IFN produced by intestinal epithelial cells does not restrict human rotavirus replication due to viral antagonism of the type III IFN response, treatment of human rotavirus-infected small intestinal organoid cultures with exogenous type I IFN, and to a lesser extent exogenous type III IFN, limits rotaviral replication ([@B82]). However, other studies in mice have found that IFN-λ, a type III IFN, is more effective than type I IFNs in limiting viral replication in the intestinal epithelium in models of reovirus and rotavirus infection ([@B83], [@B84]).
In a somewhat unexpected role, IL-22 production by neutrophils in chemically induced murine colitis induced the expression of antimicrobial peptides by the colon epithelium and protected the epithelium from chemically induced damage ([@B85]). Epithelial signaling of the IL-17 receptor regulates colonization of the murine intestine with segmented filamentous bacteria through the epithelial expression of the apical NADPH oxidase *Nox1, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor* (*Pigr*), and α-defensins ([@B86]). In addition to the functions previously discussed, TNF stimulation of the intestinal epithelium has also been shown to reduce expression of the $\text{Cl}^{-}/\text{HCO}_{\text{3}}$ exchanging solute carrier family 26 member 3, which may represent a therapeutic target in IBD-associated diarrhea ([@B87]). TNF also augmented receptor activator of NF-κB ligand-induced M cell differentiation ([@B88]).
Talking Back: Intestinal Epithelial-Derived Cytokines and Chemokines {#S3}
====================================================================
Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of Intestinal Epithelial-Derived Cytokines {#S3-1}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The intestinal epithelium is not simply beholden to respond to immune cell-derived cytokines but is a rich source of cytokines and chemokines, which may ameliorate or promote inflammation. The colonic epithelium was found to be a larger source of trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) than colon leukocytes, and TFF2 was protective in both acute and chronic models of DSS-induced colitis ([@B19]). In models of helminth infection, production of IL-25 by intestinal epithelial tuft cells regulated the helminth-induced type 2 immune response and facilitated worm expulsion ([@B7], [@B49]).
Intestinal epithelial cells also produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which likely contributes to tolerance to commensal bacteria. TLR4 ligation induced intestinal epithelial cell expression of IL-10, and this expression was enhanced by co-culture with macrophages ([@B20]). As previously discussed, IL-10 has been shown to stimulate intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and reinforce the integrity of the epithelial barrier ([@B42], [@B48], [@B73]). Thus, the microbiota may contribute to intestinal epithelial integrity through epithelial TLR4 ligation and the subsequent autocrine action of epithelial-derived IL-10. If so, IL-10 would not be the only cytokine with an autocrine mechanism for promoting epithelial homeostasis. IL-6 production by the intestinal epithelium has also been detected, which was shown to act in an autocrine manner to regulate crypt homeostasis ([@B18]).
In contrast to these anti-inflammatory and homeostatic effects, intestinal epithelial products may also promote inflammation. The accumulation of visceral fat has been associated with chronic intestinal inflammation, and in support of this, coculture of intestinal epithelial cells with differentiated adipocytes induced epithelial expression of TNF and matrix metalloproteinase-9 ([@B89]). IL-1α release by necrotic intestinal epithelial cells in a murine model of chemically induced colitis induced cytokine production by mesenchymal cells and reactivated colon inflammation post-recovery when delivered *via* enema ([@B90]). The findings of Bersudsky et al. support these data, as genetic ablation of IL-1α ameliorated murine DSS-induced colitis ([@B91]).
Intestinal epithelial cells also secrete IL-33; however, there is conflicting evidence in the literature regarding its role in both IBD \[reviewed by Griesenauer et al. ([@B40])\] and intestinal carcinogenesis. IL-33 expression was found to be increased in epithelial cells of both murine and human intestinal tumors, and IL-33 promoted tumor development in *Apc*^Min/+^ mice ([@B92], [@B93]). Similarly, the expression of IL-33 by intestinal epithelial cells was increased in the murine azoxymethane/DSS model of colon cancer, and the authors went further to demonstrate that the epithelial expression of IL-33 was driven by epidermal growth factor ([@B94]). By contrast, knockdown of the IL-33 receptor, ST2, in colon cancer cells from mice enhanced tumor growth, suggesting a potential antitumorigenic role for IL-33 ([@B95]).
Calling in the Troops: Intestinal Epithelial Chemokine Production {#S3-2}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Intestinal epithelial-derived chemokines can contribute to both cellular defense and pathology. *Listeria monocytogenes* infection of an intestinal epithelial cell line induced expression of the chemokines IL-8, CCL1, and CCL20. Consistent with the epithelial invasiveness of *L. monocytogenes*, the high levels of CCL20 and IL-8 were likely induced by intracellular TLR10 signaling, the knockdown of which reduced chemokine levels more than silencing of TLR1 or TLR2 ([@B31]). IL-8, CCL1, and CCL20 are responsible for neutrophil, Th2 and regulatory T cell, and Th17 and dendritic cell trafficking, respectively, and would promote the infiltration of these cell types in the infected mucosa ([@B96]). Interestingly, a separate study identified a non-chemotactic role for IL-8 in the intestine. Apically secreted intestinal epithelial cell-derived IL-8 in response to TLR2 and TLR5 ligation was shown to act in an autocrine manner to promote gene expression related to cellular differentiation ([@B97]).
Chemokines likely play a critical role in the perpetuation of intestinal inflammation in IBD patients. Dent et al. reported that cocultured eosinophils and intestinal epithelial cells synergized to increase neutrophil chemotactic activity and CXCL5 production; however, the authors did not quantify the individual contributions of each cell type to this increase ([@B33]). As evidence of activated eosinophils has been detected in acute flares of IBD, this could contribute to excessive neutrophil recruitment to the intestine and increased tissue damage in active IBD ([@B33]). Production of the cytokine IL-34 is increased in the intestine of patients with active IBD, and Franzè et al. demonstrated that production of the chemokine CCL20 was associated with IL-34 signaling in both the DLD-1 colon epithelial cell line and in mucosal explants from IBD patients ([@B34]). CCL20 production could fuel the inflammatory response in active IBD patients through the recruitment of Th17 and dendritic cells. However, the potential consequences of increased CCL20 production are not so clear-cut. In fact, these cells could aid in restitution of the epithelial barrier in IBD patients. As noted previously, IL-17 can increase intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and reduce barrier permeability, and dendritic cells are a critical source of IL-28A in the gut, another cytokine shown to induce intestinal epithelial proliferation ([@B27], [@B39], [@B44], [@B70]). Conversely, this hypothesized cytokine-induced proliferation could be too much of a good thing. IL-17 has been shown to both induce the proliferation of transformed enterocytes and stimulate IL-6 production, a cytokine implicated in colitis-associated carcinogenesis ([@B56]). The neutrophil chemokine CXCL1 has also been shown to promote carcinogenesis. The upregulation of CXCL1 by colon tumor epithelium was dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor 2α and contributed to colon carcinogenesis through neutrophil recruitment ([@B32]).
Intestinal Epithelial Responses to Pathogens and Commensals {#S3-3}
-----------------------------------------------------------
The intestinal epithelium is uniquely located to be the ideal first line of defense or communication with intraluminal bacteria and viruses. A number of bacteria alter cytokine production by the gut epithelium (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) ([@B98]--[@B103]). Exposure of the colon epithelial cell line HCT-8 to Shiga toxin 2 produced by Shiga-toxigenic *Escherichia coli* increased protein expression of IL-8 and TNF-α. However, HCT-8 exposure to subtilase cytoxin produced by the same bacterium decreased protein expression of IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 relative to unstimulated control cells, suggesting that these bacteria may use specific toxin production to differentially modulate host defenses ([@B98]). Infection of Caco-2 monolayers with *Shigella flexneri* 2a or *Shigella dysenteriae* 1 induced IL-8 secretion, which was predominantly released from the basolateral aspect of the epithelial cells, and *Salmonella enterica* serovar Typhimurium activated non-canonical inflammasome activity in murine and human intestinal epithelial cells, facilitating IL-18 secretion and bacterial clearance ([@B99], [@B100]).
{#F5}
In contrast to these predominantly pro-inflammatory responses, stimulation of Caco-2 cells with commensal bacteria increased thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-8, and TGF-β1 secretion, which resulted in the promotion of a tolerogenic dendritic cell phenotype by TSLP and TGF-β1 ([@B101]). In addition, probiotic bacterial strains have been shown to reduce gut epithelial production of IL-8 ([@B102], [@B103]).
Intestinal epithelial cytokine release prompted by viral infection can help clear infection or create pathology. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of the intestinal epithelium of rhesus macaques induced IL-1β expression by Paneth cells before the induction of an antiviral IFN response. IL-1β expression was correlated with epithelial disruption characterized by the mislocalization and reduced expression of tight junction proteins, although these changes did not correspond to any aberrant responses to bacteria ([@B104]).
Multiple studies have documented the production of IFN-λ by virus-infected intestinal epithelial cells, although the ability of this cytokine to limit viral infection varied between studies ([@B82], [@B84], [@B105]). A possible explanation for these discrepancies may be found in the work of Hernández et al., which demonstrated that group 3 ILC-derived IL-22 amplified IFN-λ signaling in intestinal epithelial cells, and synergistic signaling by the two cytokines was necessary for a reduction in viral replication and optimal stimulation of IFN-induced gene expression ([@B105]).
Dietary Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Mediator Release {#S3-4}
------------------------------------------------------------
Diet has been implicated as a possible contributing factor to IBD; however, research has failed to identify the "ideal" anti-inflammatory diet for IBD patients ([@B106]). Nevertheless, recent studies have identified anti-inflammatory effects of specific dietary components on the intestinal epithelium. Pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with the plant-derived flavonoid cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) reduced TNF-α-induced gene expression of IL-8 and TNF-α. C3G also inhibited endothelial cell activation and subsequent leukocyte adhesion stimulated by coculture with TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells ([@B107]). Similarly, treatment of Caco-2 cells with the dietary fiber guar gum increased expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) and reduced TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression. In addition, guar gum administration to mice with chemically induced enteritis reduced disease activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the small intestine concurrent with an increase in SOCS-1 protein ([@B108]).
Concluding Remarks {#S4}
==================
Cytokines and chemokines are critical for intestinal epithelial homeostasis and responses to disease. The ability of cytokines to directly facilitate or restrict intestinal epithelial proliferation, apoptosis, and permeability makes them key players in the maintenance, or at times destruction, of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Furthermore, the release of cytokines and chemokines by the intestinal epithelium in response to pathogens, commensal organisms, interactions with other cell types, and dietary compounds allows these cells to have critical input into their microenvironment. Despite our frequent tendency to classify cytokines as either pro- or anti-inflammatory, we must realize that these labels fail to acknowledge the incredible diversity and situational basis of cytokine functions. While undoubtedly complex, the cytokine biology of intestinal mucosal immunology is a fascinating opportunity for investigations into both intestinal immunophysiology and potential translational approaches to modulate this physiology for much-needed novel therapies for intestinal disease.
Author Contributions {#S5}
====================
CA, MM, and SD contributed to the development of the review topic. CA wrote the initial draft of the manuscript, and MM and SD critically reviewed and edited the manuscript for content.
Conflict of Interest Statement {#S6}
==============================
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors wish to thank the Scientific Publications, Graphics & Media talent at the National Cancer Institute at Frederick for their contributions to the manuscript figures.
**Funding.** CA and SD are supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute.
[^1]: Edited by: Fabio Cominelli, Case Western Reserve University, United States
[^2]: Reviewed by: Raymond P. Donnelly, United States Food and Drug Administration, United States; Andrei Ivanov, Cleveland Clinic, United States; Giorgos Bamias, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, Greece
[^3]: Specialty section: This article was submitted to Cytokines and Soluble Mediators in Immunity, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
| {
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"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
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Nerve growth factor: a neurokine orchestrating neuroimmune-endocrine functions.
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is widely recognized as a target-derived factor responsible for the survival and maintenance of the phenotype of specific subsets of peripheral neurons and basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei during development and maturation. Other NGF-responsive cells are now known to belong to the hemopoietic-immune system and to populations in the brain involved in neuroendocrine functions. The concentration of NGF is elevated in a number of inflammatory and autoimmune states in conjunction with increased accumulation of mast cells. Mast cells and NGF appear to be involved in neuroimmune interactions and tissue inflammation. Mast cells themselves are capable of producing and responding to NGF, suggesting that alterations in mast cell behavior may trigger maladaptive neuroimmune tissue responses, including those of an autoimmune nature. Moreover, NGF exerts a modulatory role on sensory nociceptive nerve physiology in the adult, and appears to correlate with hyperalgesic phenomena occurring in tissue inflammation. NGF can thus be viewed as a multifactorial modulator of neuroimmune-endocrine functions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Conformation-specific crosslinking of mitochondrial complex I.
Complex I is the only component of the eukaryotic respiratory chain of which no high-resolution structure is yet available. A notable feature of mitochondrial complex I is the so-called active/de-active conformational transition of the idle enzyme from the active (A) to the de-active, (D) form. Using an amine- and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker of 6.8Å length (SPDP) we found that in the D-form of complex I the ND3 subunit crosslinked to the 39 kDa (NDUFA9) subunit. These proteins could not be crosslinked in the A-form. Most likely, both subunits are closely located in the critical junction region connecting the peripheral hydrophilic domain to the membrane arm of the enzyme where the entrance path for substrate ubiquinone is and where energy transduction takes place. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Role based views in extjs4 mvc
My application has different views for different roles like (admin or standard user).I don't know how can i implement it with extjs4 MVC. Examples of extjs4 documentation consider that application has only one role like standard user so they create one app.js file that manage application but if application has many roles i don't know how can i implement different views for different users.
One matter is i have two app.js files in the application and after i get user role in the server i load appropriate app.js file to use appropriate views,controllers,models,stores and so on.
Is this matter true?
A:
This is a rather standard question that comes up so many times and the answer is always the same:
Access Control belongs to the Server where no user can manipulate it
Simply don't provide a View / a model / a controller to a user where he has no access to
With that in mind it doesn't matter if you have one app or ten.
And because Access Control is nothing that belongs to the frontend there is no implementation within ExtJS.
Update -> Hide UI elements
A ready to go approach would be the use of Ext.direct. This provide the application with a API that can be modified based on custom access of the current user and can then be checked by the frontend.
HowTo:
Create the API based on the user session and check on the Clientside like
if(Booking) {
if (Booking.Create) {
// has access
}
}
or as one line
{
xtype: 'button',
hidden: !(Booking && Booking.Create)
}
This is just a simple example how easy this could be done!
update
This Link helped the op
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
Is it worth to pay for TurboTax when filing one W2?
Is it worth to pay for TurboTax when filing one W2? Or just use its FREE version?
A:
It's worth it to actually know how to do taxes for real. On paper, following the instructions yourself.
This is a great time to learn, because you get to learn the new version of the forms.
You can hit the library and get copies of the popular paper forms, or you can get PDF versions of the forms and instructions. Get real Adobe Acrobat Reader, because you can actually type the numbers/values into the PDF versions. I put in everything except my SSN, save it, print it, handwrite the SSN and signature, and stick it in an envelope with a stamp and mail it to the IRS. Now I have a local copy to archive on my PC.
I have to stand behind that 1040. I'd like to be able to acutally see it in the future, not have it be bits and blits in somebody else's cloud, or in some weird file format only one app can read. (Nor do I want my SSN in those places, which could be hacked). PDF is common and reliable. (And again, no SSN there either).
One more thing, IRS can reject online "filings". In effect they strongarm you to accept numbers you disagree with, otherwise you've failed to file. When you file paper, IRS must accept that you filed on time, then you squabble with their Andover office about the details.
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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1. Introduction
===============
Optical frequency combs are used routinely to generate optical radiation with a frequency uncertainty limited only by the uncertainty of the master clock that sets the repetition frequency of the comb. The fundamental limitation is the uncertainty of the primary cesium clock, currently about 3 × 10^−16^ \[[@b1-v115.n06.a02]\]. Combs are also quite useful in applications that may not require such high accuracy but benefit from the fact that a comb can generate radiation over a broad spectrum of optical wavelengths. In the Precision Engineering Division (PED) of NIST,[1](#fn1-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fn"} we have a need to calibrate laser frequency for lasers with wavelengths ranging from 530 nm to 1.5 μm, by comparison of the laser frequencies to the known frequencies generated by a comb.
Calibration of laser frequency provides equivalent knowledge of the laser vacuum wavelength; we will interchangeably use the terms "frequency calibration" and "wavelength calibration." Since 2008, all NIST laser wavelength calibrations are traceable (either directly or via a transfer standard) to the comb, and calibrated lasers operating in interferometers form the backbone of modern length metrology. Thus, combbased vacuum wavelength measurements effectively form the top of the traceability chain for most length measurements in the United States.
For purposes of laser calibration, a relative uncertainty of a few parts in 10^12^ is more than sufficient for any of our needs. (The relative uncertainty is the same whether discussing frequency or wavelength.) The most demanding requirement we face is a need to calibrate iodine stabilized lasers operating at 633 nm. Under favorable circumstances, these lasers can reproduce their frequency/wavelength at a level of ≈4 × 10^−12^ \[[@b2-v115.n06.a02]\]. There is no benefit in achieving a calibration accuracy much better than the reproducibility. Other calibrations of interest to us include commercial lasers operating at 543 nm and at 1.52 μm; for these lasers the wavelength reproducibility is much worse, and there is no motivation to achieve a relative uncertainty better than 10^−9^.
A comb referenced to a GPS signal is entirely sufficient to meet these needs. The GPS signal furthermore provides a very clear traceability path to the unit of time as realized by NIST. In effect, the GPS signal, in combination with a comb, is capable of providing the unit of length (vacuum wavelength) delivered by satellite to any point in the world, over a broad range of wavelengths. As combs become more robust and less costly, this "length by satellite" is coming into wide use by National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and may also become an attractive tool for use in high-level secondary laboratories. Arguably, the traceability path for these GPS-based measurements is particularly straightforward and easy to demonstrate, and a well-functioning comb is capable of achieving uncertainties many orders of magnitude better than what is required for laser calibration. Nevertheless, it is necessary to verify the reliability of the overall measurement process. This paper will describe a suite of tests that we use for the PED comb to assure that the comb indeed delivers order-of 10^−12^ accuracy as required for our calibration needs. Some further discussions of this topic may be found in Ref. \[[@b3-v115.n06.a02]\]. We would argue that this suite of tests---or similar tests--could be used by anyone to achieve essentially complete confidence in their measurement results for uncertainties as small as a few parts in 10^12^. The procedures as described in this article are directed toward users whose uncertainty requirements are not more stringent than this level.
2. Implementation of a Comb-Based System for Calibrating Laser Frequency
========================================================================
The operating principles of combs have been described extensively in the literature and will not be discussed in detail here. Several references \[[@b4-v115.n06.a02], [@b5-v115.n06.a02], [@b6-v115.n06.a02]\] give good reviews of frequency combs. Fox et al. \[[@b7-v115.n06.a02]\] explicitly discuss using a GPS in conjunction with a comb for laser calibrations, and some aspects of the PED system has been discussed previously by Stone et al. \[[@b3-v115.n06.a02]\]. In this paper we cannot review all aspects of comb operation, but in this section we will provide some needed background information and will describe those elements of our measurement system that may be somewhat different from standard configurations. [Figure 1](#f1-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} shows a simplified schematic of the basic components of the frequency comb and of the set-up for calibration of an iodine stabilized laser.
2.1 Basis of the Measurement
----------------------------
An optical frequency comb is based on a mode locked laser emitting a uniform train of short pulses with some repetition frequency *f*~rep~. In terms of frequency, the pulse train consists of a set of uniformly spaced frequency components, with frequencies *f~N~* given by $$f_{N} = f_{\mathit{CEO}} + N\ f_{\text{rep}},$$where *f~CEO~* is the carrier-envelope offset frequency, measured in a manner described later. *f~CEO~* can be either positive or negative. *N* is the mode order, a large integer typically greater than 10^6^. When we calibrate the frequency of a laser, the output beam of the comb is combined (via a beamsplitter) with the beam from the laser under test. The power of the combined beam is measured by a fast photodetector, and the output of the detector then contains beat frequencies *f*~beat~ corresponding to the difference in frequency between comb components and the unknown frequency *f*~test~ of the laser under test. Thus, if a beat with one known component *N* of the comb output can be isolated, the frequency *f*~test~ is determined from a measurement of *f*~beat~: $$f_{\text{test}} = f_{\mathit{CEO}} + N\ f_{\text{rep}} \pm f_{\text{beat}}.$$
In the above equation, *f*~beat~ represents a positive quantity---the measured beat frequency---which must be added or subtracted depending on whether *f*~test~ is larger or smaller than the frequency of the *N*th comb component. The situation is as shown in [Fig. 2](#f2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"}, where the beat between *f*~test~ and the next-lowest comb component corresponds to a positive sign in [Eq. (2)](#fd2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="disp-formula"}, and the beat with the next-highest comb component corresponds to a negative sign.
Signs may be determined by making small changes in the frequencies *f*~rep~ and *f~CEO~* and observing the corresponding change in *f*~beat~. If *f*~beat~ is observed to increase when *f*~rep~ is increased very slightly, then *f*~beat~ must be the beat with component *N* + 1 in [Fig. 2](#f2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"}, and the negative sign must be used in [Eq. (2)](#fd2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="disp-formula"}. Conversely, if *f*~beat~ decreases then the positive sign must be used. Similarly, if *f~CEO~* is increased slightly, and if this has the same effect (in terms of increasing or decreasing *f*~beat~) as does an increase in *f*~rep~, then *f~CEO~* is positive. In a setup such as ours, where both the offset frequency and beat frequency can be servo controlled, the signs are determined by the polarity settings of the servo loops; thus it is not necessary to re-determine the signs for every measurement.
For our system, *f*~rep~ is normally 100 MHz, and we only measure beat signals between 0 MHz and 100 MHz. As shown in [Fig. 2](#f2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"}, there are always two such signals, and the two frequencies sum to 100 MHz.
The accuracy of measurements rests primarily on achieving a low uncertainty in *f*~rep~. To achieve an uncertainty in *f*~test~ of 1 kHz (≈2 parts in 10^12^), *f*~rep~ must be known with a relative uncertainty of 2 parts in 10^12^, whereas the offset frequency *f~CEO~* (typically 20 MHz, or 40 MHz after frequency doubling to the visible) and the beat frequency *f*~beat~ (less than 100 MHz) need be measured with a relative uncertainty of only 10^−5^.
2.2 The Frequency Comb
----------------------
We use a commercial optical frequency comb \[[@b8-v115.n06.a02], [@b9-v115.n06.a02]\][2](#fn2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fn"} as the basis of our system, with two modifications to the commercial comb. The comb system consists of a mode-locked erbium fiber laser, an *f*-2*f* interferometer for determining offset frequency, and frequency doubling optics to reach visible wavelengths. The erbium laser actually has two outputs that are independently amplified and shaped, and are broadened in two highly nonlinear fibers. (See [Fig. 1](#f1-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"}.) One output is broadened so that is covers a wavelength range of one octave, between roughly 1 μm and 2 μm, and is used for determining the offset frequency *f~CEO~*. Initially, the offset frequency was measured using a two-arm interferometer; frequency-doubled light from a BBO crystal in one arm of the interferometer (with offset frequency 2 × *f~CEO~*) interferes with un-doubled light in the second arm (with offset frequency *f~CEO~*), generating a beat signal at *f~CEO~* for detecting and controlling the offset frequency. (See [Appendix A](#app1-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="app"} for definitions of acronyms such as BBO.) At present we generate the *f~CEO~* signal in the single arm of the interferometer containing the BBO crystal; light emerging from the crystal contains both doubled and un-doubled components which interfere with each other to create the signal. Although walk-off in the BBO crystal reduces signal strength relative to what might be obtained with PPLN \[[@b10-v115.n06.a02]\], we nevertheless achieve S/N ratios using this method that are similar to what was achieved with the two-arm interferometer (roughly 30 dB to 35 dB as measured with 300 kHz RBW). The single-arm arrangement is advantageous because it is more robust in terms of alignment than is a two-arm interferometer. A feedback loop controlling the pump laser current is used to stabilize *f~CEO~* to a 20 MHz reference frequency that is derived from the GPS signal.
A second output of the erbium laser is independently amplified and broadened in a separate nonlinear fiber. This output can be used directly for calibrations in the IR, or it can be doubled in a PPLN crystal to provide a visible output. Three PPLN crystals suffice to cover a spectral range from 530 nm to 700 nm.
Another modification of our comb system is a mechanism for sliding a glass plate into and out of the freespace region of the comb laser, so as to provide a means for rapidly changing the optical length of the resonator and hence the repetition frequency. This operation is needed to determine *N*, as described later. Although the commercial laser system includes a mechanism based on a piezo-drive motor for making coarse adjustments to the length of the resonator, suitably large shifts in repetition frequency would require an inordinate amount of time. We can rapidly shift the frequency by 208.22 kHz by inserting a 12.7 mm thick piece of BK7 into the free space region of the erbium laser resonator. Losses due to reflections from uncoated surfaces of the glass appear to have little effect on laser operation or on mode locking. When the 12.7 mm piece of glass is inserted into the beam, mode lock is usually re-established immediately and can always be initiated by slightly jiggling the glass.
In passing we note that the change in comb repetition frequency when inserting the glass tells us the change in optical length of the laser cavity, arising from the group refractive index of the glass. If the group index could be determined with low uncertainty, then the absolute thickness of the glass could be obtained from the measured frequency change. The precision of the measurement can be very high (sub-nanometer), limited only by the short-term stability of the free-running comb, and thus this phenomenon could serve as the basis of a technique for measuring sub-nanometer thickness variations of transparent materials.
2.3 Reference Frequency (GPSDO)
-------------------------------
The repetition frequency (*f*~rep~) of the mode-locked laser is normally phase locked to a multiple of the frequency of a GPS disciplined rubidium oscillator (GPSDO) \[[@b11-v115.n06.a02]\]. Short-term stability is provided by the rubidium oscillator. In a GPSDO, the absolute longterm accuracy is achieved by a servo that adjusts the output frequency to agree with GPS signals. The fundamental accuracy of the system thus rests in the GPS signal, which is traceable to NIST; it is "calibrated" daily in the sense that NIST continuously monitors the signal and publishes performance data on the web \[[@b12-v115.n06.a02]\]. Some attention should be given to placement of the GPS antenna in a position where it views as many satellites as possible and where it is not subject to reflections from nearby buildings. Also, the GPSDO unit should be chosen with some care, as certain units will provide better short-term stability than others. Short-term performance depends both on hardware (particularly the local oscillator) and on the software that must handle switching between satellite signals, weigh the signals appropriately, and implement a steering algorithm to correct the local oscillator output. These issues have been discussed by Lombardi \[[@b13-v115.n06.a02], [@b14-v115.n06.a02], [@b15-v115.n06.a02]\].
2.4 Controlling the Comb Repetition Rate
----------------------------------------
A photodiode detects comb pulses at the repetition frequency *f*~rep~, and a fast piezo actuator in the erbium laser is used to control the laser cavity length and thus set the repetition frequency. Normally, the 10th harmonic of the repetition frequency is phase locked to a 1 GHZ reference derived from the GPSDO signal, thus setting the repetition rate to 100 MHz. Under some circumstances---particularly for determining the mode order *N*---it is useful to operate at other repetition frequencies (never far from 100 MHz). This can be done by replacing the GPSDO signal with a variable reference frequency provided by the output of a synthesizer/signal generator. To preserve accuracy, the time-base of the synthesizer/signal generator must be provided by the GPSDO signal. Good performance will not be obtained unless the signal generator has very low phase noise. When the comb repetition frequency is thus controlled, measurements of the highest accuracy can be obtained in a convenient manner, and we use this mode of operation for many of our measurements.
2.5 Controlling the Beat Frequency
----------------------------------
We also use a second mode of operation where *f*~rep~ is not held fixed but is servoed so as to keep the beat frequency *f*~beat~ constant. This alternate approach provides some operational advantages over a signal generator (and is much less expensive to implement). The primary advantage of this method is that it can be implemented in a scheme that will automatically establish servo lock with little or no operator intervention, which is important when it is necessary to rapidly and repeatedly change the comb repetition frequency. We use this approach when measuring the mode order as described in Sec. 2.7. Keeping the beat frequency constant also makes it possible to improve signal to noise with the aid of a narrow filter, as described in Sec. 2.6. A frequency lock that is easy to implement and has a wide capture range is described in Ref. \[[@b16-v115.n06.a02]\]. We have tried several variations on this scheme.
There are several possibilities for straightforward implementation of a frequency lock with a unique lock point, which will provide automatic lock acquisition with minimal requirements for operator intervention. An electrical high pass or low pass filter with cutoff near the desired beat frequency can be used as a discriminant for measuring and controlling *f*~beat~. The power transmitted through the filter varies rapidly near the cutoff frequency. Satisfactory frequency control can be achieved simply by servoing the comb repetition frequency so as to hold the power of the filtered signal constant at some threshold value; that is, the PI controller that normally holds *f*~rep~ constant is instead used to hold the filtered power equal to the threshold value. The control point will change slightly if laser power varies, but the effect is not severe if the filter rolloff is sufficiently sharp.
A system with reasonable performance can be built simply by plugging together inexpensive connectorized stock components. The signal is first pre-filtered to select the range between 50 MHz and 100 MHz, so that only one beat signal is present. Two stock 70 MHz low-pass filters can be cascaded to provide a sharp discriminant, suitable for stabilizing the beat frequency at the center of a stock 70 MHz bandpass filter. (This will simultaneously stabilize the signal at *f*~rep~--*f*~beat~ to the center of a 30 MHz bandpass filter.) A splitter, mixer, and low pass filter can be used to generate a DC signal proportional to the power transmitted through the filter. If the beat signal has constant amplitude, we see variations in the lock point over the course of an afternoon of less than ±200 kHz, and the 1-second Allan deviation is 6 kHz. A 10 % change in the amplitude of the beat signal shifts the lock point by about 400 kHz.
An order of magnitude better performance can be achieved using a power-insensitive scheme that depends on the phase shift of the filtered signal, but this method does not result in a unique lock point. As described in Ref. \[[@b16-v115.n06.a02]\], comparing the filtered power to the total unfiltered power will give a lock point insensitive to power fluctuations, but a unique lock point will not be achieved without careful attention as to how signal levels behave at the edges of the pre-filter passband. For our application, the potentially tighter lock provided by power-insensitive schemes is of no clear benefit, whereas it is of primary importance to achieve reliable automatic locking, requiring a unique lock point.
The main drawback of stabilizing the beat frequency, rather than the repetition rate, is that this approach requires very careful measurement of the *repetition* frequency, which is no longer controlled by the repetition rate servo. This will require long averaging times and will severely test the performance of a frequency counter. Actually, the counter *does not* need an extremely accurate internal timebase, because achieving suitable accuracy of the timebase is *only* possible via using the GPSDO as an external timebase for the counter. But good timing resolution is required in order to achieve accurate measurements in short periods of time. For example, with 1 ns timing resolution, a 1 s frequency measurement has a resolution of only 1 part in 10^9^, which may not be sufficient for purposes of determining mode order. Thus, it is necessary to purchase a counter that has good timing resolution and it is necessary to use long measurement samples to achieve high accuracy. This point is discussed further in Sec. 4.2. In any event, if measurements with the beat frequency locked agree well with results obtained with the repetition frequency locked, this can serve as a cross check to give confidence in both the frequency counter and in the *f*~rep~ servo.
2.6 Beat Frequency Measurement
------------------------------
To measure the beat frequency, the laser beams from the comb and test laser are combined at a beamsplitter and the time-varying power in the superimposed beams (at frequency *f*~beat~) is detected with an avalanche photodetector. The primary difficulties with measuring *f*~beat~ arises from the fact that only a very small fraction of the comb power is in the mode that gives rise to a beat signal. The problem is particularly a concern for us because of the relatively low repetition frequency of our comb laser (100 MHz) and the corresponding high density of comb lines. After frequency doubling to the red, the output power of the comb is a few milliwatts spread over several nanometers spectral width. This spread corresponds to 1.5 × 10^4^ comb lines, only one of which will contribute to the signal *f*~beat~ that we wish to measure. The rest of the comb power degrades the signal through its contribution to shot noise and through saturation of the detector. Depending on the detector and its built-in amplification, saturation may occur due to either the DC comb power or due to RF signals at *f*~rep~ (and multiples of *f*~rep~) arising from interference between adjacent comb lines, because these signals are much larger than is the signal at *f*~beat~. If too much amplification is built into the detector, it will be difficult to avoid saturation. Saturation can be avoided if the detector has lower amplification and its output is filtered prior to additional stages of amplification.
Several strategies are needed to maximize signal to noise and reduce detector saturation effects. Probably the most important single step is simply to take great care in aligning the beam from the test laser with the beam from the comb. To be more precise, what is ideally needed is perfect matching of the wavefronts--two coaxial Gaussian beams with the same waist position and same size, traveling in the same direction. The ultimate method for assuring matching of the wavefronts---and rejecting unmatched portions of the beams that do not contribute to signal but contribute to saturation and noise---is to couple both beams into a single mode fiber prior to the detector. If a fiber is not used, it must be assured that the beams overlap very well, travel accurately in the same direction, and have similar waist size (or equivalently, similar spot sizes in the far-field region). A factor of two mismatch in the waist size will result in a 1.9 dB reduction in signal strength (calculated from the overlap integral assuming that the beams are Gaussian and both can be focused completely onto the detector). For beams of equal size, there will also be \>1.9 dB reduction in signal if the beams are misaligned by an angle greater than 2/3 of the beam divergence (half angle), or if one beam is offset laterally from the other by more than 2/3 of the waist radius, or if the positions of the waists are separated along the direction of propagation by a distance greater than the Rayleigh range.
Other things can be done that will slightly improve signal to noise and will reduce the potential problem of detector saturation by the comb power. First, a narrow-band optical filter or grating can be used to reject unwanted spectral components of the comb signal. A grating in Littrow configuration provides potentially better performance than do optical filters and, unlike the narrow band filter, works over a range of wavelengths. The grating alleviates the problem of detector saturation and slightly improves signal to noise.
Similarly, a non-symmetric beamsplitter or polarizing optics can be used to combine the comb and test laser beams in proportions other than 50 %, which is slightly advantageous when the test laser has much less power than the comb (an iodine stabilized laser, for example). If the test laser has 1/10 of the power of the comb prior to mixing, then S/N is optimized (assuming shot noise) by a splitting ratio of 75 % to 25 % in favor of the test laser. The improvement in S/N relative to a 50 % beamsplitter is almost negligible---only 1 dB--- but the total power on the detector is reduced by 40 % and thus helps avoid saturation.
Perhaps the simplest and most effective way of improving S/N is to limit the detection bandwidth for the electronic signal going to the frequency counter. We typically stabilize *f*~beat~ at a value that is centered on a bandpass filter with a width of about 12 MHz. This filter provides about 6 dB better S/N than would be obtained by a filter of 50 MHz width (the maximum width that would assure separation of the signal at *f*~beat~ from the signal at *f*~rep~ -- *f*~beat~). This provides satisfactory S/N for any of our current measurement needs. A yet narrower filter would provide better S/N but might not be broad enough to accept the signal of a modulated laser; iodine stabilized lasers at 633 nm have a modulation width of 6 MHz, and one commercial 1.52 μm laser has a modulation width of 10 MHz.
If it is necessary to further reduce noise, this can be done by removing the modulation from the beat signal, allowing use of a narrower filter. A suitably fast beat frequency servo should narrow the modulation width, but the effect is not profound for our system. Better results are obtained by adding an AC signal into the feedback system so as to modulate the comb frequency in a manner that cancels the modulation of the test laser. Cancellation is possible by adjusting the amplitude and phase of a sinusoidal voltage output of a phase locked loop. The PLL must be locked to a reference signal which has a fixed phase relationship to the laser modulation. Some modulated lasers provide a reference output that can be used for this purpose. If no such output exists, it is also possible to derive a reference from the beat frequency servo error signal (but performance will not be as good).
We can narrow the linewidth of the beat signal from 6 MHz to about 400 kHz using a PLL. If future measurements require improved S/N, this narrowing of the modulation width will allow us to replace our 12 MHz bandpass filter with a filter of ≤1 MHz width--- sufficiently large to comfortably accept the beat signal while providing an additional 11 dB improvement in S/N.
2.7 Determining the Mode Order
------------------------------
The mode order *N* must be determined. One way to do this would be to employ a wavemeter, but a suitably accurate wavemeter is expensive, requires periodic calibration, and would require more than one set of optics to cover the visible and IR wavelengths of interest to us. Alternatives based on changing the comb repetition rate \[[@b17-v115.n06.a02], [@b18-v115.n06.a02]\] are more attractive as a method of determining order, as they avoid the expense and maintenance associated with a separate instrument. Our method is most similar to that of Ref. \[[@b17-v115.n06.a02]\] and is closely analogous to multicolor interferometry \[[@b19-v115.n06.a02]\]. Implementation of these methods is very straightforward when measuring very stable sources. It is somewhat more difficult to implement when measuring the wavelength of typical commercial stabilized lasers, due to the frequency fluctuations of these lasers.
Usually, the frequency of the laser under test is known approximately before beginning the measurement. In fact, the mode order for commercial stabilized lasers is almost always known, since the tolerance on the output frequency is much less than the comb spacing. However, certain assembly errors occasionally cause a commercial laser to have a frequency that is not at the expected order. Even if the exact order is not known, only a narrow range of orders will be realistically possible for a gas laser. For example, the frequency of a 633 nm He-Ne laser will always lay within a known range of 2.8 GHz \[[@b20-v115.n06.a02]\], corresponding to 28 possible values for *N*. Within this range, the order can easily be determined by changing the repetition rate by some amount Δ*f*~rep~. For our system, Δ*f*~rep~ is normally set at 208.22 kHz, as explained previously. In all the following analysis we assume that Δ*f*~rep~\<\< *f*~rep~.
To determine the mode order, we first use [Eq. (2)](#fd2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="disp-formula"} to find *N*~0~, the value of *N* that gives a result *f*~test~ as close as possible to the expected frequency of the test laser when the repetition rate is *f*~rep~. We next find the order $N_{0}^{\prime}$ which, for repetition rate *f*~rep~ + Δ*f*~rep~, gives a value for *f*~test~ as close as possible to the value obtained with *f*~rep~. If the initial guess *N*~0~ is correct, then the two values obtained for *f*~test~ must be the same (within experimental uncertainty). If the first estimate *N*~0~ is in error by Δ*N*, and if Δ*N* is not too large \[more precisely, \|Δ*N*\| \< *f*~rep~/(2Δ*f*~rep~) = 240 orders\], then $N_{0}^{\prime}$will be in error by the same amount Δ*N*. Thus one result for *f*~test~ will be in error by Δ*N f*~rep~ and the second will be in error by Δ*N* (*f*~rep~ + Δ*f*~rep~), so the two results of [Eq. (2)](#fd2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="disp-formula"} will disagree with each other by $$\delta\ f_{\text{test}} = \Delta N \times \Delta f_{\text{rep}}.$$
Therefore the true order must be $$N = N_{0} - \mathit{Round}\lbrack\delta\ f_{\text{test}}/\Delta f_{\text{rep}}\rbrack$$where "Round" represents rounding to the nearest integer. If there is an error in measuring *δf*~test~ such that the error in *δf*~test~/Δ*f*~rep~ exceeds 0.5, then *N* will be in error by 1. This is never a problem when measuring a laser stabilized by saturated absorption, but it can become a significant problem when measuring certain commercial stabilized lasers, which have much greater frequency fluctuation and drift. Unless the variations of *f*~test~ are somehow measured and corrected, it will be necessary to assume that *f*~test~ is constant, and the variations of *f*~test~ between measurements will appear as errors in *δf*~test~. To avoid an error in determining *N*, it is necessary to tune the comb repetition rate by amounts that are at least twice as large as these frequency fluctuations. Zhang et al. \[[@b17-v115.n06.a02]\] recommend that the repetition frequency be shifted by more than ten times the frequency fluctuations in the laser under test. Our shift of 208 kHz is not as large as recommended, but we can compensate for the relatively small shift as described below.
For our system, we will have an error in *N* unless frequency fluctuations and drift can be kept below Δ*f*~rep~/2 = 108 kHz. This condition can usually be fulfilled but it is not guaranteed. Frequency fluctuations can be reduced by using long sampling times, an efficient solution to the problem if the fluctuations are characterized by a white-noise spectrum. Simply increasing the averaging time will not completely solve the problem for some commercial lasers, which may be subject to frequency variations that are quasi-linear or quasi-periodic on long time scales (ranging from a few minutes up to more than an hour). A more efficient method of averaging out long-term drift is to switch back and fourth several times between two values of *f*~rep~ on a time scale short relative to the time scale of the drifts. For most commercial lasers, reasonable sampling times probably lie between 20 s and 2 min.
As mentioned previously, we shift the repetition frequency by sliding a piece of glass into or out of the free space region of the comb resonator. When performing this test, we servo-control the beat frequency so as to keep *f*~beat~ constant (rather than directly stabilizing the repetition frequency). Mode locking will usually self-initiate when the glass is inserted. On occasion operator intervention is required, but, on average, the process of switching the repetition rate requires less than 20 s.
[Figure 3](#f3-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} shows repeated measurements of *f*~test~ for a typical commercial laser (633 nm). If *f*~in~ is a frequency measurement with the glass inserted and *f*~out~ is a measurement without the glass, then the data is taken repeating a pattern *f*~in~ *f*~out~ *f*~out~ *f*~in~. Each measurement shown in [Fig. 3](#f3-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} is actually a 10 s sample, with two measurements are taken in succession (except for the very first and last point). The sequence *f*~in~ *f*~out~ *f*~out~ *f*~in~ yields two measurements of *δf*~test~ whose average is insensitive to linear drift.
A long-term drift is apparent in the frequency of the test laser. Over the period of the first 10 measurements the average drift between successive readings is about 25 kHz, which will have a non-negligible effect on the results (but is still smaller than typical random fluctuations from one reading to the next, suggesting that a longer averaging time would be beneficial for testing this laser). In [Fig. 3](#f3-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"}, the data points connected by a solid line show the results when the correct order is used in the analysis. The dashed line shows what the results would look like if the order were misidentified by 1. For the dashed line, the frequency clearly changes as we switch between glass-in and glass-out; the clear systematic difference between the readings *f*~in~ and the readings *f*~out~ indicate that the order has been misidentified.
A typical measurement sequence could consist of three repetitions of the pattern *f*~in~ *f*~out~ *f*~out~ *f*~in~---a total of 12 frequency measurements (6 measurements of *δf*~test~). The data of [Fig. 3](#f3-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} represents 4 such measurement sequences. The results are unambiguous in the sense that, for each of these 4 measurement sequences, the average value for *δf*~test~ is consistent with 0 and is inconsistent with ± 208 kHz (a change of *N* by ± 1) at a 99.7 % confidence level or better, giving us good assurance that the order has been identified correctly. Thus we conclude that, for this particular laser, a set of three repetitions of the *f*~in~ *f*~out~ *f*~out~ *f*~in~ pattern, with 10 s sample time for each data point, suffices to provide a reliable value for the order *N* that can be obtained in a reasonable amount of time (about 5 minutes).
If the average value of *δf*~test~ is *m* and if the standard deviation of the mean of all measurements is σ, then either neighboring order is excluded with 99 % confidence if $$\left. 208\ \text{kHz} - \middle| m \middle| > k\sigma \right.$$where *k* is given by the Student's t-distribution (*k* = 3.36 for 6 samples and a one-sided confidence interval of 99 %). This provides strong evidence that the order is identified correctly. [Equation (5)](#fd5-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="disp-formula"} will always provide a conservative criterion for claiming that the order has been identified correctly, although it may be unnecessarily conservative in some situations where slightly different analyses may be more appropriate.
If all of the measurements shown in [Fig. 3](#f3-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} are taken together, the average value of *δf*~test~ is 17 kHz with an uncertainty of 13 kHz, where these values are quite small relative to the fluctuations of the test laser. The good agreement between glass-in and glass-out frequency values provides real-time assurance that the measurements are being done correctly, at a level significantly smaller than uncertainties in the test laser associated with its drift. This is one of several tests we can do to assure that measurements are being done correctly. Of course, this good level of agreement will not verify everything in our measurement process, but it would catch subtle errors in the measurement of *f*~rep~ or gross errors in measurement of *f*~beat~.
In most cases, the procedure above is all that would be needed to distinguish the order. One exception would be if there was very little prior knowledge as to the order, such as when measuring a tunable diode laser. If the true mode order does not lie within the range *N*~0~ ± *f*~rep~/(2Δ*f*~rep~), then the analysis of [Eq. (4)](#fd4-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="disp-formula"} breaks down, and ambiguities in possible solutions can arise. (An analogous problem occurs in two-color interferometry when prior knowledge of the measured length is not sufficiently accurate.) If *f*~rep~/Δ*f*~rep~ were exactly 480, so that 481 orders of *f*~rep~ exactly matched 480 orders of (*f*~rep~+Δ*f*~rep~), then the same beat frequency would be predicted for possible solutions differing by 480 orders, and it would be impossible to distinguish the ambiguity. When *f*~rep~ is not exactly an integral multiple of Δ*f*~rep~, the predicted beat frequencies do not repeat exactly at intervals of *f*~rep~/Δ*f*~rep~ orders, and in principle the unambiguous region can be extended. In fact, the sum total of all the data shown in [Fig. 3](#f3-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} is sufficiently accurate to relax the requirements on prior knowledge of the wavelength. However, a much smaller set of measurements could efficiently distinguish the order unambiguously, if a series of small frequency shifts is used to perturb the 208 kHz shifts. Because the non-ambiguity interval is given by (*f*~rep~/Δ*f*~rep~), it is clear that we could use a very small shift Δ*f*~rep~ to expand the non-ambiguity interval. A geometric sequence of everdecreasing shifts can be used to expand the non-ambiguity interval to cover the entire visible spectrum or beyond. In practice, these small frequency shifts do not need to be done independently of the large shifts (208 kHz via inserting the glass) that are used to distinguish *N* from *N* + 1; if the 208 kHz shifts are perturbed by additional smaller shifts made in some other manner, it is possible to completely eliminate ambiguity without increasing the total number of required measurements.
3. Traceability and Evaluating Measurement Uncertainty
======================================================
An important aspect of a GPS-based comb system is that it is based on a traceable frequency standard, provided by the GPS system. The traceability of GPS and of GPS-based combs has been discussed in various articles \[[@b3-v115.n06.a02], [@b13-v115.n06.a02]--[@b15-v115.n06.a02]\]. In this section we discuss traceability from the standpoint of the VIM definition \[[@b21-v115.n06.a02]\], "...the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons, all having stated uncertainties." For laser calibrations via a GPS-comb, the unbroken chain of comparisons to national standards can be remarkably short, and the uncertainty budget can be remarkably simple. We will not discuss legal or documentary aspects of traceability.
In the simplest possible measurement system, the frequency of the test laser is determined from [Eq. (2)](#fd2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="disp-formula"}: $$f_{\text{test}} = f_{\mathit{CEO}} = N\ f_{\text{rep}} \pm f_{\text{beat}}.$$
This equation is valid if no additional frequency offsets are introduced by devices such as acousto-optic modulators (AOMs). In essence, determining *f*~test~ thus depends on determining three frequencies, and the argument for traceability of the measurement rests on two points: All frequency determinations are traceable to NIST and to the SI second via a unbroken chain of measurements, with the GPS satellite system playing the central role: (1) a frequency is either measured by a counter, with its timebase provided by the GPSDO, or it is effectively determined by servolocking the frequency to a reference signal derived from the GPSDO (2) the frequency reference for the GPSDO is provided by the signal from GPS satellites and (3) this GPS signal is linked to NIST primary standards ("calibration") by measurements that are recorded in the NIST GPS Archives \[[@b12-v115.n06.a02]\].Our uncertainty budget for laser calibrations using the GPS-comb is entirely dominated by effects that can be quantified by measuring shortterm fluctuations of *f*~beat~ when the comb is compared to a stable laser.
For our application, we need not be concerned with small uncertainties such as the uncertainty of the NIST primary cesium standard; the only uncertainties of any significance for us are those exceeding a few parts in 10^13^. The argument we wish to make is that all of these sources of uncertainty in the GPS-comb system are errors that vary on short time scales, typically less than one or two days. Therefore, the combined magnitude of these effects can be quantified by measuring the apparent variations in a stable test laser for a period of time somewhat longer than 1 day. Because the test laser is not perfectly stable, this test will overestimate measurement errors, but the resulting upper bound on measurement uncertainty is nevertheless sufficient for most needs.
Estimating measurement uncertainty via studying the repeatability of the measurement is a well-established technique often used in dimensional metrology at NIST. However, it often requires years of data to truly sample all sources of error in a typical dimensional measurement system. For the GPS-comb system, we will argue that the required time is much shorter, somewhere between 1 day and 1 week. There are several natural timescales of the GPS system that come into play. One natural time scale is the sidereal day, a timescale that includes effects due to diurnal variations of the ionosphere and diurnal temperature variations. GPS satellites pass overhead twice per day, so that effects associated with individual satellites or with multipath reflections into the antenna will repeat with this period. Another important scale is set by time constants in algorithms that steer the GPSDO local oscillator. Usually these time constants are no more than a few hours, but some exceptional GPSDO systems might update steering only infrequently \[[@b15-v115.n06.a02]\]. It is desirable that the GPSDO manufacturer provide information as to what is the longest timescale associated with their steering algorithms. The natural timescale of the system is either 1 day or, if the steering algorithms employ longer timescales, then it is the longest timescale associated with the steering algorithms. In this article, we will define "short-term" or "long-term" in reference to the longest timescale thus defined. A testing period that samples all errors must be longer than the longest timescale associated with the GPS system and must be longer than 1 day; probably two days of testing would be minimally required to assure that all errors are sampled. We believe that *all* plausible GPSDO errors are short-term and that there are *no* long-term systematic offsets at levels of interest to us (above 1 part in 10^13^). Although it is true that some GPSDO units have much better performance than others in terms of Allan deviation for a particular sampling interval, and many commercial units are simply not well designed for use as a frequency standard, the authors are aware of no instances where commercial units give systematic long-term frequency offsets. Consequently a study of short-term repeatability will suffice to quantify all uncertainties associated with the GPSDO.
The argument presented above regarding time scales is not *strictly* true; some relevant time scales are much longer. For example, the 11-year sunspot cycle could also have some bearing on the measurements; increased solar activity may reduce short-term stability of the GPS signal and will thus increase measurement uncertainty. Any such degradation of the GPS signal will be seen as increased Allan deviations as recorded in the NIST archives. If the Allan deviation significantly increases at some point in time, it will be necessary to increase estimated measurement uncertainty and may become necessary to re-quantify the short-term stability of the system by comparison to a stable laser. Significant changes in the environment of the antenna---including seasonal changes in nearby foliage---might also slightly degrade performance on a long time scale, requiring re-quantification of the short-term stability.
With the basic link to the SI unit provided by GPS, the primary traceability issue is in evaluating uncertainty due to short-term fluctuations. For measurements at the 10^−12^ level, it is the fluctuations in *f*~rep~ that are of primary importance. These fluctuations arise primarily from fluctuations in the received GPS signal (including effects such as fluctuations in the clocks of the GPS satellites, varying atmospheric delays, and multipath reflections), as modified by the smoothing provided by the GPSDO. If *f*~rep~ is phase locked to a reference frequency derived from the GPSDO (our normal mode of measurement), then there are additional fluctuations in *f*~rep~ due to imperfect performance of the servo. If *f*~beat~ rather than *f*~rep~ is stabilized, then *f*~rep~ must be measured, and there are additional fluctuations due to the timing resolution of the frequency counter. Regardless of which scheme is employed, it is possible to put an upper limit on the uncertainty associated with short-term stability. Ideally, this would be done by comparing the GPSDO/comb system to perfect local oscillator---an ultra-stable laser. But useful information regarding GPSDO/comb stability can often be obtained by comparing it to a less-than perfect laser, such as an iodine stabilized laser or possibly even a polarization stabilized laser (although a polarization stabilized laser is not sufficiently stable for implementation of some diagnostics to be described later). When comparing the comb to an imperfect laser, the measurements quantify the combined instabilities of the two systems and thus provide an upper bound on the stability of the GPS-comb. There is no inherent reason that any laser cannot be used for the measurement, as long as the upper bound is low enough to serve the needs of the calibration lab. The laser employed for the stability measurement need not be calibrated prior to the measurement. In principle, if a laboratory does not own an iodine stabilized laser but iodine stabilized lasers are sent to the lab for calibration, then a customer laser could be used to carry out the stability measurements. (Of course, if a customer needs precise knowledge of the short-term Allan deviation of his/her iodine stabilized laser, this information cannot be obtained without better quantification of the GPS-comb short-term stability.)
We have measured comb stability by comparing it to one of our iodine stabilized lasers. To achieve the best possible results, the laser sits undisturbed in a temperature-controlled laboratory and is warmed up for many hours prior to beginning the measurement. Also, the GPSDO should be fully warmed up and finished with any self-survey that may be performed to determine the location of the antenna. Even under these circumstances, drift of the test laser frequency may not be insignificant; if the drift is incorrectly attributed to the comb, it can make the comb appear to be less stable than it actually is. Nevertheless, the amount of drift is small enough to satisfy our needs.
[Figure 4](#f4-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} shows the Allan deviation of *f*beat measured over a period of 6 days. The measurement quantifies the combined effect of short-term fluctuations in the GPSDO, the comb, the iodine stabilized laser, and all ancillary equipment such as frequency counters. The shape of the curve is very similar to the manufacturer's published results for this GPSDO, although the magnitude of the observed Allan deviation is smaller than shown by the manufacturer for sample times longer than 10 s. The results of [Fig. 4](#f4-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} provide a useful upper bound on fluctuations of the comb system, demonstrating that we can achieve good accuracy for measuring times in excess of 100 s, where the Allan deviation falls below 1 part in 10^12^.
During the period of time when these data were collected (July 27 to August 1, 2006), there was little sunspot activity and the NIST archives do not indicate any unusual errors in the GPS signal. The results of [Fig. 4](#f4-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} are indicative of what can be expected under similar near-ideal conditions, but measurement uncertainty should be re-evaluated when the NIST archives show decreased stability of the GPS signal.
The data shows that for measurement times longer than approximately 1000 s the Allan deviation falls below 5 × 10^−13^ and remains below this value up to the longest time measured. If we can argue that the long-term average of these measurements has an uncertainty much less than 5 parts in 10^13^, then we can conclude that the standard uncertainty of measurements in excess of 1000 s duration is on the order of 5 × 10^−13^. More direct evidence of stability is given in [Fig. 5](#f5-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"}, which shows results for beat frequency measurements between the comb and laser with 22 min (1340 s) averaging time. The data is graphed as a function of time of day, and was collected over a period of six days. The data suggests that there may be small correlations between the measured frequency and time of day, but any such systematic fluctuations are unlikely to exceed 1 kHz peak-to-valley.
Because of these systematic variations on a time scale of many hours, the 22 min Allan deviation may slightly underestimate the true uncertainty of a 22 min measurement. The long-term variations are reflected in the fact that the Allan deviation does not decrease as the averaging time is increased from about 1000 s to 10 000 s (but decreases again for sample times in excess of six hours, dropping to 1.5 × 10^−13^ at 12 hours).
The sample standard deviation of the data in [Fig. 5](#f5-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} is 370 Hz (7.8 × 10^−13^), and 95 % of the points are within 730 Hz of the mean. This suggests that a reasonable *k* = 1 estimate of the uncertainty for a measurement averaged over 22 min is 370 Hz (7.8 × 10^−13^), where this value might be slightly inflated by (possible) drift of the iodine stabilized laser. To this could be added the expected uncertainty (relative to the SI unit of time) of the six-day average, but in the absence of serious satellite failure, six-day averages are almost always in error by less than 1 part in 10^13^ and thus have no effect on the result. Indeed, the NIST archives show that the six-day average during this test was in error by only 1 × 10^−14^, and the additional error added by our GPSDO over a period of 6 days should be well less than the 1.5 × 10^−13^ Allan deviation observed at the longest sampling times. Even with the most pessimistic possible assumptions, these additional uncertainties would have almost no effect on the overall uncertainty for 22 min averages, increasing the uncertainty from 7.8 × 10^−13^ to 7.9 × 10^−13^.
In a similar manner, any laboratory with access to an iodine stabilized laser can estimate short-term uncertainties of their system, without appeal to an outside agency such as an NMI. Once again, we reiterate that these short-term uncertainties capture all the important sources of uncertainty in the measurement process and that no additional measurements are needed to evaluate the uncertainty of the system. Thus, documentation of the short-term performance, combined with the traceability of the GPS signal, might form a basis for claiming traceable comb-based measurements with a rigorously evaluated uncertainty.
The 370 Hz standard deviation of the data in [Fig. 5](#f5-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} should be a true measure of the uncertainty for 22 min sampling. Essentially the same sample standard deviation is obtained for 22 min averages whether data is averaged from a single day or for the full six day period. If the comb could be compared to a perfect stabilized laser, and if sunspot activity were constant, there would be every reason to believe that a similar standard deviation would be calculated from data taken over a period of six years as was obtained for just six days. Our estimated expanded uncertainty (1.8 × 10^−12^ with *k* = 2) should be reliable as long as the NIST archives don't indicate any unusual problems.
Finally, note that there is no uncertainty component assigned to the measurement result (*f*~test~) arising from uncertainty in the determination of *N* in [Eq. (2)](#fd2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="disp-formula"}. If the procedure for determining *N* as given in Sec. 2.7 were applied in precisely the manner that was described, then about 1 measurement in 100 would be in error by an amount exceeding 10^5^ *u*, where *u* is the standard uncertainty we have assigned to the measurement. (In reality, a misidentified order would normally be an unexpected result that would undoubtedly prompt additional measurements for verification.) The same situation arises in multicolor interferometry, and it has long been recognized that this has no bearing on an uncertainty budget. Misidentification of *N* is classified as a "blunder," outside the uncertainty budget. There are many other blunders that can also occur in a comb measurement, where the term "blunder," within the context of metrology, refers to an avoidable mistake but not necessarily a large mistake \[[@b22-v115.n06.a02]\]. For example, the GPS signal might be lost, or the beat frequency can be miscounted if the S/N is low. These blunders will often give rise to small errors but, as in the case of misidentifying *N*, can potentially cause errors many orders of magnitude larger than the standard uncertainty. Regardless of the size of the error, they have no bearing on an uncertainty budget, and they do not relate to traceability as defined by the VIM. Blunders are discussed in the next section.
4. Blunders
===========
Blunders are not explicitly discussed in the VIM definition of traceability. Nevertheless, for the GPS-comb system, blunders represent the primary impediment to achieving confidence in measurement results at our claimed uncertainty, where "blunders" include both misuse of equipment (blunders by an operator) and blunders by the designers of equipment. (Beyond simply being "out of spec," poorly designed equipment might not even function in accord with its intended operating principles.) Therefore it is desirable to verify, as far as possible, that blunders have not occurred.
4.1 Blunders in the Design or Use of the GPSDO
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If a laboratory were to use its own cesium clock as a standard, not tied to GPS, it might be necessary to send it to an NMI for calibration, but if we use the clocks of the GPS satellites, calibrations are performed automatically. Thus, the system does not need to be calibrated to avoid long-term offsets. Short-term performance of the GPSDO can be verified as described already. Thus, it is probably not necessary to send a unit to an NMI for calibration. Furthermore, although there can be several benefits from obtaining an NMI calibration, it may still be necessary to locally verify short-term performance of the entire GPS-comb system, including effects such as antenna placement which can only be evaluated by *in situ* testing.
As stated previously, we are not aware of a GPS unit that has ever been produced that has a long-term frequency offset, if "long-term" is defined as described previously. (By contrast, a systematic *time* offset can easily occur in a GPS system.) There is, nevertheless, a practical problem in defining "long-term," because this can only be done if the manufacturer provides reliable information regarding operation of their unit. To some extent, the manufacturer's information can be supplemented by looking at results such as shown in [Fig. 4](#f4-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"}, where the structure of the plateau between 1000 s and 10 000 s suggests that "long-term" must be longer than 10 000 s. Certainly if a similar plateau or an increase in the Allan deviation occurred at the longest sampling times, this might indicate that the test of short-term stability is not long enough to capture all sources of error. Of course, the possibility that the software makes some steering corrections once every two weeks or even once per year can not be ruled out by data obtained over a six-day period; it is still of interest to verify from the manufacturer that such infrequent steering corrections do not occur.
The plateau in [Fig. 4](#f4-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"} also conveys another important piece of information. The shape of the curve is characteristic of the steering algorithm for this particular model GPSDO (that is, the shape of the curve corresponds to published data for this model) and bears no resemblance to what would occur if the rubidium clock were not controlled by GPS. The characteristic shape seen in the diagram proves that the critical GPSDO subsystems are performing correctly. The shape would not be seen if GPS steering were disabled by an operator blunder or by a broken line to the antenna. It would not be seen if the GPS steering servo or the rubidium cell had failed. One would expect that a GPSDO will include diagnostics that warn a user of such catastrophic failures, but even in the absence of these diagnostics the shape of the curve proves that major failures (that could give rise to long-term offsets) have not occurred.
It is difficult to imagine other plausible scenarios that would give a long-term error that is small enough to go undiscovered but large enough to affect our measurements at the 10^−12^ level. Nevertheless, in principle a design blunder or firmware bug might produce such a small long-term offset. The best defense against such errors is for the manufacturer to carefully compare each new model (or new firmware update) to a model whose operation has been previously verified. The new model might also be sent to a NMI for testing, and this has a good chance of uncovering design blunders. In-house comparisons by the manufacturer have a slight advantage because they can be carried out over longer periods of time, but in some manner the manufacturer should also directly or indirectly compare his model to national standards. If these modest and reasonable measures are carried out to assure the integrity of a new model, it is difficult to see how a hidden systematic offset would ever occur, even at the 10^−14^ level. It is probably more logical for a manufacturer to thus verify operation of his product line than for every individual unit to be sent for calibration to an NMI.
An alternate method of testing for subtle GPSDO errors might be to compare to another well-characterized frequency standard. One possibility is to compare to a second GPSDO from a different manufacturer, using an independent antenna, and show that both units give the same frequency. We have tried this approach with limited success for two units that share the same antenna (thus not a perfect test). The two units are very different in operation---one uses a rubidium local oscillator and the second, from a different manufacturer, used quartz---and consequently we can argue that there should be very little correlation in the errors of the two units (other than errors associated with the common antenna). Unfortunately, the quartz unit does not have sufficiently good stability to provide a useful upper bound on short-term performance, but for averaging times approaching 1 day, where the fractional difference in frequency of the two units falls below 3 × 10^−13^, this test provides further confidence that our GPSDO is working properly. However, the test is neither as comprehensive nor as sensitive as is the comparison to an iodine stabilized laser.
4.2 Blunders in Determining Comb Frequencies *f*~rep~ and *f~CEO~*
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The short-term stability of the comb is evaluated along with the stability of the GPSDO as described previously. A remaining question is whether the comb could be subject to systematic offsets even if the GPSDO is operating correctly. For example, there could be errors in the locking of *f*~rep~ and *f~CEO~* or in the measurement of these frequencies.
One of the more likely sources of trouble would be poor S/N levels in the *f* -- 2*f* interferometer, leading to an incorrectly controlled value for *f~CEO~*. The accuracy of *f~CEO~* can be checked by using an independent frequency counter to measure *f~CEO~*, although there is some danger that noise might generate the same error in the counter as in the electronics controlling *f~CEO~*. This possibility can be eliminated if the counter measurements are unchanged when the signal is filtered with filters of differing bandwidths. Confidence in proper operation will also be increased if it is observed that the measured value for *f*~test~ does not change when the *f* -- 2*f* interferometer is slightly misaligned, thus reducing the S/N. Finally, a good test of overall system performance, particularly sensitive to errors in *f~CEO~*, is to demonstrate that the measured value of *f*~test~ remains unchanged if the sign of *f~CEO~* is reversed by changing the polarity of the servo. By switching the polarity several times, it is possible to distinguish a systematic offset from instability of the test laser. This is a worthwhile test because consistent results will not be obtained unless both *f~CEO~* and *f*~beat~ are being measured correctly and the signs of the two frequencies are understood correctly.
It should also be verified that the repetition frequency *f*~rep~ is being controlled correctly (or, if *f*~beat~ is controlled, that *f*~rep~ is measured correctly.) Actual miscounting of *f*~rep~ is highly unlikely, because S/N is very large. Furthermore, a miscount of 1 in a sampling time under 10 s would be a large error that would be immediately obvious. One can imagine slow thermal-dependent phase shifts that would cause more subtle errors---hence more difficult to detect---but even these errors should be detected by the multi-day stability measurements described previously. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to verify proper operation by measuring *f*~rep~ directly using an independent frequency counter, using the GPSDO as an external timebase for the counter. (An error in *f*~rep~ due to an error in the GPSDO frequency would not be revealed by this test, but verification of GPSDO performance has already been discussed.) As mentioned previously, the frequency counter used for this test must have good timing resolution and accuracy, and long measurement intervals will be required if the measurement is to achieve a relative uncertainty of 10^−12^ (which is an uncertainty of 10^−4^ Hz in *f*~rep~). For example, a 100 ps timing resolution with a sample time of 100 s is only nominally sufficient to achieve the desired accuracy. Averaging shorter samples may not achieve comparable accuracy if there are systematic timing offsets in the counter. For suitably long samples, verifying that the average result is independent of sampling time can be used to argue that any such offsets are not affecting results.
Another useful operational test is to verify that the same value for *f*~test~ is obtained if *f*~rep~ is servolocked to a reference or if *f*~beat~ is servolocked while *f*~rep~ is measured. (Similarly, if *f*~rep~ is controlled but a synthesizer is used to generate different repetition frequencies, consistency of measurement results obtained with different repetition frequencies will provide good evidence that no blunders are causing bad results.) Self-consistency of the measurements of *f*~test~ also provides evidence that the beat frequency is being measured correctly. The beat frequency measurement can also be checked more directly, as described below.
4.3 Blunders in Beat Frequency Measurement
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There is some danger that poor S/N ratio, electrical interference, amplifier oscillation, or similar effects can degrade the measurement of *f*~beat~. A simple method sometimes used to verify proper counting is to misalign the comb and laser beams so as to decrease the S/N ratio by more than 5 dB; if this does not change the measured beat frequency then it is apparent that there are no difficulties in the measurement due to poor S/N. (Possible electrical interference problems must be checked separately.) As an alternative to this approach, we have implemented a real-time method for verifying proper frequency counting. We simultaneously measure two beat signals, one at some frequency *f* and the second, arising from interference of the next comb order, at frequency *f*~rep~ -- *f*. When the sum of the two signals is exactly *f*~rep~, this provides an excellent real-time indicator that there are no problems with the beat frequency measurement.
If the two frequencies are sampled for 1 s and the two counters disagree by 1 Hz, this is indicative of 1 miscounted cycle. We use external arming of the counters to guarantee simultaneous measurements of the beat signals, and under these conditions the counters should add exactly to *f*~rep~. (Note that advanced counters may employ noise-reduction techniques \[[@b23-v115.n06.a02], [@b24-v115.n06.a02]\] that, if not disabled, can complicate simultaneous measurements---as is particularly evident when measuring a frequency modulated laser.) Actually, a few miscounts could be tolerated, as this would not affect results at the 10^−12^ level, but one should be aware that the actual number of miscounts might be significantly larger than indicated by the failure of the summation to match *f*~rep~, because errors in the summation due to miscounting associated with white noise tend to cancel. (The errors never cancel completely, but they will cancel on average if the bandpass widths of the two filters are identical and the center frequencies of the two filters add to *f*~rep~.)
4.4 Summary---How to Guarantee That Measurement Blunders Do Not Occur
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In summary, we believe that a laboratory can avoid almost any imaginable measurement blunder if certain steps are taken. The NIST GPS archives should be consulted to assure that the GPS system is operating within normally expected uncertainty levels.It must be verified that the GPSDO faithfully reproduces the GPS signal without long-term offsets. As discussed previously, this can be assured if (1) the manufacturer has directly or indirectly compared the specific model used for the comb measurements (and the specific firmware) to national standards and (2) the operator monitors GPSDO diagnostics to assure that there is not a system failure (such as failure to lock to the GPS signal due to RF interference \[[@b15-v115.n06.a02]\]). Also, it will build confidence if the Allan deviation, such as shown in [Fig. 4](#f4-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="fig"}, is consistent with expectations (based on manufacturer's specifications and data) for the particular model in use.After verifying that the GPS signal and the GPSDO are operating correctly as described above, then the primary remaining concerns are that *f*~rep~, *f*~beat~, and *f~CEO~* might not be controlled and measured correctly. The timebase of these measurements is supplied by the GPSDO and thus has been verified, and a number of strategies have been discussed that will uncover errors in the determination of *f*~rep~, *f*~beat~, and *f~CEO~* due to miscounting or faulty servo performance.Probably the best way to demonstrate that no blunder has been made in a particular calibration is to look for internal consistency between various ways of performing the measurement, including measurements with the offset frequency polarity reversed and with different repetition frequencies. Good consistency demonstrates that the order number is known, shows that there are no significant errors in measuring *f*~beat~ or *f~CEO~*, and provides additional evidence that imperfect frequency synthesis does not introduce errors in *f*~rep~ that vary nonlinearly with frequency. It also verifies that the operator is not making calculation errors.An additional source of error can be very important, even when the tests above demonstrate proper operation of the comb/GPSDO and demonstrate that the frequency counting is error-free. Even when the current frequency of the test laser is being measured absolutely correctly, it must be further verified that the *current* frequency has not been perturbed away from the *normal* operating frequency. The frequency of the test laser can potentially be shifted due to beam reflections re-entering the laser (optical feedback). Reflections will reduce the apparent stability of the test laser and might shift the average value of *f*~test~. Reflections are particularly likely from the surface of the photodetector; this surface should always be tilted so that the lens focusing the laser beams onto the detector does not form a cat's eye reflector. A Faraday isolator or an AOM can be used to greatly reduce reflections.
Optical feedback is, in fact, a common source of problems when calibrating a laser against the comb. If there is any concern that feedback might be affecting results, this can be tested by inserting a 0.3 optical density filter into the beam from the test laser. The filter will substantially change the feedback, attenuating any possible reflected amplitude by a factor of two (power by a factor of 4). The filter will also shift the phase of the reflected light. If the filter reduces the size of frequency fluctuations or causes a statistically significant shift in the average frequency, then feedback is clearly a problem. Otherwise, we can conclude that feedback is not causing significant errors. The filter must be tilted slightly so that a specular reflection from the surface does not cause feedback.
A final note: if a laser has a two-frequency output (such as Zeeman-stabilized lasers intended for use in displacement interferometers) there is a danger that the measured frequency is not what is needed for the intended application. The customer must specify which frequency component is relevant to his/her needs. (For a heterodyne displacement interferometer, it is the component in the variable-length arm of the interferometer.)
5. Concluding Remarks
=====================
We have described the comb system used in PED, which is our most accurate realization of the unit of length as embedded in laser vacuum wavelength. The PED comb has never been directly compared to standards from other NMIs. An indirect comparison can be inferred through previous international comparisons of our iodine stabilized lasers, but the uncertainty of this indirect comparison is an order of magnitude above our claimed uncertainty for comb measurements. Furthermore, the central pieces of equipment used in the experiment, the GPSDO and the comb, have never been calibrated. In spite of these facts, we can be fully confident of our uncertainty claim. Although it is never possible to rule out every conceivable error of a measurement system, we can realistically establish a degree of confidence in our comb measurements that is greater than our confidence in many other types of measurements carried out within PED, even including measurements whose uncertainties have been confirmed by direct international intercomparisons. Confidence in comb measurements can be significantly higher than for many other types of measurements because of the great strength of the internal consistency tests, which provide continuous assurance that the measurement is working properly.
In principle, a portable comb referenced to a portable cesium frequency standard can be used to establish international equivalence of comb systems; it can provide high-accuracy, realistic, in situ testing of a complete GPSDO-based comb system, including the effect of GPS antenna performance as mounted in its particular environment. At the present time, however, there are no portable systems in use for direct verification of comb performance. The expense associated with maintaining such systems and carrying out the comparisons is difficult to justify. If it is indeed possible (as claimed here) to develop full confidence in a system via internal consistency testing, while relying on GPS to maintain the link to international standards, then there is little justification for deployment of a portable system to prove international equivalence of comb systems with modest uncertainty claims.
Our confidence in our link to international standards is based on the traceability provided by the NIST GPS archives, and also based partly on the fact that GPSDO units similar to ours have been compared to NIST standards (even though our particular unit has not). Given the validity of this link, we have argued that short-term errors in the system are the only errors of significance, and we can establish an upper limit on our measurement uncertainty via comparison to an iodine stabilized laser. Tests have been described to rule out the possibility of blunders or system failures, leaving few remaining plausible sources of undiscovered problems. Short of exotic errors such as deliberate sabotage, blunders that are not completely implausible might include firmware bugs in the GPSDO or analysis errors. If firmware problems in our system have gone undetected, they must occur on time scales exceeding our six-day test of short-term stability. Almost any measurement system could in principle have firmware errors that would appear only infrequently, making them very difficult to detect by a test (or by an interlaboratory measurement comparison) of finite duration, and we have little choice but to accept this small risk. Likely analysis blunders, such as sign errors or an error typing data into a spreadsheet, will be uncovered if internal consistency is verified in the manner that has been described. More subtle analysis blunders that would not be immediately evident are largely confined to rounding errors, not a major concern for modern computers.
For our measurements, the greatest danger is that a blunder will affect results at the 10^−12^ level but will not be large enough to be apparent from measurements of iodine stabilized lasers, where the answer is known with an uncertainty of a few parts in 10^11^ if the laser is operating properly. Thus, the blunders must fall within a very specific range if the system gives a plausible but incorrect result for the calibration of an iodine stabilized laser. For example, a sign error can easily occur when accounting for the frequency shift of an AOM used as an optical isolator, but the resulting error would be obvious if an iodine stabilized laser were measured. Smaller, subtler errors would be more likely in a more sophisticated system. A system that uses a cesium clock will have more possibilities for errors or blunders than will a GPSDO, even though it is potentially capable of higher accuracy. When the measurement can be embodied with the simplicity of [Eq. (2)](#fd2-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="disp-formula"} and all frequencies are tied to the GPSDO, the list of plausible blunders is short, and tests can be devised for any blunder that can be anticipated.
Just as we have confidence in our measurements, we can have good confidence in the results from other laboratories if they follow procedures similar to what has been described here. Arguably, anyone in the world can receive a GPS signal and use it to calibrate lasers over a wide range of wavelengths with good confidence in the results. The basic traceability is delivered by the GPS system, and additional internal testing can verify performance of a particular piece of equipment, quantify short-term uncertainty, and demonstrate competence of personnel. The laboratory can carry out tests to verify operation at a level appropriate to those lasers that they are calibrating---on the order of 10^−12^ for lasers stabilized by saturated absorption or ≤ 10^−9^ for polarization or Zeeman stabilized lasers. There is no clear need for additional testing or interaction with an NMI to prove competence. An interlaboratory comparison of some form is always helpful to instill confidence, but it is not clearly necessary. Also, it may be possible to achieve very good confidence in the measurement using a comparison whose uncertainty is not sufficiently low to fully test the uncertainty of the comb-GPS system \[[@b3-v115.n06.a02]\]. The VIM definition of traceability can be satisfied simply by quantifying and documenting short-term errors while relying on NIST calibrations of the GPS system to provide a link to the SI second.
Not all acronyms will be defined in the text, but definitions can be found in [Appendix A](#app1-v115.n06.a02){ref-type="app"}. Following reorganization, PED is now the Mechanical Metrology Division.
Certain commercial materials and equipment are identified in order to specify adequately experimental procedures. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the items identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
Below are definitions of acronyms used in this paper (including several acronyms that are in such widespread use that they might not need definition but are nevertheless included for completeness).
AOM
: acousto-optic modulator
BBO
: beta barium borate
CEO
: carrier-envelope offset
GPS
: global positioning system
GPSDO
: GPS disciplined oscillator
IR
: infrared
NIST
: National Institute of Standards and Technology
NMI
: National Metrology Institute
PED
: Precision Engineering Division, NIST
PI
: proportional-integral
PLL
: phase locked loop
PPLN
: periodically poled lithium niobate
RBW
: Resolution Bandwidth
RF
: radio frequency
RMS
: Root mean square
SI
: Système international d'unités (the international metric system)
S/N
: signal to noise, or signal to noise ratio
VIM
: Vocabulaire International de Métrologie (International Vocabulary of Metrology.)
**About the authors:** Jack Stone and Patrick Egan are physicists in the Mechanical Metrology Division of the NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory. The National Institute of Standards and Technology is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
{#f1-v115.n06.a02}
{#f2-v115.n06.a02}
{#f3-v115.n06.a02}
{#f4-v115.n06.a02}
{#f5-v115.n06.a02}
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an axle driving system in which a hydrostatic transmission (hereinafter referred to as an “HST”), axles and a power transmitting mechanism are integrally provided in a housing, and more particularly to an axle driving system in which the width of the portion of the housing which houses the HST and power transmitting mechanism is smaller than in conventional systems.
2. Related Art
A conventional axle driving system houses the HST, axles and a driving gear train for interlocking the HST with the axles in a common housing. The HST is constructed so that a hydraulic pump is disposed on a horizontal portion of a center section which is L-like-shaped and a hydraulic motor is disposed on the vertical portion of the same. The hydraulic motor is position to one side of the axle. The hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor are fluidly connected to each other by a closed fluid circuit formed in the center section. The hydraulic pump is driven by a prime mover provided on the vehicle so as to drive the hydraulic motor and then the axles through a driving gear train. Such a construction is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,163,293 and 5,335,496.
The hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor in the conventional technique, are disposed side-by-side and to one side of the axles. As such, the width of the HST is larger which results in the lateral width of the common housing for both the pump and motor also being larger. Furthermore, an output shaft of the hydraulic motor extends to one side of the vehicle to transmit power therefrom to a differential gear unit through gears of a driving gear train, so as to drive the axles. An unused space is formed at a side of the gear train and between the HST pump and the axles.
Further, when the HST and the driving gear train for driving the axles by the output shaft of the HST are housed in a common housing, a foreign object, such as iron powder produced by the driving gear train, may enter into the HST. This can adversely affect operation of the HST or various parts thereof. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
The detection of ADAM8 protein on cells of the human immune system and the demonstration of its expression on peripheral blood B cells, dendritic cells and monocyte subsets.
A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) proteins have wide ranging functions, including proteolytic cleavage of cell surface molecules, cell fusion, cell adhesion and intracellular signalling. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of ADAM8 in allergic responses. For instance, ADAM8 is amongst a number of genes up-regulated in experimentally induced asthma in animals. In order to further define the involvement of ADAM8 in allergic responses, we sought in the first instance to examine its distribution on human peripheral blood B cells, resting and activated T cells, monocyte subsets and monocyte derived dendritic cells. Here we demonstrate for the first time ADAM8 protein expression on B cells and dendritic cells, and its higher expression on CD14(2+)CD16(-) monocytes compared to CD14(+)CD16(+) cells. Immature dendritic cells expressed low levels of ADAM8 when treated with a combination of GM-CSF and IL-4, but stimulation with LPS resulted in a higher level of expression, which was TLR-4 independent. Up-regulation of ADAM8 expression on dendritic cells was also observed after stimulation with TNF-alpha, but not after stimulation with anti-CD40. The demonstration of ADAM8 expression on these cells provides an opportunity for addressing the potential role of inhaled protease allergens, such as Der p 1, in modulating ADAM8 functions, particularly with regards to innate immune responses by dendritic cells and IgE synthesis by B cells. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Path integral hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm for correlated Bose fluids.
Path integral hybrid Monte Carlo (PIHMC) algorithm for strongly correlated Bose fluids has been developed. This is an extended version of our previous method [S. Miura and S. Okazaki, Chem. Phys. Lett. 308, 115 (1999)] applied to a model system consisting of noninteracting bosons. Our PIHMC method for the correlated Bose fluids is constituted of two trial moves to sample path-variables describing system coordinates along imaginary time and a permutation of particle labels giving a boundary condition with respect to imaginary time. The path-variables for a given permutation are generated by a hybrid Monte Carlo method based on path integral molecular dynamics techniques. Equations of motion for the path-variables are formulated on the basis of a collective coordinate representation of the path, staging variables, to enhance the sampling efficiency. The permutation sampling to satisfy Bose-Einstein statistics is performed using the multilevel Metropolis method developed by Ceperley and Pollock [Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 351 (1986)]. Our PIHMC method has successfully been applied to liquid helium-4 at a state point where the system is in a superfluid phase. Parameters determining the sampling efficiency are optimized in such a way that correlation among successive PIHMC steps is minimized. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mathematical modelling of morphogenesis in fungi: a key role for curvature compensation ('autotropism') in the local curvature distribution model.
The assumption that the mushroom stem has the ability to undergo autonomic straightening enables a mathematical model to be written that accurately mimics the gravitropic reaction of the stems of Coprinus cinereus. The straightening mechanism is called curvature compensation here, but is equivalent to the 'autotropism' that often accompanies the gravitropic reactions of axial organs in plants. In the consequently revised local curvature distribution model, local bending rate is determined by the difference between the 'bending signal' (generated by gravitropic signal perception systems) and the 'straightening signal' (proportional to the local curvature at the given point). The model describes gravitropic stem bending in the standard assay with great accuracy but has the virtue of operating well outside the experimental data set used in its derivation. It is shown, for example, that the mathematical model can be fitted to the gravitropic reactions of stems treated with metabolic inhibitors by a change of parameters that parallel the independently derived physiological interpretation of inhibitor action. The revised local curvature distribution model promises to be a predictive tool in the further analysis of gravitropism in mushrooms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
module.exports = {
preset: 'ts-jest',
setupFiles: ['./jest.setup.js'],
testEnvironment: 'jsdom',
testPathIgnorePatterns: ['/node_modules/', '/docs/']
};
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
Storing a date in .property and comparing with current date
How do I store a future date in a .property file and compare this date with current the current date?
A:
You could:
save a formatted date
if you want, save the format too, adding flexibility
The property file:
myDate=25/01/2012
myDate.pattern=dd/MM/yyyy
Then, in your program you could load the date this way:
// choose one of two lines!
String pattern = "dd/MM/yyyy"; // for a fixed format
String pattern = propertyFile.getProperty("myDate.pattern");
String formattedDate = propertyFile.getProperty("myDate");
SimpleDateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
Date myDate = format.parse(formattedDate);
Edit: to compare to current...
1. boolean isFuture = myDate.after(new Date())
2. boolean isPast = myDate.before(new Date())
3. int compare = myDate.compareTo(new Date());
// compare < 0 => before
// compare == 0 => equal
// compare > 0 => after
A:
Well, there are a few things to consider here:
Do you genuinely only care about the date, or is it the date and time?
Does the time zone matter? Are you interested in a future instant, or a future local time?
Should the properties file be human readable?
If you're just dealing with an instant and you don't care about anyone being able to understand which instant it is from the properties file, I'd be tempted to store the string representation of a long (i.e. the millis in a java.util.Date) and then to check it, just parse the string and compare the result with System.currentTimeMillis. It avoids the whole messy formatting and parsing of dates and times.
For anything more complicated, I'd thoroughly recommend using Joda Time which will make it easier to understand what concepts you're really dealing with (e.g. LocalDate, LocalTime or DateTime) and which has better formatting and parsing support (IMO) than the JDK.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Lucidity is Brilliant | Losing the Booze (and Chemicals) for Awhile
“A man’s mind may be likened to a garden, which may be intelligently cultivated or allowed to run wild; but whether cultivated or neglected, it must, and will, bring forth. If no useful seeds are put into it, then an abundance of useless weed seeds will fall therein, and will continue to produce their kind.” – James Allen
To book a Skype or in-person coaching session, visit here for easy next steps. Love, Micha
Involuntarily, many of us tend to opt for a sort of cloudy alter ego/mush brain resonance – dulling with alcohol, medications and drugs, instead of choosing deep presence, clear-headedness and juicy reality. The choice is rarely blatant, and the motivations aren’t mysterious: life is inherently prickly and challenging. But what drugs, alcohol, mind-altering substances or any practice that we use to mentally escape also do is seditiously lure us away from the incomparable benefits of the undosed highs of life, the sublimity of the in-betweens and even lows, and the seamless connection we have with everything when we’re chemical free – people, ourselves, nature, you name it. Our preponderance to “dulling down,” as I refer to it, has been studied for so long – whether we’re talking food, booze, sex, whatever your pleasure cocoon. We humans are messy, complex beings, but are often driven by similar aims – sure, our pleasure centers – but mostly fleeing from truly feeling all our messy complex being-ness, really meeting life on life’s terms.
I’m guilty of it. To retrain my neural pleasure centers to NOT believe that a nice boozy beverage denotes a hard-earned finality to my work day or will make an evening of dinner with friends that much more pleasurable takes a lot of work. I’ve not planned to completely quit drinking alcohol, but examining our beliefs, our impulses, and the addictive nature of substances and medications is one of the best acts we can undertake for ourselves right now in such globally confounding times.
With the proliferation of what some call the “yoga mind” – an umbrella term for a focus on mindfulness, gratefulness, and high vibe-ing – the lucid brain isn’t discussed all that often and I think that’s a major MISS. A heightened focus on internal health, wellness, and feeling good inside and out are central tenets of the “yoga mind.” With a clear mind comes the ability to truly “be” in moments, not looking towards the next one. With a clear mind comes decisions and actions that align handsomely with who we truly are, not who we are when our senses are dulled down, our minds are taxed, and our bodies are tired. So let’s talk about the real payoff of the “yoga mind”: the “lucid mind”, the clear-headed approach to life. Is it about high vibe-ing all the days? Hell no, that’s another seditious marketing ploy. It’s about experiencing the lows without chemical curtains and enjoying the highs with full clarity, and it’s truthfully about a lot of staying in the in-between places with grounded presence. This extends to other actions we take in life towards escapism (too much TV and entertainment, conversation avoidance, etc., but we’ll reserve that exploration for another post.)
I’ve lived my whole life exposed to the thievery of mental acuity of those afflicted with mental illness, and as my work in this realm and within sobriety grows I’m unmoored by how many of us (myself included) graced with any sort of intellect select dulling down instead of mental thriving. But like I said, it’s not perplexing, just unfortunate. A drink to me is a treat, a respite, and in simpler terms a great taste when it’s one of my favorite “drink” profiles. But it’s also been a way to keep myself down, to subconsciously thwart the full expanse of my capabilities. I’ll share this with you, for me, it’s been a way for me to not achieve my full potential and therefore not know what I could really gain…or really lose.
“Although we have the potential to experience the freedom of a butterfly, we mysteriously prefer the small and fearful cocoon of ego.” – Pema Chodron
This is a great time to mention that for many people around the world choosing to diminish substances for a while and enjoy on special occasions or minimally is simply not an option. Addiction and substance abuse issues affect millions and millions of people globally. I really appreciate my sober friends’ perspectives on this and encourage you to speak to someone who is, if you acutely identify a strong draw to dulling down within yourself. Get their perspective on being lost in a substance haze and the life effects of maintained sobriety. Also, congratulate these folks; sobriety is a staggering accomplishment.
Here’s something for your pleasure center: There’s an extra level of attentiveness to my needs, my TRUE desires – not ones that flit to the surface and pass just as quickly. When I’ve spent some time not drinking anything and eating as cleanly as possible, I awake refreshed, and my brain acclimates to waking life relatively instantly instead of grasping for coherence and order. Our body truly is a vessel, and at times messages can only pass through when we’ve attended to the body in this manner. Our body’s chemistry can teeter totter, and the brain is not excluded. Furthermore, pureness of body is increasingly unplundered for most of us, as we’re born into a medication seeking society.
Ask yourself…
Do I drink or ingest chemical substances to relax? To be able to sleep? To escape stress? To escape several elements of life?
Are there natural ways I could be achieving this rest or respite?
Does reality increasingly seem too challenging to face without some sort of numbing aid or extreme form of escapism of my choice?
Is being present, really in moments, getting more difficult?
Dipping your toes in the lucid pool…Defining casual drinking and over medicating is personally held and getting more challenging for society to delineate, as over-the-counter drugs, self-medicating, and alcohol and drug usage in general are on the rise. I dare not say ‘let’s start simply’, as almost any substance we suspect is dulling us down most likely is and contains addictive elements. Following are some steps I’ve taken to feel more connected and clear-headed in my life.
Step 1: Cut out all alcohol, drugs and any medications that aren’t life saving or prescribed for a particularly important purpose for a chosen amount of time. You should know this information best, but if not consult your doctor. Three days, a week, several weeks – choose an amount of time that will allow you to detox substances in your body and replenish them with whole foods and healthy liquids.
Hone in on a morning routine that suits you during these days, allowing for some time between alarm and getting ready for work and rushing out the door…or whatever form of morning rush you might usually have. For me, I like to set my alarm so that I have enough time to wake up a little slowly and recall my dreams as best I can before they flit away. I then open the doors to the fresh air, let my dog out, start my ritual of making some breakfast and warming water for coffee and alkaline tea to counter balance the acidity of the coffee and grab my herbs for the day. I sit down and either meditate for 10 minutes… I’m still a super novice at this. Headspace is a great place for suggestions, or an ancient meditation is just sitting in stillness, imagining cocooning yourself in white light or love-light for the day– a protective and loving and open force field, if you will.
Return to quiet in your mind at the end of the day right before you go to bed, sipping on some therapeutic tea to signal to your body there’s a high priority of self-care. Do not fall asleep to music, the radio, or television. Fall asleep in silence and perhaps even jot down a few acknowledgements of emotions, situations – anything you became aware of that day – before you turn out the lights. Sleep, and repeat these steps days in a row so that your body can enjoy the routine and focus.To be continued in more posts soon…
About The Author
Micha Thomas is the other half, the other wild woman leading the Of The Wolves community. She’s also a creative director, entrepreneur, and trained life coach with a dollop of hypnotherapy certification to boot. Micha has carved out successful marketing, content, branding and communication initiatives for clients across culture, music, innovation and technology industries for over 10 years. She is the creator of The MiA (Made in America) Project, owner of The MiA Project Store in Los Angeles, and is certified in Executive and Organizational Coaching via Columbia University and in NLP-based life assistance and hypnotherapy. Micha has contributed stories and interviews over the years to Elle Magazine, High Snobiety and multiple regional culture blogs…she’s lived a few places. She’s a trained dancer, alleviates angst by regular boxing sessions, and adores photography, the desert, communes, and her gaggle of pet pals. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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121 F.3d 537
7 A.D. Cases 308, 24 A.D.D. 833, 10NDLR P 258,97 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 6497,97 Daily Journal D.A.R. 10,619
Cynthia THOMPSON, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.HOLY FAMILY HOSPITAL, a division of Dominican HealthServices, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 96-35336.
United States Court of Appeals,Ninth Circuit.
Submitted Aug. 8, 1997.*Decided Aug. 15, 1997.
William J. Powell, Rosanna M. Peterson, Powell & Morris, Spokane, WA, for plaintiff-appellant.
James M. Kalamon and Michael B. Love, Chase, Hayes & Kalamon, Spokane, WA, for defendant-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington, Wm. Fremming Nielsen, Chief Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. CV-94-00483-WFN.
Before: WRIGHT, D.W. NELSON, and KOZINSKI, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
1
Cynthia Thompson appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of her former employer, Holy Family Hospital. Thompson brought this action under the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213 (1994), alleging that she was terminated from her position as a registered nurse on the basis of her disabling neck and back strain. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
2
Thompson was employed by Holy Family beginning in October 1984. In April 1987, she sustained a work-related cervical injury which recurred several times between 1988 and 1991. In February 1992, after her most recent injury-related absence, Thompson's personal physician released her to return to work but imposed a restriction from lifting more than 25 pounds on a continuous basis, more than 50 pounds twice a day, and more than 100 pounds once a day. Holy Family previously had accommodated Thompson's injury by modifying her schedule and assigning her to a light-duty position in the Short Stay Unit in May 1989.1 However, when it was informed that the restrictions on her ability to lift were permanent, the hospital determined that Thompson could not provide total patient care and placed her on a leave of absence as of March 1992. Holy Family subsequently notified Thompson of an available position elsewhere in the hospital, but her application for the job was rejected. Thompson contends that she was terminated by Holy Family rather than placed on a leave of absence; she currently is employed in a sales position at a health care equipment company.
3
In December 1994, after receiving a right-to-sue letter from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Thompson filed a complaint under the ADA and Title VII.2 Holy Family moved for summary judgment on the basis of Thompson's failure to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether she is disabled or regarded as disabled within the meaning of the ADA. The district court granted the hospital's motion, and Thompson appeals.
II. Standard of Review
4
We review the grant of summary judgment de novo. Bagdadi v. Nazar, 84 F.3d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir.1996). We must determine, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Thompson's claim, whether there are any genuine issues of fact and whether the district court correctly applied the ADA. Id.
III. Discussion
5
In order to lay claim to the protections of the ADA, Thompson must first demonstrate that she is disabled within the meaning of the Act. Disability is defined as "(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of [an] individual; (B) a record of such an impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment." 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2). Thompson claims that her cervical injury substantially limits her ability to lift and to work; the ADA's implementing regulations include both lifting and working within the compass of "major life activities." See 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630, App. § 1630.2(i) (1996) (lifting); 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(i) (working).
6
Thompson has not, however, put forth the requisite evidence that she is substantially limited with respect to these activities. In general, "substantially limited" refers to the inability to perform a major life activity as compared to the average person in the general population or a significant restriction "as to the condition, manner, or duration" under which an individual can perform the particular activity. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1)(i)-(ii).
7
In assessing whether Thompson is so limited, we are in territory well-charted by our colleagues in other circuits. A number of courts have held that lifting restrictions similar to Thompson's are not substantially limiting, and we agree. See Williams v. Channel Master Satellite Sys., Inc., 101 F.3d 346, 349 (4th Cir.1996) (declaring, as a matter of law, that a 25-pound lifting limitation "does not constitute a significant restriction on one's ability to lift, work, or perform any other major life activity"), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1240, 117 S.Ct. 1844, 137 L.Ed.2d 1048 (1997). see also Aucutt v. Six Flags Over Mid-America, Inc., 85 F.3d 1311, 1319 (8th Cir.1996) (holding that a 25-pound lifting restriction did not substantially limit any major life activities); Ray v. Glidden Co., 85 F.3d 227, 229 (5th Cir.1996) (concluding, where a plaintiff could lift and reach as long as he avoided heavy lifting, that he was not substantially impaired).
8
We further conclude that Thompson has not raised a genuine issue of fact as to whether her injury curtails her general ability to work. To establish a substantial limitation, Thompson must demonstrate that she is "significantly restricted in the ability to perform either a class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes as compared to the average person having comparable training, skills and abilities." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(3)(i). The inability to perform one particular job does not constitute such a limitation. Id.
9
Thompson points to no evidence that the restrictions on her ability to perform total patient care preclude her from engaging in an entire class of jobs. Nor does she offer the information relevant to this particularized determination. See 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(3)(ii); see also Bolton v. Scrivner, 36 F.3d 939, 944 (10th Cir.1994) (affirming summary judgment for the employer where the evidence did not address the plaintiff's "vocational training, the geographical area to which he has access, or the number and type of jobs demanding similar training from which [plaintiff] would also be disqualified"), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1152, 115 S.Ct. 1104, 130 L.Ed.2d 1071 (1995). The only evidence in the record addressing Thompson's experience and opportunities is the affidavit of a vocational rehabilitation counselor that was submitted by the hospital. After stating his belief that total patient care is not an appropriate assignment for an individual with a 25-pound exertional limitation, the counselor notes that Thompson would be qualified for a number of the positions available to registered nurses in the Spokane, Washington labor market. Thompson has not countered this suggestion with evidence of a significant decline in her ability to obtain employment. Indeed, while no longer performing total patient care, she currently is employed in the health care industry. See Wooten v. Farmland Foods, 58 F.3d 382, 386 (8th Cir.1995) (stating that the major life activity of working "does not mean working at a particular job of that person's choice"); Miller v. AT & T Network Sys., 722 F.Supp. 633, 639 (D.Or.1989) ("[I]n order to come within the protection of the statute, the impairment must substantially limit an individual's employability generally, and not just with respect to one particular job."), aff'd and adopted, 915 F.2d 1404 (9th Cir.1990). Compare Cochrum v. Old Ben Coal Co., 102 F.3d 908, 911 (7th Cir.1996) (holding that a reasonable jury could conclude that physical restrictions on lifting, pulling and pushing substantially limited the ability of a coal miner to work in a broad range of jobs including mining and construction.)
10
Recent decisions from other circuit courts support our view that Thompson's conclusory allegations are insufficient to withstand the motion for summary judgment. In McKay v. Toyota Mfg., U.S.A., Inc., 110 F.3d 369, 373 (6th Cir.1997), the Sixth Circuit determined that a plaintiff with carpal tunnel syndrome who was incapable of lifting over 20 pounds did not raise a genuine issue as to her disqualification from a broad range of jobs in various classes. The Fifth Circuit reached a similar conclusion in Dutcher v. Ingalls Shipbuilding, 53 F.3d 723 (5th Cir.1995), in which it stated that "the inability to perform one aspect of a job while retaining the ability to perform the work in general does not amount to substantial limitation of the activity of working." Id. at 727; see also Daley v. Koch, 892 F.2d 212, 215 (2d Cir.1989) (holding, under the Rehabilitation Act, that unsuitability to be a police officer is not a substantial limitation on working); Forrisi v. Bowen, 794 F.2d 931, 934 (4th Cir.1986) (reasoning that a substantially limiting impairment under the Rehabilitation Act must pose a "general disadvantage in [the] search for satisfactory employment").
11
Furthermore, we reject Thompson's assertion that Holy Family "regarded" her as substantially limited in her ability to lift or work. See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(C). "As with real impairments, ... a perceived impairment must be substantially limiting and significant." Gordon v. E.L. Hamm & Assocs., Inc., 100 F.3d 907, 913 (11th Cir.1996). Even if Holy Family believed that Thompson was incapable of lifting 25 pounds, it does not follow that the hospital regarded her as disabled. We noted previously that a 25-pound restriction does not amount to a substantial limitation on the ability to lift. See Williams, 101 F.3d at 349.
12
Thompson also points to affidavits by her supervisors noting her inability to perform the duties required in a position of total patient care. However, an employer's decision to terminate an employee "based upon the physical restrictions imposed by [her] doctor ... does not indicate that [the employer] regarded [her] as having a substantially limiting impairment." Wooten, 58 F.3d at 386. The evidence does not establish that the hospital viewed Thompson as precluded from performing a broad class of jobs.3 Indeed, Thompson was made aware of another job opportunity at the hospital, and Holy Family submitted a counselor's affidavit enumerating several possible jobs in the nursing industry. See Gordon, 100 F.3d at 913 (determining that, in the context of perceived disabilities, a significant impairment is one that the employer views as foreclosing the type of employment involved); Ray, 85 F.3d at 229-30 (although an employee was terminated because his medical condition prevented him from performing his job as a lift truck operator, there was no evidence that his employer regarded him as incapable of performing another job); Welsh v. City of Tulsa, Okl., 977 F.2d 1415, 1419 (10th Cir.1992) ("[A]n impairment that an employer perceives as limiting an individual's ability to perform only one job is not a handicap under the [Rehabilitation] Act.").
IV. Conclusion
13
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Thompson cannot demonstrate a disability within the meaning of the ADA, and we affirm the grant of summary judgment to Holy Family.
14
AFFIRMED.
*
The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral argument. Fed. R.App. P. 34(a) and Ninth Circuit Rule 34-4
1
In January 1992, an independent vocational counselor performed a job analysis of the registered nurse position in the Short Stay Unit where Thompson was employed and determined that a nurse in her position would have to lift 100 pounds two to three times per week, 50 to 100 pounds one to two times per week, 20 to 50 pounds rarely, 10 to 20 pounds occasionally, and 0 to 10 pounds frequently. He also concluded that the nursing position could not be modified to eliminate exertional requirements in excess of 25 pounds
2
Thompson has since agreed to the dismissal of her Title VII claim
3
In support of her claim, Thompson cites Holihan v. Lucky Stores, Inc., 87 F.3d 362, 366 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1162, 117 S.Ct. 1349, 137 L.Ed.2d 506 (1997), in which this court identified a genuine issue of fact as to whether an employer regarded a claimant as disabled where the claimant had exhibited abusive behavior toward his coworkers, and the employer had received reports diagnosing the employee with depression, anxiety, and stress. Id. However, in contrast to Thompson's exertional limitation, the perception that an employee suffers from a disabling psychiatric condition would disqualify the employee from a broad range of jobs
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
The integrin family of cell adhesion molecules has multiple functions within the CNS.
Integrins comprise a large family of cell adhesion molecules that mediate interactions between the extracellular environment and the cytoplasm. During the last decade, analysis of the expression and function of these molecules has revealed that integrins regulate many aspects of cell behavior including cell death, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Within the central nervous system (CNS), most of the early studies focused on the role of integrins in mediating adhesive and migratory events in two distinct processes: neural development and CNS inflammation. Interestingly, recent analysis of transgenic mice has provided some surprising results regarding the role of integrins in neural development. Furthermore, a large body of evidence now supports the idea that in addition to these well-described functions, integrins play multiple roles in the CNS, both during development and in the adult in areas as diverse as synaptogenesis, activation of microglia, and stabilization of the endothelium and blood-brain barrier. Many excellent reviews have addressed the contribution of integrins in mediating leukocyte extravasation during CNS inflammation. This review will focus on recently emerging evidence of novel and diverse roles of integrins and their ligands in the CNS during development and in the adult, in health and disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
NEW TERM STARTS ON THE 18th of January 2013 The Italian Cultural Institute is the official Italian government centre for the promotion of the Italian culture and language, offering a wide choice of Italian classes. Whether you are a beginner, intermediate or advanced, whether you want Italian for business or pleasure, we can help you perfect your language skills at a…
Best Schools of Italian in Italy
Follow me on social media
Instagram
When you learn a language it’s good to have different tools – learning a language using songs, videos and films is relaxing and fun, and can help you to enjoy the learning activity. You’ll find that you can memorise the exercise much more quickly than with a written grammar exercise.
Do you like my blog? Any tips to improve? Drop me an email | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Siren's Song
A siren song typically refers to the song of the siren, dangerous creatures in Greek mythology who lured sailors with their music and voices to shipwreck.
(The) Siren Song or (The) Siren's Song may also refer to:
Films and literature
The Siren's Song (1919 film), a lost 1919 film starring Theda Bara
The Siren Song, the second book in the Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow series
Music
Albums
Siren's Song (album), a 2011 album by The Union
Songs
"Siren Song" (Erasure song), 1991
"Siren Song" (Maruv song), 2019
"The Siren's Song", a song by metalcore band Oh, Sleeper from their debut album When I Am God
"The Siren's Song", a song by metalcore band Parkway Drive from their second album Horizons
"Sirens Song", a song by metalcore band Miss May I from their third album At Heart
Television
Siren's Song (Charmed), a 2002 episode of Charmed
"The Siren's Song", a 2011 episode of Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated
See also
Siren (disambiguation)
Siren Song of the Counter Culture, 2004 album by Rise Against
The Siren Song of Stephen Jay Gould, a one-act play by Benjamin Bettenbender | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Erik Karol
Érik Karol (born 15 March 1963) is a French singer author & composer.
He received the Charles Cros Academy Award and another as the Best Single of the Year at the Festival International d'Expression Française in Bordeaux for his single Partirin 1988.
Karol joined the French-Canadian Company Cirque du Soleil in 1999 and was the original singer and main character for their show, Dralion.
Recordings
Partir/Viens avec moi 7" & 12"(1987)
Victoria/Lira 7" & 12"(1989)
Le Cabaret des Eléments "Chant d'Ether" (1998)
Cirque du Soleil "Dralion'' (1999) BMG Music Canada
Salto Natale "Chamäleon" (2002)
Erik Karol "Polyphonic Trees" (2010)
Erik Karol "Harda Vidya" (2011)
Books
Anneaux Marines (Editions Caractères- 1994)
Movies soundtracks
Hemingway, a portrait (Eric Canuel-Montréal-1999)
Nuit Blanche (Daniel Colas-Paris-2007)
References
External links
http://erik-karol.com
Category:1963 births
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:French singer-songwriters
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
What is the best way to install Laravel on HTML website that already use GIT?
I have a complete HTML website with all its folders CSS, JS & Images and already use Version Control by GIT.
What is the best way to install Laravel 5 on this website to keep GIT track the diversion from HTML to Laravel Framework smoothly.
A:
The steps to convert your current HTML website to laravel is very easy unless if you have some js backend:
Install Laravel
Move your CSS,JS,Images to laravel public folder
Move your html files to resource/views and rename them to name.blade.php or just name.php.
Fix the reference links of your css, js and images.
THE BIG PART!!! all your navigation will go through routes and backend logic in controllers.
e.g. you wanna go to your about page! you will have a rule in your route which will redirect to a function in a controller and that function will call the view (html page currently) and optionally pass any information to the view.
These are very simple ways to transfer your website, but once you get into it you can learn many features of laravel that can optimize your site.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
---
abstract: 'We study the impact of the capture and annihilation of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) on the evolution of Pop III stars. With a suitable modification of the Geneva stellar evolution code, we study the evolution of 20 and 200 M$_\odot$ stars in Dark Matter haloes with densities between 10$^{8}$ and $10^{11}$ GeV/cm$^3$ during the core H-burning phase, and, for selected cases, until the end of the core He-burning phase. We find that for WIMP densities higher than 5.3 $10^{10}(\sigma^{SD}_p/10^{-38} \mbox{ cm}^2)^{-1}$ GeV cm$^{-3}$ the core H-burning lifetime of $20 M_{\odot}$ and $200 M_{\odot}$ stars exceeds the age of the Universe, and stars are sustained only by WIMP annihilations. We determine the observational properties of these ‘frozen‘ objects and show that they can be searched for in the local Universe thanks to their anomalous mass-radius relation, which should allow unambiguous discrimination from normal stars.'
author:
- 'Marco Taoso$^{1,2}$'
- 'Gianfranco Bertone$^{2}$'
- 'Georges Meynet$^{3}$'
- 'Silvia Ekstr$\ddot{\mbox{o}}$m$^{3}$'
title: Dark Matter annihilations in Pop III stars
---
In the Standard Cosmological Model, the matter density of the Universe is dominated by an unknown component, approximately 5 times more abundant than baryons, dubbed Dark Matter (DM). Among the many DM candidates proposed in the literature, Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), i.e. particles with mass $\cal{O}$$(100)$ GeV and weak interactions, appear particularly promising, also in view of their possible connection with well motivated extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics (see Ref. [@reviews] for recent reviews on particle DM, including a discussion of ongoing direct, indirect and accelerator searches). Despite their weak interactions, WIMPs can lead to macroscopic effects in astrophysical objects, provided that they have a sizeable scattering cross section off baryons. In this case, in fact, DM particles traveling through stars can be captured, and sink at the center of the stars. Direct searches and astrophysical arguments, however, severely constrain the strength of DM-baryons interactions (see e.g. Ref. [@mack] and references therein). Since the capture rate is proportional to the product of the scattering cross section times the local DM density, large effects are thus expected in regions where the DM density is extremely high (this was already noticed in the context of the so called ’cosmions’ [@cosmions]). Recent progress in our understanding of the formation and structure of DM halos has prompted a renewed interest in the consequences of DM capture in stars, in particular in the case of White Dwarfs [@Moska], compact objects [@Bertone:2007ae] and main sequence stars [@Fairbairn] at the Galactic center, where the DM density could be extremely high [@Bertone:2005hw].
Alternatively, one may focus on the first stars, which are thought to form from gas collapsing at the center of $10^6-10^8 M_{\odot}$ DM halos at redshift $z\lesssim 10-30$. In fact, Spolyar, Freese and Gondolo [@Freese] have shown that the energy released by WIMPs annihilations in these mini-halos, during the formation of a proto-star (thus even before DM capture becomes efficient), may exceed any cooling mechanism, thus inhibiting or delaying stellar evolution (see also Ref. [@Freeseb]). The formation of proto-stars with masses between $6 M_{\odot}$ and $600 M_{\odot}$ in DM halos of $10^6
M_{\odot}$ at z=20, can actually be delayed by $\sim 10^3-10^4 $ yrs [@Iocco]. Once the star forms, the scattering of WIMPs off the stellar nuclei becomes more efficient and a large number of WIMPs can be trapped inside the gravitational potential well of the star. The WIMPs luminosity can overwhelm that from nuclear reactions and therefore strongly modify the star evolution [@Iocco2; @Freese2], and the core H-burning phase of Pop III stars, in DM halos of density of $10^{11} \mbox{ GeV cm}^{-3}$, is substantially prolonged, especially for small mass stars ($M_{*}<40 M_{\odot}$) [@Iocco].
In this letter, we perform a detailed study of the impact of DM capture and annihilation on the evolution of Pop. III stars with a suitable modification of the Geneva stellar evolution code [@Ekstrom; @Maynet]. With respect to previous analyses, this already allows us to properly take into account the stellar structure in the calculation of the capture rate, that we compute, following Ref. [@Gould], as
$$C= 4 \pi \int_{0}^{R_*} dr r^2 \frac{dC(r)}{dV} \label{eqn:C}$$
with $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{dC(r)}{dV} &=& \left(\frac{6}{\pi}\right)^{1/2}
\sigma_{\chi,N} \frac{\rho_{i}(r)}{M_i}\frac{\rho_{\chi}}{m_{\chi}}
\frac{v^{2}(r)}{\bar{v}^2} \frac{\bar{v}}{2 \eta A^2} \\
\nonumber &\times & \left\{ \left( A_+ A_- -\frac{1}{2}\right)
[\chi(-\eta,\eta)-\chi(A_-,A_+) ] \right.\\ \nonumber &+& \left.
\frac{1}{2} A_+ e^{-A_-^2} -\frac{1}{2} A_- e^{-A_+^2} -\frac{1}{2}
\eta e^{-\eta^2} \right\} \label{eqn:dCdV}\end{aligned}$$ $$A^2=\frac{3 v^2(r)\mu}{2 \bar{v}^2 \mu_-^2} \mbox{, }\hspace{0.5cm}
A_{\pm}=A \pm \eta \mbox{,}
\hspace{0.5cm}\eta^2=\frac{3v_{*}^2}{2\bar{v}^2}$$ $$\chi(a,b)=\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}[\mbox{Erf}(b)-\mbox{Erf}(a)]=\int_a^bdy e^{-y^2}$$ $$\mu_-=(\mu_i-1)/2 \mbox{,} \hspace{0.5cm} \mu_{i}=m_{\chi}/M_i$$ where $\rho_i(r)$ is the mass density profile of a given chemical element in the interior of the star and $M_i$ refers to its atomic mass, while $\rho_{\chi}$, $m_{\chi}$ and $\bar{v}$ are respectively the WIMP mass and the WIMP density and velocity dispersion at the star position. The velocity of the star with respect to an observer, labeled as $v_*$, is assumed to be equal to $\bar{v}$, giving therefore $\eta=\sqrt{3/2}$. The radial escape velocity profile depends on $M(r)$, i.e. the mass enclosed within a radius $r$, $v^2(r)=2 \int_{r}^{\infty} G M(r^{'})/r^{'2} dr'$.
The WIMP scattering cross section off nuclei, $\sigma_{\chi,N}$ is constrained by direct detection experiments and for a WIMP mass of 100 GeV the current upper limits are $\sigma_{SI}=10^{-43} \mbox{
cm}^2$ [@SI] and $\sigma_{SD}=10^{-38} \mbox{ cm}^2 $ [@SD] respectively for spin-independent and spin-dependent WIMP interactions off a proton. We will adopt these reference values throughout the paper, but the capture rate can be easily rescaled for other scattering cross sections by using Eq. \[eqn:dCdV\]. The spin-independent interactions with nucleons inside nuclei add up coherently giving an enhancement factor $A^4$ with respect to the interaction with a single nucleon: $\sigma^{SI}_{\chi,N}=A^4\sigma_{\chi,p}$, where $A$ is the mass number. There is no such enhancement for the spin-dependent interactions. We consider the contribution to the capture rate from WIMP-hydrogen spin dependent interactions and WIMP-helium $^4$He spin-independent interactions, neglecting the presence of other elements because of their very low abundance. The contribution of Helium is found to be negligible with respect to that from hydrogen.
Once captured, WIMPs get redistributed in the interior of the star reaching, in a characteristic time $\tau_{th},$ a thermal distribution [@GriestSeckel]: $$n_{\chi}(r)=n_0 e^{\frac{-r^2}{r_w^2}} \mbox{ with }
r_{\chi}=\sqrt{\frac{3 k T_c}{2\pi G \rho_c m_{\chi}}}
\label{eq:Distribuzione}$$
with $T_c$ and $\rho_c$ referring to the core temperature and density. The distribution results quite concentrated toward the center of the star: e.g. for a $20 M_{\odot}$ star immersed in a WIMP density of $\rho_{\chi}=10^{9} \mbox{ GeV cm}^{-3}$ at the beginning of the core H-burning phase we obtain $r_{\chi}= 2 \times
10^{9} \mbox{cm},$ a value much lower than the radius of the star, $R_*= 10^{11} \mbox{cm}.$ This consideration underlines the importance of an accurate spatial resolution in the core to properly treat the luminosity produce from WIMPs annihilations. We have also checked that regardless the extremely high concentrations of WIMPs obtained at the center of the stars, the gravity due to WIMPs is completely negligible.
The number of scattering events needed for DM particles to thermalize with the nuclei in the star is of order $\approx m_{\chi}/M_H$, thus an upper limit on the thermalization time can be obtained as $\tau_{th}=(m_{\chi}/M_H)/(\sigma_{SD}\bar{n}_H \bar{v})$ where $\bar{n_H}$ is the average density on the star.
The WIMPs luminosity is simply $L_{\chi}(r)= 4 \pi (\sigma v) m_{\chi} c^2 n_{\chi}^2(r)$. For the annihilation cross section times relative velocity $(\sigma v)$, we assume the value $3 \times10^{-26}
\mbox{ cm}^2$, as appropriate for a thermal WIMP, but note that the total WIMP luminosity at equilibrium does not depend on this quantity. After a time $$\tau_{\chi}= \left(\frac{C (\sigma v)}{\pi^{3/2} r_{\chi}^3} \right)^{-1/2}$$ an equilibrium between capture and annihilation is established, and this incidentally allows to determine the normalization constant $n_0$ above.
We have checked that the two transients $\tau_{\chi}$ and $\tau_{th}$ remain much smaller, during the evolution of the star, than the Kelvin-Helmotz timescale, $\tau_{KH}$ and the timescale needed for the nuclear reactions to burn an hydrogen fraction $\Delta
X_c=0.002$ of the convective core, $\tau_{nucl}$: $$\tau_{KH}=\frac{G M_*^2}{R_* L_*}\hspace{0.5cm} \tau_{nucl}=\frac{q_c \Delta X_c M_* 0.007 c^2}{L_*}$$ where the \* labels quantities relative to the the star and $q_c$ is the core convective mass fraction. This argument justifies the assumption of equilibrium between capture and annihilation and the use of the radial distribution in Eq. \[eq:Distribuzione\]. We assume here an average WIMP velocity $\bar{v}= 10 \mbox{ Km s}^{-1},$ the virial velocity in an halo of $10^{5}-10^6 M_{\odot}$ at z=20. As for the DM density, semi-analytic computations of the adiabatic contraction of DM halos [@Freese2; @Freese3], in agreement with the results extrapolated from simulations of first star formation [@AbelBryan], suggest DM densities of order $10^{12} \mbox{ GeV cm}^{-3}$ or even higher.
We have implemented the effects of WIMPs annihilation in the Geneva stellar evolution code (see Ref. [@Ekstrom; @Maynet] for details), and followed the evolution of a $20 M_{\odot}$ and $200 M_{\odot}$ stars for different DM densities. We show in Fig.\[HR\] the evolutionary tracks for the $20 M_{\odot}$ model, and show for comparison (black line) the case of a standard Pop III star without WIMPs. For DM densities smaller than $10^9 \mbox{ GeV cm}^{-3}$ the evolutionary tracks closely follow that of a normal star and they are not shown for simplicity. The position of the star at the beginning of the core H-burning phase (zero-age main sequence, or ZAMS) is obtained when, after a short transient, the luminosity produced at the center of the star equals the total luminosity and the star settles down in a stationary regime. For increasing DM densities the WIMPs luminosity produced at the center overwhelms the luminosity from nuclear reactions and makes the star inflate, producing therefore a substantial decrease of the effective temperature and a moderate decrease of the star luminosity at the ZAMS position, with respect to the standard scenario. For $\rho_{\chi}=10^{10} \mbox{ GeV cm}^{-3}$, the energy produced by WIMPs present in the star at a given time, estimated as $E_{\chi}
\simeq L_{\chi} \tau_{KH},$ is, at the ZAMS, $\sim 0.8$ times the gravitational potential energy of the star, and the star therefore starts to contract. In this phase, the core temperature, and consequently also the nuclear reactions, increase. When the latter become comparable with the WIMPs luminosity, the standard situation is recovered and the evolutionary track joins the classical tracks of a star without WIMPs. An important difference from standard evolution is that in the first phase, the nuclear reactions are slowed down and therefore the core H-burning lifetime is prolonged. For Dark Matter densities $\rho_{\chi}\leq1.6$ $10^{10} \mbox{ GeV
cm}^{-3},$ the picture is qualitatively the same, and for these models we only show in Fig. \[HR\] the first phases of the evolution. In Fig. \[tcxc\], we show the core temperature as a function of the DM density, at different stages of the core H-burning phase. At high DM densities hydrogen burns at much lower core temperatures than in the usual scenario, till a certain mass fraction is reached, e.g. $X_c=0.3$ for $\rho_{\chi}=10^{10} \mbox{
GeV cm}^{-3},$ and the standard evolutionary track is joined. For increasing DM densities the nuclear reaction rate is more and more delayed till the contraction of the star is inhibited, due to the high DM energy accumulated, and the evolution is frozen. In Fig.\[HR\] for $\rho_{\chi}=2\cdot10^{10} \mbox{ GeV cm}^{-3}$ and $\rho_{\chi}=3\cdot10^{10} \mbox{ GeV cm}^{-3}$ the stars seems to remain indefinitely at the ZAMS position. In Fig. \[den\] we show the core H-burning lifetime as a function of the DM density. In the case of a $20 M_{\odot}$ model, for $\rho\leq10^{10} \mbox{ Gev
cm}^{-3}$ the core H-burning phase is prolonged by less then 10 % but the delay increases rapidly for higher DM densities. Extrapolating the curve we determine a critical density, $\rho_c
=2.5\cdot10^{10} \mbox{ Gev cm}^{-3}$, beyond which the core H-burning lifetime is longer then the age of the Universe. All the calculations have been repeated for the $200 M_{\odot}$ model and we find that both the $20 M_{\odot}$ and $200 M_{\odot}$ stars evolutions are stopped for DM densities higher than $5.3\cdot10^{10}
(\frac{\sigma^{SD}_p}{10^{-38} \mbox{ cm}^2})^{-1} \mbox{ GeV
cm}^{-3}.$ We have also verified that the results weakly depend on the WIMP mass, e.g. the core H-lifetime is modified by a factor 0.2% and 5% respectively for $m_{\chi}=10 \mbox{ GeV}$ and $m_{\chi}=100 \mbox{ GeV},$ if $\rho_{\chi}=10^{10}\mbox{ GeV
cm}^{-3}$.
It is remarkable that under these circumstances, frozen Pop III stars can survive until the present epoch, and can be searched for as an anomalous stellar population. In Fig.\[gt\] we show the effective temperature and gravity acceleration at the surface of these frozen Pop III stars, kept in the H-burning phase, for different DM densities. Frozen stars would thus appear much bigger and with much lower surface temperatures with respect to normal stars with the same mass and metallicity. Our results are qualitatively consistent with the preliminary estimates in [@Iocco2; @Freese2] and the analysis in [@Iocco]. However, for a given DM density, we obtain a somewhat longer core H-burning lifetime with respect to [@Iocco], possibly due to their use of an approximated expression for the capture rate. We have also followed, for selected models, the evolution during the core He-burning phase. During this evolutionary stage, the Dark Matter luminosity is lower than the nuclear reaction luminosity, therefore the impact of DM annihilations is found to be rather weak. For the $20 M_{\odot}$ model and for $\rho_{\chi} =
1.6\cdot10^{10} \mbox{ GeV cm}^{-3}$ the He-lifetime is prolonged by a factor 1.2, rather than a factor 37 found for the H-burning phase for the same DM density.
In conclusion, we have adapted a stellar evolution code to the study the evolution of Pop. III stars in presence of WIMPs. We have shown that above a critical DM density, the annihilation of WIMPs [*captured*]{} by Pop. III stars can dramatically alter the evolution of these objects, and prolong their lifetime beyond the age of the Universe. We have determined the properties of these ’frozen’ stars, and determined the observational properties that may allow to discriminate these objects from ordinary stars.
M.T. thanks the International Doctorate on Astroparticle Physics (IDAPP) for partial support and the Geneva Observatory for the warm hospitality. We thank F. Iocco for useful discussions. During the completion of this work we became aware of a related work done independently by Yoon, Iocco and Akiyama [@Yoon]. Their results, obtained with an independent stellar evolution code, appear to be in good agreement with our own.
[99]{} G. Bertone, D. Hooper and J. Silk, Phys. Rep. 405 (2005) 279; L. Bergstrom, Rept. Prog. Phys. [**63**]{}, 793 (2000) G. D. Mack, J. F. Beacom and G. Bertone, Phys. Rev. D [**76**]{} (2007) 043523 \[arXiv:0705.4298 \[astro-ph\]\]. P. Salati and J. Silk, ApJ 296, 679 (1985); A. Renzini, Astr. Ap. 171, 121 (1987); A. Bouquet and P. Salati, ApJ 346, 284 (1989);D. Dearborn, G. Raffelt, P. Salati, J. Silk and A. Bouquet, ApJ 354, 568 (1990);P. Salati, G. Raffelt and D. Dearborn, ApJ 357, 566 (1990) I.V. Moskalenko and L.L. Wai, Astrophys. J. 659:L29-L32, 2007 \[arXiv:astro-ph/0702654\]. G. Bertone and M. Fairbairn, Phys. Rev. D [**77**]{} (2008) 043515 \[arXiv:0709.1485 \[astro-ph\]\]. M. Fairbairn, P. Scott and J. Edsjo, Phys. Rev. D 77 (2008) 047301 G. Bertone and D. Merritt, Phys. Rev. D [**72**]{} (2005) 103502 \[arXiv:astro-ph/0501555\]. D. Spolyar, K. Freese and P. Gondolo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 051101. K. Freese, P. Bodenheimer, D. Spolyar and P. Gondolo, 2008 \[arXiv:0806.0617\]. F. Iocco, A. Bressan, E. Ripamonti, R. Schneider, A. Ferrara and P. Marigo, 2008 \[arXiv:0805.4016\]. F. Iocco, Astrophys. J. 677 (2008) L1. K. Freese, D. Spolyar and A. Aguirre, 2008 \[arXiv:0802.1724\]. S. Ekstr$\ddot{\mbox{o}}$m, G. Meynet, A. Maeder and F. Barblan, Astronomy and Astrophysics 478 (2008) 467. A. Gould, ApJ 567 (1987) 532. Z. Ahmed [*et al.*]{} \[CDMS Collaboration\], arXiv:0802.3530 \[astro-ph\]; J. Angle [*et al.*]{} \[XENON Collaboration\], Phys. Rev. Lett. [**100**]{} (2008) 021303 \[arXiv:0706.0039 \[astro-ph\]\]. J. Angle [*et al.*]{}, arXiv:0805.2939 \[astro-ph\]; E. Behnke [*et al.*]{} \[COUPP Collaboration\], Science [**319**]{} (2008) 933 \[arXiv:0804.2886 \[astro-ph\]\]. K.Griest and D.Seckel, Nucl. Phys. B 296 (1987) 681. K. Freese, P. Gondolo, J.A. Sellwood and D. Spolyar, \[arXiv:0805.3540\]. T. Abel, G.L. Bryan and M.L. Norman, Science 295 (2002) 93. S. Yoon, F. Iocco and S. Akiyama 2008 \[arXiv:0806.2662\].
| {
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Head – Research and Development,
National Bulk Handling Corporation Private Limited
Google+ Followers
Wednesday, 28 December 2016
Increased Chinese Support Sustained Northward Surge in Copper Prices
The copper market scenario has been improving in the last couple of
month owing to the improvement in the Chinese demand though the supply of
copper continues to be on the surplus side. The prices have also found support
from the series of supply disruptions at major mines. The changes in the global
economic scenario and more impetus on the growth have also adequately supported
the price rally in copper. The trend has been positive but it’s too early to
assume that the market has overall entered the bull phase.
On the supply front, World mine
production is estimated to have increased by around 5.8 per cent (730,000 MT)
in the first eight months of 2016 compared with production in the same period
of 2015. Concentrate production increased by 7.5 per cent while solvent
extraction-electro-winning (SX-EW) declined by 0.5 per cent. The increase in
world mine production was mainly due to a 45 per cent rise in Peruvian output
that is benefitting from new and expanded capacity brought on stream in the
last two years. A recovery in production levels in Canada and the United
States, expanded capacity in Mexico and a ramp-up in production in Mongolia,
also contributed to world growth. However overall growth was partially offset
by a 4 per cent decline in production in Chile, the world’s biggest copper mine
producer, and a 7 per cent decline in DRC where output is constrained by
temporary production cuts. The average world mine capacity utilization rate for
the first eight months of 2016 increased to 85 per cent from 84 per cent in the
same period of 2015. World refined production is estimated to have increased by
about 3.1 per cent (470,000 MT) in the first eight months of 2016 compared with
refined production in the same period of 2015: primary production was up by 2.5
per cent and secondary production (from scrap) was up by 5.5 per cent. The main
contributor to growth was China (+7 per cent), followed by the United States
where production increased by 14 per cent and Mexico (+19 per cent) where
expanded SX-EW capacity is contributing to refined production growth. Output in
Chile and Japan the second and the third leading refined copper producers
increased by around 2 per cent and 3 per cent respectively. Refined production
in the DRC and Zambia declined due to the impact of temporary production cuts.
The average world refinery capacity utilization rate for the first eight months
of 2016 remains practically unchanged from that in the same period of 2015 at
around 83 per cent.
During the same period, world apparent refined usage is estimated to
have increased by around 3.8 per cent (570,000 MT) compared with that in the same
period of 2015 mainly due to increases in China. Chinese apparent demand
increased by around 7.5 per cent compared with the same period of 2015 based on
an 8 per cent increase in net imports of refined copper. However July and
August net refined copper imports at 176,000 MT and 175,000 MT respectively
were the lowest since April 2013 and compares to a net monthly imports average
of 312,000 MT in the first half of 2016. Aggregated usage in the EU, Japan and
the United States remained essentially unchanged.
Global copper consumption is recovering as well, led by China. China’s
refined copper consumption will probably rise by around 7 per cent this year
led by strong demand for power cable, high performance sheet and strip for the
auto and computer appliance sectors, by a recovery in magnet wire demand, and
general demand as the economy recovers. China’s infrastructure spending is and
will continue to be a multiple of whatever the US’s will be under its new
president. For instance, in the first 10 months of this year, China’s spending
on infrastructure alone was $1.4tn and it will probably spend as much if not
more in the next 10 years as in the last since government plans to migrate
another 200m from the rural areas to the urban world, making a migration of some
400 million over 20 years.
The global demand of copper has expanded by about 1per cent by December
1st 2016 and is been adequately supported by the positive growth
figures from E7 and G7 monetary data. Global policy has shifted from focusing
on austerity to one of inflating the global system. What is missing from most
equations is that when this shift starts, inventory moves out of the raw
material chain into refilling the massive global manufacturing chain from the
final product, such as a transformer or an aircon, all the way through the
individual sectors to the semi-fabricator, which of course has been emptied in
recent years. As per a report world refined consumption will probably rise by
4.5 per cent both in 2016 and 2017 and at least by 2.7 per cent in 2018. These
numbers clearly indicates larger supply and demand deficits resulting in significantly
positive copper prices.
A number of recent disruptions in the global copper supply show that
the metal’s price rally is supported at least in part by fundamentals. About
415,000 tonnes of copper have been lost so far this year due to disruptions,
the majority of which have occurred in recent months. The halt in operations at
UK-based Anglo American’s central Chile mine began on November 17 following a dispute
over negotiations with contractor companies. On November 17, a landslide caused
by heavy rains at Park Elektrik Üretim Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret AS’ Siirt
Madenköy mine in Turkey caused at least five worker deaths. Operations have
been halted this situation is likely to continue till early next year. In
addition, overall production in Chile has slipped this year, with year-to-date
output falling 4.7 per cent to 4,581,000 tonnes from 4,808,000 tonnes in 2015.
Production in October declined to 445,000 tonnes, off 3.4% month-on-month and
11 per cent year-on-year.
The positive PMI Data released by Caxin Services (53.1 against the
expectation of 52.7) provided increased support to the copper prices. News of Chinese
fund buying and supply disruption of copper concentrate supplies from Mongolia
which generally feed the smaller smelters supported the unconfirmed reports
that fabricators in China have yet to fully meet their buying requirements. China
continues to be the key driver of sentiment, and prices have been susceptible
to volatile moves as they are directed by news flow. As long as Chinese demand
remains healthy, the risk of a sudden and rapid reversal in the short term
remains low. In addition, copper is benefiting from a supply side experiencing
sudden tightness. Despite positive market sentiment surrounding copper prices,
downside risks are quite high due to a practical growth outlook for China and
the USA, as well as the probability of an oversupplied market next year. Thus,
in spite of the positivity gripping the copper market, one should invest in the
market with caution. | {
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Arab Debt recovery signed a warrant for recovery of debts with the Arab International Bank and Tunisia. | {
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