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Pathways disrupted in aphagia and adipsia following diencephalic damage. The neuroanatomical pathways of the rat disrupted in aphagia and adipsia were investigated using the Fink-Heimer and autoradiographic anterograde tracing procedures. Following lesions in the lateral hypothalamic complex (LHC) which produce aphagia and adipsia as well as the injection of labeled proline into the LHC, projections were seen in the nucleus accumbens, the preoptic area, the lateral habenular nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the nucleus reuniens, the parafascicular nucleus, the posterior hypothalamus, the zona incerta, the central gray matter, the tegmentum, the substantia nigra (pars compacta), the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and the parabrachial area. However, axonal degeneration and not radioactive label were observed in the mediodorsal thalamus, the superior colliculus, the medial pontine gray, the mesencephalic nucleus of the Vth nerve, the motor nucleus of V, the raphe nuclei and the crus cerebri fiber system. The LHC is discussed as a region which connects with other levels of the central nervous system known to be related to the act of ingestion.

It is known to curl hair using a mixture of chemicals. The hairstyle resulting from the chemicals is known as a perm or jheri-curl. The modern perm, the so-called “cold wave perm” requires the use of strong chemicals. The modern method for achieving the perm is based on a chemical approach using 2 different solutions a perming solution and setting solution. The general method used follows these steps: 1) Insert the perming rods into the hair 2) Apply perming solution and leave for 20 minutes 3) Wash thoroughly 4) Apply setting solution and leave for 5 minutes 5) Remove rods 6) Shampoo as normal 1) A perming rod is similar to, but distinct from, ‘curlers’ or ‘rollers’. It is a plastic device typically about 8 cm long and of varying diameters in the region of 1-3 cm. It may be a simple cylinder, or have a concave profile. There is normally a band or clamp (called a perming rubber) which holds the hair against the rod. A hairdresser winds the hair round each rod and clamps it in place. There are a variety of winding methods depending on the effect which is desired. Typically there will be 30 rods, in various sizes, used to produce a perm. 2) The perming solution breaks down the disulphite bonds between the peptides in the hair—destroying the elasticity. The perming solution will be different depending on whether it is an alkaline perm (typically sodium thioglycolate) or an acid perm (typically glycerol monothioglycolate). Acid perms take longer but are gentler, so are used on finer or more fragile hair. They also require some application of heat—normally via a hairdryer. The liquid used comes in a variety of solution strengths. The hairdresser must choose the most appropriate strength depending upon the type of hair (thickness, porosity, elasticity) and the effect desired. The solution is poisonous and may potentially damage skin. Hairdressers often wear plastic gloves while applying the solutions to prevent damage to the skin. Applying the liquid is done by one of two methods. The traditional approach is to spray it on the hair. More recent options have ‘dispenser’ or applicator bottles. With these the hairdresser applies a strip of liquid along each rod and the liquid spreads round the rod. Rods designed for this purpose have small knobs on the surface to encourage the spread. 3) Washing (with the rods still in place) ensures that the solution is removed and that the process of damaging the hair is ended. This needs to be done thoroughly to prevent further chemical activity. 4) The second solution is typically Hydrogen Peroxide. it causes a chemical reaction which rebuilds the bonds between the peptides. it is normally left on the hair for about 5 minutes. 5) and 6) are self-explanatory. Both the acid and alkaline perm involve strong chemicals which are poisonous and can cause burns if left on a person's skin. The application of the chemicals is potentially dangerous and it is therefore desirable to ensure that no excess chemicals are used during the perming process. To mitigate some, if not all of the above problems, there is provided apparatus for the even distribution of the liquid through the hair, to minimise the likelihood of contacting the chemicals on the scalp and to make the process of applying the chemicals easier for the hairdresser. According to an aspect of the invention there is provided a rod for dispensing liquid to enable the perming of hair, wherein the rod comprises: a body around which in use hair is wrapped, said body comprising: a plurality of holes; and a chamber for holding liquid in fluid communication with the plurality of holes; wherein in use liquid is dispensed from the holes of the body thereby contacting the hair wrapped around the rod to enable perming of the hair. According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a perming rod enabled to dispense liquid, the rod comprising: a body around which hair is wrapped, said body comprising: an outer surface comprising a plurality of holes; an inner surface comprising a first channel (or group of channels) extending at least part of the length of the barrel, the first channel (or group of channels) in fluid communication with one or more of the holes in the outer surface; a first container of liquid to be dispensed, said first container being positionable so as to be in fluid communication with said first channel (or group of channels); wherein in use, the first container introduces the liquid into the first channel and said liquid is dispensed via the holes in the outer surface of the rod. Other aspects and features of the invention will be apparent from the appended claims and the following specific description which is given by way of example only.

Defibrillation depends on conductivity fluctuations and the degree of disorganization in reentry patterns. Defibrillation depends on conductivity and disorganization. Cardiac fibrillation is the deterioration of the heart's normally well-organized activity into one or more meandering spiral waves, which subsequently break up into many meandering wave fronts. Delivery of an electric shock (defibrillation) is the only effective way of restoring the normal rhythm. This study focuses on examining whether higher degrees of disorganization requires higher shock strengths to defibrillate and whether microscopic conductivity fluctuations favor shock success. We developed a three-dimensional computer bidomain model of a block of cardiac tissue with straight fibers immersed in a conductive bath. The membrane behavior was described by the Courtemanche human atrial action potential model incorporating electroporation and an acetylcholine- (ACh) dependent potassium current. Intracellular conductivities were varied stochastically around nominal values with variations of up to 50%. A single rotor reentry was initiated and, by adjusting the spatial ACh variation, the level of organization could be controlled. The single rotor could be stabilized or spiral wave breakup could be provoked leading to fibrillatory-like activity. For each level of organization, multiple shock timings and strengths were applied to compute the probability of shock success as a function of shock strength. Our results suggest that the level of the small-scale conductivity fluctuations is a very important factor in defibrillation. A higher variation significantly lowers the required shock strength. Further, we demonstrated that success also heavily depends on the level of organization of the fibrillatory episode. In general, higher levels of disorganization require higher shock strengths to defibrillate.

Joe Wilson and his online team turned what could have been a PR disaster, in to an online success story. WASHINGTON (CNN) - When Rep. Joe Wilson yelled "You lie!" at President Obama, the South Carolina Republican's political team quickly launched an online strategy to capitalize on the incident. Wilson's heated outburst came on the House floor as Obama addressed a joint session of Congress about health care. Within 12 hours, Wilson media consultant Brian Donahue had sketched out a plan that included buying ads on Google, cutting videos on YouTube and using Twitter and Facebook to raise money and counter the congressman's critics. "We knew that influencers and news outlets would want to find out more information about what happened and what Joe Wilson's response was, and they would be looking for this information online," Donahue told CNN. "The events were happening by the minute and by the hour. Online was where we needed to be to respond and provide new information from Congressman Wilson. Traditional print media couldn't keep up with the pace of this issue." soundoff(37 Responses) Doctors and hospitals are bound by the Hippocratic Oath to ethically practice medicine. That means they treat the patient – regardless of immigration status. That's all part of being a civilized society. If you don't like it, MOVE TO ANOTHER COUNTRY! September 22, 2009 12:51 pm at 12:51 pm | B More Polarization for the country, just what we need - right? September 22, 2009 12:52 pm at 12:52 pm | SBAMA This was planned and everybody fell for it. September 22, 2009 12:52 pm at 12:52 pm | ThinkAgain Cops are not "forbidden" from enforcing immigration laws. Where do you yahoos get your information? September 22, 2009 12:53 pm at 12:53 pm | Ken from missouri This guy is such a joke he comes from the most racist state I 've ever been in he didn't like our president from the start so raise money based on hate it will not do a thing for him. September 22, 2009 12:53 pm at 12:53 pm | B in Pittsburgh This man is a disgrace. I think it is disgusting that people are actually paying money to this guy and that he is profitting off of his unacceptable behavior. Is this the type of example we want to set for our children? That such behavior is acceptable? Seriously, no matter what party affiliation you belong to, we have a serious problem in this country-we are REWARDING bad behavior and that is wrong on many, many levels. September 22, 2009 12:53 pm at 12:53 pm | JGB Still trying to figure out how "YOU LIE" is a racist comment?? Are those making that claim saying only BLACK people lie? Wilson was only stating a FACT, that's why they had to go back and change the wording. Watch out, Obama will be granting amnesty so we can provide free coverage for all the new citizens. Yup, we the tax payers can shoulder even more expense. September 22, 2009 12:54 pm at 12:54 pm | single mom Strictly speaking, Congressman Wilson was lying. President Obama has strongly indicated that he wants to grant amnesty or some sort of legal standing to those illegals already here. As the Health Care/Insurance Reform, if passed, is planned to start in 2012, that gives Obama and the Dems a couple years to get it through. Imagine if they get it through before the 2010 census and redrawing of Congressional districts? Talk about power-shift and gerrymandering! September 22, 2009 12:54 pm at 12:54 pm | Rob Wilson spoke the truth regarding the bills that had been presented. Of course with the Dems and their shifty little ways, they'll include illegals, but they'll do it under some loophole so it will all look legit. And all you koolaid drinkers will be soiling yourselves shouting "Yes we can" NO YOU CAN'T September 22, 2009 12:55 pm at 12:55 pm | Mark My Words He was correct, Obama did lie. You who think Wilson is a racist, you must be the racist too? Funny how you are quick to throw that word around. September 22, 2009 12:55 pm at 12:55 pm | Melissa Why are people being so stupid as to give to this idiot? No wonder the country is going down the tubes. September 22, 2009 12:55 pm at 12:55 pm | Lowcountry Liberal I can't wait to attend a Wilson event and periodically shout, "You lie!"

Most office imaging owners and senior managers have a difficult time answering this question: is your service team efficient? Most dealers feel their team is competent, and their service technicians go “above and beyond” for the customers, but answering the… In a typical month, BEI Services monitors over 800,000 service calls, performed by 14,000+ technicians. One statistic we watch closely is the percentage of calls a service team cannot complete because they don’t have the right part. That’s right, the…

Apparently for me this reddit exchange turned out to be all about doing things late. :( But all the waiting was totally worth it! I ended up recieving the notice that my gift had arrived on the 15th of March but was unable to pick it up until the 17th. I went to the post office and found this amazing pizza box waiting for me. Who doesn't love surprise Pizza! I couldn't wait to get home and check out what was inside. As soon as I got home I cracked open the box to find some delicious candy coated pretzels Sweet and Salty is the best type of combination. Also there were some great treats from Quebec (Maple Candies, Sorini, A huge chunk of maple fudge) and an awesome letter from my match. Thanks for making my exchange so great iheartgiraffe!

Q: Erro ao gerar relatório em produção - ReportViewer Versão 11 Estou trabalhando com webforms e gerando um relatório no reportviewer localmente, o relatório aceita parâmetros e possui um dataset // Parametros List<ReportParameter> parametersReport = new List<ReportParameter>(); parametersReport.Add(new ReportParameter("Nome", "Nome Teste TI")); parametersReport.Add(new ReportParameter("Idade", "25")); // DataSet RecursoDeGlosaDataSet recursoDataSet = new RecursoDeGlosaDataSet(); // recursosFinalizados **vem do banco recursosFinalizados.ToList().ForEach(y => { recursoDataSet.Recurso.AddRecursoRow( y.DataInicioRealizacao.ToString("dd/MM/yyyy"), y.DataFim.Value.ToString("dd/MM/yyyy"), y.CodigoTabela, y.CodigoProcedimento, y.DescricaoProcedimento, y.GrauParticipacao, y.CodigoItem, y.ValorRecursado.ToString(), y.Justificativaitem, y.ValorAcatado.ToString(), y.JustificativaCliente); }); ReportViewer ReportViewer = new ReportViewer(); ReportViewer.ProcessingMode = ProcessingMode.Local; eportViewer.LocalReport.ReportPath = "caminhoDoRelatorio"; // o caminho está ok ReportViewer.LocalReport.DataSources.Add( new Microsoft.Reporting.WebForms.ReportDataSource("RecursoDeGlosaDataSet", (System.Data.DataTable)recursoDataSet.RecursoGlosa)); ReportViewer.LocalReport.SetParameters(parametersReport); string mimeType = ""; string encoding = ""; string filenameExtension = ""; string[] streams = null; Microsoft.Reporting.WebForms.Warning[] warnings = null; string theDeviceSettings = "<DeviceInfo> <HumanReadablePDF>True</HumanReadablePDF></DeviceInfo>"; byte[] bytes = ReportViewer.LocalReport.Render("PDF", theDeviceSettings, out mimeType, out encoding, out filenameExtension, out streams, out warnings); Agora vou ao erro: relatório roda perfeitamente em minha máquina mas ao colocar em PRODUÇÂO caiu no seguinte erro : Ocorreu um erro durante o processamento de relatórios local. at Microsoft.Reporting.WebForms.LocalReport.EnsureExecutionSession() at Microsoft.Reporting.WebForms.LocalReport.SetParameters(IEnumerable`1 parameters) *Obs: instalei o reportviewer pelo nuget, então as seguintes dlls estão em produção (Install-Package Microsoft.Report.Viewer -Version 11.0.0) Microsoft.ReportViewer.Common.dll Microsoft.ReportViewer.ProcessingObjectModel.dll Microsoft.ReportViewer.WebForms.dll A: Algumas DLL's são requeridas no servidor para o funcionamento do Report Viewer, ao fazer deploy além das DLL's que você já incluiu tente adicionar as seguintes: Microsoft.ReportViewer.DataVisualization.dll Microsoft.SqlServer.Types.dll

Mass spectrometry is a well-established analytical technique in which sample molecules are ionized and the resulting ions are sorted by mass-to-charge ratio. Advances in mass spectrometry have made it possible to obtain detailed information regarding a wide variety of sample surface types. In the semiconductor industry, for example, secondary ion mass spectrometry is used to determine the composition of microscopic regions of wafer surfaces. As another example, in the biotechnology arena, surface-based mass spectrometry is used to analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms in microarray formats. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,322,970 to Little et al. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometric analysis of large and/or labile biomolecules, such as nucleotidic and peptidic oligomers, polymers, and dendrimers, as well as for analysis of non-biomolecular compounds, such as fullerenes. MALDI is considered a “soft” ionizing technique in which both positive and negative ions are produced. The technique involves depositing a small volume of sample fluid containing an analyte on a substrate comprised of a photon-absorbing matrix material selected to enhanced desorption performance. See Karas et al. (1988), “Laser Desorption Ionization of Proteins with Molecular Masses Exceeding 10,000 Daltons,” Anal. Chem. 60:2299-2301. The matrix material is usually a crystalline organic acid that absorbs electromagnetic radiation near the wavelength of the laser. When co-crystallized with analyte, the matrix material assists in the ionization and desorption of analyte moieties. The sample fluid typically contains a solvent and the analyte. Once the solvent has been evaporated from the substrate, the analyte remains on the substrate at the location where the sample fluid is deposited. Photons from a laser strike the substrate at the location of the analyte and, as a result, ions and neutral molecules are desorbed from the substrate. MALDI techniques are particularly useful in providing a means for efficiently analyzing a large number of samples. In addition, MALDI is especially useful in the analysis of minute amounts of sample that are provided over a small area of a substrate surface. Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption Ionization (SELDI) is another example of a surface-based ionization technique that allows for high-throughput mass spectrometry. SELDI uses affinity-capture reagents, such as antibodies, to collect samples from a complex mixture, which allows in situ purification of the analyte followed by conventional MALDI analysis. Typically, SELDI is used to analyze complex mixtures of proteins and other biomolecules. SELDI employs a chemically reactive surface such as a “protein chip” to interact with analytes, e.g., proteins, in solution. Such a surface selectively interacts with analytes and immobilizes them thereon. Thus, analytes can be partially purified on the chip and then quickly analyzed in the mass spectrometer. By providing different reactive moieties at different sites on a substrate surface, throughput may be increased. Recently, mass spectrometry techniques involving laser desorption have been adapted for cellular analysis. Cellular assays such as mass spectrometry are carried out to provide critical information for the understanding of complex cell functions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,300 to Caprioli, for example, describes a method for imaging biological samples with mass spectrometry using surface-based ionization. This method allows users to measure the distribution of a specific element or small molecule within biological specimens such as tissue slices or individual cells. In particular, the method can be used for the analysis of specific peptides in whole cells, e.g., by obtaining signals for peptides and proteins directly from tissues and blots of tissues. In addition, the method has been used to desorb relatively large proteins from tissues and blots of tissues in the molecular weight range beyond about 80 kilodaltons. From such samples, hundreds of peptide and protein peaks can be recorded in the mass spectrum produced from a single laser-ablated site on the sample. When a laser ablates the surface of a sample at multiple sites and the mass spectrum from each site is saved separately, a data array is produced, which contains the relative intensity of any given mass at each site. An image of the sample surface can then be constructed for any given molecular weight, effectively representing a compositional map of the sample surface. One important issue to successful MALDI and MALDI-like profiling and imaging as described above is the controlled application of a mass-spectrometry matrix material to the tissue surface, either as a series of features or as a continuous coating so as to provide mass spectrometry matrix material at each site of laser ablation. For example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,300 to Caprioli, the mass spectrometry matrix material may be applied as a continuous and uniform coating of less than about 50 micrometers in thickness. In order to apply the mass spectrometry matrix material in a controlled manner, carefully metered amounts of sample fluids should be accurately and precisely placed on a sample surface. The ability to closely compare relative abundances of a given protein between two tissues is dependent on the application of matrix in exactly the same way to both tissues. Most current small-volume dispensing techniques, however, are not suitable for precise and reproducible matrix material application, due to limitations in volume or in accuracy of placement. For example, capillaries having a small interior channel (e.g., Eppendorf-type capillaries) are often used to transfer fluids from a pool of fluid. Their tips are submerged in the pool in order to draw fluid therefrom. In order to provide sufficient mechanical strength for handling, however, such capillaries must have a large wall thickness as compared to the interior channel diameter. Thus, the physical dimensions of such capillaries limit their fluid-handling capability. In addition, since any wetting of the exterior capillary surface results in fluid waste, the high ratio of wall thickness to channel diameter exacerbates fluid waste. Also, the pool has a minimum required volume determined not by the fluid introduced into the capillary but, rather, by the need to immerse the large exterior dimension of the capillary. As a result, the fluid volume required for capillary submersion may be more than an order of magnitude larger than the fluid volume transferred into the capillary. A number of patents have described the use of acoustic energy in printing. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,547 to Lovelady et al. describes a liquid drop emitter that utilizes acoustic principles in ejecting droplets from a body of liquid ink onto a moving document to form characters or bar codes thereon. As described in a number of U.S. patent applications, acoustic ejection provides for highly accurate deposition of minute volumes of fluids on a surface, wherein droplet volume—and thus “spot” size on the substrate surface—can be carefully controlled, and droplets can be precisely directed to particular sites on a substrate surface. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002037579 to Ellson et al. In other words, nozzleless fluid delivery provides high fluid-delivery efficiency through accurate and precise droplet placement. Nozzleless fluid ejection also provides a high level of control over ejected droplet size. Acoustic ejection is a technique that is well suited for depositing minute volumes of fluids on a surface because the technique allows for control over droplet volume and thus “spot” size on the surface, as well as control over the trajectory of ejected droplets and the precise location of the deposition sites on the surface. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20020037579 to Ellson et al. While nozzleless fluid ejection has generally been appreciated for ink printing applications, acoustic deposition is a generally unknown technique in the field of cellular analysis. Recently, focused acoustic energy has been used to manipulate cells and engage in cell sorting. See U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20020064808, 20020064809, 20020090720, and 20020094582 to Mutz et al. In addition, as cellular assays often involve the immobilization of sample cells on a substrate surface and the controlled exposure of the cells to one or more fluids, there exist opportunities to improve cellular assay and analysis techniques through the use of acoustic ejection, particularly when such assays require the precise and accurate handling of small volumes of fluid. For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20020171037 to Ellson et al. describes the use of acoustic ejection for preparing and analyzing a cellular sample surface. Nozzleless acoustic ejection is used to deposit mass spectrometry matrix material at designated sites on a sample surface to form either a uniform matrix material layer or an array of individual sites. In addition, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20020195538 to Ellson et al. describes the use of acoustic ejection to selectively deposit analysis-enhancing fluid according to the surface characteristics of the cellular samples. As alluded to above, conventional analysis-enhancing fluids for use in mass spectrometry are typically comprised of a mass spectrometry matrix material dissolved in a volatile carrier fluid. Once deposited on a sample surface, the carrier fluid is evaporated, thereby allowing the matrix material to precipitate and crystallize with the sample. It has recently been discovered, however, that such conventional analysis-enhancing fluids are not optimal for use in mass spectrometry when dispensed as low-volume droplets under ordinary dispensing conditions, because such fluids do not allow the matrix material to properly crystallize with the sample. Accordingly, there is a need for methods and systems that overcome the disadvantages and limitations associated with previously known technologies.

Uncial 0264 Uncial 0264 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 5th century. Descriptions The codex contains small parts of the Gospel of John 8:19-20,23-24, on one parchment leaf (15 cm by 12 cm). It has survived in a fragmentary condition. The text is written in one column per page, 18 lines per page, in uncial letters. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 5th century. Location Currently the codex is housed at the Berlin State Museums (P. 14049) in Berlin. Text The text-type of this codex is unknown, as the text is too brief to determine its textual character. Aland did not place it in any of Categories of New Testament manuscripts. See also List of New Testament uncials Textual criticism References Further reading Kurt Treu, "Neue Neutestamentliche Fragmente der Berliner Papyrussammlung", APF 18 (Berlin: 1966), pp. 23-38. G. H. R. Horseley, "New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity" 2 (Macquarie University, 1982), pp. 125-140. U. B. Schmid, D. C. Parker, W. J. Elliott, The Gospel according to St. John: The majuscules (Brill 2007), pp. 146-149. [text of the codex] Category:Greek New Testament uncials Category:5th-century biblical manuscripts

The present invention relates generally to automated design systems for converting design information into three-dimensional models and more particularly to apparatus controllable by a digital computer for sculpturing materials of low modulus of elasticity into desired shapes using a hot-wire. The design and manufacture of shaped objects ordinarily involves a multistep procedure. First, the designer sketches a desired shape on paper. When the designer determines that the shape may have the desired appeal, a more formal drawing is made, either by the designer or by a draftsman. If, after such formal drawings are made, the designer continues to feel the designed shape has the desired appeal, a model of the shaped product is manufactured. In many cases, the model is carved from some soft material. Alternatively, the model may be cast from a mold manufactured in accordance with the design. If the model is satisfactory, a system is set up for manufacturing a product with the desired design. This last step often involves the manufacture of patterns and/or final molds. In some cases, such last step involves programming automated machinery to cut the shape out of a particular workpiece. At any step prior to final acceptance of the shape as embodied in the manufactured product, it may be determined by the designer or someone else that the design does not have the desired appeal. At such time, the designer will go back in the process, often to the sketching step, and make alterations. This process continues until the manufacturing process produces a product of the desired shape. This process, obviously, can take a great deal of time and often costs a lot of money. Because simple products are often low-profit items, this initial design cost is substantial compared to the cost of the product. As a result, the cost of design must be spread over a large number of product sales. Therefore, it is desirable to have a system for design and manufacture of relatively simple, low-cost products that will substantially reduce the time and expense involved in the design and manufacture process.

Study of measurement of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in dried blood spot (DBS) samples and application of a volumetric DBS device. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a group of phospholipids formed in cell membranes following alcohol consumption. PEth measurement in whole blood samples is established as a specific alcohol biomarker with clinical and medico-legal applications. This study further evaluated the usefulness of dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected on filter paper for PEth measurement. Specimens used were surplus volumes of venous whole blood sent for routine LC-MS/MS quantification of PEth 16:0/18:1, the major PEth homolog. DBS samples were prepared by pipetting blood on Whatman 903 Protein Saver Cards and onto a volumetric DBS device (Capitainer). The imprecision (CV) of the DBS sample amount based on area and weight measurements of spot punches were 23-28%. Investigation of the relationship between blood hematocrit and PEth concentration yielded a linear, positive correlation, and at around 1.0-1.5μmol/L PEth 16:0/18:1, the PEth concentration increased by ~0.1μmol/L for every 5% increase in hematocrit. There was a close agreement between the PEth concentrations obtained with whole blood samples and the corresponding results using Whatman 903 (PEthDBS=1.026 PEthWB+0.013) and volumetric device (PEthDBS=1.045 PEthWB+0.016) DBS samples. The CV of PEth quantification in DBS samples at concentrations≥0.05μmol/L were ≤15%. The present results further confirmed the usefulness of DBS samples for PEth measurement.

/*============================================================================= Copyright (c) 2001-2008 Joel de Guzman Copyright (c) 2001-2008 Hartmut Kaiser http://spirit.sourceforge.net/ Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) =============================================================================*/ #ifndef BOOST_SPIRIT_INCLUDE_CLASSIC_SUBRULE_FWD #define BOOST_SPIRIT_INCLUDE_CLASSIC_SUBRULE_FWD #include <boost/spirit/home/classic/core/non_terminal/subrule_fwd.hpp> #endif

Find Serial Watch Hitler Didi 2 January 2012 online for free. Zee tv Hindi Serial Hitler Didi episodes are available online to Download and watch.She doesn’t smile. Eve teasers and anyone who takes panga with her gets a chappal treatment from her. She runs the home with clockwork precision and works hard to earn a living, she is Indira aka Hitler didi.

How Watch Shows and Movies Anywhere, Even Without Wi-Fi With so many streaming options, you can watch anything anytime. But not anyplace. Most Popular Author CopyCreated with Sketch. By Gary Dell'Abate Jun 22, 2016 Spencer Heyfron Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Years ago, when you flew you had to watch whatever crappy movie the plane was showing. Now we just bring our entertainment with us. Look around, and everybody is power-watching a show or movie on a tablet or laptop. Problem is, most video services are streaming only, which is an issue for anyone who travels. We think that Wi-Fi is going be everywhere soon, but it's not. Trains, planes, hotels, and cars say they have Wi-Fi, and tablets and phones have data, but I don't trust any of it. Even when the Wi-Fi works, airlines make it clear: You can email, but forget about trying to stream movies, even if you pay extra for the faster connection. What B.S. Most Popular Until streaming is fully integrated and strong Wi-Fi is everywhere, if I want to be sure I can watch something, I download. A friend brought this up the other day. Even though he could watch Peaky Blinders on Netflix, he bought episodes off iTunes. Why did he buy what he was already paying for? "I can't stream Netflix on a plane," he said. It's ridiculous that you have to pay for something twice just because you don't have Wi-Fi. It's an annoying oversight, but there are solutions. For example, I kept meaning to see the Amy Winehouse documentary, Amy. It's a perfect plane movie. Before my last trip, I found it on Amazon Prime Video. I hit "Download" and had it on my iPad, ready to watch without a data connection. Prime Video is the only major streaming service that does this and it's gotten me to look at Amazon's content in a way that I never did before. One day a week I take the train to work, so I started watching The Man in the High Castle, one of Amazon's series. I'm only on my fourth episode, I watch it here and there, but it lives on my iPad, always ready. Now we just need Netflix and Hulu to follow Amazon's lead. I also rely on DVDs, especially for work, where I get screeners of new movies or shows. Yes, DVDs. I have a library of stuff I've ripped, as in I converted the video from the disc to a digital file. There's a million ways to do it, but HandBrake is the most reliable software I've found for every video format. I put those movies onto an external hard drive, then sync that drive to my iTunes library. It sounds completely outdated, but it's the only way to always have what I want to watch. If I'm going to L.A., I sit down the night before I fly, connect my iPad mini, and plan my next day's entertainment. Gary Dell'Abate has been the executive producer of The Howard Stern Show since 1984. He can be heard on Sirius XM. *This article originally appeared in the July/August 2016 issue of Popular Mechanics.

Categories: Search Gallery Fighting in a Relationship: How Much Is Too Much Love doesn’t come at once. People understand it, but not many are willing to work in order to love sincerely and deeply. It has long been noted that a real feeling appears as the years go by, and to love you need a lot of trials and wisdom. Constant fighting in a relationship - why it happens? Fighting at the beginning of relationships – a thing as common as brushing your teeth. At this time we are talking about the usual lapping, building a system of mutual understanding. The nature of conflicts becomes much more interesting when the relationship are already stabilized more or less. Virtually every couple has all kinds of disagreements and contradictions. But this is normal and natural. Quarrels help to bring relations to a new level of development, take into account not only your own, but also the interests of your loved one. Also fighting makes relationship stronger. In terms of psychology, the absence of conflict situations doesn't mean that such relations are ideal. After all, most likely one of the partners is always entirely complaisant to his beloved, and at the same time suppresses his own desires. This indicates that there isn’t enough frankness and honesty between a man and a woman. Either the couple are so sundered that they don’t care. However, constant quarrels in relationships are also not a good sign. When there are frequent misunderstandings and disputes between partners, it’s necessary to understand why it’s happening and try to solve this problem. Otherwise, frequent fighting in relationships makes both sides suffer. And it isn’t uncommon to think of abandoning everything so that it finally ends. But it doesn’t make sense to change the boat if you can’t manage the oars. Let’s find out some reasons for frequent fighting in relationships. High expectations Often one of the partners in a love relationship thinks that later he will cope with the shortcomings of his beloved one. However, after unsuccessful attempts, it starts to strain both. Sometimes it's just enough to start accepting a person for what he is and stop changing him. Fatigue It begins when people spend a lot of time together. Then all interesting topics are reduced to a minimum, there is more silence, disagreement, irritation, etc. That's why psychologists advise to relax from each other at times. Jealousy To the jealous, everything seems suspicious: his partner comes back from work a long while, unfamiliar numbers ring him up, too revealing attire, etc. This can be eradicated by a frank talk with such person and excluding those moments that irritate him so much: stop talking to people of the opposite sex; call back together to unknown numbers; speak by phone on the way home if you delay, etc. Stress They can arise in connection with work disrepair, poor health, misunderstandings with parents, fatigue, lack of sleep, etc. In such cases, there is often unreasonable criticism and more acute reaction to everything that is happening around. For living with such person, you just need to arm yourself with patience and begin to take action: give him more time for rest, send for treatment, or help with business. The influence of third-party people It happens that the people around you aren’t happy with your choice, so they try to "open your eyes" in every possible way. While you are protecting your loved one in front of them, you nevertheless unconsciously begin to pay attention to what they speak about. This leads to the emergence of irritation and frequent fighting. You can exclude it by prohibiting discussion of your partner, or minimizing communication with third-party people. How to stop fighting in a relationship Fighting in relationships is normal. It means that people aren’t indifferent to each other. And if your partner still stay with you, despite systematic abuse, then it speaks volume. There are 12 tips on how to stop fighting in relationships. 1. Lower sights and expectations. Most often, the reason for constant fighting in a relationship is that one of the partners requires too much, and the second – can’t give it. In this case, it’s worth recalling once again that ideal people don’t exist. So don’t try to remake a person as you like. It's a lot of egoists. 2. Don’t stir up the past. If you have already tried to do this, you probably noticed how you began to react sharply to the moments, somehow related to the past, although earlier you lived and didn't think about anything. So they say: ignorance is a blessing. Forget about what was before you and don’t be interested in it, and there will be no jealousy, no problems, no other "headaches". This person is already with you. What else is needed? 3. Don’t leave questions unresolved. It would seem that sometimes it's better to just end a quarrel, reducing it to "no" by silence or assent. Indeed, this can be done, and life becomes much calmer. However, it applies only to those cases when you won’t return to these situations. If you would like to exclude such actions of your partner, then you should talk. But it needs to be done competently: tell about what made you nervous: "It was unpleasant for me when you ..."; ask him not to do it again: "Don’t do it anymore, please, don’t make me nervous"; offer an alternative (how a person should act not to cause you negative emotions). Don’t forget the proverb "If you dance you must pay the fiddler." This means that you can’t always ask without giving something in return. It can be expressed in gratitude, pleasant words, care, tenderness and willingness to meet the requests of your partner. 4. Forget the words "You must". Nobody owes you anything. You are a man with hands, feet and brain. Even your own parents don’t owe you anything. Take it for granted. If a person helps you - good, no - okay, then you can do it by yourself. And don't forget about the elementary code of ethics - use the word "please" more often. 5. Watch what you say. The fact is that no matter how you deny that it was said out of spite, your significant other will remember all those offensive words for a long time. After this, there is often the coolness in relationshios, because we all want to be worshiped, not humiliated. 6. Talk about your feelings honestly. Usually after a quarrel it's difficult to start a conversation and all the occasions look ridiculous and untimely. But there is a way out. It is necessary to begin with honesty. Just go to your loved one and tell him what you feel after the quarrel, that it was a mistake and you are upset that your relationship has been subjected to such an unpleasant experience. And be sure to mention how difficult it was for you to come up to scratch this conciliatory conversation, but you really want to change the situation for the better. 7. Don’t be afraid to take the first step. If you really love each other and want to make up a quarrel - the first step should be made by someone who is calmer and ready for dialogue. And if this person is you - that's okay. The main thing is the result. Otherwise, by hiding behind the excessive pride, you can simply not wait for an apology from a person who has got tired to make for reconciliation after the conflict. 8. Speak in a whisper. This is an interesting and useful fighting relationship advice. The main problem of quarrels is that they represent a vicious circle. You raise the voice, than your partner, and as a result you both raise it even more ... and so on. As a result, both scream and no one hears each other. Try to behave with the exact opposite - speak more quietly. The partner shall have to strain ears, and he will unconsciously whisper too. Seriously swearing in this tone is quite difficult. 9. Maintain politeness. This point is very important, because typically that's where the shoe pinches. Look at yourself from the outside. How do you talk? Would you like someone to talk with you like that? It's not necessarily the case that the answers to these questions will satisfy you. Be able to admit to yourself, if the claims and directions are coming of you. Start communicating with your beloved as you would like him to communicate with you. You will see how much your relationship change! And almost immediately, as soon as you start to get it. Most importantly - be more facile. None of us like when in the conversation there are complaints, reproaches and direct criticism. 10. Listen attentively to your partner. The ability not only to hear but also listen - a priceless quality that is necessary after a quarrel. Don't unload your partner, just listen attentively to what he tells you and only then ask clarifying questions. After that, tell about your needs with dignity and calm and explain why you reacted to a certain situation in such way. 11. Don't break up. The most stupid thing that can end a quarrel is break up. Never part with your loved one in consequence of a quarrel. There are break ups for good, and that’s not unusual. It happens that people just don't suit one another. Before you pack your things after another quarrel, think, is it really going to be good for you without this person? Is the cause of the quarrel so weighty? Is it worth your nerves? However, if it isn’t so and you understand that you need each other, don’t say things that can have irreversible consequences. To part with a partner you need only with a cool head, soberly weigh all pros and contras. 12. Find a compromise. It’s very important after a quarrel not just to smother it, but understand through its example how to solve similar situations in the future. Otherwise, you and your partner risk make up a quarrel only for a while. Of course compromise isn’t the worst option, but both of you need to climb down to each other in his case. It is better to come up with a solution in which everyone wins. In addition, after reconciliation, it is not so difficult. Wrapping it up The long-awaited deep feeling comes deservedly and naturally. Unspoken understanding and spiritual unity - this is the real love. Few people come to this stage. After all, you must first learn how to accept a person for what he is, gratuitously take care of him, and calmly accept his individuality. Love is above simple attraction or habit, just in love people unfold and harmoniously complement each other, their imperfections are carefully smoothed out, and accomplishments are reflected in each other. Hormones don’t boil this time. It’s a calm and joyful acceptance of the whole person. Probably, some of you have met elderly people who enjoy each other's company. During the conversation, they are carried away, smiling, their faces emit quiet, wise happiness and peace. And it’s worth remembering that these people live in perfect harmony not from the first day of the meeting, they have grown their love, came to it through hatred and chill. Ability to listen to your loved one, apologize and forgive – is a guarantee of strong and reliable relations.

article With Disney hotels, stores, and theme parks shut down, the company decided to donate all the excess food they have to Central Florida residents in need. The Walt Disney World theme parks have officially closed for the rest of the month, as they contribute to stopping the spread of coronavirus. On Monday, the company followed up by also deciding to shut down all their stores and hotels in the coming week. With the closures, Disney announced on their blog that all of the excess food inventory from their parks, restaurants, and hotels will go to the Second Harvest Food Bank of Central Florida. Photo by Second Harvest Photo by Second Harvest Photo by Second Harvest This action was done as part of the ongoing Disney Harvest program, the blog said. This program was launched in 1991 and works to collect excess and unserved food from locations throughout Walt Disney World, delivering it to feeding programs across Central Florida. MORE NEWS: Visitors react to Disney theme parks temporarily closing “Second Harvest Food Bank is known for their vital work addressing critical food needs in Central Florida, and we know the important role we play in helping to bring meaningful solutions to our community in times of great need,” said Tajiana Ancora-Brown, Director of External Affairs at Walt Disney World Resort. Photo by Second Harvest Photo by Second Harvest Photo by Second Harvest Photo by Second Harvest Throughout the years, the Disney Harvest program has collected and distributed more than 823,000 pounds of prepared, unserved food annually. Photo by Disney Parks Blog MORE NEWS: Disney suspends college program, among others during COVID-19 outbreak Disneyland in California acted similarly upon the closing of their parks as well, donating all their excess food to the Second Harvest Food Bank of Orange County. CLICK HERE FOR COMPLETE COVERAGE OF THE CORONAVIRUS Tune in to FOX 35 News for the latest on the coronavirus as the amount of cases nationwide increase. MOBILE USERS: Click here to watch FOX 35 News live

[Evaluation of toxicity and hazard of waste resulting from the treatment of municipal waste]. Municipal waste, sand trap sediment, floatable substances, raw sedimentation sludge, biological solids, a mixture of compact and dehydrated sediments, ashes, combustion gases and waste by GOST 12.1.007-76 are shown to be classified as classes 3 and 4 hazard. The conditions contributing to the occurrence of acute and chronic intoxications, infectious diseases, and helminthic invasions in the personnel, to environmental pollution at the basic stages of municipal waste and combustion sediment utilization are considered.

With the development of display technology, flat panel display devices, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), have advantages of high display quality, low power consumption, small thickness and wide range of applications, etc., and thus have been widely used in mobile phones, televisions, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, notebook computers, desktop computers and other consumptive electronic products, and the LCD has become the mainstream of the flat panel display devices. A polysilicon (PS) thin film transistor (TFT) LCD is different from a traditional amorphous silicon TFT-LCD. Because lattice arrangement of polysilicon is regular, electron mobility of the polysilicon is over 200 cm2/V-sec. In a case that the polysilicon acts as an active layer of the thin film transistor, area of the thin film transistor is effectively reduced, so that aperture ratio is improved, and whole power consumption is reduced while brightness of the display device is enhanced. In addition, in a case that the active layer of the thin film transistor has high electron mobility, a part of drive circuits may be integrated on a glass substrate of the display device, which reduces a number of drive chips and greatly enhances reliability of the LCD panel. Therefore, the polysilicon TFT-LCD, especially a low temperature polysilicon (LTPS) TFT-LCD, has gradually become a research focus in the display field.

Hundreds of high school students filled the stands at a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the newly renovated Los Alamitos High School track and field Tuesday that ended with track and football practices. This was the first time the teams could practice at the same time, according to Los Alamitos Unified School District Superintendent Sherry Kropp. “In the history of Los Alamitos high school, we've never been able to have our field sports practice at the same time at their home school,” Kropp told the crowd. The student-athletes in attendance did a lap of the rubberized track after 15 minutes of speeches, circling a facility that administrators said hasn't been in such good condition for years. “I have been here for 33 years and I want you to know I don't know where all the mud's gone,” said legendary football coach John Barnes, for whom the field is named. “We have a facility that was way overdue.” Kropp said the renovations will keep more kids practicing at their home field, giving coaches greater oversight of all levels of competition and kids a better sense of ownership of their field. Thanks to new field lights, soccer, lacrosse, football and track teams can practice and play games at night. Track coach Nathan Howard said in an interview that the track team will finally be able to host a home match at the school after two years of problems. School board members have mentioned hoping to hold a CIF meet at the field in future. “It's been a long time that we started the project,” Howard told the crowd. “Los Al, this is your field. It's not the track field, it's not the football field, it's Los Al's field. All programs will enjoy the use of this facility, so take care of it.” Barnes said the facility will shine as one of the best in Southern California. “This is a beacon for you to be proud of throughout this community, throughout Orange County and Southern California,” he said to the students. But neighbors living in the area around the field say the lights shine too bright, disrupting their evenings in tests done so far. In meeting after meeting with the district as well as Los Alamitos City Council, they've said the lights were erected without proper consideration of their impact on the neighborhood. Assistant superintendent Patricia Meyer has said the project was exempt from an environmental impact report. Viki Howard, who protested against the lights at the rally, said she was worried by the district pushing back a prior 8 p.m. lights-out deadline to 9 p.m. on Fridays and Saturdays. “That's my weekend, to sit out and barbecue, it's going to be embarrassing bringing people here,” she said. Kropp said the hours of operation are a framework and that more shields will be added to the lights to further limit glare on the neighbors' houses, with a calibration test scheduled for Nov. 20. The board has said it will set up a hotline residents can call with concerns about the lights. Speakers at the school board meeting later on Tuesday spoke to the value the field brings Los Al's sports culture, including Los Alamitos math teacher Amy Weis, a mother of a Los Al graduate she said was jealous of his younger brother on the soccer team. “He could never play in front of his friends because they all had activities and practices they had to go to at 3 o'clock in the afternoon,” Weis said. User Agreement Keep it civil and stay on topic. No profanity, vulgarity, racial slurs or personal attacks. People who harass others or joke about tragedies will be blocked. By posting your comment, you agree to allow Orange County Register Communications, Inc. the right to republish your name and comment in additional Register publications without any notification or payment.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have been intensively studied for various applications[@b1][@b2][@b3][@b4][@b5] including supercapacitors[@b6][@b7][@b8], field-emission devices[@b9][@b10], and sensor devices[@b11] because of their excellent mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties. Thin films are the most versatile form for such applications, so various processing methods have been developed to fabricate thin films from graphene and CNT solutions, including filtration[@b12][@b13], dip coating, electrophoretic deposition[@b14], and inkjet printing[@b15][@b16][@b17]. These solution-based processing methods are advantageous for large-scale and low-cost manufacturing, but have some serious drawbacks. For example, graphene films made from solutions have lower electrical conductivities than the theoretical value, presumably because of poor interlayer junction resistance[@b18]. To overcome this problem, CNT:graphene hybrids have been suggested because the CNTs could then form conductive paths between the graphene flakes[@b19][@b20]. CNT:graphene hybrids have been studied in many researches due to its enhanced properties than that of graphene and CNT itself. In some work, it was found that the thermal conductivity increases by hybridizing CNT/graphene[@b21]. In that work, they claimed that the enhancement of thermal conductivity in CNT:graphene hybrid is due to bridging of graphene flakes by CNTs. Most of the works related to CNT:graphene hybrids is about its electrical conductivity. In case of CNT:graphene hybrids in a film form, the CNT:graphene hybrid films have higher electrical conductivities than pure graphene films[@b12][@b22][@b23][@b24][@b25][@b26][@b27][@b28][@b29]. Additionally, in some researches, it was found that the CNT:graphene films with graphene and CNTs mixed and dispersed in the same layer have much higher electrical conductivities than graphene films coated with CNTs[@b23]. The improvement in the electrical conductivity by hybridization is also found in the CNT:graphene hybrids in fiber form[@b30][@b31]. The proposed mechanism for this improvement is that the CNTs are acting as conducting bridges between the graphene flakes[@b27][@b30][@b32][@b33][@b34]. CNT:graphene hybrids also have higher electrical conductivities than pure CNT films[@b23][@b24][@b25][@b28][@b29]. King *et al.* suggested that the synergism of the conductivities is derived from the graphene particles filling the space between the CNTs and thereby providing a lower junction resistance between the graphene and the CNTs. These two explanations for the synergistically improved electrical conductivity of CNT:graphene hybrids, i.e., CNTs acting as conducting bridges between the graphene flakes and graphene particles filling the space between CNTs, have the common feature of an increased number of contacts between the graphene particles and the CNTs. This study aimed to establish theoretical and experimental explanations for the synergistic effect. CNT:graphene hybrids prepared by simple dispersion and a film processing method were used in the experimental work. Various processing methods have been developed to make CNT:graphene hybrid films. Vacuum filtration was the first solution approach[@b24][@b32]. Spin coating and solution casting have been used more recently[@b12][@b20][@b35]. Sequential self-assembly of graphene and CNT on a substrate have also been reported[@b36]. The alternative solid-phase composition method, i.e., attaching a solid graphene film to a solid CNT film[@b19], has been used in various applications such as transparent electrodes, field effect transistors, and supercapacitors[@b23][@b36]. Recently, inkjet printing has been employed as a film processing method because of its simplicity and ability to make complex patterns; this approach has been used in applications such as memory devices, solar cells, organic thin film transistors, and light emitting diodes[@b37]. Inkjet printing was used in this study to prepare CNT:graphene hybrids from separate solutions, i.e., inks. It is important to avoid agglomeration of the particles in their respective solutions. Ball-milling, ultrasonication, or surfactant treatment[@b15][@b17][@b38][@b39] have been previously used to prepare agglomeration-free graphene and CNT inks. However, in this study, a simple wrapping technique was used to prepare stable CNT:graphene hybrid inks[@b40]. This paper presents a predictive model for quantitatively explaining the synergistic behavior of CNT:graphene hybrids. A quantitative analysis carried out using the model demonstrated that the hybrids can exhibit higher electrical conductivities than pure CNT or graphene films at certain composition ratios. CNT:graphene hybrids prepared by inkjet printing were used to validate the predictive model. Results ======= A predictive model for the electrical conductivity of CNT:graphene hybrids -------------------------------------------------------------------------- A predictive model was developed to explain the synergistic behavior of graphene and CNT electrical conductivities in CNT:graphene hybrids. The conductivity of these hybrids is governed by inter-particle contacts. A random stick network model can be used to estimate the electrical conductivity of a CNT film[@b41]. This model assumes that a CNT behaves as a conductive stick and that an assembly of many conductive sticks (e.g., a film) is randomly distributed in two dimensions. The electrical conductivity of a CNT film can then be determined according to Equation [(1)](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"}: where *n*~*s*~ is the number of conductive sticks and *n*~*j*~ is the number of their junctions, i.e., the number of stick-to-stick contacts. Here, *b* is a constant, *G*~*s*~ is the stick conductance, and *G*~*j*~ is the junction conductance. Because the conductivities of individual CNTs and graphene are much higher than the conductivity of their junctions (contacts)[@b42][@b43], Equation [(1)](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"} can be simplified to for CNT:graphene hybrids. On this basis, the electrical conductivity of CNT:graphene hybrids is proportional to the number of CNT-to-CNT, graphene-to-graphene, and graphene-to-CNT contacts. Furthermore, because the conductivity of a hybrid increases with increasing numbers of contacts made by the individual elements in the hybrid, the conductivity of the hybrid is maximized when the number of contacts is maximized. Consequently, the conductivity of CNT:graphene hybrids can be estimated by calculating all of the contacts made by the graphene and the CNTs. Many studies have focused on predicting the mechanical properties of short-fiber assemblies. Calculation of the number of fiber-to-fiber contacts is very important because external loads are transferred between the short fibers through their contacts. Komori *et al.* defined the orientation of fibers in space using two angles ([Fig. 1a](#f1){ref-type="fig"}) and developed a model to calculate the number of fiber-to-fiber contacts[@b44]. This model is used here to calculate the number of CNT-to-CNT contacts by considering the CNTs as short fibers. The Komori model is modified to accommodate different geometrical entities, i.e., CNT-to-graphene and graphene-to-graphene contacts. Details on these modifications are provided in the [Supporting Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, and are described briefly here. Assuming CNTs are straight cylinders of constant length and diameter, the contact condition can be stated as follows: CNT *B* will contact CNT *A* when the center of mass of the CNT *B* enters into the region shown in [Fig. 1b](#f1){ref-type="fig"}. By calculating the volume of the region and the probability of the contact, the number of CNT-to-CNT contacts is given by: where *D* and *λ* are the diameter and length of the CNTs and *N*~*c*~ is the number of CNTs in the volume *V*. To estimate the number of graphene-to-graphene contacts, graphene is considered to be a disk with a radius of *r* and negligible thickness. [Figure 1c](#f1){ref-type="fig"} is used to derive the contact condition, from which the number of graphene-to-graphene contacts is: where *N*~*G*~ is the total number of graphene particles in the volume *V*. Next, consider the number of CNT-to-graphene contacts. The contact condition under which a CNT will contact a graphene particle can be similarly derived using [Fig. 1d](#f1){ref-type="fig"}. The number of CNT-to-graphene contacts is then given by: Summing Equations [2](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"}, [3](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"}, [4](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"} provides the total number of contacts between the CNTs and graphene particles in a hybrid, i.e.: Equation [(5)](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"} assumes that the number of CNTs and graphene particles and their geometrical parameters are known in a specific volume. The morphologies and sizes of the CNTs and graphene are assigned as follows. Multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) having five walls and a length and diameter of 5 μm and 2 nm, respectively, are considered. The radius of a single-layered disk-shaped graphene particle is assigned to 160-nm (by considering the same mass as MWCNT). If the weight fraction of graphene and CNT are *m*~*G*~ and *m*~*C*~ (*m*~*G*~ + *m*~*C*~  = 1), with the assumed geometries and sizes of graphene particles and CNTs, then the total number of CNTs and graphene particles in a specific volume is and with an arbitrary proportional constant of *k*. Equation [(5)](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"} can then be evaluated term-by-term. [Figure 2a](#f2){ref-type="fig"} shows the calculated number of CNT-to-CNT, graphene-to-graphene, and CNT-to-graphene contacts. As the concentration of CNTs increases, the number of CNT-to-CNT contacts naturally increases, while the number of graphene-to-graphene contacts decreases. For the same mass case, the number of CNT-to-CNT contacts in the CNT-only assembly (i.e., the 100% CNT content case in [Fig. 2a](#f2){ref-type="fig"}) is larger than the number of graphene-to-graphene contacts in the graphene-only assembly (i.e., the 0% CNT content case in [Fig. 2a](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). This analysis suggests there is a high probability that a CNT will contact another CNT because of the high aspect (length/diameter) ratio, and furthermore that CNTs have an advantage over graphene particles concerning contacts. Thus, the total number of contacts in CNT:graphene hybrids increases as the CNT content increases and reaches a maximum when the packing of CNTs and graphene particles is densest. To obtain the CNT fraction at the maximum, Equation [(5)](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"} is rewritten into a parabolic equation as a function of CNT content as follows: where *α* and *β* are positive constants. In this system, 56.7 wt% is the CNT fraction that can bring about the maximum number of contacts in the modeled CNT:graphene hybrids. At this concentration, the proportion of graphene-to-CNT contact is the largest (75.0%), followed by CNT-to-CNT (19.2%), and graphene-to-graphene (5.8%) contacts. A synergistic behavior of CNT:graphene hybrids can be observed at this CNT content. Next, the effect of graphene particle size on the number of contacts was investigated. For simplification, the size of the graphene particles was assumed to be . The optimal CNT:graphene mass composition depends on the graphene particle size. Since we assumed the total mass of the CNT:graphene hybrids is fixed, if the mass fraction of graphene particles is , the number of graphene particles can be expressed as when the radius of the graphene particle changes from 160 nm to nm. The total number of contacts is then given by: where and are positive constants and represents the CNT content with the maximum number of contacts. [Figure 2b](#f2){ref-type="fig"} shows the change in this quantity as a function of graphene particle size. As the radius of the graphene particle increases in the hybrid, the CNT content providing the maximum number of contacts also increases. However, this number levels off at a certain graphene size, suggesting that the CNT content does not need to further increase to maintain this maximum number of contacts in a hybrid containing large-sized graphene particles. The number of contacts itself decreases as the graphene particle size increases ([Fig. 2c](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). The effect of CNT size on the number of contacts can be investigated by changing either its diameter or length. For simplicity, the mass of a CNT is assumed to be independent of its diameter and proportional to its length. By changing the length from 5 to 5*x* μm, the number of CNTs can be expressed as , assuming that the total mass of CNTs is fixed. Introducing this into Equation [(5)](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"} reveals that the number of contacts is not influenced by the CNT length. Next, the effect of changing the CNT diameter is explored. The CNT content for the maximum contacts varies as shown in [Fig. 2b](#f2){ref-type="fig"}. As the diameter of a CNT increases, the CNT content for maximum contacts increases. Additionally, the number of contacts at its maximum increases with increasing CNT diameter. The number of contacts that graphene and CNT particles can make in their hybrids can thus be calculated using a simplified geometry for the CNT and graphene. The model demonstrates that the condition of maximum contact occurs at a specific concentration of both materials. We can deduce that properties sensitive to such contact, e.g., electrical conductivity (see Eq. [(1)](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"}), will be maximized at that composition. We prepared randomly-mixed CNT:graphene hybrids using inkjet printing technology to validate this hypothesis. Electrical conductivity of CNT:graphene hybrids ----------------------------------------------- There are several requirements for inks to be printed acceptably by an inkjet printer. The inks should have relatively low viscosity (e.g., 1--30 cP) and low volatility (boiling point \>100 ^o^C)[@b45] Furthermore, the particles in the inks should be smaller than 1/100 times the nozzle diameter (e.g., 200 nm in the printer used in this study) to prevent nozzle clogging. The Methods section provides details of the various graphene and CNT inks that were prepared; each ink viscosity was within the printable range ([Supplementary Figure 4](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The particle sizes measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that those inks prepared with less poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) (used as a dispersion aid for the graphene and CNT particles) had smaller particle sizes. Graphene and CNT inks prepared with graphene:PAN fractions of 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2 and with CNT:PAN fractions of 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2, respectively, had average particle sizes \<200 nm ([Supplementary Figure 5](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). CNT and graphene inks containing less PAN had higher zeta potentials and smaller particle sizes ([Supplementary Figure 6](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Those graphene and CNT inks with graphene:PAN and the CNT:PAN fractions of 1:0.25 were selected for inkjet printing because they satisfied the ink requirements and were expected to have greater electrical conductivity because of the smaller amount of PAN. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determined the weight fractions of graphene and CNT in the graphene and CNT inks with respect to the solvent as 0.394 and 0.178%, respectively ([Supplementary Figure 7](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Details of the inkjet printer and printing conditions are provided in the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} ([Supplementary Figure 8](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The morphologies of the printed inks on photo paper were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The graphene particles were randomly deposited on the paper ([Fig. 3a](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). The PAN molecules attached to the graphene gave a rough surface to the printed ink. [Figure 3b](#f3){ref-type="fig"} shows that the printed layer densified as the number of printings increased. [Figure 3c,d](#f3){ref-type="fig"} show the morphologies of the CNT inks printed 3 and 15 times, respectively. The CNTs were randomly oriented and distributed on the substrate, suggesting that the printed CNTs exhibited isotropic properties. The packing densities of the printed CNT and graphene particles increased with increasing numbers of printings, implying that the conducting path also increased. [Figure 3e,f](#f3){ref-type="fig"} show SEM images of the graphene and CNT hybrid inks that were printed 15 times; the inks contained 12 and 81 wt% of CNTs, respectively. The graphene and CNT particles were randomly distributed and oriented by the inkjet printing process and had multiple interparticle contacts. The electrical conductivity of printed ink was measured using the four-point probe method. [Figure 4a](#f4){ref-type="fig"} shows the sheet resistance of the printed graphene and CNT inks. The printed films prepared with a small number of printings were not electrically conductive because the concentration of conductive particles was insufficient to form conducting paths. The sheet resistance of the printed inks decreased as the number of printings increased. The electrical conductivities of the various inks were compared by measuring the thickness of a printed film by atomic force microscopy (AFM) ([Supplementary Figure 9](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The thickness of the printed inks linearly increased with increasing number of printings. The thickness of the printed film was 21.3 nm and 15.9 nm per printing for the CNT and graphene inks, respectively ([Fig. 4b](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Thickly printed inks had a constant conductivity for all thicknesses and thus resembled the bulk material, whereas thinly printed inks showed a percolation threshold, i.e., the conductivity decreased as the thickness decreased. The sheet resistances of the printed graphene and CNT inks at the thickness of 320 nm were 82000 and 5000 Ω sq^--1^, respectively. Although pure graphene has a higher electrical conductivity than pure CNTs[@b42][@b43], in this work the CNT inks had higher electrical conductivities than pure graphene because the CNTs formed a better conductive network. The electrical conductivities of the printed CNT and graphene inks were lower than published elsewhere[@b39][@b46], this was attributed to the presence of PAN in the printed film. TGA showed that the weight fraction of PAN with respect to the solvent was 0.28 and 0.56 wt% for the graphene and CNT inks, respectively, which are not negligible amounts. PAN improved the dispersion of graphene and CNT particles in solution but it also blocked the conductive paths between particles. Reducing the amount of PAN without disrupting the stability of the inks will improve the electrical properties of the printed inks. The electrical properties of the CNT:graphene hybrid inks are shown in [Fig. 4c--d](#f4){ref-type="fig"}. All of the hybrid inks printed on the photo paper exhibited decreased sheet resistance as the number of printings increased. The resistivity of the printed ink was calculated by linearly fitting the sheet resistance to 1/thickness. The resistivity of the printed hybrid inks decreased as the CNT content increased, because the increased number of interparticle contacts (see [Fig. 2a](#f2){ref-type="fig"}) expanded the conductive network. The resistivity of the printed hybrid inks exhibited a minimum lower than that of pure CNT ink at a given CNT content. The resistivities of printed graphene and CNT inks were 2.5 and 0.154 Ω cm, respectively, while that of the printed hybrid ink with a CNT content of about 89% was 0.087 Ω cm. This synergistic effect was predicted in the contacts calculation, i.e., that the number of CNT-to-CNT, graphene-to-graphene, and CNT-to-graphene interparticle contacts would be at a maximum at a specific CNT content. [Figure 2b](#f2){ref-type="fig"} shows the effect of CNT diameter and graphene radius on CNT content at the maximum number of contacts. The calculations indicated that the CNT:graphene hybrid made from CNTs and graphene particles with certain sizes would have a maximum number of contacts at a CNT content of 89% (the detailed derivations are provided on section 8 in the [supplementary information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The diameter of CNT and radius of graphene when the maximum number of contacts at a CNT content of 89% occurs is shown in the [Fig. 2d](#f2){ref-type="fig"}. The approach used in this study is thus suitable for investigating the properties of CNT:graphene hybrids, in particular the electrical conductivity. Discussion ========== The number of CNT-to-CNT, graphene-to-graphene, and graphene-to-CNT interparticle contacts was calculated using an orientation density function of graphene and CNT in a hybrid assembly. CNTs and graphene particles were assumed to be straight cylinders and disks, respectively. The probability of each type of contact was then calculated, from which the number of contacts was obtained. The total number of contacts followed a parabolic equation as a function of CNT concentration, suggesting the existence of a maximum at a specific composition ratio. This indicates a synergistic effect of the properties of the CNT:graphene hybrids, in particular those properties that are contact-dependent. This synergistic effect was experimentally investigated by using inkjet printing to prepare CNT:graphene hybrids. Hybrid inks, prepared at a certain composition ratio, had higher electrical conductivities than those of pure CNT or graphene, i.e., a synergistic effect. These findings support the use of our statistical approach to investigate the properties of particulate hybrid materials involving contacts of the constituent elements. Our model was aimed to estimate the electrical conductivity of CNT:graphene hybrids. However, we have found out that the percolation threshold of CNT composites can be estimated using the equations derived in our work. In previous research, the critical volume fraction ensuring the percolation was estimated by calculating the probability of one cylinder intersecting at least two other cylinders. In a work by Munson-McGee, the critical volume fraction was chosen when the probability that one cylinder intersecting at least two other cylinder is 0.5[@b47]. The probability that one cylinder contact another cylinder was obtained by dividing the excluded volume by the total volume where the cylinders can be located as in our work. We assume that each CNT in the conducting paths must have at least 2 contacts with other CNTs. We set the critical concentration of percolation when the average number of contacts becomes 2. The result shows that the critical volume fraction of CNTs is the inverse of the aspect ratio of CNTs ([supplementary Figure 11](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The derivation and more information about this are provided in the [supplementary information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The size distribution of graphene particles and CNTs can be considered in the calculation of the number of contacts through size distribution function. The number of CNT-to-CNT, graphene-to-graphene, and graphene-to-CNT contacts can be derived as follows (detailed derivations are provided in the [supplementary information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Note that the overlines in the equation represent the mean value of a quantity, e.g., the mean length and diameter of CNTs and the mean radius of graphene flakes. As shown in the Equation [(8](#eq19){ref-type="disp-formula"}, [9](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"}, [10](#eq21){ref-type="disp-formula"}), the number of contacts in the CNT:graphene hybrids is related to the mean length and diameter of CNT and the mean radius and mean square of the radius of graphene. Methods ======= Materials and Inks ------------------ Graphene particles (XG Sciences, Grade C750), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, Hanwha Nanotech, CM-95), poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN, Polysciences, homopolymer, MW 200000), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, Daejung Chemical, EP grade, 99.5%) were used to prepare CNT and graphene hybrid inks using the following process. First, PAN solutions were prepared at 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt% concentrations in DMF (70 g). The solutions were stirred on a hot plate at 90 °*C*. Graphene (0.7 g) was then added to each PAN solution. The graphene solutions were stirred and then ultrasonicated. Then, the solutions were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 min and the supernatant was vacuum-filtered through filter paper having a pore size of 1.2 μm (GF3-grade glass microfiber filter, Whatman). CNT and graphene inks were prepared in the same manner. The separate graphene and CNT inks were then mixed together in various proportions to make different CNT:graphene hybrid inks. Characterization and Inkjet Printing ------------------------------------ The viscosity of each solution was measured using a rheometer (AR--G2, TA Instruments) at shear rates of 4.642, 10, 21.55, 46.42, 100, 215.5, and 464.2 s^−1^ at 25 °*C* to adjust the printing parameters. The average size of the particles in an ink was measured using a dynamic light scattering spectrophotometer (DLS--7000, Otsuka Electronics). The zeta potential was also measured using an electrophoretic light scattering spectrophotometer (ELS--8000, Otsuka Electronics) to evaluate the degree of dispersion of the particles. TGA was carried out to calculate the amount of graphene, CNT, and PAN in the inks. An inkjet printer (Dimatix DMP--2800, Fujifilm) was used to print the prepared inks on a substrate. The droplet formation of the inks was controlled by changing the cartridge settings, including the jetting voltage, waveform, meniscus control, and temperature. Photo paper was selected as the substrate. The inks were printed in a square pattern 7 × 7 mm^2^ with a drop spacing of 25 μm, varying the number of printings from 1--25. The thicknesses and morphologies of the printed inks were investigated using AFM and SEM, respectively. The electrical properties of the printed inks were measured using the four-point probe method. Additional Information ====================== **How to cite this article**: Shim, W. *et al.* Optimally conductive networks in randomly dispersed CNT:graphene hybrids. *Sci. Rep.* **5**, 16568; doi: 10.1038/srep16568 (2015). Supplementary Material {#S1} ====================== ###### Supplementary Information This work was supported by the Graphene Part & Material Development Program (MOTIE 10044380) through the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy. This research was also supported by the Mid-career Researcher Program through a NRF grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (2013R1A2A2A01067717). **Author Contributions** W.S., Y.K. and S.J. carried out experiments. W.S. analyzed the experimental data. W.Y. conceived and guided the project. W.Y. and W.S. proposed ideas for calculating the number of contacts in CNT:graphene hybrids and contributed to paper writing. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript at all stages. ![A model for calculating the number of CNT and graphene interparticle contacts.\ (**a**) Orientation density function describing the orientation of individual CNT and graphene particles in space. (**b**) The parallelepiped formed by a CNT *B* moving around a fixed CNT *A* while maintaining contact[@b44]. (**c**) Contact of a graphene particle with graphene particle *A* , which is in a fixed position when the center of the mass of the graphene particle enters the region surrounded by the blue lines. (**d**) Contact of CNT with the graphene particle when the center of mass of the CNT enters into the region surrounded by the dotted lines.](srep16568-f1){#f1} {#f2} {#f3} {#f4}

German wedding custom in which, on the night before the wedding Polterabend is a German wedding custom in which, on the night before the wedding, the guests break porcelain to bring luck to the couple's marriage. The belief in the effectiveness of this custom is expressed by the old adage: "Shards bring luck" (German: Scherben bringen Glück). The expression is derived from a time when the word "shard" referred to the unbroken clay pots of pottery makers, and not just the broken pieces. It was said that a full jar was a lucky thing to have, therefore the expression "shards bring luck". Etymology [ edit ] The word "Polterabend" comes from German verb poltern (making a lot of noise) + noun Abend (evening). It is not the same as a bachelor party (Junggesellenabschiedsfeier), which have become common in Germany. At a Polterabend, the couple celebrates together with their friends, breaking porcelain to good luck in their new companionship, according to the superstition, whereas at a bachelor party the bride and the groom go out separately with their friends to celebrate the last day of their so-called freedom. Event [ edit ] The Polterabend normally takes place in front of the house of the bride (or that of her parents), although exceptions are made for space considerations, for example. The couple generally announces the occasion but does not specifically send out individual invitations. Word spreads via word of mouth, and those with a desire to show up may do so. Many couples use this as a way of including people whom they are not able to invite to the wedding itself. Something to eat and/or drink is arranged (either provided for or requested of the guests). Often guests will bring their gifts to the Polterabend. The actual high point of the custom is the throwing onto the ground of porcelain that has been brought by guests. However, stoneware, flowerpots or ceramics such as tiles, sinks and toilet bowls are also happily thrown items. Metal objects such as tin cans and bottle tops are brought along to the festivities. Glass is not broken because for some glass symbolises happiness. Mirrors should not be broken due to the old superstition that breaking a mirror will bring seven years of bad luck, in addition to the good things - or the lack thereof - in the breaker's and/or breakee's past. The couple must thereafter take care of cleaning up the pile of shards. This is supposed to make the couple aware that they will have to suffer together through difficult conditions and situations in life. Relatively new is the so-called Polter-wedding. In this case, the wedding is combined with the Polterabend, and the smashing occurs in conjunction with the wedding reception. Aftermath of a Polterabend Origin [ edit ] The origin of the Polterabend is not precisely known. Some believe the origin to be Germanic tribes who threw shards to drive off evil spirits. Others believe the heathen ritual of the shattering of clay sacrificial altars after a sacrifice to the gods to be responsible. It is possible that the Polterabend has a psychological motive: suitors who may have wished to have this bride for themselves have the opportunity to "let the steam out" in a socially appropriate manner, so that peace in the village could better be maintained. Regions [ edit ] The Polterabend is most often celebrated on the Friday evening before the church ceremony, even in some regions on the Thursday or Saturday evening before. If the Polterabend occurs on the eve of the wedding, the couple is permitted to leave the celebration early (i.e. around midnight), so as to be fresh and without a hangover the next morning - the Polterabend is traditionally celebrated with more gusto and frolicking than the actual wedding festivities. This is only the case in some parts of Germany. In Austria and Switzerland, bride and groom get separate bachelor/ette parties rather than a Polterabend. Some regions additionally celebrate the so-called custom of "Paube": the Paube can also be celebrated days or weeks before the wedding. On one hand, it is meant as a sort of engagement party; on the other hand, it is often coupled with the housewarming of a new shared dwelling for the couple and expresses the joy of their future life together. The Paube is less raucous than the Polterabend. Normally, the father of the bride barbecues at the Paube. In some areas of Hesse the traditional green sauce from seven herbs is prepared; here the color green and the number seven stand for lucky charms for the couple. The Polterabend is commonly celebrated in Germany and in the western parts of Poland - especially in Wielkopolska, Silesia, Kashubia, Kujawy and Kociewie, where there used to be significant German cultural influences. Polterabend has also been part of the wedding preparation for centuries in Sweden, Finland and in some rural areas in Brazil among the descendants of immigrants. In Danish, the word "polterabend" has come to denote a bachelor or bachelorette party. Literature [ edit ]

X-ray absorption fine structure X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) is a specific structure observed in X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). By analyzing the XAFS, information can be acquired on the local structure and on the unoccupied local electronic states. Atomic spectra The atomic X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) of a core-level in an absorbing atom is separated into states in the discrete part of the spectrum called "bounds final states" or "Rydberg states" below the ionization potential (IP) and "states in the continuum" part of the spectrum above the ionization potential due to excitations of the photoelectron in the vacuum. Above the IP the absorption cross section attenuates gradually with the X-ray energy. Following early experimental and theoretical works in the thirties, in the sixties using synchrotron radiation at the National Bureau of Standards it was established that the broad asymmetric absorption peaks are due to Fano resonances above the atomic ionization potential where the final states are many body quasi-bound states (i.e., a doubly excited atom) degenerate with the continuum. Spectra of molecules and condensed matter The XAS spectra of condensed matter are usually divided in three energy regions: Edge region The edge region usually extends in a range of few eV around the absorption edge. The spectral features in the edge region i) in good metals are excitations to final delocalized states above the Fermi level; ii) in insulators are core excitons below the ionization potential; iii) in molecules are electronic transitions to the first unoccupied molecular levels above the chemical potential in the initial states which are shifted into the discrete part of the core absorption spectrum by the Coulomb interaction with the core hole. Multi-electron excitations and configuration interaction between many body final states dominate the edge region in strongly correlated metals and insulators. For many years the edge region was referred to as the “Kossel structure” but now it is known as "absorption edge region" since the Kossel structure refers only to unoccupied molecular final states which is a correct description only for few particular cases: molecules and strongly disordered systems. X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure The XANES energy region extends between the edge region and the EXAFS region over a 50-100 eV energy range around the core level x-ray absorption threshold. Before 1980 the XANES region was wrongly assigned to different final states: a) unoccupied total density of states, or b) unoccupied molecular orbitals (kossel structure) or c) unoccupied atomic orbitals or d) low energy EXAFS oscillations. In the seventies, using synchrotron radiation in Frascati and Stanford synchrotron sources, it was experimentally shown that the features in this energy region are due to multiple scattering resonances of the photoelectron in a nanocluster of variable size. Antonio Bianconi in 1980 invented the acronym XANES to indicate the spectral region dominated by multiple scattering resonances of the photoelectron in the soft x-ray range and in the hard X-ray range. In the XANES energy range the kinetic energy of the photoelectron in the final state is between few eV and 50-100 eV. In this regime the photoelectron has a strong scattering amplitude by neighboring atoms in molecules and condensed matter, its wavelength is larger than interatomic distances, its mean free path could be smaller than one nanometer and finally the lifetime of the excited state is in the order of femtoseconds. The XANES spectral features are described by full multiple scattering theory proposed in the early seventies. Therefore, the key step for XANES interpretation is the determination of the size of the atomic cluster of neighbor atoms, where the final states are confined, which could range from 0.2 nm to 2 nm in different systems. This energy region has been called later (in 1982) also near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), which is synonymous with XANES. During more than 20 years the XANES interpretation has been object of discussion but recently there is agreement that the final states are "multiple scattering resonances" and many body final states play an important role. Intermediate region There is an intermediate region between the XANES and EXAFS regions where low n-body distribution functions play a key role. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure The oscillatory structure extending for hundreds of electron volts past the edges was called the “Kronig structure” after the scientist, Ralph Kronig, who assigned this structure in the high energy range ( i.e., for a kinetic energy range - larger than 100 eV - of the phoelectron in the weak scattering regime) to the single scattering of the excited photoelectron by neighbouring atoms in molecules and condensed matter. This regime was called EXAFS in 1971 by Sayers, Stern and Little. and it developed only after the use of intense synchrotron radiation sources. Applications of x-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray absorption edge spectroscopy corresponds to the transition from a core-level to an unoccupied orbital or band and mainly reflects the electronic unoccupied states. EXAFS, resulting from the interference in the single scattering process of the photoelectron scattered by surrounding atoms, provides information on the local structure. Information on the geometry of the local structure is provided by the analysis of the multiple scattering peaks in the XANES spectra. The XAFS acronym has been later introduced to indicate the sum of the XANES and EXAFS spectra. See also SEXAFS EXAFS XANES References External links M. Newville, Fundamentals of XAFS S. Bare, XANES measurements and interpretation B. Ravel, A practical introduction to multiple scattering Category:X-ray absorption spectroscopy fr:Spectrométrie d'absorption it:EXAFS

Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) [Illustration] 2 Pl. 1. 1. ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING. 2, 3, 5. _ZYGAENA ACHILLEAE_. 4, 6, 8. BRINDLED BEAUTY, VARIETY; 7. CATERPILLAR OF DO. THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. AUTHOR OF "THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES" EDITOR OF "THE ENTOMOLOGIST," ETC. SECOND SERIES COMPRISING _THE FAMILIES NOCTUIDAE TO HEPIALIDAE_ WITH ACCURATELY <DW52> FIGURES OF EVERY SPECIES AND MANY VARIETIES ALSO DRAWINGS OF EGGS, CATERPILLARS, CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS LONDON FREDERICK WARNE & CO. AND NEW YORK 1909 (_All rights reserved_) * * * * * {v} PREFACE. In the present and previous series of "The Moths of the British Isles," over 750 species have been portrayed on the plates and described in the text--a number that includes all those insects formerly grouped under the now obsolete term "Macro-Lepidoptera." The task of dealing with so many species in two volumes has necessarily imposed brevity in their treatment; but it is hoped that nothing has been omitted that could be legitimately regarded as falling within the scope of volumes especially designed for the votaries of Nature Study. To have comprised in this scheme the large contingent of our moths known as "Micro-Lepidoptera" would have reduced further the space available for those species which experience shows appeal to the majority of nature students in a way that the minuter forms may not do. Even then, only a few general remarks on each group would have been possible, with, perhaps, a portrait or two of representative species. Such a course seemed hardly likely to prove of practical utility. The "Small Fry," as they have been called, exceedingly interesting though they may be to a limited number of students, have therefore been left for separate treatment at some more convenient season. Both classification and nomenclature are always under revision, and we are probably a long way from hearing the last word concerning either. These are, however, matters that {vi} cannot be ignored even in a popular work; consequently I have ventured to adopt sundry changes in arrangement and in names which, although not departing from the old style in any very large way, still approach pretty closely to the new. I have again to tender my sincere thanks to Mr. Robert Adkin, F.E.S., for kindly lending specimens of rare species and varieties for figuring; and also to Mr. B. Adkin, Mr. G. T. Porritt, F.E.S., and Mr. A. J. Scollick, F.E.S. I desire also to gratefully acknowledge the loan of further beautiful drawings by Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S. These figures have been most accurately reproduced in black and white by Mr. Horace Knight, to whom I am greatly indebted for his able assistance in connection with the numerous drawings of ova, larvae, and pupae. In some cases the preserved skin of a caterpillar had to serve as a model, and where this occurs the fact is mentioned. A few figures of larvae have been copied from Dr. G. Hofmann's _Die Raupen der Schmetterlinge Europas_, 2nd edit., by Professor Dr. Arnold Spuler. All such reproductions are duly noted in the text. Mr. Knight is also responsible for the drawings for Plates 1, 13, 36, 61, 96, 98, 100, 104, 134, and 148; the figures on which, except that of _Zygaena filipendulae ab. chrysanthemi_, are from specimens. "A Forester," Mr. H. Main, F.E.S., and Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., were good enough to furnish prints of some of their excellent photographs depicting life-history details of moths and caterpillars in repose, as met with in nature. RICHARD SOUTH. * * * * * {1} THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES. NOCTUIDAE. TRIFINAE (_continued_). THE HEART MOTH (_Dicycla oo_). A male specimen of the ordinary form of this moth is shown on Plate 2, Fig. 1. Ab. _renago_, Haworth has the space between the central shade and the submarginal line more or less suffused with dusky or reddish grey. An intermediate form (Fig. 2) has a transverse band of darker colour between the second and submarginal lines of the fore wings (ab. _ferruginago_, Hubn.). The ground colour varies from a whitish or straw-yellow to reddish yellow (ab. _rufescens_, Tutt), and the markings are more distinct in some specimens than in others. The caterpillar, which feeds from April to early June on the foliage of the oak, is black above and brownish beneath; there are three white lines on the back, the central one widest and more or less interrupted; the stripe along the black-outlined reddish spiracles is yellowish-white; head, and plate on first ring of the body, black and shining. The moth appears about the end of June or early July, and has been noted, in good condition, as late as August 17. It seems to be of very local occurrence in England, but some of {2} its known haunts nearest to London are Bromley in Kent, Richmond Park and Norbury in Surrey. At Palmer's Green, Middlesex, a specimen was found on an oak trunk, July 27, 1902, and a female example came to light in West London in 1906. In 1888 it was plentiful at sugar in the Bromley district. The New Forest in Hampshire is a noted locality for the species, but although it may abound there in some years, in other years it is scarce or entirely absent. It is rather more constant in Epping, Romford, and some other of the Essex woodlands, and occurs also in Berkshire, Huntingdonshire, Northamptonshire, Gloucestershire, and Devon. Odd specimens have been recorded from Tarrington, Herefordshire; St. Albans, Hertfordshire; and from Tuddenham, Suffolk. The var. _renago_, and its modifications, has been chiefly obtained in Essex and Huntingdonshire, but it has been found also in the Reading district, and elsewhere. THE LUNAR-SPOTTED PINION (_Calymnia pyralina_). There are two colour forms of this species; var. _corusca_, Esp., is rather brighter in colour than the female specimen shown on Plate 2, Fig. 3, which approaches more nearly the duller coloration of the type as described by Vieweg. The latter is perhaps the least frequent in England generally, but it occurs sparingly in Middlesex. The caterpillar is green, with whitish warts emitting fine hairs, and has three lines along the back, the central one white and stripe-like; a yellow stripe low down along the sides is edged above with black. It feeds in April and May on elm, oak, apple, plum, etc., among the leaves of which it hides by day, and may be dislodged therefrom by jarring the boughs. (Plate 3, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) [Illustration] 2 Pl. 2. 1. HEART MOTH. 4, 5. LESSER-SPOTTED PINION. 2. " " VAR. RENAGO. 6, 7. WHITE-SPOTTED PINION. 3. LUNAR-SPOTTED PINION. 8-11. DUN-BAR. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 3. 1. DINGY SHEARS: _caterpillar_. 2. LUNAR-SPOTTED PINION: _caterpillar_. 3. WHITE-SPOTTED PINION: _caterpillar_. {3} The moth is out from about mid-July to mid-August. On some nights it will come freely to sugar and on others it seems more partial to honeydew. It is obtained most frequently perhaps in Berkshire, Middlesex, Surrey, and Hampshire, but it is also known to occur in Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Essex, Suffolk, Cambs., Hunts, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and South Wales. A specimen has been taken at a gas lamp in Chester. Abroad, the range extends to Japan. THE LESSER-SPOTTED PINION (_Calymnia affinis_). This species varies in the ground colour of the forewings from reddish (typical) to greyish brown (var. _suffusa_, Tutt). A pale ochreous-brown form has been named _ochrea_, Tutt. The cross markings and stigmata are sometimes all well defined, but often the latter are hardly traceable, the cross lines only distinct on the front margin, and the outer one frequently is conspicuously widened. One example of each sex is shown on Plate 2, Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female]. The caterpillar, which feeds on elm from April to June, is of a pale green, inclining to whitish green above, the raised dots white; there are three white lines on the back, the central one broader and clearer white than the others; the lines along the area of the black spiracles are whitish; head green and glossy, legs black, pro-legs greenish marked with reddish. It feeds at night, and conceals itself between leaves during the day. The moth appears in July and August, is very partial to sugar and "honeydew," and has been taken at light. It lurks among the foliage of trees and bushes in the daytime, and may occasionally be dislodged therefrom when the boughs are jarred. Although its range extends northwards into Yorkshire, where it is local and scarce, the species seems to be chiefly obtained in the eastern and southern counties of England. No doubt it flourishes best where the elm (_Ulmus campestris_) is most plentiful. In Wales it has been noted from Glamorganshire and Flint. {4} Kane states that it is very rare in Ireland, and I fail to find any record from Scotland. The range abroad extends to Japan. THE WHITE-SPOTTED PINION (_Calymnia diffinis_). This pretty species is shown on Plate 2, Figs. 6 [male] and 7 [female]. Its colour and marking are little prone to variation. Sometimes the ground colour has less red and rather more purple in its composition, and in some specimens the white marks on the front margin are larger than in others. The caterpillar is pale green, with three whitish lines along the back; the central of these is rather yellowish, agreeing in tint with the usual raised dots, and the outer ones are edged above with bluish green; head, brownish, inclining to black below. It feeds at night, in April, May, and early June, on the common elm, and rests during the day on the undersides of the foliage or between leaves. (Plate 3, Fig. 3.) The moth is out in July and August, and is obtained at sugar or at light, in almost all parts of England where its favourite tree grows freely. It seems to be more local in the Midlands, and appears to be but little known in the northern counties, although a specimen was taken at sugar in Hazleden Dene, Durham, in the autumn of 1898. THE DUN-BAR (_Calymnia trapezina_). On Plate 2 will be found portraits of four specimens of this variable species. Figs. 8 and 9 represent a male and a female of the more ordinary forms. Specimens of the typical whitish or greyish buff colour vary in the matter of cross lines, which are well defined in the type, but absent in ab. _pallida_, Tutt. Some examples have a reddish central band, and in others the band is blackish or black; the latter are referable to ab. _badiofasciata_, {5} Teich. Ab. _ochrea_, Tutt, is of a reddish-tinged ochreous colour with clearly defined cross lines; and ab. _rufa_, Tutt, is red with distinct cross lines. Perhaps the rarest form of all is ab. _nigra_, Tutt, which in ground colour is deep blackish grey, with the cross lines faint. The caterpillar is green with black, glossy, raised dots, each encircled with white; there are three whitish lines along the back, the central one rather wider than the other two; a pale yellowish line along the area of the black spiracles; head, green, tinged with dark brown or black about the jaws. It feeds, from April to June, on the foliage of elm, oak, sallow, and other trees and shrubs; also, be it noted, on other caterpillars. The larvae hunter should therefore get to know this cannibal on sight, so that he may exclude it from the common receptacle. The moth, which frequents woods and woody country generally, is out in July and August. The species appears to be common throughout England and Wales, the south of Scotland, and more or less frequent northwards up to Moray. It is widely spread in Ireland. ANGLE-STRIPED SALLOW (_Cosmia paleacea_). From the typical pale yellowish ochre, the fore wings range in tint to a deeper buff, inclining to orange. The transverse lines are brown, or sometimes reddish, but are not always distinct, especially in the male. The stigmata are not infrequently obscure, but the blackish spot of the reniform is generally present. In some examples, chiefly of the female sex, there is an angulated dark shade crossing the central area, and some dark clouds or dashes on the outer area. (Plate 4, Fig. 1 [male].) The caterpillar is pale dingy green, dusted with whitish, and yellow between the rings; three white lines along the back, and a double white line along the region of the purplish-edged white spiracles; head, pale yellow, the jaws black, and a small red {6} spot on each side above them. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds, from April to June, on the foliage of birch and aspen, and may be found in the daytime between the lower leaves. The moth flies in August and September, and at night will visit the sugar patch and also heather blossom. It has but few fixed localities in England, and these are chiefly in Nottinghamshire (Sherwood Forest), and Yorkshire (woods near Doncaster, Huddersfield, and Sheffield). There are, however, records of its occurrence in the south of England. Stainton obtained one at Lewisham in 1846, and Barrett notes one at Highgate in 1870. One or two specimens have occurred in Essex, Somersetshire, and Gloucestershire. From its headquarters in Notts and Yorks. it seems to find its way occasionally into some of the adjoining and other counties. Forsythe states that he bred the moth from larvae obtained from oak at Methop, Lancs., and it has been reared from a caterpillar taken in North Shropshire. It has occurred on Cannock Chase, Staffs., and rarely in Worcestershire. From Porritt's _List of the Lepidoptera of Yorkshire_ we learn that the occurrence of this species in Yorkshire was not noted until 1880 (Doncaster), but it seems to have since extended its range in the county, as in 1900 it was found in the Huddersfield district, and a few specimens occurred near York in 1903. As stated, it has been bred at Methop, Lancs., and, according to Barrett, it is not scarce in Cumberland. Southwards from its Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire headquarters it has been noted, more or less rarely, in Staffordshire, Shropshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, and Somerset; and on the east side in Lincoln, Norfolk, Essex, and Kent. In Scotland it appears to be not uncommon in Moray, and it is occasionally recorded from Inverness and Perth. The range abroad extends to Amurland and to North America. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 4. 1. ANGLE-STRIPED SALLOW. 2, 3. THE SUSPECTED. 4, 5. DINGY SHEARS. 6. THE OLIVE. 7. DOUBLE KIDNEY. 8. CENTRE-BARRED SALLOW. 9. CENTRE-BARRED SALLOW, VAR. UNICOLOR. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 5. 1, 1a. BEADED CHESTNUT: _eggs and caterpillar_. 2. RED-LINE QUAKER: _caterpillar_. 3, 3a. THE BRICK: _eggs and caterpillar_. {7} THE SUSPECTED (_Dyschorista suspecta_). Of this species (Plate 4, Figs. 2 and 3) there are two groups of forms--plain and variegated. To the first belongs the type with reddish-brown fore wings; a dark modification of this form is ab. _nigrescens_, Tutt, which has the fore wings blackish red; a brighter red form is ab. _rufa_, Tutt. Of the variegated sections three forms have been named, but the most important of these is var. _congener_, Hubn., with the inner and the outer marginal areas of the reddish fore wings ochreous; two other modifications have the ground colour redder or dark purplish inclining to blackish. The caterpillar, which feeds on birch and sallow in April and May, is purplish brown above, and obscure greenish beneath; there are three lines along the back, the central one white and distinct, the others less defined but noticeable on the black plate on ring nearest the head; on each side of the central line are blackish marks; head, ochreous brown, streaked with black. The moth flies in July and August, and is partial to sugar and to the flowers of heather and ragwort. Its chief British quarters appear to be in Yorkshire, in which county it was first noted in 1841; thence it extends into Lancashire, Cumberland, and Durham, but is local and scarce in the latter county. Southwards it is found in the counties of Cheshire (locally not uncommon on moors and mosses), Derby, Nottingham, Stafford, Shropshire, Warwick, Gloucester (rarely); more locally in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and Kent (once at West Wickham). In 1896 it occurred in numbers in the New Forest, Hants, and I believe that a solitary specimen was secured in Hayling Island in 1901. In Scotland it occurs up to Inverness and Aberdeen; and Kane states that in Ireland it is doubtfully recorded from Londonderry, but that he has seen lovely forms of the species from Killarney. It also occurs in Co. Wicklow. The range abroad extends to Siberia, Amurland, and Mongolia. {8} THE DINGY SHEARS (_Dyschorista fissipuncta_). In its typical form this species (Plate 4, Fig. 4) has the fore wings pale greyish brown, but occasionally they assume a reddish tinge. Var. _corticea_, Esp., is of the latter colour, and has the black edges of the claviform extended to beyond the middle of the wing. In another form the fore wings are dark grey brown (Fig. 5), leading up to var. _nigrescens_, Tutt, with blackish fore wings and the hind wings darker than usual. Besides the forms just mentioned, I have a bred specimen from Canterbury in which the fore wings are of a pale whity brown, with very faint markings, and the hind wings are almost white; it is rather below the average size, and possibly is an abnormal aberration. This species is the _ypsilon_ of Borkhausen, and the _upsilon_ of other authors. The caterpillar is brown, sometimes inclining to reddish marked with black above, and the under surface is paler; there are three pale lines along the back, and one low down along each side; head, pale brown freckled with darker brown. It feeds in April and May on willows, chiefly the narrow-leaved kind, and also, although less frequently perhaps, on poplar. These caterpillars may often be found in the daytime under loose bark of the willow, or lurking among grass roots or _debris_ around the trunk. (Fig. 1 on Plate 3 is from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich.) The moth is out from late June through July. It is a constant visitor to the sugar patch, and will put in an appearance even when other species refuse to be drawn thereto. It appears to be pretty well distributed over England, and in the southern half at least is not uncommon, wherever there are old-established willows. In the northern counties it seems to be much less frequent, but it is recorded as common or plentiful in one or two Cheshire localities, and is said to be taken by all the Newcastle {9} collectors. In Scotland it has been noted in only a few localities. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. _Mesogona acetosellae_, Fabricius.--Mr. R. Adkin has a specimen of this Central and South European species. It was taken at sugar on the evening of October 26th, 1895, by Mr. T. Salvage, in his garden at Arlington, Sussex (_Entomologist_, xxviii. p. 316). THE DOUBLE KIDNEY (_Plastenis retusa_). This olive-brown species, shown on Plate 4, Fig. 7, has a reddish-tinged form--ab. _gracilis_, Haw.--but otherwise there is little to be noted in the way of variation. The caterpillar is pale green with three whitish lines on the back, and a narrower and more irregular whitish line low down along the sides; head, yellowish green, or dark brown. Sometimes the body has a yellowish tinge at each end. It feeds on the foliage of sallow and willow, from April to June, drawing together the terminal leaves of a shoot as a retreat. The moth is on the wing in July and August, and is more frequently attracted at night to the aphis secretion known as "honeydew" than to the sugar patch, although it does not ignore the latter altogether, and occasionally enters the illuminated moth trap. Barrett states that he has found it at the flowers of figwort (_Scrophularia aquatica_). Apparently a local species, but found more or less frequently in most of the southern and eastern counties of England, and through the Midlands to Cheshire, Lancashire, and Yorkshire; it is, however, rarely seen in the three last-named counties. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. THE OLIVE (_Plastenis subtusa_). This moth is shown on Plate 4, Fig. 6. It is somewhat similar in general appearance to the last mentioned, but the {10} colour of the fore wings is greyer; the cross lines are not parallel, and the outer margins of these wings are less irregular. The caterpillar is greenish, with black dots, and white lines along the back and sides; the head and plate on the first ring of the body black. It feeds, on poplar and aspen, in April and May. By day these caterpillars may be found spun up between two leaves or in a folded leaf. The moth is out in July and August, but is rarely noticed in the daytime, although at night, when it becomes active, it may be obtained, sometimes not altogether uncommonly, at honeydew, or in much fewer numbers at sugar or light. The best way to obtain the species is to search for the caterpillars, which are not at all difficult to rear. Most of them, however, prefer the higher foliage of well-grown aspen or poplar, where they may be seen but not readily secured; but I have generally found as many as I wanted within reach. The species seems to have a wide distribution throughout England, and Scotland up to Moray, its occurrence in any locality depending on the presence of the poplar or aspen. The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia. THE CENTRE-BARRED SALLOW (_Cirrhoedia_ (_Atethmia_) _xerampelina_). The typical form of this pretty species has the fore wings yellow, with a purplish-red central band. The band, which fills up the space between the first and second lines, is rarely carried through to the front margins of the wing, but usually is only fragmentary above the reniform stigma, which forms part of it; it also varies in the intensity of the purple tint. In most British specimens the band varies as indicated above, but the general colour of the fore wings is orange-yellow (Plate 4, Fig. 8)--ab. _centrago_, Haw.--the hind marginal band agreeing in colour with that of the central band. Or the fore wings may assume the colour of Fig. 9, var. _unicolor_, Staud., but this form is rare in Britain, although it is known to occur in the Isle of Man, and has been recorded from Ripon, Skipworth, and York, also from Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Notts, Lincoln, and Gloucestershire. The caterpillar is brownish, inclining to greyish above and to greenish grey beneath, freckled with darker brown; of the three whitish lines along the back, the central one is widest, but is only really distinct on the middle part of each ring; the lines are margined with black, the edging of the central one irregular, but of the others more complete; the spiracles are whitish, and the area above them is dark grey-brown enclosing paler spaces on each ring; head, shining grey-brown freckled with blackish. It feeds, in April, May, and June, on ash, and until the leaves expand it is content with the buds. After dark it may be beaten from saplings in the hedgerow, as well as from full-grown trees. By day it hides among moss or litter, or in the crevices of bark, and at dark may be found crawling up the trunks of ash trees. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 6. 1. ORANGE UPPER-WING: _caterpillar_. 2. DOTTED CHESTNUT: _caterpillar_. 3. PINK-BARRED SALLOW: _eggs, natural size and enlarged_. 4, 4a. SALLOW: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 7. 1-4. LUNAR UNDERWING. 5, 6. RED-LINE QUAKER. 7, 8. YELLOW-LINE QUAKER. 9, 10. THE BRICK. {11} The moths are out in August and September, and in the late afternoon may be seen, newly emerged from the chrysalis, on ash trunks, or on twigs and herbage immediately around the tree stems. When on the wing at night it is attracted by light, especially electric, and by sugar. Now that the habits of the species are better known than formerly, it has been ascertained to occur in most English counties. In Scotland it is widely distributed up to Argyll and Perthshire; it has been recorded from several parts of Wales, and in Ireland is found in counties Antrim, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Down, Armagh, Louth, Westmeath, Wicklow, Sligo, Galway, Tipperary, and Cork. THE LUNAR UNDERWING (_Omphaloscelis_ (_Anchocelis_) _lunosa_). In the general colour of the fore wings, this species, of which four figures will be found on Plate 7, ranges from pale ochreous {12} brown to dark blackish grey. The typical form (_lunosa_, Haworth) has the ground colour pale, or bright, reddish (Figs. 1 and 3); the markings are well defined, and the wing rays are sometimes pale ochreous, or whitish. Four modifications of this form have been named; one of these has pale veins, but the general colour is red brown (ab. _brunnea_, Tutt); in another (Fig. 2) the colour is ochreous brown, the veins pale, and the other markings distinct (ab. _humilis_, Humph. and Westw.). Of the greyish forms, var. _agrotoides_, Guenee, is the darkest (Fig. 4). The caterpillar is brownish, inclining to greenish beneath; there are three whitish lines along the back, the outer edged below with blackish; a thin whitish line along the sides is shaded above with blackish. It feeds on meadow grass (_Poa annua_), and other kinds of grass, from October to May. The moth appears in September and October, sometimes at the end of August. It is partial to light and to sugar, and where the latter is smeared over the foliage of trees and bushes it seems better attended by this, and other autumnal moths, than when painted on tree-trunks in the usual manner. The species seems to be pretty generally distributed throughout Southern and Western England, and in some seasons it is very common. Eastward and through the Midlands it is perhaps less frequent; in the northern counties it is scarce on the east, but locally common on the west. It occurs in Wales; also in Scotland up to Perthshire. According to Kane, it is widely distributed in Ireland, but most common on the coast. Abroad, it appears to be confined to France and Spain, although it has been recorded from North-west Africa. THE RED-LINE QUAKER (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _lota_). In its typical form this species is of a leaden-grey coloration on the fore wings, but these wings sometimes have a reddish {13} tinge (ab. _rufa_, Tutt). In others the ground colour is blackish (ab. _suffusa_, Tutt), and a rarer form (ab. _pallida_, Tutt) has the fore wings whitish grey with a distinct black reniform stigma, and red submarginal line. (Plate 7, Figs. 5, 6.) The caterpillar is ochreous brown, sometimes tinged with reddish or purplish brown on the sides; of three whitish lines along the back, the central one is composed of spots, and the outer ones are not well defined, except on the dark first and last rings; the line along the sides is reddish. Head, glossy, pale reddish brown, marked with darker brown. It feeds on willow and sallow, and may be found among the foliage from April to June, and especially the topmost leaves of a twig, which it spins together with silk to form a retreat during the day. (Plate 5, Fig. 2.) The moth comes freely to sugar in September and October, sometimes even later. It may be found pretty freely also at ivy bloom, and at the flowers of _Tritoma_. Although apparently commoner in the south, it is generally distributed throughout England, Wales, and Scotland up to Perthshire and Aberdeen. In Ireland it is widely distributed, but local. THE YELLOW-LINE QUAKER (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _macilenta_). The typical coloration of this species (Plate 7, Figs. 7 and 8) is pale ochreous brown, inclining to reddish in some specimens; the lower part of the reniform stigma black. Sometimes, the black spot is absent (ab. _obsoleta_, Tutt). Another form has the ground colour pale yellowish brown, and this, with the black lower portion of the reniform present, is ab. _straminea_, Tutt, while specimens of the same tint, but minus the black spot, are referable to ab. _obsoleta-straminea_ of the same author. The caterpillar is reddish brown with white dots, and three white lines on the back; the line along the spiracles is whitish {14} with a dusky edge above. Head, ochreous brown; plate on first ring blackish lined with white. It feeds on beech, oak, and heather. When approaching full growth it probably feeds on low-growing plants, and it may be found from April to June. The moth flies in September and October, sometimes in November. Decaying apples seem to have a stronger attractive influence at times than either sugar or ivy bloom. Except that it appears to be local or scarce in the Midlands, the species occurs, in many parts commonly, throughout England, Wales, and Scotland to Moray. In Ireland it is generally distributed and abundant in some localities. THE BRICK (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _circellaris_). Yellow or ochreous is the typical coloration, but the most frequent form of this common species in Britain is ab. _ferruginea_, Hubn., which is ochreous tinged with rust colour. Sometimes, the fore wings are more or less suffused with blackish, and with the markings black, such specimens are referable to _macilenta_ as figured by Hubner, Noct., Fig. 688. The more usual form is shown on Plate 7, Figs. 9, 10. At the time it is freshly laid, the egg (Plate 5, Fig. 3a) is yellowish, but changes in about a week to purplish with a more or less distinct pearly sheen. The caterpillar is brown inclining to yellowish, the head is reddish, and the plate on first ring blackish; there are three pale lines along the back, the central one more or less interrupted by dusky V-shaped marks, the others with an interrupted edging above; the stripe along the region of the blackish spiracles is yellowish grey. It lives on wych-elm and ash, eating the flowers, seeds, and leaves, but has a decided preference for the first two. It may be beaten in May and early June, sometimes in numbers, from the seeds (Plate 5, Fig. 3). [Illustration] 2 Pl. 8. 1. CONFORMIST: _caterpillar_. 2. EARLY GREY: _caterpillar_. 3. RED SWORD-GRASS: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 9. 1, 2. FLOUNCED RUSTIC. 3-6. BEADED CHESTNUT. 7-9. BROWN-SPOT PINION. {15} The moth is out from late August well on into October, and is to be found, wherever its favourite trees are established, throughout the British Isles. THE FLOUNCED RUSTIC (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _helvola_). On Plate 9 is shown a male specimen of the typical form (Fig. 1). In ab. _ochrea_, Tutt, the general colour of the fore wings is ochreous with a greenish tinge, and so it differs from the type, in which the ground colour is reddish. In another ochreous form the cross bands are of a purplish tint (ab. _punica_, Borkhausen), and in ab. _rufina_, Hubner, the bands are also purplish, but the ground colour is of a somewhat brighter red than in the type. Ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, is dull reddish with indistinct cross markings, and seems to be a modification of the almost unicolorous form of a bright red colour, ab. _rufa_, Tutt. (Fig. 2.) The full-grown caterpillar feeds, in April and May, on the foliage of the oak, the elm, and some other trees; also on sallow, hawthorn, and, according to Barrett, on bilberry and heather. In general colour it is brownish, often tinged with red, and more or less flecked with dark brown; a fine whitish line along the middle of the back is only clearly traceable on the front rings, but there is a very distinct white stripe along the region of the black spiracles. In an earlier stage it is green with three whitish lines on the back, and another on the sides. The moth is out in September and October, rather earlier in Scotland. Though much commoner in some districts than in others, this species is found in woodlands throughout the greater part of England, Wales, and the mainland of Scotland. In Ireland it appears to be rare, and has only been recorded, chiefly in single specimens, from Waterford, Wicklow, Galway, Armagh, and Derry. {16} THE BEADED CHESTNUT (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _lychnidis_). The name of this variable species (Plate 9, Figs. 3-6), long known as _pistacina_, is now recognised as the _lychnidis_ of Schiffermiller, so, as the latter name has page priority over the former, it has to be adopted. Fig. 3 on the plate represents a well-marked reddish specimen of the typical form. A great many forms have been named, but only a few of the more distinct of these can be referred to here. Fig. 4 shows the greyish ochreous aberration known as _serrina_, Fab. Ab. _ferrea_, Haworth (Fig. 5) has almost uniform reddish fore wings, and ab. _venosa_, Haworth has the fore wings greyish brown with the veins whitish. When newly laid the egg (Plate 5, Fig. 1a) is yellowish, but changes to olive-brown. The caterpillar (Plate 5, Fig. 1) is green inclining to yellowish, freckled with greyish, and dotted with whitish; there are three fine whitish lines along the back, and a broad white stripe along the sides. It is found from March to June, and feeds on grasses, dandelion, groundsel, buttercup, and a variety of low plants; it will also eat sallow. The moth is out from September to November, and is often abundant at sugar and ivy bloom, and not uncommon on gas lamps or around electric lights. Generally distributed and plentiful over the greater part of England and Wales, but from Yorkshire northwards and through Scotland to Perthshire it is very local, and apparently not at all frequent. In Ireland it is widely spread and common. THE BROWN-SPOT PINION (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _litura_). On Plate 9 are shown specimens from Scotland (Figs. 8 [male], 9 [female]). The male, which has the basal area of the fore wings pale, is referable to ab. _borealis_, Sparre-Schneider, whilst the female is more nearly typical. In England the majority of the {17} specimens belong to ab. _rufa_, Tutt, which is reddish in the coloration of fore wing (Fig. 7). Sometimes the basal area in this colour form is pale also. The caterpillar is green, sometimes tinged with olive and freckled with darker green; there are three dark-edged pale-green lines along the back; the under surface is tinged with yellowish, and is separated from the green colour of the upper surface by a whitish stripe, edged above with black; head, brownish, with darker freckles. It occurs in April and May, when it feeds on bramble, rose, oak, sallow, and some low-growing plants. The moth is found in September and October throughout England, and Scotland up to Moray. THE ORANGE SALLOW (_Cirrhia_ (_Xanthia_) _citrago_). The ground colour of the fore wings is generally yellow, but in some districts the specimens exhibit a tendency towards orange-red. The latter tint is very decided in var. _aurantiago_, Tutt. There is but little variation in marking, but the central cross line is broader in some specimens than in others. (Plate 10, Fig. 1.) The caterpillar is dark olive-grey above, with white dots, and obscure greenish beneath; of the three whitish lines along the back, the central one is rather wider than the other two, which are edged above with black; along the region of the spiracles the colour is whitish grey. Head, brown, shining, and darker on the mouth; a black mark on ring of body next the head. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds on lime (_Tilia vulgaris_) in April and May, and conceals itself between two spun-together leaves during the daytime. In such retreats I have frequently detected them by simply standing under the branches and looking upwards and outwards from the trunk. When nearly full grown they more often descend the tree, and hide by day {18} among the undergrowth, etc., at the base of the trunk, whence they return to their feeding quarters by crawling up the tree at dusk. The moth is out in August and September, and although it does not seem to care much about the collector's sugar when spread on tree trunks in the usual way, it seems to accept it freely enough when daubed on the foliage. The leaves of the lime are, however, generally well coated with a sweet substance proceeding from _Aphides_, and commonly known as honeydew. This in itself is very attractive to the moths. The species seems to be widely distributed over England, and will perhaps be found in most districts where limes flourish. In Wales it has occurred in Flintshire, Denbighshire, and Carnarvon. McArthur obtained a specimen in the Isle of Lewis in 1887, and Renton records it as found in Roxburghshire. Little is known of it from Ireland, but it has been noted from Wicklow and Galway. THE BARRED SALLOW (_Ochria_ (_Xanthia_) _aurago_). The ground colour of the fore wings, which in the type is pale yellow, ranges through various shades of yellow to deep orange. The basal and outer marginal bands are pale purplish, in the type, but in the more orange forms the bands are rather more reddish purple. In ab. _fucata_, Esper, the purplish colour of the bands spreads over the orange central area, and in ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, the orange invades the basal and outer marginal regions, so that the bands are pretty well obliterated, and the fore wings assume a more or less uniform orange coloration. The latter form is uncommon, but a rarer one in this country is ab. _lutea_, Tutt, which has the fore wings almost entirely orange-yellow. (Plate 10, Figs. 2 and 3, the latter inclining to ab. _unicolor_.) The caterpillar is reddish brown with pale dots, and with {19} three whitish lines along the back; a pale stripe along the sides. Head, pale brown, shining. May be found from April to June on beech, or on maple where this occurs around beech woods. At first it feeds on the buds, but later on the leaves; for protection during the day it spins together two of the leaves, and so forms a suitable resting place. Sycamore, it may be mentioned, is acceptable to this caterpillar when reared in captivity. The moth is out in September and early October, and is chiefly found in the neighbourhood of beech woods, especially those in chalky districts in Oxford and adjoining counties, Hertfordshire, Middlesex, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Wilts, Somerset, Dorset, and Devon. It also occurs in the counties of Hereford, Worcester, and Cheshire; it has been found in Yorkshire since 1890 in several localities, including Barnsley, Doncaster, Huddersfield, and Rotherham. At least one specimen has been recorded from Pembrokeshire, and others from Flint and Denbighshire, in Wales. THE PINK-BARRED SALLOW (_Xanthia lutea_ (_flavago_)). In some examples of this species (Plate 10, Figs. 4, 5) the oblique band of the fore wings is purplish, and in others red or reddish; the former are typical, and the latter are referable to ab. _ochreago_, Borkhausen. Often the band is incomplete, and sometimes it is only indicated by three more or less regular series of reddish dots (ab. _togata_, Esper). I have one example of this form from the Isle of Hoy, and another specimen from the same locality is somewhat similar, but the spots are not so well separated, and are purplish in colour. The eggs (Plate 6, Fig. 3) are yellowish when laid, but become purplish later, and the ribs then appear whitish. The caterpillar when young lives on catkins of the sallow, and when these fall it feeds on low-growing plants, but it will {20} eat the leaves of sallow and the seeds of wych-elm. It may be found from March to June. The moth appears in September and October. It is widely distributed, and often common at the sugar patch, over the whole of England, Wales, Scotland up to Moray, and Ireland. The range abroad extends to Amurland, Japan, Kamtschatka, and North America. THE SALLOW (_Xanthia fulvago_). A typical male and female of this species are shown on Plate 10, Figs. 7, 8; Fig. 6 on the same plate represents ab. _flavescens_, Esper. Sometimes the fore wings are orange-tinged, and such examples having the typical markings well defined are referable to ab. _aurantia_, Tutt. In _cerago_, Hubner, the markings are fainter than in the type, and the orange-yellow modification of this form has been named _imperfecta_, Tutt. The caterpillar is brown above with a tinge of red or purple, and freckled with darker; there are three pale lines along the back, but only the central one is distinct, and this is more or less interrupted by clusters of darker freckles; there is a darker stripe composed of freckles on the sides, and below this is a pale brownish stripe; head, brown, plate on the first ring of the body blackish with pale lines upon it. It feeds when young in sallow catkins, and later on low-growing plants, also leaves of sallow and seeds of wych-elm. Early stages are figured on Plate 6. The moth is out in September and early October. It is widely distributed, and generally common, throughout England and Wales, Scotland to Moray, and Ireland. Its range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. NOTE.--It may be stated here that the present species, together with _aurago_, _lutea_, _fulvago_, _gilvago_, and _ocellaris_, are referred to _Cosmia_, Ochs. and Treit., by Hampson (_Cat. Lep. Phal._ vi. 497). [Illustration] 2 Pl. 10. 1. ORANGE SALLOW. 6-8. THE SALLOW. 2, 3. BARRED SALLOW. 9, 10. DUSKY-LEMON SALLOW. 4, 5. PINK-BARRED SALLOW. 11. PALE-LEMON SALLOW. 12. ORANGE UPPER-WING. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 11. 1, 2. RED-HEADED CHESTNUT MOTH. 7-10. DARK CHESTNUT. 3-6. CHESTNUT MOTH. 11, 12. DOTTED CHESTNUT. {21} THE DUSKY-LEMON SALLOW (_Mellinia_ (_Xanthia_) _gilvago_). Two examples of this species are shown on Plate 10, Figs. 9 and 10. The purplish-brown mottling or clouding and greyish suffusion of the fore wings is much denser in some specimens than in others. Often the suffusion is quite absent, and the purplish brown is only seen as spots. Again, in an almost unicolorous form the ground colour is of a pale orange tint, the cross markings and outlines of the reniform are as in the type, and the series of blackish points on the submarginal line, usually present in the type, are more conspicuous, owing to absence of the other usual dark markings; this seems to be the _palleago_ of Hubner, which has been considered a distinct species; I think, however, that it is only a form of _gilvago_. The earliest recorded British specimen of this form was taken at Brighton in 1856, and it and others captured in the same district were then thought to be examples of _M. ocellaris_, but their true identity was established by Doubleday in 1859. Very few specimens of this form have been reported from other parts of England, but I have recently seen one that was taken at light in the Canterbury district, Kent, on October 3, 1907. In its typical form this species has an extensive range in England, spreading from Yorkshire to Surrey and Sussex. The earliest known British specimens were captured in the neighbourhood of Doncaster over sixty years ago, but its occurrence in Surrey seems not to have been noted until comparatively recent times. The caterpillar is pinkish grey-brown, with three paler lines and a series of purplish diamonds along the back; the sides are mottled with purplish brown above the black spiracles, and striped with ochreous grey below them. According to Buckler, whose description is here adapted, the four pale raised dots circled with dark brown, placed within the dark marks on the back of each ring, serve to distinguish this caterpillar from its {22} allies. It feeds on the seeds of wych-elm, and may be beaten or jarred from the branches in April and May. The moth is out in the autumn. THE PALE-LEMON SALLOW (_Mellinia_ (_Xanthia_) _ocellaris_). Although sparsely marked yellowish examples of the last species have been mistaken for the present one, the true _M. ocellaris_ was not known to occur in Britain until 1893, when three specimens were taken at Wimbledon and Twickenham. In 1894 a specimen was recorded from Bognor in Sussex, and another in West Dulwich. The following year one specimen was taken at Richmond, Surrey, and one at Ipswich, Suffolk. Three specimens were obtained at sugar in 1899, and five others in 1900, in a locality in North Kent. Odd specimens have also been noted as follows:--Suffolk, Beccles (1898), Woodbridge (1899); West Norfolk (1904 and 1906); Cambridge (1907). The caterpillar, which is ochreous grey with black dots, feeds on poplar, and is stated by one continental author to live in the buds and catkins when young, and afterwards on low plants. So far, it has not been detected in England. A German specimen of the moth is depicted on Plate 10, Fig. 11. From the last species this one is easily separated by the more pointed fore wings, by the white dot at lower end of the reniform stigma, and by the different shaped cross lines. The moth has been taken at sugar or light in September and October. THE ORANGE UPPER-WING (_Xantholeuca_ (_Hoporina_) _croceago_). This species is shown in its typical form on Plate 10, Fig. 12. Occasionally a dull reddish-brown form (ab. _latericolor_, Raynor) occurs, of which I some years ago reared several examples, {23} from eggs laid by a female taken at sallow in Darenth Wood, Kent. The caterpillar (Plate 6, Fig. 1) is pale ochreous brown, inclining to orange, finely freckled with brown, and with brown V-marks on the back of rings 4 to 11; the line along the middle of the back is pale yellow, and there are two pale yellow spots on ring 11; head, pale brown, freckled with darker brown, and sometimes rosy tinged. It feeds on oak, and may be found in May and June. The moth flies in September and October, and then visits ivy bloom and sugar at night; after hibernation it comes to sallow bloom. It has been found during the winter between dry leaves on oak twigs in the hedgerows. Females taken late in the spring and enclosed in a chip box will probably deposit a good supply of eggs; caterpillars hatching from them are not difficult to rear. The species does not appear to have been noticed in the eastern or northern counties of England, but it occurs from Worcester southwards to Somerset, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall. From Herefordshire it spreads into Wales. North of London it is found in Hertfordshire, Middlesex, and to the south in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire. It is represented in Japan by _sericea_, Butler, which is considered a distinct species by some authors. THE RED-HEADED CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Conistra_) _erythrocephala_). The portraits of this species on Plate 11 are from Austrian specimens. Fig. 1 is typical and Fig. 2 is ab. _glabra_, Hubner. A specimen was captured at Marlow, Bucks, in October, 1859, by Mr. A. H. Clarke, who presented it to the British Museum in 1903; but perhaps the earliest-known British specimen was one taken near Brighton in 1847. Between the {24} last-named Sussex locality and Eastbourne in one direction, and Lewes in the other, one or more specimens of the type or of ab. _glabra_ have occurred from time to time, but there are no records from the county for a number of years now. The species has also been noted from Hampshire (New Forest and Bournemouth), Somerset, Devon, Kent (Darenth), and Hertfordshire (St. Albans). The most recent records refer to two captures at Bournemouth in 1902. THE CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Conistra_) _vaccinii_). Figure 3 on Plate 11 represents this species in its typical form, which is of a dark chestnut colour, and almost without markings. The brighter red modification of this form has been named ab. _rufa_, Tutt; while another assuming the blacker hue of _O. ligula_ has been described as ab. _unicolor_, Tutt. In some of the redder forms the cross lines are dark and conspicuous, thus approaching ab. _spadicea_, Hubner, which has distinct black lines as seen in Fig. 6. It should be noted that the figure just referred to is from a German specimen, as I was unable to obtain a suitable British example of the form. Another far more frequent form of this variable species is ab. _mixta_, Staud. (Fig. 4), in which the ground colour is ochreous, more or less tinged with red; the more yellow- examples of this form have been separated under the name _ochrea_, Tutt. Figure 5 shows a form that is rather less common than either of those just adverted to; the specimen is one of a short series from Kent that I have labelled ab. _suffusa_, Tutt; as will be noticed, the band on the outer area is in strong contrast to the rest of the fore wings. Apart from the above and other named forms, there is considerable aberration in the markings, and more especially as regards the stigmata. The lower extremity of the reniform is usually black or blackish, but it may be very faint or entirely absent, and as a contrast {25} to this, the orbicular sometimes has a blackish dot at its lower end. The caterpillar feeds, in May and June, on oak, elm, etc., and also upon low-growing plants. It is reddish brown above, and greenish beneath, sometimes the upper surface is tinged with green also; the back is freckled with pale brown, and the three lines along it are faintly paler, the raised dots are whitish; head, glossy pale brown, freckled with reddish-brown, and lined with darker brown. The moth occurs at sugar, ivy bloom, etc., in the autumn and early winter, also at sallow catkins in the spring, in probably almost all wooded localities throughout the British Isles. Its range abroad extends to Japan. THE DARK CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Conistra_) _ligula_). Four examples of this species are shown on Plate 11. The typical form has a white band on the outer area of the fore wings (Fig. 7); sometimes this band is ochreous (ab. _subnigra_, Haworth), and a modification of this, in which the outlines of the stigmata and the veins are pale, is var. _ochrea_, Tutt. Ab. _polita_, Hubner (Fig. 9), has a whitish-grey submarginal band and greyish cross lines, and ab. _spadicea_, Haworth (Fig. 10), is a dark form without any distinct markings. This species has long been incorrectly known as _spadicea_, Hubner, which, as noted above, is a form of _vaccinii_, L. Staudinger, probably to prevent confusion, deposed _spadicea_, Haworth, and set up _subspadicea_ in its place. Fig. 8 represents a specimen from North Kent that somewhat suggests ab. _suffusa_, Tutt, of the previous species. On comparing the outer marginal contour of the fore wings of these closely allied species, it will be noted that in all forms of _ligula_ the margin below the tip is always slightly concave, thus giving {26} the wings a decidedly pointed tip, a character which will serve to distinguish _ligula_ from _vaccinii_ in nearly every instance. The caterpillar is reddish brown, freckled with paler; the three pale lines along the back are distinctly white on the plate on ring 1, the outer lines edged below with brownish; spiracles outlined in black, and the stripe along them is reddish ochreous. It feeds in spring and early summer, at first on oak, sallow, and hawthorn, and afterwards on low-growing weeds. The moth flies in October and November, and as it lives through the winter is seen at sugar on any mild night, but it does not seem to turn up at the sallow catkins in the spring. The species is rather less generally distributed than the last, but it is not uncommon in the southern and eastern counties, and is found throughout England to the Tyne. Recorded from very few localities in Ireland, and apparently not noticed in Scotland. THE DOTTED CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Dasycampa_) _rubiginea_). A pair of typical specimens are represented on Plate 11, Figs. 11 and 12. A form of the species occurring in Somersetshire has the fore wings reddish brown, and the usual black dots are largely absent (ab. _unicolor_, Tutt). The caterpillar (Plate 6, Fig. 2) is purplish brown freckled with blackish; there are three obscure paler lines along the back from ring 3, and a central series of black spots; the head is black, and the fine hairs of the body are yellowish brown. It feeds, in May and June, on apple, plum, dandelion, etc. The fact has been noted that, if supplied with apple until about half grown, and afterwards with dandelion, it attains full size more quickly than when kept to one kind of food only. The moth appears in October and November, retires during the cold weather, and comes forth again in the spring. When {27} reared in confinement, it emerges from the chrysalis about a month earlier. Ivy bloom, ripe yew berries, and also sugar attract it in the autumn, and in the spring it visits the blossoms of sallow, damson, and sloe. There are several records of its having been taken at light, perhaps the latest of these being that of a specimen captured at Exeter on April 11, 1906. Except in Devonshire, where it is of more regular occurrence, the species is far from common in England, but is taken in, or has been recorded from, the counties of Dorset, Wilts, Gloucester, Hereford, Monmouth (S. Wales), Hants and Isle of Wight, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Bucks, and Cambridge. In Ireland it is noted from Dublin, King's County, Kerry, Wicklow, and Galway. It is represented in Japan by the larger ab. _fornax_, Butler. THE SATELLITE (_Eupsilia_ (_Scopelosoma_) _satellitia_). An example of each sex of this species is shown on Plate 12, together with a less common form. Although specimens vary in the amount of red in the colour of the fore wings, there is more striking aberration in the colour of the lunular marks representing the reniform stigma; these are frequently white, but may be yellow (typical), or reddish orange in either sex. The dull brownish specimen (Fig. 3) is from Yorkshire, and appears to be referable to var. _brunnea_, Lampa. The caterpillar is dark brown, with indistinct paler lines on the back; the line along the spiracles is white or whitish, but often reduced to a series of spots on rings 1, 2, 5, and 11. Head, ochreous-brown, darker about the mouth. It feeds, in May and June, on the leaves of oak, beech, elm, and other trees, also on low plants; and has a keen appetite, it is said, for other caterpillars when the opportunity offers. The moth is out in September, and may be seen at ivy bloom or sugar during that month, and also in October and November {28} if the weather is favourable; it is early on the wing again in the spring. Although apparently uncommon in some few parts, the species seems to be generally distributed and plentiful throughout England, Wales, Scotland up to Ross (recorded from Stromma, Orkney), and Ireland. In Japan, a greyish form with larger spots (ab. _tripuncta_, Butler) occurs. THE TAWNY PINION (_Lithophane_ (_Xylina_) _semibrunnea_). An example of this species is represented on Plate 12, Fig. 4. The black streak from above the middle of the inner margin towards the hind margin should be noted, as this character distinguishes _semibrunnea_ from dark forms of the following species--_L. socia._ The caterpillar is yellowish green, with a broad creamy stripe along the middle of the back, and two indistinct fine lines on each side; below the black-outlined white spiracles is a yellow stripe. Head, bluish green, freckled with darker green. It feeds on ash in May and June. The moth appears on the wing, and may be seen at ivy bloom and sugar, from September to November, and is sometimes captured at sallow, after hibernation, in March or April. It is on record that two specimens taken in November were kept in confinement, and three other captives were added in February. All continued to live until June, and two were still alive on the 23rd of that month. Although this species is found more or less regularly in most of the English counties south of Worcester on the west, and Huntingdon on the east, it is always very local, and never plentiful. It has been reported from Carmarthenshire in South Wales; and Kane states that in Ireland it has been taken in Galway and Kerry. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 12. 1-3. THE SATELLITE. 6. GREY SHOULDER-KNOT. 4. TAWNY PINION. 7. EARLY GREY. 5. PALE PINION. 8, 9. GOLDEN-ROD BRINDLE. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 13. 1, 2. THE CONFORMIST. 3. THE NONCONFORMIST. 4, 5. THE CUDWEED. {29} THE PALE PINION (_Lithophane_ (_Xylina_) _socia_). The pale ochreous-brown insect shown on Plate 12, Fig. 5, is without the dark, sometimes blackish suffusion on the inner area which is characteristic of the type of this species. Var. _rufescens_, Tutt, is a reddish form. The caterpillar is pale green with three white lines, the central one broad and stripe-like; the line along the spiracles is yellow. Head, pale green, variegated with white. (Adapted from Porritt.) The moth comes to ivy bloom, sugar, etc., in September and October, and even later if the weather is mild. After hibernation it reappears as early as February, and visits the sallows as soon as the catkins open. Although it seems to be absent from the eastern counties, except Cambridge--where, however, it is scarce--this species is found in most of the other counties mentioned for the last species. It is generally more plentiful, especially in the west. Occasionally specimens have been taken in Cumberland, and single examples have been recorded from the Liverpool and Hartlepool districts. It seems to be not uncommon in South Wales, and has been reported from Capel Curig, in Carnarvonshire. As regards Ireland, Kane says that there are few Irish localities where this species is not found. THE CONFORMIST (_Graptolitha_ (_Xylina_) _furcifera_). The typical form of this species has the fore wings of a pale slaty grey colour; this, however, does not seem to occur in Britain. Our form, var. _suffusa_, Tutt (shown on Plate 13, Figs. 1 and 2), is much darker grey with blackish mottling, a yellowish mark at the base and a reddish cloud in the reniform stigma; the outer area is more or less tinged with violet, and this tint sometimes spreads over the whole of the fore wings; {30} the inner margin is tinged with reddish orange at the base, or along the basal half, and there are some clouds of the same colour on the black submarginal line. This is _conformis_ of British authors. The caterpillar (drawn from a skin, Plate 8, Fig. 1) is olive brown, tinged with green above, and paler brown, tinged with pink beneath; the dots are yellowish in black circles, and there is a dark olive-brown mark on ring 1; there are three yellow lines along the back, the central one interrupted by darker brown freckles, clustered so as to form a series of diamond-shaped patches, and the others are edged above with dark olive. It feeds on alder, from April to June. The moth is out in September and October, and, after hibernation, in March and April. Ivy bloom and sugar attract it in the autumn, and it has been taken at sallow catkins as well as at sugar in the spring. Since 1861, when its occurrence in Wales was first announced, it has been found more or less regularly in Glamorganshire, South Wales, or the adjoining English county of Monmouth. The latest record is that by Mr. P. J. Barraud, who took a male specimen at sallow bloom in the Wye Valley on March 31, 1907. The capture of a specimen at sugar, near Brighton, September 13, 1898, has been reported. One specimen has been recorded from Yorks., another from Westmoreland; and in 1902, two from near Lancaster. Wales, however, appears to be the home of this species in the British Isles. THE NONCONFORMIST (_Graptolitha_ (_Xylina_) _lamda_). The example of this species shown on Plate 13, Fig. 3, is of the typical form, and hails from the Continent. Of the six specimens observed in England the majority have been recorded as _zinckenii_, Treitschke, a form having the fore wings more variegated with white. Another form, ab. _somniculosa_, Hering, {31} has most of the typical markings, especially on the outer area, absent. The earliest occurrence of this species in Britain appears to have been that of a specimen on the trunk of a poplar tree in the northern environs of London, October, 1865. Then on September 30, 1866, one was detected on the bole of a willow tree in a locality not indicated more definitely than "near New Cross"; another specimen was taken in the same year in the Guildford district, at sugar. On October 3, 1870, a fourth was found on the reverse side of a tree that had been sugared, at Dartford, Kent; and a specimen, labelled Erith, September, 1875, was in the collection of the late Mr. Bond. Lastly, a specimen came to sugar at Copdock, Ipswich, in late September, 1895. The range of this species abroad extends through Scandinavia, Belgium, North Germany, and North Russia, to East Siberia, and Amurland. It is found in North America, where it is known as _thaxteri_, Grote. THE GREY SHOULDER-KNOT (_Graptolitha_ (_Xylina_) _ornithopus_). The moth, of which a portrait will be found on Plate 12, Fig. 6, emerges from the chrysalis in the autumn, and may then be found at night on ivy bloom or at the sugar patch; and in the daytime it may frequently be seen on tree trunks, palings, etc. After hibernation, it is again seen in the spring, on fences, pales, etc., and visits the sallow catkins at night. Females of this species, and other hibernating kinds, taken in the spring generally deposit fertile eggs pretty freely; often such specimens are not in the best condition, but one female, if she has not already parted with most of her eggs, will as a rule deposit quite as many as the collector is likely to need. The caterpillar is of a blue-green colour with whitish freckles; {32} three broken whitish lines along the back; head, green, with a paler mark on each cheek. It is to be found in May and early June on the leaves of oak. The species is widely distributed throughout England and Wales, but is more frequently met with in the south than in the north. It is found in Scotland, but only rarely, and the same remark applies to Ireland generally, although the species is not uncommon in some parts of Wicklow, Cork, and Kerry. Its range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. THE GOLDEN-ROD BRINDLE (_Lithomoia solidaginis_). On Plate 12, Fig. 8 represents a Lancashire specimen, whilst Fig. 9 is taken from an Aberdeen example. The first, having the central area suffused with brown, is more nearly typical, and the other varies in the direction of ab. _virgata_, Tutt, in which form the central shade is black. Other named forms are--ab. _cinerascens_, Staud. = _pallida_, Tutt (pale ashy-grey, central shade almost or quite obsolete), ab. _suffusa_, Tutt (similar to _virgata_, but the basal area also black or blackish). The caterpillar is brown, with a purplish or violet tinge, and freckled with grey; an indistinct line along the middle of the back and a creamy stripe along the sides, the latter is edged above with black; head, shining reddish-brown, freckled with darker brown. It feeds on bilberry, bearberry (_Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_), heather, sallow, birch, and hawthorn, and is to be found from May to July. The moth is out in August and September, and in its woodland and moorland haunts is to be seen sitting about on the dead stems of bracken, charred twigs and stems of heather, or on birch trunks, rocks, walls, etc. When thus resting, however, they very closely resemble twisted birch bark, grouse droppings, and other common objects occurring in the haunts of the species, so that its detection is not easy at first. {33} In England this species is found from Shropshire and Staffordshire northwards to Cumberland; thence through Scotland to Aberdeen and Sutherland. In Wales it has been obtained commonly near Rhos in the north. Abroad its range spreads to Amurland; and it occurs in North America, where it is known as _germana_, Morrison. THE EARLY GREY (_Xylocampa areola_). A typical specimen of this widely distributed and, at least in the southern half of England, rather common species, is shown on Plate 12, Fig. 7. A dark form has been named ab. _suffusa_, Tutt, and one with the fore wings of the typical grey colour, but with a pinkish flush, is ab. _rosea_, Tutt. The caterpillar (figured from a skin, on Plate 8, Fig. 2) is yellowish-brown, with a fine pale central line along the back, often only distinct on rings 1, 11, and 12, and always obscured by dark brown patches on 7 and 8; a blackish line low down along the sides. The body tapers towards each end, and especially so towards the small head. It lives upon honey-suckle, and feeds on the leaves at night, during May and June, or sometimes later. [Illustration: FIG. 1. EARLY GREY AT REST. (Photo by W. J. Lucas.)] The moth appears in March and April, and, in the daytime, is often met with at rest on posts, fences, and the trunks of trees; also upon stone walls, but seemingly less frequently, probably owing to the moth being then less easy to detect. At night it flies around sallow bushes and sometimes settles on the catkins, but is always on the alert. {34} THE SWORD-GRASS (_Calocampa exoleta_). Except that the pale grey brown fore wings are more clouded with blackish in some specimens than in others, there is little of importance to note. Usually there are two black wedges pointing inwards from the indistinct submarginal line, but occasionally one, or more rarely both, may be absent. (Plate 14, Figs. 3 [male] and 4 [female].) The caterpillar is green, with two series of white spotted black marks, the line below these is yellow, and that lower down on the side is bright red; the spots between the lines are white, encircled with black. From April to May it feeds, often in the sunshine, as well as at night, on restharrow, thistles, stonecrop, groundsel, dock, in fact on almost all low-growing plants, as well as the foliage of some trees. The caterpillars of this and the next species are exceedingly pretty creatures, and are sure to attract attention whenever met with. Dr. Chapman notes that the caterpillar will feed on stale leaves. The moth emerges in the autumn, and seems to be on the wing until quite late in the year, and is seen again as early as March, and thence on until May. One male and two females captured at sugar, March 12 and 13, were placed in a glass cylinder with various food plants, and a sprig of sallow catkins, moistened occasionally with syrup, afforded nourishment for the moths every evening. On April 13, two batches of eggs were noted on nettle, but these were not fertile. On April 15 and 20 pairing took place; and by May 3 over three thousand eggs had been deposited. On May 13 the two females, being still alive, were set at liberty (Goodwin). Although it certainly appears to be less frequently seen in the south than northwards, the species is known to occur pretty well all over England and Wales. In Scotland, where it is generally commoner than in England, except perhaps in the {35} northern counties of the latter, its range extends to the Orkneys. Abroad, it is found throughout Europe (except the most northern parts); Asia to Japan; and the Canaries. THE RED SWORD-GRASS (_Calocampa vetusta_). In this species the ground colour of the fore wings varies from whity brown to ochreous brown with a slight reddish tinge. A greyish shade spreads from the base along the median vein to below the reniform stigma in the paler and more typical specimens; the inner area is dark brown, but widely broken below the reniform by the grey suffusion. The specimens figured on Plate 14 (Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) are from Sligo, Ireland, and are referable to var. _brunnea_, Tutt. The inner area in this form is red-brown, or inclining to blackish brown. The caterpillar is green, with three yellow lines along the back, and a reddish orange stripe along the area of the spiracles; a series of black-circled white dots on each side of the central line; in the form figured (from a skin) on Plate 8, Fig. 3, the lines on the back are white, and the spaces between them black, dotted with white; the stripe along the reddish spiracles also white, edged above with black; head, shining light reddish brown. It feeds, from May to July, on various low herbage, such as dock, persicaria, knotgrass, etc., also sedges and yellow flag. The moth appears in September and October, and again in March and April, but seems to have been noted at various times both earlier and later. Mathew records that a female captured at sugar on June 11, deposited 36 eggs during the following week. These were laid in a chip box, and the caterpillars hatched out on June 24, fed up quickly on knotgrass, attained full growth by July 24, and pupated about that date. {36} One moth emerged September 29, and five others, including three <DW36>s, later. This species is most frequent in Ireland and Scotland, being distributed throughout the latter country to Orkney and Shetland. It has been noted from almost every part of England, but does not seem to be plentiful generally in the country. The distribution abroad ranges to East Siberia and to North America. THE MULLEIN (_Cucullia verbasci_). Two specimens, representing both sexes, of this species are shown on Plate 15, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]. Sometimes the darker colour on the marginal areas, especially the inner, inclines to blackish; while in some specimens the whole of the fore wings is suffused with brownish. The caterpillar is white with a greenish tinge, each ring of the body is banded with yellow, has four black spots on the back, and some black dots and lines on the sides; the head is yellowish, dotted with black. It may be found in June and July quite exposed on mullein (_Verbascum thapsus_, and _V. pulverulentum_); also figwort (_Scrophularia nodosa_, and _S. aquatica_). Barrett states that it has been noted on _Buddlaea globosa_, an American plant sometimes grown in gardens. These caterpillars are certainly attacked by parasitical flies, but do not seem to be quite so frequently "stung" as those of some other species of the "Sharks." The caterpillar figured on Plate 18, Fig. 1, was obtained at Box Hill by Mr. Norman Riley. The moth is out in late April and in May, and, except an occasional capture at light, is rarely seen in the open. The caterpillars are probably obtainable in most English and Welsh counties, especially the southern ones of both countries, wherever there is an abundance of its food plants. Except that McArthur found the species in the Isle of Lewis, in 1901, there is no record from Scotland. In Ireland it has been recorded from Dublin by Birchall; and in 1901 three moths were taken at Timoleague, Co. Cork, and caterpillars later on were plentiful in the district. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 14. 1, 2. RED SWORD-GRASS, _male and female_. 3, 4. THE SWORD-GRASS, " " " [Illustration] 2 Pl. 15. 1, 2. THE MULLEIN MOTH. 4, 5. THE STRIPED LYCHNIS. 3. THE WATER BETONY. 6. THE STARWORT. {37} THE WATER BETONY (_Cucullia scrophulariae_). A good deal of confusion exists both in Britain and on the Continent as to the identity of the _Cucullia_ figured and described by Capieux in 1789, and by most authors since that time. I have received over twenty specimens from Austria, Germany, and other parts of Europe, sent to me as _scrophulariae_. As I have been unable to separate the majority of these specimens from _C. lychnitis_, and the others from _C. verbasci_, Mr. F. N. Pierce has been good enough to examine the genitalia of six of the males, and of these he reports four are _C. lychnitis_, and two are _C. verbasci_. In England we certainly have a _Cucullia_ sometimes appearing in the moth state rather later than _C. verbasci_ and always earlier than _C. lychnitis;_ the caterpillar producing it feeds on _Scrophularia nodosa_ in July. It is, however, very local, and is found chiefly in North Kent, and occasionally in the Eastern Counties. Mr. Pierce finds that the male genitalia of a North Kent _scrophulariae_ sent to him do not differ from these parts in _C. verbasci_, but Dr. Chapman informs me that he detects a slight difference in one that he examined. It must be admitted that the identity of the North Kent and East Anglian _Cucullia_ with the _scrophulariae_ of Capieux is very doubtful, but we evidently shall not be greatly opposed to Continental methods if we continue to allow April and May moths resulting from Scrophularia nodosa caterpillars to do duty for _C. scrophulariae_. I have therefore figured as this species a specimen that was reared, with others, in April and May, 1877, from larvae obtained in the Dartford marshes. (Plate 15, Fig. 3.) {38} The caterpillar is of a whitish-grey colour; along the middle of the back is a series of broad deep yellow triangles pointing backwards, each edged on both sides by large confluent deep black spots, usually forming a somewhat C-shaped marking, which encloses another yellow spot, and below is followed by several black spots; behind all these, on each segment, is a deep green transverse spotless band. The forms of the black markings, composed of united spots, vary in the degree of union of these spots; each anterior spot is confluent with the posterior one below it, but does not unite transversely with the others; in one variety they resemble tadpole forms united by the tails, in another these tails are as thick as the spots and form blotched curves; and in still another they are so thick and confluent as to include some of the side spots, thus completely edging two sides of the yellow triangle with a blotched black border. (Adapted from Buckler.) THE STRIPED LYCHNIS (_Cucullia lychnitis_). An example of each sex of this species is shown on Plate 15, Figs. 4 and 5. The general colour of the fore wings is paler, and the streaks along the front and inner margins are darker than in _C. verbasci_; and the outer margins of the wings are less jagged. The caterpillar (figured on Plate 18, Fig. 2, from a photo by Mr. H. Main) is greenish white or yellow; the rings are cross banded with yellow and spotted with black; usually the spots are united as in the figure, sometimes they are smaller and well separated, and occasionally all but those low down along the sides are absent. Coupled with decrease in size and number of the black spots, there is variation in the width of the yellow bands. _Verbascum nigrum_ is the more usual food plant in Britain, but it will also eat _V. lychnitis_. It feeds, in July and August, on the flowers and unripe seed capsules in preference to the foliage. {39} Between sixty and seventy years ago, the late Mr. Samuel Stevens obtained the caterpillars on mullein growing in a chalk pit at Arundel in Sussex, and this seems to be the earliest notice of the species occurring in Britain. It is now known also to inhabit Hampshire, Surrey, and Oxfordshire; has been reported from Norfolk, Suffolk, and Gloucestershire. THE STAR-WORT (_Cucullia asteris_). The silvery-grey fore wings of this moth (Plate 15, Fig. 6) are broadly suffused with reddish brown along the front margin, and more narrowly with purplish brown inclining to blackish along the inner margin; the latter is separated from a purplish brown blotch at the outer angle by a whitish edged black curved mark. The caterpillar (figured on Plate 18, Fig. 3, from a photo by Mr. Main) is green with a black-edged yellow stripe along the back, and another along the white spiracles; between these stripes are two pale greenish lines; head, green, sprinkled with blackish. In another form the body is suffused with reddish, inclining to purplish on the back; yellow markings pretty much as in the green form. It feeds chiefly on golden-rod (_Solidago virgaurea_) and sea star-wort (_Aster tripolium_), showing a decided preference for the flowers, but will eat the foliage of the plants mentioned. In confinement it can be reared on garden asters and Michaelmas daisy. It may be obtained on its food plants from July well into September. The moth emerges in June and July as a rule, sometimes in early August, but has been known to come from the chrysalis during September up to the 23rd of that month. The species is found often abundantly in the caterpillar state in the seaboard counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, Sussex, Hants, and Dorset. In Surrey it has occurred at Haslemere, and in {40} the Croydon district (?); and it has been recorded from Herefordshire and North Lancashire. The range abroad extends to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan. THE SHARK (_Cucullia umbratica_). On the fore wings of this greyish species (Plate 16, Figs. 5 [male] and 6 [female]) there is some variation in the short black streaks on the basal and outer areas, and in the dots around the stigma; the front margin is sometimes brownish tinged. The hind wings of the female are always darker than those of the male. The caterpillar feeds on plants of the sowthistle (_Sonchus_) kind, also on garden lettuce and the wild species. It may be found in August and early September, but, as it feeds only at night, it should be searched for in the daytime on the undersides of the lower leaves. In general colour it is ochreous inclining to greyish, with an intricate raised pattern in blackish on the upper surface; the head is black, and there is a yellow spotted sooty brown plate on the first ring of the body. The moth is to be seen in June and July, sitting on the upper parts of palings, and other kinds of wooden fencing; also on tent pegs, etc.; but it is not easy to detect even when its whereabouts is indicated. At night it visits flowers of campion, sweet william, honeysuckle, etc. Widely distributed throughout the British Isles to the Orkneys, but seemingly more plentiful and regular in occurrence in the south of England than in the north. THE CHAMOMILE SHARK (_Cucullia chamomillae_). Although somewhat similar to the last species, this moth may be distinguished by the more brownish tinge of its grey fore wings. The hind wings are also brown-grey in both sexes, but darkest in the female. {41} Sometimes the central area of the fore wings is clouded with blackish from the front to the inner margin; such specimens are referable to ab. _chrysanthemi_, Hubn. (Plate 16, Figs. 1 typical, 2 ab.) The caterpillar, which may be found in the summer months, is greenish white with zigzag olive markings, the lines on the back meeting in the middle of each ring, where there is a small pinkish blotch; head, pale yellowish, striped with brown on the face. It feeds on wild chamomile (_Matricaria_), stinking mayweed (_Anthemis_), and _Pyrethrum_ (Plate 18, Fig. 1). The Rev. Miles Moss, writing his experience of this species at Rossall, near Fleetwood, Lancashire, notes that until half-grown the caterpillars live exposed, and are then found lying in a half-circle on the crowns of unexpanded flower heads. At this time they are green with dark and also white markings. He adds that caterpillars measuring about an inch in length when collected, were preparing for pupation a week later. The moth is out in April and May, and has been captured even in July. When chrysalids are kept indoors, but not dry, the moths sometimes emerge in March, and occasionally in the earlier months of the year. A habit more or less general among the species of this genus is to remain in the chrysalis state for two or more winters; the present species has been known to emerge during March of the first, second, and third years following that in which the caterpillars were found. Widely distributed over England and Wales, but apparently most frequent in the seaboard counties. In Scotland it occurs up to Perthshire, and it is found on various parts of the Irish coast. THE CUDWEED (_Cucullia gnaphalii_). Portraits of two specimens of this very local species, kindly lent by Mr. R. Adkin, will be found on Plate 13, Figs. 4 and 5. {42} The general coloration is usually silvery grey, but occasionally it inclines to yellowish. The moth has rarely been noted by day, and only one specimen seems to have been captured on the wing. Even caterpillars are by no means common in their best-known localities, and of those obtained after much labour a large proportion may frequently prove to have been the victims of parasitic flies. The caterpillar is green, inclining to olive green, thickly freckled with pale yellow atoms; a purplish-brown stripe along the middle of the back and two faint purplish lines along the sides; a pale yellow line along the region of the black-edged spiracles, which are set in purplish-brown blotches. (Adapted from Buckler.) Its food plant is golden-rod (_Solidago_) and it feeds at night and hides by day, low down on the stems or under the leaves: July to September. In confinement the caterpillars will eat garden aster and Michaelmas daisy. The British haunts of the species are chiefly in Kent (Sevenoaks, Tunbridge Wells, etc.), and Sussex (Tilgate Forest, etc.); but according to Barrett it is also known from Hampshire, Surrey, and Essex. Abroad, the range extends through Central Europe to Southern Scandinavia, Livonia, Southern Russia, the Altai Mountains, Italy, and Armenia; but the species is nowhere plentiful. It may be mentioned here that a very closely allied, and on the Continent common, species--_C. xeranthemi_, Boisduval--might easily be mistaken for _C. gnaphalii_. THE WORMWOOD (_Cucullia absinthii_). This moth is shown on Plate 16, Fig. 4. The fore wings are usually tinged with purplish over the greyish ground colour; black dots on the stigmata give to each of these marks some resemblance to the figure 8. {43} The caterpillar, which feeds on the flowers and seeds of wormwood (_Artemisia absinthium_) and will eat mugwort (_A. vulgaris_), is best found on sunny days. It is yellowish green, suffused with purplish grey on the back of each ring; there are three pale green lines along the back, and an ochreous grey plate on ring 1. To be found in August and early September, but on dull days it must be sought for among the lower leaves, or on the ground. When resting among the flowers it so closely harmonises with them that it might easily escape detection. The moth is out in July. The species is perhaps most abundant on the South Devonshire coast, but its range extends into Cornwall, and eastward to the Isle of Portland and the Isle of Wight; it is not uncommon along the coasts of North Devon (Lee and Croyde), Somerset (Minehead), and South Wales. It has also been recorded from North Wales, and from parts of the Suffolk coast. In Ireland, a specimen was taken in a garden at Cromlyn, Westmeath, in 1873, and more recently two specimens of the moth, and also some caterpillars, were obtained at Timoleague, Cork. _Cucullia artemisiae (abrotani)_. This species, of which a Continental example is represented on Plate 16, Fig. 3, is apparently exceedingly rare in this country, and most probably is not a native. In the collection of the late Dr. Mason, which was dispersed at Stevens' in 1905, there were three specimens, each of which had seemingly been included among series of _C. absinthii_ purchased at three separate sales. A fourth specimen, also mixed with _C. absinthii_, was in the collection of the late Rev. H. Burney. Two other specimens have been reported from Devonshire, where, it is said, they were found sitting on a fence. {44} The caterpillar feeds, in August and September, on wormwood and other kinds of _Artemisia_. It is green with red raised spots, a white line along the middle of the back, and a yellow stripe low down along the sides; head, brown inclining to blackish above. The moth is out in June and July. THE BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING (_Anarta myrtilli_). In its typical form (Plate 17, Figs. 1, 2) this species has the fore wings purplish brown or blackish brown, whilst in var. _rufescens_, Tutt, the general colour of the fore wings is reddish inclining to crimson, and the white markings are clearly defined. In some dark specimens the markings are more or less obscure, and in others only the central white dot is distinct. The caterpillar is green, dotted and marked with white; there are three rows of yellowish bars along the back, those forming the outer series slightly curved. It is to be found on ling (_Calluna vulgaris_), also on heath (_Erica_), from July to October, but it seems to be more frequently obtained in early autumn. Occasionally it has been found in the spring. Hawthorn has been mentioned as a food-plant (Plate 20, Fig. 1). The moth has been taken in each month from April to August, but it is perhaps most plentiful from May to July. The species occurs on heath and moorlands throughout the British Isles, but so far it has not been recorded from the Shetlands. It flies on sunny days and is very active on the wing, but when the sun is obscured, or towards evening, it may be found at rest on the heather sprays, usually at their tips. THE SMALL DARK YELLOW UNDERWING (_Anarta cordigera_). The pretty moth represented on Plate 17, Fig. 7, is only found in the British Isles, on the mountains of Scotland, chiefly in Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. Sometimes the basal area of the fore wings is suffused with black, and to a lesser extent the outer area also (var. _aethiops_, Hoffm. = _suffusa_, Tutt); on the other hand, typical examples have both basal and outer areas silvery grey, and the central area black. A form, which I have not seen, is described as having the black central area broken by an ashy cross band passing between the stigmata (var. _variegata_, Tutt). [Illustration] 2 Pl. 16. 1, 2. CHAMOMILE SHARK. 4. THE WORMWOOD. 3. _CUCULLIA ARTEMISIAE_. 5, 6. THE SHARK. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 17. 1, 2. BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING. 3, 4. SMALL YELLOW UNDERWING. 5, 6. BROAD-BORDERED WHITE UNDERWING. 7. SMALL DARK YELLOW UNDERWING. 8, 9. THE PEASE BLOSSOM. 10, 11. BORDERED SALLOW. {45} The caterpillar is reddish brown, with three white lines along the back, and a reddish-freckled ochreous stripe low down on the sides. Sometimes the general colour is blackish. It feeds on bearberry (_Arctostaphylos_) in June and July; also said to eat _Vaccinium uliginosum_; in confinement it will thrive on _Arbutus unedo_, commonly known as the "strawberry tree." The moth is out in May, when it flies in the sunshine, and in dull weather sits about on the rocks, stones, lichen, etc. Mr. Cockayne notes that at Rannoch he met with it from May 17 in numbers, but always in isolated spots where bearberry was plentiful. Here the moths were either feeding on the flowers or settled on the ground. He further remarks that this species occurs at the comparatively low elevation of 800 to 900 feet, whereas the next species ascends to 2000 feet. The distribution abroad extends to Amurland and Labrador. THE BROAD-BORDERED WHITE UNDERWING (_Anarta melanopa_). This species has the ground colour of the fore wings greyish in the type and brownish in var. _wistromi_, Lampa. Specimens with the fore wings more or less typical, but with the normally white area of hind wings dark greyish, are referable to ab. _rupestralis._ I remember seeing a specimen of the last-named form in the collection of the late Mr. S. Stevens, but I believe that it is very rare in the British Isles. In all forms there is variation in the stigmata, and in the orbicular especially. (Plate 17, Figs. 5 [male] and 6 [female].) {46} The caterpillar is of a purplish pink colour, with a black-edged ochreous-brown line along the middle of the back, broken up by reddish-brown triangles; the stripe along the region of the black spiracles is yellowish white flecked with red; the sides of the body above the stripe are flecked with reddish, and above them is a yellowish-white line and some black marks. Head, brownish, freckled with darker. It feeds at night, in July, on bilberry (_Vaccinium myrtillus_), cowberry (_V. vitis-idaea_), and can also be reared on strawberry tree, sallow, knotgrass, etc. In the daytime it must be searched for under the leaves. The moth is out in May and the early part of June, and is most active in the sunshine, but flies on dull days when the weather is warm. It seems confined to the higher level of the mountains, and its habits are similar to those of the last species, but its range extends to the Shetland Isles. The species was not recognised as British until about 1830, and the same remark applies to _A. cordigera._ THE SMALL YELLOW UNDERWING (_Heliaca tenebrata_). The fore wings are a little more reddish in some specimens than in others, and occasionally the yellow of the hind wings is much reduced in area by the expansion of the black border, or it may be suffused with blackish. (Plate 17, Figs. 3 and 4.) The caterpillar is green, with three lines along the back, the central one dark green and the others whitish, bordered below with dark green; the stripe low down along the sides is yellowish white, edged above with dark green. It feeds, in June and July, on mouse-ear chickweed (_Cerastium_), devouring the blossom and seeds, when young boring into the unripe capsule. The moth flies on sunny days in May and early June, and is more or less common in grass-bordered lanes, hay meadows, etc., in most counties throughout the southern part of England. {47} In the midland counties it appears to be far more local, thence to Durham (its northern limit in England) it is generally scarce. It has been recorded from Pembrokeshire and Flintshire, in Wales. A specimen has been reported from Robroyston, near Glasgow, in Scotland. As the species has been obtained in Kerry and Sligo, the probability is that it occurs in other parts of Ireland. THE PEASE-BLOSSOM (_Chariclea delphinii_). The beautifully tinted moth represented by Figs. 8 and 9 on Plate 17 was known as British to Haworth (1802), but it had been figured by Wilkes in 1773, and by Moses Harris in 1775. In 1829 Stephens remarked that there were then but few native specimens in British cabinets, among which were examples from the Windsor district "caught about fifteen years since, in June." He adds, the interest and value of these, and older specimens, was lessened by "the execrable practice of introducing Continental insects into collections." Stainton (1857) refers to the Windsor specimens only, and Newman (1869) ignores the species altogether. In 1902 two specimens were presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. F. Bennett, and are now in the National Collection of British Lepidoptera. These were obtained at Brighton in 1876 by the donor's father, but whether captured or reared is not known. THE BORDERED SALLOW (_Pyrrhia umbra_). The fore wings of this species (Plate 17, Figs. 10, 11) in its typical form are yellow inclining to orange, with the outer area more or less tinted with purplish. In a paler form, ab. _marginata_, Fab., the fore wings are without the orange tint, and the outer area is rather greyish brown. {48} The caterpillar (Plate 20, Fig. 4) is grey or greenish, speckled with white, and with raised black dots; there are three lines along the back, the central one white edged, broader and darker than the outer ones, which are sometimes white; a white-edged pale yellow stripe low down along the sides. In some examples the general colour is pinkish brown. It feeds on restharrow (_Ononis_) in July and August, but can be reared on knotgrass, and has been known to thrive on the green pods of the scarlet runner bean (_Phaseolus vulgaris_). The moth flies at dusk in June, sometimes earlier or later. It visits the flowers of various plants, especially those of _Silene_ and _Lychnis_; also comes to the sugar patch and may be attracted by light. Although not generally common, it seems to be widely distributed over England and Wales, but is most frequent in the seaboard counties, and this is more particularly the case in the north. In Scotland it appears to occur from Berwick northwards to Moray, and in Ireland it has been noted from several of the littoral counties, chiefly southern, but also from Sligo. The range abroad extends to the North-west Himalayas, Amurland, Corea, and Japan; the species also occurs in North America from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. THE MARBLED CLOVER (_Heliothis dipsacea_). The ground colour of this species (Plate 19, Figs. 1, 2) ranges from yellowish to ochreous with a greyish, or olive, tinge; the central band including the reniform stigma is olive, or reddish brown, terminating on the inner margin in a cloud extending towards the hind margin; submarginal line preceded by a shade-like band similar in colour to the central one, but often only well defined on costal and inner margins; the whitish area of the hind wings is sometimes much reduced. The darker specimens are typical of the species, whilst those with the paler ground colour and brighter cross bands are referable to var. _maritima_, Grasl. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 18. 1. MULLEIN: _caterpillar_. 2. STRIPED LYCHNIS: _caterpillar_. 3, 3a. STARWORT: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. 4. CHAMOMILE SHARK: _chrysalis and cocoon_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 19. 1, 2. MARBLED CLOVER. 3. SPOTTED CLOVER. 4, 5. BORDERED STRAW. 6-8. SCARCE BORDERED STRAW. 9. PALE SHOULDER. 10. THE FOUR-SPOTTED. {49} The caterpillar varies in colour, green of various shades, pinkish, or purplish brown; three lines along the back, the central one with dark edges, and the outer ones whitish, with dark lower edge; the line low down along the sides is often whitish; but this, and also the other white lines, may be replaced by greenish or yellowish. It feeds on various low-growing plants such as restharrow, scabious, toadflax, white campion, bladder campion, clover, etc., preferring the flowers and seeds. It has been found from July to September. Sometimes it has been reared on the pods of the scarlet-runner bean. The moth, which is out in June and July, dashes about rapidly in the daytime, and as it is partial to the flowers of the bugloss, or those of clover, etc., it may be netted when feasting on the blossoms. It occurs in meadows, on heaths, and on sandhills by the sea, in most of the southern and eastern counties of England, but is only rarely seen northwards, and has not been recorded from other parts of the British Isles. Distribution abroad: the whole Palaearctic region less the extreme north; also represented in North America by _phlogophagus_, Grote and Robinson. THE SPOTTED CLOVER MOTH (_Heliothis scutosa_). The very distinct-looking moth shown on Plate 19, Fig. 3, is exceedingly rare in Britain, only about eleven specimens being authenticated. The earliest-known British specimen was captured in a locality near Dalston, in Cumberland, July, 1835. The next record is of three examples near Skinburnness, also in Cumberland. Then, in 1875, one occurred in Norfolk, at the Cromer lighthouse, and this was followed by another in 1876. In 1877 one was captured as it flew over clover at Weston-super-Mare. On September 19, 1878, a specimen was netted at {50} the flowers of ragwort on the shore of Lough Swilly, near Buncrana, Ireland, and one is recorded as taken near Aberdeen, Scotland, in July of that year. The late Dr. Mason had a specimen said to have been taken at Attleborough, in Norfolk, June, 1880. The latest recorded capture is that of a specimen taken by Mr. F. Capel Hanbury in a clover field near Dartmouth, South Devon, September 4, 1900. The range abroad extends through Central and Southern Europe eastward to North India, North China; and southwards to North-west Africa. It occurs also in the Western United States of America. THE BORDERED STRAW (_Heliothis peltigera_). Two examples of this species are shown on Plate 19, Figs. 4, 5. The fore wings are pale ochreous brown, with a more or less reddish tinge; the cross lines are not always distinct, but there is generally a dark dot on the costal end of the first line, and a large olive-brown spot between the second and submarginal lines; following the submarginal line is a pale band of variable width, but always with a black dot (sometimes double) towards its lower end. Very pale specimens are referable to ab. _pallida_, Cockerell. The caterpillar (Plate 20, Fig. 3, figured from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich) is green, with three darker green or reddish stripes along the back; the stripe along the area of the spiracles is dark green, edged below with white, but when the other stripes are reddish this is also marked with that colour. Several other forms have been described, and the caterpillar seems to be a most variable one. It feeds, from June to August, and again in September and October, on many kinds of low-growing herbage, such as restharrow (_Ononis_), clover (_Trifolium_), _Matricaria inodora_, etc.; also on furze or gorse (_Ulex_), and thorn apple (_Datura_). The blossoms and unripe {51} seeds are preferred in almost all cases, and flowers of the garden marigold will be found useful when these caterpillars are reared in confinement. From eggs deposited by a female moth taken at Deal in the evening of June 17, 1904, the caterpillars hatched out in due course, fed up on wild convolvulus, pupated at the end of July, and the moths emerged during the last week of August and the first week of September. In another case, moths were developed in about forty-seven days from eggs laid in mid-July. In 1907 six caterpillars were found in South Devon during the second week in August, and one of these attained the moth state on September 3. Previous to 1906, which was a notable one for the species, the moth seems not to have been observed earlier than June, but in the year mentioned several were taken at the flowers of valerian during May, at Torquay. Caterpillars were plentiful on restharrow in the same district during June and July, and an example, presumably, of a second generation was captured at bramble blossom on August 11. In the same year and on the 15th of the month just noted, a specimen was reared from a caterpillar found on _Ononis_, July 18, and another specimen captured, August 24, as it flew in the sunshine on a <DW72> of the South Downs. In Clarendon Wood, near Salisbury, Wilts, one example was taken at sugar, September 2, 1906. The species seems to be of fairly regular occurrence in Devonshire and Cornwall, but it has also been observed, more or less rarely, in many other English counties, chiefly those on the coast; in Pembrokeshire and Glamorganshire, South Wales; a few specimens have occurred in Co. Cork, and one in Co. Wicklow, Ireland. All that appears to be known of this species in Scotland is that one specimen has been recorded from Markton, Ayrshire. Abroad, its distribution is extensive, ranging from Africa, the Canaries, and Madeira to Central and Southern Europe, and through Asia to India. {52} THE SCARCE BORDERED STRAW (_Heliothis armigera_). This species (Plate 19, Figs. 6-8) has an almost universal distribution. It is found in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australia. As regards the British Isles, it was first recorded by Mr. Edleston, who noted a specimen taken at Salford, Lancashire, by Mr. John Thomas, in September, 1840. This specimen, also one captured at Mickleham, Surrey, and others "taken in various localities," are referred to in the _Entomologist's Annual_ for 1855. The following year one was reported from Exeter and one from the Isle of Wight. The summer of 1859 was a hot one (as were the two previous summers), and the species was recorded from the following localities: Brighton, Bristol, Cambridge, Edmonton, Isle of Wight, Ramsgate, Torquay, Weston-super-Mare, Worthing, and other places. Apart from the captures on the Devonshire coast, chiefly at Torquay, where the moth seems to occur pretty nearly every year, the records since 1859 are: 1866 (Scarborough); 1871 (Wakefield); 1876 (Hartlepool, and Kentish Coast); 1877 and 1881 (Gloucester); 1890 (Chatham); 1895 (Tunbridge Wells); 1901 (Isle of Wight); 1902 (Chester and Harwich); 1903 (Lewes). In all cases only single specimens. The species has been noted once in South Wales, and twice in North Wales; several specimens were secured in 1898 near Berwick-on-Tweed, and odd specimens have been recorded from Ireland. The caterpillar is variable in colour; in one form it is green with a yellowish stripe along the sides, and in another the colour is purplish brown. The form figured (Plate 20, Fig. 2) is pinkish brown with a black-edged whitish line along the back, and a pinkish freckled and brownish edged yellowish stripe along the sides; the raised dots are white as a rule, but sometimes in the darker forms they are blackish. In some examples of the green form the dots and lines are black. {53} In 1869 two specimens of the moth were reared from caterpillars imported with tomatoes from Spain; twenty-three years later Mr. Arkle referred to the arrival here of _H. armigera_ in the larval state with consignments of tomatoes, from Valencia, landed at Liverpool in the months of June and July. The late Mr. Tugwell reared larvae, from eggs deposited by a captured female moth, on scarlet geranium; and there is a record of the finding of caterpillars on such plants, in the autumn of 1876, in the Isle of Wight. Specimens of the moth found at large in Britain occur in the autumn. In the United States of America, where it is known as the "Cotton Boll worm," "Corn-ear worm," and "Tomato fruit worm," this caterpillar is chiefly destructive to corn crops, as of the five generations stated to occur during the year in the States three occur in cornfields. It also attacks beans, tobacco, pumpkins, melons, oranges, garden flowering-plants, and many kinds of wild plants. The British nurserymen and farmers are perhaps to be congratulated on the fact that this moth is only an accidental visitor and not a native. THE PALE SHOULDER (_Acontia_ (_Tarache_) _lucida_, var. _albicollis_). Only eight specimens of this species seem to have been noted in Britain, and all these are apparently referable to the summer form, var. _albicollis_, Fabricius. (Plate 19, Fig. 9.) Stephens, who figured it as _solaris_, Wien Verz. (Haustellata iii., Plate 29, Fig. 3), states that the specimen was in Marsham's collection, but that nothing farther was known about it. He, however, mentions two other specimens "taken within the Metropolitan area about ten years ago [that would be 1820] and four others near Dover above six years ago." Dale fixes the date of Dover captures as June, 1825. On August 25, 1859, a specimen was taken in a clover field at Brighton. {54} The species has an extensive range abroad, being found in Southern Europe and North-west Africa to Madeira and the Canaries; also in Central Europe, through Western and Central Asia to North India and East Siberia. THE FOUR-SPOTTED (_Acontia_ (_Tarache_) _luctuosa_). The fore wings of this species (Plate 19, Fig. 10) are sometimes finely powdered with white, but more often the outer marginal area is distinctly flecked with white. The conspicuous central spot is usually white, but occasionally it has a pinkish ochreous tinge; very rarely it is reduced to a narrow streak with a short spur from its outer edge. The white band on the hind wings is sometimes narrowed and contracted below the middle. The eggs are shown on Plate 23, Fig. 2. They were, when laid on June 17, whity brown marked with reddish brown. The caterpillar is ochreous greyish inclining to reddish or brownish; three dark-edged stripes along the back, a dark-brown line along the black spiracles, with two finer wavy lines above it; lower down there is a broad stripe of reddish brown; head marked with four lines of black dots. It feeds, at night, during June, July, and August (later in some seasons), on the small bindweed (_Convolvulus arvensis_), and although it will eat the leaves when nearly full grown it prefers the flowers and seeds in its infancy. The moth appears in May and June, and a second generation in August and September. In the sunshine it is active on the wing, but in dull weather it hides under herbage, in clover fields, chalky <DW72>s, and rough places where its food plant occurs. The female will often lay her eggs in a chip-box when she is thus secured after capture; the caterpillars are not difficult to rear if flower buds of the bindweed can be obtained to start them upon. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 20. 1. BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING: _caterpillars_. 2. SCARCE-BORDERED STRAW: _caterpillar_. 3. BORDERED STRAW: _caterpillar_. 4. BORDERED SALLOW: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 21. 1, 2. PURPLE MARBLED. 3. SMALL MARBLED. 4. SILVER-BARRED. 5. SILVER HOOK. 6. _THALPOCHARES PAULA_. 7. MARBLED WHITE-SPOT. 8. STRAW DOT. 9. ROSY MARBLED. 10, 11. SMALL PURPLE BARRED. 12. SPOTTED SULPHUR. {55} The species is especially common in the south-west of England, chiefly on the coast, but it seems to occur in most suitable localities in nearly all the southern counties, and its range extends to Gloucestershire on the west and to Norfolk on the east. About seventy-five years ago Stephens used to obtain specimens on a chalky ridge near Hertford, and recently the moth has been found at Hitchin in North Hertfordshire. THE PURPLE MARBLED (_Thalpochares ostrina_). Two Continental specimens of this little moth are shown on Plate 21, Figs. 1 typical, 2 ab. _carthami_. An example of this species was obtained in June, 1825, in a lane near Bideford, Devonshire, and Stephens refers to this as the only specimen of the species that up to that time (1830) had been noted in England. Nothing more was heard of _T. ostrina_ until 1858, when another Devonshire specimen was taken, this time near Torquay, on June 8, and during the month several others were captured on the coast; two were also secured in the Isle of Wight, and one in Ayrshire, Scotland. In 1865, a specimen was recorded as taken in July a few years previously at Pembrey, South Wales; 1880, one at Dover in September, and one near Swanage; Barrett mentions specimens taken on the Culver Cliffs, Isle of Wight, in 1859. It seems unquestionable that examples of this species captured in Britain, and also of the other two _Thalpochares_ to be presently referred to, are immigrants, and it is quite conceivable that besides the specimens captured here, others which have escaped detection may also have arrived with them. The distribution abroad is extensive, embracing South Europe, Turkey, Asia Minor, Egypt, North-west Africa, Madeira, and the Canary Isles. It has also been found in France and Germany, but its occurrence in the latter country has been even less frequent than in England. {56} THE SMALL MARBLED (_Thalpochares parva_). This species, of which a foreign example is represented on Plate 21, Fig. 3, has a similar distribution to that of _T. ostrina_, only it does not seem to occur in Madeira or the Canaries, and its eastward range extends to Central and Southern India. The fore wings are pale reddish ochreous; first line, oblique, dusky, slightly waved on lower half, bordered inwardly with brownish and outwardly with white; second line, dusky and irregular. The earliest specimen noted in Britain was captured at Teignmouth, South Devon, in July, 1844; another was said to have been captured at Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, but it has been suggested that this specimen might probably be referable to _T. ostrina._ Mr. E. Bankes has a specimen, taken by himself on a salt marsh in the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, June 8, 1892. This seems to be all that is definitely known of this species in Britain, but others have been noted from the Isle of Wight and the Isle of Man. _Thalpochares paula._ The fore wings are white, clouded with pale brownish grey beyond the almost straight and rather oblique first line, and also beyond the angulated second line. Of this species (Plate 21, Fig. 6) a specimen, now in the collection of Mr. E. R. Bankes, was taken at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, in June, 1872. Two other specimens, one of which seems to have been captured by a boy who was collecting on the south coast, were recorded in 1873; these insects were at that time in the collection of the Rev. H. Burney, and had been caught several years earlier. The range abroad extends through Europe and Asia to South Siberia. The specimen figured is from Dresden. {57} THE MARBLED WHITE SPOT (_Hapalotis_ (_Erastria_) _fasciana_). The ground colour of the fore wings of this species (Plate 21, Fig. 7) is brownish grey, more or less clouded and sometimes suffused with blackish; the white patch on the outer marginal area is, in some examples, much obscured by dark-grey markings, and in occasional specimens the only trace of white on this part of the wing is a thin edging to the second line (ab. _albilinea_, Haworth). The caterpillar is pale yellowish, with a greenish, sometimes red, tinged line along the middle of the back, and a brown one on each side; a reddish line under the black spiracles; head, brownish; the raised dots of the body are dusky edged with reddish. It feeds from July to September. A reddish form of this caterpillar has been noted. Buckler, from whose description the above has been condensed, states that the food-plant is blue moor-grass, or purple melic-grass (_Molinia caerulea_), and this is confirmed by Bignell, who remarks that in Devonshire he easily finds the caterpillars "feeding about half way up the blades" of this grass. The moth is out in June and July, or in forward seasons in late May. It is partial to pine and larch trunks as a resting place during the day, and is local and more or less frequent in most of the southern counties, from Kent to Cornwall, through Somerset and Gloucester (extending into Oxford), to Hereford and Worcester, on the west, and from Essex to Norfolk on the east. A specimen was taken at light in Chester in June, 1901. The range abroad extends to Japan. THE SILVER BARRED (_Bankia_ (_Erastria_) _argentula_). In its typical form this species (Plate 21, Fig. 4) has the colour of the fore wings olive brown, but occasionally it is {58} tinged with reddish in some English, and more generally in Irish, specimens. The silvery oblique lines, or bands, vary in width, and sometimes there is a distinct spur from the lower outer edge of the first band. The caterpillar is yellowish green, with a rather darker green line along the middle of the back, and a yellow one on each side of it. It feeds on grasses, such as _Poa aquatica_ and _P. Pratensis_, etc., in July and early August. The moth is out in June, and may be found during the day sitting about on the herbage in its marshy haunts, or flying over the vegetation towards the evening. The species is exceedingly local in Britain. In ancient times it occurred in Norfolk, but in the present day it seems to be confined to Cambridgeshire, in which county it was first noted rarely in Wicken fen about thirty years ago, but in 1882 it was found plentifully in Chippenham fen, and in that locality (which is a private one) the species still flourishes. In Ireland it is well distributed over co. Kerry, and is especially abundant on the bogs of Killarney. The range abroad extends to Amurland, where the brownish form var. _amurula_, Staud., is found. THE SILVER HOOK (_Hydrelia_ (_Erastria_) _uncula_). The usually olive brown central area of the fore wings is sometimes reddish tinged, and in fresh specimens the whitish front marginal streak is distinctly rosy; the reniform stigma, which appears to be a spur of the costal streak, is also white or rosy tinged, and sometimes encloses a greyish mark. This stigma is the so-called "hook" to which both the English name and the Latin specific name refer. (Plate 21, Fig. 5.) The caterpillar feeds in July and early August on sedges (_Carex_) and coarse grasses. It is green, with three lines along the back, the central one rather darker green, and the other two whitish; low down along the sides is a broader yellowish line; the head is green with a yellowish tinge. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 22. 1. THE HERALD. 2. THE DARK SPECTACLE. 3. THE SPECTACLE. 4. GOLDEN PLUSIA. 5, 6. BURNISHED BRASS. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 23. 1. CHAMOMILE SHARK: _caterpillar_. 2. THE FOUR-SPOTTED: _eggs_. 3. STRAW DOT: _caterpillar_. {59} The moth is out from late May to early July, sometimes later. This is also a marsh-loving species, and is generally plentiful in the fens of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire; in the Southern counties it is either very local or, owing to its small size, has escaped detection, but has been noted as occurring in Surrey (Wisley), Kent (Deal), Hants (New Forest), Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, and Somersetshire; also in Yorkshire (Askham bog), and in Cumberland. The Welsh counties in which it has been found are Pembroke, Glamorgan and Carnarvon (Abersoch). It is locally common in Clydesdale, and has also been reported from Kirkcudbrightshire, and Perthshire. In Ireland it abounds in the boggy parts of Kerry, and is more or less frequent in several other parts of Ireland. Near Castle Bellingham, co. Louth, where it is common, a second brood was observed on Aug. 1st, 1894. Its range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. THE ROSY MARBLED (_Erastria venustula_). Another local species, but a frequenter of drier localities than the last two. This delicate rosy-flushed whitish moth first became known as a native of Britain by the capture of a few specimens in Essex. Stephens, writing in 1830, remarks, "I have hitherto seen four examples only--a pair in my own cabinet; one of the latter taken, I believe, in Epping forest by the late Mr. Honey, the other by the late Mr. Bentley." No other British specimens seem to have been recorded until 1845, when the late Mr. H. Doubleday, in July, noted several of the moths disporting themselves over, or settling upon, bracken in Epping Forest. For many years Loughton and some other parts of the forest remained the only known English haunts of the species, but in 1874 it was found commonly in {60} St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; later still, it was discovered in the Brentwood district, Essex. It still occurs in all these localities, but appears to be now less frequently noticed in the original one than formerly (Plate 21, Fig. 9). The caterpillar feeds in July and August on the flowers of cinquefoil (_Potentilla_), and is said to eat bramble blossoms also. Hellins describes it as rich brown, with a row of eight dusky-red diamonds down the back, enclosing the dorsal line of brighter red. The moth is out from the end of May and in June; it may be put up from herbage during the day, but its proper time of flight is in the early evening, and then only when the weather is favourable. If cold or damp the insects will not get on the wing. (Plate 25, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) The range abroad extends to Amurland. THE STRAW DOT (_Rivula sericealis_). This pale ochreous species, an example of which is represented on Plate 21, Fig. 8, varies in the amount of darker shading or suffusion on the outer marginal area of the fore wing; sometimes this is grey-brown or pale reddish brown, but often there is no shading whatever, and in such specimens the ground colour is usually very pale. The dark brown reniform mark is always present, but the cross lines are more often absent than present. The caterpillar is green, with a darker green line along the middle of the back, and a white stripe on each side of it, the inner edge of each of the latter irregular; head, greenish grey, and the bristle-bearing raised dots are shining green with a dusky cap. It feeds on _Brachypodium sylvaticum_, but seems to accommodate itself to a diet of _Phalaris arundinacea_, and would perhaps eat other grasses: August to May. (Plate 23, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) The moth is out all through the summer months, and {61} frequents marshes, damp rides and borders of woods, heaths, and where there is plenty of tall grass. The species is widely distributed over England and Wales, although it appears to be rather scarce in the midlands and northwards. In Ireland it is generally abundant, but in Scotland it has only been noted from the south, and is there local and rare. The distribution abroad includes Amurland, Corea, and Japan. THE SMALL PURPLE BARRED (_Prothymnia viridaria_). The fore wings of this species (Plate 21, Figs. 10 [male], 11 [female]) range in colour from olive grey to olive brown, and are frequently adorned with two rosy-red (typical) or purplish bands (_aenea_, Haw.). In some specimens the bands are of a dusky hue and not very distinct, whilst in others the wings are of a uniform dingy brown tint (ab. _fusca_, Tutt). The caterpillar (Plate 25, Fig. 2) is velvety-green above and paler beneath, yellowish between the rings, with a dark green slender line bordered by paler lines along the back, and three pale lines along the sides; below the yellowish spiracles there is a broader pale line becoming whitish on rings 9-12; head, green mottled with brown (adapted from Hellins). It is to be found in August and September on the common milkwort (_Polygala vulgaris_). On May 31, 1906, I met with the moth in some numbers on a marshy bit of heath in Surrey, where there was a plentiful growth of lousewort (_Pedicularis_), but, so far as I know, no _Polygala_. All the moths were much below the average size, the bands were mainly purple, but in no case rosy. The moth flies in May and June, and specimens have been captured both earlier and later. Except that it does not appear to occur in the extreme north of Scotland, the species seems to be pretty generally distributed over the British Isles, and is often very common in many parts. The eastern distribution extends to E. Siberia. {62} THE SPOTTED SULPHUR (_Emmelia trabealis_). Although this pretty black and yellow moth (Plate 21, Fig. 12) was noted by Stephens (1830) as being occasionally captured in Battersea fields, and as occurring near Margate, and elsewhere in Kent, it was not until 1847 that the Breck-sand district of Norfolk, adjoining parts of Suffolk, and Cambridge, became known as being inhabited by The Spotted Sulphur. The vicinity of Brandon and Tuddenham is especially favoured by the species, but it occurs in several other parts of the area. Occasionally, specimens have been captured in various Kentish localities, and between thirty and forty years ago single examples were taken in Hackney Marshes, Lower Clapton (August 2), also in Wandsworth (at light, July 26). From these facts it would appear possible that the species occasionally strays from its haunts in the eastern counties and sometimes to a considerable distance. Once, indeed, a specimen was found on a gas lamp at Exeter. On the other hand, it is quite conceivable that such wanderers may have come from abroad. Some specimens are of a paler yellow than others, but there is rather more noticeable aberration in the number and intensity of the black markings. The caterpillar is reddish brown, with three darker lines along the back, the central one pale edged; a pale yellow stripe runs along the region of the spiracles, and has a fine brownish line running through it from end to end. Another form is green with white lines. It feeds on the bindweed (_Convolvulus arvensis_) in July, and has a second brood in September. The moth, which rests among herbage by day, and flies towards evening, is found in June, July, and August. The species is found throughout Central and Southern Europe, its range extending to Denmark and South Sweden; eastward it occurs in Asia Minor, Syria, and through Asia to Japan. {63} GONOPTERINAE. THE HERALD (_Scoliopteryx libatrix_). Haworth (1802) gave this attractive species the English name of "Furbelow Moth," but Harris (1782) had named it Herald Moth (Plate 22, Fig. 1). In the majority of specimens the purplish, or grey-brown fore wings, are more or less reddish tinged throughout, but occasionally the outer marginal area is free of this tint; the orange red marks on the central and basal areas are brighter in some specimens than in others. The caterpillar, which feeds on sallow, osier, willow, and probably poplar (a chrysalis having been found in a curled leaf of black poplar), is a long, rather thin, greenish creature without any distinct markings, except that when full grown the front rings have two black spots. It may be found reposing on the upper leaves of its foodplant, from June to August. (Plate 25, Fig. 1, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich.) The moth may be obtained at sugar, ivy-blossom, etc., from August to October, and it seems that the earliest to emerge are those that first take up hibernating quarters in barns, outhouses, roofs, belfries, and under arches. In the spring it reappears, and may be met with even in June. A specimen was taken at sugar on July 20, 1899, but whether this is to be regarded as a very late date or an unusually early one, I cannot say. Generally distributed throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but of the Scottish Isles only recorded from Shetland. Abroad it ranges through Europe to North-West Africa, and through Asia to Amurland and Japan; also in temperate North America. NOTE.--Stephens (1829) referred this species to the genus _Calyptra_, Ochs., but in 1831 he adopted _Scoliopteryx_, Germar (1811). _Gonoptera_, Latr., which has been frequently used, only dates from 1825. {64} QUADRIFINAE. THE GOLDEN PLUSIA (_Plusia moneta_). [Illustration: FIG. 2. GOLDEN PLUSIA AT REST. (Photo by H. Main.)] The British history of the grey tinged pale golden species, shown on Plate 22, Fig. 4, dates back only to 1890. In that year, on July 2, Mr. Christy, of Watergate, Emsworth, found a specimen in his illuminated moth trap; this was noted in the _Entomologist_ for August, 1890. From subsequent records it appears that a specimen had been taken on the same date at a gas lamp near Reading, by Mr. W. Holland; whilst one was captured, at a light, near Tunbridge Wells on July 1. The earliest British specimen, however, was one netted whilst hovering over flowers of _Delphinium_ at Dover, on June 25 of the same year, but this was not announced until October. Since its arrival here the species seems to have spread over England at a great rate, and it has recently been reported from Cheshire. In some southern gardens the caterpillars abound to such an extent that they are regarded as a plague. On the continent it is said to feed on sunflower, artichoke, burdock, and cucumber. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 24. 1. SCARCE BURNISHED BRASS. 2. GOLD SPANGLE. 3, 4. GOLD SPOT. 5, 6. BEAUTIFUL GOLDEN Y. 7, 8. PLAIN GOLDEN Y. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 25. 1. HERALD: _caterpillar_. 2. SMALL PURPLE-BARRED: _caterpillar_. 3. ROSY-MARBLED: _caterpillar_. {65} The caterpillar is green, dotted with white; a dark line along the back and a white one along the sides. In the early stage it is black or sooty brown, and hides itself among the spun together flower buds, or in a turned down tender leaf. It feeds in May and June, occasionally found in late April, after hibernation, and a second generation sometimes occurs in July and August. Monkshood (_Aconitum_) and larkspur (_Delphinium_) are the usual food plants, and it is curious to note that whilst some observers state that larkspur alone is eaten, others say that monkshood is the only food. The moth flies in June and July, and sometimes there is an emergence in August and September. It visits the blossoms of various garden plants, and is also attracted by light. The caterpillar, represented on Plate 27, Fig. 1, was found with others on larkspur in Mr. Herbert Smith's garden at Wallington, Surrey. The cocoon and chrysalis is from a photo by Mr. H. Main. Another photo by Mr. Main shows the young caterpillar constructing its retreat. According to Duponchel this species occurred in Normandy, Central and Northern Europe, as far back as 1829. A much paler form inclining to silvery, var. _esmeralda_, Oberthur, is found in Ussuri, North China, and other parts of East Asia. THE BURNISHED BRASS (_Plusia chrysitis_). Two forms of this metallic-looking species are represented (Plate 22); 5 is typical and 6 shows the ab. _juncta_, Tutt. Between these are various intermediate stages leading to the complete division of the central band. The broken central band is a character of var. _nadeja_, Oberthur, from Amurland and {66} Japan, but that form has also a more or less complete series of ochreous-brown dots on the outer area. The metallic colour is sometimes greenish in all forms. The caterpillar is pale green, with a darker green line along the middle of the back, bordered on each side by an irregular white line; an oblique white streak on the sides of each ring from 4-11; a stripe low down along the sides is white; head, yellowish tinged. It feeds on stinging nettle, probably on other plants, and after hibernation attains full growth about May. In favourable seasons caterpillars also occur in July and August. The moth is out in June, July, and August, less frequently in September, and may be found flying along the sides of hedges and ditches, especially where flowering weeds are plentiful, throughout the British Isles; so far, however, it has not been recorded from the Hebrides, Orkneys, or Shetlands. THE SCARCE BURNISHED BRASS (_Plusia chryson_). The more or less square golden (sometimes green-tinged) patch on the velvety purplish brown fore wings, distinguish this species (Plate 24, Fig. 1) from any other British _Plusia_. The caterpillar is green, with a darker line along the middle of the back, and a fine white line on each side of it; there is a dark green stripe low down along the sides, edged below with white, and oblique white lines run from it to the central line on rings 3-11. It feeds on hemp-agrimony (_Eupatorium cannabinum_), hibernates when small, and completes its growth in May or early June. The moth is out in July and August, and is said to be occasionally seen, on sunny days, flying about, or resting on, the flowers of the hemp-agrimony and other plants. Night, however, is its more usual time of activity, and it may also be found at the blossoms of the larval food plant, and at those of honeysuckle, etc. {67} The species has been found, chiefly in the past in most of the southern counties of England from Kent (Deal district) to Cornwall, also in Gloucestershire, and in South Wales. Chippenham fen in Cambridgeshire is the most noted locality for it in the present day, and it has been found in Norfolk and Suffolk. There is even a record of a specimen having been beaten out of honeysuckle near Preston, Lancs., but this happened nearly forty years ago. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. THE GOLD SPANGLE (_Plusia bractea_). The purplish brown fore wings of this moth have a bright solid-looking golden mark on the upper edge of a velvety, deep brown patch. This metallic "spangle" varies a little in size and in shape, but not to any noteworthy extent (Plate 24, Fig. 2). The caterpillar is bright green, dotted with white, above, and dull darker green below; there is a fine dark green line along the middle of the back, some indistinct and irregular white lines followed by a whitish stripe lower down, along the sides. It seems to feed upon a variety of low-growing plants, among which are groundsel, dandelion, white dead-nettle (_Lamium album_), and stinging nettle, also on honeysuckle, from August to May. In a state of nature, it hibernates when small, and becomes full grown in May or early June, but when reared from the egg it can be induced, by keeping it in a warm place, to continue feeding, grow up quickly, pupate, and assume the winged state in the late autumn. Under such artificial conditions it is said to eat lettuce and plantain. Normally, the moth is out in June and July, and has been met with in August. Like all members of this group it is partial to flowers, and has been frequently taken at those of the honeysuckle, although all sorts of blossoms, down to the lowly _Viola cornuta_, have attraction for it. {68} The species is more especially a denizen of Ireland and Scotland, but it occurs in most of the northern counties of England, and has been recorded from Worcestershire and Herefordshire; also from Carmarthenshire in South Wales. Abroad, its range extends to Central Asia; and in Amurland and Japan it is represented by P. excelsa, Kretschmar. THE GOLD SPOT (_Plusia festucae_). In this species (Plate 24, Figs. 3 and 4) the fore wings are golden brown, clouded with purplish brown; sometimes the purplish brown is confined almost entirely to the broad area. Besides the large central metallic marks, there are more or less conspicuous patches of metallic colour at the base of the costa, on the middle of the inner margin, and towards the tips of the wings. Usually the central spots are clearly apart, but I have one example from Bishop Auckland, Durham, in which they are only separated one from the other by a slender brown line. The caterpillar is green, with a white-edged dark-green line along the middle of the back, and some slender yellowish lines on each side of it; a whitish or yellow tinged stripe low down along the sides; head, tinged with brown. It feeds on sedge, coarse grasses, bur-reed (_Sparganium ramosum_), and yellow-flag (_Iris pseudacorus_); also said by Collins to eat water plantain (_Alisma plantago_): April to June, and in some localities and seasons, again in July and August. The black chrysalis is enclosed in a rather long greyish cocoon, spun up on the undersides of the leaves of sedge or reed; usually placed towards the tip of the leaf, which droops over and so hides it. The moth is out in June and July, and in some years there seems to be an emergence in August and September; this has been more particularly noted in Cheshire, where Arkle has had moths emerge in June, July, August, and September. A second flight has been noted in Ireland by Kane and others; and late examples have also been recorded from Scotland. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 26. 1, 2. SILVER Y. 3. NI MOTH. 4, 5. SCARCE SILVER Y. 6, 7. MOTHER SHIPTON. 8, 9. BURNET COMPANION. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 27. 1, 1a, 1b. GOLDEN PLUSIA: _caterpillars and chrysalis_. 2. DARK SPECTACLE: _caterpillar_. {69} Although it has been recorded from some of the southern counties, it is most frequent in the eastern and northern parts of England, and in South Wales. Occurs throughout Scotland up to Moray; and in Ireland it is found in most localities, though not often common, except by the sea in Co. Kerry, and in Connamara, Co. Galway. Abroad, it extends to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan. THE PLAIN GOLDEN Y (_Plusia iota_). In typical specimens the metallic mark is V-shaped, with a dot below and a little to one side (Plate 24, Fig. 8). In ab. _percontationis_, Treit. (Fig. 7), these spots are united and form a Y-like mark. Sometimes the spot is absent and the V-mark much reduced, and more rarely the V also disappears (ab. _inscripta_, Esp.). The larva is yellowish green, white dotted, with a white-edged darker line along the middle of the back; a band composed of whitish irregular lines runs along the sides, and a thin yellow line along the area of the spiracles. It hatches from the egg in the late summer, hibernates when quite small, and feeds up in the spring. The food plants comprise the dead nettles (_Lamium_), woundwort (_Stachys_), mint, stinging nettle, honeysuckle, hawthorn, etc. There is a record of sixteen larvae which hibernated among dead leaves of _Lamium album_, resumed feeding on February 18, spun up April 23-25, and produced moths May 27-June 4. Usually the moth is on the wing in June and July. The species seems to be pretty widely distributed throughout the British Isles to the Orkneys; it was not known to occur in the Hebrides until 1901, when McArthur obtained it in the Isle of Lewis. {70} THE BEAUTIFUL GOLDEN Y (_Plusia pulchrina_). This species (Plate 24, Figs. 5 and 6) so closely resembles the last that it has been considered a variety thereof; there is no question, however, that it is quite distinct. The fore wings in both species are somewhat similar in general tints, but the following points of difference distinguish _pulchrina_--the darker colour is less evenly displayed, and gives the wings a more mottled or marbled appearance; the cross lines, especially those on the basal area, are almost invariably golden edged; the second cross line is more acutely bent inwards above the inner margin, the reniform has a more or less complete golden outline, and it is placed in a dark cloud; the golden V-mark and dot below are generally thicker. As a rule, the fringes of all the wings are more distinctly chequered, but this feature cannot be relied on alone in separating one species from the other. In ab. _percontatrix_, Aurivillius (= _juncta_, Tutt), the golden V and dot are united and so form a Y-mark (Fig. 5). The caterpillar is green with a broad central white stripe and several finer white lines along the back; a yellowish-tinted white stripe low down along the sides; head shining, marked with black on each side of the mouth. This caterpillar has the bristles rather more in evidence than they are in the larva of _P. iota_. It feeds on various low-growing plants, such as the dead nettles, groundsel, etc., also on honeysuckle and bilberry. The moth occurs in June and July, and is found more or less frequently all over the British Isles to Orkney, but in England is more plentiful from the Midlands northwards than in the southern counties. The range abroad extends to Amurland. THE NI MOTH (_Plusia ni_). The present species (Plate 26, Fig. 3) bears a strong resemblance to a small pale specimen of _P. gamma_; but, as {71} will be noted, the silvery central Y-mark is differently formed. Here it is made up of a curve somewhat like the letter U, and an oval or round spot, the latter very close to and sometimes, as in the example figured, united with the former. The caterpillar, which feeds on cabbage and other Cruciferae, also on lettuce, tomato, etc., is green, inclining to yellowish green and dotted with white; three white lines along the back, and a white stripe along the sides. It is said to be more slender in form than the caterpillar of _P. gamma_. (Plate 28, Fig. 1.) The earliest British specimen was taken at flowers of red valerian in a garden at Exeter, August, 1868. The next year a specimen occurred, also in a garden, at Penzance. Then followed captures in Dorset, one 1885, and one (Isle of Portland) 1888. Two caterpillars were found in the Isle of Portland in 1894, and these produced moths in September of that year. At least eight moths were secured at Penzance in 1894, and specimens were subsequently reared from caterpillars found on cabbages in the gardens around Lynwood. In May, 1896, one example of the moth was taken by Mr. Percy Richards at Norbiton, Surrey. The last recorded capture appears to be that by Mr. Finzi of a female specimen at Tenby, South Wales, on June 9, 1906. She deposited a few eggs in the collecting-box, and the caterpillars that hatched from them were reared on broccoli and lettuce, and produced moths, July 24-30. _Plusia ni_ ranges through south-east and southern Europe, to Asia Minor, North Africa, and the Canaries. In the Isle of Capri it is said to be almost as common as _P. gamma_. _Brassicae_, Riley (1870), is a well-known _Plusia_ in America, where it is classed among noxious insects. It is somewhat larger and browner in colour than European _ni_, but in every other respect it seems to agree so exactly that it can hardly be considered specifically distinct. {72} THE SILVER Y (_Plusia gamma_). This species, represented by portraits of two specimens on Plate 26, Figs. 1 and 2, varies somewhat in the ground colour of the fore wings, which ranges from a whitish grey through various tints of grey and brown to velvety black. The melanic form last referred to is very rare, but I caught one example of it at Eastbourne in the late summer of 1888, and I saw, but did not secure, another near Esher in the autumn of 1906; one taken at Dartmoor in September, 1894, is in Mr. F. J. Hanbury's collection. Occasionally a purplish red tinge, often present below the silvery Y, spreads over a larger area of the fore wings. The Y-mark is well defined as a rule, but now and then specimens are found in which only the tail of the Y is distinct. The caterpillar varies in general colour from pale green to a dark olive green approaching black. In the white dotted paler green forms there are several transverse whitish lines, some of them wavy, between the yellowish spiracular line and the dark green line along the middle of the back; head, marked with black on each cheek. It will eat almost every kind of low-growing vegetation, either wild or cultivated, and in some years may be found throughout the summer. Small larvae were recorded as seen at the end of October, 1901. The blackish chrysalis is enclosed in a whitish cocoon, often placed under leaves of thistle, burdock, etc. The moth is seen in the spring and early summer (most probably immigrants), and again in the autumn, when it is generally more abundant. This well-known migrating species has been observed in greater or lesser numbers over the whole of the British Isles. Its distribution abroad embraces the Palaearctic Region, North Africa, and North America. {73} THE SCARCE SILVER Y (_Plusia interrogationis_). Portraits of two examples of this species will be found on Plate 26, Figs. 4 and 5. The metallic central marks on the fore wings vary a good deal in size and in form, and are sometimes almost absent; these wings have the general greyish colour more clouded or suffused with blackish in some specimens than in others. Kane states that Irish specimens, when freshly emerged, have a tinge of violet purple, and Tutt notes some British specimens as beautifully tinted with rose colour (ab. _rosea_). The caterpillar, which feeds on heather (_Calluna_) and bilberry (_Vaccinium_), is green inclining to blackish on the sides and underparts, with six white lines along the back; two of which are irregular; the raised dots are white and the bristles therefrom dark; head, green dashed with purple, shining. (Fenn.) After hibernation it may be found without much difficulty in May and June on its food plants, either in the daytime, or by the aid of a lamp at night. Large numbers fall victims to parasitical flies. (Plate 28, Fig. 2.) The white cocoons enclosing the black chrysalids are spun up on or under the twigs of bilberry and heather. The moth is out in July and August, and may be found on moorlands, in the north of England from Shropshire (with Radnor) and Staffordshire on the west, and Lincolnshire on the east, through Scotland to Sutherland, and in all suitable localities in Ireland. THE DARK SPECTACLE (_Abrostola triplasia_). The fore wings of this moth are blackish grey inclining to purplish and rather shining; the basal area is pale reddish brown, edged by a curved dark chocolate brown cross line; a reddish grey band on the outer area clouded with ground colour {74} and edged above the inner margin by a dark chocolate brown curved line; raised scales on the central area and on the cross lines. Two oval reddish brown marks on the front of the collar have some resemblance to a pair of spectacles, hence the English name. (Plate 22, Fig. 2.) The caterpillar is green, sprinkled with white dots; on rings 4, 5, and 11 are whitish-edged darker marks, and there is a dark line, also whitish-edged, along the middle of the back between rings 5 and 11; a white line on the back from ring 4 to the brownish head, and white-edged dark oblique lines on the sides of rings 6 to 11; the line low down along the sides is whitish with an ochreous tinge. A purplish brown form also occurs (Plate 27, Fig. 2), in which the pale markings are ochreous tinged. It is found from July to September on nettle and hops, the latter more especially. The earlier caterpillars, in some years, attain the moth state in August or early September, but the bulk of them remain in the chrysalis state during the winter, the moth emerging in June or July of the following year. The species is not uncommon in most southern English counties, but becomes less frequent or more local northwards from the Midlands to Cumberland, Northumberland, and South Scotland. It occurs in Wales, and is widely spread in Ireland. The range abroad extends to Amurland. THE SPECTACLE (_Abrostola tripartita_). This species, known also as _urticae_, Hubner, has the basal and outer marginal areas of the fore wings whitish grey, finely mottled with darker grey; the central area is greyish brown, mottled with darker brown. The spectacle mark in front of the thorax is whitish grey, ringed with black, and the raised scales on the cross lines and central area of the fore wings are more distinct in this species (Plate 22, Fig. 3). The {75} caterpillar is pale green, with white-edged dark-green V-shaped marks along the back, most in evidence on rings 4-11; two slender whitish lines on each side, only distinct on rings 1-4; a white stripe low down along the sides, edged above with dark green and with whitish streaks from it to the white edging of the marks on the back. Head, green, rather shining, with dusky marks on each cheek (adapted from Fenn). It feeds in July, at night, on the common stinging nettle, from the foliage of which it may be beaten out, or, by searching, found on the undersides of the leaves. In some years there is a second brood in September. The moth is out in June, sometimes late May, and, when there is a second emergence, in August. Occasionally it is seen on fences, etc., but at night it visits the blossoms of various plants, both wild and cultivated; the flowers of spur-valerian (_Centranthus ruber_), honeysuckle, and woundwort (_Stachys_) being especially attractive, as also they are to the Dark Spectacle, and most of the species of _Plusia_. Although apparently commoner in some counties than in others, this species ranges over the British Isles to the Orkneys. The distribution abroad extends to Amurland. THE MOTHER SHIPTON (_Euclidia mi_). The ancient fathers of British Entomology were sometimes happy in their selection of names in the vernacular for those of our moths that were known to them at the time, and the present species is a fair example of this. Moses Harris first dubbed it the Shipton Moth, but afterwards changed the name to the "Mask Moth." Both names refer to the peculiar shape of the markings which adorn the fore wings and bear a more or less fanciful resemblance to a grotesque mask, and even more closely to the profile of an historical dame yclept {76} Shipton. This character, also supposed to be like the letter M, hence the specific name _mi_, stands out very distinctly in the paler specimens, but in some of the darker individuals it is somewhat obscured. On the hind wings the spots are whitish or yellowish, and those composing the central series are sometimes united, and form a band. (Plate 26, Figs. 6 [male], 7 [female].) The egg is greenish, and the caterpillar is pale ochreous-brown, with darker brown lines along the back and sides: head, ochreous, with brown lines. It feeds on clover and grasses, in July, August, and September, and the chrysalis, which is covered with a whitish powder, is enclosed in a brownish cocoon spun up in a blade of grass. All the early stages are figured on Plate 30. The enlarged chrysalis, Fig. 1, is from a photo by Mr. H. Main. The moth flies in May and June, and is often common in meadows, on railway banks, and other sloping banks and such-like places where wild flowers abound. The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, and South Scotland; also Ireland. The range abroad extends to Amurland. THE BURNET COMPANION (_Euclidia glyphica_). The ground colour of the fore wings is purplish brown, sometimes becoming greyish on the outer area; the space between the dark brown or blackish cross bands is sometimes filled up with the darker colour. Some specimens are much greyer than others, and all the examples in a series from the Lake district that I have seen were distinctly grey, with very dark bands. The yellow on the hind wings sometimes inclines to orange, and sometimes it is so pale as to be almost whitish; there is also variation in the amount of black marking and shading on these wings. (Plate 26, Figs. 8 [male], 9 [female].) The caterpillar is somewhat similar to that of the last species; it feeds on clovers and trefoils in July and August, but so far does not seem to have been noted to eat grasses. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 28. 1. THE NI MOTH: _caterpillar_. 2. SCARCE SILVER Y: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 29. 1. LUNAR DOUBLE STRIPE. 2. THE ALCHYMIST. 3. CLIFDEN NONPAREIL. {77} The moth is on the wing at the end of May and in June, and inhabits similar kinds of places to those mentioned for the last species, often in company with it, and also with the Burnet moths. Widely distributed over the greater part of the British Isles; common in some southern localities. Its distribution abroad extends to Amurland, and in Japan it is represented by the larger and paler form _consors_, Butler. _Leucanitis_ (_Ophiusa_) _stolida_, Fab.--An example of this species, which is a native of Africa and South Europe, was captured by Mr. J. Jager in the neighbourhood of Dartmouth, S. Devon. It was in fine condition, and came to sugar on September 23, 1903. THE LUNAR DOUBLE STRIPE (_Pseudophia lunaris_). The portrait of this species on Plate 29, Fig. 1, is taken from a Spanish example. Exceedingly few British specimens have been recorded. The earliest seems to be the following: "Among my cabinet specimens there is one example of _Ophiodes lunaris_, captured at the Lowestoft Light in 1832. I conclude this is a great rarity, having seen many cabinets without it.--E. Chawner." _Entom._ vi. p. 147 (1872-73). Presumably this is the same specimen as that mentioned by Stainton (1857), Newman (1869), and later authors, as taken in Hants by Captain Chawner. In 1860 one example was obtained at sugar at West Wickham; and in 1864 Bouchard caught two specimens at Killarney. On June 17, 1873, one came to sugar in Abbots Wood, Sussex; one at Brighton in June, 1874, and another in Sussex, May, 1875. One specimen came to light in Norfolk, May, 1878; and one to sugar at Folkestone, May, 1892. In June, 1901, a specimen was secured in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, also at sugar. Dr. B. White's record of a capture at Perth makes a total of eleven specimens. {78} The caterpillar is ochreous brown, sprinkled and lined with reddish brown; a stripe low down along the sides is reddish orange. It feeds, in July and August, on the leaves of oak and poplar, but it has not been found in our Isles. THE ALCHYMIST (_Catephia alchymista_). This moth seems to have been known as a British species to Haworth, but he, and subsequently Stephens (1830), referred it to _Noctua leucomelas_, Linn. At all events, Stephen's description of the specimen in Haworth's cabinet bearing this name applies exactly to _C. alchymista_. In the _Ent. Ann._ for 1860 there is a figure of a specimen that was taken at sugar in the Isle of Wight, September, 1868. Seven years later, one was captured in an oak wood near Horsham, Sussex (June 4), and another found on the trunk of an oak tree near Colchester (June 9). In 1882, a specimen was taken at sugar in a wood near Dover (June), and on June 24, 1888, one came to sugar at St. Leonards, Sussex. In the last-named year, two other specimens, said to have been taken in the Isle of Wight, July, 1867, were recorded. Fig. 2, Plate 29, represents a specimen from Dalmatia. THE CLIFDEN NONPAREIL (_Catocala fraxini_). This handsome species (Plate 29, Fig. 3) seems to have been known to quite the earliest writers on, and delineators of, British moths, and a specimen in the Dale collection, now in the Hope Museum, Oxford, was obtained in Dorset in 1740. Stephens (1830) mentions captures in the years 1821, 1827, and 1828. Since that time the occurrence of the species in the British Isles, chiefly in single specimens, may be tabulated as follows: England--London, 1842, 1870, 1872. Kent, 1889, {79} 1893, 1895, 1900. Sussex, 1838, 1869, 1889, 1895. Isle of Wight, 1866, 1900. North Devon, 1895. Somerset, 1850. Shropshire, 1872. Suffolk, 1868, 1872, 1901, 1905. Norfolk, 1846, 1872, 1894, 1900. Lincoln, 1872. Yorkshire, five specimens in all, the most recent in 1896. Lancashire, six specimens, latest 1868. Cheshire, four specimens, latest 1868. Scotland--1876 (Berwick); 1896 (Aberdeen and Orkney); 1898 (Roxburghshire). Ireland--1845, 1896. It may be noted that during a period of seven years--1866 to 1872 inclusive--1867 and 1871 were the only years in which a specimen was not recorded from some part of England. The caterpillar is pale ochreous, tinged with greenish and freckled with brown; head, pinkish, inclining to purplish above. It feeds on poplar in May, June, and July. From eggs (obtained from abroad) the caterpillars hatched April 27 till May 9, pupated between June 17 and 27, and the moths emerged July 20 to August 4. The range abroad extends through Central Europe to Scandinavia, and eastward to Amurland. _Catocala electa._ Only two specimens of this moth are known to have occurred in Britain. One of these was taken at Shoreham, near Brighton, Sussex, September 24, 1875, and the other at Corfe Castle, Dorsetshire, September 12, 1892. The specimen shown on Plate 31, Fig. 1, is from Saxony. In a general way this species is not unlike (_C. nupta_), but the fore wings are smoother looking, of a softer grey coloration, and the black cross lines are more irregular; the black markings on the crimson hind wings are similar, but the inner edge of the marginal border is more even. This Central European species ranges to Amurland and Corea, and is represented in Japan by a larger form, _zalmunna_, Butler. {80} THE RED UNDERWING (_Catocala nupta_). [Illustration: FIG. 3. RED UNDERWING AT REST. Photo by H. Main.] Both sexes of this species are shown on Plate 31, Figs. 2 and 3. The fore wings are darker in some specimens than in others, and very rarely, in connection with a change in the hind wings from red to brownish, there has been a purplish tinge over all the wings. Specimens with the hind wings of a brown tint have only so far been noted in the environs of London. In 1892 one was taken at Mitcham (warm brown), another at Wandsworth, 1895, a third at Chingford, 1896 (dusky black-brown), and a fourth at Brondesbury in 1897. At a meeting of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, held on January 10, 1889, a sketch of a specimen with blue hind wings, taken at Colchester, was exhibited (ab. _caerulescens_, Cockerell). Sometimes the hind wings are a dingy red, or they may incline to an orange tint; the central black band usually terminates just beyond the middle, but there is often a detached blackish cloud on the inner margin; and I have two specimens in which the band unites with this cloud. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 30. MOTHER SHIPTON: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, caterpillar, and chrysalis, natural size and enlarged_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 31. 1. _CATOCALA ELECTA_. 2, 3. RED UNDERWING. {81} The eggs which are deposited on bark of poplar trees, as Fig. 2a on Plate 33, are deep purplish with a whitish bloom, and inclining to yellowish on the top. The caterpillar (Plate 33, Fig. 2) is whitish-grey clouded and mottled with darker brown; the head is rather paler grey, marked with black. It feeds at night on willow and poplar, and, although rather difficult to detect, may be found in the chinks of the bark from April to July. The pupa is brownish, thickly powdered with bluish-white, and is enclosed in a strong, coarse, cocoon, spun up between leaves. The moth is out in August and September, sometimes later, and in confinement has emerged in July. It is more abundant in some years than in others, and is fond of sitting on walls, pales, etc.; occasionally quite large numbers have been observed at rest on telegraph poles by the roadside, only one on a pole, as a rule, but sometimes in twos and threes. Mr. W. J. Lucas, when at Oxford in August, 1900, counted six on one post, and five on each of two other posts. The species is found in suitable localities, that is, where poplars and willows grow, throughout the south and east of England. The only clear record from Ireland is that of a worn specimen at sugar, September 16, 1906, at Passage West, co. Cork; but Kane mentions two others. Represented in North India by var. _unicuba_, Walker, and in Amurland by var. _obscurata_, Oberthur. {82} THE DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING (_Catocala sponsa_). The fore wings of this species vary in general colour from ashy grey to an almost olive brown; the dark clouding is much in evidence in some specimens, but absent in others; the white or yellow marks in the vicinity of the white outlined reniform are noticeable features. Hind wings, crimson, more or less tinged with purple; the upper half of the central black band is acutely angled on its outer edge, and bluntly so on its inner edge, thence curved to the inner margin. (Plate 32, Fig. 1.) The caterpillar is greyish-brown with a greenish tinge, and dusted with black; paler on the fourth ring and between rings 7 and 8, and 10 and 11; the hump on ring 8 has an ochreous tip; raised spots, red, bearing black bristles; head, pale brown, (Fenn.) It feeds on oak in May and June. The chrysalis is reddish, dusted with purplish grey, enclosed in a rather open silken cocoon between leaves. (Plate 33, Fig. 1 larva, 1a pupa.) The moth is out in July and August. Its chief home is the New Forest, Hants, where it abounds, in some years, and in others is so scarce that few specimens can be found. It has been taken occasionally in one or other of the southern English counties adjoining Hants, and has been noted in Oxfordshire and Suffolk; but such occurrences seem to be exceptional. THE LIGHT CRIMSON UNDERWING (_Catocala promissa_). Generally smaller, and the fore wings are usually greyer, than the last species; the first black cross line is inwardly shaded with blackish; on the hind wings the central black band is straighter, and the upper half, although sometimes slightly expanded, is not angled; in some examples the band does not quite reach the inner margin, and such specimens have been referred to ab. _mneste_, Hubner. (Plate 32, Fig. 2.) {83} The caterpillar is of a greenish-tinged greyish coloration, freckled with darker grey, and with yellowish brown patches on rings 4, 8, and 9. It feeds, at night, on oak, boring into the buds at first, but afterwards attacking the foliage: May and June. The moth occurs in oak woods in July and August, but it does not seem to be met with anywhere in England so frequently as in the New Forest, Hampshire. Even in that favourite locality it is seen but rarely in some seasons. It is, or has been, found in several other southern and eastern counties, but, as a rule, only in a casual way. THE BLACKNECK (_Toxocampa pastinum_). In some examples of this species (Plate 32, Fig. 3) the ground colour of the fore wings, usually pale grey sprinkled with brown, is inclined to whitish, and but little powdered with brown, except the outer fourth, upon which there is generally some brown shading. The reniform stigma varies in shape; in some specimens it is lunular, and in others triangular, with the apex directed inwards; the orbicular, represented by a black dot, is occasionally absent; the cross lines are usually traceable, but the central shade is not often distinct. The caterpillar is rather long, and tapers slightly from the middle towards each end. In colour it is greyish, inclining to ochreous on the back, and dusted with black; there are three reddish lines along the back, the outer ones edged below with white; the spiracles are black, and the line along their area is white. It feeds at night on the tufted vetch (_Vicia cracca_), and after hibernation attains full growth about May, when it pupates in a cocoon among leaves on the plant, or on the ground. The moth comes out in June and July, and in its haunts, which are the borders of woods or the clearings therein, it flutters about at early dusk, when it can be easily netted. Unlike the species next referred to, it does not seem to have any great partiality {84} for flowers, but it has been taken at sugar, and the females are found at night upon the food plant. It is known to occur in Berkshire and most of the southern counties from Kent to Devon, and eastward from Essex to Norfolk, Cambs., and Hunts.; has also been recorded from Yorks., Hereford, and South Wales. The range abroad extends to Amurland. THE SCARCE BLACKNECK (_Toxocampa craccae_). This species (Plate 32, Fig. 4) is similar to the last, but the wings are rather less ample, the tint is slightly more brownish, and the veins are paler, especially on the outer area. Distinguishing features are the heavier and deeper black collar, and four blackish dots on the front edge of the fore wings. Var. _plumbea_, Bankes, the usual form in Cornwall, is darker than the type, having the fore wings bluish-grey mixed with chocolate, instead of pale ash-grey mixed with light walnut brown; hind wings brownish grey, instead of pale greyish brown. The caterpillar, which in shape is similar to that of the last species, is ochreous brown, with darker brown lines along the back and sides. It feeds at night on the wood vetch (_Vicia sylvatica_), but is said to eat other kinds of vetch in confinement. It may be found resting on stems of the food plant by day, or, when feeding at night, by the aid of a lantern, but it quickly falls off when disturbed. The moth flies at dusk in July and August, and has a strong liking for the flowers of the wood-sage, but visits golden-red and other flowers also, and will sometimes turn up at the sugar patch. It is not uncommon in some parts of the rocky coast of North Devon, as near Lynmouth, where it was first met with by the late Rev. E. Horton in 1861. It has since been found commonly on the Cornish coast. From what I know of its habits, I should say that the species would be found all along the North Devon and Cornish coasts, wherever the food plant occurs; but it does not seem to inhabit in any other part of Britain. Abroad, its range extends to East Siberia and Amurland. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 32. 1. DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING. 2. LIGHT CRIMSON UNDERWING. 3. THE BLACK NECK. 4. SCARCE BLACK NECK. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 33. 1, 1a. DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. 2, 2a. RED UNDERWING: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. {85} HYPENINAE. THE BEAUTIFUL HOOK-TIP (_Laspeyria flexula_). Some specimens are browner and others greyer than that shown on Plate 36, Fig. 1; the pale even lines are generally edged with reddish brown, and the notch under the tip of the wing is margined with the same colour. The caterpillar has the first and second pairs of prolegs very short, and below the brown-ringed spiracles there is a projecting ridge, fringed with a row of fleshy greenish-white filaments, some of which are forked. Bluish-green, sometimes tinged with ochreous; raised dots, black at the tips, on a base of whitish green; along the middle of the back is a series of darker green spear-points, and beyond this on each side a pale line, edged above by a fine wavy black line, and below by a darker green line; the eighth and eleventh rings of the body darker than the others. (Abridged from description by Buckler.) It feeds on lichens growing upon larch, spruce, hawthorn, sloe, fruit trees, etc., from September to May. The moth is out in June, July, and August, and may be beaten from the branches of trees, and from hedges, but the flushing of a specimen in this way is always a more or less casual event. It has been taken on several occasions at street lamps, and also in illuminated moth traps. In England the species seems to be widely distributed over the southern counties to Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire; and in the east to Norfolk. It has also been recorded from Derbyshire (one), and Yorkshire (two). The range abroad extends to Amurland. {86} THE WAVED BLACK (_Parascotia fuliginaria_). In the shape of its wings and general appearance the dingy insect represented on Plate 36, Fig. 2, would seem to belong to the Geometridae rather than to the present group, and, indeed, has been mistaken for a dark form of _Ematurga atomaria_. However, the long, projecting palpi are evidence of its being a member of this sub-family. The caterpillar, which is moderately stout, and tapers slightly towards each end, has only twelve feet. Ground colour, sooty black, with orange- raised dots, from which arise long recurved hairs. The late Mr. W. H. Tugwell (from whose description of the larva that given above has been adapted), in 1884, was shown caterpillars upon a black sooty-looking fungus (determined by Dr. M. C. Cooke as an effused _Muscedine_), growing in masses on rotten wood in an old wooden building in Bermondsey, near the river. He afterwards reared the moths. The caterpillar hatches from the egg in August, but it is not full grown until May or June, when it spins a fairly compact cocoon of greyish silk, which is coated with particles of decayed wood and dried fungus. The moth is out in June and July, and most of the known British specimens have been captured in London, or reared from caterpillars found therein. Stephens (1831) mentions three or four examples taken during the previous thirty years, and gives as localities--Blackfriars bridge, and Little Chelsea; Stainton (1859) adds, Fleet Street. Other specimens have been taken in the City in 1855, 1859, 1862, 1870, 1879, and 1881. One occurred at Clapham in 1864, and one has been reported from Crome in Worcestershire. More recent records are--one specimen flying around a sugared post at Walthamstow, July 29, 1901; eight, chiefly at light, at Camberley, 1904-5; and lastly, a specimen at St. Katharine's Docks, July, 1906. {87} THE FAN-FOOT (_Zanclognatha tarsipennalis_). This species is shown in both sexes on Plate 35, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]; it is the _Pyralis tentaculalis_ of Haworth, and also that author's _tarsicrinatus_, and the _tarsicrinalis_ of Stephens. The general colour is brownish, sometimes inclining to ochreous, and occasionally with a greyish cast. The submarginal line starts from the front edge, before the tip, of the fore wing. The caterpillar is greyish brown, darker freckled, and dotted with black, downy; three broken darker lines along the back, the central one broad and inclining to black, and lower down along the sides is a series of blackish streaks; head, darker. It feeds in July and August, and hibernates when nearly or quite full grown. Among various foods that have been mentioned for it are raspberry, ivy, and knotgrass. Some years ago I had some moths emerge in the autumn; these resulted from caterpillars that I had reared from the egg on blackberry, and I remember that they showed a decided preference for the withered leaves left in the cage for them to pupate among. (Plate 34, Fig. 2.) The moth is out in June and July, but individuals of a second generation seldom occur in the open. Although it occurs in woods, it is far more frequent in lanes and hedgerows. Common and generally distributed, from Worcester southwards, and to the east and west; northwards its range extends to Yorkshire, but it is local and uncommon. In Scotland it is not scarce in some parts of Ayrshire, and has been recorded from Kircudbrightshire. Kane mentions it as fairly common in Ireland. The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. {88} THE SMALL FAN-FOOT (_Zanclognatha grisealis_). This species (Plate 35, Fig. 3) is somewhat similar to the last in colour, but it is smaller, and the submarginal line is rather curved, and runs to the tip of the fore wing. The caterpillar is obscurely greyish, with a pinkish tinge; three darker lines along the back, the central one broadest, but not distinct on the first three rings; head, brown, freckled with darker brown, plate of first ring of the body, blackish brown. It feeds on oak, and may be beaten from the foliage in August and September. Buckler states that this species passes the winter in the chrysalis state, and this has been confirmed by Plum. (Plate 34, Fig. 1; after Hofmann.) The moths emerge in June and July, and may frequently be dislodged from trees, hedges, and undergrowth in the daytime. Pretty generally distributed over the southern half of England, plentiful in many parts, and widely spread over the northern half of the country. It is not scarce in some parts of Wales, but seems to be uncommon in Scotland, and has been recorded from the south only. In Ireland it has a wide range, but does not appear to be noted as common in any locality. THE OLIVE CRESCENT (_Zanclognatha_ (_Sophronia_) _emortualis_). The species depicted on Plate 36, Fig. 8, from a continental specimen, is exceedingly rare in England, in fact, apart from the specimens mentioned by early authors, only three authentic British examples appear to be known. These are--one captured at Brighton, Sussex, in June, 1858; one in June, 1859, in Epping Forest, Essex; and one taken at sugar by the Rev. B. H. Binks, of Stonor, Henley-on-Thames, in July of the year last mentioned. Stephens (1834), who gives a very unsatisfactory description {89} of the species, refers to two specimens, of which one was in his collection, from Devonshire. Wood's figure (768) of _emortualis_, in the Westwood edition of the _Index Entomologicus_, does not represent this species, but is far more like _Herminia derivalis_, Hubner. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. THE LESSER BELLE (_Madopa salicalis_). A portrait of this uncommon British moth will be found on Plate 35, Fig. 4. The greyish fore wings are crossed by three paler edged reddish-brown lines, the outer one running to the tip of the wing, and the inner one is sometimes faint or absent. The caterpillar is said to feed in July and August on sallow and aspen, and is described by Hofmann as having only fourteen feet; green, inclining to greyish, in colour, with black spiracles, and the ring divisions yellowish. (Plate 39, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) The moth is out in May and June, and in its few known localities in England it is found in moist woods, hiding among grass and varied undergrowth. Stephens (1834) wrote, "A very rare and local insect: I have specimens taken many years since in the neighbourhood of Bexley, in which vicinity I believe my friend Mr. Newman has captured it within these few years; it has also been found at Charlton." Since that time other localities in Kent have been mentioned, among which were Darenth Wood and West Wickham; the species was also noted from Birch wood, Surrey. A specimen was found in a gas lamp at Dulwich in 1858 by the late Mr. C. G. Barrett, and one was taken in Shooter's Hill wood, Kent, in June, 1859. Between 1862 and 1868 specimens were obtained at Haslemere, Surrey, and near Sevenoaks, Kent. According to Barrett {90} it occurred at Petersfield, on the borders of Sussex and Hampshire, in 1877. It has also been recorded from Dunham, Cheshire. Abroad, its distribution extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. THE DOTTED FAN-FOOT (_Herminia cribrumalis_ (_cribralis_)). The fore wings of this species (Plate 35, Fig. 5) are whitish tinged with brown, inclining to purplish on the outer margins; beyond the blackish central dot there are two series of blackish dots crossing the wings, but these are not always distinct. The caterpillar, which feeds on various marsh grasses, _Carex_, _Luzula_, etc., hatches from the egg in late summer, hibernates when about half-grown, and feeds up in the spring. It is pale greyish brown with fine yellowish freckles; there are three lines along the back; the central one dark, finely edged on each side with pale greyish, the outer ones pale; the usual dots are dusky and the spiracles are black. The moth may be found in June and July in fens and marshes, where it hides among the herbage in the daytime, but is easily seen and netted when it takes wing at dusk, or sits on the sedges, etc., before or after flight. It is most frequent in the fens of Cambridge and Norfolk, (Stalham), but occurs also in Suffolk; Essex (Shoeburyness); Kent (Deal); Surrey (recorded from marshes near Redhill, Dorking and Guildford); Sussex; Hants (bogs near Lyndhurst), and, according to Barrett, Somerset. THE CLAY FAN-FOOT (_Herminia derivalis_). This local species has the wings pretty much of the same shape as those of _S. emortualis_, and has been mistaken for that species; but the colour is ochreous-brown, and the cross lines {91} are dark brown. Its favourite haunts appear to be woods in Kent and Sussex, and in the last-named county it is perhaps most frequently met with in Abbots wood, Guestling, and Lewes. It has also been recorded from Essex (Colchester). (Plate 35, Fig. 6.) The caterpillar feeds on dead oak leaves, chiefly those that have fallen to the ground. After hibernation it becomes full grown about June, and is then brown with a downy appearance; there are three faintly darker lines along the back, and the usual dots are dusky. (Plate 34, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) The moth is out in June and July, and in the daytime may be put up from its lurking place among herbage in wood clearings, or netted as it flies in the gloaming. It is also attracted by sugar and light. The species has been erroneously recorded from Chester and Barmouth (North Wales); and Mr. Carr informs me that he is not quite sure that a specimen he recorded from Dawlish, South Devon, was correctly identified. In the catalogue of Malvern Lepidoptera _H. derivalis_ is stated to be rather common in that district, but the occurrence of the species in the Midlands requires confirmation. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. THE COMMON FAN-FOOT (_Pechipogon barbalis_). The fore wings of the species shown on Plate 35, Fig. 7, are greyish brown, crossed by three darker lines, the outer one almost parallel with the hind margin, and edged with whitish. The caterpillar feeds on the dead leaves of oak and birch, and has almost attained full growth when it retires for the winter. In the spring it has been known to eat birch catkins. The general colour is reddish ochreous, with diamond-shaped markings, forming a series along the back and two series along each side. {92} The moth, which is out from late May until early July, frequents the more open parts of woods, and in the daytime may be induced to show itself by tapping the lower branches of trees or brushing the bushes and undergrowth as we pass along. The species is widely distributed over England, from Staffordshire southwards, but it is apparently most frequently met with in some of the woods of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. The distribution abroad extends to Amurland. THE BEAUTIFUL SNOUT (_Bomolocha fontis_). The portraits of this species on Plate 35 show each sex in its most usual form: Fig. 8 representing the male, and Fig. 9 the female. The outer and inner areas of the fore wings are generally ashy grey, more or less brownish tinged, in the male; and the same parts are whitish in the female. Although some examples of the male have the outer and inner areas whitish, as in the female, they can be distinguished by their darker hind wings and the blackish central crescent thereon. A form of the female in which the large central patch of the fore wings is reddish brown has been named _rufescens_, Tutt; there may be males also of this form, but I have not seen any. In both sexes, the brown patch extends nearer to the inner margin in some specimens than in others, and not infrequently there is a spur from the lower edge of the patch to this margin. The caterpillar is green, with darker green lines, one along the middle of the back, and two along each side; the usual raised dots are green or brownish, and each emits a fine hair; the head is green and rather glossy. It feeds on bilberry (_Vaccinium myrtillus_) in August and September. (Plate 37, Fig. 1; after Hofmann.) The moth, which is out in June and July, hides by day among heather, bilberry, etc., especially where these plants overhang the edges of banks or trenches. It may be found locally in most of the southern counties of England from Kent to Cornwall; also in Berks, Stafford, and Leicester. It has been recorded from Suffolk, Worcester, Cheshire (one at electric light, Chester, July, 1900), and North Wales. In Ireland it is widely distributed, and is not uncommon in Co. Kerry. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 34. 1. SMALL FANFOOT: _caterpillar_. 2. FANFOOT: _caterpillar_. 3. CLAY FAN-FOOT: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 35. 1, 2. FAN-FOOT. 3. SMALL FAN-FOOT. 4. LESSER BELLE. 5. DOTTED FAN-FOOT. 6. CLAY FAN-FOOT. 7. COMMON FAN-FOOT. 8, 9. BEAUTIFUL SNOUT. 10. THE SNOUT. 11, 12. BUTTONED SNOUT. {93} THE SNOUT (_Hypena proboscidalis_). This species (Plate 35, Fig. 10) is more generally distributed and common than any other of the group. Wherever nettles grow in quantity there we may expect to find this moth in its season, that is, in June and July. In favourable years there is sometimes a second flight, on a small scale, in the autumn; this was the case in 1905. The caterpillar is green, with raised dots, from each of which a brownish hair arises; the line along the middle of the back is dark, and those along the sides are yellowish; the head is ochreous brown. It feeds on nettles in May and June. (Plate 37, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) In Amurland, and some other parts of eastern Asia, the species is represented by the brown-sprinkled yellowish form, var. _deleta_, Staudinger. THE BLOXWORTH SNOUT (_Hypena obsitalis_). The fore wings of this species are brown, crossed by a number of darker lines and a thicker angulated line beyond the middle; the latter is outwardly edged with pale brown, chiefly towards the costa; some white dots on the veins represent the submarginal line, and below the tips of the wings there are some black streaks. One example of this form of the species, which is a variable one, was taken by the Rev. O. Pickard, Cambridge, in {94} September, 1884. He found it sitting on a door-jamb in his garden at Bloxworth, Dorset. The specimen shown on Plate 36, Fig. 9, hails from Mogador. Abroad, the range of the species includes southern Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt, North-West Africa, Madeira, and the Canaries. THE BUTTONED SNOUT (_Hypena rostralis_). Two forms of this species are shown on Plate 35. The typical one is represented by Fig. 12, and Fig. 11 shows ab. _palpalis_, Tutt (?), Fabr. and Stephens. The front margin of the fore wings is often streaked with a pale colour, and in ab. _radiatalis_, Hubner (134), which is otherwise similar to the last-named form, this is pale or ochreous brown. A uniform pale greyish form has been named ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, and one almost entirely ochreous or greyish-ochreous, ab. _ochrea_, Tutt. The caterpillar is green, with blackish dots; a darker line along the middle of the back, and white lines along the sides; head, yellowish green dotted with black. It feeds on hop (_Humulus lupulus_) in June and early July, and in the daytime may be found on the undersides of the leaves. (Plate 37, Fig. 2; after Hofmann.) The moth is out in August and September, and after hibernation reappears in the spring, and may be met with until June. It may be obtained at sugar, or at ivy bloom. Given the food plant, the species will probably be found in most of the counties of England from Worcester southwards, but its occurrence northwards appears to have been very rarely noted. The range abroad extends to East Siberia. THE WHITE-LINE SNOUT (_Hypenodes taenialis_ (_albistrigalis_)). This species, and also the two immediately following, are so small in size, and so obscure in appearance, that they are {95} probably more often neglected than secured when met with. The moth under consideration, and of which the sexes are figured on Plate 36 (Figs. 3 [male] and 4 [female]) has brownish fore wings which are crossed by two rather irregular blackish lines, sometimes hardly traceable on the front margin; the outer line is edged externally with whitish, and the space between the lines is often somewhat darker; the black central mark is more or less X-shaped. The caterpillar does not seem to have been noted in this country, and it is not well known on the continent. It is said to feed on the flowers, chiefly the withering ones, of heather and thyme, in August and September. The moth is out in July and early August, sometimes in September. Its haunts are the edges of woods, hillsides, and sloping banks, where there is plenty of bushes and herbage to hide in. From such retreats it may be disturbed, but is more easily obtained at sugar, or honey dew, and sometimes at ivy bloom. It is widely distributed over the southern half of England; occurs in South Wales, and has been recorded from Cheshire and Yorks. Abroad, the species is found in Holland, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Armenia, and the Canaries; also recorded from south Sweden and Corea. THE PINION-STREAKED SNOUT (_Hypenodes costaestrigalis_). Although somewhat similar in the general colour of the forewings, this species (Plate 36) may be distinguished from the preceding by the whitish dash from the tips of the wings and the black streak running inwards from it; this black streak is to be seen clearly in Fig. 6 [male], but owing to the darker ground colour is less distinct in Fig. 7 [female]. The caterpillar is shining purplish-brown, inclining to yellowish-brown below, with three pale brownish lines along {96} the back, the central one rather broad, and that on each side is edged below with dusky. What the food may be in a natural state has not been ascertained, but the caterpillars have been reared from the egg on a diet of thyme flowers, supplemented by the bodies of a few brothers or sisters. July and August. The moth has been noted in June (end), July, August, September, and October; but whether there are two generations or only one in the year is not definitely known; the assumption is that there are two. This species is partial to moist localities, and its favourite haunts are fens, mosses, or marshy heaths, and the outskirts of damp woods. It ranges over the greater part of England, and is found in Wales (Pembrokeshire). In Scotland it has been noted from Roxburghshire, and is locally common in Clydesdale. It is known to occur in Cork, Kerry, and Sligo, and probably is to be found in other parts of Ireland. THE MARSH OBLIQUE-BARRED (_Tholomiges turfosalis_). The species shown on Plate 36, Fig. 5, is much smaller than either of the last two. The narrow fore wings are whitish-ochreous, more or less thickly sprinkled with brown; the first of the three dark cross lines is often indistinct, the second is bent under the black central dot, and the third runs obliquely to the tip of the wing; the last two are each outwardly edged with whitish. Nothing seems to be known of the early stages. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 36. 1. BEAUTIFUL HOOK-TIP. 2. WAVED BLACK. 3, 4. WHITE-LINE SNOUT. 5. MARSH OBLIQUE BARRED. 6, 7. PINION-STREAKED SNOUT. 8. OLIVE CRESCENT. 9. BLOXWORTH SNOUT. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 37. 1. BEAUTIFUL SNOUT: _caterpillar_. 2. BUTTONED SNOUT: _caterpillar_. 3. THE SNOUT: _caterpillar_. {97} This species was first made known as an inhabitant of the British Isles by Doubleday, who described it as _Hypenodes humidalis_, in 1850, from specimens taken in Ireland by Weaver in 1848. In 1850 it was found plentifully on one of the Cheshire moors; and Harrison, in _The Zoologist_ for 1851, writes: "From the middle of July up to the 8th of August, it might be seen any fine evening, between the hours of six and eight, flying on most of our swamps [Keswick] in plenty." He goes on to state that the moths were so common that he boxed forty in less than an hour, and could have secured as many dozens. At the present day the species is to be found on boggy heaths and moors in Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset, and from Somerset through Gloucestershire into Berkshire, and thence northwards through Warwick and Staffordshire to Cheshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland. Barrett mentions Perthshire as a Scottish locality, and Kane states that it is common at Killarney in Ireland. When this species and its allies receive more of the collector's attention they may probably be found in many localities from which there are no records at present. The range abroad extends to Amurland. BREPHIDAE. By some systematists this small group of moths is treated as a subfamily of the Geometridae. _Brephos_, however, which is typical of the family, does not seem to have any close affinities with the Noctuidae or with the Geometers, and is therefore better considered as apart from both those families. Meyrick includes _Brephos_ with _Aplasta_, _Erannis_, and _Baptria_, in his family Monocteniadae. Only five species are known to inhabit the Palaearctic Region, and two of these occur in Britain. THE ORANGE UNDERWING (_Brephos parthenias_). The white markings of the fore wings vary a good deal in size; in some specimens, chiefly males, they are very small and confined to the front margin; in others, mainly females, they are much enlarged, and the central one is continued as a band across the wings. On the orange hind wings the blackish {98} central band is usually more or less complete, but sometimes it is nearly or quite absent above the blackish triangular patch on the inner margin. Occasionally, there is a yellow blotch at the anal angle, and frequently another on the costal area. Still more rarely the whole ground colour is yellow. (Figured on Plate 38, Figs. 1 [male] and 2 [female].) The caterpillar is green, with six white lines along the back, and white stripes along the sides. When young it feeds on the catkins of birch, and afterwards on the foliage. April to early June. (Plate 39, Fig. 1.) The moth is out in March and April, and on sunny days the males may be seen flying, generally pretty high up, on the lee side of the birch trees growing on heaths; also in open spaces in or around birch woods. The females rest on the twigs, as also do the males when the sun is obscured. Both sexes have been found sitting on the ground in sunny glades. The species is widely distributed over the southern and eastern counties, common in many parts; but its range extends through England to Durham, and it has been recorded from Wales. Although it does not seem to have been noted in Scotland south of Kincardineshire, it occurs on the east to Moray. Westmeath is the only Irish locality that has so far been mentioned. Its distribution abroad extends to East Siberia and Amurland. THE LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING (_Brephos notha_). Very similar to the last species, but rather smaller in size, and the fore wings are much less variegated. The antennae of the male of this species are bipectinated, whilst those of _parthenias_ are finely serrated. (Plate 38, Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female].) [Illustration] 2 Pl. 38. 1, 2. ORANGE UNDERWING. 3. THE REST HARROW. 4, 5. LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING. 6-8. GRASS EMERALD. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 39. 1. ORANGE UNDERWING: _caterpillar_. 2, 2a. LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. 3. LESSER BELLE: _caterpillar_. {99} The caterpillar feeds in May and June on aspen, eating the foliage and hiding between two leaves drawn together. The head is greenish or greenish-brown, with three conspicuous black spots. Body, green, olive-green, or reddish; line along middle of the back darker green edged with white; two thin white lines on each side, and a whitish stripe along the spiracles. When mature it burrows into decayed bark or wood (virgin cork in confinement), and before changing to a reddish-brown chrysalis, it spins a thin covering of silk and woody particles over the mouth of the chamber. The caterpillar and the chrysalis are shown on Plate 39, Figs. 2 and 2a. Although the bulk of the moths emerge the following April, some have been known to remain until the following or even the third year. The males fly about aspen, but only in the sunshine; in other respects its habits are pretty much those of the last species. The distribution of the species in England seems confined to two areas: a western one represented by Worcester, Gloucester, with Monmouth, Wales, Wilts, and Dorset; and an eastern one by Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. In Scotland only recorded from Moray. The range abroad extends to Amurland. GEOMETRIDAE. Caterpillars of this family of moths, with very few exceptions, have only two pairs of claspers or prolegs; when there are more than four claspers, the extra ones are only rudimentary and therefore useless. In moving from place to place the caterpillar stretches out to its full length, first to one side and then to the other, as though measuring the distance. When a hold is secured with the true legs the body is arched and the claspers are brought up almost to the point held by the true legs; the latter are then thrust forward and the measuring business proceeds as before. Some kinds perform the looping manoeuvre very deliberately, but others at a quick rate. In common parlance among British entomologists the caterpillars are called {100} "geometers" or "loopers," but to our American confreres they are known as "measuring-worms" or "span-worms." Most of the caterpillars feed openly on the foliage of trees, shrubs, or low-growing herbs, and the majority remain upon their respective plants during the day. A large proportion of the moths may be obtained in the daytime, either by beating or otherwise disturbing the foliage or herbage among which they hide; several kinds rest on tree trunks, palings, rocks, walls, etc., where they are sometimes conspicuous, but more frequently not easy to distinguish from their surroundings. On the whole, members of this family are more available to the day collector than are those of the Noctuidae. Although several species occasionally visit the sugar patch, such species are, as a rule, obtained more readily and in larger numbers by other methods. Brilliant light has a great attraction for many of the moths, some are more often captured at gas or electric lamps than in any other way, and among these are the migratory species. Staudinger divides the family into the following subfamilies:-- Geometrinae (= Geometridae, Meyrick). Acidaliinae (= Sterrhidae, Meyrick). Larentiinae (= Hydriomenidae, Meyrick). Orthostixinae (not represented in Britain). Boarmiinae (= Selidosemidae, Meyrick). Except as regards the Larentiinae, I have largely adhered to Staudinger's arrangement of genera in each of the above subfamilies. The typical genus of Larentiinae would be _Larentia_, Treit, to which something over two hundred species are referred by Staudinger, among which are upwards of sixty that occur in the British Isles. Following some of the later generic changes, I find that none of our species are left in _Larentia_, but a few fall into _Hydriomena_, Hubner, and therefore Hydriomeninae has been adopted for this subfamily. {101} GEOMETRINAE. THE REST HARROW (_Aplasta ononaria_). This greyish-brown moth has two darker, sometimes reddish, cross lines on the fore wings, and one such line on the hind wings. It is presumably only to be regarded as an accidental visitor to England. The first record was of a specimen captured in the Warren at Folkestone in July, 1866, and since that year others were obtained in the same locality, but apparently not more than about half a dozen altogether. None seems to have been recorded for over thirty-five years. The specimen, whose portrait is shown on Plate 38, Fig. 3, was obtained from Dresden. Abroad, the range includes Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, and Armenia. THE GRASS EMERALD (_Pseudoterpna pruinata_). When freshly emerged from the chrysalis, the species represented by Figs. 6 to 8 on Plate 38 is of a beautiful blue-green colour, but in course of time a greyish shade creeps over the wings. The dark cross lines vary in intensity; in some specimens well defined and blackish, in others very faint, and hardly discernible; occasionally, the space between the lines on the fore wings is dark shaded; the whitish submarginal line is not always present. This species is the _cythisaria_ of Schiffermiller, and the _cytisaria_ of other authors. The caterpillar (figured on Plate 41, Fig. 1, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich) is green, with three lines along the back, the central one dark green, the others whitish; a pinkish stripe low down along the sides, the points on the head and the first and last rings of the body are often pink also. It feeds on pettywhin (_Genista anglica_), also on broom (_Cytisus scoparius_) {102} and gorse (_Ulex_); in captivity it seems to thrive on laburnum. Most frequently obtained in the springtime after hibernation. The moth is to be found in June and July on moorlands and commons pretty well throughout the British Isles, but it seems not to have been noted north of Perthshire, in Scotland. Odd specimens have been known to occur in late August or early September, but this is quite exceptional. THE LARGE EMERALD (_Geometra papilionaria_). This charming green species (Plate 40, Figs. 1 and 4) varies in tint and in the distinctness of the whitish wavy cross lines. In some examples, one or other of the lines is absent, and far more rarely there is but little trace of any of these markings. Occasionally, the discal mark is preceded by a whitish wedge-shaped spot on the fore wings (ab. _cuneata_, Burrows). When newly laid the eggs are whitish, but soon change to greenish yellow, and finally to pinkish. The caterpillar hatches in late summer, and feeds on birch, hazel, and beech, until the leaves begin to fall in the autumn; it then constructs a carpet of silk on a twig, and near a bud, upon which it takes up its position for the winter. When thus seen, its reddish brown colour, variegated more or less with green, assimilates so closely with its surroundings that the creature is not easy to detect. In the spring, when it awakens, the green colour increases in extent as the buds open and the leaves unfold; when they are fully expanded, the caterpillar sits among the foliage towards the tip of a twig, and is then almost entirely green, the reddish brown only showing on the head, slightly on the warts, and more distinctly on the hinder parts which are in touch with the twig. The chrysalis, enclosed in a flimsy silken web among the dead leaves, usually on the ground, is of a delicate green colour, dotted with buff on the back, and shaded with buff on the wing cases. The early stages are figured on Plate 42. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 40. 1, 4. LARGE EMERALD. 2, 3. SMALL EMERALD. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 41. 1. GRASS EMERALD: _caterpillar_. 2. BLOTCHED EMERALD: _caterpillar_. 3. COMMON EMERALD: _caterpillar_. {103} The moth is out in June and July, and may occasionally be beaten out of a hedge or bush, but is most frequently obtained late at night, when it is active on the wing, and is attracted by a brilliant light. The species occurs in woods, on heaths and moors, and in fens, throughout the British Isles, except the most northern parts of Scotland and the isles. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan. THE SMALL EMERALD (_Geometra vernaria_). This species (Plate 40, Figs. 2 and 3) is smaller than the last mentioned, the green colour is of a softer tint, and the lines crossing the wings, two on the fore wings and one on the hind wings, are whitish, and not waved. The caterpillar hatches from the egg in August, and after hibernation is to be found in May and June on Traveller's Joy or Old Man's Beard (_Clematis vitalba_). It is then green, with white dots arranged in lines along the back and sides; the head is deep reddish brown, and this, and also the first and last rings of the body, have raised points. Transformation to the greenish chrysalis is effected among the leaves, drawn together with silk. (Plate 44, Figs. 3 and 3a.) The moth flies in the evening in July and August, and in the daytime may be disturbed, by the application of the beating stick, from its retreats in hedges, etc., where the food plant flourishes. Found in most of the southern and eastern counties of England, most frequently on the chalk; its range extends to Worcestershire. Except that it has been recorded as a doubtful inhabitant of Ireland, the species does not appear to occur elsewhere in the British Isles. The distribution abroad extends to Amurland. {104} THE BLOTCHED EMERALD (_Euchloris_ (_Comibaena_) _pustulata_). When quite fresh, this moth (Plate 43, Fig. 1) is exceedingly pretty; the pale blotches vary a little in size, as also do the reddish marks upon them. The caterpillar adorns itself with particles of its food as soon as it leaves the egg in July; after hibernation it uses the scales or husks of the oak buds for the same purpose. When stripped of its trappings it is found to be reddish brown in colour, with three slightly darker lines along the back; hooded bristles arising from raised brownish spots afford means for the attachment of the masquerading outfit, each moiety of which is covered with silk on one side before being placed in the required position. When beating oaks for larvae in May and June, the contents of the umbrella or beating tray should not be too hastily thrown away, but allowed to remain therein for awhile, and closely watched for any movement among the litter. The spectacle of a cluster of oak bracts suddenly becoming active will certainly arouse curiosity, and on examination the cause of the commotion will frequently be found to be the caterpillar of this species. (Plate 41, Fig. 2; after Auld.) The moth is out in June and July, and flies at dusk in and around oak woods. In the daytime it may be jarred from its perch in oak trees, and once I found a specimen on a fence in the Esher district. It has been known to visit light, and examples of a September emergence have been recorded. As a British species it only inhabits England, and it has been noted from Staffordshire and Leicester, but seems to be rare in the midland counties generally. It is more frequently found in the southern and eastern counties. Abroad, the range extends through Central Europe to Southern Sweden, S. Russia, N. Asia Minor, and Andalusia. {105} THE ESSEX EMERALD (_Euchloris smaragdaria_). In some examples of this species (Plate 43, Figs. 2, 3) the green colour is brighter than in others, and very occasionally it is tinged with bluish; typically, there are white cross lines on the fore wings, but the inner one is not infrequently absent, and more rarely both are missing. The white central spot is very rarely absent, and the edges of the fore wings are yellowish. The caterpillar feeds on the sea wormwood (_Artemisia maritima_), and adorns itself with fragments of its food plant in much the same manner as that of the species last referred to. Although obtained in the autumn in some numbers from its food plant, it seems to have been rarely met with in the spring after hibernation. It is, therefore, advisable to collect the caterpillars about September, and transfer them to plants of the garden _Artemisia abrotanum_, locally known as "Southernwood," "Old man," or "Lad's love," or, where available, wormwood (_A. absinthium_) will suit it admirably. Upon either of these plants the larvae will hibernate, feed up in the spring, and become full grown about May. The early stages are figured on Plate 42, larva and pupa from photos by Mr. H. Main. The moth is out in June and early July, but it is rarely seen in the open, although over sixty years ago a few specimens were put up from among grass and netted at St. Osyth; in later years an example or two have been taken at Sheerness in Kent. Possibly, others may also have been captured in one or other of the insect's haunts, but records are silent on the matter. Barrett mentions a specimen emerging in September, and the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows notes that part of a brood of caterpillars reared from eggs, and fed on _A. absinthium_, attained the moth state during the autumn. So far as concerns {106} the British Isles it seems to be almost exclusively an inhabitant of the salterns, or sea marshes of Essex. Abroad, the species occurs inland, and is not confined to the coast; its range extends eastwards to Siberia and Amurland. THE SMALL GRASS EMERALD (_Nemoria viridata_). This species, represented on Plate 43, Figs. 5 and 6, is readily distinguished by its small size and the well-defined white cross line on each wing. In most examples there is a more or less distinct whitish inner line on the fore wings. Ab. _mathewi_, Bankes, has all the wings dusted with orange scales, more especially on the outer marginal areas. A few examples of this form were reared in 1905, with a number of normal specimens, from eggs laid by a female captured in South Devonshire. The caterpillar (figured from a skin on Plate 44, Fig. 1) is green, roughened with whitish points; a dusky line along the middle of the back, marked on the front and end rings, also between the rings, with purplish red. Head, and first ring of the body, notched, the points reddish; last ring of the body pointed. When at rest on a twig it assumes a rigid posture, and the legs are tightly drawn together. It feeds on heather, sallow, and birch, but the general experience appears to be that in captivity it thrives best on a diet of hawthorn, and is especially partial to the young shoots. It may be obtained in July and August, and the moth comes out in the following May or June. In 1905, Mr. A. J. Scollick reared some caterpillars from eggs laid June 2nd, and hatched June 16th; all duly pupated, and a moth came up on December 20th of that year. Four others appeared in January and February, 1906. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 42. 1, 1a, 1b, 1c. LARGE EMERALD: _egg, caterpillars and chrysalis_. 2, 2a. ESSEX EMERALD: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 43. 1. BLOTCHED EMERALD. 2, 3. ESSEX EMERALD. 4, 7. LITTLE EMERALD. 5, 6. SMALL GRASS EMERALD. 8, 9. COMMON EMERALD. {107} The Rev. F. E. Lowe states that in Guernsey the species occurs exclusively among furze on cliffs by the sea, and chiefly where the plant is cut down from time to time. In Britain it inhabits heaths and mosses, but is very local. It is found in the English counties of Hants (New Forest, etc.), Dorset (Poole Heath, etc.), Devon (Woodbury, Exeter district, etc.), Norfolk (Horning), Worcester (Malvern district, rare); also at Methop, Witherslack, and other localities in Westmoreland and Cumberland. Only doubtfully recorded from Scotland and Ireland. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, Corea, and China. THE LITTLE EMERALD (_Iodis lactearia_). The green tint in this species (Plate 43, Figs. 4 and 7) is even more unstable than in others of the group. When quite fresh the wings can often only be described as whitish with a delicate green tinge, but even when the greatest care is taken to preserve it, the colour is apt to fade. The caterpillar (Plate 44, Fig. 2, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich) is long and thin, with two points on the edge of the first ring, and one on the last ring, of a bright green colour, paler between the rings; the spots along the back are reddish, as also is the whitish-fronted deeply notched head. It feeds on the leaves of various trees and bushes, such as birch, oak, hawthorn, sallow, etc. It may be obtained by beating or searching from August to September. The moth is out in May and June, in some seasons later, and may be beaten out of hedges, as well as from trees in woods. Generally distributed, and often common, throughout England, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland it is locally common in Clydesdale, and occurs in other southern parts of that country. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, Corea, China, and Japan. THE COMMON EMERALD (_Hemithea strigata_). When freshly emerged from the chrysalis, this species (Plate 43, Figs. 8 and 9) is darkish green, but it soon fades to a greyish {108} tint. Easily distinguished by its shape, and by the chequered fringes. It is the _aestivaria_ of Hubner, and _thymiaria_ of Guenee. The long, thin, green caterpillar is ornamented with reddish brown, the V-shaped marks on rings 5 to 8 are sometimes whitish; head, deeply notched, brown; the first ring of the body is also notched. It hatches from the egg in August, when it is said to feed on mugwort (_Artemisia vulgaris_), and other low plants; after hibernation it feeds on the foliage of oak, birch, hawthorn, rose, etc., and attains full growth in May or June. In late June and in July the moth may be put up from the undergrowth in woods, or from bushes in well-timbered hedgerows bordering lanes and fields. Specimens so obtained are poor in colour as a rule, and it is well, therefore, to rear the species from the caterpillar. (Plate 41, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) This remark applies to all "Emeralds." The species is often common in the south and east of England, and along the western side, including Wales, up to Cheshire and Lancashire, but it becomes local in Worcestershire and northwards. There are few records of it from Yorkshire, and its occurrence in Durham, Northumberland, and Scotland is doubtful. In Ireland it appears to be widely distributed, but scarce. The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. [_Thalera fimbrialis_. A specimen of this Central European species (identified by the late Mr. C. G. Barrett) was taken on August 7, 1902, by Mr. C. Capper, from a blade of grass growing on a <DW72> under Beachy Head, Sussex. The species is somewhat similar in appearance to _H. strigata_, but is larger; the hind wings are notched above the angle on the outer margin; the fringes of all the wings are chequered with red, and the antennae of the male are bipectinated.] {109} ACIDALIINAE. PURPLE-BORDERED GOLD (_Hyria muricata_). Two forms of this pretty little species (known also as _auroraria_) are shown on Plate 45. Fig. 1 represents the more usual form, but between this and the almost entirely purple variety (Fig. 4), which occurs chiefly in the north, there are various modifications. Then again, especially in the south of England, there is a tendency to become entirely yellow, the purple, inclining to crimson in such specimens, being confined to the front margin and cross lines on the fore wings, and a narrow band on the outer margin of all the wings. The caterpillar is pale brownish, inclining to ochreous at each end, marked with irregular blackish lines on the back, and dots and streaks on the sides. Its natural food plant seems to be unknown, but when reared from the egg the caterpillar will eat knotgrass, and sometimes a few will feed up and attain the moth state the same year. August to May. The moth occurs in late June and in July, and frequents fens, boggy heaths, and mosses. Although odd specimens may, occasionally, be flushed during the day, the collector will need to be up early in the morning if he would see this species on the wing, as it seems to fly most freely about sunrise. The New Forest in Hampshire is a noted district for it, as also are Ranworth, Horning, etc., in Norfolk, and Witherslack in Westmoreland. In Ireland, it is found in counties Galway, Kerry, and Mayo. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, China, Corea, and Japan. WEAVER'S WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _contiguaria_). The earliest known British specimen of this species (Plate 45, Figs. 2 and 5) was taken in North Wales by Weaver, in 1855, {110} and was figured and described in _The Entomologist's Annual_ for 1856 as _Dosithea eburnata_, Wocke. About seven years later Greening captured a female specimen, and he subsequently reared the insect, when it became known as "Greening's Pug." Still later, about 1875, the English name was changed to "Capper's Acidalia." Fortunately, the species seems not difficult to rear from the egg, otherwise specimens in collections would be not only very limited in number, but frequently very indifferent in condition. In colour the moth is whity brown, more or less dusted or clouded with dark grey; except in the darker forms, three irregular black lines on the fore wings, and two on the hind wings, are clearly seen. It flies at dusk in June and July, and sits by day on lichen-covered rocks. The caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, with irregular dark brown lines. It feeds on ling (_Calluna_) and crowberry (_Empetrum_) from September to May; but when eggs are obtained, the caterpillar hatching from them may be kept on chickweed, knotgrass, etc., and the moth be reared the same year. Mr. R. Tait records the finding of ten caterpillars on navelwort (_Cotyledon_) growing among heather in a very sheltered corner among rocks in North Wales, at Easter, 1906. He also notes that moths reared in captivity pair readily. The British localities, all in North Wales, are Aber, Bangor, Barmouth, Bettws-y-coed, Conway, Dolgelly, Lanfairfechan, and Penmaenmawr. THE LEAST CARPET (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _rusticata_). The whitish fore wings of this species (Plate 45, Figs. 3 and 6) are crossed by a blackish central band, and there is a blackish patch at the base of the wings, with an extension along the front margin, almost or quite to the central band; the hind wings have a central dot, and three or four dark grey wavy lines, the space between the first and second darkened, and appearing to be a continuation of the fore wing band. The thick set, pale ochreous-brown, or grey-brown, caterpillar (Plate 48, Fig. 1, drawn from a skin) has three more or less distinct pale lines along the back, and a series of darker diamonds along the central area; head, brown. In the open, its food probably consists of decaying or withered leaves, but when treated in captivity it will eat and thrive upon growing knotgrass, groundsel, dandelion, etc. August to May. Mr. Mera mentions that some caterpillars he reared on dandelion produced moths that were larger in size than most captured specimens. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 44. 1. SMALL GRASS EMERALD: _caterpillar_. 2. LITTLE EMERALD: _caterpillar_. 3, 3a. SMALL EMERALD: _caterpillar, chrysalis and cocoon_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 45. 1, 4. PURPLE BORDERED GOLD. 2, 5. WEAVER'S WAVE. 3, 6. LEAST CARPET. 7, 10. RUSTY WAVE. 8, 11, 14. SMALL DUSTY WAVE. 9, 12. DOTTED BORDER WAVE. 13. SILKY WAVE. 15, 18. DWARF CREAM WAVE. 16. ISLE OF WIGHT WAVE. 17. SATIN WAVE. {111} The moth is out in July, and specimens have been bred in September from eggs laid in July of the same year. To obtain this species, a journey will have to be made to one or other of its special haunts in Kent, lying between Greenhithe and Sheerness. Other localities from which it has been recorded are Kingsdown, Dover, Folkestone (Kent); Brighton, Lewes, West Horsham (Sussex); Isle of Portland (Dorset); Rame Head, Torquay (Devon); and single specimens have been reported from Stowmarket and Felixstowe (Suffolk). THE RUSTY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _herbariata_). In _The Entomologists Annual_ for 1856, two species of _Acidalia_ were brought forward as new to the British list. One of these has been referred to under _A. contiguaria_, the other was the present species, which at the time was wrongly referred to _circuitaria_, Hubner. The specimens depicted on Plate 45, Figs. 7 and 10, are of continental origin. Although other specimens were then known to exist in at least two British collections, the first recorded example was that mentioned above. This was captured in Bloomsbury Street, {112} London. In June, 1868, three or four examples were found in a herbalist's shop in Holborn; one occurred on a shop window in Oxford Street in 1873; one example was taken from a door-post in Cannon Street, July 21, 1879; and two others have been noted from the same street, but dates were not given. The latest record, that of a specimen on July 21, 1898, in a shop in Southampton Row, Bloomsbury, closes the list; it then appears that all the British specimens known to us have been taken in London. The eggs are laid on dry or withered plants, upon which the long brownish or greenish caterpillars feed throughout the autumn, winter, and following spring. They pupate towards mid-May, and the moths appear in June and July. According to Guenee, caterpillars seem to have been found only in herb or drug stores, and the moths occur in gardens and houses in July and August. THE SMALL DUSTY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _virgularia_). In most parts of the southern half of England this species, of which three specimens are shown on Plate 45, Figs. 8, 11, 14, is more or less common, and is often to be seen on garden walls, pales, and other kinds of fences. Although apparently infrequent in the Midlands, it has been recorded as common at Rugely in Staffordshire; in several parts of Cheshire it is not uncommon, and its distribution is known to extend to Northumberland. Possibly the species is more widely spread over England than the records show it to be. In Wales, it has been found in the North; in Scotland, it occurs locally from Berwick to Aberdeen; and it is doubtfully recorded from Ireland. The long, thin caterpillar is ochreous-brown, with a pale stripe on each side. It feeds on the leaves of various low plants, and seems, at times, to like its food best when withered. Some {113} that I reared from eggs deposited in September, 1904, fed for a time on fresh dandelion, but on the approach of winter they apparently ceased feeding, and were allowed to remain in the box with the food last supplied. In March it was found that they had been, and were then, eating the old provender. Some fresh dandelion was added, but this was not touched until all the old had been consumed. The same thing was repeated until the caterpillars were nearly full grown, when the fresh food was eaten as well as the stale. The moths resulting from them emerged during the last week in April, 1905, and were all well above the average size, and considerably larger than the female parent. One example is represented by Fig. 11 on the plate. There are certainly two generations of the moth during the year; in some years possibly more. DOTTED BORDER WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _straminata_). In its ordinary form this moth (Plate 45, Figs. 9, 12) is greyish white, sometimes with a tinge of brown, especially on the fore wings; the darker cross lines are slightly wavy; each wing has a central black dot, and there is a more or less distinct series of black dots on their outer margins. Ab. _circellata_, Guenee (Plate 61, Fig. 3), has the first and second lines of the fore wings strongly defined and deep brown, and the first is united with the central shade above the inner margin; the corresponding lines on the hind wings are also deep brown. This form, which occurs on the Lancashire and Cheshire mosses, and is known as the Obscure Wave, has been considered a distinct species, but it is connected with typical _straminata_ by intermediate aberrations which occur together with _circellata_ and the ordinary form on the same ground. Similar intergrades also occur in the New Forest, Hampshire, the Dover district of Kent, and probably elsewhere. {114} The rough-looking, long and slender caterpillar is pale greyish, with a black-edged pale line along the middle of the back, the black edging interrupted on rings 4-9; on each side of the central line, and lower down along the sides, are other black streaks; head, notched on the crown, and marked with brown. Some eggs laid August 8th, hatched on September 1st; the infant caterpillars were long and thread-like, the colour was black, and there was a whitish stripe low down along the sides. They would not feed on knotgrass and other plants offered to them, and I failed to rear them. Moths have, however, been bred, as a second generation, in the autumn from caterpillars reared from the egg, on bramble and knotgrass. The moth occurs in July and August on bush-sprinkled heaths, or heathy ground, where it may be disturbed from the herbage in the daytime, or netted as it flies in the evening. South of England from Kent to Dorset; also in Berkshire, Cheshire (one specimen, Whitegate Heath, 1901, one ab. _circellata_ in Delamere Forest, July, 1903); Yorkshire (Thorne Moor, and rather plentiful on Skipton Common in 1900 and subsequent years; ab. _circellata_ also occurred). THE DWARF CREAM WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _interjectaria_). This moth (Plate 45, Figs. 15, 18) is said to be referable to _fuscovenosa_, Goeze, and as this is an earlier name than _interjectaria_, Guenee, it may have to be adopted. For many years it was known in England as _osseata_, and was described by Haworth, Stephens, and others, under this name. It is also the _dilutaria_ of some authors, but not of Hubner. Hubner's dilutaria is considered by some writers to be the _holosericata_ of Duponchel, and therefore an earlier name for the species generally known by the latter name. {115} The present species, to which Haworth gave the English name here used, is whitish straw-, and silky in appearance; the wings have a central black dot and four or five dusky cross lines, some of which are more distinct than others; the front edge of the fore wings is tinged with reddish brown, in which is often a dark dot at the ends of the first and central lines; a series of linear blackish dots at the base of the fringes, most distinct on the fore wings. The somewhat stumpy caterpillar is dull smoky brown, marbled and variegated with ochreous, the darker colour most in evidence in front, and the ochreous behind; an ochreous line along the middle of the back, and one along the region of the spiracles; white spots on rings 5-7. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds from August to April on dandelion and other low-growing plants, and especially on the withered leaves. The moth occurs among weeds growing on banks, and hedgerows, and the outskirts of woods, in greater or lesser plenty throughout the South of England; but it becomes local, and more or less rare in the north of the country. In Scotland it is said to be uncommon in Clydesdale, but has not been noted from Ireland, or from Wales. ISLE OF WIGHT WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _humiliata_). This species (Plate 45, Fig. 16) is the _osseata_ of Fabricius, but not of Haworth and other British authors. It is very similar in general appearance to the species last considered, but the wings are somewhat less ample, and rather yellower in tint. It is most readily recognised, however, by the distinctly reddish stripe on the front edge of the fore wings. Previous to 1891, when specimens were obtained by Mr. A. J. Hodges in the Isle of Wight, the species was not certainly known to be an inhabitant of the British Isles, although it seems to have been represented in many collections. The {116} insect is still found by those who know where to look for it on the sea cliffs of its island home, but so far as appears to be known at present, it does not occur in any other part of Britain. For this reason, it does not seem desirable to indicate the exact locality more definitely; but it may be added that the moth flies in July. SILKY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _holosericata_). Somewhat similar to A. _interjectaria_, but tinged with pale brown, and even more glossy; the front edge of the fore wings is of the general coloration, and the only markings on the wings are darker cross lines, the third on the fore wings, and the second on the hind wings, being the most distinct. (Plate 45, Fig. 13.) The rough and rather stumpy caterpillar tapers towards the small notched head; general colour dusky reddish-brown, a pale line along the middle of the back, finely edged with black. It feeds from August to May on rock rose (_Helianthemum_), eating the withered and even mouldy leaves. Will eat knotgrass, and, no doubt, dandelion also. Here, again, we have an ancient name brought forward to supplant that which the species has borne for years, and by which it is well known to entomologists. As I am not quite certain that Hubner's (Fig. 100) _dilataria_ does represent this species, Duponchel's name is here retained. As a British insect, it has only been known since 1851, when the capture of a specimen in the neighbourhood of Bristol was recorded in _The Zoologist_. Subsequently it transpired that the scene of capture was Durdham Down, Gloucestershire, and here it has been found annually, and in some plenty, among the bushes and low vegetation covering the ground in that rugged locality. Specimens have also been noted from Berkshire (Newbury), Bucks (Chalfont St. Peter), Dorset (Halstock), {117} and Norfolk (Thetford). Possibly there are other localities in England, more especially in the west, where this species may be awaiting discovery. THE SATIN WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _subsericeata_). The wings of this species (Plate 45, Fig. 17) are glossy whitish, with a faint greyish, or sometimes yellow greyish, tinge; the cross lines are grey, oblique and straight on the fore wings, but the outer two on the hind wings are curved or bent. Var. _mancuniata_, Knaggs, a local form found in Lancashire and Yorkshire, is rather more tinged with yellowish, the lines being distinct, and some more or less distinct dusky dots on the outer margin of the fore wings. A blackish form, with white fringes, has been recorded from North Cornwall, where the species, in its usual form, has been noted as abundant. The rough-looking caterpillar is pale greyish, inclining to reddish above; three black lines along the back, the central one slender, and the outer ones widening out towards each end. It feeds on knotgrass, dandelion, chickweed, and other kinds of weeds, and will eat plum. Hatching in August, it hibernates, as a rule, and attains full growth in the following spring; but sometimes caterpillars feed up quickly, and produce moths the same year. The moth, which is out in June and July, is partial to heathy ground, but not confined to heaths, as it has been met with in lanes bordered by pasture fields. Widely distributed throughout England and Wales, rare in Scotland, where it has only been recorded from the Solway. In Ireland it has been found commonly at Howth, near Dublin; and in the counties Cork and Waterford. {118} PORTLAND RIBBON WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _degeneraria_) This reddish-banded species (Plate 46, Fig. 1) is, so far as we know, only found, in Britain, in the Isle of Portland, Dorset, where it was first noted on June 24th, 1831. It will be seen that apart from its different colour, the bands in this moth are placed nearer the base of the wings than in _A. aversata_; on the fore wings the band is limited by the first and central lines, but sometimes it encroaches on the basal area; on the hind wings, it occupies more or less of the basal area, from the first line inwards; the front edge of the fore wings is also reddish. The caterpillar is ridged along the sides of the roughened body, and tapers towards the slightly notched, blackish marked head; the general colour is reddish-ochreous, darker on the back of the middle rings, along which are three interrupted pale greyish ochreous lines, and dark V-shaped marks. The natural food plant is not known, but it may be reared from the egg on bramble, traveller's joy (_Clematis_), and, of course, knotgrass and dandelion, both of these plants being generally acceptable to larvae of the Acidaliinae, as well as to those of many other species of Geometridae. The moth is out in June and July in the open, but has been bred as early as June 2. Some of the caterpillars from eggs laid in June will feed up quickly, and produce moths in September; from these, other eggs may be obtained, the caterpillars from which will feed for a time and then hibernate; as also do the slow-growing individuals of the earlier hatching. Abroad, this seems to be a Mediterranean species, ranging eastward through Asia Minor to parts of Central Asia; and northwards to Austro-Hungary, Castile, France, and West Central Germany. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 46. 1. PORTLAND RIBBON WAVE. 2. PLAIN WAVE. 3-6. RIBAND WAVE. 7-10. SMALL FAN-FOOTED WAVE. 9, 12. SINGLE-DOTTED WAVE. 8, 11. TREBLE BROWN-SPOT. 13, 14. LACE BORDER. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 47. 1, 1a. SINGLE-DOTTED WAVE: _eggs and caterpillar_. 2. RIBAND WAVE: _caterpillar_. 3, 3a. PLAIN WAVE: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_. {119} THE PLAIN WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _inornata_). Somewhat similar to the last in appearance, but without reddish bands, and front edging to the fore wings; the second or outer line of the fore wings is generally distinct, but the others, especially the central, are often obscure. This species, one example of which is shown on Plate 46, Fig. 2, may be distinguished from the plain form of _A. aversata_ by its generally smaller size and more silky appearance; the cross lines are less distinct, and the outer one of the fore wings is not indented below the front margin. The eggs (Plate 47, Fig. 3a) are laid in strings of from 6-20; at least this is so in captivity. Like the eggs of other species in this genus that I have seen, they are at first whitish bone colour, changing to reddish. They were laid in July, and most of the caterpillars that hatched from them attained the moth state in September; about one-third hibernated, but died off during the winter. The much-wrinkled and rough-looking caterpillar is pale reddish brown, varying to greyish; the back with V-shaped marks, and a light spot on rings 5 and 6. It feeds, from August to June, on dandelion, dock, and other weeds, also on sallow, bramble, heather, etc. The moth is out in July, earlier or later in some seasons; it affects woods in which there is plenty of heather or bilberry, and may often be seen resting on tree trunks, especially those of the pine. It is on the wing in the evening, and is said to visit the sugar patch, as well as flowers growing in its haunts. Widely distributed over England and Scotland to Moray, but does not appear to have been noted in Wales. Reported from Kingstown, Killarney, and Londonderry in Ireland. {120} THE RIBAND WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _aversata_). There are two distinct colour forms, one is greyish white (ab. _spoliata_, Staudinger), and the other decidedly ochreous; the former is sometimes tinged with ochreous, and sometimes heavily sprinkled with dark grey. In the type form of _aversata_, the general colour is greyish white, and the space between the central and outer lines of the fore wings, and that enclosed by the first and central of the hind wings, is more or less entirely filled up with dark grey inclining to blackish; occasionally the dark colour spreads beyond the outer line, and covers a large portion of the outer area. These bands also occur in the ochreous and intermediate colour forms. A specimen, bred in June by Mr. W. G. Sheldon, from a caterpillar found on a fence at West Wickham in May, had the wings and abdomen black, but the head, thorax, anal tuft, and fringes of the wings were normal. (Plate 46, Figs. 3-6.) The caterpillar (Plate 47, Fig. 2; from drawing by Mr. Sich) is much wrinkled, rather thickened behind, and tapers gradually towards the small, black-flecked head; the general colour is brownish, merging into ochreous on the hinder rings; a darker brown shade along the back, interrupted on the middle rings by V-shaped marks, encloses a slender whitish line, and there is a whitish spot on ring eight; a wavy pale ochreous line low down along the sides. (Adapted from Fenn.) It feeds on dandelion, dock, primrose, bedstraw, knotgrass, and many other low-growing plants; after hibernation, from April to May, it will thrive on the young growth of sallow, birch, hawthorn, etc. It will sometimes feed up and reach the moth state in August or September. The moth flies in June and July, and is generally distributed; but in Scotland does not seem to have been observed north of Moray. {121} SMALL FAN-FOOTED WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _bisetata_). One form (Plate 46, Fig. 10) has whitish wings, with a deep, dark-grey border on the outer area of all the wings; this border is traversed by a whitish, wavy line (ab. _fimbriolata_, Stephens). Another form (Plate 46, Fig. 7) is more or less typical, and in this it will be noted that the marginal borders are much paler, and are broken up into bandlets. Between these two forms there are modifications, and sometimes a greyish shade spreads over all the wings. The caterpillar is long and slender, with a somewhat flattened appearance, and gradually tapered towards the notched head; the general colour of the roughened body is greyish brown, the middle ring divisions, and V-shaped marks on the back, are blackish or dark brown; there is also a double dark-brown line along the back, not always distinct. It feeds, from August to May, on a variety of low-growing plants, and is partial to withered leaves, especially those of bramble and dandelion. The moth is out in June and July, and is often common, and pretty generally distributed throughout our islands, except that it seems not to have been noted north of Moray, in Scotland. Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia and Amurland. THE SINGLE DOTTED WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _dimidiata_). The most noticeable feature in this whity brown moth (Plate 47, Figs. 9 and 12), sometimes known as _scutulata_, are the larger dots at the costal end of the dotted cross lines, and the blackish or dark-brown chain-like mark on the lower part of the outer marginal area of the fore wings; the latter is sometimes obscured in a cloud of its own colour. {122} Eggs (Plate 47, Fig. 1a), laid in a batch on a dried leaf of dandelion, were whitish at first, but turned reddish later. The elongated and somewhat flattened caterpillar (figured on Plate 47, Fig. 1, from a drawing by Mr. Sich) is ochreous, with brown lines on the back, the central one double, and interrupted on the middle rings, upon which are oblique pale-brown dashes. It feeds, from September to April, on beaked parsley (_Anthriscus sylvestris_), burnet saxifrage (_Pimpinella_), etc., and may be reared on withered leaves of dandelion and other weeds. The moth is out in June and July, and in northern localities in August. Generally distributed, and often common. TREBLE BROWN SPOT (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _trigeminata_). This species (Plate 46, Figs. 8, 11) is similar to the last, but generally rather larger and somewhat paler; the front edge of the fore wings is marked with blackish or dark purplish grey, and there is a band of the same colour on the outer marginal area; the inner edge of this band is formed by the second line, and the outer edge is wavy, interrupted above the middle, and sometimes below also. The rough and rather flattened caterpillar tapers towards the head; in colour it is dusky brown. The markings comprise interrupted black lines and V-shaped blackish marks on the back. Buckler states that this caterpillar may be distinguished from those of its nearest allies by having a rather long, dingy ochreous bristle from each of the raised dots; these bristles, which are of the same thickness throughout, curve forwards on all rings to the ninth, and on the other three backwards. It feeds, from September to April, on various low-growing plants, ivy, birch, etc. If kept warm, it is said that whole broods will attain the moth state in July or August; this may happen sometimes, but in my experience only a few individuals have obliged in this way. The moth is another inhabitant of the hedgerow and the bushy wood-border, where it may be disturbed in the daytime during late May and June. It flies in the evening, and will visit light, and occasionally the sugar patch. Always a local species, but not uncommon in its special haunts in Kent, Surrey, Wiltshire, Essex, and Suffolk; it is also found more or less frequently in Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire. In Scotland, it is reported as scarce in Renfrew; and Kane notes that it does not occur in Ireland. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 48. 1. LEAST CARPET: _caterpillar_. 2, 2a, 2b. SMALL BLOOD-VEIN: _egg enlarged, caterpillar and chrysalis_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 49. 1, 2. CREAM WAVE. 3, 4. LESSER CREAM WAVE. 5-7. MULLEIN WAVE. 9. LEWES WAVE. 8. SUB-ANGLED WAVE. 10. ROSY WAVE. 11, 12. SMALL BLOOD-VEIN. {123} THE LACE BORDER (_Acidalia_ (_Craspedia_) _ornata_). The conspicuously marked white moth depicted on Plate 46, Figs. 13 and 14, is unlikely to escape the notice of the collector who visits rough fields and hillsides in some of the chalk districts of Southern England, especially in the counties of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. Usually there are two generations of the moth during the year; one is on the wing in May and June, and the other flies in August and September. The caterpillar is of long and slender build, the head is notched, and the skin of the body is roughened. In colour it is ochreous brown above and greyish beneath; there are three lines along the back, the central one pale, except towards the head, edged with dusky, the others dark brown. On each ring, from four to eight, are two dark V-shaped marks; low down along the sides there is a dusky edged and mottled, pale ochreous stripe. It feeds, from October to May, and in July and August, on thyme, marjoram, and may be reared on garden mint. Abroad, the species ranges over Central and Southern Europe, and through Asia to Amurland. NOTE.--According to Prout (_Entom._ xxxix. 267), this species is the type of the genus _Scopula_, Schrank. {124} THE CREAM WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _remutaria_). This species (Plate 49, Figs. 1, 2) has the wings white or ochreous white, becoming rather smoky grey on the front edge of the fore wings, and sometimes this tinge spreads all over the wings. In well-marked specimens there are two dark, wavy, cross-lines, a dusky central shade, and a dusky shade-like stripe along the outer area beyond the second line; the first line of the fore wings is often placed close to the central shade, and sometimes it is merged in it. Not infrequently the lines are barely traceable, but almost as often the wings appear to have a pair of lines only, and these distinctly darker than usual. The caterpillar is rough, long and slender; grey-brown with irregular darker marks, a pale line along the middle of the back, and a dark cross on the back of ring ten. The notched head is pale brown with a black V-mark. It feeds, from July to September, on bedstraw (_Galium_), woodruff (_Asperula_), dock, sallow, etc. The moth is out in May and June, and often is plentiful in woods throughout the greater part of England and Wales; in Yorkshire and northwards through Scotland up to Moray it is rather local. In Ireland it has been found in Wicklow and Louth, but more commonly in the south and west. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. THE LESSER CREAM WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _immutata_). White, more or less tinged with ochreous or ochreous grey in the male, is the general colour of this moth; the wings are crossed by several ochreous lines, the third line of the fore wings and the second line of the hind wings rather wavy. All the wings with central black dots, most distinct on the hind pair, occasionally absent from fore wings. (Plate 49, Figs. 3 [male], 4 [female].) {125} The long caterpillar is pale greyish-brown, with three dusky lines on the back; the black spiracles are set in a pale stripe, and below this is a dusky line; head small and round (Barrett). August to May. The natural food appears to be _Valeriana officinalis_, and _Spiraea_, but it has been reared from the egg on groundsel, knotgrass, etc., also hawthorn, and moths obtained the same year, about September. In the open the moth is to be found in fens, bogs, and marshy places in fields and woods, during June and July. It is not uncommon, in suitable spots, in most of the southern and eastern counties of England. In the west, including Wales, and through the Midlands, it is local to Yorkshire, but is widely distributed in the south of the latter county; it occurs, rarely, in Durham. In Scotland it has only been definitely noted from Arran. Widely distributed, and common, in many parts of Ireland. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. THE MULLEIN WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _marginepunctata_). This species exhibits more variation than is usual in this group. Typically, the moth is greyish white, but in some specimens the grey is most in evidence, and in others the white. A practically black form, with white fringes, has been noted from North Cornwall, and at Eastbourne and Portland many of the specimens have a clear, bone- ground, with fine but very distinct cross-markings; these seem to be referable to ab. _pastoraria_, Joannis. The cross lines in both dark and light forms are sometimes very indistinct, but occasionally the first and second of the fore wings are united, and so form an irregular dusky band; the greyish clouding on the outer marginal area is also variable. Three {126} specimens are shown on Plate 49; two from Eastbourne, Figs. 5 [female], 6 [male], and one from Essex, Fig. 7 [female]. The long caterpillar is very pale slaty-olive, with three paler lines along the back, the central one edged on each side with olive, darkest on the last three rings; spiracles black, and under surface of the body pale slate blue (adapted from Porritt). It feeds on various low-growing plants, among which, yarrow, mugwort, chickweed, cinquefoil, and knotgrass have been mentioned; also, it is said, on sallow. There are certainly two broods in the south, one feeding up in the summer, and the other hatching in September, and after hibernation attaining full growth in May or June. Moths of the first generation are on the wing in June and July, and of the second in August and September. Although sometimes found inland, the species is more especially attached to the coast, and is found in nearly all the seaboard counties of England, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland, it occurs in Wigtownshire, and very dark specimens have been obtained on rocks in dry pastures at Ardrossan; June to end of July. THE LEWES WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _immorata_). Although the late Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a British specimen of this species, as a curious variety of _Strenia clathrata_, at a meeting of the Entomological Society of London in 1868, it was not until the year 1887, when Mr. C. H. Morris captured two specimens in Sussex, that the insect became recognized as a native. It is probable that the earlier example, taken some years before it was shown at the meeting referred to, may have come from the same locality in the Lewes district where the later specimens were captured. Anyway, the species has, so far, not been recorded from any other part of our islands, but it continues to be found in its original haunts, described as "some heathy ground," up to the present day. (Plate 49, Fig. 9.) {127} The long, slender, and roughened caterpillar is pale greyish brown; the central line along the back is greyish-white, each side edged on the hinder half with brown, having at the beginning of each ring after the third a black dot on either side; side stripes dark brown, inclining to black above; a slender brown line below the black spiracles. (Adapted from Barrett.) It feeds from August to May on ling (_Calluna vulgaris_), marjoram, thyme, knotgrass, etc. From eggs laid on July 1 and 2 caterpillars hatched on July 17 and 18. These were placed on leaves of ribwort plantain (_Plantago lanceolata_), and as soon as large enough transferred to a potted plant, and kept out of doors. Two of the caterpillars grew up quickly, and on August 24 were taken indoors, where they spun up for pupation, one on August 28, and the other on September 1. A female moth emerged September 14 from the first chrysalis (F. C. Woodbridge, 1906). The range abroad extends to East Siberia and Amurland. THE SUB-ANGLED WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _strigilaria_). This species is greyish white, sometimes brownish-tinged; dusky cross markings, of which the oblique shade following the central black dot of the fore wings, and that before the central black dot of the hind wings, are usually most distinct, forming a narrow band across both pairs of wings; the outer margin of the hind wings is angled. The long, slender caterpillar has a roughened appearance; the colour is greenish grey, and the markings comprise a dull green line along the middle of the back, spotted with black on each side; the grey head is variegated with very pale brown. (Adapted from Porritt.) This species (Plate 49, Fig. 8) was known to Haworth, who gave it the English name which it bears to-day. Stephens, {128} writing of it in 1831, states that it was very rare, and that specimens in his collection were from a lane near Darenth, in Kent. With one exception (Hastings, Sussex, 1876), the only present known locality in the British Isles for the species is the Warren, near Folkestone, Kent, where it was discovered in 1859. Here it occurred more or less freely for several years, then it became scarce, and finally, about 1890, seemed to be practically extinct. In 1906, however, Mr. G. H. Conquest netted a female specimen in the Warren on July 24, and as she laid a few eggs, it may be presumed that others had been deposited before capture. From the eggs obtained by Mr. Conquest, nine moths were reared in July, 1907. The caterpillars thrived on traveller's joy (_Clematis vitalba_), which is probably the natural food; but they will also eat dandelion, knotgrass, etc., and like the withered leaves. By keeping in a warm place, it is possible to get moths out the same year, but, as a rule, the caterpillars prefer to hibernate. The range abroad extends to Amurland, China, Corea, and Japan. THE ROSY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _emutaria_). Figure 10, Plate 49, shows an example of this species, which also has angled hind wings. In coloration it is whiter and more silky than the last, and when fresh is delicately tinged with pink; the first and second lines are dotted or represented by dots, and the greyish central shade is obliquely inclined in the direction of the tips of the wings. In the marshes on the Essex and Kentish coasts the species is generally rather more rosy (ab. _subroseata_, Haworth), but this form occurs occasionally in the New Forest also. The long, slender caterpillar is whitish ochreous, inclining to pinkish; on the back of each ring is a broad grey shade enclosing a white spot, and a faint grey line on each side. Spiracles, black, with black spots below them on {129} rings four to eight; undersurface bluish-grey with a central white stripe. (Adapted from Fenn.) When reared from the egg, the caterpillar will feed on knotgrass, chickweed, birdsfoot trefoil, etc. The moths sometimes appear in August or September, but the more usual habit of the larva is to hibernate when small and complete growth in the following spring. The moth, which is out in July and early August, conceals itself by day among the vegetation growing in its somewhat restricted haunts. These are chiefly the marshes on the east coast, and similar spots in Kent and Sussex; also the bogs of Hampshire and Dorset, but especially those between Lyndhurst and Brockenhurst in the former county. It is not readily put up during the day, but towards evening it becomes active on the wing, and after its flight may be found sitting about upon the herbage. Abroad, it seems to be pretty much confined to Southern Europe and North-west Africa. THE SMALL BLOOD-VEIN (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _imitaria_). All the wings of this pale reddish-brown species are angulated (Plate 49, Figs. 11 and 12). A conspicuous character is the reddish or purplish-red stripe crossing both the wings, and to which its English name no doubt refers. It varies somewhat in the amount of reddish in the general coloration, also in the tint and the width of the prominent oblique cross stripe. The early stages are shown on Plate 48, Figs. 2-2b. The eggs, when laid on June 18 and 19, were whitish-green, but soon turned pinkish, inclining to coral red. The caterpillars hatched July 3 to 6, and were reared on a diet of privet leaves--a food that I have always found they preferred to any other that has been offered to them, and upon which I have found them in the open. They are exceedingly easy to rear, and if, as sometimes happens, they refuse to feed up and get through to the moth state in {130} September of the same year, they do not die off during the winter or early spring, as do so many larvae of other hibernating species. Enclosed in a suitable receptacle, such as a roomy glass cylinder, with some twigs of privet plugged in a bottle of water, the caterpillars may be left in any odd corner until spring, when fresh twigs should be introduced from time to time. Other food plants are dock, groundsel, dandelion, knotgrass, bedstraw, etc. In colour the caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, with three darker brown lines on the back, the central one broken on the front rings, and the others edged above with whitish; the spiracles are black, and the stripe along the side pale drab. The moth affects hedgerows, banks, bushy places on rough sloping ground, and sandhills by the sea. It flies in the evening, and may be met with in July and August, sometimes in September, in most English and Welsh counties, and in the south of Ireland. It is local and somewhat rare in Northern England, and seems not to occur in Scotland. TAWNY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _rubiginata_). This attractive little moth (Plate 50, Figs. 1, 2), known also as _rubricata_ Fab., varies in colour from ochreous brown with a purplish or reddish tinge, to purplish brown or crimson; the first line of the fore wings is curved, and the second is parallel with the central shade. Sometimes the space between the last two lines and between the first and second lines of the hind wings is paler than the general colour. A dusky brown form has been recorded from boggy heaths in Norfolk. The roughish caterpillar, which gradually tapers to the notched head, is greyish inclining to yellowish or greenish; three blackish lines on the back, the central one widened on the middle rings, and the others only distinct on the front rings; a black-edged pale line above the black spiracles, and a dusky stripe below them (Barrett). It feeds from August to May on clover, trefoil, {131} knotgrass, etc. Sometimes as a second generation in June and July. According to Stephens, who figured this species in 1831, a specimen was taken, near Dover, somewhere about 1825; he also refers to Yorkshire specimens, one of which he had in his collection. Since that time the species has been obtained in Lancashire (Ashton-on-Mersey), and it was noted, not uncommon from the first to third week in July, 1875, on low heathery ground at Winch Bridge, Upper Teesdale, Durham. Casual specimens have also been recorded from Folkestone, Kent; Hastings, Sussex, and South Devon. The last concerns a specimen taken in the Newton Abbot district in 1902. What may be termed the British home of the species is, however, the Breck sand district in the eastern counties, where, since 1860, it has been found in greater or lesser plenty, in June, each year up to the present time. The best known localities are Tuddenham, Brandon, Thetford, and Bury St. Edmunds. It sits among the vegetation in fields or the borders thereof, and also on heaths. Occasionally, it indulges in flight in the afternoon, but it is more often put up as the collector approaches its place of retreat. At night it is usually active, and light has a strong attraction for it. Abroad, its range extends to Amurland and Corea. THE SMOKY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Pylarge_) _fumata_). The sexes of this greyish-white moth are figured on Plate 50, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female]. It will be seen that the female is smaller than the male. The caterpillar is very slender, and finely wrinkled; pale ochreous brown, with three pale lines along the back, each of which is shaded on both sides with brown. Beneath the ridge, low down along the sides, is a dark stripe, and the under surface is pale. It feeds on bilberry, sallow and heather, and will eat knotgrass, chickweed, and dandelion. Hatching in August, it {132} hibernates when nearly mature, but it resumes feeding in the spring. The moth is out in June and July, and frequents moors and mosses. Plentiful in Scotland and in the north of England, its range extends through Wales and the west of England to Devonshire, where it occurs on Exmoor and is common in some parts of that extensive area. In Ireland, recorded by Birchall as widely distributed; Kane notes it from counties Kerry, Waterford, and Galway. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. BRIGHT WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Sterrha_) _ochrata_). At one time this ochreous brown species (Plate 50, Fig. 3) was an inhabitant of the Essex coast, and was found commonly at Southend among other places. Deal and other parts of the Kentish coast are more frequently mentioned in connection with later records of the species. In the present day it is far less plentiful at Deal than formerly, but it is still to be found there. Specimens have been taken in the Isle of Wight, and one has been noted from Suffolk (Aldeburgh). The pale ochreous brown or greyish ochreous caterpillar has three broken greyish lines on the back; it tapers towards the small head, and the skin of the body is closely wrinkled. It feeds from August to May, or a little later, on the flowers of hawk's-beard (_Crepis_), dandelion, coltsfoot, golden rod, etc., and in confinement it seems to accept most kinds of flowers that are offered, even when widely different. Thus, Mr. Conquest, in 1907, had some caterpillars which hatched during the first week in August from eggs laid on July 25; these were at first supplied with flowering sprays of yellow bedstraw (_Galium verum_), and later on with the flowers of golden rod (_Solidago_). Instead of hibernating, which is no doubt the normal habit in the species, some larvae reared from the egg in confinement and subjected to fostering warmth will grow very quickly and produce moths the same year. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 50. 1, 2. TAWNY WAVE. 3. BRIGHT WAVE. 4, 5. SMOKY WAVE. 6. _ACIDALIA PEROCHRARIA_. 7, 8. SMALL SCALLOP. 9, 10. BLOOD-VEIN. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 51. 1, 1a, 1b. DINGY MOCHA: _eggs, caterpillars and chrysalis_. 2. MOCHA: _caterpillar_. {133} This species has been referred to the genus _Sterrha_, Hubner, but authorities are not agreed as to the validity of this. _Acidalia perochraria._ The species last referred to as _A. ochrata_ was formerly known in Britain as _pallidaria_, and was figured by Curtis in 1831 under that name. Afterwards the name was changed to _perochraria_, and later still the correct name was found for it. How far there may have been confusion of the two species in the records of the present one, I have no means of ascertaining, but probably all but two should properly refer to _ochrata_. The only two known British specimens of _perochraria_ therefore appear to have been captured in the Redhill district of Surrey, one in 1865 and one in 1869. As will be seen on reference to Plate 50, where a portrait of a Continental specimen will be found (Fig. 6), the general colour is much brighter than that of _ochrata_. It will be noted, also, that there are four darker cross lines on the fore wings, and three on the hind wings. The antennae, too, of the male are toothed, and therefore differ from these organs in _ochrata_. THE SMALL SCALLOP (_Ania emarginata_). As will be noted on turning to Plate 50, Figs. 7, 8, the male of this pale ochreous brown species is generally rather larger than the female, and the more ample wings are less acutely angled in outline; the latter sex is also more clouded with reddish brown. The caterpillar is variable in colour; one form is of a dusky ochreous colour with a pale line along the middle of the back, edged on each side with a darker tint, and most conspicuously {134} so on the hinder rings; the back is also dotted with black, and has some dark V- or X-shaped marks upon it; the body tapers to the notched dark-brown head. It feeds on bedstraw (_Galium_), convolvulus, etc., and, like others of its tribe, has a taste for withered leaves. August to May or June, according to the season. In confinement it has been induced by warmth to feed up quickly, and appear as a moth the same year. Only a short time is passed in the chrysalis stage. July is perhaps the best month for the moth, but it may be seen at any time from late June to early August. Its haunts are fens, marshes, and moist woodlands, etc., and although it is more frequent in the south, it is widely spread throughout England, but in the north it is rare, and its occurrence more or less casual. In Wales it has been recorded from Glamorganshire and Flintshire; but it is apparently unknown in Scotland and Ireland. THE BLOOD-VEIN (_Timandra amata_). The stripe across the wings of this pretty species (Plate 50, Figs. 9 and 10), extending from the apex of the fore wings to near the middle of the inner margin of the hind wings, is normally pinkish red, but it may be of a more crimson or purplish hue; it also varies in width. The fringes are usually pinkish red, and occasionally the margins of the wings are tinged with the same colour. The whitish-ochreous ground colour is normally finely powdered with grey, but sometimes so thickly that a greyish tinge is imparted to the wings. Barrett mentions a specimen with pale smoky brown wings, and, excepting that the tips of the fringes are tinged with pink, the usual markings are absent. In another example, "the space between the central and second lines is filled up with purple brown." The caterpillar is brownish grey, with three whitish lines on the back, the central one intersecting a series of four dark {135} lozenges. It feeds on various low-growing plants, such as persicaria, orach, sorrel, etc., but dock seems to be the most frequently selected pabulum. July to May, sometimes feeding up and appearing as a second generation of the moth in August. Weedy ditches, hedge banks, or moist waste places, are the favourite resorts of the moth; and when one example is flushed from its lurking place, others are almost certain to be hiding in the immediate vicinity. Widely distributed throughout England, but most common in the south; found also in North and South Wales; and sparingly in Scotland to Aberdeenshire, also recorded from Arran. Apparently rare in Ireland, as it is only noted from Kerry and Galway. FALSE MOCHA (_Ephyra porata_). The wings are pale ochreous brown, finely flecked with purplish grey, and more or less tinged with reddish; the cross lines are indicated by blackish dots, the central shade is greyish inclining to reddish, and the rings enclosing white dots are blackish or dark brown, but sometimes indistinct on the fore wings; occasionally there are some purplish grey clouds on the outer marginal area, and this is more frequent in examples of a second generation. Sometimes the wings are entirely suffused with dull reddish brown, and all the markings, except the white dot on the hind wings, are obscured. (Plate 53, Figs. 7 and 8.) The caterpillar is pale pinkish ochreous, with inconspicuous wavy white lines, and brownish dots, on the back; dark oblique marks on the sides; the head is pencilled with darker brown. It feeds on oak and birch in June and July, and individuals of a second brood sometimes occur in September or October. The moth is out in May and June, and rests in the daytime {136} among the foliage of trees and bushes in or around woods. Like others of the genus, it is attracted by light, and is said to visit the sugar patch. Specimens of a second generation sometimes appear in August and September, but, I believe, more frequently in the breeding cage than in the open. Although it has been recorded from several of the northern counties from Staffordshire to Cumberland, this is more especially an inhabitant of the south and west of England, and of Wales. In Scotland, it is known to occur singly and rarely in Clydesdale and Arran, and has been found in Perthshire. NOTE.--This species, and the other five here included in _Ephyra_, have been referred to _Zonosoma_, Lederer, and more recently to _Cyclophora_, Stephens. MAIDEN'S BLUSH (_Ephyra punctaria_). In a general way, this moth (Plate 53, Figs. 10-12) is not unlike the last mentioned. Apart, however, from the absence of ringed dots on all the wings, the central line is more prominent. Certain vagaries occur in connection with this line, which is generally reddish, or purplish brown. Occasionally, it may be visible on the fore wings, but absent on the hind wings; or it may change its course about mid-way, and turn inwards to the base of the fore wing. I have a specimen from Surrey in which this line is double the normal width, and dark purplish in colour. Examples of the second generation have brownish clouds on the outer margin (Fig. 12). The caterpillar is pale reddish-ochreous or bright green; a black line along the middle of the back, and a brownish one along the sides; a black horse-shoe mark, edged below with yellow, on the back of rings four to nine. It feeds, in June and July, on oak, but may be reared on birch; also found in September as a second brood. {137} The moth is out in May and June, and specimens of a second generation are often not uncommon in August. It occurs in woodlands throughout England, but is most plentiful in the south. In Scotland, it appears to be local in Clydesdale, but is found thence up to Moray. In Ireland, only recorded from Galway (two specimens). CLAY TRIPLE-LINES (_Ephyra linearia_). This species (Plate 53, Fig. 13) varies in the general colour from yellowish to pale reddish ochreous; the cross lines are also variable, often the first is missing (Plate 53, Fig. 14), and not infrequently the dark central line is the only visible marking, but very exceptionally the central line is very little, if at all, more distinct than the normal first and second. The ringed white dots are rarely very conspicuous, and are often quite absent. The caterpillar is pale brownish, with a brown-edged yellowish line along the middle of the back, and some yellow-edged dark-brown streaks on the sides. In another form, the head is brown and the body green. It feeds in June, July, and again in September, on beech. The moth is out in May and June, and again in August and September. Beech woods are its favourite haunts, and it seldom strays far from them. It is generally common in the south, and its range apparently extends to Northumberland; but it is local and infrequent in the north. Three specimens have been recorded from Co. Galway, and one from Co. Cork, in Ireland. NOTE.--Nearly fifty years ago, at Brighton, a single specimen was reared from one of eight larvae that hatched from the same number of eggs deposited by a female _E. linearia_ that had paired with a male _E. orbicularia_. This hybrid has been named _brightoni_, Tutt. {138} THE MOCHA (_Ephyra annulata_). Normally, the wings of this species (Plate 53, Figs. 6, 9) are yellowish white, inclining to ochreous yellow with the blackish central shade near to and sometimes united with the blackish irregular and outwardly toothed second cross line on both fore and hind wings; the rings are deep brown or blackish. There is variation in the width and intensity of the central shade, and the rings sometimes are absent on the fore wings (ab. _obsoleta_, Riding), and occasionally all the wings are devoid of the annular mark (ab. _biobsoleta_, Riding). Examples of a second generation reared in captivity are rather deeper , and have a sprinkling of black scales, chiefly on the fore wings. The caterpillar (Plate 51, Fig. 2, after Hofmann) is dark green, yellow between the rings; there are three yellow lines along the back, the outer ones waved; head reddish brown, paler marked. (Adapted from Porritt.) There is also a pale ochreous brown form. It feeds on maple in June, and as a second generation in August and September. It may be reared on sycamore. The moth frequents lanes, woods, and thickets, especially those in which maple is plentiful; it flies at dusk, and in the daytime may be beaten from hedgerows in which the food plant grows. It has also been found among hornbeam. The species is most frequent from Kent to Hampshire, but widely distributed over England up to Worcester and Herefordshire, and eastward to Norfolk, occurring also in Northampton and Yorkshire. The colour and ornamentation of this charming little insect seem to have struck Haworth, who named the species in the vernacular, as bearing some resemblance to the Mocha stone from Arabia, a kind of transparent agate in which are seen brownish moss-like markings. {139} DINGY MOCHA (_Ephyra orbicularia_). The wings are greyish, thickly striped with darker grey; the markings similar to those of the next species, but the rings are nearly always reddish or purplish, and the central line is wavy. (Plate 53, Figs. 4 and 5.) The egg (which, together with the caterpillar and chrysalis, is figured on Plate 51) is at first bone-; later, pink dots and patches appear. The caterpillar is bright green with three lines along the back, the central one edged on each side with dark green and the others wavy; the sides are blotched with pink or pale purple, or sometimes whitish and unmarked; head slightly notched on the crown, pale brown, marked with darker; fore legs tipped with pink. (Porritt, abridged.) In another form of the green coloration, the sides are pinkish with dark-brown oblique stripes; in a third the general colour is pale brown. The first brood of caterpillars feeds in June on sallow and alder, and a second in August and September. The moth appears in May and June, and again in July and August; sometimes a third brood has been reared in captivity. It is less frequently met with than the other species of _Ephyra_, even in its most favourite haunts, such as the New Forest, in Hampshire. Other localities for it are Abbots Wood, St. Leonards and Tilgate Forests, and elsewhere in Sussex; Redstone, Haslemere, and the Croydon districts, in Surrey; and in some Kentish woods. It has also been taken rarely in Dorset, Devon (Tiverton), S. Wales, and Suffolk (Lowestoft). BIRCH MOCHA (_Ephyra pendularia_). The general colour of this species (Plate 53, Figs. 1, 2) is whitish, more or less powdered or suffused with grey; all the {140} wings have two blackish dotted cross lines and a greyish, sometimes reddish, central shade; not infrequently there is an interrupted grey or dark greyish band on the outer marginal area, and this margin itself is always dotted with black; the rings enclosing white dots on all the wings are usually black, but sometimes reddish. In some specimens having a reddish central shade, the general colour, especially of the fore wings, is delicately tinged with reddish. Var. _subroseata_, Woodforde (Fig. 3), a form of this species occurring in N. Staffs. is slaty grey, with the space between the inner and outer cross lines of fore wings rosy pink or reddish. The caterpillar is of a green colour with slender yellowish lines along the back and sides; between the rings the colour inclines to yellowish, and the head, legs, and prolegs are reddish brown. In another form the general colour is greyish, inclining to reddish, and the lines paler grey. It feeds on birch in June and July, and again in August and September. It is said to eat alder and oak. The chrysalis, which is similar in shape to that of the last species (Plate 51), is pale greyish-ochreous marked with dark brown. The moth, which appears in May and June, and in some seasons in August, frequents woodlands and heaths where birch flourishes. Although fairly plentiful in most of the southern English counties, it appears to be rare in Dorset and Devon, and more or less so in the eastern counties. It is very local in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire, but not uncommon at Strensall in the latter county; and although it has been recorded from Cumberland, it seems to be absent from Lancashire and Cheshire. Doubtfully reported from North Northumberland, but found in Wells Wood, Roxburghshire, and appears to be widely distributed in Scotland, although generally scarce in that country. In Ireland it is local, but not uncommon sometimes. The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 52. 1. MALLOW: _caterpillar_. 2. SHADED BROAD-BAR: _caterpillar_. 3. CHALK CARPET: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 53. 1, 2, 3. BIRCH MOCHA. 4, 5. DINGY MOCHA. 6, 9. THE MOCHA. 7, 8. FALSE MOCHA. 10-12. MAIDEN'S BLUSH. 13, 14. CLAY TRIPLE-LINES. {141} HYDRIOMENINAE. THE VESTAL (_Sterrha sacraria_). The fore wings are pale yellow inclining to ochreous, and the front edge is more or less tinged with the same colour as that of the oblique stripe from the tips of the wings to the middle of the inner margin. In the type, this stripe is purplish-brown, but in ab. _labda_, Cramer, it is crimson, and in ab. _atrifasciaria_, Stefan, it is blackish. In ab. _sanguinaria_, Esper, the ground colour is pinkish. The hind wings are always white. (Plate 54, Figs. 1 and 2.) From 1857, in which year the first specimen recorded as British was captured in September at Plymouth, to 1874, one or more examples of this interesting migrant seem to have occurred during the autumns of most years, in some part of the British Isles, but chiefly in the South of England. The years in which it was apparently unrecorded were 1860, 1861, 1870, 1872, and 1873. Since 1874 there have been very few records. In 1879 a male specimen was taken at Chingford, Essex, August 17th, and a female (ova obtained) on September 1st; a specimen occurred at Christchurch, Hants, October, 1893; a male was obtained in the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, September, 1895, and one was secured at Timoleague, Co. Cork, in August, 1898; one was accounted for at Malvern, Worcestershire, in August, 1901; a female in fine condition was captured, as it flew in the sunshine over a Cambridgeshire meadow, in the autumn of 1906. Mr. H. M. Edelsten obtained a male specimen in South Devon, on September 12, 1908. The largest number of specimens appears to have been recorded in 1867, when nearly thirty were secured, and of these four were taken in May in the Isle of Wight, where also two females were captured on {142} August 14th and 16th, and one specimen on September 3rd. Six or seven occurred during August in Lancashire, and three in Perthshire, also in August. The long caterpillar is variable, but is usually some shade of green above, inclining to whitish beneath, and yellowish between the rings; the lines along the back are paler green, reddish, and olive green. It feeds on low-growing plants, such as knotgrass and dock, and has been reared from the egg in August and September. If eggs were obtained in May it would be possible to raise two generations of moths, or, perhaps, even three, during the year. The species is an inhabitant of Southern Europe and North Africa, and its range extends to India, Madeira, and the Canaries. In Central Europe, including the British Isles, its occurrence is always a more or less casual event. NOTE.--It is possibly incorrect to assign this species to _Sterrha_, Hubner, which is adopted by some authors for the Acidaliid _ochraria_. There is, however, considerable doubt among authorities about accepting the Hubnerian genus, but Herrich-Schaffer's genus _Sterrha_ appears to be valid and is here employed. If it has to give way, _Pseudosterrha_, Warren, or _Rhodometra_, Meyrick, may have to be used. _Lythria purpuraria_ has long been reported as a British species, but there does not appear to be any very convincing record of its capture in the British Isles. It is widely distributed in Europe, and generally common. As it is a sun-loving insect, it could hardly escape detection if it occurred in any part of our isles. A note by Mr. V. R. Perkins, in _The Zoologist_ for 1861, p. 7449, should, however, not be overlooked. This refers to the capture, on June 18th, of two male specimens that were disturbed from broom, "not far from the city of Perth, by Mr. D. P. Morrison." {143} LEAD BELLE (_Ortholitha plumbaria_). Two ordinary examples of this species are shown on Plate 54, Figs. 4, 5. The ground colour is greyish, ranging in one direction to whitish, and in the other to brownish; on the fore wings there are three cross lines, usually reddish-brown in colour, but sometimes dark brown inclining to blackish; the first of these lines is always slender and sometimes very indistinct; the second is often shaded on its outer edge, and the third on its inner edge, with brownish; occasionally the space between the second and third is more or less dusky, especially on the lower half; sometimes these two lines approach each other very closely on the inner margin; the short oblique streak from the tip of the wing to the wavy submarginal line, and also the blackish central dot, are far more distinct in some specimens than in others. The long stick-like caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, often striped with darker brown or blackish. It feeds on furze (_Ulex_) and broom (_Cytisus_), from August to April. The moth is out in May and June, earlier or later according to the season, and is to be found almost everywhere that its food plants flourish. THE MALLOW (_Ortholitha cervinata_). The fore wings of this species are normally ochreous brown, inclining to reddish, but sometimes the general colour is of a light chocolate tint, and in such specimens the slender white lines edging the dark markings, and the white wavy submarginal line, are more distinct; the central band-like marking occasionally tapers towards the inner margin. (Plate 54, Figs. 6, 7.) The long caterpillar (figured from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich, Plate 52, Fig. 1) is of a greenish colour, inclining {144} to yellowish between the rings; there are indications of darker lines on the middle of the back and along the sides; the usual dots are whitish and the spiracles black; in some specimens the central line on the back is pinkish. It hatches from the egg in March or April, and feeds until June on mallow (_Malva sylvestris_); will also eat hollyhock. The moth appears in September and October, and is sometimes seen in November. It hides under the mallow, and other plants around, and is not much inclined to move during the day, but it becomes active in the evening, and then flies pretty briskly. The occurrence of this species in any locality will, of course, largely depend upon the presence of the food plant, but it seems to be widely distributed throughout the greater part of the British Isles. It is, however, most frequent in the southern half of England. SHADED BROAD-BAR (_Ortholitha limitata_). To the earliest British entomologists this species (Plate 54, Figs. 8 and 9) was known by the English name given to it by Moses Harris, which is here revived. Haworth's popular name for the insect is the "Small Mallow," but this seems less suitable. The fore wings are usually ochreous brown in colour, with a darker brown band, the inner area of which is often paler. The ground colour, however, varies considerably, in some examples tending to whity brown, and in others to a smoky hue. The whitish hind wings are generally more or less dusky clouded, chiefly from the base of the wing to the dark brown or blackish cross shade; but sometimes these wings are entirely blackish, with just a trace of a pale cross stripe. The caterpillar is greyish, with a pinkish tinge and black dots; there are three lines along the back, the central one slaty blue, and the others ochreous, shaded on each side with pale brown; a pinkish irregular ridge runs low down along the sides. It feeds on clover, vetch, grass, etc., from September to June. (Plate 52, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) [Illustration] 2 Pl. 54. 1, 2. THE VESTAL. 3, 10. OBLIQUE-STRIPED. 4, 5. LEAD BELLE. 6, 7. MALLOW. 8, 9. SHADED BROAD-BAR. 11, 12. CHALK CARPET. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 55. 1, 2. DRAB LOOPER. 3. GREY CARPET. 4, 5. CHIMNEY SWEEPER. 6-8. TREBLE-BAR. 9, 10. MANCHESTER TREBLE-BAR. {145} The moth is out in July and August, and is often common in fields and grassy places, generally throughout the greater part of the British Isles. In ancient times it was dubbed the "Aurelian's Plague." The range abroad extends to Amurland. _Ortholitha moeniata._--Except that one specimen was said to have been taken near Baron Wood, Carlisle, some years prior to 1855; and another, in 1866, near York; there is no evidence that this species is an inhabitant of the British Isles. CHALK CARPET (_Ortholitha bipunctaria_). In this species (Plate 54, Figs. 11 and 12) the ground colour of the fore wings is white (inclining to bluish-white in some specimens), more or less stippled and scored with greyish brown; the cross band is darker grey brown, and there are two black dots placed :-wise (sometimes united) in the paler central space of the band. Hind wings, smoky grey, with a darker shade across the middle, and a pale one parallel with the outer margin. In some rare instances, the ground colour of the fore wings is entirely white, and the band exceedingly dark; but specimens with the general colour, slaty-black and the band and basal patch grey, are extremely rare; Barrett mentions one such example, from Box Hill, Surrey, in Mr. R. Adkin's collection. The caterpillar is whity brown, more or less tinged with pink, dotted with black, and lined with grey along the back, the sides, and the under surface. It feeds, at night, on clover and trefoils, from September to June. (Plate 52, Fig. 3, after Hofmann.) The moth is out in July and August, and in suitable localities, such as chalk downs, lime-stone hills, etc., is generally plentiful {146} throughout England and South Wales. It does not appear to have been noted in Ireland, or in Scotland, except that it has been recorded from the Isle of Arran. OBLIQUE STRIPED (_Mesotype virgata_). The sexes of this species are shown on Plate 54, Figs. 3 [male], 10 [female]. The fore wings are greyish, inclining to whitish or to brownish, with two white-edged oblique bands, which in the lighter specimens are broad and show up conspicuously, but in the darker are narrower and much less distinct. The caterpillar is brownish, but varies in tint, in some cases inclining to pink; there are three lines along the back, the central one dark green or brown, and the others more or less yellowish; a blackish or dark grey line low down along the sides. It feeds on yellow bedstraw (_Galium verum_), and may be reared on other kinds of _Galium._ There are two broods, one in May and June, and the other in August and September. The moth, which frequents sand-hills and shelving banks by the seaside, is found resting upon its food plant or other vegetation around, in May and June, and again in July and August. The species has a wide distribution, and occurs in suitable localities around the coasts of England (except the north-east), and on the west coast of Wales. It also inhabits the Breck sand district of Norfolk and Suffolk, and has been found on chalk downs and hills in the south of England, and in Cambridgeshire and Berkshire. In Ireland, it has been recorded from the counties of Down and Kerry. Abroad, its distribution spreads to Eastern Siberia and Amurland. DRAB LOOPER (_Minoa murinata_). The grey brown or ochreous brown wings of this delicate, but unattractive little moth (Plate 55, Figs. 1 and 2), are silky in {147} texture. After it has flown for a time, the wings become paler, and lose most of their sheen. The thick-set, roughish caterpillar is reddish brown, dotted with pale ochreous; there is a slender white line along the middle of the back, and black oblique streaks on the sides; a blackish wavy line along the area of the spiracles is bordered below with yellowish. It feeds on wood spurge (_Euphorbia amygdaloides_) and also, I have reason to believe, on petty spurge (_E. peplus_), a rather common weed in some gardens, from July to September. In forward seasons the moth, which flies in the sunshine, has been noted in late April, but May and June are the best months for it. In the New Forest, and elsewhere, it has occurred in August. On one occasion I remember that, in a garden at Brockenhurst, several specimens were taken in the autumn, and it was supposed that they resulted from eggs laid by a damaged female that had been captured in the woods and turned out into said garden. It has been taken at gas lamps, at Dorking among other places. The species has been recorded from Pembrokeshire, Glamorganshire, and Monmouth, in South Wales; and it appears to be found in most of the counties of England southwards from Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester, Oxford, and Bucks. Except that it has been doubtfully recorded from Stowmarket, Suffolk, it does not seem to be found in the eastern counties; and I cannot find that it has been noted from Devon or Cornwall. The range abroad extends to Amurland. CHIMNEY-SWEEPER (_Odezia atrata_). This white-tipped but otherwise plain black moth (Plate 55, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female]) is very constant, and except that specimens after having been on the wing for a day or two become sooty brown, there is nothing much to note. It is the fringe at the tip of the {148} fore wings rather than the tip itself that is white, and this sometimes extends for a short distance along the fringe of the outer margin. Haworth's English name for this insect (his _chaerophyllata_) was "The Looping Chimney Sweeper" in reference to its caterpillar, and to distinguish it from his "Chimney Sweeper," "Chimney Sweeper's Boy," and other oddities in the vernacular among the Psychids. The caterpillar, which feeds in the spring on flowers of the earth-nut (_Conopodium denudatum_, or _Bunium flexuosum_), is green, and paler on the sides than on the back; there are three darker green lines along the back, the central one merging into reddish on the last ring, and the others narrowly edged on each side with white; a whitish stripe runs below the red spiracles. The moth is a sun lover, and flits about flowers growing among or near its food plant, in June and July. The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, but it does not appear to have been noted north of Moray in the last-named country. It is always very local, frequents moist fields, borders of woods, and even waysides. The range abroad extends to Amurland. THE GREY CARPET (_Lithostege griseata_). The more or less greyish moth, shown on Plate 55, Fig. 3, varies in tint, some specimens being decidedly more grey than others. At the apex of the fore wings is a short blackish dash, and from this a curved dusky line may be traced to the inner margin. The female has the wings rather shorter than those of the male. The slender, dark-lined, greenish caterpillar feeds on the seed pods of flixweed (_Sisymbrium_), and treacle mustard (_Erysimum_), in July and August. When reared in captivity it will thrive on other kinds of Cruciferae. {149} The moth is out in June, sometimes late May; it is exceedingly local in Britain, and only occurs in the Breck district, where it was first met with about fifty years ago. Tuddenham, in Suffolk, is a noted locality, as also is Thetford, in Norfolk. THE TREBLE-BAR (_Anaitis plagiata_). This is a greyish white species, of which specimens of both generations are shown on Plate 55, Figs. 6 [male], 7 [female] (1st generation), Fig. 8 [male] (2nd generation). The chief variation is in the cross central bars of the fore wings, which are sometimes much widened, and occasionally joined from the middle to the inner margin; or the space between these two bars is more or less filled up with dark grey. On the other hand, the bars are sometimes very faint, but such aberrations are perhaps most frequent in the second generation, which consists of smaller specimens. The long caterpillar is brown, inclining to reddish or to greenish, with several darker and paler lines on the back and a yellowish line low down along the sides. It feeds on St. John's wort (_Hypericum_) in June and July; the caterpillars, hatching in the autumn, are not mature until the following April. Usually there are two generations of the moth, the first appearing in May and June, and the second in August and September. The species is pretty generally distributed over the British Isles, extending to the Hebrides and the Orkneys; and will probably be found in all localities where its food plant occurs freely. It affects cliffs and sandhills by the sea, rough places on chalk <DW72>s, and sometimes the moths fly up in numbers as we walk over the herbage in such spots. The range abroad extends to Western India and Japan. {150} MANCHESTER TREBLE-BAR (_Carsia paludata_). In general character this species somewhat resembles that last considered. It is, however, much smaller, and there are reddish clouds on the outer marginal area. This reddish shading is more or less absent in the type, which is otherwise less variegated than var. _imbutata_, the form to which our British specimens are almost entirely referable. (Plate 55, Figs. 9 and 10.) The caterpillar is of somewhat stoutish build, and reddish brown in colour; three darker lines along the back, and yellow stripe low down along the sides, the latter edged above with black on the front three rings, and blotched with pinkish on the middle rings; the head is rather paler than the body, and the dots on the latter are yellow. It feeds on cowberry (_Vaccinium vitis-idaea_) and cranberry (_V. oxycoccos_), and seems to have a preference for the flowers of these plants: April to June. The moth is out in July and August among the _Vaccinium_ in its swampy haunts on the heaths and moors of the north of England, and Scotland, even to the Shetlands. McArthur took a specimen in the Isle of Lewis in 1901. It also occurs in Ireland. In England it does not seem to have been noted south of Staffordshire. The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland. THE STREAK (_Chesias spartiata_). The most striking features of this shining brownish <DW52> species are the oval-shaped marks on the disk of the fore wings, and the long whitish streak running to the tips of the wings. (Plate 57, Figs. 3 [male], 4 [female].) The long caterpillar (Plate 56, Fig. 2) is deep green, with a darker line along the middle of the back, and whitish lines along the sides and the under surface; the spiracles are reddish, encircled with black, and the head is flecked with brown. It feeds in the spring on broom (_Cytisus scoparius_). [Illustration] 2 Pl. 56. 1, 1a. BROOM-TIP: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. 2, 2a. STREAK: _egg (enlarged) and caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 57. 1, 2. THE BROOM-TIP. 3, 4. THE STREAK. 5, 6. BARRED TOOTH-STRIPED. 7, 8. EARLY TOOTH-STRIPED. 9, 10. THE SERAPHIM. {151} The moth is out in September and October, and secretes itself during the day, but may be found at night flying about the broom bushes for a short time, and later on it sits upon the twigs. It occurs in almost every part of the British Isles where the food plant of the caterpillar is well established. BROOM-TIP (_Chesias rufata_). A noticeable character in this glossy, greyish moth (Plate 57, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) is the black mark on the upper part of the second cross line of the fore wings (which probably suggested the English name "Chevron" given to the species by Donovan); following the mark is a reddish or ochreous flush, extending to the tips of the wings. The long, green caterpillar inclines to bluish above, and to paler green beneath; a darker line along the middle of the back, then a slender whitish line edged with darker green, and between this and the white spiracular line there is another slender whitish line. It feeds, in August and September, on broom; when full grown it enters the earth, and there turns to a reddish brown chrysalis, the wing cases of which are greenish. I am indebted to Mr. A. J. Scollick for the caterpillar and chrysalis figured on Plate 56, Figs. 1, 1a. The moth emerges the following year, from May to July, but its time of appearance is uncertain, and it may come up in early spring or not until early autumn. Sometimes it will remain in the chrysalis for two winters. In England the species occurs in the counties of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Berks, Hants, Devon, Somerset, Hereford, Worcester, Stafford, Leicester, Cheshire (rare in the last five), Cumberland and Yorkshire (recorded once from each county), {152} Norfolk, Suffolk; also Glamorgan, and other parts of South Wales. In Scotland it is found in the south, but is more frequent from Perthshire to Moray. Probably occurs in other British localities where there is plenty of broom. THE BARRED TOOTH-STRIPED (_Lobophora_ (_Trichopteryx_) _polycommata_). The general colour of the species represented on Plate 57, Figs. 5 [male], 6 [female], is greyish, inclining to ochreous or to whitish; but occasionally it is clouded with dark greyish on the basal area, and there is a broad band of the same colour on the outer marginal area; in such specimens the central band becomes less conspicuous. The caterpillar (Plate 59, Fig. 2) feeds in May and June, on privet, at first on the leaf buds, and afterwards on the expanded leaves. It will also eat ash and honeysuckle. In colour it is rather deep green, with three fine lines along the back, the central one darker than the ground colour, and the others whitish and irregular; a whitish stripe low down along the sides; two points on the last ring of the body. The chrysalis (Plate 59, Fig. 2a), which is enclosed in an oval earthen cocoon, is dark yellowish brown, inclining to blackish on the wing cases. The moth may be found at night, in March and April, sitting on the privet hedge, and may then be easily boxed, as it seems very disinclined to fly at that time, but earlier in the evening it flits along the hedgerows, and is equally easy to net. When resting, however, one is able to select just the finest specimens. The species appears to be very local in Britain, but it occurs in the Brighton, Lewes, and Emsworth districts of Sussex; Hants, Wilts (Salisbury), Somerset, Devon (Sidmouth), Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire (Malvern), {153} North Lancashire, Cumberland, Northampton, Berks, Essex, and Kent. In Scotland it has been reported from Clydesdale and Arran, but has not been noted from Ireland. THE EARLY TOOTH-STRIPED (_Lobophora_ (_Trichopteryx_) _carpinata_). The whitish fore wings of this species are tinged with grey or greenish grey, the cross lines and bands vary in intensity, and, as a rule, are more distinct and complete in the female than in the male. A form of not infrequent occurrence in Scotland (ab. _fasciata_, Prout) has blackish bands, which show up in strong contrast with the general whitish colour of the wings. The ordinary form is represented on Plate 57, Fig. 7 [male], and Fig. 8 on the same plate shows the named variety referred to. The caterpillar is green, with rather darker lines along the back, and a yellow stripe low down along the sides; the two points on the last ring are also yellow. It feeds, in June and July, on honeysuckle, sallow, birch, and alder. The moth is out in April and May, and seems to be more or less common in woodlands throughout the greater part of the British Isles. In Scotland it appears to be most plentiful from Perthshire northwards to Sutherlandshire, but it has not been reported from the Orkneys, Shetlands, or Hebrides. (Early stages are shown on Plate 59, Figs. 3-3b.) The boles of trees are favourite resting places, and upon them, and also upon gate-posts, etc., the moth is often met with in the daytime. Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia. YELLOW-BARRED BRINDLE (_Lobophora_ (_Trichopteryx_) _viretata_). The general colour of the fore wings is olive green, varying from pale to dark, the wavy cross lines are blackish, dotted {154} with black, and sometimes there are whitish lines between them; those on the central area are often united by a blackish cloud, and so form a band, and not infrequently the basal area is also blackish marked. (Plate 58, Figs. 3 and 4.) The ground colour is very apt to fade if the insect is exposed to moisture of any kind, as, for instance, when pinned in a damp collecting box, but I have one bred specimen of a reddish ochreous colour, and I am assured that it was of this tint when it emerged from the chrysalis. An old English name was "The Brindle-barred Yellow." The thick-set caterpillar is green, more or less tinged with pinkish; three interrupted pink lines on the back, the central one sometimes inclining to purple, and broken up into spots; the head is brown, sometimes marked with purplish, and there are two tiny points on the last ring of the body. It varies in the green tint and also in marking. It feeds on flowers and leaves of holly, ivy, dogwood, privet, etc., in June and July, and in some sheltered southern localities again in September and October. The moth is out in May and early June, and where a second generation is developed, in August and early September. It sits in the daytime on tree-trunks, but more especially those with smooth bark; the stems of holly are a favourite resting place, but at Box Hill I have occasionally seen a specimen on the trunk of a beech tree. Barrett states that it also rests on the trunks of fir trees, and that it is then very easily seen. Night is its time of activity, and it is then attracted by light. The species seems to be widely distributed, but locally and not generally common, throughout England, Wales, and Ireland; it has only been recorded from Rosemount, Ayr, and one or two other localities in the south of Scotland. The range abroad extends to Western India, Amurland, and Japan. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 58. 1, 2. SMALL SERAPHIM. 3, 4. YELLOW-BARRED BRINDLE. 5-7. NORTHERN WINTER MOTH. 8-10. THE WINTER MOTH. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 59. 1. NORTHERN WINTER-MOTH: _eggs_. 2, 2a. BARRED TOOTH-STRIPED: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. 3, 3a, 3b. EARLY TOOTH-STRIPED: _eggs and caterpillar_. {155} THE SERAPHIM (_Lobophora halterata_). Fore wings whitish, with two greyish bands on the basal area; first and second lines greyish, variable in width, and sometimes only represented by marks on the front or inner margins; there is a black central dot, and the outer area beyond the submarginal line is clouded with dark grey, especially on the upper half. Sometimes the wings are so thickly stippled with the darker colour that they appear to be greyish, with interrupted and indistinct whitish cross lines. A rather frequent form has the fore wings tinged with ochreous, and of this tint is ab. _zonata_, Thnbg., which has the basal bands and outer marginal border blackish, the central area being without cross lines. (Plate 57, Figs. 9 [male] and 10 [female].) The caterpillar is green, darker below and between the rings; the most distinct markings are two yellow lines along the back; head, notched; body wrinkled, and with two points on the last ring. It feeds on aspen, and other kinds of poplar, in June and July. The moth appears in May, and continues out well into June, especially in its northern localities. It rests on the trunks of poplar trees, or on the stems of bushes around, and is sometimes easily alarmed, and flies off on the collector's approach, whilst at other times it sits quietly, and may be easily boxed. At dusk it may be seen flying around the poplars. Widely distributed in the southern half of England, and only found where poplars, chiefly aspens, are well established. From Worcester its range extends northwards to Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire, and Cheshire; and it has been recorded from Yorkshire and Cumberland; also from Glamorganshire, South Wales. In Scotland it seems not to have been noted in the south, but is found more or less frequently from Perthshire to Sutherlandshire. Rare in Ireland. Abroad, its range extends to Amurland and Japan. {156} THE SMALL SERAPHIM (_Lobophora_ (_Mysticoptera_) _sexalisata_). This is a much smaller species than the last. The fore wings are whitish, with brownish-grey, or blackish-grey, cross lines and bands; the central most distinct towards the front margin, where it encloses a black dot; hind wings greyish, with black central dot. (Plate 58, Figs. 1 and 2.) The green, much wrinkled caterpillar has three whitish lines or stripes along the back, and in some examples there is a white line low down along the sides; the head, which inclines to yellowish, is notched, and there are two pinkish points on the last ring of the body. It feeds on sallow in August and September. The moth is to be found in May and June, and, in some years, again in July and August. It inhabits woods and hedgerows where sallow is plentiful, but, perhaps, is obtained more freely in fens. Occasionally it may be beaten from the hedges, but it is active on the wing just before the close of day, and then disports itself over and about the sallow bushes. It occurs in suitable localities in most of the eastern and southern counties of England, and has been reported from some of the northern ones, and from Glamorganshire, in South Wales. Kane states that it has been found in the north, south, east, and west of Ireland, but is always local and scarce. NOTE.--Prout considers this species to be the _sexalata_ of Retzius (1783). WINTER MOTH (_Cheimatobia brumata_). In orchards and gardens wherein are fruit trees one may have noticed that the trunks of the trees have broad bands around them. If these bands are examined, they will be seen {157} to be covered with a sticky compound, which has been put there for the purpose of trapping the almost wingless females of the Winter Moth, as they crawl up the tree after emergence from the chrysalis. In spite of such devices, and other precautionary measures taken to safeguard the trees from attack, the foliage of apple, pear, etc., will not be quite free from the caterpillars of this species in their season. The male has greyish brown fore wings, which are crossed by rather darker lines, and a dark, more or less distinct, central band (ab. _hyemata_, Huene). The ground colour is very much darker in some specimens than in others, and examples of a sooty brown colour are not infrequent; Barrett mentions an almost buff- specimen. In the female, the tiny affairs representing wings are brownish, with indications of a darker band towards the outer margin of the front pair. A small, purplish brown form, reared in January, 1882, from caterpillars found in Cumberland, feeding on sweet gale (_Myrica gale_), was described as a new species under the name _myricaria_, Cooke (_Entom._, xv. 57). This has been referred by Staudinger to _C. boreata_, as a form of that species, but it is probably an aberration of _C. brumata._ The caterpillar is green, with a stripe of darker green along the back; on each side of this are two white lines, and along the black spiracles is a pale yellowish line; head, green, sometimes marked with blackish. It feeds on the foliage of trees and bushes, and sometimes abounds in April and May. The moth appears during the winter months, and has been noted as early as October and as late as February. (Plate 58, Figs. 8-10.) Generally distributed throughout the British Isles. NORTHERN WINTER MOTH (_Cheimatobia boreata_). This species is generally larger than the last-mentioned. The fore wings are marked somewhat as in that species, {158} but they are paler in colour and more glossy; hind wings whitish and glossy. In the female, the wings are useless for flying, but still they are larger than those of _brumata_. The front pair have a blackish band. (Plate 58, Figs. 6 and 7 [male], 5 [female]; ova. Plate 59, Fig. 1.) The caterpillar is greenish, with a greyish stripe along the back, another edged above with yellow along the black spiracles, and a greyish line between the stripes; the head is black. It feeds, in May and June, on birch, and the moth does not appear until October or November. At one time considered to be a purely northern species: the earliest known British specimens, four in number, having been captured at Petty Pool, Delamere, Cheshire, on October 31, 1848. It is now known, however, to have a wide distribution in the south of England. Northwards, its range extends throughout England and Scotland up to Moray. It is found in South Wales; also in Galway, Monaghan, and Connemara, in Ireland. THE TISSUE (_Triphosa dubitata_). The fore wings of this glossy species (Plate 60, Figs. 1, 2) are pale brown, tinged more or less strongly with rosy or purplish; there are numerous darker and paler cross lines, the most distinct and constant being the blackish basal, and the two forming the edges of the central band; the latter are marked with black; the submarginal line is whitish, wavy, and sometimes broken up into dots. The species varies considerably in tint, some specimens inclining to pale greyish brown, others to smoky brown. Hind wings, whitish grey, with several darker grey cross lines; in dark specimens these wings are smoky grey. Ab. _cinereata_, Stephens, is a small pale greyish form, almost without rosy tinge and with fewer cross lines. The caterpillar (Plate 62, Fig. 1) is yellowish green with {159} darker green stripes and lines. In another form there are four pale yellowish lines along the back and a yellow stripe low down along the sides. It feeds on buckthorn (_Rhamnus_), the leaves of which it fastens together with silk, and so forms a retreat. It will also eat sloe and bird-cherry (_Prunus padus_). The moth is out in August and through the autumn, when it sometimes visits the flowers of ivy, ragwort, etc.; after hibernation it is again seen, perhaps even more frequently, in April and May, and is then occasionally found at sallow catkins. The species seems to have been noted from nearly all the English counties, but becomes rare from Yorkshire northwards. In Wales, and in Ireland, it is apparently widely distributed, but in Scotland it seems confined to southern localities, and is only rarely met with. Abroad, the distribution spreads to Amurland, China, and Japan. THE SCARCE TISSUE (_Eucosmia_ (_Calocalpe_) _certata_). This species is very similar to the last, but the wings are not glossy, only reddish on the outer margin, and the black marked lines edging the central band of the fore wings are less irregular, the inner ones usually being much straighter. On the under side of the hind wings of the male is a fold enclosing hairs; this is on the inner margin, just above the anal angle. (Plate 60, Fig. 3 [female].) The thickset caterpillar (Plate 62, Fig. 3, after Hofmann) is greyish inclining to greenish; four white lines along the back, the central pair enclosing a dark line, the others are bordered below with dark greyish; the black spiracles are set in yellowish blotches, and the plates on first and last rings are brown; head, reddish-brown, glossy (adapted from Fenn). It feeds on the barberry (_Berberis vulgaris_) and the holly-leaved barberry (_B. aquifolium_) grown in gardens, in June and July. The moth {160} is out in May and June, but in favourable seasons has appeared in late April. When on the wing at night it is freely attracted by light, but otherwise not often noticed. The species has occurred in many of the English counties from Devon to Durham, but it seems to be only common in the eastern counties, and most frequent perhaps in Suffolk. It has been recorded from South Wales, but is seemingly absent from Ireland. The range abroad extends to Amurland. THE SCALLOP SHELL (_Eucosmia undulata_). Wings pale greyish, sometimes ochreous tinted, and crossed by numerous dark-grey wavy lines inclining to blackish on the front margin of the fore wings; the waves of the central pair of lines on the fore wings often meet and so form a series of rings; sometimes the space between the eighth and twelfth lines is of a dusky hue, and occasionally it is distinctly darker and band-like; the outer margin of all the wings is brownish and traversed by a wavy white line. The male has tufts of blackish hair in a fold on the inner margin of the hind wing, this is noticeable on the upper side, but is best seen from the under side. (Plate 60, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female].) The somewhat dumpy caterpillar is reddish-brown with four yellowish lines along the back; a greyish stripe along the sides, and a creamy stripe along the black spiracles; head, pale brown and glossy. It feeds on sallow, aspen, and bilberry, and may be found from August throughout the autumn in spun-together leaves at the tips of the shoots. (Plate 62, Fig. 2.) The moth is out in June and July, and occurs in woods where there is a good growth of bilberry, or in marshy spots where sallow bushes abound. In England the species is widely distributed over the southern and eastern counties; its range extends through the Midlands to Cheshire, Lancs., and Westmorland, rarely in Lincoln and Yorks., and once recorded in Durham; it occurs in Wales and in Scotland, but only in the more southern part of each country. It is not plentiful in Ireland, but widely distributed. The range abroad includes Amurland. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 60. 1, 2. THE TISSUE. 3. SCARCE TISSUE. 4, 5. THE SCALLOP SHELL. 6. THE BROWN SCALLOP. 7, 8. THE DARK UMBER. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 61. 1. NETTED CARPET. 2. SPECKLED YELLOW, VAR. 3. DOTTED BORDER WAVE (AB. _CIRCELLATA_). 4. GARDEN CARPET (AB. _COSTOVATA_). 5, 6. YELLOW SHELL, ABERRANT FORMS. 7. TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE (AB. _NIGROFULVATA_). 8, 9. BROKEN-BARRED CARPET, SCOTTISH FORM. {161} THE BROWN SCALLOP (_Scotosia vetulata_). The male is always smaller than the female, and is noticeable for its long body with tuft of hairs at the extremity. The wings in both sexes are dingy brown, or greyish brown, and the usual lines on fore wings are blackish, the space between first and second often dusky. (Plate 60, Fig. 6.) The caterpillar is short and stout, and in form very like that of the winter moth; the back and a central dorsal stripe are black, the latter bordered with white, the sides are yellow; the spiracular line is black, broken, and unconnected; the spiracles are black; the head is black, and the edge of the first ring of the body is yellow. (Crewe.) It feeds, in May and June, on purging buckthorn (_Rhamnus catharticus_), and is to be found between two or more leaves, which it spins together as a hiding place. In June and July the moth may sometimes be obtained by beating bushes of buckthorn, or the herbage below and around; this plan works best when operated just before dusk. As a British insect it is only found in England, and is most frequent in the southern and eastern counties, but widely distributed in the west to Worcester, and has been found in Lancashire, Westmorland, and Yorks. In the last-named county, caterpillars were obtained freely at Askham Bogs in 1900. When Stephens wrote of this insect in 1831 he noted its occurrence "in a lane near Fulham." Even so recently as 1906 I obtained specimens on the Putney side of Wimbledon Common. The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia. {162} THE DARK UMBER (_Scotosia rhamnata_). The blackish oblique band on the fore wings of this ochreous brown species (Plate 60, Fig. 7 [male], 8 [female]) is sometimes indicated only by the blackish lines, the space between them being hardly darker than the general colour. Sometimes all the wings are suffused with blackish brown, and in such specimens the only distinct marking is the whitish submarginal line. The caterpillar is green, with three lines along the back, the central one dark green, and the others yellow; the hind wings are marked with purple, and a stripe of the same colour runs along under the spiracles. In another form the general colour is greyish with a reddish-brown stripe along the back, and series of spots of the same colour along the sides. It may be found in May and June, concealed between leaves that it has fastened together to form a retreat. The moth flies in late June and in July, and may be disturbed in the daytime from buckthorn bushes. It is widely distributed, and often common in the South of England, but is rare in the north; and has also been recorded from South Wales. NOTE.--This species has been referred to _transversata_, Hufnagel, and as this is an earlier name it may have to be adopted. According to Prout, both this and the preceding species should be placed in the genus _Philereme_, Hubner. SMALL PHOENIX (_Eustroma silaceata_). In its typical form (Plate 63, Fig. 3) the blackish band of the fore wings is entire, but in ab. _insulata_, Haworth (Fig. 4), this band is interrupted by two whitish lines along the median veins, and so divided into three or four portions, the smaller section placed between the lines; occasionally, the dividing lines assume stripe-like proportions, and the main portions are consequently smaller in size and further from each other, but one "island" still remains. In another form, the lower outer corner is distinctly separate from the costal portion; thus the band is broken into four parts. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 62. 1. THE TISSUE: _caterpillar_. 2. SCALLOP SHELL: _caterpillar_. 3. SCARCE TISSUE: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 63. 1, 2. THE PHOENIX. 3, 4. SMALL PHOENIX. 5-7. THE CHEVRON. 8-10. NORTHERN SPINACH. {163} The long caterpillar is green, with a reddish-brown stripe along the back; this is broken up into spots, except on the first three rings; there are some reddish-brown spots on the sides. It feeds on various kinds of willow herb (_Epilobium_), and enchanter's nightshade (_Circaea lutetiana_) in July, and sometimes in August and September. The moth should be looked for in beech and other woods amongst the food plants, from which, and the surrounding herbage, it is readily evicted. It flies at twilight, and later on, when it has been known to visit the sugar patch; it is also attracted by light. It is out in May and June, and specimens of a second generation sometimes occur in the South. The species occurs locally throughout England, probably Wales, and in Scotland up to Ross. In Ireland, it is widely distributed and locally common in the North, but apparently not noted in the South. NETTED CARPET (_Lygris reticulata_). The white veins and white lines passing through the blackish blotches at the base and on the front margin of the fore wings, give these wings a curious netted appearance; the hind wings are smoky grey, with two white lines which appear to be continuations of the white second line and sub-marginal of the fore wings. (Plate 61, Fig. 1.) The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish, and more or less tinged with pinkish, especially on the sides; three lines on the back, the central one reddish, the others whitish; a central line along the pinkish spiracles. It feeds at night on yellow balsam (_Impatiens noli-me-tangere_), preferring the flowers, {164} seeds, and young foliage, and rests by day on the undersides of the leaves: September and October. (Plate 64, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) The moth is out in July and August, and, of course, will only be found in localities where the balsam flourishes; these are very limited, and in Britain are confined to Westmorland and the northern border of Lancashire, and North Wales. The species was first introduced as British in 1861, when the late Henry Doubleday recorded the capture of three specimens in August, 1856, on the border of one of the lakes in Westmorland, by his friend the late Thomas H. Allis. It seems that other specimens had been taken at the same time, but these passed into collections as the "second brood of _silacearia_." The caterpillar is said to have been found in North Wales, but has been more frequently obtained in the English Lake District. The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Corea, and Japan; but in the three last-named countries it is chiefly represented by var. _aerosa_, Butt., a large form. THE PHOENIX (_Lygris prunata_). The English name here retained was given to this species (Plate 63, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) by Harris, in 1775, but in 1782 he changed it to "Clouded Carpet." In ground colour the fore wings are pale brown, more or less clouded with darker brown, or with reddish-brown; the basal patch, central band, and blotch on outer margin below the tip of the wing, are all chocolate brown clouded with blackish and edged with white. Hind wings, whitish, suffused with smoky grey, except on front area; three dusky whitish-edged wavy lines, inclining to blackish on the inner margin. The egg (Plate 67, Fig. 3) is yellowish when laid, and then changes to purplish with a whitish bloom. The caterpillar is green, varying to brownish; along the {165} middle of the back is a series of purplish-edged, brown-centred, whitish, triangular markings; the third ring is swollen, and has a black collar. It feeds at night on the foliage of red and black currant, also on gooseberry, and may be found in April and May, earlier or later according to season, sitting by day upon the bushes. The moth flies in July and August, and occurs in gardens, but is said to be partial to sloe bushes and hedges. It is always more or less local, although it is distributed over the greater part of the British Isles. This species occurs in the Northern United States of America. THE CHEVRON (_Lygris testata_). The fore wings of this rather variable species (Plate 63, Figs. 5-7) are yellowish or reddish grey, with a darker basal patch and central band; a reddish blotch below the tip of the wing is edged with white, and the central band is also outwardly edged with white. Hind wings, whitish, with two lines, and dusky hind marginal border, the latter sometimes inclining to reddish. Occasionally, the fore wings are entirely pale ochreous, and the basal patch and the central band only very slightly darker, but the limiting lines are reddish, and the patch under the tip of the wing is bright orange red. Var. _insulicola_, Staud., from the isles of Scotland, has the fore wings rather narrower, and suffused with purplish brown or deep violet grey; the hind wings are smoky grey. The female is usually smaller than the male, and often more yellow in colour. Eggs, whitish brown, mottled with darker. The early stages are shown on Plate 67, Figs. 2-2b. The long caterpillar is pale yellowish brown, with three lines along the back, the central one dark brown, and most distinct at each end; the others are white, irregularly shaded above {166} with reddish; another white line along the region of the spiracles. It feeds, in May or June (earlier or later in some seasons), on sallow and birch. The moth is out in July and August, and frequents heaths and bogs more especially, but is also found in or around woods, and I have captured male specimens as they flew along hedgerows bordering fields, at dusk, in Middlesex. The female is rarely seen on the wing. The species, which ranges through Central and Northern Europe to the Ural and Altai, is generally distributed throughout the British Isles; it is found also in the Atlantic States of America. NORTHERN SPINACH (_Lygris populata_). The fore wings are yellow, with a reddish or purplish-brown basal patch, central band, and small patch on outer margin below tip of the wing, the central band more or less clouded or mottled with yellow. Hind wings, whitish, tinged with yellow. The female is usually smaller, the colour generally paler, and the markings frequently only represented by cross lines. Specimens from the Isle of Arran have the ground colour of fore wings more or less dappled with brown of the same tint as that of the central band and other markings; the hind wings are tinged with a smoky hue. In other parts of Scotland the brown colour becomes more and more general, until the fore wings are uniformly brown, and the hind wings dusky. On the mountains in the north nearly black specimens occur, and these seem to be referable to ab. _musauaria_, Freyer. (Plate 63, Figs. 8-10.) The long caterpillar is variable in general colour, brown, mottled with greyish, pale grey, reddish brown, or yellowish green; all have darker or whitish lines along the back, and whitish or pinkish triangles or X-marks. It feeds, in May and June (earlier in some localities, and later in others), on bilberry, crowberry, and sallow; it may also be reared on willow. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 64. 1. DARK UMBER: _caterpillar_. 2. NETTED CARPET: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 65. 1, 2. THE SPINACH. 3-5. BARRED STRAW. 6, 7. BARRED YELLOW. 8-10. BROKEN-BARRED CARPET. {167} The moth is out in July and August, and may be found on the leaves and among the sprays of _Vaccinium myrtillus_ growing in woodlands (especially the more ancient), bogs, and moorlands. The species is widely spread, and generally abundant in suitable districts, over the greater part of the British Isles; but it seems to be more or less casual in England south of the Midlands, although its range runs through Gloucestershire and Somerset into Devon. In the last-named county it sometimes swarms at Martinhoe, on the edge of Exmoor. The distribution abroad includes Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Labrador, and North America. THE SPINACH (_Lygris associata_). The fore wings are pale ochreous, more or less clouded with darker; three brownish cross lines. Hind wings, paler, with indication of cross lines on the inner margin. Fringes of all the wings chequered with brown, most distinct on the fore wings. (Plate 65, Figs. 1, 2.) The long caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish; three lines along the back, the central one dark green and the others whitish; there is also a whitish line low down along the sides. It feeds at night, in May and June, on currant (_Ribes rubrum_ and _R. nigrum_), and may be found on the underside of a leaf in the daytime. (Figured on Plate 67, Fig. 1, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich.) During July and August the moth flies in the evening, and after dark it often comes to any bright illumination. It is essentially a garden insect, and where currant bushes are there also spinach is often grown; hence it was probably connected with the vegetable rather than the fruit when Haworth named it _spinachiata_. The species seems to be found more or less frequently in suitable spots through England. In Wales it has {168} been recorded from Glamorganshire, and from Rhyl, Flintshire; in Scotland, Renton states that it is common in Roxburgh gardens; and it is also noted from Paisley. It has been doubtfully recorded from Ireland. The range abroad extends to Amurland. BARRED STRAW (_Cidaria pyraliata_). In certain respects this species (Plate 65, Figs. 3-5) is not unlike that last referred to. The fore wings are yellowish straw-colour, the cross lines are brownish, but the central two are closer together, especially on the inner margin, than they are in _associata_, and are straightly oblique from the angle, or elbow, below the front margin; there is often a line of brownish dots between the second line and the outer margin, and the fringes are brown, not chequered. Occasionally there are darker clouds on the second line, at the angle, and such clouds sometimes appear in the central space. Not infrequently the markings are very faint. Staudinger and others refer this species to _dotata_, L., but there seems to be some doubt in the matter. The caterpillar feeds, in April and May, on the common cleavers or goose-grass (_Galium aparine_) of our hedgerows, etc., but it also eats _G. mollugo_ and other kinds of bedstraw. It is to be found low down on the stems. The moth may be disturbed from the herbage along hedges and ditches in lanes, and the borders of woods, but it seems most partial to the former. The species is generally distributed, and often plentiful, in the southern half of England; but although widely spread in the northern half, it is only common locally. It occurs in Wales, both North and South; is common in Roxburghshire and Clydesdale, and is said to be found on the Aberdeenshire coast and in West Ross. In Ireland it is widely distributed, {169} and sometimes abundant; but more frequent on the coast than inland. The distribution abroad includes Eastern Siberia and Amurland. BARRED YELLOW (_Cidaria fulvata_). This very pretty, and most distinct, little species (Plate 65, Figs. 6, 7) does not vary very greatly; there is certainly some modification in the general colour, and in that of the markings, but in both it is only a matter of tint. The caterpillar is somewhat wrinkled, and in colour is green, with three greyish lines along the back, the central one double; the ring divisions are yellow, and there is a yellow line low-down along the sides. It feeds at night, in May and June, on the leaves of wild rose, and does not object to the garden kinds. (Plate 69, Fig. 3, after Hofmann.) The moth is out in June and July. It hides by day under leaves in hedges, and although not often induced to get on the wing at that time, the male commences its evening flight at an early hour. It is generally a common species in England and Wales; it occurs here and there through Scotland, up to the Orkneys; and although somewhat local, it is common enough, where found, in Ireland. BROKEN-BARRED CARPET (_Cidaria corylata_). The fore wings have an olive-brown basal patch and central band, both are edged with white, wavy lines, and the band is contracted below the middle. (Plate 65, Fig. 9), and often broken at this point (Fig. 10); the inner marginal portion sometimes very small; the space between the basal patch and central band is pale brown, and so also is the outer marginal area; but there are dark clouds and white marks beyond the {170} white wavy submarginal line. Variable in tint and in marking, the variety generally known as _albocrenata_, Curtis (Plate 65, Fig. 8), is perhaps most frequent in Perthshire and Sutherland. Two other examples of the Scottish form, which Staudinger has named _effusaria_, are depicted on Plate 61, Figs. 8, 9. The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish; three stripes on the back, the central one reddish brown and broad, but only distinct at each end, the other paler green; spiracles, white, placed in a reddish-brown stripe, which is sometimes broken up. It feeds on sloe, birch, oak, and the foliage of other trees, and may be found from July to September, and even later. The moth is out in May and June, and is to be beaten from hedges, or may be found at rest on tree-trunks, palings, etc. Generally distributed, but not extending to the Scottish Isles. Abroad, the range spreads to Amurland and Japan. COMMON MARBLED CARPET (_Cidaria truncata_). Six examples of this very variable species are shown on Plate 66, and these have been selected to illustrate the more important forms. There are a number of modifications of each of the forms, and several of these have been named. Fig. 1 of our plate represents the typical form, and this is Haworth's _centumnotata_ (Common Marbled Carpet); Fig. 2 is ab. _commanotata_ of Haworth (Yellow Marbled Carpet); Fig. 3 is ab. _perfuscata_, Haworth (The Brown Marbled Carpet), and Fig. 4 is a modification of the same form. A specimen from Arran is shown in Fig. 5; this example agrees fairly well with that figured in Wood's _Index_ as _concinnata_ from Arran. In his description of the form, Stephens does not mention fulvous bands in his type. Fig. 6 shows a specimen from Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, which appears to be a modification of the typical form of _truncata_, but it has some of the character of _concinnata_. The latter, it may be mentioned, is considered by Mr. L. B. Prout to be a distinct species, and as the genitalia have been found, on examination by Mr. Pierce, to differ from these organs in _truncata_ and _immanata_, there seems to be reason to accept it as such. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 66. 1-6. COMMON MARBLED CARPET. 7-12. DARK MARBLED CARPET. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 67. 1. SPINACH: _caterpillar_. 2, 2a, 2b. CHEVRON: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_. 3. PHOENIX: _eggs_. {171} The caterpillar is long, slender, and wrinkled, especially on the sides; the ground colour is green, inclining to yellowish; three lines along the back, the central one dark green, and the others yellowish; sometimes a rosy stripe, or a series of dashes along the sides; the points on the last ring are green, or rosy. It feeds, in the autumn and again in the spring after hibernation, on sallow, birch, hawthorn, bilberry, wild strawberry, etc. It will also eat rose, but as the specimens resulting from caterpillars reared on rose are frequently small, such food is probably unsuitable; garden strawberry, on the other hand, is an excellent pabulum. A photograph of the caterpillar by Mr. H. Main is shown on Plate 69, Fig. 1. There is a second brood in late June and in July. The first generation of the moth is out in May and June, and the second emerges in the autumn; specimens, possibly of a third generation, have been seen in December in favourable localities. The species, which frequents woods and hedgerows, and is pretty generally common, is to be found almost everywhere throughout the British Isles. It has not, however, been noted from Shetland. The distribution abroad extends to Amurland, China, and Japan. DARK MARBLED CARPET (_Cidaria immanata_). This is another exceedingly variable species (Plate 66), and here again six examples have been chosen to illustrate something of the range of aberration. Figs. 7 and 8 are of the {172} typical form, and Figs. 9 and 10 show the form _marmorata_, Haworth (Marbled Carpet); while Figs. 11 and 12 represent specimens from Shetland, and are referable to the island race known as _pythonissata_, Milliere; neither of the specimens figured, however, quite agrees with the type of this form, but Fig. 12 does so fairly well. In some specimens the general colour of the fore wings is tawny or rust-colour, or they are strongly suffused with that tint (ab. _ferruginea_, Prout). I have such examples in my series of specimens from Lewes and the Shetlands. Ab. _thingvallata_, Staud., from Iceland, has the fore wings white, with black basal patch and central band, and I have seen at least one example from Yorkshire that closely approached this variety. The caterpillar is not very unlike that of the last species, but it is rounder in appearance, the general green colour is paler, and the points on the last ring are blunt. It feeds from April to June on sallow, birch, bilberry, and wild strawberry. (Plate 69, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) The moths are out in July and August, and may be found resting on tree-trunks, rocks, or stone walls; at night, when it is active on the wing, it is said to be often seen in numbers on the flowers of the rush, and this habit has been noted more particularly in Scotland. The species affects woods and moors, and appears to be found more or less commonly throughout the British Isles. MARSH CARPET (_Cidaria sagittata_). The fore wings of this very distinct species are brown, with white-edged black bands at base and across the central area, the latter with a strong projection on its outer edge, almost reaching a white spot on the outer margin; sub-marginal line whitish, often only traceable on the front edge. The central band is always narrowed below the middle, sometimes divided, {173} and occasionally this part of the band is finely cut off from both upper and lower portions. (Plate 68, Figs. 7, 8.) The caterpillar is yellowish green, merging into pinkish on the sides; the pink is edged below with black, and this is followed by a dark olive stripe; rings 1-3 and 10-12 are wrinkled, whilst all the others are ridged across the back and along the sides. It feeds, in August and September, on the unripe seeds of meadow-rue (_Thalictrum flavum_), also on _T. minus_, and, according to Barrett, on old withered leaves of columbine. The moth is out in July, occasionally at the end of June, and occurs locally in "Fenland." Doubleday introduced it as British in the _Zoologist_ for 1848. He there states, "A single example of this pretty species was obtained last season near Peterborough, but I believe it was not in very good condition. A splendid female was sent to me from the same neighbourhood this week (July 15, 1848)." In 1853 and 1854 the species was discovered in the fens of Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire. Later it was found to inhabit the fens of Norfolk and Suffolk. It is still obtained in the Cambridge fens from Bottisham to Chatteris. Outside "Fenland" it has been recorded from Worcestershire (Bewdley Forest) and Warwickshire (Rugby). The range abroad extends to Amurland. RED-GREEN CARPET (_Cidaria siterata_). The general colour of the fore wings of this species (Plate 68, Figs. 1-4) is greyish green, with more or less of rosy suffusion; the basal patch and central band are darker green, and the latter is outwardly edged with whitish below the front margin, and towards the inner margin. The female has rather more ample wings, and is generally of a darker hue, but in both sexes the basal patch and central band are blackish; the hind {174} wings are dark greyish brown, inclining to blackish in some females, and there is a blackish central dot and two or three curved lines. The long caterpillar is yellowish green, with an interrupted red line along the middle of the back; two green points on last ring are usually pink-tipped. It feeds on oak, birch, ash, sloe, apple, etc., in July and August. The moth occurs in woodlands, but is not easily disturbed in the daytime from its lurking-place in bush or tree. In the autumn it may be found at ivy-bloom, and in the spring, after hibernation, has been taken at sallow. The species appears to be widely distributed over England and Wales, Scotland up to Moray, and Ireland. AUTUMN GREEN CARPET (_Cidaria miata_). Somewhat similar to the last, but the general colour of the fore wings is paler, inclining to whitish, and the basal patch and central band are pale green tinged with greyish; there is no rosy suffusion, but the wavy sub-marginal line is distinctly white. The hind wings are greyish white, with black discal dot, and dark-grey curved lines. (Plate 68, Figs. 5, 6.) The caterpillar is pale green, inclining to yellowish, especially between the rings, and with a more or less distinct dark-green line along the middle of the back; the points on the last ring are pinkish brown, and there is a line of the same colour along the centre of the under surface of the body. It feeds on alder, birch, oak, sallow, etc., and may be beaten out from June to August. The moth is out in September and October, when it may be obtained at ivy-bloom, and in the following spring, after hibernation, it visits sallow catkins. The range in the British Isles agrees pretty closely with that of the last species, but in Scotland it extends to the Hebrides and to the Orkneys. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 68. 1-4. RED-GREEN CARPET. 5, 6. AUTUMN GREEN CARPET. 7, 8. MARSH CARPET. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 69. 1. COMMON MARBLED CARPET: _caterpillar_. 2. DARK MARBLED CARPET: _caterpillar_. 3. BARRED YELLOW: _caterpillar_. {175} NOTE.--According to Prout, _sagittata_ is not a _Cidaria_, as its larva is of a very different form; and _siterata_ and _miata_ are referred to _Chloroclysta_, Hubner. GREY PINE CARPET (_Thera variata_). In its typical form, the fore wings of this species are greyish, and from this the colour ranges through various tints of greyish brown to smoky brown or blackish; sometimes these wings are shades of ochreous brown. The usual markings are a basal patch, more or less clearly defined, and a central band, and these may be either brown or blackish; the band varies in width, is not infrequently narrowed or contracted below the middle, occasionally broken at this point, and more rarely only represented by a small angular spot near the front margin. Four examples are shown on Plate 70, and of these 1 and 2 represent our ordinary form _obeliscata_, Hubner (Shaded Broad Bar, of Newman). Fig. 6 is a blackish banded specimen of the _obeliscata_ form, and Fig. 3 is the almost entirely blackish form _obliterata_, White (_scotica_, Staud.), which is not uncommon in the Paisley district, and other parts of Scotland, and also occurs in a modified form in some pine-woods in the South of England. The long caterpillar (Plate 71, Fig. 1), which feeds on the needles of Scots pine in April and May, also in July, and sometimes in September, is bright green, with three whitish lines along the back, the central one broad, and a yellowish line low down along the sides; the green roundish head is lined with white. The moth is generally common in pine-woods throughout the greater part of the British Isles. The May-June flight is the most abundant, but there is occasionally a good sprinkling of moths in the autumn. Abroad, the area of distribution includes Eastern Siberia, Corea, China, and Japan. {176} CHESTNUT- CARPET (_Thera cognata_). This is a generally smaller species than that last referred to, and it is more glossy in appearance. The fore wings are brown, sometimes grey-brown, more or less tinged with reddish, and the basal patch and central band are darker; these markings are usually white-edged, and there is a wavy whitish submarginal line. Hind wings whitish, tinged with smoky grey. Specimens from the Hebrides are strongly purplish; and Kane states that some he reared from Sligo caterpillars are more richly than any that he has seen from Scotland. (Plate 70, Figs. 9 [male] 12 [female].) The bright green caterpillar is stouter than that of the last species. It is of a bluish hue along the back, and marked with three lines, the central one greenish and the others whitish and broad; there are sometimes reddish markings low down on the sides, just edging the broad white spiracular line. It feeds in May and June, earlier or later in some seasons, on juniper; it turns to a dark-green chrysalis in a frail cocoon spun up among the litter under the juniper bushes. The moth is to be found in July and August among juniper growing in the hilly and maritime haunts of the species in North England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. This species, long known as _simulata_, Hubner, has been referred to _cognata_, Thunberg, and as this is an earlier name it will have to be used. PINE CARPET (_Thera firmata_). The pale reddish-grey fore wings have a rather darker central band and round-edged basal patch, but the latter is often indistinct, and the band, which is always deeply indented about the middle of its inner edge, is sometimes not well defined. The hind wings are whitish, tinged more or less with greyish or pale brownish, but always paler than in any form of _T. variata_, with which it is often confused. (Plate 70, Figs. 10, 11.) [Illustration] 2 Pl. 70. 1, 2, 3, 6. GREY PINE CARPET. 4, 5, 7, 8. JUNIPER CARPET. 9, 12. CHESTNUT- CARPET. 10, 11. PINE CARPET. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 71. 1. GREY PINE CARPET: _caterpillar_. 2. PINE CARPET: _caterpillar_. 3. WELCH WAVE: _caterpillar_. {177} The caterpillar is bluish-green above, and green beneath; three lines along the back, the central one a darker tone of the ground colour, the others whitish; head reddish, marked with brown on each cheek. It feeds in April and May (June in Scotland) on Scots pine; Barrett states that there is a second brood in August. (Plate 71, Fig. 2.) The moth is out in September and October, and may be disturbed from the pine boughs, or occasionally seen resting on the trunks, but it is more frequently met with at night when it flies naturally, and has been known to visit the sugar patch. Barrett, who considered this species to be double brooded, gives June and July for the first flight of moths. Certain it is that moths have been reared even as late as October from Spring caterpillars. As adverted to, the pale reddish forms of _T. variata_ are sometimes confused with _T. firmata_, but in addition to other differences indicated above, it may be noted that in the male of the latter the antennae are bipectinated except towards the tips. Most of the pine woods throughout England seem to produce this delicate insect more or less frequently; the same remark applies to Wales. In Scotland it is found up to Aberdeen, and also in the Hebrides. The only localities mentioned by Kane for Ireland are in counties Westmeath, Dublin, and Fermanagh. JUNIPER CARPET (_Thera juniperata_). On Plate 70, Figs. 4 and 5 represent the sexes of the typical form of this species, the small and rather more strongly marked Scottish form is shown by Figs. 7 and 8. In these small forms a noticeable character is the brownish band on the fore wings, between the central band and the outer margin; this band is {178} only indicated by a dusky greyish shade in the larger form. Most of the examples of the small form from the Isle of Hoy have also a dark central line on the hind wings. The central band of the fore wings is often broken below the middle, in both forms. The caterpillar is yellowish green, inclining to a black tinge on the back, along which are three lines, the central one dark green, and the others yellow and rather broad; a whitish stripe low down along the sides is sometimes marked with yellow and red, and there is a red thread above it; head, pink tinged; two points on last ring of the body. It feeds in July and August, on juniper. The moth is out in October and November, and may be found plentifully flying at night about the juniper bushes. Berkshire, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex appear to be the only English counties in which it is established, and it is probably most plentiful in the last named. It has, however, been recorded from Suffolk, Lancashire, York, and Durham; also from Carnarvonshire in North Wales. It is more widely spread throughout Scotland, including the Orkneys and Shetlands, where the moths fly in July. Only doubtfully reported from Ireland. WATER CARPET (_Lampropteryx suffumata_). The fore wings are whitish, more or less clouded with brownish, with dark brown, inclining to blackish, basal patch and central band. The variation tends in two opposite directions; in the one the general colour is so clouded and suffused with blackish-brown, that the entire fore wings become almost entirely of that colour (ab. _piceata_, Stephens), N. England and Scotland; the other extreme is ab. _porrittii_, Robson, in which the central band and basal patch are black, and the white ground colour is almost free of brown clouding; the last named occurs at Dover {179} in Kent, and Huddersfield, Yorks. On Plate 72, Fig. 1 shows the typical form, Fig. 3 ab. _piceata_, and 2 ab. _porrittii_. The caterpillar varies from greyish, with pinkish or greenish tinge, to ochreous brown; the upper surface is rather darker than the under, and there is a series of dark V-shaped marks and arrow-heads on the back of rings 4-8; there is a whitish central stripe on 1-3, and a dark one on 9-12; head, brownish, marked with black. It feeds on goose-grass (_Galium aparine_), and other kinds of bedstraw, in May and early June. It seems to thrive best, however, on the goose-grass. (Plate 74, Fig. 1, after Hofmann.) The moth may be found in weedy lanes and along hedgerows, pretty well throughout England, Wales, Scotland to Moray, and Ireland. It cannot, however, be said to occur in all suitable places, as although it may be found in some plenty in one lane or hedgerow in a district, it may be quite absent in similar spots just around. Wherever it is noted one year it may be almost certainly obtained there in subsequent years. April and May are the months in which it is usually seen, but it has been taken in June in late seasons, and occasionally in July. LARGE TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _quadrifasciaria_). The ground colour of the fore wings of this species is most often of a pale reddish brown, but sometimes it inclines to grey brown; the outwardly angled central band is often black, but more frequently perhaps the middle area is pretty much of the ground colour or greyish, with a black dot in the upper portion, and limited by two black lines which approach, or join, in the lower half. A dusky basal blotch is not always present, but it is sometimes well in evidence, as also is a dusky shade before the whitish submarginal line; frequently there are two blackish {180} or brownish dots on the upper part of this line, and a third dot above them, but nearer the outer margin. (Plate 72, Figs. 4, 5.) The caterpillar is pale yellowish brown, finely freckled with grey, and with greyish V-shaped marks on the back; three greyish lines along the back, the central one broken, and the others most distinct at each end. It feeds on bedstraw (_Galium_) and other plants, such as primrose, groundsel, etc., from August to April. The moth is out in June and July, and should be looked for on tree-trunks growing around the borders of woods or in lanes near by. It may also be beaten out of hedgerows in the vicinity of woods. A very local species and only found with us in the southern half of England. Its chief haunts appear to be in the counties of Kent, Surrey, Hants, Essex, Suffolk, Cambridge, and Norfolk (the Breck sand district); thence its range extends through Hertford, Buckingham, and Berkshire to Gloucester, where, however, it is scarce, as it is also in Lincoln. Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Corea and Japan. RED CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _munitata_). The typical form (Plate 72, Fig. 6) has pale greyish fore wings, and these are crossed by a black-edged purplish central band. In var. _hethlandica_, Prout (Fig. 7), the ground colour is ochreous and the band is reddish; this form is frequent in the Shetlands. The caterpillar is yellowish green, with greyish clouds around white dots, tinged with pink between the rings; three lines along the back, the central one grey inclining to blackish, broken on three of the hinder rings, and edged with whitish; the others are double, wavy, brownish, a whitish stripe bordered above with grey along the area of the spiracles; head, ochreous, dotted with dark brown (adapted from Fenn). It feeds on lady's mantle (_Alchemilla_), chickweed, groundsel, etc., from September to May. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 72. 1-3. WATER CARPET. 4, 5. LARGE TWIN-SPOT CARPET. 6, 7. RED CARPET. 8-12. RED TWIN-SPOT CARPET. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 73. 1. BEECH-GREEN CARPET: _caterpillar_. 2. STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET: _caterpillar_. 3. MOTTLED GREY: _caterpillar_. {181} The moth is out in July and August, and in England is only found in the mountain districts of Yorkshire and the more northern centres. It has been reported from the high-lying district on the border of Cheshire, between Macclesfield and Buxton (Day), and from Llantrissant, Glamorganshire, S. Wales (Evan John). Generally distributed through Scotland and the Isles. Widely spread, but local, and not always common, in Ireland. Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland and North America. DARK-BARRED TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _unidentaria_). Portraits of three examples of this species will be found on Plate 75, Figs. 1-3. The ground colour of the fore wings is whitish tinged with pale ochreous or greyish; the central band is blackish with darker wavy lines running through it near the edges, and not infrequently the middle area is greyish, either on the upper half, or throughout from front to inner margins; a narrow patch at the base of the wings is of the same colour as the central band, and is followed by a reddish-brown streak; as a rule, there is an irregular reddish-brown line, commencing in a cloud on the front margin, and sometimes stripe-like, beyond the pale edging of the central band; in ab. _coarctata_, Prout, the central band is much narrowed; the two black dots on upper part of the outer margin, generally well in evidence, are occasionally united, but sometimes they are very tiny. The hind wings are whitish, more or less sprinkled with dusky scales, chiefly on the basal two thirds, and crossed by dark-grey wavy lines. Sometimes the central band and the basal patch of the fore {182} wings are dull reddish-brown, inclining to purplish. This form which has been referred to _corculata_, Hufnagel, is pretty generally distributed abroad, but is apparently only of local occurrence in the British Isles. The caterpillar is very similar to that of the next species, it feeds on the same kinds of plants, and during the same months of the year. (Plate 74, Fig. 2.) The first generation of moths is on the wing in May and June, and the second in August. The species is widely distributed in England and Wales, often plentiful in some districts in the southern half of the former country, scarce and more local northwards from Yorkshire. Widely spread in Roxburghshire and Clydesdale in Scotland, but less frequent than _ferrugata_; this also seems to be the case in Ireland. The range abroad extends to North America. NOTE.--It is to be regretted that the names by which this and the following species have been known for many years may have to be changed. It has been claimed that the reddish-banded form of _unidentaria_, Haworth, is identical with _ferrugata_ as figured by Clerck, _Icones_, Plate XI. Fig. 14, and is also referable to _corculata_, Hufnagel, both earlier names. If the red form referred to is adopted as the _ferrugata_ of Clerck, then that name will supersede _unidentaria_, Haworth, and the species now known as _ferrugata_, Clerck, will become _spadicearia_. Authorities, however, are not agreed upon this point, so the question still remains open. RED TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _ferrugata_). Five examples of this variable species are shown on Plate 72, Figs. 8-12. The ground colour of the fore wings is usually greyish, more or less ochreous tinted, but sometimes inclining to whitish; the basal patch and the central band are reddish brown, the latter usually entire in southern specimens, but {183} frequently broken up (ab. _spadicearia_, Borkhausen), especially in northern examples. A bright, ochreous form, with the central band much streaked, occurring in Scotland, has been referred to ab. _salicaria_, Haworth. Occasionally the central band is dark purplish. The hind wings are whitish, more or less suffused with smoky grey, and lined with the same; the outer margin is bordered with smoky grey. The caterpillar is ochreous brown, mottled with greyish, and marked with pale diamonds and black spots on the back of the middle rings; there are wavy lines along the sides. It feeds in June and July, and also in September and October, on various low plants: knotgrass, dandelion, bedstraw, garden marigold, and ground ivy (_Nepeta_) being especially useful in captivity. The moth is usually double-brooded, at least in the southern half of England, the first flight occurring in May and June, and the second in July and August. The species is generally distributed, and often common, over the greater part of England and Wales, but somewhat local north of the Midlands and through Scotland to Aberdeen; widely spread in Ireland. FLAME CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _designata_). The ground colour of this rather common woodland species (Plate 75, Figs. 4-6) is pale grey, varying to whitish, or sometimes faintly brownish tinged. The purple band on the fore wings is always broadly edged in front with black, but the black outer edging is irregular, and sometimes only distinct towards the front margin of the wings; it varies in width, and in tint, being, in some specimens, faint purplish grey. The caterpillar is ochreous, inclining to greyish on the back, which is marked with whitish lines on the front rings, and with ochreous diamonds and black dots on the other rings; there is also a row of black spots low down along the sides; head, {184} brownish, freckled with black. It feeds, in June and July, probably, in a wild state, on some kind of "cress," growing in the moister parts of woods; in confinement, it will eat cabbage, horseradish, and wallflower, among other kinds of Cruciferae. There is a second brood in August and September. (Plate 74, Fig. 3, after Hofmann.) The moth is out in May and June, and again in August. It is fond of resting on tree-trunks in woods, especially where the ground is moist, but it may also be beaten out of hedges and bushes. It is most plentiful in the southern half of England, but is spread over the greater part of the British Isles, including the Orkneys. Abroad, its range extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Japan, and North America. THE BEECH-GREEN CARPET (_Amoebe olivata_). The species, depicted on Plate 75, Figs. 9, 10, when quite fresh has the fore wings greenish, and the central band more or less tinged with brown, in some specimens with blackish; the inner edge of the band is not so clearly defined as the outer, the latter being followed by a narrow whitish wavy band; a series of black dots edged with white represent the submarginal line. Hind wrings, smoky grey, with a pale band beyond the middle, and a pale line nearer the outer margin. The roughened caterpillar (Plate 73, Fig. 1) is ochreous brown, mottled with darker brown, and lined with grey; the raised dots are black, each with a short bristle. It feeds at night on bedstraw (_Galium_), in the spring to May, after hibernation. The moth is out, as a rule, in July and August, but sometimes much earlier. I reared specimens during the last week in May, 1907, from caterpillars sent from Torquay by Mr. Walker. It {185} lurks among the vegetation growing on banks, and the hedgerows of lanes, etc. In the south of England the species chiefly affects the coasts of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall; but it occurs locally in and around beech woods of Kent, and is more frequent in those of Berks, Oxford, and Bucks. From Somerset it spreads through the western counties, including part of Wales, to Lancashire. It is, however, most common among the hills and rills from Yorkshire northwards. In Scotland it is local in Roxburgh, widely distributed, and sometimes abundant in Clydesdale and throughout the Highlands to Sutherland. It has also been noted from Arran. Local in Ireland, but apparently abundant in some parts. GREEN CARPET (_Amoebe viridaria_). This species (Plate 75, Figs. 7, 8), also, has green fore wings, with a rather deeper green central band and basal patch. The former is limited by white lines marked with black, conspicuously so on the front and inner margins; there are also black marks on the front edge of the basal patch, and at the tips of the wings. The green colour quickly fades to a yellowish or sandy tint. The wrinkled caterpillar is olive brown, with bristle-bearing black dots; the back has a dark central line, and is adorned with reddish V-shaped marks except on the end rings. It feeds in the spring, after hibernation, on bedstraw (_Galium_), but it is said to eat sorrel, dead-nettle (_Lamium_), etc. The moth is out in June, earlier in the south, and later in the north. It hides among herbage during the day, and may occasionally be seen resting on tree-trunks, etc., then feeding just before dark about hedges, and on commons and heaths. Specimens have been noted in some years in September. Except that it has not been detected in the Shetlands, the species seems to be found in all parts of the British Isles. {186} STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Malenydris salicata_). Portraits of a male and a female of this species will be found on Plate 75, Figs. 11 [male] and 12 [female]. The fore wings are greyish white, crossed by several darker grey wavy lines; the central band is rather darker, and in some specimens there is also a darker basal patch. In an almost unicolorous form the fore wings are wholly suffused with darker; Kane, who states that such specimens occur with the paler form in Ireland, refers the aberration to _unicolorata_, Gregson. The caterpillar is brownish, with three whitish lines along the back, and a pinkish line low down along the sides. It feeds, at night, on bedstraw (_Galium_), in September and October, but may be found on the plants in the daytime. (Plate 73, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) The moth is out in May and June, and in some localities again in August and September. It is fond of sitting on rocks, and also on tree-trunks. Except that it has been found, not infrequently, on Dartmoor and Exmoor, in Devon, and has also been once noted from Dorset, the species in England is chiefly an inhabitant of the northern counties. It occurs in Wales, but almost exclusively in the north. In Scotland it appears to be widely distributed throughout; and in Ireland it occurs locally in all four provinces. MOTTLED GREY (_Malenydris multistrigaria_). The fore wings in the typical form of this species are grey, with a slight brownish tinge; basal patch, central band, and shade before the whitish submarginal line, sometimes darker. (Plate 77, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female].) In some specimens the central band is very much darker (ab. _virgata_, Tutt); and in some parts of {187} south-west Yorkshire a blackish form (ab. _nubilata_, Tutt) is not uncommon. (Plate 77, Fig. 3.) The caterpillar is ochreous grey, with three brownish lines along the back, and two other lines on each side, the upper one yellowish, wavy, and edged above with dusky. It feeds on bedstraw (_Galium_) in May and June. (Plate 73, Fig. 3.) The moth is out in March and April, and keeps pretty much to the shelter afforded by its food plant or other herbage around in its favourite haunts, which are damp woodlands, heaths, and mosses. Occasionally, however, it may be seen on the lower parts of fences, tree-trunks, rocks, etc. About dusk it may be found sitting on grass and other vegetation, and at such times is not much disposed to fly away from the collector. Pretty generally distributed throughout the British Isles, including the Orkneys. TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Malenydris didymata_). The fore wings in the male are pale greyish, more or less tinged with ochreous brown, and crossed by a dark grey, inclining to blackish, central band; the base of the wings is often banded with dark grey, as also is the outer marginal area; on the latter, above the middle, are twin black spots, and there is a black spot or streak above nearer the tip of the wing. The female is smaller, paler, often whitish, and sometimes pale ochreous; the latter form is prevalent in the Shetlands; the central band is the only distinct cross marking in this sex. On the moorlands in the north of England a blackish form of the male occurs (ab. _nigra_, Prout), and this is very similar to ab. _nubilata_ of the previous species; ab. _ochroleucata_, Aurivillius, is uniformly greyish brown, with a white submarginal line, and I have a specimen near this from Durham. The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish on the back, {188} and to pinkish on the sides; three lines along the side, the central one dark green, and the others whitish. It feeds on primrose, red campion (_Lychnis diurna_), bilberry, etc., as well as on the flowers of coarse grasses; in North Devon I found it in profusion at night, on the blossoms of a wood-rush (_Luzula_), growing in a sheltered wood near the sea. April and May, later perhaps in the north. (Plate 77, Figs. 4-6 [male], 7-9 [female].) The moth is out in July and August, and is common in almost every part of the British Isles. NOVEMBER MOTH (_Oporabia_ (_Epirrita_) _dilutata_). The more usual forms of this common autumnal species are those represented by Figs. 1 and 2, Plate 78. Fig. 3 is a small example of the pale form, ab. _christyi_, Prout, which, in many respects, is very similar to _autumnata_, Guenee, a form of the next species. Fig. 4 is a female approaching ab. _obscurata_, Staud., and Fig. 5 shows the uniformly blackish ab. _melana_, Prout. In some pale- specimens the only conspicuous marking is a broad central band which is almost black in colour (ab. _latifasciata_, Prout). The eggs (Plate 76, Fig. 1a) were yellowish when laid, but soon changed to crimson red. The caterpillar is green, inclining to whitish below, often marked, more or less distinctly, with purplish red, as a central line, or series of spots, along the back, and sometimes as bands on the ring division. It feeds on the foliage of trees, such as elm, oak, birch, etc., also on fallow, hawthorn, sloe, apple, plum, and other fruit trees. April to June. (Plate 76, Fig. 1.) [Illustration] 2 Pl. 74. 1. WATER CARPET: _caterpillar_. 2. DARK-BARRED TWIN-SPOT CARPET: _caterpillar_. 3. FLAME CARPET: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 75. 1-3. DARK-BARRED TWIN-SPOT CARPET. 4-6. FLAME CARPET. 7, 8. GREEN CARPET. 9, 10. BEECH-GREEN CARPET. 11, 12. STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET. {189} The moth is out in October and November in the South, but earlier in the North. It is an inhabitant of woodlands, and may be disturbed from bushes, trees, and sometimes may be seen on the trunks of the latter, and on fences. At night it flies lazily and will occasionally visit ivy then, and even sugar, but is more frequently attracted by light. The species is pretty generally common throughout England and Wales, Scotland up to Moray, and Ireland. THE AUTUMNAL MOTH (_Oporabia_ (_Epirrita_) _autumnata_). Three examples of this species are shown on Plate 78. Figs. 6 [male] and 7 [female] represent the typical form except that the male should be rather more silvery white in the ground colour of the fore wings, and the cross bands more distinctly separated. Fig. 8, also a female, is very close to ab. _sandbergi_, Lampa, in the character of the central cross bands of the fore wings. Ab. _gueneata_, Prout (_autumnata_, Guenee, not Borkhausen), is a form with the typical coloration, but with fainter cross bands. The caterpillar is somewhat similar to that of the last species, but there is a yellowish tint in the general green coloration, and it is rarely marked with reddish. It is found chiefly on birch, alder, fir, and larch, but will eat hawthorn, and probably the foliage of other shrubs and trees. May and June. The moth is out in September and October, sometimes later. It may be dislodged from trees in the daytime, but it seems to be rarely noticed at rest on the trunks. The species is so often confused with that previously mentioned that its distribution in our islands has not, so far, been clearly ascertained. However, it certainly occurs in the following northern counties of England--Lancashire (Liverpool district); Cheshire (Delamere Forest); Yorkshire (Cleveland district); North Durham (Birch woods); Cumberland (Carlisle). In Scotland it is found in Clydesdale, Perthshire, where it was first noted by Weaver in 1851, Kincardineshire, Aberdeen, and probably further north; in Ireland at Belfast and Enniskillen. Prout notes that he has seen a specimen from Swansea in South Wales. {190} SMALL AUTUMNAL CARPET (_Oporabia_ (_Epirrita_) _filigrammaria_). This is most probably a small moorland form of _O. autumnata_, but it rarely assumes the silvery white typical coloration of that species. A male specimen and two examples of the female are depicted on Plate 77, Figs. 10 [male], 11, and 12 [female]. The caterpillar, which feeds in the spring on bilberry and heather, is green, with yellow lines, a line of darker green between the two central yellow lines along the back; head, green, inclining to brown above. The moth appears in August and early September, and may be found on the moors, resting on rocks, stones, and even on the ground, as well as on the stems of its food plants. As a British species it was first recorded by Weaver, who obtained it in the Isle of Arran in 1841; but Edleston, writing in 1842, states that he had taken specimens off stone walls near Staley Bridge, in the Manchester district, "every year for the last three years." It appears to be peculiar to the British Isles and is found in suitable localities from North Staffs., through Cheshire, Lancs., Yorks., and northwards over England and Scotland to the Hebrides and the Orkneys. In Ireland it is known to occur in Antrim, Derry, Mayo, Galway, and Limerick. THE WELSH WAVE (_Venusia cambrica_). This moth, of which two portraits are given on Plate 78, Figs. 9 [male], 10 [female], is known also by the English name of "Cambric Wave." It was not ascertained to be an inhabitant of Britain until 1839, when it was figured and described by Curtis from specimens obtained in Cardiganshire in Wales. {191} In its typical form the fore wings are white, inclining to greyish, with a number of brownish or dark-grey cross lines; two pairs on the central area are marked with black. Sometimes the wings are greatly suffused with smoky grey, and this tint in examples from the Sheffield and Rotherham districts of Yorkshire assumes a much darker hue, so that all the markings are obscured, but the veins are blacker. The caterpillar is green, marked with some irregular reddish blotches; a yellowish line along the back. It feeds in August, earlier or later in some seasons, on mountain ash (_Pyrus aucuparia_), and the moth, which rests by day on tree-trunks, is out in July and early August. The haunts of the species are chiefly in hilly localities of the northern counties of England, but it has also been reported from Gloucestershire (Cotswolds), Somersetshire (Weston-super-Mare), and Devon (Dulverton). In Wales it occurs in Merionethshire, as well as in Cardiganshire; and in Scotland it spreads from Roxburghshire, where it is locally common among mountain ash, through Clydesdale to Inverness. It is widely distributed in Ireland. The range abroad extends to Japan and North America. GREY MOUNTAIN CARPET (_Entephria caesiata_) The typical greyish form, with blackish wavy cross lines and dark central band, is shown on Plate 80, Fig. 1 [male] and 2 [female]. Figure 3 represents a specimen from Shetland in which the band is sooty black (ab. _annosata_, Zetterstedt = _nigristriaria_, Gregson). The interesting blackish suffused form from the Isle of Arran (Fig. 4) leads up to a still blacker variety, occurring in the same isle, and also in the Shetlands, in which the whole of the fore wings is nearly as dark as the central band of Fig. 3, and the hind wings are also much darkened; such specimens are referable to ab. _glaciata_, Germar. Ab. _prospicuata_, Prout = _gelata_, Staud., is a form with the fore wings whitish, and the {192} base and the central band thereof blackish; some Shetland specimens closely approach this pretty variety. The caterpillar is green, with a brownish line along the middle of the back, and a series of pinkish or purplish-red oblique streaks which nearly meet at the central line and so form V-shaped marks; a whitish or yellowish stripe low down along the sides, sometimes edged above with reddish. In some examples the general colour is reddish brown. It feeds in April and May, after hibernation, on bilberry, ling, and heath in a wild state, but may be reared on knot-grass or sallow. The moth is out from June until early August, and may be found resting, often in numbers, on rocks and stone walls in mountain and moorland districts, from Herefordshire, northwards through England, North Wales, and over the whole of Scotland, including the isles, and Ireland. Kane states that in the latter country melanic forms, such as those from Yorks, etc., are nowhere met with. YELLOW-RINGED CARPET (_Entephria flavicinctata_). The general colour of the fore wings of British specimens of this species (var. _obscurata_, Staud.) is slaty grey; the basal, central, and outer marginal cross bands are thickly sprinkled with yellowish-brown, and it is this feature that at once separates this species (Plate 80, Figs. 5, 6) from that last referred to. The bristly caterpillar is green, chocolate, or red brown, but always of a dull shade; on the back is a series of black V-shaped marks, and a central dark, slender line; the front part of each V-mark filled up with pink or lilac, forming a triangle, the apex of which is yellow; a yellowish stripe low down along the side (adapted from Fenn). It feeds in the spring till April, after hibernation, on saxifrage (_Saxifraga aizoides_, _S. hypnoides_, etc), and also on stonecrop (_Sedum_), and is most partial to the flowers of these plants. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 76. 1, 1a. NOVEMBER MOTH: _eggs and caterpillar_. 2, 2a. BEAUTIFUL CARPET: _caterpillars and chrysalis_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 77. 1-4. MOTTLED GREY. 5-8. TWIN-SPOT CARPET. 9-12. SMALL AUTUMNAL CARPET. {193} The moth flies throughout the summer, possibly in two generations, as, when reared in confinement, moths appear in May, and from eggs obtained from these, caterpillars feed in June and July, and attain the perfect state in August. Like the last species, its chief resting-places are the rocks, in its favourite haunts, in gorges among the hills and moorlands. It has been recorded from few parts of northern England, but one specimen is said to have been taken in Dovedale, Derbyshire. In Lancashire it has been noted as scarce about Clougha; and in Yorkshire one example was taken on Malham Moor in August, 1876, and one at Hutton Buscel Moor, near Scarborough, July 16, 1891. It is more plentiful in Scotland; in Clydesdale it is local, but not uncommon, the localities mentioned being Lochgoilhead, and watercourses above Ardentinny; more frequent in Perthshire, thence to Sutherland, and it occurs also in the Hebrides and the Orkneys. In Ireland, it is found in Co. Antrim; and Mr. Thomas Greer informs me that it is common at Murlough Bay, Fair Head. SILVER-GROUND CARPET (_Xanthorhoe montanata_). Figs. 7 and 8 on Plate 80 represent the most usual form of this species, which is variable in the amount of clouding on the fore wings and in the intensity of the cross marking. In some specimens, chiefly from southern localities, the fore wings are almost clear white, and the central band is broadly blackish (Fig. 9). Shetland specimens, on the other hand, are much clouded or suffused with ochreous brown, and the central band is greyish brown (ab. _shetlandica_, Weir (Fig. 10)). Then there is variation in the central band, which is often entire, but more frequently broken up by bandlets; or it may be considerably narrowed, especially from the middle to the inner margin, and not altogether rarely it is completely severed below the middle, and the lower part almost or quite absent. A specimen with all {194} the wings smoky leaden-grey, and the central bar of the fore wings pale grey-brown, was taken near Longfleet in Wiltshire, in the summer of 1881. The caterpillar is wrinkled, with a ridge along the sides; in colour it is pale brown, inclining to purplish with blackish dots; three lines along the back, the central one dark greyish, the others paler and broader; below the latter the sides are greyish tinted with a lower edging of pale yellowish brown. It feeds at night on bedstraw, and various low-growing herbage, including grass. August to April. The moth is out in June and July, sometimes earlier in the south. It is generally distributed, and, as a rule, common, in woodlands, lanes, etc., throughout the British Isles. GARDEN CARPET (_Xanthorhoe fluctuata_). Of this common frequenter of our gardens four examples are depicted on Plate 80. Figs. 11 and 13 are the more frequent forms, but specimens with the central band complete, as in Fig. 12, are not uncommon. Chiefly, but by no means exclusively, in Southern localities, some examples have the ground colour almost pure white; often the wings are more or less suffused with dark grey (ab. _neapolisata_, Milliere), and this is especially the case in Scotland, where, in Aberdeenshire and in Shetland, a blackish form, ab. _thules_, Prout, occurs. Fig. 14 represents a specimen of this form from Aberdeen. Somewhat rarely, the central band is only indicated by a small spot on the front area of the wing (ab. _costovata_, Haworth), and more often the band is much narrowed or otherwise modified in the direction of that aberration. Fig. 4, Plate 61, shows an extreme example of this form. Specimens vary in size from rather under one inch to one inch and a half in expanse. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 78. 1-5. NOVEMBER MOTH. 6-8. AUTUMNAL MOTH. 9, 10. WELSH WAVE. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 79. 1, 1a. ARGENT AND SABLE: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. 2, 2a, 2b. WOOD CARPET: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. 3. GALIUM CARPET: _caterpillar_. 4. COMMON CARPET: _chrysalis_. {195} [Illustration: FIG. 4. GARDEN CARPET AT REST. (Photo by H. Main.)] The caterpillar varies in colour from dark grey through yellowish green to obscure green, but the underside is always paler; on the back there is a series of pale blotches, and some black spots on the middle rings; the head is rather paler than the general colour, and marked with black. It feeds, at night, on cabbage, horseradish, wallflower, white arabis, and many other kinds of Cruciferae; and it is said to eat the foliage of gooseberry and currant. June--October. There are certainly two broods, and possibly more, as the moths occur in greater or lesser numbers throughout the year, from late April to October, but it seems to be most plentiful in May and June, and in August and September. Generally distributed over the British Isles. It is also an inhabitant of North America. THE GALIUM CARPET (_Xanthorhoe galiata_). The more usual forms of this species are represented on Plate 81, Figs. 1, 2. Fig. 3 is the portrait of a form occurring in Yorkshire, Sussex, and probably elsewhere, in which the central band is blackish and solid-looking; this seems to be referable to _unilobata_, Haworth. Besides varying in tint of ground colour, and in the amount of freckling or mottling, there is modification in the width of the central band. The caterpillar is brown, dotted with black, and striped with blackish brown on the back, and with pale brown on the sides; the head is light brown, sprinkled with black, and marked with {196} a dark V. It feeds on bedstraw in late June and July, and there is a second brood in August and September. The figure of the caterpillar on Plate 79, Fig. 3, is from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich. The moth is out in June, sometimes later in the north and earlier in the south, where it occurs as a second generation in August. It is chiefly found in chalk and limestone districts, and may be easily put up from the herbage among which it secretes itself during the day. In the seaboard counties of England, from Kent to Cornwall, it is especially common on the coast, but is also to be met with in suitable inland localities in these counties, and also in Surrey, Middlesex, Herts, Bucks., and Oxford. It is always rare on the eastern side, but on the west, including Wales, it is more or less frequent from Somerset and Wilts. to Westmorland. Not uncommon in Yorkshire, principally in the West Riding, and an odd specimen has been recorded from Durham. Somewhat rare in Scotland, but it has been noted in Berwick, Wigtown, Arran, Clydesdale, and Perthshire. In Ireland it is local, although often plentiful on the coast. Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia. WOOD CARPET (_Xanthorhoe (Epirrhoe) rivata_). The broad, clear white borders of both edges of the dark central band of the fore wings, coupled with the clearer white of the hind wings, and the generally larger size of the moth, should distinguish this species from its very close ally, _X. sociata_; but it must be added that some forms of the latter species approach the present one exceedingly close. (Plate 81, Figs. 4, 5.) [Illustration] 2 Pl. 80. 1-4. GREY MOUNTAIN CARPET. 5, 6. YELLOW-RINGED CARPET. 7-10. SILVER-GROUND CARPET. 11-14. GARDEN CARPET. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 81. 1-3. GALIUM CARPET. 4, 5. WOOD CARPET. 6-9. COMMON CARPET. 10-12. SMALL ARGENT AND SABLE. {197} The caterpillar is brown or olive-brown, dotted and freckled with white; three lines on the back, the central one black, the others whitish, not seen on rings 5-8, which have dark V-shaped marks enclosing white ones; sometimes there is a V-mark instead of lines on ring 4; head, large, pale brown sprinkled with blackish, and marked with a blackish V, the apex of which appears to meet the central line of the body. It feeds, at night, in July and August, on bedstraw (_Galium mollugo_, and _G. verum_), but will thrive very well on cleavers or goose-grass (_G. aparine_). The chrysalis, which is enclosed in a cocoon of silk coated with earth, is reddish brown, thorax and wing-cases paler, shining. A drawing of the caterpillar, kindly lent, with others, for this volume, by Mr. A. Sich, has been used for the figures on Plate 79, Figs. 2, 2a; but the description of the caterpillar, and also of the chrysalis (Fig. 2b), are from material that Mr. Pope, of Exeter, was good enough to furnish. In captivity a second brood may be reared in August. The moth is out in July and early August, and although local, is not uncommon in bushy places on downs, etc., also in lanes, in chalk districts, in most of the southern and eastern counties. In the north of England it is far more local and uncommon, but is known to occur in Cheshire, Yorkshire, and Cumberland, and has been recorded from Durham. It is found in Wales, and in Scotland has been noted as very local in Roxburghshire and rare in Clydesdale and Arran. Kane states that in Ireland it is "very rare and local." COMMON CARPET (_Xanthorhoe_ (_Epirrhoe_) _sociata_). The white ground colour of this species is nearly always obscured, to a greater or lesser extent, by greyish markings and suffusions on the basal area; the outer margin is broadly bordered with dark grey, and the white band between this and the dark-grey central band is intersected throughout its length by a grey line. As shown on Plate 81, Figs. 6, 7, the central band varies in width; it is often contracted below the middle, sometimes completely severed at this point, and in ab. _degenerata_, {198} Haworth, both portions are much reduced in width. Figs. 8 and 9 represent two specimens from the Isle of Lewis; these brownish-grey examples are var. _obscurata_, South. There are intermediate modifications leading up to a form in which the whole of the central third of the fore wings is whitish, with the usual cross lines dingy grey, and some tiny clouds of the same colour around the black discal spot. The caterpillar is very like that of the last species referred to, but it is rather smaller in size and rougher in appearance. There is variation in the general colour, from pale fawn through greenish-brown, to dull or bright green, and sometimes the markings are tinged with reddish (Hellins). It feeds on bedstraw, in June and July, and a second brood occurs in September. The figure of the brownish, inclining to reddish, chrysalis (Plate 79, Fig. 4), is from a photo by Mr. H. Main, and is twice the natural size. The moth is out in May and June, and, in the South especially, again in August and September. It is generally distributed over the British Islands, but so far has not been noted from the Shetlands. The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland. According to Prout, the earliest name for this species is _alternata_ (Muller). SMALL ARGENT AND SABLE (_Xanthorhoe_ (_Epirrhoe_) _tristata_). On Plate 81 are shown three examples of this variable species. Fig. 10 represents the typical form from N. Devon. Fig. 11 is a black-marked specimen from Yorkshire, and Fig. 12 depicts a smoky-brown marked specimen from Clydesdale, in which the ground colour has a brownish tinge. All these have the central band more or less entire, but this character may be broader or narrower, and is sometimes divided into two parts, and these reduced to very small proportions; the white projections into {199} the outer marginal border of all the wings is not infrequently enlarged, in some cases so much so that the borders are separated into two parts, and also reduced in width. The caterpillar is grey brown, ochreous brown between the rings and on the underside; a dark line along the back, and a dark-edged, pale line on each side; a black dot on each ring at the junction of the dark upper and pale lower areas; head, grey-brown, with blackish freckles. It feeds, in July and August, on bedstraw, preferring the heath kind (_Galium saxatile_), but will eat the large hedge kind (_G. mollugo_). The moth is out in June, or from late May, and in some parts specimens are seen in August. Its haunts are moors and upland heaths, and its British distribution extends from Dartmoor and Exmoor, in Devon, through Western England and Wales to Westmorland. It appears to be very local in Somerset, Gloucester, Hereford, Shropshire, and Cheshire; from Staffordshire and Derbyshire northwards, and through Scotland, it becomes more plentiful; and has been recorded from the Shetlands. In Ireland it is local, but common where it occurs. SHARP-ANGLED CARPET (_Xanthorhoe_ (_Euphyia_) _unangulata_). This species (Plate 82, Figs. 1, 2) may be recognized by the distinctly angled outer edge of the blackish central band, which is thrown into strong relief by the usually broad white stripe following it. Wilkes, who figured the moth in 1742, called it the "White Stripe." By some authors the species is referred to _amniculata_, Hubner. The caterpillar is pale whity brown, with a slightly darker but indistinct line along the centre of the back, and a black spot on the middle rings; a pale line on the sides is edged with dark grey; head, brown, marked with black. It feeds, in July and early August, on chickweed (_Stellaria media_). The moth, which is partial to hedges and easily disturbed {200} therefrom, is out in June and July, and even later in some seasons. The earliest hatched caterpillars reared in confinement sometimes attain the moth state in August of the same year. Although certainly local, the species has a wide distribution in the southern half of England, and is not uncommon in some localities. Its range extends into Wales, and also northwards to Cumberland and Westmorland, but it is generally very much scarcer in the north than in the south. In Ireland it is known to occur locally in counties Antrim, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Waterford, Kerry, and Galway, but, as a rule, only sparingly. Abroad, the distribution includes North Amurland and North America. CLOAKED CARPET (_Euphyia picata_). An older English name for this species (Plate 82, Figs. 4, 5) is "The Short Cloak Carpet," Harris (1782), but that given to it by Haworth is here adopted. It is also the _biangulata_ of Haworth, Stephens, and others. As will be observed on referring to the figures, the outer edge of the blackish central band of the fore wings is twice angled just above the middle; the basal area and the outer marginal border are dark greyish brown, more or less tinged with olive; the whitish ground colour only shows distinctly as a strip immediately beyond the central band, and from this an irregular streak runs to the tips of the wings; some white wavy cross-lines through the outer border are often obscure. The stoutish caterpillar is yellowish brown, or sometimes reddish brown; there is a series of blackish or dark-brown spots along the back, and a stripe of dusky freckles along each side; lower down are two slender wavy lines enclosing a dusky stripe; head, yellowish-brown mottled with darker brown. It feeds, at night, on chickweed and other kinds of _Stellaria_, in {201} August and September. One of the mouse-ear chickweeds (_Cerastium glomeratum_) has also been mentioned as a food plant, and for rearing the caterpillars this would perhaps be useful, as common chickweed, unless in a growing state, is difficult to keep in a suitable condition for larval requirements. The moth, which is partial to a hedgerow as a hiding-place, is out in June and July, and may be sometimes reared as a second generation in September. The species is somewhat local, but it is not scarce in many parts of England; its range does not appear to extend northwards beyond Worcestershire on the western side, although it has been recorded from North Wales; on the eastern side it is found up to Norfolk. THE ARGENT AND SABLE (_Eulype hastata_). About one hundred and sixty years ago Wilkes figured this species as "The Mottled Beauty," but Harris in 1778 gave it its present English name. On Plate 82 are shown two examples of the typical form (Figs. 7, 8), also two specimens of the small form (Figs. 10, 11), var. _subhastata_, Nolcken (= _hastulata_, Hubner); the latter form in Britain occurs chiefly in Sutherlandshire and the Isle of Lewis. As regards variation there is, in the small form, a tendency to an increase of black; whilst in the typical form there is a considerable reduction of the black marking--so much so occasionally that of the central black band only a few dots remain around the discal spot, and perhaps a speck or two below it, and a dot or two on the inner margin (ab. _demolita_, Prout). The rather stumpy caterpillar is dark olive-green, inclining to blackish, and somewhat shiny; the skin along the sides puckered and marked with ochreous; a black line along the middle of the back; head, black and glossy. It feeds, in July and August, later in the north, on birch, _Vaccinium_, chiefly {202} _uliginosum_, and sweet gale (_Myrica_). It spins together the leaves at the tips of the twigs, and so forms a cocoon-like habitation. The moth is out in May and June, and even July in the north. It flies in the afternoon sunshine around and over birch trees, and occasionally alights on the leaves. It has been taken in Kent, and more frequently in Essex and Suffolk, but it is more plentiful in Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and from Surrey to Dorsetshire and Wiltshire; also in Herefordshire and Worcestershire, and on high ground in North Wales, Staffordshire, and Derbyshire; its range extending through Cheshire and Lancashire to Cumberland and Northumberland, but only odd specimens have been reported from the last-named county and from Durham. The egg and the caterpillar are shown on Plate 79, Figs. 1 and 1a. It is widely distributed, and often common in places, throughout Scotland. In Ireland it is local, but has occurred plentifully in some of its haunts in that country; Kane states that var. _subhastata_ has not been noted. The range abroad spreads to Amurland, China, Iceland, Labrador, and North America. BEAUTIFUL CARPET (_Mesoleuca albicillata_). The English name of this species (Plate 82, Fig. 13) is exceedingly appropriate; few of our native moths exhibit such a pleasing combination of colour and marking. It varies but very little in a general way, but a specimen taken in York some years ago has the fore wings dark leaden grey instead of creamy white (ab. _suffusa_, Carrington), and very rarely the ground colour inclines to yellow. The stoutish caterpillar (Plate 76, Fig. 2) is green with reddish marks along the back; a white line low down along the sides is edged below with purplish red on the first three rings; the last ring, and the claspers, tinged with purplish red. It feeds {203} at night on bramble and raspberry, in August and September, occasionally earlier or later. In the daytime it rests on the underside of a leaf. When full grown it forms a cocoon just under the surface of the soil, or among rubbish (in the cage), and therein changes to a dark reddish-brown chrysalis (Plate 76, Fig. 2a). The moth is out in June, sometimes in late May, and occasionally there seems to be a few individuals about in August. The species is a denizen of the woodlands, and is generally to be found in the more open parts of woods where its food plants are well established. It is widely distributed over England and Wales, but most frequent in the south of the former country. In Scotland, it is local in Roxburghshire and Wigtownshire; and it occurs in many parts of Ireland. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. THE PURPLE BAR (_Mesoleuca ocellata_). The whitish fore wings of this species (Plate 82, Fig. 12) are often tinged with pale ochreous brown on the lower two-thirds of the outer marginal area, and this tint sometimes invades the central portion of the bluish-black central band. Rarely the ground colour is almost entirely white, and the central band is very slender (ab. _coarctata_, Prout), and perhaps rather more frequently the band is completely severed below the middle. The caterpillar, which feeds at night on bedstraw (_Galium mollugo_ and _G. verum_), is pale ochreous brown, or pale pinkish brown, netted with darker brown; on the back are a reddish ochreous central line, and some reddish edged pale V-marks: June and July, and sometimes again in the autumn. The moth is out in June and early July, occasionally in late May in some southern localities. Individuals of a second emergence sometimes appear in August and September. It {204} rests by day on tree-trunks or in hedges, and flies at night. Widely distributed over the British Isles, but, except perhaps in the highlands of Scotland, not very common. BLUE-BORDERED CARPET (_Mesoleuca bicolorata_). The more usual form of this pretty little species is shown on Plate 82, Figs. 3 and 6. In the type the central band is only represented by a spot on the front margin of the fore wings; in ab._parvula_, Retz = _rubiginata_, Hubner, there is also a portion of the band showing on the inner margin. Ab. _plumbata_, Curtis, from Scotland has the central band entire and the ground colour inclining to creamy white. In ab. _fumosa_, Prout, the usual white parts of the wing are smoky or dark lead colour (Fig. 9). Barrett mentions a form with all the wings smoothly smoky black; markings of the fore wings olive brown, margined with slender stripes of smoky white. The long, thin, caterpillar is green, with a darker stripe along the back, and a yellowish green stripe on each side; two points on the last ring. It feeds on alder, birch, sloe, and crab; also in orchards and gardens on plum and apple: April to June. The moth is out in July and August. It appears to occur most freely in districts where alder is plentiful, but it is not uncommon in country lanes, especially where these are rather moist. It is one of the earliest Geometrid moths to get on the wing, as it is generally active well before dark. Decidedly more common in some districts than in others, but it may be said to be generally distributed. The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, and Japan, but the ab._fumosa_ is only known from Britain. PRETTY CHALK CARPET (_Melanthia procellata_). From almost any well-grown hedgerow, in which traveller's joy, or old-man's beard (_Clematis vitalba_) is plentiful, throughout the southern counties of England, this species (Plate 82, Fig. 14) may be disturbed by the beating stick. It is generally to be met with in July and early August, but may be obtained in forward seasons, or in sheltered localities, at the end of June. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 82. 1, 2. SHARP-ANGLED CARPET. 3, 6, 9. BLUE-BORDERED CARPET. 4, 5. CLOAKED CARPET. 7, 8, 10, 11. ARGENT AND SABLE. 12. PURPLE BAR. 13. BEAUTIFUL CARPET. 14. PRETTY CHALK CARPET. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 83. 1, 2. RIVULET. 3, 6. SMALL RIVULET. 4, 5. BARRED RIVULET. 9, 12. HEATH RIVULET. 10, 11, 13, 14. GRASS RIVULET. 7, 8. PRETTY PINION. {205} On the fore wings the dark, slender and wavy cross lines are more distinct in some specimens than in others, and occasionally the blackish blotch on the front margin is traversed by a white line, sometimes by two lines. The caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, with three darker brown lines along the back, the central one slender, spotted with black on the middle rings; usual dots, black, encircled with white; head, marked with a reddish brown triangle. It feeds on _Clematis_ in August and September. Distribution of the species abroad extends to Amurland, and in Japan, Corea, and China it is represented by the darker _inquinata_, Butler. THE RIVULET (_Perizoma affinitata_). The whitish band crossing the brownish fore wings is generally fairly wide, sometimes broad, but occasionally it is very narrow; the reduction in width is mainly the result of brownish suffusion of the outer half of the band, leaving the inner half white. Kane mentions a smoky form from Co. Derry, in which the band is absent, and refers this to ab. _unicolorata_, Gregson. In a specimen from Sligo in my series, the band is tinged with brownish throughout. The hind wings are usually smoky brown, with a paler central band, but in some specimens, referable to ab. _turbaria_, Stephens, the basal two-thirds are whitish. The moths also vary in size (Plate 83, Figs. 1 and 2). The caterpillar is pinkish-ochreous inclining to brown; three pinkish lines along the back, and a similar line along the blackish spiracles; a dark plate on the first and last rings. It feeds in the capsules, on the seeds, of red campion (_Lychnis_ {206} _dioica_), and will eat those of the white _L. vespertina_: July to September. When eggs can be obtained early, it is possible to rear moths from them in August of the same year. The moth is out in June and July, in some southern districts in late May. As it conceals itself during the day among its food plant, or other vegetation around, it may be put up therefrom by gently stirring the herbage; but it flies freely about sundown, and is then easily netted. The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland, up to Moray. In Ireland it is local and not plentiful, and the same is the case in the North of England. SMALL RIVULET (_Perizoma alchemillata_). This species (Plate 83, Figs. 3 and 6) is exceedingly close to the last mentioned, but in a general way it is to be distinguished by its greyish-brown coloration. A stippled whitish stripe before the central band, usually only faintly indicated in _affinitata_, is fairly distinct as a rule. Although the outer edge of the central band is rather more irregular, the middle tooth is not so prominent as in _affinitata_. The rather plump caterpillar is purplish above and yellowish green below; three yellow lines on the back, the central one broad; the spiracles are black, and a little above them is another yellow line; head, black and glossy, and there are black shining plates on the first and last rings of the body, that on the first ring divided by the yellow central line (adapted from Porritt). It feeds, in August and September, in the seed capsules of hemp nettle (_Galeopsis tetrahit_), sometimes on the rarer _G. ladanum_, and is said to eat woundwort (_Stachys_) occasionally. The moth is out in June and July, and, as in the case of the last species, may be stirred up from among its food plant or the surrounding vegetation, in lanes, and around wood borders. The species is widely distributed over the British Isles, except that it seems not to have been noticed in Scotland, north of Moray, although it occurs in the Hebrides. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 84. 1. GRASS RIVULET: _caterpillar_. 2. WAVED CARPET: _caterpillar_. 3, 3a. YELLOW SHELL: _eggs and caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 85. 1, 2. SANDY CARPET. 3. BARRED CARPET. 4-9. YELLOW SHELL. {207} SANDY CARPET (_Perizoma flavofasciata_). The pale ochreous-brown, or sandy, markings on the white fore wings of this species readily distinguish it from either of its allies. Variable in size, and also in the brownish tint of the markings; the central band is usually contracted below the middle, and not infrequently it is completely severed at this point. It is the _decolorata_ of Hubner, and although more generally known by that name, the earlier _flavofasciata_, Thunberg, will have to be adopted for this species. (Plate 85, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female].) The stoutish caterpillar is pale reddish ochreous with browner lines; head, brown and shining, plate on first and last rings of the body brown. It feeds on the flower buds, and on the immature seeds, of the red campion (_Lychnis dioica_), and the white campion (_L. vespertina_), but is more partial to the first named; in Ireland it is said to feed on bladder campion (_Silene inflata_). In July and August, or even later, the moth may be beaten out of hedgerows, sandy banks, and borders of woods, and sometimes disturbed from patches of the campion growing in thickets; in such places it is on the wing about sundown. Although local to some extent, it appears to be common enough in most of the counties of England and Wales. In Scotland, it is more or less generally common in Roxburghshire and Clydesdale, and is said to have been an inhabitant of Perthshire (Moncrieffe Hill). It appears to be very local in Ireland, but is recorded from Antrim, Derry, and Kerry, and noted as common at Larne in the first-named county. {208} GRASS RIVULET (_Perizoma albulata_). Although some English specimens approach the larger and whiter typical form, the species as it occurs in the British Isles is generally greyer, var. _griseata_, Staudinger; two examples of this form are shown on Plate 83, Figs. 10 and 11. In the Shetland Isles, the species assumes a darker coloration, and is either well marked on the fore wings, as in Fig. 14, or almost plain, as in Fig. 13 (ab. _thules_, Weir), which is an extreme aberration of the form _subfasciaria_, Boheman. In other examples of a deep leaden grey, or brown tint, the central area is no darker than the rest of the wing. In the Isle of Lewis a white form with faint markings is prevalent, and this leads up to a clear white aberration devoid of markings, ab. _niveata_, Stephens, = _hebudium_, Weir. The wrinkled caterpillar, which feeds, in July and August, on the seeds of the yellow rattle (_Rhinanthus crista-galli_), and lives in the capsule, is whitish, inclining to greenish, dotted with black, and striped with dark green on the back and sides; head, black and glossy; plates and first and last rings of the body dusky. (Plate 84, Fig. 1.) The moth is out in May and June, sometimes later. It occurs chiefly in dry meadows where the yellow rattle flourishes, and is to be seen on the wing, often in large numbers, in the late afternoon about sundown. Generally abundant in suitable places, throughout the British Isles. THE BARRED RIVULET (_Perizoma bifasciata_). Haworth described two forms of this species, and a specimen of each is shown on our Plate 83. Fig. 4 represents _bifasciata_ (_bifaciata_, the Double-barred Rivulet), and Fig. 5 depicts {209} _unifasciata_ (the Single-barred Rivulet). The chief difference appears to be that in the type (_bifasciata_) the "rivulets" are white and distinct, thus bringing out a dark band between the central one and the base of the wing. The stoutish caterpillar is pale brown, inclining to ochreous on the back, along which are three lines, the central one greyish, and the others whitish shaded with greyish; a whitish stripe low down along the sides; the usual dots are black, and the spiracles are black, margined with ochreous (adapted from Fenn). In September and October it feeds in the seed capsules of _Bartsia odontites_, and is often plentiful; Mr. G. F. Mathew records obtaining nearly five hundred from three small bundles of the food plant gathered in the Harwich district. The moth is out in July and August, but is not often seen in the daytime, and is not taken very frequently, even when flying at night, but it comes to light, and visits flowers. From chrysalids obtained from caterpillars reared in 1900, Mr. Robert Adkin bred ten moths in 1901, eleven in 1902, two in 1903, five in 1904, and two in 1905. The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, and the south of Scotland, but it is most frequent in the south of England. Not much is known of it in Ireland, but it has been noted from counties Dublin, Louth, and Derry. HEATH RIVULET (_Perizoma minorata_). The British form of this species (Plate 83, Figs. 9, 12) is rather smaller and darker than typical _minorata_, Treitschke, and as Stephens has figured and described it as _ericetata_, this name should be adopted for our native race. The white fore wings have a greyish basal patch and three bands of the same colour; the outer one is traversed by a more or less distinct wavy whitish line; the band nearest the basal patch is sometimes very faint; more rarely the markings are {210} absent from the central area of the wings (ab. _monticola_, Staud.), and a specimen approaching this form has been taken in Perthshire. The caterpillar is pale green with a dark-green edged ochreous brown stripe along the middle of the back, and green stripes on each side; the usual dots are black, and the plates on first and last rings are brown, as also is the head. It feeds, in September, on the seeds of eyebright (_Euphrasia officinalis_). The moth is out in July and August, and is found very locally, flying in the late afternoon among its food plant, on the moorlands and pasture-grounds of Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham, and Westmorland; and has been reported from Hawkshead, in Lancashire. In Scotland, it is common in suitable parts of Roxburghshire and several localities in Clydesdale; thence widely spread to the Orkneys. Only noted from the Mourne Mountains in the north-east of Ireland, but probably to be found in other parts of that country. PRETTY PINION (_Perizoma blandiata_). This species (Plate 83, Figs. 7, 8) is also known as _adaequata_, Borkhausen, the name under which it is catalogued by Staudinger. As a rule the central band on the whitish fore wings is only represented by a round, or sometimes triangular, blackish spot on the front margin, a smaller blackish mark on the inner margin, and some dusky clouding between these two portions. In specimens from the Hebrides the band is more or less complete, and in some of them it is very much narrowed, especially towards the inner margin (ab. _coarctata_, Prout). The caterpillar is green, with three crimson lines, the outer ones bent inwards to the central one on the middle of each ring; two lines above and one below the yellowish spiracular line are pink; head green, tinged and freckled with pink. It {211} feeds in September on the flowers and seeds of the eyebright (_Euphrasia officinalis_). The moth is out from late May to July, and its habits are similar to those of the last species. In Scotland it appears to be commoner than in other parts of the British Isles, its range extending from Clydesdale to the Hebrides, Orkneys, and Shetland; but it has been recorded from Cumberland, and once from Durham. In Wales it has been taken at Dolgelly, in Merionethshire. Prout states that in 1902 he secured two specimens near Cwm Bychan, and that the species has since been captured regularly in the locality. It is widely distributed throughout Kerry and Galway, and also recorded from Cork and Derry, in Ireland. THE BARRED CARPET (_Perizoma taeniata_). This species is shown on Plate 85, Fig. 3. There are two forms of the central band of the fore wings, which in the type as figured by Stephens is broad, but is narrow in ab. _arctaria_, Herrich-Schaeffer = _angustifasciata_, Staud. The colour of the bands may be greyer or browner than in the specimen figured, and the ochreous general colour of the fore wings is more tinged with brown in some specimens than in others. The rather bristly caterpillar is light brown with a pinkish tinge; the back is marked with browner diamonds and some black dots, and there is a yellow stripe along the sides. It feeds on moss (Hodgkinson, _Entom._ xxviii. 241) growing in damp places, hibernates when quite small, and reappears about April, when it seems to prefer the fruit of the moss, but will also thrive on chickweed. The moths appear from the end of June, and may be found, but in wasted condition, up to early September. The species is extremely local, and in its secluded haunts may be found on the trunks of holly and yew trees, or it may {212} be disturbed from the branches of such trees, or from hedgerows, etc. In Britain the species seems to have been first noted in Castle Eden Dene, Durham (1825), and subsequently in Cumberland (Flimby, near Maryport), Westmorland, Lancashire (Arnside and Silverdale), Yorkshire (Scarborough), Derbyshire (Dovedale), Arthog in North Wales, and Tintern in Monmouthshire. The only English locality for it south of Monmouth is Watersmeet, near Lynton, in North Devon. In Scotland, it has been noted from Rannoch and Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, and from Dalmallin, in Argyllshire. It has a wide distribution in Ireland, and is common in some parts of that country, as at Killarney, Co. Kerry, and Rockwood, in Sligo. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland; it is represented in Japan by _fulvida_, Butler, and in North America by _basaliata_, Walker. YELLOW SHELL (_Camptogramma bilineata_). This very common and generally distributed species is subject to a good deal of variation in the tint of ground colour, and also in the greater or lesser amount of black marking. On Plate 85 six specimens are shown; Figs. 4, 5 represent the more frequent form in most localities, but in many districts ab. _infuscata_, Gumppenberg (Fig. 6), is hardly less common; in some specimens the central band is entirely blackish, and occasionally the middle area of the band is partly or wholly whitish. Sometimes the wings are uniformly yellow without markings, but such aberrations are scarce, or have not been noted often. A small form occurring in the Hebrides and the Shetlands, var. _atlantica_, Staud., has the wings generally darkened; Figs. 7-9 depict three specimens from the Isle of Lewis. Portraits of two very local Irish forms will be found on Plate 61; one is ab. _hibernica_, Prout (Fig. 5), and the other approaches the dark ab. _isolata_, Kane (Fig. 6). [Illustration] 2 Pl. 86. 1-6. JULY HIGHFLYER. 7-10. MAY HIGHFLYER. 11, 12. RUDDY HIGHFLYER. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 87. 1. JULY HIGHFLYER: _eggs and caterpillars_. 2. MAY HIGHFLYER: _caterpillar_. {213} The eggs, which are laid loosely, are yellowish or pale straw colour (Plate 84, Fig. 3a). Caterpillar, stoutish, green inclining to yellowish; three lines on the back, the central one dark green, and the others yellowish, as also are the ring divisions; a pale wavy line low down along the sides. In some examples the general colour is pale greyish-brown, inclining to reddish brown. It feeds on grass, dock, chickweed, and various low-growing plants, from August to May, and is often abundant in hay meadows (Fig. 3, Plate 84, is from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich). The moth occurs throughout the summer, and is very plentiful (often a pest) in almost every hedgerow and most bushy places. JULY HIGHFLYER (_Hydriomena furcata_). Some idea of the variable character of this species (_sordidata_, Fab., and _elutata_, Hubner) may be formed from the selection of half a dozen examples shown on Plate 86. The typical form has the fore wings greyish, with dark bands as in Fig. 1, and a modification without the dark bands seems to be ab. _cinereata_, Prout. In the form _sordidata_, Fabricius, the general colour of the fore wings is greenish, and the bands are dark; ab. _obliterata_, Prout, is of the same colour, but the bands are absent. Ab. _fusco-undata_, Donovan, has the general colour reddish, with dark bands; without dark bands it becomes _testaceata_, Prout. Blackish or sooty forms are referable to _infuscata_, Staud. (Fig. 4). Frequently in the green forms, and less often in the reddish, there is a broad whitish central stripe, and a narrow one on the basal area; in the green form again the basal and central areas are occasionally crossed by red bands, and this is one of the prettiest forms of the species and, so far as I know, occurs only in the large sallow-feeding race; {214} it possibly represents ab. _fusco-undata_, which is most frequent in the smaller moorland race. The egg (Plate 87, Fig. 1b) when figured, February 8, 1908, was whitish as regards the shell, but the interior was dark greenish. In April the caterpillar appeared to be formed, but it did not leave the shell until early in May. The full-grown caterpillar (Plate 87, Figs. 1, 1a) is brownish, inclining to blackish; whitish between the rings, white lines along the back and sides, and tinged with red along the spiracular region. It feeds, in May and June, on sallow, willow, poplar, hazel, bilberry, and heather. The moth is out in July and August, but I have seen the small bilberry-feeding form (Plate 86, Figs. 5, 6) on a corner of Exmoor, North Devon, in great profusion in late June, whilst in the same district the sallow-feeding, larger form appeared about a fortnight later, at which time specimens among bilberry were not numerous, and rather shabby in appearance. Except perhaps in the Shetlands, this species is to be found in all parts of the British Isles. It is very common in hedgerows, and around the margins of woods; the smaller race frequents woods where bilberry is established, and also occurs on mountains and moors. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, China, Japan, and also to North America. MAY HIGHFLYER (_Hydriomena impluviata_). The typical and commoner form of this species is shown on Plate 86, Figs. 7 and 8. The ground colour, usually pale green, is sometimes almost white, but more frequently it is tinged with greyish brown, thus leading up to the blackish ab. _infuscata_, Prout (Figs. 9, 10). [Illustration] 2 Pl. 88. 1. ROYAL MANTLE. 2-4. SHOULDER-STRIPE. 5, 6. BARBERRY CARPET. 7, 8. THE STREAMER. 9, 10. THE FLAME. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 89. 1, 1a. SHOULDER-STRIPE: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. 2, 2a. STREAMER: _eggs and caterpillars_. {215} The caterpillar is brownish grey, or purplish grey, dotted with black and dappled with dark brown; of the three lines along the back, the central one is black and swells out on the middle of each ring, the others are pale; a clear stripe of the ground colour below the black spiracles, and a slender line above them. The general colour is sometimes pale pinky brown or ochreous. It feeds on alder throughout the summer and autumn, and may be found in its domicile of spun-together dry leaves even in November, and sometimes later. Occasionally, a few caterpillars will feed up quickly, and attain the moth state in July or August, but the bulk do not become chrysalids until later in the year, and the moths emerge therefrom in May and early June. (Plate 87, Fig. 2.) The species seems to occur, more or less freely, wherever there are alders throughout the greater part of the British Isles. Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland. RUDDY HIGHFLYER (_Hydriomena ruberata_). This species is most readily distinguished from the last by the short oblique black streak on the tips of the rather narrower fore wings; there are also black streaks between the veins and below the tips of the wings, as in the last species, but they are generally shorter and often hardly traceable. The ground colour ranges from pale grey (sometimes with a green tinge), through brownish grey to reddish brown; usually central and outer marginal bands of a darker shade are present, but these characters may be very indistinct or entirely lost in the general coloration. (Plate 86, Figs. 11 and 12.) The caterpillar is pale brown, dappled with grey; three dark greyish lines along the back; spiracles and the usual dots black, the latter with fine hairs; head, reddish brown, plates on first and last rings of the body light brown. It feeds, at night, during the summer and autumn, on sallow and willow, spinning together the leaves at the top of a twig to form a retreat during the day. {216} The moth is found in hedges, woods, and on heaths, in May and June; it may be occasionally beaten out of sallow bushes, but flies in the early evening, and is then more readily obtained. The species is widely distributed, but not generally common, in England and Wales, and in Scotland to Perthshire and probably further north, as it is found in Orkney, where specimens are numerous but rather small in size, and the caterpillars, according to McArthur, feed on heather as well as on sallow. Decidedly uncommon in Ireland, but it has been met with, in most instances singly, in Armagh, Tyrone, Westmeath, Kerry, Galway, and Sligo. ROYAL MANTLE (_Anticlea cucullata_). This species (Plate 88, Fig. 1) is also known as _sinuata_, Hubner. The white fore wings have a blackish patch at the base and a blackish mark on the front margins beyond the middle; the former is separated into two parts by a pale reddish-brown band, and there is a reddish band, most distinct on the front area, beyond the black mark; in some specimens these bands are greyish. The caterpillar is green, sometimes inclining to yellowish, with two black or purplish stripes, enclosing a broader pale yellow one, along the back; head, green, freckled with black. It feeds on the flowers of bedstraw (_Galium mollugo_, and _G. verum_), in July and August, or later in some seasons. The moth is out in late June and in July, and occasionally may be disturbed from its food plant or the surrounding herbage. About dusk it is on the wing, and later is attracted by light. It seems to occur in most of the English counties from Kent to Cornwall; also in Berks., Oxon., Herts, and the eastern counties. Always local, and except in the east, where it is found in the Breck-sand area, most frequent in chalky localities. Barrett notes a specimen from Knowle, Warwickshire, and there are at {217} least two records from Scotland (Perthshire). In Ireland, Mr. W. F. de V. Kane took one example from a wall in co. Clare, and another has been recorded from Galway. The range of the species abroad extends to Siberia and Amurland; and it is represented in Corea and Japan by _A. yokohamae_, Butler. THE SHOULDER STRIPE (_Anticlea badiata_). The ground colour of the fore wings is pale ochreous brown, inclining to whitish; there are three dark-edged black cross-lines, the first of them sharply bent below the front margin, the second is rather oblique, and the third is wavy and often not clearly defined towards the inner margin; the outer marginal area is broadly bordered with pale reddish brown or dark purplish brown, there is a black streak from the more or less indistinct, whitish submarginal line to the tips of the wings, and a white mark about the middle of the line; the ground colour is most in evidence on the central area of the wings, but even here it is frequently reduced to a slender band, or occasionally only a patch near the front margin of the wing. (Plate 88, Figs. 2-4.) The caterpillar (Plate 89, Fig. 1) is green, inclining to yellow between the rings; the spiracles are black, and there is sometimes a pinkish brown or purplish stripe along their area. Varies in general colour, and also in marking. It feeds, at night, on wild rose, and may be beaten from the bushes from May to July. When full grown it forms an oval cocoon in the earth, and therein changes to a chrysalis (Plate 89, Fig. 1a), which is dark reddish brown, inclining to blackish on the thorax, wing-cases, and the front edges of the body rings. The moth appears in March and April, and may be obtained from almost any hedgerow, where wild rose is plentiful, throughout the British Isles, except that it seems not to extend north of Moray in Scotland. {218} BARBERRY CARPET (_Anticlea berberata_). The fore wings are greyish or whitish, tinged with grey; there are two dark-edged black lines on the basal half, and a black line beyond the middle of the wings; the latter has a conspicuous tooth in its upper half, but the lower wavy half is indistinct; there is a black streak in the tip of the wing. (Plate 88, Figs. 5, 6.) The stout and roughened caterpillar is brown, with indistinct darker stripes along the back; the head is brown, checkered with darker brown. It feeds, in June and July, on barberry (_Berberis vulgaris_); there is a second brood in late August and September. The moth is out in May and early June, and again in August. Although it certainly has been noted from other parts of England, the species seems at present to be confined to the eastern counties. Barrett gives Somerset also. THE FLAME (_Anticlea rubidata_). The markings on the reddish fore wings of this species (Plate 88, Figs. 9 and 10) are somewhat similar to those of the last mentioned, but there is no black streak in the tips of the wings, and the upper part of the outer black line is not toothed. The lower central area is often greyish, and the reddish ground colour is sometimes obscured. The caterpillar is pale brown, sometimes greyish or greenish tinged, with obscure darker diamond-shaped marks on the back; a black central line, indistinct on the middle rings; under side striped and lined with pale and dark brown; head, with a black V-shaped mark. It feeds, in July and early August, on bedstraw (_Galium mollugo_ and _G. verum_), and will eat cleavers or goosegrass (_G. aparine_) in confinement. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 90. 1. BLOMER'S RIVULET: _caterpillar_. 2. SMALL WHITE WAVE: _caterpillar_. 3. HAWORTH'S PUG: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 91. 1, 3. DINGY SHELL. 2, 4. SMALL YELLOW WAVE. 5, 6. SMALL WHITE WAVE. 7, 9. WAVED CARPET. 8, 10. BLOMER'S RIVULET. {219} The moth flies in June and July, and in the daytime may be readily disturbed from hedges in localities on the chalk in the southern half of England and Wales, especially in the seaboard counties from Kent to Cornwall. It has been recorded from Derbyshire and Yorkshire, and once from the Isle of Arran (_Entom._ xv. 250). THE STREAMER (_Anticlea nigrofasciaria_). The two examples of this species depicted on Plate 88 show the ordinary form with the central area of the fore wings greyish brown (Fig. 7, Essex), and a New Forest specimen in which the central area is whitish (Fig. 8). The long caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish between the rings; a purplish, or reddish-brown, stripe along the back is broken up into spots on the middle rings. It feeds on the flowers and leaves of wild rose, and can be found or beaten out in May and June. (Plate 89, Figs. 2, larva, 2a, ova.) The moth is out in April and early May, and is often seen at rest on palings, etc., but it occurs chiefly in hedgerows, along which it flies at dusk. This species (also known as _derivata_, Borkhausen) is pretty well distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland up to Sutherlandshire. In Ireland it seems to be local. DINGY SHELL (_Euchoeca obliterata_). This pale ochreous brown species (Plate 91) is in the male (Fig. 1) more or less sprinkled and shaded with darker brown, and the three brown cross lines are consequently often obscure, and rarely as distinct as in the female (Fig. 3). The green caterpillar has a yellow line running down the middle of a black stripe along the back, and this stripe is {220} bordered on each side with yellow, and broken up by the yellow ring divisions; head, with a black spot on each side. It feeds, in July and August, on alder. The moth is out in June and early July, and will be found in almost every locality in England where the alder flourishes, most plentifully, perhaps, on the eastern and western sides. It has been recorded from North and South Wales, but it does not seem to have been noted from Ireland or Scotland. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. SMALL WHITE WAVE (_Asthena candidata_). The delicately lined white moth shown on Plate 91, Figs. 5 [male] and 6 [female], is chiefly a woodland species. It is generally common in the south of England, occurs more or less frequently throughout the northern half, and is widely distributed in Wales. In Scotland, it is said to be locally common in Clydesdale, and to be found in Arran and in Perthshire. It is plentiful at Dromoland, co. Clare, Ireland, not uncommon in parts of Galway, and once recorded from Wicklow. The caterpillar is found, in July and August, on birch, hazel, and wild rose. In general colour it is green, inclining to bluish at each end, and tinged with yellowish along the ridge on the sides; the back is marked with crimson. (Plate 90, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) The moth is out in May and June, and sometimes July, and individuals of a second generation occasionally appear in August or September. SMALL YELLOW WAVE (_Asthena luteata_). This pretty little species (Plate 91, Figs. 2 and 4) has the pale yellowish wings marked with ochreous brown lines, which vary in thickness, and a dash of the same colour on the fore wings, from the central pair of lines to the middle of the outer margin. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 92. 1. GREY PUG: _egg and caterpillar_. 2. LIME SPECK PUG: _caterpillars_. 3. COMMON PUG: _caterpillar_. 4. NETTED PUG: _caterpillar_. 5. WHITE-SPOTTED PUG: _caterpillar_. 6. CURRANT PUG: _caterpillar_. 7. BORDERED PUG: _chrysalids_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 93. 1, 4. LIME SPECK PUG. 2, 5, 8, 11. NETTED PUG. 7, 10. FOXGLOVE PUG. 3, 6. TOADFLAX PUG. 9. MARBLED PUG. 12. DWARF PUG. {221} The caterpillar, which feeds in August and September, on maple, and in the northern counties on alder, is green, inclining to whitish between the rings. The moth is out in June and early July, sometimes from mid May in warm localities. It is widely distributed over England and Wales, and in the southern counties of England it occurs in hedges wherever the maple grows, but in the midlands and northwards it is chiefly found among alder. In Scotland it is local and rare in Clydesdale, and is known to occur in Perthshire. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan. WAVED CARPET (_Asthena testaceata_). The typical, greyish-dusted, white form is depicted on Plate 91, Figs. 7 [male] and 9 [female]. Mr. E. R. Bankes states (_Entom._, xl. 33) that in one restricted area in mid-Kent this species varies in the direction of melanism, and he describes two forms as under: ab. _intermedia_ has the usual coloration, but the wings are thickly dusted with dusky brown, chiefly along the front edge of the fore wings, and the cross lines are more distinct than in the type. In ab. _goodwini_ all the wings have the whitish ground colour largely obscured by dusky brown powdering. The rather spindle-shaped caterpillar is purplish brown, inclining to greenish on the sides and below at each end; on the back of the middle rings are whitish V-marks, and the last three rings incline to purplish red above (adapted from Fenn). It feeds on the young leaves of alder, birch, and sallow, in July and August. The moth is out in June, and hides by day among the bushes, but may be seen occasionally {222} on tree-trunks. Its haunts are in damp woods and plantations, and it occurs in most of the English and Welsh counties, although it is rarely common, except in the south of England. In Ireland it has been noted as scarce in counties Wicklow, Kerry, Galway, and Sligo. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. BLOMER'S RIVULET (_Asthena blomeri_). The earliest British specimens of this species (Plate 91, Figs. 8 [male] and 10 [female]) were taken in Castle Eden Dean, Durham, and among the first to detect these was Captain Blomer, after whom Curtis named the species in 1832. It is still found in that locality, but is also known to occur in Cumberland, Lancs., Yorks., Derby, Staffs., Merionethshire, Worcester, Hereford, Glamorgan, Gloucester, Somerset, Devon, Wilts., Oxford, and Bucks. The slender caterpillar is yellowish green, generally marked with pinkish-brown on the back, but most or all such markings may be absent. It feeds, on wych elm (_Ulmus montana_) (Plate 90, Fig. 1), in August and September. The moth is out in June and July, earlier or later in some seasons. As a rule, it sits on the trunks of beech trees, but I have seen it on the stems of cherry and fir, though hardly ever on wych-elm. Occasionally, newly emerged specimens have been noted on the leaves of dog's mercury (_Mercurialis perennis_). The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. LIME-SPECK PUG (_Eupithecia oblongata_). The characteristic features of this white, or greyish white, species (Plate 93, Figs. 1 and 4) is the bluish grey blotch on the front margin, in the lower end of which is the black discal {223} spot. Occasionally, the blotch is much reduced in size, but it is usually large, and sometimes there are indications of a dusky stripe from it to the inner margin. When freshly laid, the egg is whitish, but changes to pale orange. The caterpillar (Plate 92, Figs. 2, 2a) is greenish, with more or less connected reddish marks on the back, or green inclining to yellowish, or bluish, without markings. It feeds through the summer on flowers of ragwort, knapweed, scabious, yarrow, golden rod, etc. The moth, which is often common in gardens, is out from May to August, and specimens of a second brood occur in September and October. It is widely distributed over the British Islands, but in Scotland it does not, apparently, extend north of Perthshire. FOXGLOVE PUG (_Eupithecia pulchellata_). The fore wings are pale ochreous brown with a dusky basal patch limited by a black line; a greyish central band inclining to blackish near the costa, and clouded with ochreous below the middle; the black-and-white edges are wavy; a reddish stripe across the wing before the central band, and a similar, but more irregular, one beyond the band. The hind wings are whitish grey, with several dark-grey bands (Plate 93, Figs. 7 [male], 10 [female]). In var. _hebudium_, Sheldon, from the Hebrides, the usual reddish stripes are replaced by narrower dark-brown ones; the space left by the reduction in width is white, giving the insect a decidedly grey appearance. The caterpillar lives in the flowers of the foxglove (_Digitalis purpurea_) and feeds therein upon the stamens and the immature seeds. It enters by boring through the side walls, and then secures the longer lobe of the blossom to the shorter upper one with a few silken threads. Tenanted flowers have {224} a rather faded look and are easily detected. July is the best month, but the caterpillar may be found earlier as well as later. The moth is out in May and June, and is found in almost every part of the British Isles where the foxglove is common. TOADFLAX PUG (_Eupithecia linariata_). Very similar to the last species, but generally smaller, neater and more glossy looking. The central band of the fore wing is blacker, without ochreous clouding below the middle, and the edges are not wavy. The hind wings are darker, and the only distinct band is a whitish one beyond the middle (Plate 93, Figs. 3, 6). The caterpillar is yellowish green, with a series of dull olive or rust spots or bars along the back, bordered on each side by a dusky olive line; in some examples the markings are absent (Crewe). It feeds in the flowers of yellow toadflax (_Linaria vulgaris_), and may be reared on flowers of the snapdragon (_Antirrhinum_). It is hardly necessary to examine each blossom separately to find the caterpillar, except, perhaps, to make sure when doubtful about the quarry being there. Probably, a handful of the flower sprays gathered in August or September in any locality in the southern half of England where the food plant abounds would furnish moths in the following May or June. The _Linaria_ should be secured on a dry day for choice, but when brought home it need not be put in water; just throw it into an airy breeding cage, and hopefully await emergence of the perfect insects in due course. Sometimes caterpillars attain the moth state the same year. The range of the species in England extends to Durham, but it seems to be rather uncommon from the Midlands northwards. It is found in Wales, and has been recorded once from Scotland (Inverurie), and once from Ireland (Dublin). {225} MARBLED PUG (_Eupithecia irriguata_). The fore wings are whitish and rather shining, the discal spot is black and very distinct, but the dark grey-brown markings, which are only well defined on the front and outer marginal areas, vary in intensity (Plate 93, Fig. 9). The long, slender and roughened caterpillar is dull yellowish green; three lines along the back, the central one reddish and expanded on the middle rings, the others yellowish; head, reddish. It feeds on oak, in late May and in June. The moth is out in April and May, and is sometimes found on fences or palings in the neighbourhood of oak woods, but may be jarred from the oak boughs, on the undersides of which it usually sits. The New Forest in Hants is, perhaps, the best British locality for the species, but it has been found in Dorset (Glanville's Wootton), Devon (Exeter district, Tiverton, etc.), Sussex (Abbots Wood, St. Leonard's Forest, etc.), Wilts. (Savernake Forest); also oak woods in Surrey, Berks., Gloucester, Hereford and Glamorgan. On the eastern side it occurs in Suffolk (Bury and Needham), and Norfolk. DWARF PUG (_Eupithecia pusillata_). The fore wings of this species (Plate 93, Fig. 12) are pale greyish white, discal spot black, cross lines irregular dark grey inclining to brownish, usually most distinct on the front margin. The long, slender caterpillar is orange-red or dull ochreous green; three dusky olive lines along the back, the central one often only distinct on the front rings; a yellow line low down along the sides. It feeds, in June and early July, on spruce (_Picea excelsa_). The moth is out in May and June, and rests by day among the branches of the spruce. {226} The species is very local, but is found in Kent (West Wickham, etc.), Surrey (Mickleham district), Hants (New Forest), Devon (Exeter district, Plymouth), Wilts. (Watlington district), and Suffolk. OCHREOUS PUG (_Eupithecia indigata_). Captured specimens of this pale greyish-ochreous-brown species nearly always have a washed-out appearance, and even freshly emerged examples are unattractive. In some specimens, cross lines are more or less traceable on the fore wings; in others four or five tiny dusky dots will be noted on the front edge; as a rule, the only clearly defined character is the black discal spot (Plate 96, Fig. 1). The long caterpillar is greenish-yellow or yellowish-red; three lines on the back, the central one brownish, but often only distinct on the front rings; the others, and also one low down along the sides, yellowish; head, reddish (adapted from Crewe). It feeds, in June and July, on pine and larch, or may be reared on juniper. The moth is out in May and June, and sometimes there seems to be another emergence in the latter part of the summer. It frequents pine-woods, where it rests upon the trunks and branches of the trees. Generally distributed over the whole of England; has been found in South Wales, and occurs in Perthshire, in Scotland. In Ireland, it has been noted from Tyrone, Derry, and Galway. PINION-SPOTTED PUG (_Eupithecia insigniata_). The greyish white fore wings have a blackish basal line, and three slender double lines between this and the outer margin; three blotches on the front margin of the wings, the middle one blackish, the others brown with dashes of the same colour below; discal spot, black and streak-like (Plate 96, Fig. 2). [Illustration] 2 Pl. 94. 1. PLAIN PUG: _caterpillars_. 2. DARK SPINACH: _caterpillars_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 95. 1. PIMPINEL PUG. 4. THYME PUG. 7. BLEACHED PUG. 3, 6, 10. WORMWOOD PUG. 9. CURRANT PUG. 2, 12. LING PUG. 5. CAMPANULA PUG. 8, 11. JASIONE PUG. {227} The long, slightly roughened caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish, especially between the rings; reddish marks on the back connected by a slender line of the same colour; head, green, flecked with reddish. It feeds, on apple, eating flowers and leaves, in May and June. Also said to eat hawthorn and sloe. The moth is out in April and May, but it is rarely met with in the open. If, however, one is lucky enough to capture a female, and fertile eggs are obtained, moths should hardly fail to result. From these the stock might go on increasing year by year for quite a long period. Ten specimens presented to the National Collection of British Lepidoptera in 1904, by the late Mrs. Hutchinson, were bred in April of the previous year, and were the direct descendants of a female captured in 1874, at Grantsfield, Herefordshire. Other counties in England from which the species has been recorded are--Worcester (Birchwood), Gloucester, Somerset, Wilts., Hants (Hayling Island), Sussex, Surrey, Kent, Berks., Bucks., Huntingdon, Cambridge (once bred from mixed larvae beaten from hawthorn on the "Gogs"), Suffolk (beaten from hawthorn at Brandon, Tuddenham, etc.), and Norfolk. As _insigniata_, Hubner, is claimed to be at least two years older than _consignata_, Borkhausen, the former name will have to be adopted for this species. NETTED PUG (_Eupithecia venosata_). This moth has also been named by the old authors "the Pretty Widow Moth." On Plate 93 are shown four examples; the typical form (Fig. 2), in which the fore wings are pale greyish, with black cross lines, two of which are edged with whitish; var. _fumosae_, Gregson = _nubilata_, Bohatsch (Fig. 5)--the Shetland race--is brownish grey, with the markings obscure; Fig. 8 {228} represents a variegated modification of the last form, for which the name _bandanae_ was proposed by Gregson; Fig. 11 depicts another specimen, which in its light-brown colour closely approaches the Orkney form var. _ochracae_, Gregson = _orcadensis_, Prout. Specimens from North Devon have a rather darker tone of the typical coloration, and those from North Wales and from Ireland incline to brownish. The rather stumpy caterpillar is greyish brown above, and pale greenish or yellowish below; three darker brown lines along the back; head, blackish. It is found from late June to early August, in the seed capsules of catchfly (_Silene inflate_, _S. maritima_, etc.). Plate 92, Fig. 4, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich. The moth is out in May and June, and is widely distributed over the British Isles. PIMPINEL PUG (_Eupithecia pimpinellata_). A portrait of this species, which, as a British insect, was first noted in Suffolk nearly sixty years ago, will be found on Plate 95, Fig. 1. The fore wings are pale brownish, except on the front edge, which is greyish; the black discal spot is distinct and rather long; the median vein and its branches are dotted with black, and most of the cross lines are only distinct on the front margin, where they are blackish; the rather wavy whitish submarginal line is sometimes marked with blackish. In some specimens the costal half of the fore wings is greyish, and the other portion only tinged with pale brownish. The long caterpillar is green, with three purplish lines along the back, the central one wider and more distinct than the others; the head is purple. Sometimes purple, with two lines of a deeper shade on each side of the back (Crewe). It feeds, in the autumn, on flowers of burnet-saxifrage (_Pimpinella_). {229} The moth is out in June and July, and in the late afternoon is occasionally put up from among its food plant or the herbage around, but such specimens are rarely worth keeping, unless of the female sex, when eggs may be obtained. The species has a wide distribution in England, especially in the southern half; it occurs in Wales, and also in Ireland, but not in Scotland. THYME PUG (_Eupithecia distinctaria_). This delicately marked species, better known, perhaps, as _constrictata_, Guenee (Plate 95, Fig. 4), has the fore wings whitish grey, with three slender blackish curved cross lines, and some less distinct greyish ones; the outer margin is slightly darker, and traversed by a wavy whitish line; discal spot black and conspicuous. I have not seen specimens from the Hebrides, but, according to Barrett, these have a more decided grey tint. The rather long, wrinkled caterpillar is dark green, inclining to yellowish between the rings, with a broad purplish red line along the back. It feeds on the flowers of wild thyme (_Thymus serpyllum_), in August and September. The moth is out in June and July, and inhabits dry places where there is an abundant growth of wild thyme. It is easily alarmed, and quickly rises on the wing from its hiding-place among the herbage. The species is, or has been, found in most of the southern counties of England, from Sussex to Cornwall, on the western side from Somerset to Westmorland, including North Wales and the Isle of Man; also recorded from Buckinghamshire, Yorkshire (Richmond), and Northumberland. In Scotland it occurs chiefly on the west to Ross, and in the Hebrides; in Ireland it is widely spread, but most frequently met with on the coast. {230} BLEACHED PUG (_Eupithecia expallidata_). The ample wings light brown in colour, with large black discal spot, and smaller black marks on the front edge of the fore wings, distinguish this species (Plate 95, Fig. 7) from its closest British allies. The caterpillar feeds, in September and October, on flowers of golden rod (_Solidago virgaurea_), but it will thrive on those of michaelmas daisy, and probably the asters of the garden. It varies in ground colour, but this is usually some shade of green, and there are brownish spots and lines on the back. The moth is out from late June until August, and may be put up from among golden rod during the day, or netted as it flies about the plant in the gloaming. It is rather local, but occurs in most of the southern counties of England, from Kent to Devonshire, and westward from Somerset to Hereford and South Wales; also recorded from North Lancashire. Rare in Scotland, and only noted from Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. Reported from a few localities on the coast in Ireland. CURRANT PUG (_Eupithecia assimilata_). This species (Plate 95, Fig. 9) is similar in marking to that next mentioned, but the wings are shorter and rounder; the fore wings are a trifle redder in tint, and the white mark at the termination of the submarginal line is usually more conspicuous. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 96. 1. OCHREOUS PUG. 2. PINION-SPOTTED PUG. 3, 4. EDINBURGH PUG. 5-8. SATYR PUG. 9. WHITE-SPOTTED PUG, VAR. _ANGELICATA_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 97. 1. WHITE-SPOTTED PUG. 2, 5. BORDERED PUG. 3. LARCH PUG. 4, 7. COMMON PUG. 6. GREY PUG. 8, 11. TAWNY SPECKLED PUG. 9. PLAIN PUG. 10. GOLDEN-ROD PUG. 12. SCARCE PUG. 13. TRIPLE-SPOTTED PUG. 14. SHADED PUG. {231} The rather slender caterpillar, figured on Plate 92, Fig. 6, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich, is yellowish green, inclining to yellow between the rings; three darker green lines on the back, the central one most distinct, the others rather broad and not well defined; sometimes the central line is tinged with brown, as also is the front edge of each ring. It feeds on currant and hop, and is said to eat the leaves of gooseberry also. The first brood is in June and July, and the second in the autumn. The moth is out in May and June and in August. It frequents gardens, and hides among the foliage, or occasionally sits on walls or palings; from hedges where the wild hop grows freely it may be beaten out in the daytime, but it flies in the twilight, sometimes in numbers, around the hop bines. Widely distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland up to Ross; in Ireland it has been noted from Tyrone, Dublin, Cork, Galway, and Sligo. WORMWOOD PUG (_Eupithecia absinthiata_). The fore wings are reddish or purplish brown; cross lines indistinct, but represented on the front edge by black marks; discal dot black, submarginal line whitish interrupted, often indistinct, except above the inner margin (Plate 95, Figs. 3, 6, 10). The short, stout, and roughened caterpillar varies in colour, and may be yellowish green, deep rose colour, or dirty reddish brown; a series of lozenge-shaped reddish spots on the back, faint towards each end (often absent in green forms); oblique yellow stripes on the sides form borders to the marks on the back (adapted from Crewe). It feeds, in the autumn, on the flowers of ragwort, golden rod, aster, yarrow, hemp agrimony, etc. The moth is out in June and July. The species is generally common in the south of England, and is widely distributed over the rest of that country, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland its range extends to Moray. Abroad, the distribution spreads to Amurland. LING PUG (_Eupithecia goossensiata_). The fore wings are rather narrower and more pointed at the tips than those of the last species; the ground colour of the fore wings is of a paler reddish brown, and frequently tinged {232} with greyish; the hind wings are usually greyish-brown (Plate 95, Figs. 2, 12). The caterpillar, which feeds in August and September on the flowers of heath (_Erica_), and ling (_Calluna_), is pinkish with dusky marks on the back, most distinct on the middle rings; a yellowish line low down along the side has dusky marks upon it; head, dusky olive, marked with white (adapted from Crewe). It may be mentioned here, that _knautiata_, Gregson, which was described as a distinct species, is by some authorities considered to be a form of this species, whilst others refer it to _absinthiata_. The caterpillar is stouter than that of _goossensiata_, varies in colour from whitish to green, and even purplish-brown, but not to pinkish; it feeds on the flowers and seeds of _Knautia arvensis_. The moth is out in June and July, and occurs on heaths and moors throughout England, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland, it is obtained freely in some parts of the south, and its range extends to the Orkneys. This species is the minutata of Guenee and other authors, but this name, being a synonym of _absinthiata_, will have to be discarded in favour of _goossensiata_, Mabille (1869). CAMPANULA PUG (_Eupithecia denotata_). The faint reddish tinged pale-brown fore wings distinguish this species (Plate 95, Fig. 5). The blackish marks on the front edge are minute, the cross lines are usually indistinct and often absent; the discal spot, however, is black and conspicuous, and the whitish submarginal line is very wavy. In general colour, the caterpillar is pale brownish; lines and marks on the back, dark brown or blackish. It feeds on the seeds of the nettle-leaved bell-flower (_Campanula trachelium_), and may be reared on the flowers of the various kinds of _Campanula_ grown in gardens: August and early September. {233} The moth is out in July, but is rarely seen in a state of nature. Caterpillars, however, are not uncommon, where the food plant is plentiful, in several of the English counties from Worcestershire southwards to Kent and Cornwall; also in Norfolk. This species is the _campanulata_ of most British authors. JASIONE PUG (_Eupithecia jasioneata_). Except that the ground colour inclines to dark greyish brown, and the cross markings are rather more in evidence, this species is somewhat similar to that last mentioned, pale specimens especially (Plate 95, Figs. 8, 11). The caterpillar feeds in the seed heads of sheep's bit (_Jasione montana_), is very like that of _denotata_ (_campanulata_), and occurs in the same months. Possibly this insect, which is regarded as purely British, may eventually be reduced to varietal rank. As pointed out by Mr. Prout, it is in its paler form not easily separable from _atraria_, Herrich-Schaeffer, a mountain form of _denotata_, Hubner. Whether species or variety, it is equally interesting to the student of British Lepidoptera from the fact that, up to the year 1878, it seems to have been unknown to entomologists. From its close allies, it stands out more distinctly than do _absinthiata_ and _goossensiata_ from each other, and the latter can hardly escape a similar fate if _jasioneata_ is degraded. The moth is out in May and June, but it is very rarely seen at large, though caterpillars are found locally in Devon and Somerset, England; at Barmouth, in Merionethshire, North Wales; and in Cork and Kerry, Ireland. Possibly, it awaits discovery in several other parts of the British Isles, and almost certainly in the west of England. In ascertaining new localities for the species, the best method of investigation would be to search for the caterpillars. {234} WHITE-SPOTTED PUG (_Eupithecia albipunctata_). This greyish brown species (Plate 97, Fig. 1) will be recognised by the white spot at the lower end of the whitish submarginal line on the fore wings; not infrequently there is a second white spot placed on the line about the middle, and sometimes a third near the front margin; the hind wings have a white dot at the anal angle, and, occasionally, a second is placed a little beyond. Ab. _angelicata_, Barrett, occurring with the type in the north of England, is blackish with the discal spot and the veins showing blacker, but without white spots. (Plate 96, Fig. 9.) The caterpillar is pale lemon yellow, or yellowish green; three brown lines along the back, the central one with brown marks upon it; some brownish marks on the sides. Variable in general colour, and the markings sometimes absent. It feeds on the flowers of angelica (_Angelica sylvestris_), hogweed (_Heracleum sphondylium_), and other Umbelliferae. It has also been reared on a diet of elder leaves: August, September, or even later. Our figure (Plate 92, Fig. 5) is from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich. The moth emerges in May and June, sometimes earlier in confinement, and then a second generation has resulted in July. Widely distributed in England, in many localities the caterpillars are not uncommon, although the moth may never be seen at large. Also occurs in South Wales, in Scotland to Aberdeenshire; and in Ireland it has been found in Sligo and Cork. COMMON PUG (_Eupithecia vulgata_). This pug varies in colour from pale grey brown through reddish brown to blackish. In some of the lighter specimens, the darker cross lines and the whitish submarginal lines are all well defined; more frequently, perhaps, most of the markings are indistinct or absent, but the small black discal dot and a white spot above the outer angle of the fore wing remain fairly clear. (Plate 97, Figs. 4, 7, ab. _subfuscata_, Haw.) The caterpillar (Plate 92, Fig. 3) is brownish, inclining to reddish, dotted with white; a series of dirty green marks along the back, and a pale yellow wavy line low down along the sides. It feeds on the leaves of sallow, hawthorn, bramble, bilberry, ragwort, golden-rod and various other plants. There are at least two broods in the year, one in June and July, and the other in the autumn. The moth flies in May and June, and again in August, and is often common, almost everywhere, over the greater part of the British Isles. The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 98. 1. LEAD- PUG. 2. HAWORTH'S PUG. 3. VALERIAN PUG. 4. MARSH PUG. 5. SLENDER PUG. 6. MAPLE PUG. 7. ANGLE-BARRED PUG. 8. ASH PUG. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 99. 1, 2. NARROW-WINGED PUG. 3. BRINDLED PUG. 4. MOTTLED PUG. 5. OAK-TREE PUG. 6, 7. JUNIPER PUG. 8-10. DOUBLE-STRIPED PUG. 11, 12. CLOAKED PUG. {235} GOLDEN-ROD PUG (_Eupithecia virgaureata_). The fore wings of this obscurely marked species (Plate 97, Fig. 10) are pale greyish brown inclining to ochreous; the discal spot is black, the veins are marked with dark brown and white, and the whitish submarginal line terminates in a white spot above the inner angle. The caterpillar varies in colour from grey brown or purplish grey to reddish brown; a series of blackish triangular spots on the back, and yellowish oblique stripes on the sides. It feeds on the flowers of the golden-rod (_Solidago virgaurea_), in the autumn; also on ragwort (_Senecio_). The moth is out in May and early June, but in captivity there is apparently a second emergence in July and early August. The caterpillars from which these smaller and rather darker specimens result, hatch from the egg in May and feed on the flowers of beaked parsley (_Anthriscus sylvestris_). Widely distributed in England, Wales and Ireland. The range abroad extends to north-east Siberia; and the species has been recorded from Japan. {236} TRIPLE-SPOTTED PUG (_Eupithecia trisignaria_). The most noticeable markings on the rather shiny, pale-brown fore wings of this species (Plate 97, Fig. 13) are the black discal spot and two blackish clouds above it on the front margin. The stoutish caterpillar is green, with three darker green lines along the back, and a wavy yellowish line low down along the sides; head, black. It feeds, in the autumn, on flowers and seeds of angelica and cow-parsnip, but the former is its chief food. June and July are the months for the moth, but it is rarely met with in the open. The only English counties in which the species has been noted are Surrey, Sussex, Dorset and Devon in the south; from Herefordshire in the west its range extends through Worcester, Warwick, Leicester, and Derby to Lancashire and York. In Scotland, Renton records it as common at Hawick, in Roxburghshire; and it was recorded from Argyllshire in 1902. Hardly known in Ireland. LARCH PUG (_Eupithecia lariciata_). This species (Plate 97, Fig. 3) is very like that next referred to, but the fore wings are rather longer, the ground colour is whiter, and the dark-grey or blackish cross lines are rather more angled and slanting; the hind wings are paler, and especially so on the front margins. The long caterpillar is bright green, with a darker green line along the back, merging into reddish on the last ring; sometimes reddish ochreous with the line along the back brownish. It feeds, in June and July, on larch, and will also eat spruce. The moth is out in May and early June, and may be jarred from larch trees, or sometimes be found at rest on their stems. {237} As a British species, it was first met with in Surrey, in 1862, then it was noted in Sussex, and shortly afterwards in Yorkshire. At the present time, it will probably be found in any locality where larch is plentiful. GREY PUG (_Eupithecia castigata_). Although, as the English name suggests, this insect is greyish, there is always a tinge of ochreous in the composition of its general colour (Plate 97, Fig. 6). Not infrequently the ground colour is decidedly brownish in tint. The markings vary in clearness, but are most distinct in the paler forms. A blackish form occurs in the north of England, and in the Clydesdale district of Scotland, and was formerly known as the "Paisley Pug." The longish caterpillar (Plate 92, Fig. 1) is pale or dusky olive, varying to reddish brown, with a series of darker marks on the back. It feeds, from August to October, on the foliage of almost any plant. The moth is out in May and June, and occasionally a few specimens emerge in the autumn. Generally distributed over the British Isles, but apparently not noted in the Orkneys and Shetlands. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. PLAIN PUG (_Eupithecia subnotata_). The fore wings of this species are pale ochreous brown, inclining to pale reddish on the outer marginal area; the most distinct markings are a pale cross band beyond the black discal dot, and a pale winding submarginal line. The hind wings are smoky grey, with whitish wavy cross lines, the most distinct being the outer (Plate 97, Fig. 9). The stoutish and somewhat {238} stumpy caterpillar is green, or pale yellowish brown, with three darker lines and marks on the back; a yellowish line low down on the sides. It feeds on flowers and seeds of orache (_Atriplex_), and goosefoot (_Chenopodium_): August and September. Figured on Plate 94, Figs. 1, 1a, from drawings by Mr. A. Sich. In July, the moth may be disturbed from its food plant or adjacent herbage, or it may be seen resting on palings or fences. It flies at night, and will come to light. Not uncommon in many places in the southern half of England, and found in the rest of the country, chiefly on the coast, to Hartlepool in Durham, also in Wales. Once recorded from south Scotland, and only noted from the coast near Dublin, in Ireland. SCARCE PUG (_Eupithecia extensaria_). The conspicuously marked insect represented on Plate 97, Fig. 12, is, so far, only known to occur, in Britain, on the coasts of Norfolk and Yorkshire. It was first discovered in the latter county more than thirty years ago; about twelve years later it was found on the Norfolk coast, and caterpillars were also obtained from the sea wormwood (_Artemisia maritima_) in the autumn. The long caterpillar, which feeds on the flowers and foliage of its food plant, is green, with three lines along the back, the central one dusky and the others whitish; a white stripe low down along the sides is edged below with rosy brown. It will thrive on the cultivated southernwood or "lad's love" (_Artemisia abrotanum_). The moth is out in June and July, and may be found in its haunts among the sea wormwood, not only on the coast of Norfolk, but quite possibly, here and there, in suitable places on the east coast from Essex to the Humber. Caterpillars may be obtained in August and September. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 100. 1. V. PUG. 2-6. GREEN PUG, _and vars_. 7, 8. BILBERRY PUG. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 101. 1. MAGPIE: _caterpillars and chrysalis_. 2. CLOUDED MAGPIE: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillars_. {239} EDINBURGH PUG (_Eupithecia helveticaria_). The two examples of this species on Plate 96, Figs. 3, 4, are from the Pentland Hills, Scotland, and are referable to _anglicata_, Milliere. In this form, which is smaller than the type, the fore wings are grey brown, more or less tinged with reddish, and sometimes inclining to purplish; the whitish edged dark cross lines, especially the basal first and second, are usually distinct, and the veins are often marked with black and white. Ab. _arceuthata_, Freyer, a paler grey form, occurs in Buckinghamshire, and has also been reported from Surrey. The specimens from the latter county, at least those from the Dorking district, were subsequently referred to _E. satyrata_. The stoutish and rather rough caterpillar is green, with three lines along the back, the central one dark green, and the others white; a broad yellowish stripe low down along the sides. It feeds on juniper, in June and July, and sometimes again in September and October. The moth is out in April, May, and June, and a second brood may appear in August and September. The species seems to occur among juniper, in Scotland, from Roxburghshire to Sutherland. It is local in North Lancashire, has been reported from near Llandudno, North Wales, and, as adverted to above, occurs in Bucks. SATYR PUG (_Eupithecia satyrata_). Four specimens are depicted on Plate 96. Fig. 5 represents the typical pale brownish grey form, in which the cross lines are indistinct, and the veins are marked with white and dusky. Fig. 6 shows the rather browner, moorland ab. _callunaria_, Doubleday, and Figs. 7 and 8 depict two forms of the Shetland race, known as var. _curzoni_, Gregson. A much rarer form than {240} any of the above is the pale brownish ab. _pernotata_, Guenee (_cauchyata_, Meyrick). The caterpillar is greenish with a series of purplish-brown edged, dusky green, Y-shaped marks along the back; above the yellow spiracular line is a row of slanting purplish blotches; sometimes the general colour is paler, and the markings on the back and sides rosy; occasionally, the whole of the back is rosy (adapted from Crewe). It feeds on the flowers of knapweed (_Centaurea nigra_), scabious, hawkweed (_Hieracium_), heath, sallow, etc., etc.: August and September. The moth is out in May and June, and is found in woodlands, and on heaths and moors. It is widely distributed over the British Isles. BORDERED PUG (_Eupithecia succenturiata_). The fore wings are white, clouded and suffused with dark grey on all the margins. The greyish clouding sometimes covers the whole area of the wings, except a very limited space under the black discal spot (ab. _disparata_, Hubner). Plate 97, Figs. 2, a specimen from Lancs., 5, one from Surrey. The caterpillar is reddish brown, paler in some specimens than in others; a series of blackish spear-head marks along the back, connected by a blackish line, and a dusky line on each side; a whitish line along the spiracles. It feeds, in September and October, on mugwort (_Artemisia vulgaris_), tansy (_Tanacetum vulgare_), and yarrow (_Achillea_). It may be reared on garden Chrysanthemum. Chrysalis, dark buff, inclining to brown; wing cases olive green; figure 7 on Plate 92 is from a photo by Mr. Main, and is enlarged to twice the natural size. The moth is out in July and early August; it is not readily put up from its hiding-place among herbage, but at night, when on the wing, it will come to light. {241} The species is most frequent, perhaps, on the coast, but it is widely distributed over England and Wales. Rare in Ireland, and only noted from counties Armagh, Louth, and Dublin; Kane states that he met with it in some numbers on Lambay Island. Once reported from Ayrshire, Scotland. The Surrey specimen (Fig. 5) appears to be referable to _exalbidata_, Staudinger, a form occurring chiefly in Asia, but occasionally found in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. TAWNY SPECKLED PUG (_Eupithecia subfulvata_). Two forms of this species are shown on Plate 97. Fig. 8 represents the reddish typical form, and Fig. 11 (from Lancs. coast) the dark ab. _oxydata_, Treitschke. Between these two extremes, there are various intermediate forms, showing more or less distinct cross lines. The caterpillar is reddish brown, with a chain of oval, olive-brown spots along the back; there are also two brownish interrupted lines; the spiracular line is white. Sometimes the general colour is ochreous brown, or grey brown. It feeds, in September and October, on yarrow, and will thrive on tansy, and the flowers of garden chrysanthemum. The chrysalis of this species is said to differ from that of _E. succenturiata_ in being of a rich red colour, inclining to buff on the wing cases. In July and August, the moth may sometimes be seen resting on fences, but it is more frequently hidden away among herbage. At night it will visit flowers, especially those of the ragwort. The species is widely distributed over England and Wales, and in Scotland up to Moray. In Ireland, it is found on the coast from Louth to Cork. By some entomologists, _subfulvata_, Haworth, and its variety, _oxydata_, are set down as forms of the preceding species. {242} SHADED PUG (_Eupithecia scabiosata_). The grey, or greyish-brown lined, whitish species shown on Plate 97, Fig. 14, has been known by three names in Britain. It was named and described by Stephens, in 1831, as _piperata_ (The Speckled Pug), from a specimen, or specimens, taken at Riddlesdown, near Croydon, Surrey; later, it was supposed to be the _subumbrata_, of the _Vienna Catalogue_ (1776), and certainly of Guenee. The name given to it by Borkhausen, in 1794, appears to be the correct one, and is here adopted. Crewe describes the caterpillar as yellowish green, with three dark lines on the back, the outer one not clearly defined; a yellow line on each side of the head, and of the last ring of the body. It feeds on flowers of one of the hawkbits (_Leontodon hispidus_), and hawk's-beard (_Crepis taraxacifolia_), etc., from July to September. In June and early July, the moth may be started up from the herbage, as the collector walks over rough ground inland, or more frequently on the coast. It also occurs in fens, marshy places in woods, etc. The species occurs in Bucks., Berks., Surrey, and in the seaboard counties from Norfolk in the east to Gloucestershire in the west, also in South Wales; in the north it is found in Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland. It is not common in Scotland, but has been reported from various parts, extending from Wigtown to Argyll and Aberdeen. In Ireland it is also a coast insect, from Donegal to Cork. HAWORTH'S PUG (_Eupithecia haworthiata_). The fore wings of this species (Plate 98. Fig. 2) are pale greyish, with dark cross lines, and still darker narrow bands; hind wings, similar, but markings less distinct. Resembles {243} the last species in size, but the wings are somewhat rounder, darker, and not so silky in appearance; the body, near the thorax, is ochreous brown. Also known as _isogrammaria_, Herrich-Schaeffer, but _haworthiata_, Doubleday, is stated by Prout to be the older name. In July and August the caterpillar (Plate 90, Fig. 3) may be found in the flower-buds of the traveller's joy or old man's beard (_Clematis vitalba_). It is green, with a bluish or pinkish tinge, and there are generally three darker stripes along the back, but these are sometimes absent; occasionally the ground colour is yellowish. The moth is out in June and July, and may be seen flying about clematis in the sunshine, but such specimens are not often worth taking. It is easily reared from caterpillars, which will thrive on flowers of garden _Clematis_, and may be obtained by the score, either by beating, or by searching for discoloured or black-specked flower buds of the traveller's joy. The species is most frequent in the south of England, but it occurs in all the eastern, some of the midland, and also in the northern counties to Lancashire and Yorkshire; in the last-named county, Porritt states that the caterpillars were found in profusion on _Clematis_ near Wadworth, Doncaster, in 1901, It inhabits South Wales and Ireland. Abroad, the species ranges to Amurland and China. VALERIAN PUG (_Eupithecia valerianata_). The fore wings of this species (Plate 98, Fig. 3) are brownish grey, with indistinct darker cross lines, and a wavy whitish submarginal line; the latter is sometimes not clear, except towards the inner angle. Caterpillar, rather short, bright green, with three darker green lines along the back; a whitish line low down along the sides, and the ring-divisions are yellow. It feeds, in July {244} and August, on flowers and seeds of all-heal, or cat's valerian (_Valeriana officinalis_). The moth is out in May and June; its haunts are in fens, marshes, and damp spots affected by its food plant, but, as a rule, is only found in the caterpillar state. A local, but widely distributed species in England; occurs also in Wales and in Ireland. LEAD- PUG (_Eupithecia plumbeolata_). The small, obscurely marked species, represented on Plate 98, Fig. 1, has the fore wings whitish grey, sometimes assuming a yellowish tinge; a number of rather wavy, darker cross lines, and a more or less clearly defined pale band beyond the middle; discal spot always tiny and rarely distinct. The stumpy caterpillar is yellowish green, with three purplish-red lines along the back, the central one swollen on each ring, and the others irregular; sometimes the back is suffused with purplish-red. It feeds on the flowers of cow-wheat (_Melampyrum_) in July and August. The moth is out in May and June, and is readily induced to fly out from among cow-wheat, or the other herbage around. It may be found in most of the English counties, wherever its food plant abounds; in South Wales; in Scotland to Argyll and Aberdeen, and in Ireland from Cork to Donegal. The range abroad extends to Amurland. MARSH PUG (_Eupithecia pygmaeata_). This species (Plate 98, Fig. 4) may be distinguished from _haworthiata_, which it approaches in size and general appearance, by its more pointed fore wings and the white dot at the inner angle of these wings. {245} The long, thin caterpillar is yellowish green; a pale olive line along the middle of the back, connecting a series of urn-shaped blotches of the same colour; two pale olive, irregular lines on each side. It feeds, in June and July, on flowers of stitchwort (_Stellaria holostea_). The moth is out in May and June, sometimes later; examples of a second brood have been obtained in August and September. It flies in the afternoon, but only when the sun shines, and where the food plant grows freely. The species occurs in all the eastern counties of England, in Bucks., and in the northern counties to Cumberland and Northumberland. In Wales it has been recorded from Colwyn, Denbighshire; in Scotland it is widely spread to Perthshire; it is local and scarce in Ireland. SLENDER PUG (_Eupithecia tenuiata_). The fore wings are rather rounded; grey, more or less tinged with brownish, and with ochreous or reddish brown along the front edge; the latter with dusky clouds upon it; the cross lines are dark grey brown and fairly distinct, and the discal spot is black (Plate 98, Fig. 5). A large grey form from Moray, in Scotland, has been named _cinerae_, Gregson. Caterpillar, rather stumpy, and dingy yellowish green in colour, the sides and middle of the back rosy; a series of dusky spots, edged by black lines or short streaks, along the back; and a row of pinkish oblique stripes on the sides. It feeds, in the spring, in sallow catkins, and the moths may often be bred in numbers, in June and July, from those catkins which fall most readily from the bushes when we go "a sallowing." Moths frequently rest on the stems, and where there is a clump of well-grown sallows, a good series may be obtained. The species is partial to fens and marshy places, and is found in such situations over the greater part of the British Isles. {246} MAPLE PUG (_Eupithecia inturbata_). The fore wings are greyish brown, with many darker cross lines; the outer margin is darker and traversed by a pale line; discal dot, dark grey and not very distinct (Plate 98, Fig. 6). This species was long known as _subciliata_, Guenee, but is now referred to _inturbata_, Hubner. In May and June the caterpillars may be beaten from maple, which is apparently the only food plant, and of which they have a decided preference for the flowers. When full grown the larva is yellowish green with a purplish stripe along the back, and whitish lines along the sides. The moth may be jarred from the branches of the maple in July and August; it is occasionally seen resting on fences, etc. It seems to be found in England and Wales, in most places where there is a mature growth of maple. THE ANGLE-BARRED PUG (_Eupithecia innotata_). The greyish-brown fore wings of this species (Plate 98, Fig. 7) are crossed by darker oblique lines, which are angled on the front margin; the submarginal line is white and irregular, especially at each end. Caterpillar, ochreous grey, inclining to pinkish, marked on the back with white-edged, purplish- or reddish-brown blotches, and on the sides with reddish or purple spots; a whitish line low down along the sides. It feeds on the flowers of wormwood and mugwort (_Artemisia_), from August to October. The moth, which is uncommon and very local in England, is out in July. It occurs in Devonshire (Exeter district), Kent (Wye), Essex (Shoeburyness), Lincolnshire (Skegness, etc.), Worcestershire (Malvern), Lancashire and Cheshire (coast sand-hills, Macclesfield, etc.), and Durham (Hartlepool). {247} ASH PUG (_Eupithecia fraxinata_). Very similar to the last mentioned, but smaller, and the markings are less distinct (Plate 98, Fig. 8). The caterpillar is variable, but generally some shade of green, occasionally purplish red; lines on the sides yellowish, and sometimes there are dusky purplish marks on the back. It feeds, in August and September, on ash, and is said to eat _Artemisia_, _Laurustinus_, and the flowers of scabious. The moth is out in late June and July, and sometimes a second generation appears in the autumn. This species, which by some entomologists is considered to be a form of _E. innotata_, is widely distributed over England, south Scotland, and Ireland. _Tamarisciata_, Freyer, is also considered by some authorities to be a form of _E. innotata_. Some moths reared from larvae obtained, in 1905, from Tamarisk, in Cornwall, have been referred to _tamarisciata_. NARROW-WINGED PUG (_Eupithecia nanata_). The rather variable species represented on Plate 99, Figs. 1 and 2, will easily be recognised by its long pointed fore wings, which in colour are whitish grey, darkened by brownish cross-stripes; a whitish spot before the small, black discal dot. The long, thin, caterpillar, which feeds on ling or heather in the autumn, is whitish with a greenish tinge: the sides are marked with red, and there are some reddish spots on the back. On almost all heather-clad ground throughout the British Isles, this pretty little moth will be found, more or less commonly, during the months of May and early June, and sometimes there is a second flight in July and August. {248} BRINDLED PUG (_Eupithecia abbreviata_). The ochreous grey fore wings of this species (Plate 99, Fig. 3) are crossed by dark, bent lines, and marked with black on the veins; the central area is sometimes whitish, and generally paler than the ground colour. Caterpillar, slender, ochreous brown in colour, with browner lines and redder V-shaped marks on the back. It feeds on oak, in June and July. The moth is not uncommon in oak woods, in April and May, and may be beaten from the boughs in the daytime, and not infrequently found resting on the trunks. Generally distributed, but in Scotland not noted north of Perthshire. OAK-TREE PUG (_Eupithecia dodoneata_). This species (Plate 99, Fig. 5) differs from the last in being smaller, paler in colour, more distinctly marked, and with a rather larger and more conspicuous discal spot. The caterpillar feeds, in June and July, on young leaves of oak, the flowers of the evergreen oak (_Quercus ilex_), and hawthorn. It is orange, or ochreous red, with blackish marks connected by a line of the same colour along the back, and yellowish stripes and lines on the sides. The moth is out in May and early June, and occurs in some of the woods in most of the southern counties of England, and on the west to Worcestershire. It has been recorded from Yorks. and Cumberland; from Glamorganshire, South Wales; and from counties Armagh, Dublin, Wicklow, and Sligo, in Ireland. MOTTLED PUG (_Eupithecia exiguata_). In some respects this species (Plate 99, Fig. 4) is not unlike _E. abbreviata_, but the general colour of the fore wings is pale grey inclining to brownish; a good character is the blackish {249} band before the submarginal line, which is interrupted by patches of the ground colour, one above, and the other below, the middle; the submarginal line is whitish towards the inner margin. Caterpillar, long and thin; dark green; a series of yellow dotted reddish marks on the back, and a yellow-edged reddish line low down along the sides. It feeds, in the autumn, on hawthorn, sloe, currant, sallow, ash, etc. The moth is out in May and June, and is sometimes seen at rest on the stems and branches of trees, fences, etc., and may be beaten out of hedgerows. Widely distributed throughout England, Wales, Scotland to Perthshire, and Ireland. JUNIPER PUG (_Eupithecia sobrinata_). Two specimens are shown on Plate 99: Fig. 6 represents a more or less typical example from the Surrey downs, and Fig. 7 a pale form from Forres in Scotland. The species varies in tint of ground colour, and in the strength of marking, in all its localities; but in Scotland there is a greater tendency to pale forms than in England. Mr. H. McArthur, during the present year, obtained an extensive and most variable series from heather, at Aviemore, in Inverness. A pale-brownish tinged white pug found in Kent and the Isle of Wight, at one time referred to _E. ultimaria_, Boisduval, and afterwards known as _stevensata_, Webb, is really, according to Prout, _anglicata_, Herrich-Schaeffer. Whether this is a form of the present species or specifically distinct is still left in doubt, but personally I believe it to be a variety. The dark-green, sometimes reddish marked, caterpillars may be beaten from juniper bushes, from April to early June. The moth is out from late July to early October, and may be found {250} in nearly all parts of the British Isles where the food plant occurs, and occasionally in localities from which juniper appears to be absent. DOUBLE-STRIPED PUG (_Gymnoscelis_ (_Eupithecia_) _pumilata_). [Illustration: FIG. 5. DOUBLE-STRIPED PUG, AT REST. (Photo by W. J. Lucas.)] This species varies a good deal in the tint of the ground colour and the cross markings. Three forms are depicted on Plate 99: Fig. 8 is a typical male, and Fig. 9 shows a female with distinct red bands (ab. _rufifasciata_, Haworth); both specimens are from Surrey. The greyish example without red markings (Fig. 10) is from Ireland, and approaches ab. _tempestivata_, Zeller, in form. The caterpillar ranges in colour from yellowish-green to reddish; on the back there is a dark-green or blackish line, and often a series of marks of the same colour; the lines on the sides are yellowish. It feeds chiefly in or on the flowers of furze, broom, holly, clematis, hawthorn, etc., from May to September. There are certainly two broods, possibly more. The specimens of the first, or spring, generation are usually larger in size and more strongly marked than those of the summer brood. The moth is most frequent, perhaps, in April, May, July, and August, but it may be met with in either of the months from April to November. Pretty generally distributed over the British Isles, including the Hebrides and the Orkneys. {251} CLOAKED PUG (_Eucymatoge togata_). Over sixty years ago, this fine pug (Plate 99, Figs. 11 and 12) was detected in England. It was first noted in a plantation of spruce fir at Black Park, Buckinghamshire, in mid-June, 1845, and for many years this was the only known British locality. At the present time it is obtained more or less regularly in the New Forest, and has been recorded, chiefly in single specimens, from Wiltshire, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Yorkshire, and Durham. It is not uncommon in Scotland up to Inverness, but is most plentiful in Perthshire. Kane (_Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland_) states that it is spreading over an extensive area in Ireland, as a result of the planting of spruce fir. The caterpillar, which feeds in the spruce cones, and eats the immature seeds, is dingy white with a pinkish tinge, and suffused with blackish above; the lines along the back and sides, when present, are whitish but not distinct; head, and raised dots on the body, black; a brown plate on the first ring: July and August. Cones containing caterpillars may be secured by visiting a known locality for the species towards the end of August, especially immediately after a gale. The moth may be dislodged from its resting place among the branches of the spruce in June, sometimes earlier or later. V-PUG (_Chloroclystis coronata_). This is "_Phalaena_" _v-ata_, Haworth, and also the V-Pug of that author. A later English name for the species is "The Coronet Pug," an Anglicism for the Latin specific name, and has reference to the black upper part of the outer cross line which is twice angled and bears a fanciful resemblance to a {252} coronet; the lower angle is, however, most distinct, therefore Haworth's English name seems most suitable as it indicates the V-mark, which is a noticeable character of this delicate green species. (Plate 100, Fig. 1.) The caterpillar is yellowish green, with three reddish lines along the back, the central one most distinct and sometimes forming triangular marks, or lozenges. The ground colour varies, and may be greener, yellower, or occasionally greyish; and the markings are not always present. There are two generations, the first in June and July, and the second in the autumn, and in confinement a third brood is sometimes obtained. The blossoms of various plants are eaten, but those of hemp-agrimony (_Eupatorium cannabinum_), golden-rod (_Solidago_), clematis, and purple loosestrife (_Lythrum salicaria_), are perhaps favourites. Hawthorn and bramble have also been mentioned as food plants. The moth is out in most of the months from May to August, but seems to be most frequent in the first named. Generally distributed in the southern half of England, extending into South Wales, rare in Yorkshire and in Roxburghshire, Scotland. Widely distributed in Ireland. The range abroad extends to Japan. GREEN PUG (_Chloroclystis rectangulata_). Of this variable species five examples are shown on Plate 100. Figs. 2 and 3 represent the typical and more usual forms; 3 varies in the direction of ab. _subaerata_, Hubn., and Fig. 4 is the greyish ab. _cydoniata_, Bork. Ab. _nigrosericeata_, Haworth (Fig. 6), is blackish with white submarginal line; and an intermediate form (Fig. 5) may be referable to ab. _sericeata_, Haworth. The stumpy caterpillar is of a pale yellow green colour, with {253} a more or less distinct reddish or dark-green line along the back, and reddish ring-divisions. It feeds in flowers of the wild apple or crab, and of apples and pears grown in orchards and gardens. It is found in April and May, and the moth is out in June and July. The species is common throughout the greater part of England and Wales, and its range extends to Ross in Scotland. It has a wide distribution in Ireland. BILBERRY PUG (_Chloroclystis debiliata_). As a British insect, this species (Plate 100, Figs. 7 and 8) was first found in Devonshire, and was then known by the English name of "The Devon Pug." As the yellowish green caterpillar, marked with a darker line along the back and a yellowish one low down on the sides, feeds on bilberry, in April and May, and is by no means confined to Devonshire, the popular name here adopted is more suitable. When quite fresh the moth, which is out in June and July, has a very delicate tinge of green, but this quickly fades out, leaving a pale greyish white insect. In the typical form (Fig. 7) the black central lines are fairly well defined, but in ab. _nigropunctata_, Chant (Fig. 8), the lines are represented by a series of dots. The species is common in some of the sheltered hollows among the hills in Devon and Somerset, and I used to find it in abundance in the Martinhoe district, in the former county. The moths were rarely disturbed from the food plant during the day, but towards dusk they flew in numbers around small trees of mountain ash. Other counties in which it is known to occur are--England: Cornwall, Worcester, Staffordshire, Leicester, and Lancashire (formerly on Chat Moss). Wales: Glamorgan and Pembroke. Scotland: Aberdeen. Ireland: Wicklow, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, and Sligo. {254} DENTATED PUG (_Collix sparsata_). At one time this greyish brown species (Plate 102, Figs. 1, 2) was known by the English name of "Broom Scallop," but it is now usually referred to, in the vulgar tongue, as the Dentated Pug. The hind wings have their outer margins toothed rather than scalloped, and the insect has nothing to do with broom. The rather long caterpillar is pale green, with four white lines along the back, and one on each side; a whitish stripe along the black spiracles. Head, pale brown, rather flat above. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds on the yellow loosestrife (_Lysimachia vulgaris_), in July and August, or even later. Fens and marshy woodlands are the haunts of the moth, which is out in June and early July. It hides among the coarser vegetation, and is not always easily disturbed therefrom; neither is it often noticed when on the wing at night, although it is sometimes found at the flowers of buckthorn. Localities for the species are the fens of Cambridge and Norfolk, the boggy parts of the New Forest, Hants; Dorset (Bloxworth and Hyde, etc.); Cheshire (Delamere Forest); Yorkshire (bogs near York, and Thorne Waste). The range abroad extends to Japan. DARK SPINACH (_Pelurga comitata_). The darker banded, pale ochreous species shown on Plate 102, Figs. 3 [male], 4 [female], varies in the colour of the band to brownish; the central area of this band is almost always pale ochreous or whitish, to a greater or lesser extent. Caterpillar, stout and roughened; ochreous inclining to reddish, and tinged above with greenish; a series of V-shaped marks along the back, yellow oblique darker on the sides, and a greyish edged pale wavy line low down along the sides. {255} The figures 2, 2a, on Plate 94 are from drawings by Mr. A. Sich. It feeds in the autumn on the flowers and seeds of various kinds of goosefoot (_Chenopodium_), also on Orache (_Atriplex_). The moth is out in July and August, and may be found among its food plants and other low herbage growing in waste places, more particularly those on sandy coasts. Around the borders of market gardens, especially those in the south of London, and in Kent and Surrey, it is often very common. The species probably occurs more or less freely in suitable places almost throughout the British Isles. Its range abroad extends to East Siberia. SLENDER-STRIPED RUFOUS (_Phibalapteryx lapidata_). The rather pointed fore wings are pale brownish, and are crossed by several fine wavy and rather darker lines, and three more distinct, slightly curved lines, one of which is at the base and two are on the central area. The outer margin of the hind wings, which are pale brown, more or less shaded with dusky, is irregular. (Plate 102, Fig. 6.) Caterpillar, whitish-yellow above, inclining to pale buff below; lines of grey freckles along the back and sides, the lower one broader and darker; head, grey, freckled with darker. According to Hellins, who reared it from the egg, it feeds in May and June, on traveller's joy (_Clematis vitalba_). The natural food is doubtful, but is said to be grass, whilst Kirby states that in the South of France the caterpillar eats evergreen oak. The moth is out in September and early October, and is found in Scotland on the hills, in rough grassy and rush-covered spots, at elevations ranging from 300 to 800 feet. In Ireland, it is not uncommon in Antrim, Donegal, Sligo, Mayo, Galway, {256} and Limerick. Barrett states that a specimen has been taken at Shap Fell in Westmorland. Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia. MANY-LINED MOTH (_Phibalapteryx polygrammata_). The female example of this species, represented on Plate 102, Fig. 5, is from Germany; the male is somewhat paler and the central markings less distinct. This form is var. _conjunctaria_, Lederer, and most of the specimens formerly obtained in the Cambridgeshire fens, chiefly Burwell and Wicken, were referable to it. The species has not been seen in its old fenland haunts for very many years, and it is probably now extinct in Britain. Specimens have been in the past (and still continue to be) recorded from other British localities, but these on investigation are found to be cases of mistaken identity. _C. vittata_ = _lignata_ bears a strong likeness to _P. polygrammata_, and is often confused with it, but in the latter the outer band does not run to the tips of the fore wings, as it does in the former species. SMALL WAVED UMBER (_Phibalapteryx_ (_Coenocalpe_) _vitalbata_). At first sight this moth (Plate 102, Fig. 7) might be mistaken for a small specimen of the Waved Umber (_Hemerophila abruptaria_), but it will be noted that the dark stripe on the fore wings starts from the middle of the inner margin, and runs to just below the tips of the wings; the outer margin of the hind wings is not wavy, and the antennae of the male are not pectinated. The caterpillar, which feeds on traveller's joy (_Clematis vitalba_), in June-July, and in September-October, is greyish {257} brown, with three blackish lines along the back, the central one broader than the other two, especially on the middle of each ring, where it swells out into a black spot. In May and June, and again in August, the moth may be disturbed from the food plant growing in masses in hedgerows, etc. It occurs in most of the southern counties of England, westward to Herefordshire and South Wales, and eastward to Suffolk. Forsythe states that it is local in the Lancaster district. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. THE FERN (_Phibalapteryx_ (_Coenocalpe_) _tersata_). The general colour of this species (Plate 102, Fig. 8) is pale brown, with a tendency to reddish in some specimens, and to greyish in others. Caterpillar, pale brownish inclining to ochreous; on each side of an irregular blackish line along the centre of the back is a pale yellowish line, and there are white spots on the back of the middle rings. It feeds on _Clematis_, in August and September. The moth is out in June and July, and will be found in similar localities to those mentioned for the previous species, and, except that it has not been recorded from Lancaster, its range in England is much about the same. The distribution abroad extends to Japan. OBLIQUE CARPET (_Coenocalpe vittata_). This species, also known as _lignata_, Hubner, is usually pale brown in ground colour, tinged with ochreous or pinkish; the darker oblique stripes vary in width and in intensity. (Plate 102, Figs. 9 [male], gen. 1; 10 [male], gen. 2.) The caterpillar is of a yellow-green colour, inclining to {258} ochreous brown on the upper portions of the middle rings; a darker irregular line along the back, and a whitish line on each side, the latter edged above and below with a fine black line; below the spiracles is a pale pinkish brown stripe. Varies in the tint of ground colour and in the markings. It feeds, after hibernation, on bedstraw (_Galium palustre_, _G. saxatile_, etc.), and caterpillars from eggs laid in June may be reared on clematis, wild or cultivated. The moth is out in May and June, sometimes later, and a second generation appears in August and September; the individuals of the later brood are often smaller than those of the first brood. Its haunts are fens, marshes, and water-meads, but in Middlesex I have taken a specimen or two flying along a weedy ditch. Widely distributed throughout the British Isles, but not noted in Scotland north of Moray. THE GEM (_Percnoptilota fluviata_). Also known in the vulgar tongue as "The Narrow-barred Carpet." As will be seen on reference to Plate 102, the male (Fig. 12) is pale brown with a dark central band; and the female (Fig. 11) is purplish brown, the central band rather blackish, and on it is the discal mark, a black centred white spot. The specimens figured are rather small. The following aberrations have been named--ab. _marginata_, Mathew, with the fringes of all the wings conspicuously pinky-grey; ab. _olivacea_, Mathew, a form of the female with olive brown fore wings; ab. _obsoleta_, Mathew, a form of the male with the dark central band nearly or quite absent. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 102. 1, 2. DENTATED PUG. 3, 4. DARK SPINACH. 5. MANY-LINED. 6. SLENDER-STRIPED RUFOUS. 7. SMALL WAVED UMBER. 8. THE FERN. 9, 10. OBLIQUE CARPET. 11, 12. THE GEM. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 103. 1-5. MAGPIE MOTH. 6-8. CLOUDED MAGPIE. {259} The caterpillar is greyish, sometimes tinged with pink, and sometimes with green; three dusky lines on the head and first three rings of the body, a series of blackish outlined, whitish marks on the middle rings, and blackish marks on the other rings, which are pale in colour; a blackish line above the black-edged spiracles is broken up into dashes on the middle rings. Several other forms of the caterpillar, which is a variable one, have been described by Hellins. The food comprises groundsel, knotgrass, chrysanthemum, and various other plants. There are several generations during the year, and in hot weather the caterpillars feed up rapidly, so quickly indeed that in about a month the whole round of changes from egg to moth is effected. The species is migratory in habit, and there is little doubt that the specimens taken in this country in late spring or early summer are immigrants; those examples obtained later in the year are probably the descendants of such aliens. It is more frequently noted from southern England, chiefly from the seaboard counties, but it has been recorded from Lancashire and Yorkshire; also from Wales, and from several parts of Ireland: April to November. BOARMIINAE. CLOUDED MAGPIE (_Abraxas sylvata_). A more or less typical example of each sex of this variable species will be found on Plate 103. Fig. 7 represents a male, and Fig. 8 a female; the slightly marked specimen (Fig. 6) somewhat approaches the continental species _A. pantaria_, L., in appearance, and it is probable that such individuals have done duty for the species just named in some of the older collections of British lepidoptera. On Plate 104 are shown the leaden tinted form (Fig. 6), sometimes not infrequent in certain Yorkshire localities; a specimen with smoky fore wings (Fig. 7), taken with a few other examples of the same form in a wood in Buckinghamshire, in 1907, when also the strongly banded form (Fig. 8) was secured by Mr. A. J. Scollick. Between these {260} extremes and the more typical forms all kinds of intergrades occur, but it is not possible here to discuss these in detail. The pale greenish yellow eggs and two caterpillars are figured on Plate 101, Figs. 2, 2a. The latter are whitish, inclining to yellowish on the back, and lined with black; stripe below the black spiracles, yellow; head, black and glossy. The food is wych-elm (_Ulmus montana_), but beech and hazel are said to be eaten at times: August to October. The moth is found in May and June, sitting about on the leaves of dog's mercury, and other vegetation in its woodland haunts. Although it sometimes occurs sparingly in the southern seaboard counties, it is far more frequent in the west, ranging from North Devon to Cumberland, and including Wales. It is common in Bucks., and northwards to Northumberland, and extends into South Scotland. In Ireland, not uncommon at Killarney, and reported from a few other localities. THE MAGPIE (_Abraxas grossulariata_). [Illustration: FIG. 6. MAGPIE MOTH, DRYING WINGS. (Photo by H. Main.)] Except that the specimen represented by Fig. 2 has traces of a yellow band on the hind wings, Figs. 1-3 on Plate 103 show this highly variable species in its typical and most frequent form. Figs. 4 and 5 depict examples of the ordinary darker forms leading up to ab. _hazeleighensis_, Raynor, in which the whole of the fore wing area between the orange bands is blackish, except two tiny white specks near the front margin. Not infrequently the black spots on the outer margin of the fore wings exhibit a tendency to spread inwards, as in Figs. 2 and 5, and very occasionally they unite with the series of spots outside the orange band, as in Plate 104, Fig. 1, which represents a specimen (kindly lent by Mr. R. Adkin) with blackish tinged hind wings. Sometimes the ground colour of all the wings is yellowish (ab. _lutea_, Cockerell), but the markings {261} are of the usual pattern. The example of this form (Plate 104, Fig. 3) was reared from a large number of caterpillars I collected at Purley, in Surrey, a year or two ago, and was the only example among the moths resulting therefrom that was worth retaining. The very fine variety shown on Plate 104, Fig. 5, is ab. _varleyata_, Porritt, which occurs in Yorkshire, but is mostly reared in captivity from eggs obtained from a wild female in the first place, and subsequent pairings; the specimen figured is an especially fine example of the female sex, raised among others of the same form by Mr. G. T. Porritt of Huddersfield, who has been good enough to lend it for the purpose. Several other varieties of this species have been named and described by the Rev. Gilbert H. Raynor, but reference can only be made here to two of these; one is ab. _melanozona_, a Scottish form, in which there is a black blotch with traces of yellow in it at the base of the fore wings; a large black discal spot in the white central area; a black band, widening towards the front margin, before the faint yellow band, the latter followed by four black spots; hind wings with central black spot, and two series of black {262} spots beyond, seven in each series, separated by a well-defined white area. Fig. 2 on Plate 104 represents a specimen that approaches this variety. The handsome cream- specimen (Plate 104, Fig. 4) is ab. _lacticolor_, Raynor, and I am obliged to Mr. Adkin for the loan of these insects also. The caterpillar and chrysalis are figured on Plate 101, Figs. 1, 1b; the former is creamy white, marked on the back with black blotches and dots, and lines of black dots on the sides; between the lower two rows is a broad reddish line; head, black; sometimes the whole body is black. It occurs in gardens, and sometimes is a serious pest where currants and gooseberries are cultivated; it frequently abounds on _Euonymus japonicus_. In the open country it feeds on sloe and hawthorn; sometimes it is found on elm (low growth in hedges), apple, navelwort (_Cotyledon umbilicus_), orpine (_Sedum telephium_), and in the Hebrides, on ling (_Calluna_). August to May, or early June, are the months in which it is found as a rule; occasionally it does not hibernate, but feeds up and attains the moth state in the autumn of the year that it hatches from the egg. The moth is out, normally, in July and August, and is generally distributed over the greater part of the British Isles. The range abroad extends to East Siberia, China, and Japan. CLOUDED BORDER (_Lomaspilis marginata_). Figs. 1 and 2 on Plate 107 represent the more usual forms, in both sexes, of this rather common, but pretty, little moth. Occasionally, specimens are obtained in which, with the exception of a dark patch or two on the front margin, the wings are entirely white or slightly tinged with pale yellowish (ab. _pollutaria_, Hubner); a modification of this form is shown in Fig. 3. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 104. 1-5. MAGPIE MOTH VARIETIES. 6-8. CLOUDED MAGPIE VARIETIES. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 105. 1. SCORCHED CARPET: _caterpillar_. 2. CLOUDED BORDER: _caterpillar_. 3. COMMON WHITE WAVE: _caterpillar_. {263} Ab. _nigrofasciaria_, Schoyen, has a rather broad blackish band across the central area of each wing, and indications of such bands, in the shape of spots or dots, are seen in many examples of the species; occasionally, the irregular dark border of the outer margin of the wings is traversed by an interrupted whitish line. The caterpillar is yellowish-green, with three dark-green double lines on the back, the central one blotched with purplish brown on the last ring; head, green, marked with purplish brown. The figure (Plate 105, Fig. 2) is from a drawing in colour by Mr. Sich. It feeds on sallow, willow, and aspen, and may be found almost throughout the summer from June. The moth is also met with during the summer months, but seems to be most frequent in May and June. The species prefers moist localities where sallows abound, and in such places seems to occur pretty generally over the British Isles. In Scotland, however, it has not, apparently, been noted north of Moray. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. THE SCORCHED CARPET (_Ligdia adustata_). The bluish-grey band on the outer third of the fore wings varies in width, and the velvety black marking thereon varies in amount; this area of the wings is also more or less clouded with reddish brown, and the underside of all the wings is much suffused with reddish brown, which gives the insect the burnt or scorched appearance to which both Latin and English names refer. (Plate 107, Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female].) In June and early July, and again in late August and September, the red-spotted, bright-green caterpillar may be beaten from the spindle bushes (_Euonymus europaeus_) in hedgerows. (Fig. 1, Plate 105, is from a drawing by Mr. Sich.) {264} The moth is out in late April sometimes, but it is more frequent in May and June, and as a second generation in August, earlier or later in some seasons. It may be knocked out of hedges in which spindle is growing. The species is not uncommon in most of the southern English counties, but in the northern ones its occurrence is more casual. It has been recorded from North Wales; in Ireland it is fairly common in some western and southern counties, and rare in the east and north; in Scotland, only noted from the south-east, Arran, and the Hebrides. Abroad, its range extends to Japan, where it is represented by var. _japoniata_, Staudinger. THE SLOE CARPET (_Aleucis_ (_Bapta_) _pictaria_). This blackish-grey species (Plate 107, Fig. 6) has been confused in the past with _pictaria_, Thunberg, which is referable to _Cleora lichenaria_, and it was then known by the popular name of "The Grey Carpet." As the caterpillar feeds on the foliage of the sloe, and the moth is fond of resting on the stems and twigs, and appears at the time the bushes are wreathed in their snowy blossoms, the sloe carpet seems to be rather more suitable than are most of the names by which our moths are popularly known. The caterpillar is dusky brown, with blackish V-shaped marks upon the back, white marks on rings 7 and 8, and a black line on the last ring. It feeds at night, in June and early July, and as it remains on the bushes during the day, it may be obtained by beating. At night the moths fly about the bushes for a short time, and then sit on the twigs, when they may be secured. Of course, a lantern will be a necessity. Barrett states that stunted bushes on open heaths and hillsides are preferred to hedgerows. {265} The species is very local, but generally not uncommon where it occurs, as, for example, in the New Forest, Hampshire; the Loughton and Colchester districts, Essex; and in some parts of Kent. It has been noted from Tilgate Forest, and other localities in Sussex; and also from Surrey, Berkshire, and Suffolk. WHITE-PINION SPOTTED (_Bapta bimaculata_). The two cross lines on the fore wings of this silky white species (Plate 107, Fig. 9) commence in blackish spots on the front margin; often they are only indicated by series of dots, and are rarely really distinct. Occasionally, a greyish submarginal line or band is present. The darkish green caterpillar has a series of purplish marks on the back; head, inclining to yellowish, and powdered with purplish. It feeds, in June and July, on the leaves of wild cherry and plum, and will eat hawthorn; it may be beaten from its food plant in the daytime. The moth is out in May and June, and shelters in bushes, etc., in woods and hedgerows. During the day it is frequently put up from its hiding-places, but its usual time of flight is the evening, when it is readily seen and not difficult to capture. It is local, and perhaps most frequently met with in those parts of South England where the wild cherry flourishes. Occurs more or less commonly in most of the southern counties, but north of Gloucester, Oxford, and Norfolk it has only been noted from North Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland. In Wales the late Mr. C. G. Barrett found the moth rare in Pembrokeshire, and there is also a record from Anglesey. The range abroad extends to China, Corea, and Japan. {266} CLOUDED SILVER (_Bapta temerata_). In its silky, white wings this species (Plate 107, Figs. 7 [male], 8 [female]) is similar to the last mentioned. It is, however, rather larger, and there are greyish clouds on each side of the outer cross line, but there are no blackish spots on the front edge of the fore wings. The clouding referred to is heavier and darker in some specimens than in others, but occasionally, chiefly in the female, is almost absent. The green caterpillar, when full grown, is ornamented with brown-bordered reddish spots on the back, but these markings are absent in its earlier stages. The head is paler than the body, and has a reddish spot on each side. It feeds, in July and August, on sloe, plum, and bird cherry in this country, but the continental authors give birch, willow, rose, etc. The moth is out in May and June, and occurs throughout England and Wales, to Cumberland; but it is far more frequent in the south than in the north. Barrett mentions a single specimen from Wigtownshire in Scotland. In Ireland, Kane states that it is abundant at Clonbrock, Merlin Park, and in several other localities in Galway; it is not uncommon at Killarney, Kerry; and a few specimens have been taken at Powerscourt, Wicklow, and Sligo. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. COMMON WHITE WAVE (_Cabera pusaria_). In its typical form (Plate 107, Figs. 10, 11) this white species has three dark-grey almost parallel cross lines on the fore wings and two on the hind wings. The first or the second of these lines on the fore wings may be absent, occasionally both may be missing and the third very faint. Not infrequently in undersized bred specimens the first line approaches the second line either throughout its length or near the inner margin, and more rarely the two are united; in most of such aberrations the tips of the fore wings are rather more rounded than in typical specimens, and these are referable to ab. _rotundaria_, Haworth (Round-winged Wave). I have over a dozen examples of this form, all of which were reared from caterpillars which had been kept on short rations when nearly mature; in some, the outer margin of the fore wings is distinctly rounded, but in others it is much the same as in the larger typical form, and one of these is shown on Plate 107, Fig. 12. The ground colour occasionally assumes a greyish tint, and sometimes this is tinged with pink; more rarely the general colour is leaden grey. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 106. 1. BARRED RED: _caterpillar_. 2, 2a. BARRED UMBER: _egg_, _natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. 3. LIGHT EMERALD: _eggs_, _natural size and enlarged_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 107. 1-3. CLOUDED BORDER. 4, 5. SCORCHED CARPET. 6. SLOE CARPET. 7, 8. CLOUDED SILVER. 9. WHITE-PINION SPOTTED. 10-12. COMMON WHITE WAVE. 13, 14. COMMON WAVE. {267} The caterpillar, of which there are two broods, one in July and another in September, feeds on birch, alder, sallow, etc. It is purplish brown, spotted with white above, and greenish below on the first three rings. There is also a green form with purplish brown marks on the back. (Plate 105, Fig. 3, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich.) The moth is out in May, June, and August, and is generally common throughout the greater part of the British Isles. Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia and Amurland. COMMON WAVE (_Cabera exanthemata_). Somewhat similar to the last species, but sprinkled with ochreous grey; the fore wings have three greyish cross lines, the first two less regular than those of _pusaria_, and the outer one distinctly curved; variation in the lines is pretty much the same as in _pusaria_ and its small form ab. _rotundaria_. Of the form showing the first and second lines more or less confluent, I have seven examples reared from collected caterpillars; six are undersized, but the other is of quite ordinary size (ab. _approximata_, Haworth); another specimen, also bred, is thinly {268} powdered with ochreous grey, and the lines are very indistinct. The more usual forms are shown on Plate 107, Figs. 13, 14. The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish or to brownish; some purplish-red marks and white-edged black spots on the back; the ring divisions are yellow, and there are reddish-brown or purplish-red marks on the sides; the markings vary. It feeds on birch, alder, and sallow, and may be beaten out at any time from July to September. The moth is out through the summer from May; its range in the British Isles is very similar to that of the last species, but it seems to have a preference for moist places. The distribution abroad extends eastward to Amurland, and a form known as ab. _schaefferi_, Bremer, occurs in the last-named country, and also in Corea and Japan. BARRED UMBER (_Numeria pulveraria_). Pale ochreous or reddish brown freckled with darker; the central dark reddish brown band is sometimes much narrowed below the middle; sometimes only the edges of the band are dark, the enclosed space being but little darker than the ground colour, or occasionally tinged with greenish; one example of the latter and two of the former were reared this year (1908) from larvae received in July, 1907, from Mr. F. Pope of Exeter; a male specimen bred from the same batch of larvae, but which emerged in August of the year last mentioned, is distinctly tinged with rosy over all the wings; the narrow band on the hind wings, not usually extended to the front edge, is in this specimen entire, whilst the greenish-banded specimen referred to above is without trace of a band on the hind wings. Two examples which are without locality, but which, I believe, came from the New Forest, have pale greyish-brown fore wings banded with brown in which there is a tinge of olive. Two examples of the male are figured on Plate 108. The eggs (Plate {269} 106, Fig. 2a) were pale greenish yellow when laid, May 17 to 20; the larvae hatched out from May 31 to June 2. The caterpillar, which is also depicted on the plate, is reddish brown, mottled with yellowish brown. It feeds on birch, sallow, ash, etc., from June to August. The moth, as a rule, does not emerge until the following spring, but sometimes specimens will come out the same year. Although widely distributed over nearly the whole of the British Isles, the species seems to be rarely met with in large numbers. The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. BARRED RED (_Ellopia_ (_Hylaea_) _prosapiaria_). The typical form of this species is depicted on Plate 108, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female], and Fig. 3 on the same plate represents ab. _prasinaria_, Hubner, a form not uncommon in Germany (whence came the example figured), Switzerland, and other parts of the continent, but which is very rare in Britain, and has been recorded from Kent and Suffolk. Sometimes, but chiefly in Scotland, the colour varies to a greyish or even yellowish tint; the cross lines are often parallel or nearly so, and frequently approach each other about the middle; the usual white edging to the cross lines is occasionally absent, and the enclosed space in such specimens is hardly darker than the general colour. On Plate 106, Fig. 1, will be found a figure of the caterpillar, which is tawny brown with white-edged, connected reddish marks along the back. It feeds, from September to May, on Scots pine (_Pinus sylvestris_), and occasionally on larch. The moth is out in June and July, and sometimes in September. It may be jarred from the pine boughs, and is not infrequently seen resting on foliage of the undergrowth. Generally distributed in fir-woods throughout Great Britain, and widely spread in Ireland. The range abroad extends to East Siberia. {270} THE LIGHT EMERALD (_Metrocampa_ (_Eudalimia_) _margaritaria_). When quite fresh, this species (Plate 108, Fig. 6) is of a delicate whitish-green colour, but the green tint is apt to fade or to change colour, so that the wings are almost ochreous white sometimes. The eggs shown on Plate 106, Fig. 3, were kindly supplied by Mr. Norman Riley. The caterpillar ranges in colour from greenish brown to purplish brown, and is frequently freckled with a darker shade of the general colour; there is sometimes a pale patch on rings 6 and 7, and the sides are fringed with fine bristles along the spiracle area. It feeds, from September to May, on the leaves of oak, birch, beech, elm, etc., and during the winter will nibble the bark of the younger twigs, and also eat the buds. The moth, which is partial to the woodlands, is out in June and July, and is pretty generally distributed over the British Isles, except the Hebrides, Orkneys, and Shetlands. LARGE THORN (_Ennomos autumnaria_). This fine species was first definitely ascertained to occur in Britain in 1855, but it had been reported as British at a much earlier date, and was figured by Wood in 1839. Up to 1859 it had only been recorded from the North Foreland and Margate in Kent, and from Brighton, Sussex. In 1862, a specimen was taken at Brighton and one at Deal, the latter a female. Two examples were secured at Gosport, Hampshire, in 1865, and one at Deal in 1867. Then, after an interval of ten years, three were captured in Hants (Alverstoke), and two years later a round dozen were obtained at Gosport. During the last thirty years specimens have been recorded from Margate, Deal, Dover, Folkestone, Hythe, and Ashford (1907), in Kent, from Chichester, Sussex, and from Shoeburyness, Essex (1898). It has been reared on several occasions from eggs obtained from captured females, and is still more frequently bred from eggs deposited by the descendants of wild parents. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 108. 1, 2. BARRED UMBER. 3. BARRED RED (GREEN VAR.). 4, 5. BARRED RED. 6. LIGHT EMERALD. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 109. 1, 3. LARGE THORN. 2, 4, 5. AUGUST THORN. {271} The eggs are deep olive, with a white ring at one end; and the caterpillar is brownish in colour, rather shining, and very twig-like. It feeds on birch, alder, hawthorn, sloe, plum, etc., and has been found on sycamore and cherry; May to August. The early stages are figured on Plate 106, Figs. 1, 1a. The moth (Plate 109, Figs. 1 [male], 3 [female]), which varies in colour from pale to deep ochreous yellow, and also in the amount of purplish brown freckling, usually has the upper part of the outer marginal area some shade of tawny brown. Specimens of a greyish chocolate tint have recently been reared by Mr. Newman, of Bexley (Plate 134, Fig. 9). Most of the specimens captured in England have been obtained at light in the autumn. The range abroad extends to Amurland, Japan, and North America. AUGUST THORN (_Ennomos quercinaria_). The male (Plate 109, Fig. 2) is generally yellower than the female (Fig. 4), and it is in the former sex that brownish or red-brown clouding on the outer area beyond the second cross line appears most frequently, but it occurs also in the female (Plate 109, Fig. 5). Sometimes the wings are partly or entirely dull reddish brown. Two other examples of the type form showing modification of the cross lines will be found on Plate 111, Figs. 5 [male], 6 [female]. In ab. _carpinaria_, Hubner, the wings are of a reddish ochreous colour. A hybrid resulting from a crossing of _E. alniaria_ [male] and _E. quercinaria_ [female] has been named _dartfordi_, Tutt. The caterpillar (Plate 113, Fig. 3) is generally grey brown, mottled with reddish or olive; but, according to Fenn, it is {272} sometimes greenish, without humps or projections. It feeds, in the summer, on lime, birch, oak, hawthorn, etc. A chrysalis which I took out of its puparium (two leaves spun together with silk) on July 9, 1907, was green, with the upper surface tinged with yellowish; a dark-green central line, and a series of dark-green irregular marks on each side; the tail pointed and furnished with reddish hooks. The moth is out in August and September, and may often be seen sitting on the boles of trees, generally low down. The species is widely distributed over England, but is much more frequent in the south than in the north. It has been recorded from Swansea in Wales; from Dumfries, Dunoon, and Monteith, in Scotland; and from near Derry, Hazlewood (Sligo), Mote Park (Roscommon), and Clonbrock (Galway), in Ireland. CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN (_Ennomos alniaria_). This species (Plate 111, Figs. 1, 2) is generally easily recognised by the canary yellow hairs of the thorax. The fore wings are yellowish, sprinkled with purplish grey, and crossed by two curved greyish-brown lines, which not infrequently fall close together on the inner margin. In some female specimens that I reared from eggs, received from York, the wings are more or less tinged with dull tawny brown, especially on the outer area, and in two of them the thorax is also brownish tinged. The at first green, and afterwards blackish slate-, egg, with whitish ring, and the caterpillar are shown on Plate 110, Fig. 2, 2a. The latter is brownish, mottled with purplish above, and inclining to greenish below; head, rather paler brown. It feeds, from May to July, on birch, alder, etc. The moth is out in the autumn, and occurs in suitable woodland and marshy places over England, Wales, and Scotland to Moray. It has been found in many parts of Ireland. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 110. 1, 1a, 1b, 1c. LARGE THORN: _eggs, natural size and enlarged; caterpillar, chrysalis and puparium_. 2, 2a. CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. 3, 3a. DUSKY THORN: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 111. 1, 2. CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN. 3, 4. DUSKY THORN. 5, 6. AUGUST THORN. {273} DUSKY THORN (_Ennomos fuscantaria_). Figs. 3 [male], 4 [female], Plate 111, represent the usual form of this species; in some specimens the outer marginal pale purplish-brown shading spreads inwards over the fore wings to the base; in other examples it is only seen on the upper part of the outer area. The caterpillar (Plate 110, Fig. 3) is green, pretty much of the same tint as the underside of the ash leaf upon which, and the stalks, it rests by day. In some examples the general colour inclines to pale brown, or reddish brown. It may be found during the summer, and where the leaves are seen to have neat round holes in them, these should be examined, when this caterpillar will probably be found somewhere adjacent. Ash (_Fraxinus excelsior_) is the usual food, but possibly privet might answer as a substitute. The moth is out in August and September, and occurs in most parts of Southern England where the ash flourishes; its range extends into South Wales, and northwards to Durham and Northumberland. Only doubtfully recorded from Ireland, and apparently unknown in Scotland. SEPTEMBER THORN (_Ennomos erosaria_). This species, shown on Plate 134, Fig. 6, varies in ground colour from pale ochreous to pale fulvous; the cross lines approach towards the inner margin, and sometimes the second line is bent inwards below the middle. The central spot is generally absent, and when present is exceedingly faint. The twig-like caterpillar is brownish, with a greenish or purplish tinge. In its infancy it is a smooth-looking creature, but as it advances in growth knobs and humps appear, the most prominent of which are on rings 2, 5, 8, and 11; on the {274} last ring there are two points. It feeds on oak chiefly, but will eat birch, lime, etc.: May to July. The moth is out in August and September, and occurs more or less frequently in most of the southern counties of England, but is rather scarce in the Midlands and northwards. It occurs in South Wales, and has been recorded from the south of Scotland. Very rare in Ireland. NOTE.--The species of _Ennomos_ are fond of light, and in suitable spots, gas and electric lamps, in the streets, or even in the house when windows are open, will attract these moths. Most of the specimens of _autumnaria_ that have been captured in Britain have occurred at light. _Quercinaria_ is, perhaps, less often noted at light than its allies; but, curiously, this species is more frequently seen at rest on tree trunks, etc., than are either of the other kinds. Female moths taken at light may not always be in first-rate condition, but they will probably lay eggs, and should be kept for that purpose in a chip box. The caterpillars do not hatch out until the following spring. Put the eggs in a cool place. EARLY THORN (_Selenia bilunaria_). The sexes of the spring or typical form are depicted on Plate 112, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female], and the paler summer form var. _juliaria_ (July Thorn), Haworth, is represented by Fig. 3. The underside is shown in Mr. H. Main's photo of the moth in its natural resting attitude. The caterpillar is orange or reddish brown, sometimes inclining to purplish; there are pairs of reddish raised points on the back of rings 7 and 8; as will be seen from the accompanying illustration, which is from a photograph by Mr. Main, the creature, when resting, is very like a twig. It feeds on birch, alder, sallow, hawthorn, sloe, etc., in May and June, and again in August and September. The moth is out in April and {275} early May. In 1905, a male occurred at Carnforth, Lancs., on June 8; the second generation appears in July and August. A third has been obtained in captivity, and the moths of this brood are similar to those of the second. It has happened that the emergence of some moths of the second, or summer, form has been delayed until the following February, but these remained true to their race and did not assume the spring form. [Illustration: FIG. 7. EARLY THORN AT REST.] [Illustration: FIG. 8. CATERPILLAR OF EARLY THORN.] (Photos by H. Main.) Generally distributed throughout England and Wales, and often abundant, especially in the south. In Scotland, Renton states that it is common in Roxburghshire, but there is only one brood; the range extends to Sutherlandshire. Widely spread in Ireland and plentiful in some parts. {276} LUNAR THORN (_Selenia lunaria_). A female of this species is shown on Plate 112, Fig. 4; the male is usually more clouded with reddish. A second generation is sometimes raised in captivity, and the males of this brood (var. _delunaria_, Hubner) are somewhat paler, whilst the females incline to a yellowish tint. In Scotch specimens, the reddish markings are tinged with purple; and ab. _sublunaria_, Stephens, from Derbyshire, has the coloration very similar to that of the spring form of _S. tetralunaria_. The caterpillar is figured on Plate 113, Fig. 2. The ground colour is usually some shade of brown, ranging from greyish or greenish to reddish, variegated with darker or paler clouds, and with traces of pale lines on the back. It occurs in the open from July to September, but may be reared both earlier and later in confinement. It feeds on sloe, plum, oak, birch, etc. The moth, in May and June, is sometimes seen on hedges or on the plants growing below; or it may be jarred from the branches of trees, when it is more apt to fall to the ground than to fly. Like others of this group it is fond of light, and is frequently attracted thereto at night. The species is rarely plentiful, and always more or less local, but it is widely distributed over the British Isles to the Orkneys. PURPLE THORN (_Selenia tetralunaria_). On Plate 112, Fig. 5 represents a specimen of the spring brood, and Fig. 6 one of the summer brood (var. _aestiva_, Staudinger). The ground colour of the typical form is whitish, sometimes tinged with grey, and sometimes with pinkish; the patch at the tip, and the basal two-thirds of the fore wings, also the basal half of the hind wings, are purplish brown, varying almost to blackish; or they may be rich red brown. Var. _aestiva_ is rarely whitish in ground colour, but this is frequently of a pinkish tinge, and the darker portions of the wings are brownish, inclining to olive; sometimes the general colour is ochreous brown with dark brown cross lines, and a rust- lunule at the tips of the fore wings. The hybrid resulting from a female of this species that had paired with a male _bilunaria_ has been named _parvilunaria_, Bastel. At the time it is laid, the egg is pale olive green, but it changes to shining reddish, and just before hatching to purplish black. (Plate 113, Fig. 1a.) [Illustration] 2 Pl. 112. 1-3. EARLY THORN. 4. LUNAR THORN. 5, 6. PURPLE THORN. 7, 8. LILAC BEAUTY. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 113. 1, 1a. PURPLE THORN: _eggs and caterpillar_. 2, 2a. LUNAR THORN: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. 3. AUGUST THORN: _caterpillar_. {277} The caterpillar is reddish brown, mottled with darker brown, and with pale greyish. It feeds on birch, alder, oak, sallow, cherry, etc.: June and July, and again in the autumn. (Plate 113, Fig. 1.) The moth is out in April and May, and the second generation emerges in July and August. A few specimens of a third generation have been reared in October, but this is unusual. The species is more or less local, and rarely common, at least in the moth state; it occurs in all the southern counties of England, and a few specimens have been recorded from some of the midland and northern counties, and from South Wales. In Scotland, only noted from Rannoch, Perthshire, and a specimen was reared on April 25, 1901, from a caterpillar found at Dunkeld, in the same county, the previous autumn. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan. LILAC BEAUTY (_Hygrochroa_ (_Pericallia_) _syringaria_). The sexes of this species are shown on Plate 112, and it will be noted that the male (Fig. 7) is rather smaller and decidedly more brightly than the female (Fig. 8). An older English name is "Richmond Beauty," Wilkes. Figures of the curiously shaped caterpillar and chrysalis will be found on Plate {278} 115, Figs. 2, 2a. The former is yellowish brown, variegated with reddish and violet; it feeds on honeysuckle, lilac, and privet, and may be beaten or searched for in May and early June, after hibernation. I have found it commonly on privet hedges in the Mill Hill district, Middlesex, but in woods, and especially in the New Forest, it is obtained from honeysuckle. In my experience, the privet-feeding caterpillars always produce larger moths than those reared from caterpillars fed on honeysuckle. The moth emerges in June and July, the former month chiefly in confinement, and from such early moths a second generation may be obtained in the autumn. Although most frequent in the southern half of England and Wales, the range of the species extends to the northern counties; and single specimens have been recorded from Durham and Northumberland, but the species has not been noted in Scotland. The distribution abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. SCALLOPED HAZEL (_Gonodontis bidentata_). This species varies in ground colour, from pale whity brown through shades of grey brown, olive brown, ochreous, and dark brown to black; the blackish cross lines of the fore wings are generally edged with white, but the edging is sometimes absent, and occasionally it alone remains distinct; the central space enclosed by the cross lines is often darker than the general colour, and not infrequently it is faintly reddish. Figs. 1 and 2, Plate 114, represent two of the more usual forms of the species. Fig. 3 is the black ab. _nigra_, Prout, which occurs on the mosses of Lancashire, and in Yorkshire. The yellowish and brown mottled, purplish caterpillar is figured on Plate 115, where also are shown the eggs (turquoise blue, changing to reddish brown), and the reddish brown chrysalis. The latter, which is twice the natural size, is from a photograph by Mr. H. Main. The caterpillar feeds on the foliage of oak, birch, sallow, hawthorn, sloe, plum, larch, etc.; it grows very slowly, and may be beaten out in most of the months from July to October. The moth is out in May and June, and sometimes earlier. Pretty generally distributed over the British Isles, but not noted in the Orkneys or Shetlands. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 114. 1-3. SCALLOPED HAZEL. 4, 5. FEATHERED THORN. 6, 7. SCALLOPED OAK. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 115. 1, 1a, 1b. SCALLOPED HAZEL: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_. 2, 2a. LILAC BEAUTY: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. {279} FEATHERED THORN (_Himera_ (_Colotois_) _pennaria_). A more or less typical but rather small male specimen is shown on Plate 114, Fig. 4, but the ground colour is frequently more tawny in tint, and sometimes it is much paler inclining to yellowish; the cross lines may be either wider apart, or closer together, and the inner one is often clouded with blackish; sometimes both lines become almost bandlike; the submarginal, usually interrupted, line is occasionally well defined. The female, often browner than the specimen depicted (Fig. 5) is frequently tinged with purple, and occasionally with pink. The batch of eggs, as deposited, was photographed by Mr. Main. The egg is olive green with a ring of pale specks around the micropylar end. The caterpillar is slaty grey inclining to purplish, with a series of not clearly defined ochreous diamonds on the back and a row of ochreous dots on each side; the raised points on the last ring are tipped with reddish (Plate 116). It feeds on oak, birch, poplar, sallow, apple, hawthorn, sloe, etc. April to June. The moth is out in October and November, but is seldom noticed in the daytime; at night, the males are frequently seen at gas and electric light. The species is generally common in woodlands, especially as caterpillars, over the southern half of England and Wales, and occurs more or less frequently over the rest of the country, also in Scotland to Moray, and in Ireland. {280} SCALLOPED OAK (_Crocallis elinguaria_). Fig. 6 on Plate 114 shows the usual form of this species, in which there are blackish dots on the outer margins of all the wings. Fig. 7 depicts a form with the ground colour paler, and the outer marginal dots absent (ab. _trapezaria_, Boisduval). The ground colour varies to almost whitish on the one hand and to reddish buff on the other; the cross lines on the fore wings are distinct as a rule, but may be faint, and occasionally are entirely missing; the central space between the lines is most often brownish, sometimes tawny, but not infrequently this area is but little darker than the general colour. The blackish discal spot on the hind wings varies in size and somewhat in shape, but this and also the line beyond, are sometimes absent. Porritt (_List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera_) mentions two gynandrous specimens. Eggs, pale grey, with darkish grey marking (Plate 116, Fig. 2b). The caterpillar, of which two figures from drawings by Mr. A. Sich are given on Plate 116, Figs. 2, 2a, varies from ochreous grey to dark grey tinged with purple; the front rings are often paler above, and the back has diamond-shaped marks upon it; the elevation on the last ring is edged with black. It feeds on the leaves of most trees and bushes during the spring. The moth is out in July and August, sometimes earlier. A pretty generally distributed species throughout the British Isles, but so far it has not been noted from the Hebrides, Orkneys, or Shetland. Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia. ORANGE MOTH (_Angerona prunaria_). Typical males of this species are orange and the females pale ochreous, all the wings sprinkled or freckled with purplish grey. (Plate 117, Figs. 1 [male], 7 [female].) Ab. _corylaria_, Thunberg (Figs. 2 [male], {281} 8 [female]), is brownish on the basal and outer marginal areas of the fore wings, and nearly the whole of the hind wings. The typical ground colour appears on the fore wings as a central band, but as a rule this does not quite reach the inner margin. Ab. _pickettaria_, Prout, is a modification of the _corylaria_ form, in which the typical ground appears on the front margin above the brownish basal patch, and also along the outer margin, thus narrowing the brownish border on that area; in one male specimen the right pair of wings were _corylaria_ and the left pair _pickettaria_. Another modification has the basal and outer marginal areas "a nondescript grey shade in the male and a golden brown in the female" (ab. _pallidaria_, Prout). Ab. _spangbergi_, Lampa, is of the typical form, but is without the dark freckles. Other aberrations have been named, and at least one gynandrous specimen is known. The eggs, which are laid in June, hatch in about twelve days. The caterpillars feed slowly until September or October, and then hibernate; but it has been noted that when reared in confinement, and supplied with privet, they nibble the stems during the winter. Occasionally, a caterpillar will feed up and assume the moth state in the autumn, but the usual habit is to complete growth in the spring, enter the chrysalis state in May, and appear as moths about the end of that month, if in captivity, or in June and July in the open. Various food plants have been given, among which are hawthorn, sloe, plum, birch, lilac, privet, and honeysuckle. The caterpillar is figured on Plate 118, Fig. 2. The male flies in the early evening, but the female not until later. The species frequents woods, and may be disturbed by day from among the bracken and other undergrowth. It is more or less common in many woods throughout the southern half of England, and its range extends northwards to Yorkshire. In Ireland, it has occurred locally in counties Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Clare, and Galway. It has been {282} recorded from the Isle of Arran, but not from the mainland of Scotland. Abroad, the distribution spreads to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. SWALLOW-TAILED MOTH (_Ourapteryx sambucaria_). This conspicuous-looking insect (Plate 117, Fig. 6) is frequently seen in gardens, lanes, and the outskirts of woods, pretty well all over England, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland, it seems to be rare and confined to the south, but has been noted up to Glasgow. Very rarely the cross lines of the fore wings are placed close together, but, except in the matter of size, there is, as a rule, little variation. The caterpillar, of which a figure, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich, is given on Plate 118, Fig. 1, is brownish, variegated with reddish or purplish. It feeds, from August to June, on the foliage of hawthorn, sloe, elder, etc., but is especially partial to ivy. The moth is out in July, and sometimes an odd specimen or two will appear in the autumn; one was captured at Gravesend on October 22, 1904. The species is represented in Amurland and Japan by the smaller and whiter var. _persica_, Menetries. SCORCHED WING (_Eurymene dolabraria_). The crumpled or shrivelled appearance of the wings, coupled with the brown coloration of the streaks and other markings on the wings, no doubt suggested the English name of this species (Plate 117, Fig. 3). The twig-like caterpillar is brownish, tinged with greenish or reddish, and variegated with darker, especially along the back of the first three rings, the hump on ring 8, and a cross stripe on the last ring. It feeds on oak, birch, and sallow, from July to September. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 116. 1, 1a, 1b. FEATHERED THORN: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. 2, 2a, 2b. SCALLOPED OAK: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 117. 1, 2, 7, 8. ORANGE MOTH. 3. SCORCHED WING. 4, 5. BRIMSTONE. 6. SWALLOW-TAILED. {283} The moth, which inhabits woods, and is out in late May and in June, is sometimes attracted to sugar, but rather more frequently to light. It is, however, far more rarely seen than the caterpillar, which has been obtained in almost every English county up to Yorkshire. A specimen of the moth has been recorded from Darlington, Durham, and one at Meldon Park, Northumberland. It occurs in Wales and Ireland, but is hardly known to be found in Scotland. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. THE BRIMSTONE (_Opisthograptis luteolata_). This generally distributed and often common yellow species (Plate 117, Figs. 4 and 5) has the front margin of the fore wings marked with reddish, and occasionally a stripe of this colour extends along the front margin from the base to the tip; the discal mark is whitish outlined in reddish brown; the wavy cross lines are often faint, and not infrequently quite absent. White specimens, ab. _lacticolor_, Harrison, have been recorded from Cheshire and Durham, and probably have occurred elsewhere, since I have a specimen said to have been taken in Staffordshire; an orange-yellow form has occurred in the last-named county. (Also known as _Rumia crataegata_.) The twig-like caterpillar is brownish tinged with greenish or purplish; there is a double-pointed hump on the back of ring 6 and smaller projections on 8. It feeds on hawthorn chiefly, but sometimes on sloe, plum, etc. It may be found after hibernation in the spring, and a second generation occurs in the summer. The moth seems to have been noted in each month from April to August, but it is most frequent in May and June. {284} BORDERED BEAUTY (_Epione apiciaria_). The orange-yellow moth whose portrait is shown on Plate 119 (Fig. 1) has the outer margins, beyond the second blackish line, more or less shaded with purplish grey, inclining to purple near the line; on the fore wings, the first cross line is angled at the middle, and the second line runs to the tips of the wings. Gynandrous specimens of this and also the following species have been noted. The early stages are figured on Plate 121, Figs. 2, 2a. The eggs, which are laid in July and August on the food plant, are pale yellow at first, then reddish, with white dots and patches. The caterpillars generally emerge in the following spring, but sometimes, at least in captivity, they hatch in about a fortnight, feed up quickly, and attain the moth state in September or October. Caterpillar, brown, with a greenish or ochreous tinge; along the back of rings 3 to 6 is an ochreous patch, and within this a black mark, and on the rings following 6 there are more or less distinct ochreous diamonds; a dull yellowish line low down along the sides; head, dull reddish brown. It feeds, in May and June, on willow, sallow, alder, etc. The moth is out in July and August, and is not uncommon in many parts of Southern and Eastern England. Its range extends through England, Wales, and Scotland to Sutherland. In Ireland, it is widely distributed, and not at all scarce in some northern localities. DARK BORDERED BEAUTY (_Epione parallelaria_). As will be seen on referring to Plate 119 the sexes of this species are strikingly different. The male (Fig. 2) is very similar to the last species, except that the first cross line is curved and reddish brown in colour; the second line runs to the front margin before the tip, and the outer margin beyond is almost entirely purple. The female (Fig. 3) has the ground colour pale yellowish, and the outer borders narrowed, especially on the fore wings. Very occasionally, the ground colour in the male approaches that of the female. The eggs (Plate 121, Fig. 1) are pale yellow when deposited, but afterwards become honey yellow, freckled with reddish, and later they are red all over. The caterpillar is dingy brown, inclining to greyish on the back of the first four rings, a dark mark about the middle of the back, and on each side of this two slender whitish lines are fairly distinct; underside, whitish tinged with pale violet. It feeds, in May and June, sometimes later, on dwarf sallow and willow, birch, aspen, etc. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 118. 1. SWALLOW-TAILED: _caterpillar_. 2. ORANGE MOTH: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 119. 1. BORDERED BEAUTY. 2, 3. DARK BORDERED BEAUTY. 4. LITTLE THORN. 5, 6. SPECKLED YELLOW. 7. PEACOCK. 8. SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK. 9, 10. TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE. {285} The moth is out in July and August, sometimes later. Although odd specimens have been recorded from Norfolk, St. Ives (Hunts), Newbury (Berks), and Arundel (Sussex), the species is a northern one, occurring chiefly near York (Sanburn Moss). In 1863, two specimens were secured at Learmouth Bog, near Cornhill-on-Tweed, and in 1890, Bolam found it at Newham Bog, on the Northumberland border. Renton states that it is fairly common in good seasons at Adderstone-lea Moss, Roxburghshire; and Salvage found it widely distributed in Sutherlandshire. LITTLE THORN (_Epione advenaria_). This species (Plate 119, Fig. 4) is usually whitish, freckled and clouded with grey brown; cross lines rather darker. The markings may be tinged with ochreous, or with red (Sheffield). A uniform brown- specimen with white fringes has been bred (Surrey). The caterpillar is greyish brown, minutely freckled with blackish; two white spots on front of ring 5, and two smaller {286} ones on 11; the rings between 5 and 11 with pale diamonds on the back, and whitish marks on the sides; head, black, white dotted. It feeds, in July and August, or even later, on dogwood, bilberry, sallow, etc. Mr. A. J. Scollick, who kindly provided the caterpillar figured on Plate 121, Fig. 3, informs me that in rearing larvae from the egg he finds that they prefer dogwood as a pabulum, and that in the locality where he takes the moth in June there is no bilberry, but plenty of _Cornus sanguinea_. This local species, which is out from late May well into June, is generally associated with bilberry, but by no means confined to localities where this plant flourishes. In some of its haunts it affects bramble, and in others rose. It occurs, in woodlands, in Essex, Kent, Surrey (Leith Hill, Horsley, Chilworth, etc.), Berkshire, and Oxfordshire (near Watlington), Sussex (Abbots Wood, St. Leonards Forest, etc.), Hampshire (New Forest), Devonshire (Haldon), in the West to Shropshire, and South Wales; Derbyshire and South Yorks. The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan; thus it has a more eastern distribution than either of our other species of _Epione_, which only reach Amurland. SPECKLED YELLOW (_Venilia maculata_). This pretty blackish-spotted yellow species (Plate 119, Figs. 5 and 6) varies somewhat in the tint of ground colour, but more so in the number and size of the markings; occasionally some of these are united, forming bands or blotches; or they may be reduced in number and size, leading up to ab. _quadrimaculata_, Hatchett (Pinion-spotted Yellow), a form that used to occur rarely in the Dartford district, Kent, and of which an example is depicted on Plate 61, Fig. 2. The caterpillar is green, with white lines and stripes; head, shining green. It feeds, in July and August, on wood sage (_Teucrium_), woundwort (_Stachys_), and dead nettle (_Lamium_). {287} The moth is a lover of the woodlands, and as it flies in the daytime, especially when sunny, will be almost certainly noted on the wing by any one rambling through the woods in June, or even late May. It is generally plentiful in the south and west of England, but although its range extends through the northern parts of the country, and widely over Scotland to Sutherland, it is more or less local and often rare in the northern area indicated. In North Wales and South-west Ireland, it is local, but not uncommon. THE PEACOCK MOTH (_Semiothisa_ (_Macaria_) _notata_). Whitish, with an ochreous tinge, and clouded with ochreous grey; three indistinct cross lines on the fore wings, commencing as brownish spots on the front margin; a larger brownish spot, inclining to reddish, on the front margin beyond the angle of outer line, and a large blackish or brownish divided spot below it; a shallow notch under the tips of the wings, edged with dark brown, and fringed with smoky brown. (Plate 119, Fig. 7.) The caterpillar is green, with brown markings on the sides, or brownish with green markings; head, black as a rule, but occasionally green. It feeds, in late June and in July, on birch and sallow; there is a second brood in August and September. The moth may be beaten out from birch bushes in May and June, and again in July and August. Woods are its favourite haunts, especially those where heather and small birch abound, but it is very local in the south of England, although it occurs in most of the counties from Kent to Cornwall. Barrett states that it is rather common in heathy woods in Staffordshire and Cheshire, and Forsythe gives it as local and uncommon in the Lancaster district; also recorded from Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Herts (Bentley Wood, 1901), and Gloucestershire; Glamorganshire, South Wales; Inverness and Ross, in Scotland. {288} SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK (_Semiothisa alternata_). Whitish clouded and suffused with greyish; fore wings crossed by three dark lines, commencing in blackish spots on the front margin; a greyish band follows the outer line, a reddish brown spot at the costal end, and a blackish spot about the middle, the spot broken up by the veins, which are here ochreous; a rather deep notch below the tip is edged with black and fringed with blackish. Hind wings with a black central dot, and a greyish band beyond. (Plate 119, Fig. 8.) Mr. A. J. Scollick has recorded that some caterpillars, presumably about a week old on June 24, 1905, went into chrysalis July 7 to 12. One moth emerged July 18, but no other appeared until December 20. A third came up on January 5, 1906, and a fourth on February 5. The caterpillar is pale green, with reddish brown blotches on the sides, and sometimes the back is also reddish brown. It feeds on alder, sallow, and sloe, in June, and as a second generation in the autumn. (Eggs and a caterpillar, the latter after Hofmann, are figured on Plate 123.) The moth flies in May and early June, and occasionally in July or August. This species, which is always local, is perhaps most frequently met with in the New Forest, Hants, but it is not uncommon in some parts of the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Devon, and Kent. Also noted from a few other southern counties, and from Suffolk, Norfolk, and Westmoreland. In Wales, it has occurred at Neath, Glamorganshire. The range of this species abroad, and also that of the last, extends to Amurland. TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE (_Semiothisa liturata_). The more frequent forms of this species are shown on Plate 119, Figs. 9, 10. In some examples the cross lines are almost absent, but in others they are very distinct and blackish in colour; the orange yellow band in the outer marginal area varies in width and in strength, but it is usually present, even in the sooty brown form ab. _nigrofulvata_, Collins (Plate 61, Fig. 7), described from Delamere, Cheshire, also found in Shropshire, and recorded from "Oakley Wood." [Illustration] 2 Pl. 120. 1, 3. EARLY MOTH. 2, 4, 5, 6. SPRING USHER. 7, 9. SCARCE UMBER. 8, 10, 11, 12. DOTTED BORDER. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 121. 1. DARK-BORDERED BEAUTY: _eggs_. 2, 2a. BORDERED BEAUTY: _eggs and caterpillar_. 3. LITTLE THORN: _caterpillar_. {289} The caterpillar (Plate 123, Fig. 2) is green, with white or creamy transverse lines and stripes; head, reddish. Another form is pale ochreous grey or brownish, with pale grey lines and stripes; head, almost black, with purple tinge. It feeds on the needles of Scots pine (_Pinus sylvestris_), in July and August, and occasionally in September and October. A photograph of the chrysalis by Mr. H. Main, enlarged to twice natural size, is shown on Plate 123. The moth is to be found in fir woods, where it lurks among the branches or sits on the trunks, or on the fallen needles on the ground. The moths of the first generation appear in June and July and, where it occurs, the second flies in August and September. Widely distributed over the British Isles, but not noted north of Moray, in Scotland. EARLY MOTH (_Hybernia rupicapraria_). Although generally common, and often abundant, over England, Wales, the south of Scotland, and Ireland, this species (Plate 120, Figs. 1 [male], 3 [female]) hardly ever comes under notice unless hedgerows and hawthorn bushes are examined in January and February, by the aid of a lantern, after darkness has set in. Then the males, and almost wingless females, will be found in numbers, sitting at the ends of the twigs. The caterpillar is whitish green, clouded with darker green, striped with white along the back, and marked with white on the sides. The general colour is sometimes very dark green, approaching black, and in this form the white markings are {290} more striking. It feeds, in April and May, on hawthorn, sloe, plum, and bilberry. SPRING USHER (_Hybernia leucophaearia_). [Illustration: FIG. 9. SPRING USHER AT REST. (Photo by W. J. Lucas.)] On Plate 120 are shown the typical and more usual forms of this variable species. Fig. 2 represents the male, and Fig. 4 the female. The form with blackish base and outer margin is ab. _marmorinaria_, Esper (Plate 120, Fig. 5). Ab. _merularia_, Weymer, is entirely black, and a modification of this form is shown in Fig. 6. Between each of these extremes and the type there are various gradations. The caterpillar is usually some shade of green, with yellowish lines on the back, and some have brownish marks on the sides; in others there are dark brown marks on the back of each ring. It feeds on the leaves of oak, in April and May. The moth rests on tree-trunks, fences, etc., and the males may be thus found during the day in February, earlier or later in some seasons; the female is less often obtained on trees and fences, but may be beaten, together with the male, from the dead leaves which remain upon oak and other bushes. The species appears to occur, more or less locally, in most of the English counties; it has also been recorded from Pembrokeshire and Flintshire, in Wales. In Scotland, it is obtained in {291} the south, and northwards to Aberdeenshire. There are but two records from Ireland, and these are doubtful. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan. SCARCE UMBER (_Hybernia aurantiaria_). One specimen of each sex of this orange yellow species will be found on Plate 120, where Fig. 7 represents the male, and Fig. 9 the female; the cross lines, in the male, are usually distinct on all the wings, but those on the hind pair are sometimes very faint, and occasionally absent. The ground colour is paler in some specimens than in others, and there is variation in the amount of purplish speckling, in the purplish clouding following the second line, and in the submarginal series of purplish marks of the fore wings. The marginal dots are sometimes absent from the hind wings, most frequently in specimens with faint cross lines on these wings. The eggs (Plate 125, Fig. 2), when I received them in February, were purplish, or violet brown. The caterpillar is yellowish, inclining to ochreous, lined with brown on the back, and striped with purplish on the sides; underside, dark purplish brown, inclining to blackish, and striped with yellowish. It feeds in the spring, sometimes to June, on oak, birch, blackthorn, etc., and may be found on the leaves during the day. The moth is out in the latter part of the year, from October, and is best obtained at night, when sitting on the twigs of trees and bushes, but a specimen or two may be found on tree-trunks, palings, etc., in the daytime. The species is widely distributed over England, and in some parts it is common in woods; also occurs in Wales. In Scotland it is very rare and local in Roxburghshire; local and uncommon in the Clyde area, and has been recorded from other parts of the country up to Aberdeen. Rare in Ireland, but noted from {292} Tyrone (local among birches at Cookstown), Monaghan, Fermanagh (Enniskillen), and Galway. DOTTED BORDER (_Hybernia marginaria_). On Plate 120 four specimens of this rather variable species are depicted. Figs. 8 [male] and 10 [female] show the more usual form; Fig. 12 represents the northern English, blackish var. _fuscata_, Harrison, and Fig. 11 an intermediate form resulting from a cross-pairing of _fuscata_ [female] with a southern [male]. Somewhat similar forms to the last have been captured in Wear Dale, Durham. [Illustration: FIG. 10. DOTTED BORDER, MALE.] [Illustration: FIG. 11. DOTTED BORDER, FEMALE.] (Photos by H. Main.) The caterpillar is figured on Plate 125, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich. It is described by Fenn as dull yellow, olive green, or greenish brown; a series of dark grey X-like marks on the back, most distinct on rings 5-11; the spiracles are white, each placed in a black cloud, and the spaces between them paler, sometimes yellowish; the last ring is often brown without marking, and the front rings have a purplish stripe above; under surface, paler throughout. It feeds, in April and May, as a rule, but has been found later, on hawthorn, sloe, oak, birch, alder, sallow, etc., and may be obtained in the daytime. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 122. 1-5. MOTTLED UMBER. 6-8. MARCH MOTH. 9-11. PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 123. 1. SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK: _eggs and caterpillar_. 2. TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE: _caterpillar and chrysalids_. {293} The moth is out in March and April; and after their short evening flight the males may be seen in numbers on hedgerows and the twigs of trees. It is not infrequent at sallow catkins, and sometimes is not scarce on palings and tree-trunks. The female may occasionally be detected in the crevices of bark on tree-trunks, but is more easily obtained on the twigs at night. The species is common over the whole of England and Wales, also in Ireland. As regards Scotland, it is abundant in the south, but its range does not seem to extend beyond Aberdeen; the var. _fuscata_ occurs in Renfrewshire. MOTTLED UMBER (_Hybernia defoliaria_). A female (Fig. 3) and four examples of the male of this variable species are shown on Plate 122. The ground colour of the fore wings in the male varies from whitish, through ochreous brown to dull russet brown; the cross bands (when present) range in colour from reddish brown to dark purplish, almost blackish, brown; in all the paler specimens the ground colour is more or less sprinkled or suffused with brownish; the darker specimens are sprinkled with dark purplish or blackish. Ab. _obscurata_, Staud., is almost uniformly dull brownish, and an example approaching this form is represented by Fig. 4. When deposited the eggs (Plate 125, Fig. 1b) were deep straw yellow. {294} The caterpillar (figured on Plate 125, Fig. 1, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich) has various shades of reddish brown on the back, and yellowish on the sides and beneath; the line above the red-marked white spiracles is black, and this has an interrupted edging of white. Fig. 1a shows a pale form. It feeds on the foliage of birch, oak, and other forest trees, also on fruit trees, rose, honeysuckle, etc. It often occurs in great abundance, and is largely responsible for the leafless condition of the trees, sometimes noticed in May. The moth appears from October to December, and occasionally in January, February, or March. Generally abundant throughout England and Wales; widely distributed, and often common in Ireland; not uncommon in the south of Scotland, but becoming less frequent northwards to Perthshire and Aberdeen. MARCH MOTH (_Anisopteryx aescularia_). [Illustration: FIG. 12. MARCH MOTH, MALE.] [Illustration: FIG. 14. MARCH MOTH, FEMALE X2.] [Illustration: FIG. 13. MARCH MOTH, FEMALE.] (Photos by H. Main.) Examples of each sex are shown on Plate 122, Figs. 7 and 8 [male], 6 [female]. The male varies in the general colour from pale to dark grey; the central area being sometimes smoky tinged. In the north of England, chiefly in Yorkshire, blackish specimens occur in which the markings are more or less obscured. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 124. 1-3. SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY. 4-6. BELTED BEAUTY. 7, 8. BRINDLED BEAUTY. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 125. 1. MOTTLED UMBER: _egg, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillars_. 2. SCARCE UMBER: _egg, natural size and enlarged_. 3. DOTTED BORDER: _caterpillar_. 4. MARCH MOTH: _caterpillar_. {295} [Illustration: FIG. 15. PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY. (Photo by H. Main.)] The caterpillar is pale green with a rather darker line along the back, and yellowish lines along the sides. It feeds on hawthorn, sloe, privet, lilac, currant, plum, cherry, rose, etc., also on oak, hornbeam, and some other trees: April to June. The figure of the caterpillar on Plate 125, Fig. 4, is from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich. The moth is out in the spring, and may be found on palings, tree-trunks, etc., in the daytime, and more freely flying about, or sitting on hedges, at night, when the spider-like wingless female is more frequently obtained. The male is attracted by light, and sometimes is not uncommon on gas lamps. Except that it seems not to have been noted north of Perthshire in Scotland, the species is generally distributed over the British Isles. PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Phigalia pedaria_). The fore wings of this species (Plate 122, Figs. 9 [female], 10, 11 [male]) are greyish, tinged with greenish or brown, and sprinkled with darker grey or brownish; the irregular cross lines are blackish. Occasional specimens in the north of England are more or less sprinkled with yellow buff or orange buff, and in these the cross-markings may be present or absent. A more frequent form of aberration in the north is a general darkening of the colour in {296} the direction of ab. _monacharia_, Staud., which is smoky black with the veins black, and occurs chiefly in South Yorkshire. The caterpillar, figured on Plate 126, Fig. 1, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich, is dull reddish brown, relieved with rust red mottling; the notched head is greyish brown. It feeds, in the spring, on birch, oak, elm, lime, poplar, sallow, hawthorn, sloe, plum and other fruit trees, rose, etc. The moth is out as a rule during the first two or three months of the year, but it has been noted in November and December, and also in mid-June. It may be seen in the daytime on tree-trunks, palings, etc., but the female secretes herself in any convenient cranny, and is not easily detected. The male flies at night, and comes freely to light. The species is pretty generally distributed throughout England and Wales, and Scotland up to Aberdeen. In Ireland, it has a wide distribution, but Kane states that, except in the Belfast district, it is decidedly scarce in the country. SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Apocheima hispidaria_). In the male (Plate 124, Figs. 1 and 2) the fore wings are ochreous grey inclining to brownish, usually much paler on the outer margin; cross lines black. Hind wings, greyish white, with a blackish central band. Fringes of all the wings chequered with blackish. Often the central area of the fore wings, between the first and second lines, is more or less blackish; less frequently the whole of these wings, up to or just beyond the submarginal line, is blackish; and sometimes the pale outer marginal area is broken up by the blackish nervules. Very rarely, the ground colour is almost white, and the cross-markings on the fore wings dusky grey. The female (Plate 124, Fig. 3) varies from brown to blackish. {297} [Illustration: FIG. 16. SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY AT REST. (Photo by H. Main.)] The caterpillar is brown, inclining to blackish or purplish, the raised spots are black, and occasionally the sides are freckled with orange (Plate 126, Fig. 2, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich). It feeds in May and early June on oak, and will also eat hawthorn, birch, and elm. The moth, which is out in February and March, appears to be local, but has a wide distribution through England from Durham to Hampshire, and even Devonshire. It has also been recorded from Denbighshire, North Wales. A well-known locality is Richmond Park, in Surrey, and here it is found resting on oak trunks or on the grass stems, etc., under or around the trees. The male is attracted by light. RANNOCH BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Nyssia lapponaria_). The sexes of this species are shown on Plate 134, where Fig. 3 represents the male, and Fig. 5 the female. It was not known to occur in the British Isles until 1871, when a male specimen was captured in Perthshire, on April 20 of that year. Mr. William M. Christy, in 1895, bred some moths from larvae obtained in the Highlands of Scotland, and he sent eggs to Mr. F. W. Frohawk, who worked out the life history, and described and figured all the stages from egg to perfect insect (_Entom._ xxviii. 237). In July, 1900 and 1901, Mr. E. A. Cockayne found {298} caterpillars, in Perthshire (Rannoch district), on ling, heath, and bog-myrtle; and in June, 1904, he published (_Entom._ xxxvii. 149) some interesting observations on the habits of the species in its native haunts. The greenish yellow eggs are laid in batches of 10 to 150 in the dry corollas of the cross-leaved heath, and less frequently between the stem and sheath of reeds, or in cracks in dead bracken stems, etc. The caterpillar (Plate 126, Fig. 3) is pale drab, inclining to a yellowish tint; irregular yellow stripes along the back and sides, and lines of blackish streaks between the stripes. It will eat birch, sallow, and hawthorn, in captivity; but in the open it feeds on heather and bog-myrtle: May-July. The chrysalis is reddish brown, rather paler on the wing covers (figured on Plate 126 from a photo, twice natural size, by Mr. H. Main). The moth is out in April and May, and sits on the twigs of heather and the stems of bog-myrtle. It has only been recorded from Perthshire, and is there very local, frequenting damp places near streams. Mr. A. W. Mera has obtained hybrids from a crossing of this species with _N. zonaria_. BELTED BEAUTY (_Nyssia zonaria_). Two males and a female of this species are depicted on Plate 124 (Figs. 4, 5 [male], 6 [female]). There is variation in the ground colour of the male, from white to greyish, and the markings are sometimes greyish brown and sometimes blackish. Kane states that, in Ireland, a large number of Connemara specimens have the fore wings entirely white, broken by dark veins, front margin, and three streaks parallel to the outer margin. The caterpillar is greenish, with dusky grey lines and freckles on the back, and a yellow stripe low down along the sides; the latter is edged below with blackish; the underside is black and striped with grey; head, greyish, freckled with darker. It feeds on sallow, dandelion, dock, plantain, clover, yarrow, grass, etc.: May to August. (Plate 126, Fig. 4; chrysalis, Fig. 4a; eggs, Plate 133, Fig. 4.) The moth is out in March and April, and rests by day on or among herbage. The male has been known to fly in the sunshine, but its more usual time of flight is the early evening. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 126. 1. PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar_. 2. SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar_. 3, 3a, 3b. RANNOCH BRINDLED BEAUTY: _egg, natural size enlarged. caterpillar and chrysalis_. 4, 4a. BELTED BEAUTY: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 127. 1-3. OAK BEAUTY. {299} The species is locally common on sand hills, on the coast of Cheshire, Flintshire, and Carnarvon; Wallasey is a noted locality, and the earliest British specimens were taken in that district about 1832; it also occurs on the Lancashire coast, in the Liverpool and Blackpool districts. In Ireland, it was first noted in Co. Antrim, where caterpillars were found at Ballycastle, and about twenty-two years ago moths were captured at the same place. Other Irish localities are Achill Island, off the coast of Mayo; Slyne Head and Roundstone, Connemara coast. There are records of its occurrence in the Isles of Skye and Tiree. BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Lycia hirtaria_). A male and a female are shown on Plate 124 (Figs. 7 [male], 8 [female]), and these represent the more usual form of the sexes in the London district. Some specimens are paler, others are darker; and not infrequently the wings are sprinkled with yellowish. On Plate 1 (Figs. 4, 6, 8) will be found figures of a female and two male examples of a large race taken by Mr. H. McArthur this season (1908) at Aviemore, in Scotland. One of these males is of a remarkable ochreous coloration, whilst in the other the contrast of grey ground and black marking is equally striking. The female is blackish sprinkled with ochreous. The caterpillar is purplish grey or reddish brown clouded and freckled with darker, and spotted with yellow on rings 5-8; the first ring is also marked with yellow in front, the head is freckled with black, and about the jaws with yellow. It feeds on lime, elm, willow, and fruit trees, especially plum and pear, {300} in May, June, and July. For the example figured on Plate 128, Fig. 1, I am indebted to Mr. Norman Riley; an Aviemore example is shown in colour on Plate 1, Fig. 7. The chrysalis (Plate 128, Fig. 1a) is dark reddish brown inclining to blackish. The moth comes out in March and April and is often a common object on tree-trunks, etc., in the London parks, squares, and gardens. Its range extends over the south of England, and northwards to Yorkshire and Cumberland, but it is nowhere so plentiful in England as throughout the Metropolitan area. It occurs in Wales, in Ireland, and in Scotland up to Inverness. OAK BEAUTY (_Pachys_ (_Amphidasys_) _strataria_). The fore wings of this species (Plate 127, Figs. 1-3) are white, sprinkled and cross lined with black; the first line is bordered inwardly, and the second line outwardly with brownish; frequently these two lines fall closely together on the inner margin, and sometimes they are united by a blackish blotch at this point; the brownish borders of the lines vary in width, and in some specimens the outer area beyond the second black line is almost entirely brownish; in other specimens the central and outer areas are almost free of black speckling, and in such examples the brownish borders of the lines stand out conspicuously. The caterpillar (Plate 128, Fig. 2) is usually some shade of brown--greyish, violet, or purplish--mottled and freckled with a darker hue. It feeds on oak, birch, and elm, will also eat sloe, plum, rose, etc., and is found from May to July. In confinement, larvae hatched in early May have gone down to pupate during the second week in June. The moth is out in March and April as a rule, but has been noted in late February, and also in early May. It may be seen resting during the day on trunks of trees, palings, etc., generally near the ground; when on the wing at night the male will come to light. Although not generally common it is widely distributed over England and Wales. In Ireland it has occurred in Wicklow, Westmeath, and Cork, and has been reared from pupae obtained at Glenmalure in the former county. Hybrids resulting from a cross between _strataria_ [male] and _betularia_ [female] have been named _herefordi_, Tutt. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 128. 1. BRINDLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. 2. OAK BEAUTY: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. 3. PEPPERED MOTH: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 129. 1-3. PEPPERED MOTH. {301} PEPPERED MOTH (_Pachys betularia_). Typically (Plate 129, Figs. 1 [male], 3 [female]) the wings are white, "peppered" with black, and with more or less distinct cross lines, also black. The black speckling varies in amount, in some examples it is almost absent, whilst in others it is so dense that the wings appear to be black sprinkled with white. Specimens of the last form are intermediate between the type and the melanic ab. _doubledayaria_, Milliere (Fig. 2). This black form, which seems to have been unknown about sixty years ago, is now much commoner than the type in the South-west Riding of Yorkshire, and has spread into Lancashire, Cheshire, and southwards to Lincolnshire. On the wolds of the latter county, and on Cannock Chase, Staffordshire, it is said to be the dominant form of the species. The aberration also occurs in the eastern and the southern counties of England to Hampshire. Northwards, the form has extended to Clydesdale in Scotland, where one was reared from a caterpillar obtained near Paisley. In Wales _doubledayaria_ is in the ascendant at Newport, Monmouth, and in Ireland one example of this variety together with some intermediate and typical specimens were reared from caterpillars collected at Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth. Possibly the liberal distribution of the eggs of _doubledayaria_ may have had something to do with the comparatively rapid extension of this form, at least to districts far away from its original locality. What is known as the buff var. of this species dates back to {302} the year 1874, when a buff female, paired with a black male, was captured at Heaton Park. From the eggs she deposited caterpillars hatched, and in due course pupated, but the moths reared from them were all either typical, or black. Some of the female moths were, however, given to other collectors to pair with black males with the result that buff specimens appeared among the moths reared by seven collectors. Subsequently, by breeding only from buff males and females 80 per cent. of this form were said to be obtained. By the year 1880, however, the race was extinct. In all the examples of the buff var. that I have seen, including a pair in my own collection, the ground colour is normal, but the usual black markings of the wings are brownish buff; I understand, however, that there are specimens in which the ground colour is ochreous. The vapour of chlorine will change an ordinary specimen to a buff var.; and it is said that caterpillars reared in an apartment where this vapour is present will produce these buff varieties. Mr. Mansbridge has recently described ab. _ochrearia_, and in this form the typical black markings are present on an ochreous ground. The specimen, a female, was captured at St. Annes, Lancashire, June, 1891. Gynandrous examples have been obtained, and seven of these abnormal forms occurred in a single brood reared from eggs by Mr. A. Harrison. The caterpillar (Plate 128, Fig. 3, from a photo by Mr. H. Main) is green, brownish green, or purplish brown; in the green form, which is minutely dotted with white, there is generally a faint purplish line along the back, two purplish knobs on ring 8, and a purplish patch enclosing two ochreous spots on ring 11; the deeply notched head is ochreous, shaded with purplish; the last ring of the body is tinged with purplish, as also are the two small points thereon. It feeds, from July to September, on oak, birch, elm, beech, sallow, plum and other fruit trees; also on rose, bramble, etc. The moth is out in May and June, {303} sometimes in July. The species is generally distributed, and sometimes common in the caterpillar state, but seems to be absent from the Scottish Isles. WAVED UMBER (_Hemerophila_ (_Synopsia_) _abruptaria_). [Illustration: Fig. 17. WAVED UMBER AT REST. (Photo by W. J. Lucas.)] A male and a female specimen are figured on Plate 130. The males are usually darker than the females, but they vary in the amount of darker clouding and suffusion. Three forms of the species have been named as follows--ab. _brunneata_, Tutt, a modification of the female rather more strongly than the darkest typical male. Ab. _fuscata_, Tutt, sooty brown, tending to blackish; both sexes somewhat paler in central area of fore wings. Ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, similar to ab. _fuscata_, but without pale marking; the thorax is also darker. (Plate 134, Fig. 7, ab. _fuscata_.) The eggs, furnished by Mr. Norman Riley, were verdigris green when laid, but on the third day changed to greyish. In general colour the caterpillar is greyish brown sometimes tinged with green; pinkish brown blotches along the back, often united on the front and hind rings. In some cases the caterpillar is almost black, with a lighter mark on front of the first ring. It feeds on privet and lilac, and is said to eat currant, broom, and jasmine: May to August. (Plate 133, Fig. 3.) The moth is out in April and May, and is fond of resting on palings, trees, and even walls. It appears to be most plentiful {304} in the London district, in the north and east of which the dark forms occur; but it is found more or less frequently over the greater part of England, and in South Wales; single specimens were taken at Hartlepool, Durham, in 1874 and 1875. One example has been recorded from Kincardineshire, Scotland; and one from Enniskillen, Ireland. RINGED CARPET (_Boarmia cinctaria_). Two specimens are shown on Plate 130. Fig. 3 represents the more or less typical form, and Fig. 4 depicts an example in which the central area is almost free of dark speckling, so that the whitish ground colour comes out distinctly. There is a good range of variation in the direction of both darker and paler forms than those figured. In some specimens with a clear white central area, the basal and outer marginal areas of the fore wings, and the outer area of the hind wings, are black or blackish; similar aberration is sometimes found in the more speckled specimens also. Occasionally, there is a projection from below the middle of the second black line to the basal band. The caterpillar is green, with darker green and whitish lines along the back and sides. It feeds on birch, sallow, and heath (_Erica cinerea_), and may be reared on knot-grass. The moth is out in May, sometimes late April or early June. The New Forest in Hampshire is the district _par excellence_ for this species, the most favoured locality being the heathy tract near Lyndhurst, where the moths are very common, in some years, on tree-trunks, especially birch, and on heather. Other localities in England are Poole Heath, Parley Heath, and Bloxworth in Dorset; Tilgate Forest, etc., in Sussex; Reading district in Berks, first noted in 1891. In Ireland, it is widely distributed, and is abundant at Killarney and some other parts of Kerry. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 130. 1, 2. WAVED UMBER. 3, 4. RINGED CARPET. 5, 6. WILLOW BEAUTY. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 131. 1. WILLOW BEAUTY: _eggs and caterpillar_. 2. MOTTLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar_. {305} WILLOW BEAUTY (_Boarmia gemmaria_). The two portraits on Plate 130 represent the best known forms of this species. Stephens in 1831 referred the smoky or dark slaty grey form (Fig. 6), which is the ordinary one in the London district, now as then, to _rhomboidaria_. Newman subsequently named this form _perfumaria_, and he, and other entomologists of the time, considered it as a species distinct from _gemmaria_ = _rhomboidaria_. We now know that the smoky grey specimens are not peculiar to the metropolitan area, but occur in other parts of England (Warwickshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, etc.), and are found, with the type, at Howth and other localities in Ireland. The more general forms throughout England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland up to Perthshire, are pale brown, or greyish brown (typical), sometimes ochreous tinged (Fig. 5); the latter is referable to ab. _consobrinaria_, Haworth. Black forms have been recorded from Norwich in Norfolk, and blackish specimens have been noted from Ashdown Forest, Sussex; from Cannock Chase, Staffordshire; and from the south of Scotland. The eggs (Plate 131, Fig. 1a) are green at first, changing to pink mottled with green, and finally to dark grey; the latter change indicates early hatching of the caterpillar, which usually occurs about a fortnight after the eggs are deposited. The caterpillar (Plate 131, Fig. 1, after a drawing by Mr. A. Sich) is dull reddish brown, mottled more or less with ochreous; traces of diamond-shaped marks on the back, the latter sometimes well defined. It feeds on ivy (in London gardens especially), hawthorn, birch, privet, lilac, rose, clematis, broom, and many other shrubs, and also on yew and fir, in August, and after hibernation in the spring. The moth is out in July and August; sometimes a second brood occurs in September. {306} This species is the _gemmaria_ of Brahm (1791), but _rhomboidaria_, Schiffermuller (1776), although only a catalogue name until figured by Hubner, about 1797, is adopted by some authors. SATIN CARPET (_Boarmia abietaria_). As an inhabitant of Britain this species was first noted from Hampshire, and in 1825 was figured and described by Curtis as _Alcis sericearia_. Two specimens of this form, from the New Forest, are depicted on Plate 132, Figs. 1, 2; but paler, and also darker, examples are found in this locality, and, occasionally, melanic specimens occur as well. The latter form, some examples of which might be described as sooty black with black veins, is more prevalent among the yews and firs of Surrey. The caterpillar, for the example of which (and also the egg), figured on Plate 138, Figs. 1, 1a, I am obliged to Mr. Arthur J. Scollick, is, in one form, ochreous brown with paler cream- patches on the back; and in another dark grey-brown with paler patches, sometimes of a light cinnamon brown; a pale, thin line along the middle of the back runs through a series of brownish diamonds; there are other pale lines on the back and sides, and these are edged with brownish, and partly with blackish; spiracles outlined in black. (Adapted from Buckler.) It feeds on spruce, pine, yew, oak, birch, sallow, etc., from August to June. A larva has been found on bilberry in Devon. The moth is out from late June to early August, but captured specimens are not often suitable for the cabinet, they are generally more or less frayed or scarred. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 132. 1, 2. SATIN CARPET. 3-6. MOTTLED BEAUTY. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 133. 1. DOTTED CARPET: _caterpillars_. 2. BRUSSELS LACE: _caterpillars_. 3. WAVED UMBER: _caterpillar_. 4. BELTED BEAUTY: _eggs_. {307} Beside Surrey and Hants, previously mentioned, the species occurs in Sussex (Tilgate Forest), Buckinghamshire (Halton), and has been recorded from Berkshire; Egg Buckland, Oxton, Bickleigh Vale, and other Devonshire localities; also from Cornwall, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire (the Cotswolds), and Monmouthshire. Staudinger and other recent authors have adopted _ribeata_, Clerck, for this species. MOTTLED BEAUTY (_Boarmia repandata_). Two examples of the more ordinary mottled form of this species are shown on Plate 132, Figs. 3 [male], and 4 [female]. Fig. 6 represents ab. _destrigaria_, Haworth (_muraria_, Curtis); and Fig. 5 depicts a specimen near var. _sodorensium_, Weir, from the Isle of Lewis. Dark-brown forms, inclining to blackish, are not uncommon in the London district, but in South Yorkshire coal-black specimens with whitish submarginal lines occur; a sooty black example from the Sheffield district is figured on Plate 134, Fig. 4, and, it may be added, these melanic forms are referable to ab. _nigricata_, Fuchs. Two forms of ab. _conversaria_, Hubner, will be found on Plate 134, where Fig. 1 depicts a specimen from the New Forest, and Fig. 8 represents an extreme example from North Devon. The _conversaria_ form occurs chiefly in the south and west of England, and is perhaps most plentiful along the North Devon coast; also in South Wales; Durham (rarely, on the coast). Broad dark banded specimens are recorded from Arran and Argyll. The caterpillar (figured on Plate 131, Fig. 2, after Sich) is brownish inclining to ochreous; a dark brownish line along the middle of the back, and a series of brownish diamond-shaped marks most distinct on the back of the middle rings; a line of blackish marks along the sides shows up in the paler examples. Sometimes the general colour is dark reddish brown, freckled with dark brown; but in all cases the underside is paler than the upper, and is striped and lined with dark and pale brown. {308} It feeds on hawthorn, birch, elm, hazel, bilberry, heather, etc., from July to May. The moth is out in June and July, and specimens of a second generation have been reared in September. Generally common throughout the British Isles. GREAT OAK BEAUTY (_Boarmia roboraria_). [Illustration: FIG. 18. CATERPILLAR OF GREAT OAK BEAUTY. (Photo by "A. Forester".)] The fine Boarmid moth shown on Plate 135, Fig. 2, has all the typical markings well defined. Occasionally the black cross lines are more distinct, but sometimes they are more or less absent, or obscured. An almost black specimen is mentioned by Barrett as taken in the Reading district, Berkshire; and the same author states that a black example was captured in the Midlands about the year 1887, but no other specimen was observed until 1893, when a female was obtained, and from eggs deposited smoky black moths were reared. The caterpillar is very like an oak twig in shape, especially when in repose. (See Fig. 18.) In colour it is reddish brown, inclining to ochreous brown; brownish grey on the humps on rings 5 and 11, and on the skin folds. It feeds on oak during the autumn, and, after hibernation, in the spring. The moth is out in June and July, and may be found on oak trees rather high up the trunks. When on the wing at night it will visit the sugar patch. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 134. 1, 4, 7, 8. MOTTLED BEAUTY, VARS. 2. SPECKLED BEAUTY. 3, 5. RANNOCH BRINDLED BEAUTY. 6. SEPTEMBER THORN. 9. LARGE THORN, VAR. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 135. 2. GREAT OAK BEAUTY. 1, 3. PALE OAK BEAUTY. {309} The species occurs most frequently in the New Forest, Hampshire, where, in some years, it is very common. Other English counties in which it has been found, or still exists, are--Devon (Cann Woods), Dorset (Cranborne and Bloxworth), Wilts. (Savernake Forest), Sussex (Abbots Wood, Charlton Forest, Holme Bank, etc.), Surrey (Addington, June, 1902), Kent, Essex (Epping Forest), Berks., Bucks., Warwick (Princethorpe Wood), Worcester (Wyre Forest), Stafford (Cannock Chase), Cheshire (Dunham Park), York (wood near Selby), Lancashire (Corporation and Quernmore Woods). PALE OAK BEAUTY (_Boarmia consortaria_). Some specimens are rather greyer, and the cross markings are occasionally less distinct than in Figs. 1 [male], and 3 [female] on Plate 135, which represent the typical forms of this species in England. Examples of a blackish form have been noted from a wood in West Kent, and these are apparently referable to the melanic ab. _humperti_, Humpert, but the Kentish specimens I have seen had the second line of fore wings edged with white, and a white submarginal line. The caterpillar, which in shape is somewhat like that of the last species, varies in colour. One form is greenish grey, with three lines, the central one darker than those on each side. In another the colour is pale brown mottled with reddish and a darker brown. It feeds on oak, birch, and sometimes sallow, in July and August. The moth is out in June and July, and specimens have been recorded as captured in September. It may be found on the trunks of oak and fir trees, and will come to sugar and light at night. Although local it is not uncommon in the New Forest and other woods in Hampshire; also in Sussex, Surrey, Kent. {310} and Berkshire. It has been recorded from Buckinghamshire, Wiltshire, and Dorsetshire; and as local and scarce in the Lancaster district. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan, and in both countries it is represented by var. _conferenda_, Butler. SPECKLED BEAUTY (_Cleora angularia_). Stephens, who in 1831 figured this insect as _Cleora viduaria_, Wien. Verz., remarks, "All the examples I have seen of this beautiful species were captured in the New Forest: the first about June, 1822, the remainder in 1825 and 1826: I believe in the vicinity of Lyndhurst." Barrett states that the late Mr. Samuel Stevens obtained a number of specimens "by sweeping the upper branches of oak trees in the New Forest with a long pole." This was in 1849; and between that year and 1872, about which time it seems to have disappeared, the moth was found, by those who knew where to look for it, in the Forest between Brockenhurst and Lyndhurst. Specimens have also been taken, in the past, in Tilgate Forest, Sussex, by the late William Tester, and by Mr. Merrifield, at Holm Bank, near Henfield, in the same county. There have been recent rumours of its reappearance in the New Forest, but I have been unable to ascertain anything definite about this. The specimen depicted in Plate 134, Fig. 2, has been kindly lent by Mr. R. Adkin. The caterpillar, stated by Hofmann to feed on lichen growing upon oak and birch, is brownish variegated with paler shades. BRUSSELS LACE (_Cleora lichenaria_). The greenish grey species shown on Plate 136, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female], varies in tint; the fore wings are often clouded with olive, and occasionally with blackish; there is frequently a tinge of {311} ochreous between the black cross lines, but sometimes this area is flushed with orange. Two figures of the caterpillar will be found on Plate 133, Fig. 2. In colour and marking it so closely resembles the greenish-grey lichen upon which it feeds, that its detection thereon is not always easy. May and June are the best months in which to collect the caterpillars (although they may be found during the autumn and early spring), and they may then be jarred from the lichen (_Usnea barbata_), etc., growing on branches of trees and bushes, or searched for among the lichen on the tree trunks, or on wooden pales and fences. The species is widely spread over the southern half of England, but is more or less rare from the Midlands northwards. It has occurred in South Wales; and Kane states that it is widely distributed and locally common in Ireland. In some parts of South Scotland it is not uncommon, and its range extends to Aberdeen and Ross. THE DOTTED CARPET (_Cleora jubata_). This species (Plate 136, Figs. 3, 4) has long been known as _glabraria_, Hubner, but as authorities are agreed that _jubata_, Thunberg, is an earlier name, it must be adopted. The general colour is whitish, powdered with dark grey and black; there are four black spots on the front margin and from these blackish markings cross the wings, but only the first line is generally distinct, although a second line, beyond the large black discal spot, is sometimes clearly defined and entire; occasionally a central shade and a submarginal line are both in evidence. The hind wings have a black central spot and a blackish line beyond, but the latter is often absent. Exceptional aberration takes the form of leaden black blotches, clouds, and streaks on the fore wings, and dusky clouding on the hind wings, chiefly on the basal area. {312} The caterpillar is of a faint bluish green, inclining to greenish white on the back; a row of black spots along the back, and a broken black narrow stripe along each side. It feeds on tree lichens (_Usnea barbata_), etc., from September to June or July. Three figures of this caterpillar are given on Plate 133, Fig. 3. The moth is out in July and August, and may be found at rest on tree trunks now and then, but is more frequently obtained by jarring the lichen-clad branches of oak. Although it is known to occur very locally and somewhat rarely in the counties of Wilts., Dorset, and Devon, the New Forest in Hampshire is the English district where one is most likely to meet with this species. It has been recorded from Cornwall (Falmouth district, 1904), Hereford, Pembrokeshire, Carnarvonshire (Beddgelert), and Cumberland. Charlton Forest, Sussex, has also been mentioned. In Scotland, Renton states that it is generally common in Roxburghshire; it occurs in several of the woods in Clydesdale, and has been noted from Argyllshire. THE ENGRAILED (_Tephrosia bistortata_). In the following brief remarks on _T. bistortata_, Goeze (= _biundularia_, Borkhausen), I have included reference to _crepuscularia_, Hubner (= _biundularia_, Esper). The former (which is also named _abietaria_, Haworth, and _laricaria_, Doubleday) appears on the wing in March and April, and there is a second flight in July and August. Moths of the second generation are few in number and small in size, and are referable to abs. _consonaria_ and _strigularia_, Stephens. A third generation of still smaller moths has been reared. _Crepuscularia_ is out in May and June, rarely in April; its caterpillar feeds in June and July or later; according to Barrett, a second generation of the moth has occurred in August. One or two moths have been captured in September or October, but whether these were referable to _bistortata_ or _crepuscularia_ is not quite clear. [Illustration: FIG. 19. SMALL ENGRAILED, AT REST. (Photo by W. J. Lucas.)] By some authorities the double-brooded _bistortata_ is {313} considered specifically distinct from the, normally, single-brooded _crepuscularia_; others hold the opposite view. The March and April moths are generally rather browner in colour than those appearing in May and June, but I have some specimens taken in Wiltshire at the end of March, which are quite as pale as any example in the May-June series. Probably, we should be right in regarding _crepuscularia_ as the older stock from which the double-brooded race, _bistortata_, has sprung. The former has a more extensive range, as it inhabits Northern Europe (Sutherlandshire in British Isles), whilst _bistortata_ seems to be confined to Central Europe. A Perthshire form of the May-June race is shown on Plate 136, Fig. 7; and an example of ab. _delamerensis_, White, from Delamere Forest, Cheshire, is represented by Fig. 8. Figs. 6 [male], 7 [female], represent examples of the March and April race. Black or blackish forms, with the sub-marginal line more or less distinctly white, occur in both races, chiefly in Glamorganshire, South Wales. {314} A photograph, by Mr. H. Main, of the caterpillar, is reproduced on Plate 138, Fig. 3. The general colour is grey, inclining to yellowish or brownish; sometimes it is reddish brown; two broken dark-grey lines on the back, and some pale blotches on the sides. The caterpillars of the first race (_bistortata_) feed in May and June, and again in August and September. Those of the second race in June and July, or later. They seem to eat the foliage of trees, including those in orchards. NOTE.--Cross-pairings between _bistortata_ [male] and _crepuscularia_ [female] resulted in the ab. _ridingi_, Tutt, whilst the offspring of a crossing of _crepuscularia_ [male] and _bistortata_ [female] have been named _bacoti_, Tutt. Pairings of _bistortata_ [male] and _delamerensis_ [female] produce ab. _ridingi-suffusa_, Tutt; and those of _delamerensis_ [male] and _bistortata_ [female] = _bacoti-suffusa_, Tutt. Further, _bacoti-suffusa_ will pair with _ridingi-suffusa_, or the last named with _crepuscularia_; the progeny being in the first case _mixta_, Tutt, and in the latter, _reversa_, Tutt. BRINDLED WHITE-SPOT (_Tephrosia luridata_). Two examples of this species (also known as _extersaria_, Hubner) are depicted on Plate 137, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]. There is variation in the amount of black speckling and in the strength of the cross lines. The caterpillar is dull hazel or chocolate brown, often tinged with green; a row of whitish dots on each side of a series of pale spots along the middle of the back; rings 4 and 8 barred with black-brown or dusky rust colour. Sometimes the general colour is green. (Adapted from Fenn.) It feeds in July and August, or even later, on oak and birch, sometimes on alder and sallow. The moth is out in May and June, earlier or later in some seasons. In Britain apparently confined to England, where it occurs locally, in woods, from Worcestershire {315} southwards to Kent and Cornwall, and eastward to Norfolk and Suffolk. In the New Forest, Hampshire, where it is often plentiful, it may be seen on the boles of trees, but is more easily obtained after dark when it comes to the sugar patch. SQUARE SPOT (_Tephrosia consonaria_). Two examples of this species will be found on Plate 137, Figs. 3 [male], 4 [female]. There is variation in the greyish or brownish speckling of the wings, and this in some typical examples is so sparse that the wings appear to be almost white with brownish basal band and brownish markings on the outer area; the most conspicuous of the latter being the middle square spot between the second and submarginal lines, more or less distinct in all forms, to which the English name refers. In other specimens the wings are, especially the front pair, densely covered with the dark speckling. Some Surrey specimens, chiefly from the Leith Hill district, have an ochreous tinge; and quite recently a black form of the species has occurred in a wood near Maidstone, in West Kent. The last phase of aberration seems to be unknown in any other part of Britain, and also, I believe, elsewhere. The egg (Plate 138, Fig. 2) is yellowish green when laid; later it becomes yellow, and orange red markings appear, chiefly at one end. The somewhat wrinkled caterpillar is ochreous brown above, inclining to greyish between the rings; an ochreous line along the middle of the back is only clearly defined on the front rings; the under side is greenish ochreous, and sometimes this colour extends to the upper side also; the head, which is notched on the crown, is pale ochreous, more or less marked with brown. It feeds at night, in June and July, on birch, beech, oak, pine, etc. {316} The moth is out in May and June, earlier in some districts. In the daytime it may be seen on the trunks or boughs of trees, most frequently at too great a height to be easily secured; but still a few sit low enough for capture, especially on the trunks of fir trees. The species is a decidedly local one, and seems to be largely confined, in Britain, to the southern parts of England, Wales, and Ireland. It occurs in some of the woods of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Essex, and Suffolk. Edwards notes the species as rare at Malvern, Worcestershire. Forsythe, in "A List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of Lancaster and District" (_Entom._ 1905, p. 12), states that the moth may be found sitting on the fir-tree trunks at the end of May, at Witherslack and Quernmore; and a single specimen has been recorded from Upton, near Birkenhead, Cheshire. The occurrence of _T. consonaria_ in the north of England seems open to question. The only county in Wales appears to be Glamorganshire, as mentioned by Barrett. Kane (_Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland_) noted the species from Derrycunihy, and Mucross, Killarney, where he has taken it in moderate abundance; he also gives Clonbullogue, in King's County. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. GREY BIRCH (_Tephrosia punctularia_). Three examples of this greyish species are shown on Plate 137. The wings are usually whitish grey in the ground colour, and sprinkled or dusted with darker grey; there are three blackish, or black dotted, cross lines on the fore wings, often indistinct, but rarely entirely absent, and even then represented by black marks on the front margin. Sometimes the first and third lines may be well in evidence and the central one absent; occasionally the second line is placed quite close to the first; the sub-marginal line is whitish, inwardly shaded with dark greyish, especially at the middle and towards the front margin. The hind wings have two cross lines corresponding with the first and third on the fore wings. There is a good deal of variation in the amount of dark speckling, and this is occasionally so heavy that the insect becomes dark grey in colour; I have taken such specimens at Oxshott in Surrey. Dark aberrations are perhaps more frequent in the north of England, but the species is more local and less plentiful in that part of the country. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 136. 1, 2. BRUSSELS LACE. 3, 4. DOTTED CARPET. 5, 6. SMALL ENGRAILED. 7, 8. THE ENGRAILED. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 137. 1, 2. BRINDLED WHITE-SPOT. 3, 4. SQUARE SPOT. 5-7. GREY BIRCH. 8, 9. HORSE CHESTNUT. {317} The caterpillar, which may be beaten from birch, and sometimes alder, in July, is bright apple green with yellowish lines on the sides and back; the ring divisions are yellow, and the head is tinged with that colour. (Adapted from Porritt.) Sometimes the caterpillars are brownish, or greenish grey in general colour. The moth, which is out in May and June, will be found in woods, or on heaths, where birches grow. It rests on the trunks of the trees and may be boxed, as a rule, with ease. On some occasions, however, it is very lively, and the net will have to be brought into action for its capture. The distribution of this species extends through England, but it is far more plentiful in the south than in the north, although it has been recorded from several places in Yorkshire, and from Coal Law Wood in Northumberland. It is found also in Wales, and in Scotland up to Moray. In Ireland it is not frequent, but has been noted from Mucross, and the Upper Lake of Killarney, in Kerry, and from Tinahely in Wicklow; Kane also gives Clonbrock in Galway, and adds that "some specimens from this locality have the spots very large on a clear whitish ground, so that they have a superficial resemblance to _Cleora glabraria_." The range abroad spreads to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan. NOTE.--Staudinger places the last four species in _Boarmia_, Treitschke; but Prout and others refer them to the genus _Ectropis_, Hubner. The latter will probably have to be adopted. {318} HORSE CHESTNUT (_Pachycnema hippocastanaria_). The rather long and somewhat oval fore wings of this species (Plate 137, Figs. 8, 9) are brownish grey, inclining to purplish grey; the two cross lines are blackish, edged with whitish, but generally indistinct; when the lines are well defined, the enclosed central area is sometimes darker than the other parts of the wings; there is a black central dot, and occasionally there is a well-marked dusky central shade. Hind wings, whitish, more or less tinged with smoky grey; frequently there is a dusky, curved line beyond the middle, and this is sometimes outwardly edged with whitish. The caterpillar is greyish brown, dotted with black, and marked on the back and sides with reddish brown. When at rest on the twigs of its food plant, heather or ling (_Calluna vulgaris_), this caterpillar agrees so well with its surroundings that it is not at all easy to see; at least, we may see it, but fail to distinguish it from the twigs of the plant. It may be obtained in June and July, and again in the autumn. (Figured on Plate 140, after Hofmann.) The first flight of the moth occurs in April and May; the second in August, but specimens of the later generation are usually small in size and in number, as compared with those of the early brood. In Britain, this species has so far only been found on the heaths of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, Berkshire, and Suffolk; in all these counties it is more or less local, but it abounds in some of its haunts. It has been recorded from Hereford, and Edwards states that it occurs rarely in the Malvern district of Worcestershire. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 138. 1. SATIN CARPET: _egg and caterpillar_. 2. SQUARE SPOT: _eggs_. 3. THE ENGRAILED: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 139. 1-3. ANNULET. 4, 5. SCOTCH ANNULET. 6, 7. BLACK MOUNTAIN MOTH. {319} THE ANNULET (_Gnophos_ (_Sciadion_) _obscurata_). In a general way, all the grey specimens of this species are referable to the type form _obscurata_, Schiffermuller; the true type, however, appears to be rare in Britain, even if it occurs at all. It is, perhaps, best represented by well-marked dark specimens from limestone districts, or the lighter ones from peaty ground. At Folkestone and in other chalky localities on the Kentish coast, the bulk of the specimens are pale grey inclining to whitish, usually with the black cross lines showing more or less clearly. Sometimes the lines are obscured by heavy freckling (ab. _woodiata_, Prout); not infrequently, at Folkestone chiefly, the inner and outer areas are pale, more or less free of freckling, but the central area, defined by black lines, is densely freckled; this is the banded form (ab. _fasciata_, Prout). A form occurs on the chalk hills at Lewes in Sussex, in which the wings are almost white, without freckling, but with distinct black lines and rings (ab. _calceata_, Staudinger); a modification of this whitish form from Lewes has been described by Prout as ab. _mundata_, "Almost pure whitish, with virtually no markings, excepting the annulets." On heaths in Surrey and Hampshire, and on the mountains of Aberdeen and Perthshire, a blackish form occurs (ab. _obscuriorata_, Prout = _obscuraria_, Hubner, 146); and sometimes specimens are found in which the wings are of "an intense and almost uniform black" (ab. _saturata_, Prout). In Devonshire and Cornwall, the species is darkish grey inclining to brownish (ab. _anthracinaria_, Esper); whilst on the coasts of North Devon and Wales it is of a slaty grey, more or less tinged with brown, and almost without markings; the Welsh specimens are large, and the wings are rather shining (ab. _uniformata_, Prout). A form, which I have not seen, of "a sandy or reddish colour" is referred by Prout (_Trans. City of Lond. Ent. Soc._, 1903, p. 39) to ab. _argillacearia_, Staudinger; it {320} occurs in sandstone localities. (Plate 84, Figs. 1, Folkestone; 2, New Forest; 3, Lewes.) The rather rough and dumpy caterpillar is dark greyish brown above, inclining to purplish brown beneath; the raised dots are capped with white, and there is a pair of white-capped warts on the last ring (adapted from Barrett). It feeds on rock rose (_Helianthemum_), cinquefoil (_Potentilla_), salad burnet (_Poterium_), etc.; or the larvae may be reared on groundsel, chickweed, and strawberry, both wild and cultivated: September to May. (Plate 140, Fig. 2.) Mr. A. J. Scollick kindly gave me some eggs, laid by a female taken in Surrey; they were yellowish green at first, but changed to pale brownish. The caterpillars hatched and seemed to thrive on groundsel, but they died during the winter. The moth is out in July and August, and is widely distributed in England, but except that it occurs in Surrey, Berkshire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire, it seems to prefer the seaboard counties, and in them chiefly affects localities near the sea. It is found in Wales, and in Scotland up to Moray; but in both these countries and also in Ireland it is most frequent on the coast. SCOTCH ANNULET (_Gnophos myrtillata_). This species (Plate 139, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female]) was introduced, as a species new to Britain, by Curtis, who described and figured it as _Charissa operaria_ in 1826, from specimens captured in Scotland. Subsequently, it was found to be the _obfuscaria_, of Hubner, and also the _obfuscata_ of the Vienna Catalogue (1776). The latter, however, being only a bare name without description, was not generally accepted, although, if valid, it would be prior to Hubner. Still later the species was ascertained to be the _myrtillata_ of Thunberg (1792), and as this name is much earlier than _obfuscaria_ it is here adopted. As a matter of fact, both names are in use, as that of Hubner applies to our ashy grey form of the species, whilst that given by Thunberg belongs to the typical fuscous grey form. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 140. 1. HORSE CHESTNUT: _caterpillar_. 2. ANNULET: _caterpillar_. 3. BORDERED WHITE: _caterpillar, and chrysalis (enlarged)_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 141. 1, 2. NETTED MOUNTAIN MOTH. 3. FROSTED YELLOW. 4-7. COMMON HEATH. 8-10. BORDERED WHITE. {321} The rather stout caterpillar is grey with darker lines and V-shaped marks along the middle of the back, and dark-edged pale lines on the sides; two erect whitish points on ring 12. It feeds on heather (_Calluna_), broom (_Sarothamnus scoparius_), and needle furze or petty-whin (_Genista anglica_), but it may be reared on knot grass. September to June, sometimes later. The moth is out in July and August, and frequents heaths, moor, and mountain, in Scotland from Clydesdale (including Bute and Arran) to Aberdeen and Ross, and the Isle of Lewis. A male specimen has been recorded from Ireland (Dowros Head, co. Donegal, 1898). It may be found resting upon rocks, stone walls, etc.; where these have suitable holes, crannies, or projections they are selected as hiding places. Sometimes the moth has been noted on the wing during the day, but at night it flies freely, and will then visit light. BLACK MOUNTAIN MOTH (_Psodos coracina_). The smoky-grey species represented on Plate 139, Figs. 6 [male] 7 [female], has two black lines on the fore wings; these are often edged with whitish, and the space between them blackish; the submarginal line is whitish, and the discal spot is black; the hind wings have a black central spot and two pale lines or bands. The female is rather smaller and much paler. In both sexes the central band of the fore wings is generally narrowed below the middle, and sometimes it is completely divided at this point. As regards the British Isles, this species is known only to occur in the Highlands of Scotland. It is a day flyer, and very fond of sunshine, but its favourite haunts are situated at elevations of from 2000 to 4000 feet. {322} NOTE.--Newman (_British Moths_, p. 68) figures this species as The Dusky Carpet (_Mniophila cineraria_), and the insect, then known by the latter name, is figured as _Psodos trepidaria_, a synonym of the present species. In referring to this transposition of names, it may be well to add that _M. cineraria_, catalogued as British by Doubleday, and stated by Stainton (_Manual_ ii., p. 31) to have once occurred at Tenby, South Wales, can only be regarded as an "accidental." The specimen, which is in the Natural History Museum, at South Kensington, appears to be _Tephronia sepiaria_, Hufnagel, which is the _cineraria_ of Hubner. A moth, supposed to be a specimen of _Dasydia tenebraria_, Esper = _torvaria_, Hubner, was reported as taken in Ireland "many years" before 1843, but at the present time that specimen, apparently, does not exist, and there is no exact description of it extant. NETTED MOUNTAIN MOTH (_Fidonia carbonaria_). The white wings of this species (Plate 141, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) are freckled with blackish and crossed by black stripes; sometimes the freckling is so heavy that the white ground colour is much obscured and only distinctly seen as edging to the cross stripes. The caterpillar is dingy ochreous or whity brown marked with wavy darker stripes. It feeds at night on birch and sallow; _Vaccinium_, _Erica_, bearberry (_Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_) have also been mentioned as food plants. In April and May, the moth, which is to be found locally, high up on the mountains of Scotland from Perthshire to Ross, is on the wing, and flies in the sunshine. Writing of this species at Rannoch in May (about 17th), 1905, Mr. E. A. Cockayne remarks that the moths began to fly about noon, {323} when they appeared on all sides and were fairly active on the wing. The distribution abroad is northern and Alpine, and the range extends to North-east Siberia. FROSTED YELLOW (_Fidonia limbaria_). This black-bordered orange-yellow species (Plate 141, Fig. 3) is not likely to be confused with any other occurring in Britain. The wings are more or less sprinkled with black, but this is usually most noticeable on the hind wings which are sometimes thickly sprinkled, or, more rarely, the yellow ground colour is entirely obscured. The form with a black discal spot on all the wings has been named ab. _quadripunctaria_, Fuchs. In ab. _fumata_, Mathew, the orange yellow is replaced by smoky umber brown, tinged with orange, and dusted with black atoms (bred July, 1899). The caterpillar is greenish with grey-edged yellowish lines along the back, and a black-edged yellow one along the sides. The ground colour is sometimes purplish brown. It feeds on broom chiefly, but will eat other Genisteae. There appears to be two broods, one in June, and the other in September, or earlier sometimes. The moth is out in May and early June, and again in July and August, but it has been known to remain in the chrysalis for four years. It flies in the sunshine, and when resting, it sits like a butterfly, with its wings brought together over its back. Stephens (1831) states that the species was "not uncommon among high broom in the vicinity of Birch-wood in Kent." Later authors give Stowmarket (common), Needham, Barham, and Ipswich, in Suffolk. There are no recent records from the county of Kent; and not much has been heard of the species from Suffolk, although it may still exist, in greatly reduced numbers, in some of its old haunts therein. {324} COMMON HEATH (_Ematurga atomaria_). Four specimens of this variable species are shown on Plate 141 (Figs. 4, 5 [male], 6, 7 [female]). The general colour of all the wings in the male is ochreous, inclining to whitish or to brownish. Usually the wings are speckled with brown, and the cross lines, or bands, are dark brown. Occasionally the cross markings are absent; but more frequently the three lines on the fore wings are much broadened and more or less united, sometimes forming a central band in which are a few ochreous scales towards the front margin: ab. _obsoletaria_, Zetterstedt. Dark brown or blackish specimens (ab. _unicolorata_, Staudinger) are captured now and then in the southern counties of England, but such uniform dark varieties are more frequent in the north (Staffordshire and Yorkshire). The female is white in colour, and usually only lightly speckled with blackish; the cross lines are more conspicuous, as a rule, than in the male, but they are subject to pretty much the same kind of aberration. Sometimes examples of this sex greatly resemble _Fidonia carbonaria_, and have been confused with that species by Haworth and other entomologists in the past. An abnormal specimen with six wings has been recorded, and Barrett mentions a gynandrous example--the right side like a small dark female, and the left an ordinary male; both antennae shortly pectinated. The caterpillar, according to Fenn, is variable in colour and markings, all shades of brown, greenish brown, ochreous, purple, and grey; in some examples there are pale diamonds, and in others whitish spots, along the back. It feeds on ling and heath, and will eat clover, trefoils, broom, etc.: July and August, and occasionally September. The moth is out in May and June, and sometimes there are specimens on the wing in August. Abundant on almost every heath throughout the British Isles, except in the Shetlands. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 142. 1. V-MOTH: _caterpillar_. 2. YELLOW BELLE: _caterpillars_. 3. BORDERED GREY: _caterpillar_. 4. GREY SCALLOPED BAR: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 143. 1, 2. BORDERED GREY. 3. V-MOTH. 4, 5. RANNOCH LOOPER. 6. BROWN SILVER-LINE. 7-9. LATTICED HEATH. {325} BORDERED WHITE (_Bupalus piniaria_). Two forms of the male of this species are represented on Plate 141. Fig. 9 shows the yellow English form (ab. _flavescens_, White), and Fig. 10 the white North English and Scotch forms. In southern localities, however, specimens occur which are almost as white as the northern or even Scotch examples; I have two such specimens from Surrey. There is considerable variation in the size of area occupied by the pale colour, both in white and yellow forms. In one of the former, from Forres, in Scotland, the white is represented by a small oval spot and dappled streak on the fore wings; an entirely black specimen (ab. _nigricarius_, Backhaus) has been noted from Berkshire. In other specimens there is an unusually large proportion of pale colour. The females are usually orange, or orange yellow, in the south (Fig. 8); and yellowish brown, or dingy orange brown, in the north. The brownish- females occasionally occur in the south, and the brighter form of this sex is sometimes taken in the Midlands, where the two forms of the species seem to overlap. The long, greenish caterpillar is marked with whitish or yellow lines; those along the back are edged with black, and along the sides with dark green. It feeds from August to October on the needles of the pine, and also on other firs. (Plate 140, Fig. 3; Fig. 3a shows a photo of the chrysalis, twice natural size, by Mr. H. Main.) The moth is out in May and June, later in the north; it is generally common in pine woods throughout England, Wales, and Scotland. BORDERED GREY (_Selidosema ericetaria_). Portraits of the male and female of this species (known also as _plumaria_) will be found on Plate 143, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]. The cross markings are more distinct in some specimens than in others, and the central one of the fore wings varies in width. {326} The caterpillar (Plate 142, Fig. 3, from a photograph by Mr. H. Main) is grey, with a dark-brown or blackish irregular double line along the back, and pale lines along the sides, the lower one edged above with reddish brown; spiracles, black, as also are the dots on the back; the last ring ends in a point. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds on ling (_Calluna_), from September well on into the following spring. The moth occurs on heaths and mosses in July and August, but it is local. On warm days the males are very active, but about dusk they are not difficult to capture. In southern England, the New Forest, Hants, appears to be its special home, but it is also found in other parts of that county, including the Isle of Wight, in Dorsetshire, and in Surrey; also noted from Berkshire. It is scarce in Cheshire, fairly common on the Witherslack mosses in North Lancashire, and at Ullswater in Cumberland. Except that it has been recorded from the Isle of Arran (1882), it does not seem to have been noted in Scotland. In Ireland it is widely distributed, and is abundant at Kinsale, co. Cork. THE V-MOTH (_Thamnonoma_ (_Itame_) _wauari_). The popular name of this species (Plate 143, Fig. 3) refers to the black discal mark on the more or less violet-tinged pale, greyish fore wings; but there is a good deal of variation in this character. Occasionally the wings are suffused with smoky (ab. _vau-nigraria_, Hatchett), or more rarely with blackish brown (ab. _fuscaria_, Thunberg). On Plate 142 is a figure of the caterpillar, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich. The general colour is greenish, or some shade of brown; the lines on the back are white, and that low down along the sides is broad, and yellow; the raised dots are black with short bristles. It feeds in April, May, and June on the foliage of gooseberry and currant, and is especially fond of the tender shoots. {327} The moth, which is out in July and August, is often common in gardens and orchards where bush fruit is grown, pretty well throughout the United Kingdom. It appears to occur only rarely in Ireland. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, and a form is found in Labrador. RANNOCH LOOPER (_Thamnonoma brunneata_). All the wings are of a rusty ochreous colour, sometimes, chiefly in the male, inclining to a purplish tint on the fore wings; the brownish cross lines are usually most distinct in the female, which sex Hubner figured as _pinetaria_. (Plate 143, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female].) The caterpillar is reddish brown, with a black-edged dark-green irregular line along the middle of the back; a white line on each side of the central one, and following this are a dark-brown shade-like stripe and some brownish-green lines; the line along the spiracles is whitish, inclining to yellow. In general appearance it closely resembles a twig of bilberry (_Vaccinium_), upon the foliage of which plant the caterpillar feeds in the spring. The moth is out in June and July, but in the British Isles it is only to be obtained in Perthshire and northwards in Scotland. Black-wood, Loch Rannoch, is the original, and a now well-known, locality for this species, which Curtis in 1828 figured as _Speranza sylvaria_. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan, and to North America. BROWN SILVER-LINE (_Lozogramma_ (_Phasiane_) _petraria_). The two cross lines on the pale-brown, sometimes pinkish, fore wings, are edged with whitish, but this is most distinct on {328} the outer one. In some specimens there is a distinct submarginal line, but this character is only faintly in evidence as a rule, and occasionally it is entirely absent. (Plate 143, Fig. 6.) The caterpillar feeds in June, sometimes earlier, on bracken or brake-fern (_Pteris aquilina_). It is olive green marked with reddish brown lines, and there is a whitish line under the black spiracles. In most English and Welsh localities where bracken is plentiful, this moth should be found in May and June; also in the south of Scotland, but its occurrence in that country north of Clydesdale appears to be only casual. It is common in several parts of Ireland. The distribution abroad includes Amurland and Japan. LATTICED HEATH (_Chiasmia_ (_Strenia_) _clathrata_). In its ground colour this species (Plate 143, Figs. 7, 8 [male], 9 [female]) varies from ochreous of some shade to white. The dark-brown or blackish cross lines and veins give a latticed appearance to the wings, hence both the Latin and popular names for this insect. There is much variation in the width of the cross markings; sometimes two or more unite and so form bands; more rarely, perhaps, the outer lines are absent, and the others broken up into dashes; or the blackish cross lines may be slender and the veins remain of the ochreous ground colour (ab. _radiata_, Haworth). A less frequent aberration has the wings dark brown or blackish all over, except a row of whitish or ochreous spots on the outer margins (ab. _nocturnata_, Fuchs = _nigricans_, Oberthur). The caterpillar, which feeds on clovers and trefoils, is green, with white lines along the back and sides; the slightly notched head is rather glossy, and the mouth is brownish: June to September, in two broods. The first generation of the moth is out in April and May, and {329} the second in July and August. It may be found in clover fields and on chalk <DW72>s, etc., where the food plants flourish; although it is an active day flyer, it is not difficult to capture with the net. It is most plentiful in southern and eastern England, but its range extends throughout the United Kingdom to Clydesdale, and the species is widely distributed in Ireland. The distribution abroad extends to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan. GREY SCALLOPED BAR (_Scodiona fagaria_). In its typical form this species (also known as _belgiaria_, Hubner) is grey, more or less tinged with ochreous, speckled with brownish grey, and crossed by black-marked brownish-grey lines. The bulk of British specimens, especially those from southern localities, are whitish grey, thinly sprinkled with darker grey scales in the male, and sometimes heavily powdered in the female; a pair are figured on Plate 144, 1 [male], 2 [female]. The whiter form of the male, occurring in Britain chiefly in the New Forest, Hampshire, has been named _albidaria_, Staudinger. The roughened caterpillar is figured on Plate 142 (photo by H. Main). In general colour it is dingy brown, with a whitish stripe along the back and some greyish marking on the sides. It feeds on ling and heath; growing slowly in the late summer, but more quickly in the spring, after hibernation, when it may be obtained at night from the tips of the heather twigs, either by searching or by means of the sweeping net. The moth is out in June and July in the south, and later in the north. It is found on moist heaths, moors, and mosses; when resting on the dark- earth it so closely resembles a stone that it is probably frequently passed unnoticed. The species is apparently more plentiful in the New Forest than in its other known southern localities (Kent, Surrey, Berkshire, Sussex, and Dorset). Its range northwards in England {330} extends from Worcestershire (Malvern, rare) to Cumberland and Northumberland. It seems to be distributed over the greater part of Scotland, including the Hebrides and the Orkneys. In Wales it has been recorded from Flint, Denbigh, and Carnarvon; and it is widely spread over Ireland, occurring chiefly on the bogs. BLACK-VEINED MOTH (_Scoria lineata_). This slightly ochreous tinged silky white moth has the veins of the wings blackish, and this is especially noticeable on the underside of the fore wings. A male specimen is shown on Plate 144, Fig. 3; the wings of the female are slightly smaller, and the body is stouter and shorter. This species is the _dealbata_ of Linnaeus, but _lineata_, Scopoli, is older by four years. The long caterpillar is greyish inclining to ochreous or brownish; several irregular darker lines on the back and sides. It feeds, in confinement, on knot-grass, dock, bird's-foot trefoil, etc., but in the open is said to eat wood grasses, such as _Brachypodium_, upon the blades of which the female moth has been seen to deposit eggs: July to May. The moth is out from late May through June; it flies in the sunshine, or rests among long grass, etc., from which it is readily disturbed. Its chief British haunts are in Kent (Higham, Wye, etc.); but it has been recorded from Sussex, Dorset, Somerset, Gloucester, and Herefordshire, chiefly in single specimens. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. STRAW BELLE (_Aspilates gilvaria_). This straw-<DW52> species (Plate 144, Fig. 4 [male], 6 [female]) will be easily recognised by the brownish stripe on the fore wings, which extends from the front margin, near the tip, almost to the inner {331} margin; this is sometimes faint, but rarely quite absent. The hind wings are paler and have a dusky central dot and incomplete band. The caterpillar, which in shape is somewhat similar to that of the next species, is ochreous grey inclining to pinkish on the sides; a dark almost blackish line along the middle of the back is edged on each side with pale ochreous, and there are other pale and dark lines along the sides. It feeds on thyme, cinquefoil, yarrow, and other low-growing plants; it may be reared on knot grass: September to June. The moth is out in July and August, and, although very local, is not uncommon on downs and hilly fields on the chalk in Kent and Surrey--Dover, Folkestone, and Rochester in the former county, and Leatherhead, Box Hill, and Reigate in the latter, are the best-known localities. It has also been reported from Sussex (Brighton, Horsham, near Polgate, Shoreham). In Devonshire it is said to occur at Braunton and Ilfracombe, but is scarce. In his catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Suffolk (1890) the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield notes the species as very plentiful in clover fields about Tuddenham. Also recorded from Somerset, Gloucestershire, Cheshire (West Kirby and Hale), and from near Harrow in Middlesex. Very local and scarce in Ireland (Kane). The range abroad extends to East Siberia and Amurland. YELLOW BELLE (_Aspilates ochrearia_). As will be seen from Fig. 5 [female] on Plate 144, this species differs from the last in its yellower colour and rather smaller size; the fore wings have two cross bands, generally well defined, but in the male they are sometimes very faint and slender, and specimens have been recorded in which the bands were missing. The roughened caterpillar, figured on Plate 142, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich, is pale ochreous brown, lined and striped with darker brown. It feeds on wild carrot, plantain, {332} hawks'-beard, etc., and will thrive on knot-grass. There are two broods, one feeding in the spring, after hibernation; and the other in June and July, sometimes later. The first generation of moths flies in May and June, and the second in August and early September. The species occurs in all the southern seaboard counties of England from Kent to Cornwall, frequenting the downs and rough fields near the coast; also in the Sandbreck district of the eastern counties. It occurs in South Wales; and odd specimens have been reported from Cheshire (Delamere), and from Cumberland. The range abroad extends to North-west Africa and Asia Minor. GRASS WAVE (_Perconia_ (_Aspilates_) _strigillaria_). A male and a female of this species are depicted on Plate 144, Figs. 7 [male] and 8 [female]. There is variation in the amount of dark speckling on the wings, and in the number and width of the cross markings; sometimes the first and second on the fore wings are united throughout their length, or towards the inner margin; coupled with this there is sometimes considerable increase in the width of the first cross marking of the hind wings. A rare variety in Britain is ab. _grisearia_, Staudinger, which is of an almost uniform greyish or greyish-brown colour, with the markings obscured. The caterpillar is purplish grey, marked with paler and darker; two warts on the back of rings 7-10, the middle pair the largest and most prominent. It feeds on ling, heath, broom, and the flowers of gorse or furze, and is best obtained in the spring after hibernation. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 144. 1, 2. GREY SCALLOPED BAR. 3. BLACK-VEINED. 4, 5. YELLOW BELLE. 6. STRAW BELLE. 7, 8. GRASS WAVE. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 145. 1. TRANSPARENT BURNET: _caterpillar_. 2, 2a. NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET: _caterpillar, chrysalis and cocoon_. 3, 3a. FIVE-SPOT BURNET: _caterpillar and cocoon_. 4. SIX-SPOT BURNET: _caterpillar_. 5. FORESTER: _caterpillar_. {333} The moth, which is out in June and July, occurs on most of the heaths and moors throughout England; apparently commoner and more generally distributed in the south than in the north; but it seems to be rare on the eastern side of the country altogether. From Cheshire it spreads into Flint and Denbigh, North Wales. In Scotland, it is found in Roxburgh (Bellion Moor), Clydesdale (local, but common), and northwards to Ross. It is found on the boggy heaths of Ireland, and Kane states that it is abundant where it occurs. The range abroad extends to Scandinavia and eastward to Asia Minor. ZYGAENIDAE. The moths belonging to this family are popularly known in Britain as Burnets and Foresters. Of the former seven kinds occur in the British Isles, and of the latter there are only three species. All the species live in colonies, so that when a specimen is seen or captured others may be expected to occur on, or somewhere around, the same spot. The caterpillars bear a close resemblance to each other, and are not always easily distinguished. Over thirty species of _Zygaena_ are found in Europe, and about thirty-six more have been described from other parts of the Palaearctic Region. There are at least twenty-five Palaearctic species referred to the genus Ino, and about ten of these are European. By most authors _filipendulae_ is regarded as the type of the genus _Zygaena_, Fabricius; but others refer this species, and its allies, to the genus _Anthrocera_, Scopoli, using the Fabrician genus for _phegea_, Linnaeus. The latter species and its allies are perhaps more frequently referred to _Syntomis_, Ochsenheimer, the typical genus of the family Syntomidae, the systematic position of which is near the Arctiidae. It may be added that _S. phegea_, and also _Naclia ancilla_, have been reported as British. There does not seem, however, to be any reason to suppose that the occurrence of either species in Britain could be other than accidental. {334} THE TRANSPARENT BURNET (_Zygaena purpuralis_). Two Welsh specimens are depicted on Plate 146, Figs. 1 and 2; these are of the typical form. A rare aberration has the spots and the hind wings more or less suffused with blackish (ab. _obscura_, Tutt), but a still rarer variety has the crimson of spots and hind wings replaced by yellow (ab. _lutescens_, Tutt). Newman in 1861 referred an Irish specimen to _achilleae_, but a little later, after seeing other examples, in the same year he changed the name to _nubiginea_. Birchall (_Ent. Mo. Mag._, iii. pt. i.) figured four forms of the species from Ireland; his _minos_ (Figs. 5a and 5b) seems to represent two modifications of ab. _interrupta_, Staudinger, in which form the red blotches are widely separated or interrupted by the ground colour; and his _nubigena_ is made up of more or less typical _purpuralis_ (Fig. 6a), and a variety (Fig. 6b), with red marks between the lower and central blotches. The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 1) is dark green inclining to olive above and paler below; the spots are black (outer row) and yellow (inner row); the line along the back is obscure whitish; hairs, whitish. It feeds on thyme and burnet saxifrage (_Pimpinella_). _Trifolium_ and _Lotus_ have also been given among other food plants. In late summer, and after hibernation, in the spring. The moth flies in June, and is locally common in Ireland (Clare and Galway), Wales (Abersoch), and Scotland (Oban, Loch Etive). It has been reported from Tintagel, Cornwall, and possibly, as suggested by Tutt, these Cornish specimens may turn out to be _Z. achilleae_, the latest addition to our small band of Burnets. Perhaps the Scottish specimens recorded as _purpuralis_, or at least some of them, may prove to be _achilleae_. This species was figured by Brunnich, in 1763, as _purpuralis_, and authorities are now agreed that this name must be adopted in place of _pilosellae_, Esper (1781), or _minos_, Fuessly (1782). {335} SCOTCH OR MOUNTAIN BURNET (_Zygaena exulans_). This semi-transparent and rather greyish moth has five reddish spots on the fore wings. (Plate 146, Fig. 3.) So far as concerns the British Isles it is only known to occur in Aberdeenshire, where it was discovered on the mountains at Braemar in July, 1871, and where it may be still found by those who are acquainted with the situation of its lofty haunts. The late Dr. Buchanan White named the Scottish form _subochracea_, but others consider that it is not readily separable from _vanadis_, Dalman, which in turn is said by Tutt to be pretty much the same form of the species as that described as the type _exulans_, Hochenwarth. The caterpillar is dark green above, and paler below; two velvety black stripes on the back, each stripe interrupted by yellow spots; warts with black hairs; head, black. It feeds on _Silene acaulis_, cyphel (_Arenaria cherleria = Cherleria sedoides_), clover, trefoils, _Azalea procumbens_, etc.; has been known to eat dock and knot-grass: August to June. The cocoon has been found on a stem of crowberry (_Empetrum_), and on heath and grass stems. The moth is out in July, and, like the rest of its kindred, delights in the sunshine. _Zygaena achilleae_. A specimen of this species, quite recently introduced as British, has been kindly lent by Mr. B. Adkin. It was taken, with others, in the vicinity of Oban, Argyllshire. Mr. Sheldon informs me that he believes that a worn Zygaenid he captured in 1898, in the Glencoe district, was this species. On Plate 1, with the Scottish example (Fig. 2) referred to, is also shown a specimen from the continent (Fig. 3), and it will be noted that the former is very like the latter. In some {336} respects this species is not unlike some confluent-spot forms of _filipendulae_, but it is a more slender-looking insect, and the body is more hairy. Further, the upper basal spot of the fore wings is lengthened almost to the upper spot of the middle pair, and the fifth and sixth spots together form an almost oval mark. Both specimens depicted seem to be referable to var. _viciae_, Hubner. In the typical forms the spots are larger. A yellow form ab. _flava_, Oberthur, is known on the continent. The caterpillar, after Hofmann, is figured on Plate 1, Fig. 5. It is said to feed on _Astragalus_ and _Coronilla_. NEW FOREST BURNET (_Zygaena meliloti_). Two examples of this, normally, five-spotted little species are shown on Plate 146, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female]; a variety, referable to ab. _confusa_, Staudinger (spots run together forming streaks somewhat as in _purpuralis_), is depicted in Plate 148, Fig. 1. Occasionally a sixth spot is in evidence (ab. _sexpunctata_, Tutt). A form in which the body has a red belt is known abroad as ab. _stentzii_, Freyer, and examples having traces of this belt have been recorded from the New Forest, which, it may be added, is the only locality in Britain producing this species. The caterpillar is of a dull pale greenish colour, with numerous black speckles; three whitish lines on the back, the central one greenish tinged and broader than the others, which are interrupted on each ring by a yellow spot; between the lines is a series of black dots, one on the outer edge of each ring; hairs, from greenish warts, white and short; head, black, dotted with white. It feeds on bird's-foot trefoil (_Lotus corniculatus_), and other trefoils and clovers: August to May. Sometimes the caterpillars do not complete growth until they have passed two winters in hibernation. The cocoon, which is yellow or yellowish white, has been found on a grass stem, but {337} it is generally placed so low down among herbage that it seems to be rarely detected. The moth is out in June and early July. As previously stated the only part of Britain that the species inhabits is the New Forest, Hampshire. Here it was first met with in Stubby Copse, about 1869, but was apparently not distinguished from _Z. trifolii_ until 1872. It is now less frequent in its old haunt than formerly, although it still occurs there; in other spots around, I believe, it is not uncommon in some years. Some authorities refer this species to _viciae_, Schranck. FIVE-SPOT BURNET (_Zygaena trifolii_). Four specimens of this species are portrayed on Plate 146. In the typical form (Figs. 7 [male], 8 [female]) the central pair of crimson spots are united and often form a large blotch; ab. _orobi_, Hubner (Figs. 6 [male], 9 [female]), has the spots placed well apart. Other more or less frequent aberrations are depicted by Mr. Horace Knight on Plate 148 where Fig. 2 represents ab. _glycirrhizae_, Hubner (spots 3, 4, and 5 united); Fig. 3, ab. _basalis_, Selys (spots 3 and 4 united with the basal pair); and Fig. 4, ab. _minoides_, Selys (all the spots united, forming an irregular patch). An extreme development of the last-mentioned form has been named ab. _extrema_, Tutt (see _Entom._ xxix., p. 341, Fig. 2). Specimens with a sixth spot as in _Z. filipendulae_ have been occasionally recorded, and an example with the lower spot of the central pair absent has been taken in West Sussex by Mr. W. M. Christy, who has also obtained a number of specimens of a yellow form (ab. _lutescens_, Cockerell) in the same locality. The yellow form is shown on Plate 148, Fig. 5. Some of the yellow aberrations also exhibit variation in the spots pretty much as in the ordinary form. In some localities, especially marshy ones, the spots on {338} the fore wings and the hind wings are occasionally dull orange; and I have noted specimens in the Weybridge district, Surrey, with the spots on the fore wings of a pinky ochreous colour, whilst the hind wings were of the usual crimson. Such "aberrations" as those last mentioned probably result from weather exposure. In 1899, Mr. G. B. Corbin recorded the capture, near Ringwood, Hants, of a specimen which had the spots on the fore wings and the red of the hind wings darkened over with dull smoky black, so that the insect when seen at a distance seemed to be wholly black. Dr. Hodgson has recently obtained several of these melanic specimens in Sussex. A form with the spots and hind wings suffused with brownish has been named ab. _obscura_, Oberthur. With regard to six-spot examples referred to this species, I am inclined to suppose that they may be the offspring of a chance pairing of _trifolii_ and _filipendulae_. That such crossing does occur in nature I have evidence, as on one occasion I found four mixed pairs, the male being _trifolii_ in each case, and the female typical _filipendulae_. This was in the Weybridge district, where I had come across a colony of the latter species and was closely examining the specimens for aberrations. The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 3) is green inclining to yellowish and to bluish, with black marks on the back; a series of black streaks low down along the sides. It feeds on _Lotus corniculatus_, and on other trefoils and clover: July to May. Sometimes taking two years to complete its changes. In damp meadows the moth is out in May and June, but in marshes it does not appear, as a rule, until July, and may be found in early August. The marsh specimens, which are sometimes rather large in size, have been referred to _palustris_, Oberthur, and are treated by Tutt (_Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep._, vol. i.) as a sub-species. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 146. 1, 2. TRANSPARENT BURNET. 3. SCOTCH BURNET. 4, 5. NEW FOREST BURNET. 6-9. FIVE-SPOT BURNET. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 147. 1, 2. NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET. 3-5. SIX-SPOT BURNET. 6, 7. SCARCE FORESTER. 8, 9. THE FORESTER. 10, 11. CISTUS FORESTER. {339} In the British Isles, the species is apparently confined to England and North Wales. In the former country it is locally common in most of the southern counties; still more local in the eastern counties, and northwards to Lancashire and Yorkshire. There are records from Armagh and Fermanagh, but Kane appears to doubt the occurrence of the species in Ireland. There is no doubt that the next species has frequently been mistaken for the present one, therefore the actual range of _trifolii_ in the British Isles has probably not been fully ascertained. NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET (_Zygaena lonicerae_). As will be seen from the two specimens represented by Figs. 1 [male] and 2 [female] on Plate 147, this species bears considerable resemblance to ab. _orobi_ of _Z. trifolii_. The chief differences are in the rather longer fore wings and the more pointed tips of the hind pair; the borders of the hind wings are often narrower. In a broad way, it may be stated that the general tone of colour in the male of _lonicerae_ is bluer than that of _trifolii_. The union of any two or more spots is rarely seen in this species in Britain, but specimens with all the spots joined together have certainly been noted. A yellow form, ab. _citrina_, Speyer (= _flava_, Oberthur), is known on the continent, and Barrett states that it has occurred in England. In ab. _lutescens_, Hewett, the hind wings are orange. Ab. _eboraceae_, Prest, is semi-transparent, steel blue; the spots and the hind wings are pink, the border of the hind wings brown, and the fringes of all the wings are whitish. The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 2) is very similar to that of the last species, but the black marks on the sides are heavier, and the hairs of the body are longer. It feeds on trefoils and clover, and sometimes passes two winters before becoming full grown. The cocoon, which is attached to stems of grass, etc., is generally placed well up above the ground, so that it is readily seen. {340} The moth, which is out in late June and in July, occurs in woods and plantations; also said to be found in meadows, and on rough waste ground, as well as in marshes and salterns. The distribution is much as in the last species, but it is plentiful in East Yorkshire, and the range extends to Cumberland and Northumberland. SIX-SPOT BURNET (_Zygaena filipendulae_). This species (Plate 147, Figs. 3-5) is the most generally common of our Burnets. Perhaps the most frequent form of variation in the spots of the fore wings is that in which the outer pair run together, and so form a blotch; but union of the middle pair is not an uncommon occurrence. In ab. _cytisi_, Hubner, the three pairs of spots are each united, so that the fore wings have three separate blotches, and when these are of a dull scarlet instead of the usual crimson, ab. _ramburi_, Lederer, is represented. Occasionally, all the spots are united, as in ab. _cytisi_, and the blotches thus formed are connected by reddish streaks in various modifications leading up to ab. _conjuncta_, Tutt, which has all the spots merged into a large blotch, extending over the disc of the fore wings. From the normal crimson, the spots and the hind wings vary now and then to orange (_aurantia_, Tutt), or to yellow (ab. _flava_, Robson = _cerinus_, Robson and Gardner); intermediate shades between these two extremes, and the typical coloration, are rather more frequent. I am indebted to Mr. R. Adkin for the loan of the example of the yellow form shown on Plate 148, Fig. 6. Pink, and orange, forms have been noted from various parts of England, but they seem to occur, or have been found, more especially in Cambridge and the north-east corner of Essex. Fig. 7, Plate 148, represents an example of ab. _chrysanthemi_, Hubner, and is copied from Oberthur's _Etudes d'Entom._, xx., Plate 8, Fig. 134. A few specimens referable to this form, probably not exceeding half a dozen altogether, have been recorded as taken in England. In typical _filipendulae_ the dark blue border of the hind wings is narrow, but in ab. _hippocrepidis_, Stephens (_tutti_, Rebel), the borders are rather broad. Another character of this form is that the nervule upon which the sixth spot is placed is here of the ground colour, and therefore divides the spot. (Plate 147, Fig. 3.) At Northwood, Middlesex, I have found this form in May and June, and also in the Weybridge district, Surrey, in late July; and, it may be added, there was a flourishing colony of _Z. trifolii_ hard by in each locality. For this reason, plus the fact that _trifolii_ [male] is known to pair with _filipendulae_ [female], I hold the opinion that _hippocrepidis_ is a hybrid. It may be noted here that hybrids have been raised from the crossing of _filipendulae_ and _lonicerae_; the sexes of _lonicerae_ and _trifolii_ pair somewhat readily, and the hybrid offspring of such pairings are fertile. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 148. 1. NEW FOREST BURNET, AB. _CONFUSA_. 2, 3, 4, 5. FIVE-SPOT BURNET, VARS. 6, 7. SIX-SPOT BURNET, VARS. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 149. 1. FESTOON MOTH: _caterpillars and cocoons_. 2. TRIANGLE MOTH: _caterpillars_. {341} It seems, then, that _trifolii_, _lonicerae_, and _filipendulae_ have not, so far, lost the power of fertile cross-pairing. Wherever colonies of two of the kind exist within visiting distance of each other, there, it appears, we may reasonably expect to find hybrids. From a number of cocoons collected in a Yorkshire locality for _lonicerae_, I reared, in 1907, a good many examples of that species, and also about a dozen six-spot specimens, which agree in colour with _filipendulae_, but they have the vein-interrupted sixth spot and broad border to hind wings, as in _hippocrepidis_. The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 4) is greenish, with black markings and some yellow spots, the latter chiefly on the hind edges of the rings. It feeds in the autumn and after hibernation, on trefoils, clover, bird's-foot (_Ornithopus_), and kidney-vetch (_Anthyllis_), completing growth in the spring. The moth flies on sunny days in July and August, on chalk downs, etc., inland, and on cliffs and sand hills on the coast, also in marshes; but, as previously stated, it also occurs locally in meadows in May and June. {342} SCARCE FORESTER (_Ino_ (_Rhagades_) _globulariae_). Of the three species occurring in Britain this is slightly the larger, at least in the male. The fore wings are green, sometimes with a slightly golden sheen; fringes, greyish. The male is best distinguished from _statices_ by its more slender body, and by the pectinated and rather pointed antennae. The female is a good deal smaller than the male; the antennae are simple, and somewhat thread-like, compared with those of the females of _statices_ and _geryon_. (Plate 147, Figs. 6 [male], 7 [female].) The caterpillar is green, with the raised spots inclining to bluish; two yellowish-white lines along the back, and a dark green stripe along the sides; head and plate on first ring of the body, black. It lives on knapweeds (_Centaurea nigra_ and _C. scabiosa_), feeding on the leaves much in the same manner as the caterpillar of the next two species. The moth is out in June and July; it is partial to blossoms of salad burnet (_Poterium sanguisorba_), and only flies in the sunshine. The late Mr. J. Jenner Weir, who found the species commonly on the downs near Lewes, Sussex, was the first entomologist to record it as British. The best known localities in Sussex are Hollingbury Vale and Cliffe Hill, but it also occurs at the Devil's <DW18> near Brighton. In Kent it is found on the downs behind Folkestone and Shorncliffe Camp. THE FORESTER (_Ino_ (_Adscita_) _statices_). In its most frequent form in Britain, this species is bronzy green (ab. _viridis_, Tutt); the typical bluish green type is much less frequent. The female is smaller than the male, but the difference in size is hardly ever so marked as in the sexes of _globulariae_. The antennae of the male are pectinated, but the tips are thickened. (Plate 147, Figs. 8 [male], 9 [female].) {343} The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 5) is whitish, inclining to green, yellow, or pinkish, on the back, and the sides are pinkish brown; the hairy warts are brown or pinkish brown, and the small head is glossy black. It feeds on sorrel (_Rumex acetosa_), and it attains full growth, after hibernation, about the end of April. On leaving the egg-shell in the summer, the young caterpillar bores into a leaf, and eats the tissue between the upper and lower skins; later on it attacks the foliage from the underside, but leaves the upper skin intact; or the process may be reversed, and the under skin left. The moth is on the wing in June, sometimes late May. It occurs, locally, in meadows, frequently damp ones, where there is plenty of ragged-robin (_Lychnis flos-cuculi_), the blossoms of which plant it seems to prefer to all others. Widely distributed over England, but in Wales only recorded from Capel Curig and Barmouth, in the north of that country (1900). In Scotland its range extends to Moray; and in Ireland it is found in counties Wicklow, Cork, Clare, Westmeath, Monaghan, Sligo, and Galway. CISTUS FORESTER (_Ino_ (_Adscita_) _geryon_). This species is much smaller than the last; the fore wings, the outer margins of which are somewhat rounded, are bronze green, but, in the male, rather dull in tint, sometimes tinged with golden towards the base. The antennae are more stumpy than those of _statices_, but in other respects they are similar in appearance. The female is not much smaller than the male. (Plate 147, Figs. 10 [male], 11 [female].) The caterpillar is yellowish white, with bristle-bearing warts of pretty much the same colour; three lines on the back, the central one whitish, edged on each side with purplish, the others waved and of a claret colour; a reddish-brown stripe low down {344} along the sides; head and plate on first ring of the body black, the latter edged in front with yellowish. It feeds on rock rose (_Helianthemum chamaecistus_). At first it attacks the leaf from the upper side, and partly burrows therein; when older it clears away patches from the under surface, leaving the upper skin of the leaf more or less transparent; as it approaches full growth it likes to take its meals in the sunshine, and then eats the top skin as well as other parts of the leaf, and also tender shoots: July to May. The moth is out in June and July, as a rule, but is sometimes observed in May. Its haunts are on warm <DW72>s of chalk downs and limestone hills, where it flies in the sunshine. This species was first noted as British in March, 1860, when specimens from Worcestershire were recorded as _Procris tenuicornis_. It seems, however, to have been considered doubtfully distinct from _statices_ until 1863, when the caterpillar was found, and the occurrence of the species in several other English counties recorded. At the present time _I. geryon_ is known to inhabit Sussex (Brighton and Lewes districts), Kent (Canterbury and Shorncliffe), Bucks (Aylesbury and Tring), Oxfordshire (Chinor), Gloucestershire (Cotswolds), Worcestershire (Malvern Hills), Derbyshire and North Staffordshire (Bakewell and Dovedale), Yorkshire (Richmond, Barnsley, Sheffield, etc.), and Durham (banks on the coast). In Wales, it is sometimes common on Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire. COCHLIDIDAE. This family of moths mainly comprises tropical species, and is but poorly represented in the Palaearctic Region. Only two species are European, and both occur in Britain. As _Cochlidion_, Hubner, supersedes _Limacodes_, Latrielle, the name of the family so long known as Limacodidae, will have to {345} be changed to that here adopted. Meyrick, who sinks _Limacodes_ in favour of _Apoda_, Haworth, uses Heterogeneidae as the family name. THE FESTOON (_Cochlidion_ (_Heterogenea_) _limacodes_). The fore wings of the male are orange brown, more or less smudged or clouded with blackish; two oblique black lines, the first inclined inwards, and the second outwards and apparently terminating on the outer margin just above the inner angle, but there is a slender dusky curve from this point enclosing a clear, orange-brown spot. Hind wings blackish, except on the inner margin, which is broadly orange brown. Female, ochreous brown, with lines on the fore wings as in the male; hind wings suffused with dark grey or blackish, except on the inner area; generally rather larger than the male. (Plate 153, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female].) Not infrequently, the fore wings of the male are so much clouded with blackish that the cross lines are obscured, and the spot on the inner margin alone remains clear. The caterpillar (Plate 149, Fig. 1, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich) is green, with two reddish-edged yellow lines on the back; between these lines are yellowish spots; a yellow line along the sides extends along the front edge of the second ring, where it is marked with red. It feeds on oak, and may be beaten from the boughs in the autumn. The brownish cocoon is depicted on Plate 149; Fig. 1a shows the hinged lid which covered the opening through which the chrysalis protruded previous to the moth's escape; Fig. 1b represents one from which the moth has not emerged, and in nature this would be attached to a leaf and covered with a delicate film of silk. The moth is out in June and July, and both sexes may be beaten from the branches of trees, or seen flying around their tops in the sunshine. {346} This species, often referred to as _Limacodes testudo_, and said to be the _avellana_ of Linnaeus, is an inhabitant of oak woods, and occurs in Hampshire, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Bucks, Gloucestershire, and Worcestershire. A male and two females have been reported from Clonbrock, Co. Galway, Ireland. THE TRIANGLE (_Heterogena asella_). The fore wings of this little species (Plate 153, Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female]) are of triangular shape; in the male, which sex is smaller than the female, they are dark brown, sometimes almost blackish (ab. _nigra_, Tutt), and those of the female yellowish brown varying to ochreous yellow (ab. _flavescens_, Tutt). The hind wings of the male are blackish, and of the female clouded with blackish. The curious woodlouse-shaped caterpillar is green, sometimes inclining to yellowish; the broad reddish band on the back broadens out before the middle, thus giving the idea of a rough cross, or, as sometimes described, a blunt spear head. It is found, by searching, in August and until October, on the foliage of beech and oak. Birch has also been mentioned as a food plant, and on the continent it is said to feed on poplar, lime, hazel, and hornbeam. Fig. 2 on Plate 149 is from a photo by Mr. H. Main. Although the caterpillar constructs its gall-like cocoon on a leaf or in the fork of a twig in the autumn, it does not change to a chrysalis until late in spring, sometimes not until June. The moth is out in June and July and flies in the sunshine, chiefly in the afternoon, and might easily be confused with the Lechean Tortrix (_Ptycholoma lecheana_). [Illustration] 2 Pl. 150. 1, 2. GOAT MOTH. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 151. GOAT MOTH: _caterpillar, chrysalis and cocoon_. {347} The species appears to be very local in England and confined to the south. Its chief haunts seem to be in Bucks, where it is not uncommon in beech woods at Marlow, and in Hampshire, especially parts of the New Forest. It has been found in Epping Forest, Essex; rarely in Abbot's Wood and Rewell Wood, Sussex; also recorded from Bickleigh Vale and the Plym Valley, Devonshire. The range abroad extends to Amurland. COSSIDAE. [Illustration: FIG. 20. GOAT MOTH AT REST. (Photo by Hugh Main.)] Of the eighty-six Palaearctic species referred to this family, by far the larger number are eastern, only about eight appear to be found in Europe, and but three of these occur in Britain. Meyrick separates _Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_) from our other two species, adopts _Trypanus_, Rambur, as the generic name, and removes it to the Tortricina as a family of that group under the name Trypanidae. THE GOAT MOTH (_Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_)). The English name of this species (Plate 150, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) applies more especially to the caterpillar, as this creature gives off an odour which has been compared to that of the he-goat. In general colour the caterpillar is pinkish ochreous, {348} inclining to dark reddish on the back; the small head is black and glossy, and the mark on the first ring of the body is black. It feeds in the solid wood of various trees, especially elm, ash, and willow, but is three or four years in completing growth. When mature, it often leaves its burrow and wanders in search of a suitable place for pupation. When met with at such times it should be, if taken, placed in a roomy tin box with a good supply of sawdust or decayed wood, when it will make its cocoon, and appear as a moth in due course. The early stages are shown on Plate 151. Caterpillars are more likely to come under the notice of the country rambler than are the moths; examples of the latter, however, may be seen occasionally, in June or July, resting on a tree-trunk, a fence, or a gate post; sometimes, although practically tongueless, the moth visits the sugar patch and either settles on the tree or flutters around. The species seems to occur in all parts of the British Isles, except perhaps the extreme north of Scotland and the Hebrides. Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and to North-west Africa. THE LEOPARD MOTH (_Zeuzera pyrina_). As will be seen from the portraits of this blue-black spotted white species on Plate 153, the male (Fig. 6) is smaller than the female (Fig. 7); it will be further noted that the antennae of the male are bi-pectinated on the basal half, and thread-like on the outer half; the antennae of the female are thread-like throughout. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 152. 1. LEOPARD MOTH: _caterpillar_. 2. ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING: _caterpillar's burrow and exit hole; chrysalis skin_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 153. 1, 2. FESTOON. 3. REED LEOPARD. 4, 5. TRIANGLE. 6, 7. LEOPARD MOTH. {349} The caterpillar (Plate 152, Fig. 1, from a drawing by Mr. A. Sich) is dull whitish, more or less tinged with yellow; the spots are black, and the head and plates on the first and last rings of the body are blackish brown. It feeds in branches and stems of trees and shrubs. Hatching from the egg, say in the late summer of 1908, the caterpillar will not be full grown until May or June of 1910, or possibly 1911; forming a cocoon of silk and wood particles, it turns to a reddish brown chrysalis in the burrow, and near the bark of the stem or branch. The moth comes out in the summer, and is most often seen in the London district, where the female especially is not infrequently found on tree-trunks or on grass, etc., under trees. It visits light, and the electric arc lamps are very attractive to it. The species occurs in the south and east of England, and through the north-west counties to Cheshire. It has been recorded from Cardiff, South Wales, and doubtfully from Ireland. Abroad, the range extends to Corea and Japan. In America it seems to be established in parts of the State of New York. THE REED LEOPARD (_Phragmataecia castaneae_). A male of this species (_Macrogaster arundinis_ of some authors) is shown on Plate 153, Fig. 3. The female is rather larger, with longer body, and the antennae are without pectinations. The wrinkled and rather shining caterpillar is ochreous white with reddish-brown stripes along the back. It feeds low down on the stems of reed (_Phragmites communis_) and is full grown in the spring of the second year following that in which it left the egg in late summer. Thus, a caterpillar hatching in August, 1908, would be mature about May, 1910, pupate in that month, or the next, and the perfect insect would appear in June or July. The moth flies at night, and may be attracted by a brilliant light. The earliest known British locality for the species was Holme Fen in Huntingdonshire (1841-1848). In 1850 it was found abundantly at Whittlesea Mere. Its haunts in the {350} present day are Wicken and Chippenham fens in Cambridgeshire, but specimens from these localities are somewhat smaller than the old Hunts examples. Barrett states that he put down some eggs of the species in Ranworth Fen, Norfolk, and that five years later two males were captured within a short distance of the spot where the eggs had been placed. The range abroad extends to China and Japan. SESIIDAE. This family--the Aegeriadae of some authors--has over one hundred Palaearctic species assigned to it; these are distributed among five genera, two of which are not represented in Britain. Fourteen species are found in the British Isles, but to obtain fine specimens of most of them the mature caterpillars or the chrysalids will have to be collected and the moths reared. All species emerge from the chrysalis early in the forenoon, and then only under the influence of sunshine. The caterpillars are somewhat maggot-like, and live in stems, branches, and roots of trees and shrubs; or in the crowns and roots of low-growing plants. The majority, possibly all, are nearly two years in arriving at full growth. HORNET MOTH (_Trochilium apiformis_). As indicated by the English name this moth, and also that next to be mentioned, are very like the hornet (_Vespa crabro_). On turning to Plate 154, Fig. 1, it will be seen that this species has a yellow head and patches of yellow on the shoulders; these characters at once separate it from _T. crabroniformis_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 154. 1. HORNET MOTH. 2. WELSH CLEARWING. 3. WHITE-BARRED CLEARWING. 4. CLEAR UNDERWING. 5, 6. CURRANT CLEARWING. 7. LUNAR HORNET MOTH. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 155. 1. YELLOW-LEGGED CLEARWING. 2, 3. RED-BELTED CLEARWING. 4. LARGE RED-BELTED CLEARWING. 5. RED-TIPPED CLEARWING. 6. SIX-BELTED CLEARWING. 7. THRIFT CLEARWING. 8, 9. FIERY CLEARWING. {351} The caterpillar is yellowish white, with a red brown head, and a yellow plate on the first ring of the body. It feeds on the roots and lower portion of the trunks of poplar. The brown shining chrysalis is enclosed in a cocoon of wood scrapings woven together with silk. The moth is out in May and June; and has been found, newly emerged, sitting on stems of poplar in the morning. The eastern counties of England appear to be most favoured by this species, but it also occurs northwards to Yorkshire, southwards to Devonshire, and a specimen has been recorded from Rhyl, North Wales. In Scotland, it has been reported from some localities in the south; Kane states that he has reason to believe that the species occurs in the northern half of Ireland, and that he found caterpillars plentiful in young poplars growing in a marsh near the city of Waterford. LUNAR HORNET (_Trochilium crabroniformis_). Another hornet-like moth, best distinguished from that just mentioned by the yellow collar behind the black head (Plate 154, Fig. 7 [female]). The male is rather smaller, but otherwise similar. The caterpillar is yellowish white, with dark brownish head, and a blackish edged yellow plate on the first ring of the body. It feeds in stems of sallow, willow, and poplar. In late June and through July the moth is on the wing, and may occasionally be seen at rest on leaves or stems of sallow, etc. The species, known also as _bembeciformis_, Hubner, is generally distributed throughout England, Wales, and Ireland; in Scotland its range extends into Perthshire. Abroad it seems pretty much confined to Holland, Northern and Central Germany, Austria, and Bohemia. CLEAR UNDERWING (_Sciapteron tabaniformis_). This species is the _Trochelium vespiforme_ of some British authors, and the _Aegeria asiliformis_ of Stephens and others. Another English name for it is the Dusky Clearwing, and this refers to the cloudy fore wings. {352} Stephens, writing of it in 1828, remarks: "Occasionally taken on poplars, near London, in June. I have obtained it from the neighbourhood of Bexley, and from Birchwood; but it is doubtless a rare species, and exists in few collections: of the male, I have hitherto seen but two specimens, one of which I possess." Both places mentioned by Stephens are in Kent, and one or two specimens of the species have since been reported from Ashford in the same county. The late Henry Doubleday took specimens at Epping, Essex. Colney Hatch Wood in Middlesex has also been given as a locality in the past; more recently two specimens have been noted from Chiswick. The example shown on Plate 154, Fig. 4, is of continental origin. The caterpillar lives under the bark of poplar trunks, and the moth flies in June and July. WELSH CLEARWING (_Sesia scoliaeformis_). As a British species this insect was first noted from Llangollen, in North Wales, somewhere about fifty years ago. In 1867 it was found to inhabit birch woods in the Rannoch district of Scotland, and later on its presence was detected in Sutherlandshire. It has been recorded from Hereford; one example was reported from Wiltshire in 1857; and two from Delamere Forest, Cheshire (1901 and 1905). Kane (_Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland_) states that moths have been taken at Killarney, and caterpillars obtained in the same district, and also at Kenmare. The caterpillar (Plate 156, Fig. 3; after Hofmann) feeds on the inner layer of bark of large birch trees, and is full grown about May. It turns to a dark brownish chrysalis, in a cocoon formed close up to the bark, which thinly covers the outer end of the burrow. The moth flies in June or sometimes July. It {353} is of comparatively large size, and may be distinguished from the next species by the yellow belts on its body, and the chestnut tuft at the tail. (Plate 154, Fig. 2.) WHITE-BARRED CLEARWING (_Sesia spheciformis_). Although generally smaller, some specimens run very close to the last species in size. It may be distinguished by the single belt on the body and the black tail (Plate 154, Fig. 3). One of the best known localities for the species in England is Tilgate Forest, in Sussex; but it also occurs in Hampshire (Basingstoke), Hereford (Tarrington), Worcestershire (Wyre Forest), Staffordshire (Burnt Wood), Cheshire (one, Delamere Forest, 1901), Denbighshire (Llangollen), Lancashire (Chat Moss), and Yorkshire (Bishop's Wood, 1894). The caterpillar feeds in stems of alder, and is full grown in May of the third year after hatching from the egg. It is said that the chrysalis may sometimes be found by bending and twisting the stems of alder, so as to cause the thin skin of bark over the exit hole of the burrow to crack, and so disclose its whereabouts. The burrow is generally low down the stem. The moth is out in June and early July, and is sometimes to be seen on sunny mornings at rest on alder leaves, or flying over and around the bushes. ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING (_Sesia andrenaeformis_). Although known to be a British species since 1829, when a specimen was taken in a wood near Greenhithe, Kent, this insect continued to be very rare until quite recently. For a long time the caterpillar was supposed to feed in the stems of dogwood, but it is now known to live in the stems of the wayfaring tree (_Viburnum lantana_), and several specimens of the moth {354} have been reared during the past year or two. Unfortunately the caterpillar is much infested by parasites, and comparatively few escape attack. Notes on the life history of this moth, by the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, Mr. Eustace Bankes, and Dr. Chapman, are published in the _Transactions of the Entomological Society of London_ for 1906 (Part IV., pp. 471-482). Most of the known localities for the species are in Kent, but it has also been found in Surrey, Dorset, Gloucester, Hertfordshire (Tring district), and Northamptonshire (Oundle). Possibly it will be discovered in other parts of the country. I am indebted to Mr. L. W. Newman, of Bexley, for the specimen figured on Plate 1, Fig. 1. For the caterpillar mine in stem of _Viburnum_ (Plate 156, Figs. 2, 2a) my thanks are due to Mr. Rayward, who kindly sent me a living pupa, from which the moth duly emerged, but, I regret to add, escaped from the box in which the stick containing the chrysalis was kept. Newman, in 1833, described this species as _Trochilium allantiformis_, and in 1842 it was figured by Westwood and Humphreys as _T. andreniforme_. It is distinguished from _Sesia tipuliformis_ by the two yellow belts of the body (the first sometimes indistinct) and the orange-yellow tuft in the blue-black tail; on the underside of the body there is a broad yellow band on the fourth ring, sometimes extending to the fifth and sixth. CURRANT CLEARWING (_Sesia tipuliformis_). In this species the body is narrowly belted with yellow, usually four belts in the male and three in the female; the tail tuft is black in both sexes. The outer marginal border of the fore wings has a bronzy tinge, due to orange patches between the veins. (Plate 154, Figs. 5 [male], 6 [female].) The caterpillar lives in the stems and shoots of black and red currant bushes; it feeds on the pith, and works its way downwards. When full grown, about May, it gnaws an outlet to the {355} side of the stem, but does not penetrate the outer skin, although it reduces this to a very thin layer, through which the reddish brown chrysalis is able to force itself when the moth is ready to emerge. A figure of the caterpillar will be found on Plate 156, Fig. 1; the chrysalis protruding from currant stem (Fig. 1a) is from a photo by Mr. H. Main. In June or July, the moths are not infrequently seen on leaves of shrubs in gardens where there are currant bushes in or around such gardens, but the foliage of the food plant is a favourite resting place. Generally distributed throughout England, the range extending into Wales, and South Scotland, but is apparently rare in these countries and also in some of the northern counties of England. Kane states that the species is common near Dublin, and is probably widely distributed in Ireland. This species seems to have been introduced into North America, where its caterpillar is known as the "currant borer," and, as in England, is regarded with little favour by bush-fruit growers. YELLOW-LEGGED CLEARWING (_Sesia vespiformis_). This species (Plate 155, Fig. 1), known also as _asiliformis_, Rottemburg (1775), and _cynipiformis_, Esper (1782), is now held to be correctly referred to _vespiformis_, Linnaeus (1761). The crossbar of the fore wings is orange red in both sexes; the body of the male has two more or less united yellow spots at the junction with the thorax, four yellow belts, and the tail tuft is black above, mixed with yellow below; in the female the body belts are usually one less than in the male, the yellow spots at the junction are generally run together, and the tail tuft is almost wholly yellow. As indicated by the English name, the legs are largely yellow in both sexes. The caterpillar feeds on the inner bark of oak trees, is full {356} grown in May or June, and turns to a brownish chrysalis in a cell formed in the bark. A well-known locality for this moth, which is out in July and early August, is Hyde Park, London. It is also found in woods or oak-timbered parks in Kent (Tunbridge Wells), Surrey, Sussex (Abbot's Wood, Tilgate, etc.), Dorset (Glanvilles Wootton, etc.), Devon (Devonport, Plymouth, Topsham, etc.), Essex (Epping), Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire, and Yorkshire (Doncaster). RED-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia myopaeformis_). One example of each sex is shown on Plate 155, where Fig. 2 represents the male and Fig. 3 the female; both have a single belt on the body; as a rule, the belt is red, but occasionally it inclines to orange or yellow. The caterpillar feeds on the inner bark of the trunks or boughs of apple, and sometimes pear, trees. It is nearly two years in maturing, but is full grown about June. The moth is out during the summer months, and is to be seen early on sunny mornings, newly emerged from the chrysalis on the trunks of the trees in which the caterpillar lives; the chrysalis skins will also be noted at the same time, sticking out from holes in the bark. Later in the day it sits on leaves, etc., after its flights, and I have even found it occasionally on a gravel path, and once on the pavement of a road in North-west London. The species seems to be most frequent in gardens and orchards around London, but it has been recorded from as far north as Lancashire and Yorkshire; it is probably widely distributed over England. The Irish localities, mentioned by Kane, are Dublin, Cork, Killarney, and Clonbrock. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 156. 1. CURRANT CLEARWING: _caterpillar and chrysalis skin_. 2. RED-TIPPED CLEARWING: _caterpillar_. 3. WELSH CLEARWING: _caterpillar_. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 157. 1, 3. GHOST MOTH. 2, 4. DO., VAR. _THULENSIS_. 5, 6. ORANGE SWIFT. {357} LARGE RED-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia culiciformis_). This species (Plate 155, Fig. 4) is very similar to the last, but it is larger, and the fore wings are dusted with reddish scales towards the base, sometimes also along the inner margin. The belt on the body is generally red, not infrequently with an orange tinge, but it is sometimes yellow or far more rarely white. The caterpillar, which is full grown in May, feeds on the inner bark of birch trees and bushes, apparently preferring the stumps left in the ground where stems have been cut down. It is not difficult to find, but as it is about two years in this stage it should not be taken until nearly or quite full grown, and it is safer to leave it until it has entered the chrysalis state. The moth is out in June, or sometimes at the end of May; it flies over birch and rests on leaves, and has been known to visit flowers of the wood spurge and the rhododendron. Kent and Sussex appear to be the counties most favoured by this species, but it occurs in most of the other English counties in which there are birch woods, certainly up to Yorkshire, and probably further north, as it is found in Scotland (Clydesdale, Perthshire, and Aberdeen). The Irish localities are Killarney, Ballinasloe, and Derry. RED-TIPPED CLEARWING (_Sesia formicaeformis_). This is another red-belted species, but it differs from either of the two immediately preceding in having the fore wings tipped with red. (Plate 155, Fig. 5.) The caterpillar feeds in the twigs and stumps of osier (_Salix viminalis_), sometimes called "withe"; it is full grown about June. (Plate 156, Fig. 2; after Hofmann.) The moth is out in July and August; it is partial to marshes and other wet spots, {358} and is fond of a leaf as a resting place. Like the rest of its kind, it is very alert, and skips off quickly on one's approach. Probably the species is more widely distributed in England, but from the records, it only appears to have been noted from Kent, Hampshire, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Essex. SIX-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia ichneumoniformis_). The inner and outer margins of the fore wings are tinged with orange, and there is an orange mark on the outer edge of the cross bar; the body of the male has seven yellow belts, and that of the female one less. (Plate 155, Fig. 6.) The caterpillar feeds in the roots of bird's-foot trefoil (_Lotus corniculatus_), and kidney vetch (_Anthyllis vulneraria_); it is full grown about June. July and August are the months for the moth, and its haunts are on chalk downs, and on banks by the sea; it seems partial to the edges of chalk pits, sloping banks, and broken ground of undercliffs, etc. In such places it is to be seen on the wing in the early evening, and, I believe, in the early morning also. It has frequently been obtained by sweeping the net over herbage in the vicinity of the food plants. Mr. W. H. Flint records (1902) the species from the Forest of Dean district, where, he states, he could easily have captured two dozen a day, as they flew over trefoils, etc. The species occurs in most of the southern seaboard counties of England, from Kent to Cornwall and including the Isle of Wight; Surrey, Bucks., Essex, and other eastern counties, including Cambridge; and it has been recorded from Yorkshire. On the western side of the country it is found in Somerset, Gloucester, Hereford, Worcester, Staffordshire, and in South Wales. {359} THRIFT CLEARWING (_Sesia muscaeformis_). This is our smallest species of the genus, and it is further distinguished by narrow clear spaces on the blackish, or bronzy, fore wings, three whitish bands on the body, and traces of a whitish line along the middle of the back. (Plate 155, Fig. 7.) The caterpillar feeds on the roots of thrift or sea-pink (_Armeria vulgaris_), and is full grown about June. The moth is out in June and July, and seems to have a liking for the flowers of thyme. This species (also known as _philanthiformis_, Laspeyres) frequents rocky places on the coasts of Devon (Torquay, Lynmouth, etc.), Cornwall, Wales; Isle of Man; Scotland (Aberdeenshire); and Ireland (Saltee Islands, Wexford, and Seven Heads, Cork. Gregson recorded it from Howth). FIERY CLEARWING (_Sesia chrysidiformis_). The orange red colour on the fore wings, and of the tail tuft, at once distinguish this species (Plate 155, Figs. 8 [male], 9 [female]) from either of its British allies. The blackish body has two pale-yellow belts, but in the male the lower one is often double. As a rule, the body of the female is stouter than that of the male, but the bodies of some males appear quite as thick as those of the females, and the true sex is only disclosed by the ciliated antennae, which is a character of the male alone. The caterpillar feeds on the roots of dock and sorrel, and it is full grown about May. In June and July the moth is on the wing and flies in the sunshine, about noon, over the food plants. The species occurs not uncommonly in the Warren at Folkestone, Kent. This locality, well known to entomologists, is a long stretch of rough broken ground lying between the railway {360} and the sea; and is probably the only spot in the British Isles where the Fiery Clearwing is almost certain to be found, either in its early or its perfect stage, at the proper season. The moth has been recorded from Eastbourne, Sussex (1874), and from the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire (1902). HEPIALIDAE. Of the twenty-two Palaearctic species belonging to this family, nine appear to occur in Europe, and the range of five of these extends to the British Isles. In some of the more recent systems of classification, this family is relegated to almost the bottom of the scheme, and therefore occupies a much lower place than do the bulk of the families comprised in the old style "Micro-Lepidoptera." As, however, these insects, commonly called "Swifts," have long received the attention of collectors, and in collections usually occupy a position among the so-called "Bombyces," they have been included in the present volume. GHOST MOTH (_Hepialus humuli_). On Plate 157 are portraits of a male and a female of the typical form of this species (Figs. 1 [male] and 3 [female]); and two male examples (Figs. 2 and 4) of the Shetland race var. _thulensis_, Newman, better known perhaps as _hethlandica_, Staudinger, but the former is the older name. It will be noted that in the ordinary form the male has white wings, and that the female has yellowish fore wings marked with orange, and smoky hind wings. The Shetland male, represented by Fig. 2, has the fore wings whitish buff in colour with brownish markings similar in pattern to those of an ordinary female; the hind wings are blackish. The second example of _thulensis_ (Fig. 4) is somewhat similar in appearance to a typical female. In other male specimens of this insular race the wings are pretty much of the typical colour, but the markings on the front pair are reduced both in number and size. Mr. H. McArthur, who has collected a good deal in the Shetland Isles, states that in Unst, the most northern island of the group, more or less typical _humuli_ were found on the cliffs facing south-east, whilst the majority of the specimens obtained in boggy meadows, etc., were of the _thulensis_ form. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 158. 1-3. MAP-WINGED SWIFT. 4-6. COMMON SWIFT. 7, 8. GOLD SWIFT. [Illustration] 2 Pl. 159. 1, 1a. COMMON SWIFT: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. 2, 2a. GHOST MOTH: _caterpillar and chrysalis (enlarged)_. 3. ORANGE SWIFT: _caterpillar_. {361} The caterpillar feeds on the roots of plants, such as burdock, dandelion, dead-nettle, etc. It is full grown in May, and the moth is out in June and July. (Plate 159, Fig. 2; after Hofmann.) The males may be seen in the evening, sometimes in numbers in grassy places, swaying themselves to and fro without making progress, and appearing as though they dangled from the end of an invisible thread; the female flies straight, and, as a rule, in the direction of one or other of the pendulous males. The species is generally distributed over the British Isles. ORANGE SWIFT (_Hepialus sylvina_). The male of this species (Plate 157, Figs. 5. [male], 6 [female]) usually some shade of orange brown, with greyish-edged white markings on the fore wings. Sometimes the female is orange brown, but more often it is some shade of grey brown. The caterpillar (Plate 159, Fig. 3; after Hofmann) feeds on the roots of dock, bracken, viper's bugloss, etc., and is full grown about July. In late July and in August the moth may be seen in the early evening flying among bracken, and not infrequently around trees fairly high up. Occasionally, specimens are seen in the daytime on tree-trunks, fences, etc. At one time this species was known in the vernacular as "The Tawny and Brown Swift"; it is also "The Orange or Evening Swift" of Harris (1778) and the "Wood Swift" of Newman. It is {362} common in many southern and eastern parts, but widely distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland to Moray. Only doubtfully recorded from Ireland. MAP-WINGED SWIFT (_Hepialus fusconebulosa_). At one time this species (the _velleda_ of Hubner) was known as the "Northern Swift," but as it is plentiful in North Devonshire and Somersetshire, and occurs less commonly in other southern English counties, that name is hardly suitable. Haworth's English name for it--"The Beautiful Swift"--does not quite meet the case, because, although the insect is prettily marked, it is scarcely beautiful. We have then to fall back on Donovan's Map-winged Swift as a popular name, and this seems a fairly apt one, as the markings on the fore wings are somewhat map-like in pattern, especially in the more typical specimens. There is much variation in colour and in marking; some examples, chiefly those from Shetland, are prettily variegated. A uniform reddish-brown variety, ab. _gallicus_, Lederer, is depicted on Plate 158, Fig. 3; and a more or less typical specimen of each sex is shown on the same plate (Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]). The caterpillar is ochreous white, with orange-brown plates, and rather paler raised dots; head, reddish brown, and spiracles black. It feeds on the roots of the bracken, and is full grown about May. The moth is out in June and July, and flies, in the gloaming, on hill <DW72>s, heaths, and the edges of mosses and woods; it seems to be more active than either of the other British "Swifts"; at all events, I have always found it less easy to capture with the net. The species is pretty generally distributed throughout the British Isles. {363} COMMON SWIFT (_Hepialus lupulina_). Three examples of this species are shown on Plate 158. Fig. 4 is a typical male, Fig. 5 a whitish suffused variety, and Fig. 6 is a female. The latter sex is generally devoid of marking, and in the male the stripes and dashes are far more conspicuous in some specimens than in others. The glossy whitish caterpillar has a brown head; the plate on the first ring of the body is brownish, and the raised dots are pretty much of the same colour. It feeds on the roots of grass and other plants, and is full grown about April. A figure of the caterpillar, from a drawing in colour by Mr. A. Sich, and a photo of the pupa by Mr. H. Main, are shown on Plate 159, Figs. 1 and 1a; the latter is twice natural size. The moth is out in June, or sometimes late May, and occasional specimens have been noted in September. It is more frequently seen at rest, on fences, etc., than either of the other species of the genus; but towards dusk it is on the wing, and may then be observed in large numbers careering over grass meadows or along stretches of green turf by the wayside. Generally distributed, and often abundant, throughout the United Kingdom; and it occurs in Monaghan, Mayo, Galway, and Kerry, in Ireland. GOLD SWIFT (_Hepialus hecta_). Both sexes of this species are shown on Plate 158, where Fig. 7 represents the golden-marked male, and Fig. 8 the more dingy, dull, purplish-grey striped female. There is variation in number and in size of the markings on the fore wings of the male, and occasionally the hind wings in this sex are adorned with golden spangles on the outer area. The pale greyish brown caterpillar has glossy darker brown {364} plates on rings 1-3, and the raised dots and the spiracles are black. It feeds on the roots of bracken, and is full grown about May. Buckler states that at first it burrows in the root, hibernates when small, resumes feeding in April, attains full growth before winter, and hibernates in the earth for a second time; in the spring of the second year it gnaws cavities in the young shoots of the bracken, and apparently drinks the flowing sap. The moth is out in June. The males fly at dusk, something in the manner of _humuli_, over and among the bracken; but the females fly in a more or less direct line. An odour given off by the males of this species has been likened to that of the pine apple; whilst the "scent" of the Ghost Moth is said to be more of the billy-goat character. In most woody localities, where the bracken flourishes, this species will be found throughout England, Wales, Scotland to Aberdeen and the Hebrides, and Ireland. INDEX. _Abraxas grossulariata_, 260, _Plates_ 103, 104; _sylvata_, 259, _Plates_ 103, 104 _Abrostola tripartita_, 74, _Plate_ 22; _triplasia_, 73, _Plates_ 22, 27 _Acidalia aversata_, 120, _Plates_ 46, 47; _bisetata_, 121, _Plate_ 46; _contiguaria_, 109, _Plate_ 45; _degeneraria_, 118, _Plate_ 46; _dimidiata_, 121, _Plates_ 46, 47; _emutaria_, 128, _Plate_ 49; _fumata_, 131, _Plate_ 50; _herbariata_, 111, _Plate_ 45; _holosericata_, 116, _Plate_ 45; _humiliata_, 115, _Plate_ 45; _imitaria_, 129, _Plates_ 48, 49; _immorata_, 126, _Plate_ 49; _immutata_, 124, _Plate_ 49; _inornata_, 119, _Plates_ 46, 47; _interjectaria_, 114, _Plate_ 45; _marginepunctata_, 125, _Plate_ 49; _ochrata_, 132, _Plate_ 50; _ornata_, 123, _Plate_ 46; _perochraria_, 133, _Plate_ 53; _remutaria_, 124, _Plate_ 49; _rubiginata_, 130, _Plate_ 50; _rusticata_, 110, _Plates_ 45, 48; _straminata_, 113, _Plates_ 45, 61; _strigilaria_, 127, _Plate_ 49; _subsericeata_, 117, _Plate_ 45; _trigeminata_, 122, _Plate_ 46; _virgularia_, 112, _Plate_ 45 Acidaliinae, 109 _Acontia lucida_, var. _albicollis_, 53, _Plate_ 19; _luctuosa_, 54, _Plates_ 19, 23 _Adscita geryon_, 343, _Plate_ 147; _statices_, 342, _Plates_ 145, 147 Alchymist, 78. _Plate_ 29 _Aleucis pictaria_, 264. _Plate_ 107 _Amathes circellaris_, 14, _Plates_ 5, 7; _helvola_, 15, _Plate_ 9; _litura_, 16, _Plate_ 9; _lota_, 12, _Plates_ 5, 7; _lychnidis_, 16, _Plates_ 5, 9; _macilenta_, 13, _Plate_ 7 _Amoebe olivata_, 184, _Plates_ 73, 75; _viridaria_, 185, _Plate_ 75 _Amphidasys_. See _Pachys_. _Anaitis plagiata_, 149. _Plate_ 55 _Anarta cordigera_, 44, _Plate_ 17; _melanopa_, 45, _Plate_ 17; _myrtilli_, 44, _Plates_ 17, 20 _Anchocelis lunosa_, 11. _Plate_ 7 _Angerona prunaria_, 280. _Plates_ 117, 118 Angle-barred Pug, 246. _Plate_ 98 Angle-striped Sallow, 5. _Plate_ 4 _Ania emarginata_, 133. _Plate_ 50 _Anisopteryx aescularia_, 294. _Plates_ 122, 125 Annulet, 319. _Plates_ 139, 140 _Anticlea badiata_, 217, _Plates_ 88, 89; _berberata_, 218, _Plate_ 88; _cucullata_, 216, _Plate_ 88; _nigrafasciaria_, 219, _Plates_ 88, 89; _rubidata_, 218, _Plate_ 88 _Aplasta ononaria_, 101. _Plate_ 38 _Apocheima hispidaria_, 296. _Plates_ 124, 126 Argent and Sable, 201. _Plates_ 79, 82 Ash Pug, 247. _Plate_ 98 _Aspilates gilvaria_, 330, _Plate_ 144; _ochrearia_, 331, _Plates_ 142, 144; _strigillaria_, 332, _Plate_ 144 _Asthena blomeri_, 222, _Plates_ 90, 91; _candidata_, 220, _Plates_ 90, 91; _luteata_, 220, Plate 91; _testaceata_, 221, _Plate_ 91 _Atethmia xerampelina_, 10, _Plate_ 4 August Thorn, 271. _Plates_ 109, 111, 113 Autumnal Moth, 189. _Plate_ 78 Autumn Green Carpet, 174. _Plate_ 68 _Bankia argentula_, 57. _Plate_ 21 _Bapta bimaculata_, 265, _Plate_ 107; _pictaria_, 264, _Plate_ 107; _temerata_, 266, _Plate_ 107 Barberry Carpet, 218. _Plate_ 88 Barred Carpet, 211. _Plate_ 85 Barred Red, 269. _Plates_ 106, 108 Barred Rivulet, 208. _Plate_ 83 Barred Sallow, 18. _Plate_ 10 Barred Straw, 168. _Plate_ 65 Barred Tooth-striped, 152. _Plates_ 57, 59 Barred Umber, 268. _Plates_ 106, 108 Barred Yellow, 169. _Plates_ 65, 69 Beaded Chestnut, 16. _Plates_ 5, 9 Beautiful Carpet, 202. _Plates_ 76, 82 Beautiful Golden Y, 70. _Plate_ 24 Beautiful Hook-tip, 85. _Plate_ 36 Beautiful Snout, 92. _Plates_ 35, 37 Beautiful Yellow Underwing, 44. _Plates_ 17, 20 Beech-green Carpet, 184. _Plates_ 73, 75 Belted Beauty, 298. _Plates_ 124, 126 Bilberry Pug, 253. _Plate_ 100 Birch Mocha, 139. _Plates_ 51, 53 Black Mountain Moth, 321. _Plate_ 139 Blackneck, 83. _Plate_ 32 Black-veined Moth, 330. _Plate_ 144 Bleached Pug, 230. _Plate_ 95 Blomer's Rivulet, 222. _Plates_ 90, 91 Blood-vein, 134. _Plate_ 50 Blotched Emerald, 104. _Plates_ 41, 43 Bloxworth Snout, 93. _Plate_ 36 Blue-bordered Carpet, 204. _Plate_ 82 _Boarmia abietaria_, 306, _Plates_ 132, 138; _cinctaria_, 304, _Plate_ 130; _consortaria_, 309, _Plate_ 135; _gemmaria_, 305, _Plates_ 130, 131; _repandata_, 307, _Plates_ 131, 132, 134; _roboraria_, 308, _Plate_ 135 Boarmiinae, 259 _Bomolocha fontis_, 92. _Plates_ 35, 37 Bordered Beauty, 284. _Plates_ 119, 121 Bordered Grey, 325. _Plates_ 142, 143 Bordered Pug, 240. _Plates_ 92, 97 Bordered Sallow, 47. _Plates_ 17, 20 Bordered Straw, 50. _Plates_ 19, 20 Bordered White, 325. _Plates_ 140, 141 Brephidae, 97 _Brephos notha_, 98, _Plates_ 38, 39; _parthenias_, 97, _Plates_ 38, 39 Brick, 14. _Plates_ 5, 7 Bright Wave, 132. _Plate_ 50 Brimstone, 283. _Plate_ 117 Brindled Beauty, 299. _Plates_ 1, 124, 128 Brindled Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99 Brindled White-spot, 314. _Plate_ 137 Broad-bordered White Underwing, 45. _Plate_ 17 Broken-barred Carpet, 169. _Plates_ 61, 65 Broom-tip, 151. _Plates_ 56, 57 Brown Scallop, 161. _Plate_ 60 Brown Silver-line, 327. _Plate_ 143 Brown-spot Pinion, 16. _Plate_ 9 Brussels Lace, 310. _Plates_ 133, 136 Bupalus piniaria, 325. _Plates_ 140, 141 Burnet Companion, 76. _Plate_ 26 Burnets, 333 Burnished Brass, 65. _Plate_ 22 Buttoned Snout, 94. _Plates_ 35, 37 _Cabera exanthemata_, 267, _Plate_ 107; _pusaria_, 266, _Plates_ 105, 107 _Calocampa exoleta_, 34, _Plate_ 14; _vetusta_, 35, _Plates_ 8, 14 _Calymnia affinis_, 3, _Plate_ 2; _diffinis_,4, _Plates_ 2, 3; _pyralina_, 2, _Plates_2, 3; _trapezina_, 4, _Plate_ 2 Campanula Pug, 232. _Plate_ 95 _Camptogramma bilineata_, 212. _Plates_ 61, 84, 85 Canary-shouldered Thorn, 272. _Plates_ 110, 111 _Carsia paludata_, 150. _Plate_ 55 _Catephia alchymista_, 78. _Plate_ 29 _Catocala electa_, 79, _Plate_ 31; _fraxini_, 78, _Plate_ 29; _nupta_, 80, _Plates_ 31, 33; _promissa_, 82, _Plate_ 32; _sponsa_, 82, _Plates_ 32, 33 Centre-barred Sallow, 10. _Plate_ 4 Chalk Carpet, 145. _Plates_ 52, 54 Chamomile Shark, 40. _Plates_ 16, 18 _Cheimatobia boreata_, 157, _Plates_ 58, 59; _brumata_, 156, _Plate_ 58 _Chesias rufata_, 151, _Plates_ 56, 57; _spartiata_, 150, _Plates_ 56, 57 Chestnut- Carpet, 176. _Plate_ 70 Chestnut Moth, 24. _Plate_ 11 Chevron, 165. _Plates_ 63, 67 _Chiasmia clathrata_, 328. _Plate_ 143 Chimney-sweeper, 147. _Plate_ 55 _Chloroclystis coronata_, 251, _Plate_ 100; _debiliata_, 253, _Plate_ 100; _rectangulata_, 251, _Plate_ 100 _Cidaria corylata_, 169, _Plates_ 61, 65; _fulvata_, 169, _Plates_ 65, 69; _immanata_, _Plates_ 66, 69; _miata_, 174, _Plate_ 68; _pyraliata_, 168, _Plate_ 65; _sagittata_, 172, _Plate_ 68; _siterata_, 173, _Plate_ 68; _truncata_, 170, _Plates_ 66, 69 _Cirrhia citrago_, 17. _Plate_ 10 _Cirrhoedia xerampelina_, 10. _Plate_ 4 Cistus Forester, 343. _Plate_ 147 Clay Fan-foot, 90. _Plates_ 34, 35 Clay Triple-lines, 137. _Plate_ 53 Clear Underwing, 351. _Plate_ 154 Clearwings, 350 _Cleora angularia_, 310, _Plate_ 134; _jubata_, 311, _Plates_ 133, 136; _lichenaria_, 310, _Plates_ 133, 136 Clifden Nonpareil, 78. _Plate_ 29 Cloaked Carpet, 200. _Plate_ 82 Cloaked Pug, 251. _Plate_ 99 Clouded Border, 262. _Plates_ 105, 107 Clouded Magpie, 259. _Plates_ 101, 103, 104 Clouded Silver, 266. _Plate_ 107 Cochlididae, 344 _Cochlidion limacodes_, 345. _Plates_ 149, 153 _Coenocalpe tersata_, 257, _Plate_ 102; _vitalbata_, 256, _Plate_ 102; _vittata_, 257, _Plate_ 102 _Collix sparsata_, 254. _Plate_ 102 Common Carpet, 197. _Plates_ 79, 81 Common Emerald, 107. _Plates_ 41, 43 Common Fan-foot, 91. _Plate_ 34 Common Heath, 324. _Plate_ 141 Common Marbled Carpet, 170. _Plates_ 66, 69 Common Pug, 334. _Plates_ 92, 97 Common Swift, 363. _Plates_ 158, 159 Common Wave, 267. _Plate_ 107 Common White Wave, 266. _Plates_ 105, 107 Conformist, 29. _Plates_ 8, 13 _Conistra_. See _Orrhodia_ _Coremia designata_, 183, _Plates_ 74, 75; _ferrugata_, 182, _Plate_ 72; _munitata_, 180, _Plate_ 72; _quadrifasciaria_, 179, _Plate_ 72; _unidentaria_, 181, _Plate_ 75 _Cosmia paleacea_, 5. _Plate_ 4 Cossidae, 347 _Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_), 347. _Plates_ 150, 151 _Craspedia_. See _Acidalia_. Cream Wave, 124. _Plate_ 49 _Crocallis elinguaria_, 280. _Plates_ 114, 116 _Cucullia abrotani_, 43, _Plate_ 16; _absinthii_, 42, _Plate_ 16; _artemisiae_, 43, _Plate_ 16; _asteris_, 30, _Plates_ 15, 18; _chamomillae_, 40, _Plates_ 16, 18; _gnaphalii_, 41, _Plate_ 13; _lychnitis_, 38, _Plates_ 15, 18; _scrophulariae_, 37, _Plate_ 15; _umbratica_, 40, _Plate_ 16; _verbasci_, 36, _Plates_ 15, 18 Cudweed Shark, 41. _Plate_ 13 Currant Clearwing, 354. _Plates_ 154, 156 Currant Pug, 230. _Plates_ 92, 95 Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet, 181. _Plates_ 74, 75 Dark Bordered Beauty, 284. _Plates_ 119, 121 Dark Chestnut, 25. _Plate_ 11 Dark Crimson Underwing, 82. _Plates_ 32, 33 Dark Marbled Carpet, 171. _Plates_ 66, 69 Dark Spectacle, 73. _Plates_ 22, 27 Dark Spinach, 254. _Plate_ 102 Dark Umber, 162. _Plate_ 60 _Dasycampa rubiginea_, 26. _Plates_ 6, 11 Dentated Pug, 254. _Plate_ 102 _Dicycla oo_, 1. _Plate_ 2 Dingy Mocha, 139. _Plate_ 51, 53 Dingy Shears, 8. _Plates_ 3, 4 Dingy Shell, 219. _Plate_ 91 Dotted Border, 292. _Plates_ 120, 125 Dotted Border Wave, 113. _Plates_ 45, 61 Dotted Carpet, 311. _Plates_ 133, 136 Dotted Chestnut, 26. _Plates_ 6, 11 Dotted Fan-foot, 90. _Plate_ 35 Double Kidney, 9. _Plate_ 4 Double-striped Pug, 250. _Plate_ 99 Drab Looper, 146. _Plate_ 55 Dun-bar, 4. _Plate_ 2 Dusky-lemon Sallow, 21. _Plate_ 10 Dusky Thorn, 273. _Plates_ 110, 111 Dwarf Cream Wave, 114. _Plate_ 45 Dwarf Pug, 225. _Plate_ 93 _Dyschorista fissipuncta_, 8, _Plates_ 3, 4; _suspecta_, 7, _Plate_ 4 Early Grey, 33. _Plates_ 8, 12 Early Moth, 289. _Plate_ 120 Early Thorn, 274. _Plate_ 112 Early Tooth-striped, 153. _Plates_ 57, 59 Edinburgh Pug, 239. _Plate_ 96 _Eltopia prosapiaria_, 269. _Plates_ 106, 108 _Ematurga atomaria_, 324. _Plate_ 141 _Emmelia trabealis_, 62. _Plate_ 21 Engrailed, 312. _Plates_ 136, 138 _Ennomos alniaria_, 272, _Plates_ 110, 111; _autumnaria_, 270, _Plates_ 106, 109; _erosaria_, 273, _Plate_ 134; _fuscantaria_, 273, _Plates_ 110, 111; _quercinaria_, 271, _Plates_ 109, 111, 113 _Entephria caesiata_, 191. _Plate_ 80 _Ephyra annulata_, 138, _Plates_ 51, 53; _linearia_, 137, _Plate_ 53; _orbicularia_, 139, _Plates_ 51, 53; _pendularia_, 139, _Plates_ 51, 53; _porata_, 135, _Plate_ 53; _punctaria_, 136, _Plate_ 53 _Epione advenaria_, 285, _Plates_ 119, 121; _apiciaria_, 284, _Plates_ 119, 121; _parallelaria_, 284, _Plates_ 119, 121 _Epirrhoe_. See _Xanthorhoe_ _Epirrita_. See _Oporabia_ _Erastria argentula_, 57, _Plate_ 21; _fasciana_, 57, _Plate_ 21; _uncula_, 58, _Plate_ 21; _venustula_, 59, _Plates_ 21, 25 Essex Emerald, 105. _Plates_ 42, 43 _Euchloris pustulata_, 104, _Plates_ 41, 43; _smaragdaria_, 105, _Plates_ 42, 43 _Euchoeca obliterata_, 219. _Plate_ 91 _Euclidia glyphica_, 76, _Plate_ 26; _mi_, 75, _Plates_ 26, 30 _Eucosmia certata_, 159, _Plates_ 60, 62; _undulata_, 160, _Plates_ 60, 62 _Eucymatoge togata_, 251. _Plate_ 99 _Eudalimia margaritaria_, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108 _Eulype hastata_, 201. _Plates_ 79, 82 _Euphyia picata_, 200, _Plate_ 82; _unangulata_, 199, _Plate_ 82 _Eupithecia abbreviata_, 248, _Plate_ 99; _absinthiata_, 231, _Plate_ 95; _albipunctata_, 234, _Plates_ 92, 97; _assimilata_, 230, _Plates_ 92, 95; _castigata_, 237, _Plates_ 92, 97; _denotata_, 232, _Plate_ 95; _distinctaria_, 229, _Plate_ 95; _dodoneata_, 248, _Plate_ 99; _exiguata_, 248, _Plate_ 99; _expallidata_, 230, _Plate_ 95; _extensaria_, 238, _Plate_ 97; _fraxinata_, 247, _Plate_ 98; _goossensiata_, 231, _Plate_ 95; _haworthiata_, 242, _Plates_ 90, 98; _helveticaria_, 239. _Plate_ 96; _indigata_, 226, _Plate_ 96; _innotata_, 246, _Plate_ 98; _insigniata_, 226, _Plate_ 96; _inturbata_, 246, _Plate_ 98; _irriguata_, 225, _Plate_ 93; _jasioneata_, 233, _Plate_ 95; _lariciata_, 236, 97; _linariata_, 224, _Plate_ 93; _nanata_, 247, _Plate_ 99; _oblongata_, 222, _Plates_ 92, 93; _pimpinellata_, 228, _Plate_ 95; _plumbeolata_, 244, _Plate_ 98; _pulchellata_, 223, _Plate_ 93; _pumilata_, 250, _Plate_ 99; _pusillata_, 225, _Plate_ 93; _pygmaeata_, 244, _Plate_ 98; _satyrata_, 239, _Plate_ 96; _scabiosata_, 242, _Plate_ 97; _sobrinata_, 249, _Plate_ 99; _subfulvata_, 241, _Plate_ 97; _subnotata_, 237, _Plates_ 94, 97; _succenturiata_, 240, _Plates_ 92, 97; _tenuiata_, 245, _Plate_ 98; _trisignaria_, 236, _Plate_ 97; _valerianata_, 243, _Plate_ 98; _venosata_, 227, _Plates_ 92, 93; _virgaureata_, 235, _Plate_ 97; _vulgata_, 234, _Plates_ 92, 97 _Eupsilia satellitia_, 27. _Plate_ 12 _Eurymene dolabraria_, 282. _Plate_ 117 _Eustroma silaceata_, 162. _Plate_ 93 False Mocha, 135. _Plate_ 53 Fan-foot, 87. _Plates_ 34, 35 Feathered Thorn, 279. _Plates_ 114, 116 Fern-Moth, 257. _Plate_ 102 Festoon, 345. _Plates_ 149, 153 _Fidonia limbaria_, 323. _Plate_ 141; _carbonaria_, 322. _Plate_ 141 Fiery Clearwing, 359. _Plate_ 155 Five-spot Burnet, 339. _Plates_ 145, 146, 148 Flame Carpet, 183. _Plates_ 74, 75 Flame Moth, 218. _Plate_ 88 Flounced Rustic, 15. _Plate_ 9 Forester, 342. _Plates_ 145, 147 Four-spotted, 54. _Plates_ 19, 23 Foxglove Pug, 223. _Plate_ 93 Frosted Yellow, 323. _Plate_ 141 Galium Carpet, 195. _Plates_ 79, 81 Garden Carpet, 194. _Plates_ 61, 80 Gem, 258. _Plate_ 102 _Geometra papilionaria_, 102, _Plates_ 40, 42; _vernaria_, 103, _Plates_ 40, 44 Geometridae, 99 Geometrinae, 101 Ghost Moth, 360. _Plates_ 157, 159 _Gnophos obscurata_, 319, _Plates_ 139, 140; _myrtillata_, 320. _Plate_ 139 Goat Moth, 347. _Plates_ 150, 151 Golden Plusia, 64. _Plates_ 22, 27 Golden Rod Brindle, 32. _Plate_ 12 Golden-rod Pug, 235. _Plate_ 97 Gold Spangle, 67. _Plate_ 24 Gold Spot, 68. _Plate_ 24 Gold Swift, 363. _Plate_ 158 _Gonodontis bidentata_, 278. _Plates_ 114, 115 _Graptolitha furcifera_, 29, _Plates_ 8, 13; _lamda_, 30, _Plate_ 13; _ornithopus_, 31, _Plate_ 12 Grass Emerald, 101. _Plates_ 38, 41 Grass Rivulet, 209. _Plates_ 83, 84 Grass Wave, 332. _Plate_ 144 Great Oak Beauty, 308. _Plate_ 135 Green Carpet, 185. _Plate_ 75 Green Pug, 252. _Plate_ 61 Grey Birch, 316. _Plate_ 137 Grey Carpet, 148. _Plate_ 55 Grey Mountain Carpet, 191. _Plate_ 80 Grey Pine Carpet, 175. _Plates_ 70, 71 Grey Pug, 237. _Plates_ 92, 97 Grey Scalloped Bar, 329. _Plates_ 142, 144 Grey Shoulder-knot, 31. _Plate_ 12 _Gymnoscelis pumilata_, 250. _Plate_ 99 _Hapalotis fasciana_, 57. _Plate_ 21 Haworth's Pug, 242. _Plates_ 90, 98 Heart Moth, 1. _Plate_ 2 Heath Rivulet, 209. _Plate_ 83 _Heliaca tenebrata_, 46. _Plate_ 17 _Heliothis armigera_, 52, _Plates_ 19, 20; _dipsacea_, 48, _Plate_ 19; _peltigera_, 50, _Plates_ 19, 20; _scutosa_, 49, _Plate_ 19 _Hemerophila abruptaria_, 303. _Plates_ 130, 133, 134 _Hemithea strigata_, 107. _Plates_ 41, 43 Hepialidae, 360 _Hepialus fusconebulosa_, 362, _Plate_ 158; _hecta_, 363, _Plate_ 158; _humuli_, 360, _Plates_ 157, 159; _lupulina_, 363, _Plates_ 158, 159; _sylvina_, 361; _Plates_ 157, 159; _velleda_, 362 Herald, 63. _Plates_ 22, 25 _Herminia cribralis_, 90, _Plate_ 35; _cribrumalis_, 90, _Plate_ 35; _derivalis_, 90, _Plates_ 34, 35 _Heterogena asella_, 346, _Plates_ 149, 153; _limacodes_, 345, _Plates_ 149, 153 _Himera pennaria_, 279. _Plates_ 114, 116 _Hoporina croceago_, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10 Hornet Moth, 350. _Plate_ 154 Horse Chestnut, 318. _Plates_ 137, 140 _Hybernia aurantiaria_, 291, _Plates_ 120, 125; _defoliaria_, 293, _Plates_ 122, 125; _leucophaearia_, 290, _Plate_ 120; _marginaria_, 292, _Plates_ 120, 125; _rupicapraria_, 289, _Plate_ 120 _Hydrelia uncula_, 58. _Plate_ 21 _Hydriomena elutata_, 213; _furcata_, 213, _Plates_ 86, 87; _impluviata_, 214, _Plates_ 86, 87; _ruberata_, 215, _Plate_ 86 Hydriomenidae, 141 _Hygrochroa syringaria_, 277. _Plates_ 112, 115 _Hylaea prosapiaria_, 269. _Plates_, 106, 108 _Hypena obsitalis_, 93, _Plate_ 36; _proboscidalis_, 93, _Plates_ 35, 37; _rostralis_, 94, _Plates_ 35, 37 Hypeninae, 85 _Hypenodes albistrigalis_, 94, _Plate_ 36; _costaestrigalis_, 25, _Plate_ 36; _taenialis_, 94, _Plate_ 36 _Hyria muricata_, 109. _Plate_ 45 _Ino geryon_, 343, _Plate_ 147; _globulariae_, 342, _Plate_ 147; _statices_, 342, _Plates_ 145, 147 _Iodis lactearia_, 107. _Plates_ 43, 44 Isle of Wight Wave, 115. _Plate_ 45 _Itame wauaria_, 326. _Plates_ 142, 143 Jasione Pug, 233. _Plate_ 95 July Highflyer, 213. _Plates_ 86, 87 Juniper Carpet, 177. _Plate_ 70 Juniper Pug, 249. _Plate_ 99 Lace Border, 123. _Plate_ 46 _Lampropteryx suffumata_, 178. _Plates_ 72, 74 Larch Pug, 236. _Plate_ 97 Large Emerald, 102. _Plates_ 40, 42 Large Red-belted Clearwing, 357. _Plate_ 155 Large Thorn, 270. _Plates_ 106, 109, 134 Large Twin-spot Carpet, 179. _Plate_ 72 _Laspeyria flexula_, 85. _Plate_ 36 Latticed Heath, 328. _Plate_ 143 Lead Belle, 143. _Plate_ 54 Lead- Pug, 244. _Plate_ 98 Least Carpet, 110. _Plates_ 45, 48 Leopard Moth, 348. _Plates_ 152, 153 _Leptomeris_. See _Acidalia_ Lesser Belle, 89. _Plates_ 35, 39 Lesser Cream Wave, 124. _Plate_ 49 Lesser-spotted Pinion, 3. _Plate_ 2 _Leucanitis stolida_, 77 Lewes Wave, 126. _Plate_ 49 _Ligdia adustata_, 263. _Plates_ 105, 107 Light Crimson Underwing, 82. _Plate_ 32 Light Emerald, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108 Light Orange Underwing, 89. _Plates_ 38, 39 Lilac Beauty, 277. _Plates_ 112, 115 Lime-speck Pug, 222. _Plates_ 92, 93 Ling Pug, 231. _Plate_ 95 _Lithomoia solidaginis_, 32. _Plate_ 12 _Lithophane semibrunnea_, 28, _Plate_ 12; _socia_, 29, _Plate_ 12 _Lithostege griseata_, 148. _Plate_ 55 Little Emerald, 107. _Plates_ 43, 44 Little Thorn, 285. _Plates_ 119, 121 _Lobophora carpinata_, 153, _Plates_ 57, 59; _halterata_, 155, _Plate_ 57; _polycommata_,152, _Plates_ 57, 59; _sexalisata_, 156, _Plate_ 58; _viretata_, 153, _Plate_ 58 _Lomaspilis marginata_, 262. _Plates_ 105, 107 _Lozogramma petraria_, 327. _Plate_ 143 Lunar Double-stripe, 77. _Plate_ 29 Lunar Hornet, _Plate_ 154 Lunar-spotted Pinion, 2. _Plate_ 2 Lunar Thorn, 276. _Plates_ 112, 113 Lunar Underwing, 11. _Plate_ 7 _Lycia hirtaria_, 299. _Plates_ 124, 128 _Lygris associata_, 167, _Plates_ 65, 67; _populata_, 166, _Plate_ 63; _prunata_, 164, _Plates_ 63, 67; _reticulata_, 163, _Plates_ 61, 64; _testata_, 165, _Plates_ 63, 67. _Lythria purpuraria_, 142 _Madopa salicalis_, 89. _Plates_, 35, 39 Magpie, 260. _Plates_ 103, 104 Maiden's Blush, 136. _Plate_ 53 _Malenydris didymata_, 187, _Plate_ 77; _multistrigaria_, 186, _Plates_ 73, 77; _salicata_, 186, _Plates_ 73, 75 Mallow, 143. _Plates_ 52, 54 Manchester Treble-bar, 150. _Plate_ 55 Many-lined Moth, 256. _Plate_ 102 Maple Pug, 246. _Plate_ 98 Map-winged Swift, 362. _Plate_ 158 Marbled Clover, 48. _Plate_ 19 Marbled Pug, 225. _Plate_ 93 Marbled White-Spot, 57. _Plate_ 21 March Moth, 294. _Plates_ 122, 125 Marsh Carpet, 172. _Plate_ 68 Marsh Oblique-barred, 96. _Plate_ 36 Marsh Pug, 244. _Plate_ 98 May Highflyer, 214. _Plates_ 86, 87 _Melantha procellata_, 204. _Plate_ 82 _Mellinia gilvago_, 22, _Plate_ 10; _ocellaris_, 22, _Plate_ 10 _Mesogona acetosellae_, 9 _Mesoleuca albicillata_, 202, _Plates_ 76, 82; _bicolorata_, 204, _Plate_ 82; _ocellata_, 203, _Plate_ 82 _Mesotype virgata_, 146. _Plate_ 54 _Metrocampa margaritaria_, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108 _Minoa murinata_, 146. _Plate_ 55 Mocha, 138. _Plates_ 51, 53 Mother Shipton, 75. _Plates_ 26, 30 Mottled Beauty, 307. _Plates_ 131, 132, 134 Mottled Grey, 186. _Plates_ 73, 75 Mottled Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99 Mottled Umber, 293. _Plates_ 122, 125 Mullein, 36. _Plates_ 15, 18 Mullein Wave, 125. _Plate_ 49 _Mysticoptera._ See _Lobophora_ Narrow-bordered Five-Spot Burnet, 339. _Plates_ 145, 147 Narrow-winged Pug, 247. _Plate_ 99 _Nemoria viridata_, 106. _Plates_ 43, 44 Netted Carpet, 163. _Plates_ 61, 64 Netted Mountain Moth, 322. _Plate_ 141 Netted Pug, 227. _Plates_ 92, 93 New Forest Burnet, 336. _Plates_ 146, 148 Ni, 70. _Plates_ 26, 28 Nonconformist, 30. _Plate_ 13 Northern Spinach, 166. _Plate_ 63. Northern Winter-Moth, 157. _Plate_ 58 November Moth, 188. _Plates_ 76, 78 _Numeria pulveraria_, 268. _Plates_ 106, 108 _Nyssia lapponaria_, 297, _Plate_ 126; _zonaria_, 298, _Plates_ 124, 126 Oak Beauty, 300. _Plates_ 127, 128 Oak-tree Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99 Oblique Carpet, 257. _Plate_ 102 Oblique Striped, 146. _Plate_ 54 Ochreous Pug, 226. _Plate_ 96 _Ochria aurago_, 18. _Plate_ 10 _Ochyria._ See _Coremia_. _Odezia atrata_, 147. _Plate_ 55 Olive, 9. _Plate_ 4 Olive Crescent, 88. _Plate_ 36 _Omphaloscelis lunosa_, 11. _Plate_ 7 _Ophiusa stolida_, 77 _Opisthograptis luteolata_, 283. _Plate_ 117 _Oporabia autumnata_, 189, _Plate_ 78; _dilutata_, 188, _Plates_ 76, 78; _filigrammaria_, 190, _Plate_ 77 Orange Moth, 280. _Plates_ 117, 118 Orange Sallow, 17. _Plate_ 10 Orange Swift, 361. _Plates_ 157, 159 Orange-tailed Clearwing, 353. _Plate_ 156 Orange Underwing, 97. _Plates_ 38, 39 Orange Upperwing, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10 _Orrhodia erythrocephala_, 23, _Plate_ 11; _ligula_, 25, _Plate_ 11; _rubiginea_, 26, _Plates_ 6, 11; _vaccinii_, 24, _Plate_ 11 _Ortholitha bipunctaria_, 145, _Plates_ 52, 54; _cervinata_, 143, _Plates_ 52, 54; _limitata_, 144, _Plates_ 52, 54; _moeniata_, 145; _plumbaria_, 143, _Plate_ 54 _Orthosia._ See _Amathes_. _Ourapteryx sambucaria_, 282. _Plates_ 117, 118 _Pachycnema hippocastanaria_, 318. _Plates_ 137, 140 _Pachys betularia_, 301, _Plates_ 128, 129; _strataria_, 300, _Plates_ 127, 128 Pale Brindled Beauty, 295. _Plates_ 122, 126 Pale-lemon Sallow, 22. _Plate_ 10 Pale Oak Beauty, 309. _Plate_ 135 Pale Pinion, 29. _Plate_ 12 Pale Shoulder, 53. _Plate_ 19 _Parascotia fuliginaria_, 86. _Plate_ 36 Peacock, 287. _Plate_ 119 Pease Blossom, 47. _Plate_ 17 _Pechypogon barbalis_, 91. _Plate_ 35 _Pelurga comitata_, 254. _Plate_ 102 Peppered Moth, 301. _Plates_ 128, 129 _Percnoptilota fluviata_, 258. _Plate_ 102 _Perconia strigillaria_, 332. _Plate_ 144 _Perizoma affinitata_, 205, _Plate_ 83; _albulata_, 208, _Plates_ 83, 84; _alchemillata_, 206, _Plate_ 83; _blandiata_, 210, _Plate_ 83; _bifasciata_, 208, _Plate_ 83; _flavofasciata_, 207, _Plate_ 85; _minorata_, 209, _Plate_ 83; _taeniata_, 211, _Plate_ 85 _Phasiane petraria_, 327. _Plate_ 143 _Phibalapteryx lapidata_, 255, _Plate_ 102; _polygrammata_, 256, _Plate_ 102; _tersata_, 257, _Plate_ 102; _vitalbata_, 256, _Plate_ 102 _Phigalia pedaria_, 295. _Plates_ 122, 126 _Philereme._ See _Scotosia_. Phoenix, 164. _Plates_ 63, 67 _Phragmataecia castaneae_, 349. _Plate_ 153 Pimpinel Pug, 228. _Plate_ 95 Pine Carpet, 176. _Plates_ 70, 71 Pinion-spotted Pug, 226. _Plate_ 96 Pinion-streaked Snout, 95. _Plate_ 36 Pink-barred Sallow, 19. _Plates_ 6, 10 Plain Golden Y, 69. _Plate_ 24 Plain Pug, 237. _Plates_ 94, 97 Plain Wave, 119. _Plates_ 46, 47 _Plastenis retusa_, 9, _Plate_ 4; _subtusa_, 9, _Plate_ 4 _Plusia bractea_, 67, _Plate_ 24; _chrysitis_, 65, _Plate_ 22; _chryson_, 66, _Plate_ 24; _festucae_, 68, _Plate_ 24; _gamma_, 72, _Plate_ 26; _interrogationis_, 73, _Plates_ 26, 28; _iota_, 69, _Plate_ 24; _moneta_, 64, _Plates_ 22, 27; _ni_, 70, _Plates_ 26, 28; _pulchrina_, 70, _Plate_ 24 Portland Ribbon Wave, 118. _Plate_ 46 Pretty Chalk Carpet, 204. _Plate_ 82 Pretty Pinion, 210. _Plate_ 83 _Prothymnia viridaria_, 61. _Plates_ 21, 25 _Pseudophia lunaris_, 77. _Plate_ 29 _Pseudoterpna pruinata_, 101. _Plates_ 38, 41 _Psodos coracina_, 321. _Plate_ 139 _Ptychopoda._ See _Acidalia_ Purple Bar, 203. _Plate_ 82 Purple-bordered Gold, 109. _Plate_ 82 Purple Marbled, 55. _Plate_ 21 Purple Thorn, 276. _Plates_ 112, 113 _Pylarge fumata_, 131. _Plate_ 50 _Pyrrhia umbra_, 47. _Plates_ 17, 20 Rannoch Brindled Beauty, 297. _Plates_ 126, 134 Rannoch Looper, 327. _Plate_ 143 Red-belted Clearwing, 356. _Plate_ 155 Red Carpet, 180. _Plate_ 72 Red-green Carpet, 173. _Plate_ 68 Red-headed Chestnut, 23. _Plate_ 11 Red-line Quaker, 12. _Plates_ 5, 7 Red Sword-grass, 35. _Plates_ 8, 14 Red-tipped Clearwing, 357. _Plates_ 155, 156 Red Twin-spot Carpet, 182. _Plate_ 72 Red Underwing, 80. _Plates_ 31, 33 Reed Leopard, 349. _Plate_ 153 Rest Harrow Moth, 101. _Plate_ 38 _Rhagades globulariae_, 342. _Plate_ 147 Riband Wave, 120. _Plates_ 46, 47 Ringed Carpet, 304. _Plate_ 130 _Rivula sericealis_, 60. _Plates_ 21, 23 Rivulet, 205. _Plate_ 83 Rosy Marbled, 59. _Plates_ 21, 25 Rosy Wave, 128. _Plate_ 49 Royal Mantle, 216. _Plate_ 88 Ruddy High-flyer, 215. _Plate_ 86 _Rumia crataegata_, 283. _Plate_ 117 Rusty Wave, 111. _Plate_ 45 Sallow, 20. _Plates_ 6, 10 Sandy Carpet, 207. _Plate_ 85 Satellite, 27. _Plate_ 12 Satin Carpet, 306. _Plates_ 132, 138 Satin Wave, 117. _Plate_ 45 Satyr Pug, 239. _Plate_ 96 Scalloped Hazel, 278. _Plates_ 114, 115 Scalloped Oak, 280. _Plates_ 114, 116 Scallop Shell, 160. _Plates_ 60, 62 Scarce Blackneck, 84. _Plate_ 32 Scarce Bordered Straw, 52. _Plates_ 19, 20 Scarce Burnished Brass, 66. _Plate_ 24 Scarce Forester, 342. _Plate_ 147 Scarce Pug, 238. _Plate_ 97 Scarce Silver Y, 73. _Plates_ 26, 28 Scarce Tissue, 159. _Plate_ 60 Scarce Umber, 291. _Plates_ 120, 125 _Sciadion obscurata_, 319. _Plates_ 139, 140 _Sciapteron tabaniformis_, 351. _Plate_ 154 _Scodiona fagaria_, 329. _Plates_ 142, 144 _Scoliopteryx libatrix_, 63. _Plates_ 22, 25 _Scopelosoma satellitia_, 27 Scorched Carpet, 263. _Plates_ 105, 107 Scorched Wing, 282. _Plate_ 117 _Scoria lineata_, 330. _Plate_ 144 Scotch Annulet, 320. _Plate_ 139 Scotch Burnet, 335. _Plate_ 146 _Scotosia rhamnata_, 162, _Plate_ 60; _vetulata_, 161, _Plate_ 60 _Selenia bilunaria_, 274, _Plate_ 112; _lunaria_, 276, _Plates_ 112, 113; _tetralunaria_, 276, _Plates_ 112, 113 _Selidosoma ericetaria_, 325. _Plates_ 142, 143 _Semiothisa alternata_, 288, _Plates_ 119, 123; _liturata_, 288, _Plates_ 61, 119, 123; _notata_, 287, _Plate_ 119 September Thorn, 273. _Plate_ 134 Seraphim, 155. _Plate_ 57 _Sesia andrenaeformis_, 353, _Plates_ 1, 156; _chrysidiformis_, 359, _Plate_ 155; _culiciformis_, 357, _Plate_ 155; _formiciformis_, 357, _Plates_ 155, 156; _ichneumoniformis_, 358, _Plate_ 155; _muscaeformis_, 359, _Plate_ 155; _myopaeformis_, 356, _Plate_ 155; _scoliaeformis_, 352, _Plates_ 154, 156; _spheciformis_, 353, _Plate_ 154; _tipuliformis_, 354, _Plates_ 154, 156; _vespiformis_, 355, _Plate_ 155 Sesiidae, 350 Shaded Broad-bar, 144. _Plates_ 52, 54 Shaded Pug, 242. _Plate_ 97 Shark, 40. _Plate_ 16 Sharp-angled Carpet, 199. _Plate_ 82 Sharp-angled Peacock, 288. _Plates_ 119, 123 Shoulder Stripe, 217. _Plates_ 88, 89 Silky Wave, 116. _Plate_ 45 Silver Barred, 57. _Plate_ 21 Silver-ground Carpet, 193. _Plate_ 80 Silver Hook, 58. _Plate_ 21 Silver Y, 72. _Plate_ 26 Single Dotted Wave, 121. _Plates_ 46, 47 Six-belted Clearwing, 358. _Plate_ 155 Six-spot Burnet, 340. _Plates_ 145, 147, 148 Slender Pug, 245. _Plate_ 98 Slender-striped Pug, 255. _Plate_ 102 Sloe Carpet, 264. _Plate_ 107 Small Argent and Sable, 198. _Plate_ 81 Small Autumnal Carpet, 190. _Plate_ 77 Small Blood-vein, 129. _Plates_ 48, 49 Small Brindled Beauty, 296. _Plates_ 124, 126 Small Dark Yellow Underwing, 44. _Plate_ 17 Small Dusty Wave, 112. _Plate_ 45 Small Emerald, 103. _Plates_ 40, 44 Small Fan-foot, 88. _Plates_ 34, 35 Small Fan-footed Wave, 121. _Plate_ 46 Small Grass Emerald, 106. _Plates_ 43, 44 Small Marbled, 56. _Plate_ 21 Small Phoenix, 162. _Plate_ 63 Small Purple Barred, 61. _Plates_ 21, 25 Small Rivulet, 206. _Plate_ 83 Small Scallop, 133. _Plate_ 50 Small Seraphim, 156. _Plate_ 58 Small Waved Umber, 256. _Plate_ 102 Small White Wave, 220. _Plates_ 90, 91 Small Yellow Underwing, 46. _Plate_ 17 Small Yellow Wave, 220. _Plate_ 91 Smoky Wave, 131. _Plate_ 50 Snout, 93. _Plates_ 35, 37 Speckled Beauty, 310. _Plate_ 134 Speckled Yellow, 286. _Plates_ 61, 119 Spectacle, 74. _Plate_ 22 Spinach Moth, 167. _Plates_ 65, 67 Spotted Clover, 49. _Plate_ 19 Spotted Sulphur, 62. _Plate_ 21 Spring Usher, 290. _Plate_ 120 Square Spot, 315. _Plates_ 137, 138 Star-wort, 39. _Plates_ 15, 18 _Sterrha sacraria_, 141. _Plate_ 54 Straw Belle, 330. _Plate_ 144 Straw Dot, 60. _Plate_ 21 Streak, 150. _Plates_ 56, 57 Streamer, 219. _Plates_ 88, 89 _Strenia clathrata_, 328. _Plate_ 143 Striped Lychnis, 38. _Plates_ 15, 18 Striped Twin-spot Carpet, 186. _Plates_ 73, 75 Sub-angled Wave, 127. _Plate_ 49 Suspected, 7. _Plate_ 4 Swallow-tailed, 282. _Plates_ 117, 118 Sword-grass, 34. _Plate_ 14 _Synopsia abruptaria_, 303, _Plates_ 130, 133, 134 _Tarache lucida_, var. _albicollis_, 53, _Plate_ 19; _luctuosa_, 54, _Plates_ 19, 23 Tawny-barred Angle, 288. _Plates_ 61, 119, 123 Tawny Pinion, 28. _Plate_ 12 Tawny-speckled Pug, 241. _Plate_ 97 Tawny Wave, 130. _Plate_ 50 _Tephrosia bistortata_, 312, _Plates_ 136, 138; _consonaria_, 315, _Plates_ 137, 138; _luridata_, 314, _Plate_ 137; _punctularia_, 316, _Plate_ 137 _Thalera fimbrialis_, 108 _Thalpochares ostrina_, 55, _Plate_ 21; _parva_, 56, _Plate_ 21; _paula_, 56, _Plate_ 21 _Thamnonoma wauaria_, 326, _Plates_ 142, 143; _brunneata_, 327, _Plate_ 143 _Thera cognata_, 176, _Plate_ 70; _firmata_, 176, _Plates_ 70, 71; _juniperata_, 177, _Plate_ 70; _variata_, 175, _Plates_ 70, 71 _Tholomiges turfosalis_, 96. _Plate_ 36 Thrift Clearwing, 359. _Plate_ 155 Thyme Pug, 229. _Plate_ 95 _Timandra amata_, 134. _Plate_ 50 Tissue, 158. _Plates_ 60, 62 Toadflax Pug, 224. _Plate_ 93 _Toxocampa craccae_, 84, _Plate_ 32; _pastinum_, 83, _Plate_ 32 Transparent Burnet, 334. _Plates_ 145, 146 Treble-bar, 149. _Plate_ 55 Treble Brown Spot, 122. _Plate_ 46 Triangle, 346. _Plates_ 149, 153 _Trichopteryx._ See _Lobophora_ _Triphosa dubitata_, 158. _Plates_ 60, 62 Triple-spotted Pug, 236. _Plate_ 97 _Trochilium apiformis_, 350, _Plate_ 154; _crabroniformis_, 351, _Plate_ 154 Twin-spot Carpet, 187. _Plate_ 77 Valerian Pug, 243. _Plate_ 98 _Venilia maculata_, 286. _Plates_ 61, 119 _Venusia cambrica_, 190. _Plate_ 78 Vestal, 141. _Plate_ 54 V-moth, 326. _Plates_ 142, 143 V-Pug, 251. _Plates_ 99, 100 Water Betony, 37. _Plate_ 15 Water Carpet, 178. _Plates_ 72, 74 Waved Black, 86. _Plate_ 36 Waved Carpet, 221. _Plate_ 91 Waved Umber, 303. _Plates_ 130, 133, 134 Weaver's Wave, 109. _Plate_ 45 Welsh Clearwing, 352. _Plates_ 154, 156 Welsh Wave, 190. _Plate_ 78 White-barred Clearwing, 353. _Plate_ 154 White-line Snout, 94. _Plate_ 36 White-pinion Spotted, 265. _Plate_ 107 White-spotted Pinion, 4. _Plates_ 2, 3 White-spotted Pug, 234. _Plates_ 92, 97 Willow Beauty, 305. _Plates_ 130, 131 Winter Moth, 156. _Plate_ 58 Wood Carpet, 196. _Plates_ 79, 81 Wormwood, 42. _Plate_ 16 Wormwood Pug, 231. _Plate_ 95 _Xanthia aurago_, 18, _Plate_ 10; _citrago_, 17, _Plate_ 10; _flavago_, 19, _Plates_ 6, 10; _fulvago_, 20, _Plates_ 6, 10; _gilvago_, 21, _Plate_ 10; _lutea_, 19, _Plates_ 6, 10; _ocellaris_, 22, _Plate_ 10 _Xantholeuca croceago_, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10 _Xanthorhoe fluctuata_, 194, _Plates_ 61, 80; _galiata_, 195, _Plates_ 79, 81; _montanata_, 193, _Plate_ 80; _picata_, 200, _Plate_ 82; _rivata_, 196, _Plates_ 79, 81; _sociata_, 197, _Plates_ 79, 81; _tristata_, 198, _Plate_ 81; _unangulata_, 199, _Plate_ 82 _Xylina._ See _Lithophane_ and _Graptolitha_. _Xylocampa areola_, 33. _Plates_ 8, 12 Yellow Belle, 331. _Plates_ 142, 144 Yellow-barred Brindle, 153. _Plate_ 58 Yellow-legged Clearwing, 355. _Plate_ 155 Yellow-line Quaker, 13. _Plate_ 7 Yellow-ringed Carpet, 192. _Plate_ 80 Yellow Shell, 212. _Plates_ 61, 84, 85 _Zanclognatha emortualis_, 88, _Plate_ 36; _grisealis_, 88, _Plates_ 34, 35; _tarsipennalis_, 87. _Plates_ 34, 35 _Zeuzera pyrina_, 348. _Plates_ 152, 153 _Zygaena achilleae_, 335, _Plate_ 1; _exulans_, 335, _Plate_ 146; _filipendulae_, 340, _Plates_ 145, 147, 148; _lonicerae_, 339. _Plates_ 145, 147; _meliloti_, 336, _Plates_ 146, 148; _purpuralis_, 334, _Plates_ 145, 146; _trifolii_, 337, _Plates_ 145, 146, 148 Zygaenidae, 333 * * * * * A LIST OF THE VOLUMES IN THE WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND SERIES * * * * * WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND BLOSSOMS A Pocket Guide to British Wild Flowers, for the Country Rambler. (First and Second Series.) With clear Descriptions of 760 Species. By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. And <DW52> Figures of 257 Species by MABEL E. STEP. WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND TREES A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva. By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. With 127 Plates from Original Photographs by HENRY IRVING. And 57 Illustrations of the Leaves, Flowers & Fruit by MABEL E. STEP. WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND FERNS A Pocket Guide to the British Ferns, Horsetails and Club-Mosses. By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. With <DW52> Figures of every Species by MABEL E. STEP. And 67 Photographs by the Author. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES A Pocket Guide for the Country Rambler. With clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Species. By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. With 450 <DW52> Figures photographed from Nature, and numerous Black and White Drawings. THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES (First and Second Series). A Complete Pocket Guide to all the Species included in the Groups formerly known as Macro-lepidoptera. By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. With upwards of 1500 <DW52> Figures photographed from Nature, and numerous Black and White Drawings. AT ALL BOOKSELLERS. _Full Prospectuses on application to the Publishers_-- FREDERICK WARNE AND CO., LTD. LONDON: 15, Bedford Street, Strand. NEW YORK: 36, East 22nd Street. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Moths of the British Isles, Second Series, by Richard South ***

[Cite as State v. Smith, 2020-Ohio-649.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-180227 TRIAL NO. B-1701479 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. : EDWARD SMITH, : Defendant-Appellant. : Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: February 26, 2020 Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Ronald Springman, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee, Arenstein & Gallagher and Hal R. Arenstein, for Defendant-Appellant.  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS C ROUSE , Judge. {¶1} Defendant-appellant Edward Smith appeals his convictions for aggravated murder and having a weapon while under a disability. In his appeal, Smith raises five assignments of error for our review. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. Facts and Procedure {¶2} In a convoluted chain of events, Smith shot and killed Trevor Tiemann. The primary evidence of the incident came from several surveillance videos located in the area. The videos depict a series of inconspicuous movements and covert intentions that culminated into a chaotic situation. {¶3} On February 19, 2017, Tiemann rode his motorcycle to a gas station in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood of Cincinnati with the intention of selling his fiancée’s handgun for drugs. Tiemann parked at a gas pump and met with several individuals. Among these individuals was Ronnel “Irv” Clay, an acquaintance of Smith. {¶4} After Irv saw Tiemann’s handgun, he met with Smith. They talked for approximately 40 seconds before Irv rejoined Tiemann at the gas pump. Following shortly behind, Smith met Irv at the gas pump to look at the handgun. {¶5} Thereafter, Irv, Smith, and a man known only as “Q” briefly interacted in the street bordering the gas station. Irv and Q walked away while Smith stayed behind on the adjoining sidewalk. Tiemann then drove over to Smith. Irv rejoined Smith and began conversing with Tiemann. Moments later, Smith leaned in toward Tiemann, and Irv, taking advantage of Smith’s distraction, grabbed Tiemann’s gun and ran. Tiemann put his motorcycle in gear and gave chase while Smith intently watched. {¶6} Early in the chase, Irv eluded Tiemann behind a parked car. With Tiemann out of sight, Irv fled from the area. Rather than fleeing with Irv, Smith casually 2  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS sat down on a set of stairs to observe the surrounding chaos. Tiemann eventually returned, driving in the direction that Irv had fled. At that point, Smith inexplicably jumped in front of Tiemann’s motorcycle. With no time to stop or change direction, Tiemann collided with Smith. {¶7} Still in a frenzy, Tiemann continued winding up and down the streets on his motorcycle, searching for Irv. Tiemann eventually returned, saw Smith, and raised his arm in Smith’s direction. Believing Tiemann was pointing a gun in his direction, Smith immediately crouched behind a nearby car. He then made his way to the front of the car, stood up, and shot and killed Tiemann with the stolen handgun. At trial, Smith testified that he found the stolen handgun on the ground in front of the car and shot Tiemann in self-defense. A second gun was never recovered on Tiemann or at the scene. {¶8} Smith was subsequently indicted on one count of aggravated murder in the course of an aggravated robbery, one count of murder, two counts of felony murder, two counts of aggravated robbery, two counts of felonious assault, and one count of having a weapon while under a disability. Despite his claims of self-defense, a jury found Smith guilty of all counts. After the merger of counts and specifications, Smith was convicted of aggravated murder and having a weapon while under a disability. The trial court sentenced him to 33 years to life for aggravated murder with a gun specification and 36 months for having a weapon while under a disability, to be served consecutively to each other for an aggregate sentence of 36 years to life. {¶9} Smith filed this timely appeal and raised the following assignments of error: 1. The trial court erred in granting the state’s Motion in Limine. 2. The trial court erred to the prejudice of the Defendant in the manner in which peremptory challenges were exercised. 3  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 3. Mr. Smith is entitled to a new trial because his conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. 4. Mr. Smith’s conviction for aggravated murder was not supported by sufficient evidence. 5. The trial court erred in sentencing Mr. Smith. Law and Analysis I. Motion in Limine {¶10} In his first assignment of error, Smith argues that the trial court erred in excluding evidence of Tiemann’s tattoos and t-shirt. The tattoos included an image of two revolvers, the phrase “White Pride,” the statement “You don’t know what you are alive for unless you know what you would die for,” and an “oriental character that says, ‘Boy.’ ” The t-shirt displayed a chapter of the Aryan Brotherhood. The state contends that defense counsel did not properly raise the issue at trial, and therefore, did not preserve the error for appeal. {¶11} On the morning of trial, just prior to voir dire, the state presented an oral motion in limine. The state first moved the court to exclude any evidence of Tiemann’s tattoos, either through photographs, witness testimony, or the coroner’s report. The state argued that such evidence was irrelevant and highly prejudicial where it was not apparent to Smith at the time of the shooting. After further argument, the state also moved the court to exclude any discussion of Tiemann’s t- shirt for similar reasons. In response, defense counsel argued that such evidence was “relevant to the state of mind of both [Tiemann] * * * and possibly Mr. Smith in terms of who is the aggressor and who is not.” 4  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS {¶12} After holding its ruling on the motion in abeyance overnight, the court granted the motion in limine. Upon defense counsel’s request for reconsideration, the court informed the parties, I am going to again grant the motion in limine. I am sticking with my original ruling. * * * If there is something that comes up in those videos as I see them that shows he said or did something to indicate – “he” not being your client, being the victim – then we will readdress whether or not this line of questioning can go on or the information can be brought in. {¶13} It is well-established that “a motion in limine, if granted, is a tentative, interlocutory, precautionary ruling by the trial court.” State v. Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d 199, 201-202, 503 N.E.2d 142 (1986). It reflects the court’s anticipatory treatment of the evidentiary issue, and in virtually all circumstances, finality does not attach when the motion is granted. Id. at 202. Therefore, the granting of a motion in limine does not preserve any error for appellate review, and an appellate court need not decide the propriety of such an order unless a proper objection or proffer is raised at trial. Id. {¶14} Contrary to the state’s assertion, defense counsel did raise the issue at trial. During direct-examination of the coroner, the state moved to admit select photographs of the autopsy taken of Tiemann. Defense counsel objected to “incompleteness of photographs of the total autopsy report.” However, despite having received in discovery all of the autopsy photographs and the unredacted autopsy report, defense counsel failed to make a proffer of the evidence. {¶15} As noted by the Tenth District: 5  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS [A] practical problem arises when a trial court excludes documentary evidence and the complaining party fails to proffer that evidence. Absent a proffer, the appellate court lacks access to the excluded document and, thus, the appellate court cannot evaluate it to determine whether the trial court’s decision to exclude it prejudiced the complaining party. Ellinger v. Ho, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-1079, 2010-Ohio-553, ¶ 35. {¶16} Because defense counsel failed to proffer the photographs, full autopsy report, and t-shirt, we do not have access to them. Instead, we have access only to the brief descriptions given at the hearing on the oral motion in limine. {¶17} A failure to proffer excluded exhibits does not always preclude appellate review if the substance of the evidence is otherwise apparent from the record. See Evid.R. 103(A); Ho at ¶ 34. Compare State v. Lovelace, 137 Ohio App.3d 206, 223, 738 N.E.2d 418 (1st Dist.1999) (“We cannot pass on the admissibility of proffered exhibits not before us based solely on the representations of counsel as to what those exhibits contain.”). But even if we were to find that the descriptions given at the hearing sufficiently preserved the issue, the trial court did not err in excluding the evidence. {¶18} Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Evid.R. 401. Evidence is relevant if it would support a defendant’s explanation of the events at issue or would tend to prove a necessary element of an affirmative defense. State v. Nemeth, 82 Ohio St.3d 202, 207, 694 N.E.2d 1332 (1998). 6  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS {¶19} At trial, the state argued that the perpetrators of the aggravated robbery, one of whom was Smith, created the situation that gave rise to the shooting. Smith did not dispute that the robbery acted as a catalyst for the shooting. He also did not contend that Tiemann pursued him because of his race. He instead argued that he was an innocent bystander to the robbery, as opposed to a perpetrator, and that he acted in self-defense. Therefore, the crux of the case centered on whether Smith was involved in the robbery. Under these circumstances, the initial-aggressor element was not a material fact in issue at trial such that Tiemann’s tattoos and clothing were relevant to its determination. {¶20} Smith’s first assignment of error is overruled. II. Exercise of Peremptory Challenges {¶21} In his second assignment of error, Smith argues that peremptory challenges were improperly exercised simultaneously and that defense counsel’s questioning of jurors was unreasonably limited. It is undisputed that Smith failed to object to the trial court’s manner of conducting jury selection.1 Therefore, Smith may challenge only the court’s limitation of voir dire based on an alleged denial of his final peremptory challenge. {¶22} Under Crim.R. 24(D), each party may peremptorily challenge four prospective jurors in a felony case. Crim.R. 24(E) provides the manner for exercising peremptory challenges: Peremptory challenges shall be exercised alternately, with the first challenge exercised by the state. The failure of a party to exercise a 1 However, even if the issue were properly preserved for appeal, the transcript of the proceedings shows that the court complied with the dictates of Crim.R. 24. For each round of peremptory challenges, the court would allow the state to exercise a peremptory challenge first and then allow defense counsel to exercise a peremptory challenge second. Thus, contrary to Smith’s assertion, the court did not require simultaneous peremptory challenges. 7  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS peremptory challenge constitutes a waiver of that challenge, but does not constitute a waiver of any subsequent challenge. However, if all parties, alternately and in sequence, fail to exercise a peremptory challenge, the joint failure constitutes a waiver of all peremptory challenges. {¶23} In State v. Jones, 2018-Ohio-4754, 124 N.E.3d 439, ¶ 17 (1st Dist.), appeal accepted on other grounds, 155 Ohio St.3d 1418, 2019-Ohio-1315, 120 N.E.3d 865, this court interpreted Crim.R. 24(E) to mean that “[a] party’s failure to exercise a challenge in turn waives that party’s right to that challenge.” In effect, Crim.R. 24(E) forces a party to exercise each challenge in turn or lose it. Id.; see State v. Holloway, 129 Ohio App.3d 790, 798, 719 N.E.2d 70 (10th Dist.1998) (holding that the trial court erred when it permitted the state to exercise a peremptory challenge after it had previously waived its final peremptory challenge). {¶24} At the beginning of jury selection, 12 potential jurors were seated in the jury box. The prosecutor and defense counsel both questioned the 12 jurors and passed for cause. The trial court then called counsel for both parties to sidebar for the first round of peremptory challenges. The prosecutor and defense counsel each exercised his first peremptory challenge in turn. This process continued until counsel for both parties had each exercised three of their four peremptory challenges. During the fourth round of peremptory challenges, the following exchange occurred: State: We are going to excuse Number 14. Court: Number 14 is excused. Number 24 will be brought up. Defense counsel: So that was 14? Defense counsel: Going to pass. Court: You are going to pass. Now for alternates – we still have to do cause on the new one. 8  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS The prosecutor and defense counsel then questioned prospective juror 24 for cause. {¶25} As set forth under Crim.R. 24(E), Smith waived his opportunity to exercise his fourth peremptory challenge as to the selection of the prospective jurors. Although Smith lost only his right to that particular challenge, it was his final peremptory challenge. To allow Smith to later exercise his final peremptory challenge would have allowed him to exercise an “extra” peremptory challenge in excess of that allowed by Crim.R. 24. Therefore, the trial court did not err in limiting defense counsel’s questioning of prospective juror 24. {¶26} Smith’s second assignment of error is overruled. III. Weight and Sufficiency of the Evidence {¶27} In his third and fourth assignments of error, Smith challenges the weight and sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction for aggravated murder. Specifically, Smith contends that the state presented insufficient evidence of his complicity in the commission of the aggravated robbery of Tiemann. He argues that it then follows that the state presented insufficient evidence to convict him of aggravated murder predicated upon that offense. {¶28} To determine whether a conviction is supported by sufficient evidence, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 274, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991). In reviewing a challenge to the weight of the evidence, we sit as a “thirteenth juror.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). We must review the entire record, weigh the evidence, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice. Id. 9  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS {¶29} Smith was convicted of aggravated murder under R.C. 2903.01(B), which states: “No person shall purposely cause the death of another * * * while committing or attempting to commit, or while fleeing immediately after committing or attempting to commit * * * aggravated robbery[.]” At trial, Smith presented a theory of self-defense. To establish self-defense, the defendant must prove that he was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the affray. State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). The state contends that, by aiding and abetting Irv in committing the aggravated robbery that gave rise to the shooting, Smith cannot show that he acted in self-defense. {¶30} “ ‘[T]he mere presence of an accused at the scene of a crime is not sufficient to prove, in and of itself, that the accused was an aider and abettor.’ ” State v. Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d 240, 243, 754 N.E.2d 796 (2001), quoting State v. Widner, 69 Ohio St.2d 267, 269, 431 N.E.2d 1025 (1982). Instead, “the evidence must show that the defendant supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the crime, and that the defendant shared the criminal intent of the principal.” Johnson at syllabus. A defendant’s criminal intent may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the crime, including his “presence, companionship, and conduct before and after the offense is committed.” (Internal quotations omitted.) Id. at 245. {¶31} Surveillance videos documented Smith and Irv talking several times before the robbery took place. Smith and Irv talked immediately after Irv saw Tiemann’s gun; Smith met Irv at Tiemann’s motorcycle to observe the gun; Smith, Irv, and Q briefly gathered on Walnut Street; and Irv joined Smith and Tiemann at the robbery location. 10  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS {¶32} Surveillance videos and eyewitness testimony further demonstrated Smith’s presence, companionship, and assistance during and after the robbery. The videos depicted Smith moving toward Tiemann as Irv grabbed the gun. During Irv’s subsequent flight, the video showed Smith inexplicably jump in front of Tiemann’s motorcycle as Tiemann drove in the same direction that Irv had fled. Furthermore, the state’s witness, Danielle Bullock, observed the robbery’s aftermath and described what she saw from her vehicle. She testified to her belief that Smith and Irv were acting together, and in her 911 call, she referred to the perpetrators of the crime as “they”—i.e., Smith and Irv conjointly. Finally, Smith admitted to possessing the fruit of the robbery—Tiemann’s gun. {¶33} Viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to the state, the jury could reasonably have concluded that Smith was complicit in the planning, execution, and flight from the aggravated robbery of Tiemann. Therefore, the state presented sufficient evidence to convict Smith of aggravated murder predicated upon the aggravated robbery. {¶34} As to the weight-of-the-evidence challenge, Smith asserts that the video provided no substance of the discussions between Irv and Smith, and therefore, no evidence of a plan. “[A]lthough explicit communication can form the foundation for complicity, it can also be established through surrounding circumstances.” State v. Phillips, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27552, 2017-Ohio-1186, ¶ 19. As described above, the state presented sufficient circumstantial evidence to find that Smith was complicit in the planning of the aggravated robbery of Tiemann. Therefore, the jury was free to interpret the video and conclude that Smith was not an innocent bystander, but an active participant throughout. 11  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS {¶35} “[W]hen evidence is susceptible to more than one construction, a reviewing court must give it the interpretation that is consistent with the judgment.” (Internal citations omitted.) In re J.C., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180493, 2019-Ohio- 4027, ¶ 20. Based upon the evidence, and in light of the entire record and credibility of the witnesses, this is not a case where the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that Smith’s conviction must be reversed. {¶36} Smith’s third and fourth assignments of error are overruled. IV. Sentencing {¶37} In his fifth assignment of error, Smith contends that the sentencing court misinterpreted and improperly considered his allocution statements when imposing a maximum sentence. {¶38} We lack statutory authority to review the evidentiary basis supporting Smith’s sentence for aggravated murder. Pursuant to R.C. 2953.08(D)(3), “[a] sentence imposed for aggravated murder * * * is not subject to review under this section.” As interpreted by the Ohio Supreme Court, R.C. 2953.08(D) is “unambiguous” and “clearly means what it says: such a sentence cannot be reviewed.” State v. Porterfield, 106 Ohio St.3d 5, 2005-Ohio-3095, 829 N.E.2d 690, ¶ 17. But in Porterfield, the defendant was sentenced under a prior version of R.C. 2929.03, which provided a mandatory 20- years-to-life sentence for aggravated murder without death specifications. Thus, because the sentencing judge had no choice but to impose only one mandatory sentence, it was rational for the General Assembly to deny appellate review of the sentence. {¶39} In 2005, the General Assembly enacted new legislation which granted the sentencing judge the discretion to impose one of four sentences: 20-years-to-life, 25-years-to-life, 30-years-to-life, and life without parole. However, the General 12  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS Assembly never amended R.C. 2953.08(D), which still prohibits appellate review of aggravated-murder sentences. {¶40} One justice of the United States Supreme Court has found R.C. 2953.08(D)(3)’s prohibition on appellate review to be “deeply concerning,” but Smith has not challenged its constitutionality. Campbell v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 138 S.Ct. 1059, 1059, 200 L.Ed.2d 502 (2018) (Sotomayor, J., respecting denial of certiorari) (“I believe the Ohio courts will be vigilant in considering [the constitutionality of R.C. 2953.08(D)(3)] in the appropriate case.”). Therefore, we are bound by the dictates of the statute and review of Smith’s 33-years-to-life sentence is precluded. {¶41} However, “nothing in R.C. 2953.08(D) precludes review of an order that sentences imposed to punish general felonies be made consecutive to an aggravated- murder sentence.” State v. Broe, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-020521, 2003-Ohio-3054, ¶ 84. In order to impose consecutive terms of imprisonment, a trial court must make the statutorily enumerated findings required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the sentencing hearing and incorporate its findings into its sentencing entry. State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶ 37. No “talismanic incantation” is given to the words of R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). Id. As long as the reviewing court can discern that the trial court engaged in the correct analysis and that the record contains evidence to support the findings, consecutive sentences should be upheld. Id. at ¶ 29. {¶42} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court made all of the mandatory findings pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). Specifically, the court stated: It is this Court’s belief that serving these sentences on Count 1 and Count 9 consecutively is in the best interest of the public, because it’s necessary to protect the public, as well as not being disproportionate to the seriousness of [Smith’s] conduct and the danger that [Smith] pose[s] to 13  OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS the public, as well as the fact that [Smith] [was] on community control to me when this crime occurred. {¶43} The court also included all of the R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) findings in its sentencing entry. The evidence supporting these findings included victim-impact statements, probation’s presentence-investigation report, Smith’s criminal history, and the facts presented at trial. Because the record contains sufficient evidence to support the mandatory consecutive sentence findings, Smith’s fifth assignment of error is overruled. Summary {¶44} For the foregoing reasons, Smith’s assignments of error are overruled and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Judgment affirmed. Z AYAS , P.J., and B ERGERON , J., concur. Please note: The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion. 14

Ioannis Demestichas Ioannis Demestichas (, 1882–1960) was a Greek Navy officer. He is best known for his participation in the Macedonian Struggle under the nom de guerre of Kapetan Nikiforos (Καπετάν Νικηφόρος). He held various senior commands in the Greek Navy, including thrice as Chief of the Hellenic Navy General Staff, and also served briefly in cabinet positions. Life Early career: Macedonian Struggle, the Balkan Wars and aftermath Ioannis Demestichas was born in Athens on 30 November 1882. He entered the Hellenic Navy Academy on 1 September 1896, and graduated on 28 July 1900 as a Line Ensign. On 6 May 1905 he was promoted to Sub-Lieutenant. He participated in the 1906 Intercalated Games in the 400-metre course. He participated in the Macedonian Struggle in 1906–07 under the nom de guerre of Kapetan Nikiforos, leading an armed band in the Giannitsa Lake area. In August 1909 he participated in the successful Goudi coup, and later was among the ringleaders in the abortive coup of the more radical young officers, led by Lieutenant Konstantinos Typaldos-Alfonsatos, in October of the same year. Promoted to Lieutenant on 29 March 1910, he spent the years 1910–12 in training abroad. With the outbreak of the First Balkan War in October 1912, he was given command of a gunboat, with which he participated in the operations in the Ambracian Gulf, but in early November he was detached to the Aegean fleet as commander of a landing detachment, with which he fought in the battles for the capture of the islands of the eastern Aegean. He was wounded during the liberation of Chios, and was later appointed military governor of Tenedos. On 1 January 1913 he was promoted to Lieutenant I Class. After the Balkan Wars, he served as captain of the torpedo boat Aigli (1914–15), being promoted to Lt. Commander on 20 October 1914. He then became captain of the destroyer (1915–17), as well as instructor of naval calculus in the Naval Academy (1916–17). On 9 May 1917, he left his post to join the Provisional Government of National Defence under Eleftherios Venizelos. Following Venizelos' return to Athens and his assumption of the government in June, Demestichas was made captain of the destroyers (1917–18) and Nea Genea (1918–19), with which he participated in the anti-U-boat operations in the eastern Mediterranean. On 26 December 1917, he was promoted to Commander. Interwar period In 1919–20, he took part in the naval operations of the Asia Minor Campaign as commander of the destroyer , but was placed on suspended duty on 27 April 1921, after the electoral victory of the anti-Venizelos royalist parties. Following the Greek defeat in Asia Minor and the 11 September 1922 Revolution, in which he took active part in Athens, he was recalled to active service as captain of the battleship Kilkis, and then as military commander of Samos island (1922–23). On 20 December 1923 he was promoted to Captain. He then assumed command of the Exercise Squadron in 1923–24, and became commandant of the Navy Academy (1924). During the so-called "Navy strike" in June 1924, he voluntarily retired, but this was revoked on 21 August. In 1926 he was captain of the battleship Limnos and Director-General of the Ministry of Naval Affairs, then Chief of the Hellenic Navy General Staff in 1926–27, Higher Submarine Commander (1927–28), again Director-General of the Ministry of Naval Affairs (1928–29), Chief of the Fleet Command (1929–31), Director-General of the Salamis Naval Base (1931–32), and again as Chief of the Navy General Staff in 1932–33. On 6 March 1933, he became a member of the emergency military government under Alexandros Othonaios, that assumed power to counter the abortive coup attempt led by Nikolaos Plastiras. He held the posts of Minister for Naval Affairs and for Aviation (6–9 March). After the failure of the coup, on 11 March he was placed on suspended duty due to his involvement in it, placed on indefinite leave on 12 September, and retired on 5 February 1934 with the rank of Rear Admiral in retirement. In 1934 he was one of the founding members of the Yacht Club of Greece. Demestichas took part in Plastiras' second failed coup attempt in March 1935, and after its failure managed to escape to Napoli in Italy. In Greece, he was tried and sentenced in absentia to death and loss of rank, but on 13 June 1936 he was pardoned and restored to his rank. World War II and aftermath In April 1943, he fled the Axis occupation of Greece and arrived in the Middle East, where on 17 April he joined the forces of the Greek government in exile. Recalled to active duty, he served as Inspector-General of the Navy (1943–45), and was successively promoted to Rear Admiral (17 September 1943) and Vice Admiral (2 November 1943). In April 1944, he served as Minister for the Interior, for Education, and as Deputy Minister for Mercantile Marine in the short-lived (14–26 April) exile cabinet of Sofoklis Venizelos. He retired once more on 24 August 1945 as Vice Admiral in retirement, but was recalled between 30 August 1946 and 1 July 1947 to serve as a member of the commission on the selection of personnel for the reduced peacetime navy. On 21 January 1948 he was awarded the War Cross for his role in World War II. He died at Marousi on 7 December 1960. Commemoration Busts of Demestichas have been erected at Giannitsa and his family's home village of Kotronas. He is also a major character in Penelope Delta's 1937 historical novel The Secrets of the Swamp (Στα μυστικά του βάλτου), dealing with the Macedonian Struggle in the Giannitsa area. References External links Category:1882 births Category:1960 deaths Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1906 Intercalated Games Category:Chiefs of the Hellenic Navy General Staff Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece Category:Greek military personnel of the Balkan Wars Category:Greek military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Category:Greek military personnel of World War I Category:Royal Hellenic Navy admirals of World War II Category:Greek military personnel of the Macedonian Struggle Category:People from Athens Category:Recipients of the War Cross (Greece) Category:People convicted of treason against Greece

Individually Customized IOL Versus Standard Spherical Aberration-Correcting IOL. To compare the visual performance of an individually customized intraocular lens (IOL) versus a standard spherical aberration-correcting IOL. In this prospective comparative study, 74 eyes of 60 patients scheduled for cataract surgery were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either an individually customized IOL (; HumanOptics AG, Erlangen, Germany; customized group) or an aspheric IOL with a standard correction of spherical aberration (SA) (Tecnis ZCB00; Johnson & Johnson Vision Surgical, Inc., Santa Ana, CA; standardized group). In the customized group, IOL calculation was based on a minimum of a merit function that contained terms representing residual refraction, residual SA, and modulation transfer function. In the standardized group, the IOL was calculated with a routine procedure using the Holladay formula and had a standard SA correction of -0.27 µm. Refraction, visual acuity (far, intermediate, near), photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity, defocus curve, corneal and ocular spherical aberration, and pupil size were measured 4 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. The customized group comprised 48 eyes of 37 patients and the standardized group 26 eyes of 23 patients. At 3 months, mean total ocular SA (5 mm) was 0.04 ± 0.06 µm in the customized group and -0.01 ± 0.05 µm in the standardized group. Uncorrected distance visual acuity and distance-corrected near visual acuity were statistically significantly better in the customized group. Contrast sensitivity testing yielded significantly better results in the customized group under photopic and mesopic conditions for almost all spatial frequencies. Compared to the standardized group, the defocus curve of the customized group showed a wider plateau surrounding the distance focal point. With the implantation of an individually optimized aspheric IOL visual performance, especially contrast sensitivity, can be significantly improved compared to a standard aberration-correcting IOL. [J Refract Surg. 2019;35(9):565-574.].

Operating systems YAWIK offers a Web based solution for managing job applications. Jobs ads can be entered or pushed to the system. The sytem assigns application forms to job ads. Applicants and Recruiters can connect to YAWIK using social networks. Currently it is possible to integrate YAWIK into a corporate Web site by extending it with a module. It is intended to become a distributed system for connecting recruiters and applicants. Zend Framework Models Generator generates Zend Framework model classes from MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite databases. It can query a given database to retrieve the list of tables and their fields, and generates model classes for one table or for all tables of the specified database.

The present invention relates to a novel and useful game apparatus, particularly effective in honing mathematical skills in children. Mathematics has been poorly taught and neglected in schools around the world. The result has been a notable decrease in the mathematical skills of persons in all walks of life. The advent of calculators and computers have also lessened the motivation of persons to acquire skills in mathematics. However, the need for mathematical skills has not lessened and is required in many business and personal activities. A game apparatus which is capable of interesting persons in mathematics and sharpening mathematical skills would be a notable advance in the educational field.

Many applications that employ video encoding operate on fixed or limited power. Mobile devices such as cellular telephones or sensors, for example, have a fixed amount of total battery power. Much of this fixed amount of battery power may be consumed by video encoding operations, which are some of the most dominant power-consuming operations in wireless video communication. Because much of the available power is consumed by these operations, the amount of time that the devices are capable of operating may be severely limited. As another example, real-time video coding systems require video coding to be completed in a fixed amount of time (e.g., one frame/group of pictures per fixed amount of time/computation). In this case, computationally intensive video coding processes are also inefficient. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a method and apparatus for complexity-scalable video coding that efficiently allocates computations in video coding process.

// Copyright Daniel Wallin, David Abrahams 2010. Use, modification and // distribution is subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See // accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at // http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) #ifndef BOOST_PARAMETER_IS_MAYBE_050329_HPP #define BOOST_PARAMETER_IS_MAYBE_050329_HPP #include <boost/type_traits/is_base_and_derived.hpp> namespace boost { namespace parameter { namespace aux { struct maybe_base {}; template <class T> struct is_maybe : is_base_and_derived<maybe_base, T> {}; } // namespace aux } // namespace parameter } // namespace boost #endif // BOOST_PARAMETER_IS_MAYBE_050329_HPP

DNA is present in the nucleus of a cell in a very highly compacted state called chromatin. Chromatin is a combination of DNA, protein and RNA. The protein component of the chromatin is composed of histones and other non-histone proteins. The basic unit of a chromatin is nucleosome and is composed of dimers of histones H2A and H2B and tetramer of H3 and H4. The histones contain a highly dynamic N-terminal tails. The N terminal tails undergo various post translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, sumoylation, ubiquitinition and so on. Acetylation occurs on the lysine residues in the N-terminal tail where the acetyl group is transferred from acetyl CoA by the enzymatic activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs). This acetylation is a reversible reaction, where the deacetylation is performed by another group of enzymes called the histone deaectylases (HDACs). The acetylation of the histone tails induces a more relaxed chromatin conformation enhancing the accessibility of the transcription machinery and resulting in transcription activation. On the contrary, histone deacetylation compacts the chromatin and induces transcription silencing. Balance of histone acetylation gets altered in various diseases e.g., Cancer, AIDS and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Huntington's diseases. In various neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer, several histone acetylation marks go down in the brain. Thus, small molecule activators of histone acetyltransferases could be potential drugs for neurodegenerative diseases. However, most of these small molecule HAT activators are unable to cross the blood brain barrier, and hence, the necessity for a delivering agent/carrier for delivering the small molecule HAT activators is immense. Recently, nanotechnology has made lots of prospects in drug delivery. However, there are no reports showcasing efficient delivery of small molecule HAT activators. Hence, the present disclosure aims at overcoming the aforesaid drawbacks of the prior art and providing for improved and efficient HAT activator compositions.

--- abstract: 'Most stars in galactic disks are believed to be born as a member of star clusters or associations. Star clusters formed in disks are disrupted due to the tidal stripping and the evolution of star clusters themselves, and as a results new stars are supplied to the galactic disks. We performed $N$-body simulations of star clusters in galactic disks, in which both star clusters and galactic disks are modeled as $N$-body (“live”) systems, and as a consequence the disks form transient and recurrent spiral arms. In such non-steady spiral arms, star clusters migrate radially due to the interaction with spiral arms. We found that the migration timescale is a few hundreds Myr and that the angular momentum changes of star clusters are at most $\sim 50$% in 1 Gyr. Radial migration of star clusters to the inner region of galaxies results in a fast disruption of the star clusters because of a stronger tidal field in the inner region of the galaxy. This effect is not negligible for the disruption timescale of star clusters in galactic disks. Stars stripped from clusters form tidal tails which spread over 1–2 kpc. While the spatial distribution of tidal tails change in a complicated way due to the non-steady spiral arms, the velocity distribution conserve well even if the tidal tails are located at a few kpc from their parent clusters. Tidal tails of clusters in galactic disks might be detected using velocity plots.' author: - | M. S. Fujii$^{1}$ [^1] and J. Baba$^{2}$\ $^{1}$Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, NL-2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands\ $^{2}$Interactive Research Center of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan date: 'Accepted 1988 December 15. Received 1988 December 14; in original form 1988 October 11' title: Destruction of star clusters due to the radial migration in spiral galaxies --- \[firstpage\] galaxies: star clusters — galaxies:spiral — galaxies: kinematics and dynamics — methods: N-body simulations Introduction ============ Star clusters are one of the fundamental building blocks of galactic disks because most stars are formed in star clusters . In disk galaxies, new clusters born in galactic disks travel in their host disks experiencing disruptions and supply new stars to the disks. The disruption of clusters is caused by the tidal force from their host galaxy and also the internal evolution of star clusters themselves such as dynamical evolution, mass loss due to the stellar evolution, and gas expulsion . Non-axisymmetric structures in galactic disks, such as spiral arms [@2007MNRAS.376..809G] and bars [@2012MNRAS.419.3244B], have also been expected to play important roles for the dynamical disruption of clusters. For example, @2007MNRAS.376..809G investigated the effect of spiral-arm passages on the evolution of star clusters assumed to rotate in a fixed pattern speed, as in the stationary density wave theory [@1964ApJ...140..646L; @1996ssgd.book.....B]. However, self-consistent simulations of galactic disks have shown that self-excited spiral arms are not stationary regardless of the existence of gas (or some kind of dissipation) [@1984ApJ...282...61S; @2002MNRAS.336..785S; @2003MNRAS.344..358B; @2009ApJ...706..471B; @2011ApJ...730..109F; @2011MNRAS.410.1637S; @2011ApJ...735....1W; @2012MNRAS.421.1529G; @Baba+2012]. Such non-steady spiral arms do not have a single pattern speed but roughly follow the galactic rotation [@2011ApJ...735....1W; @2012MNRAS.421.1529G]. Therefore, these arms scatter stars everywhere in the disk by the co-rotation resonance [@2002MNRAS.336..785S; @2012MNRAS.421.1529G; @Baba+2012]. Non-steady spiral arms change the gravitational fields around star clusters chaotically rather than periodically as in the stationary density waves. In order to know the dynamical evolution of star clusters in galactic disks with non-steady spiral arms, we need to model both star clusters and galactic disks as $N$-body (“live”) systems. Such self-consistent $N$-body simulations are technically more difficult than those with rigid potential disks because the dynamical timescale of star clusters is much shorter than that of galactic disks and a large number of particles are required for the modeling of the disks [@2011ApJ...730..109F]. We solve this problem using a direct-tree hybrid code, Bridge [@2007PASJ...59.1095F]. In this letter, we perform self-consistent $N$-body simulations of star clusters in live disks using Bridge and demonstrate that the angular-momentum exchange between star clusters and spiral arms causes the radial migration of star clusters of a few kpc from their initial galacto-centric radii. The migration timescale is shorter than the galactic rotation timescale, i.e., a few hundred Myr. The radial migration causes the tidal disruption of star clusters bringing them to closer to the galactic center. Star clusters lose their mass in their perigalacticon passage, and their tidal tails spread over a few kpc. We also find that tidal-tail stars stay close to their parent clusters in their velocity space even if they are already a few kpc from the parent cluster. The tidal tail of young clusters might be detectable using their velocities. $N$-body simulations ==================== We performed a series of $N$-body simulations of star clusters embedded in a live galactic disk with spiral arms. We modeled both the disk and the clusters as $N$-body systems, but the halo is modeled as a potential. We set up the disks following models used in @2011ApJ...730..109F. We adopted an exponential disk model with a total disk mass of $3.2 \times 10^{10} M_{\odot}$ with $3\times 10^6$ (3M) particles and as a consequence the mass of a disk-particle is $\sim 10^4 M_{\odot}$. The scale radius and scale height of the disk are 3.4 kpc and 0.34 kpc, respectively. For the dark matter halo, we adopted the NFW model [@1997ApJ...490..493N] with the concentration parameter of the halo, $c=10$. The virial radius and the mass of the halo are 122 kpc and $6.4\times 10^{11}M_{\odot}$. We modeled star clusters as a King model with the dimensionless central potential $W_0=3$ [@1966AJ.....71...64K]. We adopted a total cluster mass of $10^5 M_{\odot}$ and a half-mass radius of 8 pc, and therefore the tidal radius is 30 pc. Our model is similar to young massive clusters in M51 and M82 (see Figure 9 in ) rather than those in in the Milky Way disk, which are more compact and therefore would be tidally disrupted less than our model. Included the stellar evolution, however, the Milky-Way clusters might expand a factor of 5–10 in the first 10 Myr as seen in observations (see Figure 8 in ). We used 8192 (8k) equal-mass particles for the cluster. We first integrated only the disk up to 5 Gyr, in which self-excited spiral arms fully developed from the initial Poisson noise due to the swing amplification. Then, we detected dense regions in the disk using the procedure below and put star clusters in the dense regions assuming that they are born there. We detected disk particles whose eighth-nearest-neighbor position is closer than 70% of the Jacobi radius of a cluster with $10^5 M_{\odot}$. We chose the densest position from the detected locations and rejected other candidates within five Jacobi radii from the selected one in order to avoid that star clusters initially collide with each other. Repeating this procedure, we chose 97 positions in a spiral arm in 4–10 kpc from the galactic center. The initial positions of the star clusters are shown in the top left panel of Figure \[fig:snap\]. We adopted the center-of-mass velocity of the eight neighbors as the cluster velocity. The initial radial, azimuthal, and vertical velocity dispersion among the star clusters are 10.2, 7.7, and 7.5 $\rm km~s^{-1}$, respectively. Although these values are smaller than the mean of the disk stars (19, 14, and 14 $\rm km~s^{-1}$ at 8 kpc respectively), star clusters would have rather smaller velocity dispersion than those of old stars if we assume that star clusters form from giant molecular clouds as is observed in the Milky Way . The simulations are performed using a direct-tree hybrid code, Bridge [@2007PASJ...59.1095F]. In Bridge, only the inner motion of star clusters are integrated using a direct $N$-body code and the other interactions are integrated using a tree code [@1986Natur.324..446B]. We adopted a sixth-order Hermite scheme for the direct method [@2008NewA...13..498N] without any softening and with an accuracy parameter of 0.9. For the disk particles, the gravitational potential is softened using Plummer softening with a length of 10 pc. We adopted an opening angle of 0.4 with the center-of-mass approximation and a time step of 0.29 Myr for the tree code. ![Snapshots of the initial condition and at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 Gyr. Gray scale shows the column density of the disk, and color points indicate cluster particles. Since these are only twelve colors but 97 clusters, we plot several clusters with the same color. The color points are as large as the cluster size to make the points visible. More than 80% of cluster-particles are still bound at 1 Gyr. \[fig:snap\]](snap0000new.eps "fig:"){width="40mm"} ![Snapshots of the initial condition and at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 Gyr. Gray scale shows the column density of the disk, and color points indicate cluster particles. Since these are only twelve colors but 97 clusters, we plot several clusters with the same color. The color points are as large as the cluster size to make the points visible. More than 80% of cluster-particles are still bound at 1 Gyr. \[fig:snap\]](snap0052new.eps "fig:"){width="40mm"} ![Snapshots of the initial condition and at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 Gyr. Gray scale shows the column density of the disk, and color points indicate cluster particles. Since these are only twelve colors but 97 clusters, we plot several clusters with the same color. The color points are as large as the cluster size to make the points visible. More than 80% of cluster-particles are still bound at 1 Gyr. \[fig:snap\]](snap0106new.eps "fig:"){width="40mm"} ![Snapshots of the initial condition and at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 Gyr. Gray scale shows the column density of the disk, and color points indicate cluster particles. Since these are only twelve colors but 97 clusters, we plot several clusters with the same color. The color points are as large as the cluster size to make the points visible. More than 80% of cluster-particles are still bound at 1 Gyr. \[fig:snap\]](snap0212new.eps "fig:"){width="40mm"} Results ======= Radial migration of star clusters --------------------------------- Figure \[fig:snap\] shows the time evolution of the star clusters and disk. Although each spiral arm looks like a single coherent structure in each snapshot, it is transient and recurrent. They are wound up due to the differential rotation of the galactic disk and break up into multiple segments with a few kpc-scale, but the segments reconnect and form new long coherent arms (see online material movie). The orbits of star clusters in such transient spiral arms are complicated rather than a simple epicyclic motion. The motion of star clusters in spiral arms is similar to that of gas and stars in the disk as shown in @2011ApJ...735....1W [@2012MNRAS.421.1529G]. Clusters tend to stay in or close to spiral arms and migrate along the arms. One of the orbits (the distance from the galactic center) obtained from our simulation is shown in the top left panel of Figure \[fig:cluster76\] (see also online material movie). The cluster is initially located at around 9 kpc and migrates inward down to around 6.5 kpc losing its angular momentum, but it migrates outward up again to 8.5 kpc (see the top left panel in Figure \[fig:cluster76\]). Such radial migration is caused by the dynamical interaction between star clusters and spiral arms. The bottom left panel of Figure \[fig:cluster76\] shows time evolution of the azimuthal force from the disk on the star cluster. The cluster loses its angular momentum, when it is moving ahead of a spiral arm (see top right panel of Figure \[fig:cluster76\], in which spiral arms are moving from right to left). On the other hand, the star cluster gains angular momentum, when it is moving behind a spiral arm (see middle right panel of Figure \[fig:cluster76\]). The angular momentum of clusters does not change when clusters are located at just the middle of two arms (see bottom right panel of figure \[fig:cluster76\]). Thus, star clusters in non-steady disks lose or gain angular momentum and as a result migrate a few kpc from their initial positions. Such angular-momentum changes occur for all star clusters. The clusters in our simulation lost or gained at most $\sim 50$% of their initial angular momenta within 1 Gyr, which corresponds to radial migration of a few kpc. The angular-momentum change in the clusters is similar to that of stars investigated in simulations of stellar disks [@2002MNRAS.336..785S; @2008ApJ...675L..65R; @2012MNRAS.421.1529G; @Baba+2012]. Since star clusters in transient spiral arms migrate a few kpc in their galactic rotation timescale, i.e., a few hundred Myr, open clusters in the Galactic disk older than $\sim 100$ Myr are expected to have already migrated from their initial galactcentric radii. This rapid migration of star clusters may also change our understanding of the evolution of the Galactic disk. Indeed open clusters in the Milky Way disk have been used as tracers for the dynamical and chemical evolution of the Galactic disk . In these studies, the spiral arms are considered to be stationary density waves, but these results might change in non-steady arms. {width="130mm"} Another important effect of the radial migration is the tidal disruption of star clusters due to the smaller Jacobi radii at smaller distance from the galactic center. In our models it changes from 64 pc at 8 kpc to 45 pc at 4 kpc. In Figure \[fig:mass\] we see a clear correlation between the bound mass at the end of our simulation (1.5 Gyr) and the minimum perigalacticon distance of the clusters. In our simulation, clusters lose masses mainly during their perigalacticon passages, and therefore the mass loss becomes larger when they migrates inward. However, internal heating due to the passage of spiral arms [@2007MNRAS.376..809G] does not work efficiently in the case of transient arms, because both star clusters and spiral arms are always corotating. ![ The relation between the bound mass at 1.5 Gyr normalized by the initial mass and the minimum perigalacticon distance. \[fig:mass\]](mass_peri.eps){width="80mm"} Tidal tails ----------- Stars tidally stripped from their parent clusters form tidal tails spreading over a few kpc (see Figure \[fig:snap\]). Their shapes are more complicated than those in simple spherical external potentials and change in time. When star clusters migrate from apogalacticon to perigalacticon, they move along a spiral arm, and their tidal tails also elongate along the spiral arm. When clusters are in the other phases (e.g., perigalacticon or apogalacticon), the tails come closer to the parent cluster again even if they are no longer bound to the cluster (see top right panel of Figure \[fig:cluster76\]). This behavior is similar to that in the case in axisymmetric external potentials [@2005AJ....129.1906C]. Figure \[fig:xyv\] shows spacial (left) and velocity (right) distributions of two clusters. The cluster shown in the top panels is at its perigalacticon passage, and the one in the bottom panels is moving from its perigalacticon to apogalacticon. The cluster shown in the top panels is the same as that shown in Figure \[fig:cluster76\]. In spacial distribution plots (left panels in Figure \[fig:xyv\]), cluster particles (crosses) show tidal tails spreading over a few kpc which are close to the orbits (black doted curves) or the circular orbits at the positions of the clusters (black dashed curve). In spite of such a large spatial distribution, we find that the tidal-tail stars still remain close to their parent clusters in velocity space. In the right panels, we plot the position of cluster stars in $v_{R}$-$v_{\phi}$ space as crosses. Colors in both panels indicate the velocity deviation from the parent clusters; blue, red, green, and black indicate $<$2, 2–5, 5–7, and $>$7 $\rm km~s^{-1}$, respectively. We also plot disk particles within 1 kpc from the cluster center (cyan points). In contrast to the cluster particles, the disk particles have a larger distribution in the velocity spaces. In spatial plots we plot disk particle which are within 1 kpc from the cluster center and have velocity deviation of $<$5 $\rm km~s^{-1}$ in the velocity space (cyan points). If we detect star cluster tails using only their velocities, these stars would be detected as contamination. They are located randomly in spatial plots, while star cluster particles distribute in tidal tails. ![Distribution of cluster particles and disk particles around clusters in $x$-$y$ plane (left) and $v_{R}$-$v_{\phi}$ phase (right). The cluster shown in the top panels is the same one shown in Figure \[fig:cluster76\] at a time of 1.75 Gyr, when the cluster is located at its perigalacticon. The bottom panels show a cluster, which is moving from its perigalacticon to apogalacticon at a time of 1 Gyr. Crosses and points indicate cluster and disk particles, respectively. In the left panels, colors indicate the velocity shown in right panels. Black dotted and dashed curves show orbits obtained from the simulation and circular orbits at the distance of the cluster from the galactic center, respectively. Yellow circles show the 1 and 2 kpc radius from the center-of-mass position of the cluster. In the right panels, blue, red, green, and black crosses indicate cluster particles with $<$2, 2–5, 5–7, and $>$7 $\rm km~s^{-1}$ from the mean velocity of the cluster particles. Cyan points indicate disk particles which are located within 1 kpc from the cluster center. Disk particles which are located within 1 kpc and have velocities $<$2 and 2–5 $\rm km~s^{-1}$ from the mean velocity of the cluster are shown in the left panels as blue and red points, respectively.\[fig:xyv\]](xyv_cl76_247.eps "fig:"){width="90mm"} ![Distribution of cluster particles and disk particles around clusters in $x$-$y$ plane (left) and $v_{R}$-$v_{\phi}$ phase (right). The cluster shown in the top panels is the same one shown in Figure \[fig:cluster76\] at a time of 1.75 Gyr, when the cluster is located at its perigalacticon. The bottom panels show a cluster, which is moving from its perigalacticon to apogalacticon at a time of 1 Gyr. Crosses and points indicate cluster and disk particles, respectively. In the left panels, colors indicate the velocity shown in right panels. Black dotted and dashed curves show orbits obtained from the simulation and circular orbits at the distance of the cluster from the galactic center, respectively. Yellow circles show the 1 and 2 kpc radius from the center-of-mass position of the cluster. In the right panels, blue, red, green, and black crosses indicate cluster particles with $<$2, 2–5, 5–7, and $>$7 $\rm km~s^{-1}$ from the mean velocity of the cluster particles. Cyan points indicate disk particles which are located within 1 kpc from the cluster center. Disk particles which are located within 1 kpc and have velocities $<$2 and 2–5 $\rm km~s^{-1}$ from the mean velocity of the cluster are shown in the left panels as blue and red points, respectively.\[fig:xyv\]](xyv_cl46.eps "fig:"){width="90mm"} Summary ======= We performed a series of $N$-body simulations of star clusters in live stellar disks with multiple spiral arms. In these simulations, both galactic disks and star clusters are modeled as $N$-body systems and integrated self-consistently. Our results show that star clusters migrate radially a few kpc in the time scale of their orbital period in the disk (a few 100 Myr) because of the angular-momentum exchange with transient spiral arms. The angular-momentum change of the clusters is at most $\sim 50$% of the initial angular momentum within 1 Gyr. In the case of non-steady transient spiral arms, the radial migration strongly affects the tidal disruption of star clusters because star clusters lose more mass when they approach the galactic center due to the smaller Jacobi radii. This kind of disruption mechanism does not appear in stationary density waves. The heating due to the non-steady (corotating) spiral-arm passage would not be as strong as that by the density-wave spiral arms, because the adiabatic change of the energy due to the slow passages of spiral arms suppresses the heating per passage, and the number of spiral passages is quite few (see the corotation case in Figure 8 in @2007MNRAS.376..809G). Furthermore, the radial migration of star clusters can carry stars far from their original orbital radii and finally the distribution of stars would be much wider than those in the case of the density waves [@2010ApJ...713..166B]. With transient spiral arms, star clusters and their tidal tails tend to stay in or close to spiral arms. The shape of tidal tails of clusters change in a complicated way in time compared to those in a smooth tidal field like a halo potential. When a star cluster approach the galactic center, star clusters move along a spiral arm as is the case of stars and gas moving in spiral arms. In this phase, the tidal tails also spread along the spiral arm. During the apogalacticon passage, on the other hand, the tidal tails are compressed and distribute around 1 kpc from the cluster even though they are unbound. 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Each release cycle, OpenStack project team leads (PTLs) introduce themselves, talk about upcoming features for the OpenStack projects they manage, plus how you can get involved and influence the roadmap. Superuser will feature weekly summaries of the videos; you can also catch them on the OpenStack Foundation YouTube channel. This post covers Horizon, Ironic and Kolla. Horizon What: Horizon provides a web-based user interface to OpenStack services including Nova, Swift, Glance, etc. Who: Rob Cresswell PTL. Day Job: Software engineer, Cisco Systems. Burning issues “With Horizon, we’ve got an ongoing move to Angular JS and a JavaScript client-side framework,” he says.”This has always been quite contentious because it’s basically resulted in this big rewrite of the project.” What’s next “When you start looking into the admin view and work across many projects and regions at once, it tends to get very non-performant,” he adds. What matters in Newton We’ve got some small tweaks to make in the Python and Django work in order to improve the admin groundwork and we are also making adjustments to the way we are handling plugins, settings theming, he says. Get involved! Use Ask OpenStack for general questions For roadmap or development issues, subscribe to the OpenStack development mailing list, and use the tag [horizon] Participate in the weekly meetings: held in #openstack-meeting-3 on Wednesdays at 2000 UTC. Ironic What: Ironic provisions bare metal machines that may be used independently or as part of an OpenStack Cloud. Who: Jim Rollenhagen PTL. Day job: Software developer, Rackspace Burning issues Networking is always our hottest topic, he says. We had a ton of discussion about that, but our other big topic was testing and making our continuous integration better and more reliable. What’s next “We are looking into how we can make operations more automated in Ironic,” he says. What matters in Newton “[Beyond improving our networking and operator experience] we are also working on our Nova integration,” he added. “I think it’s going to be even better than what we designed last time.” Get involved! Use Ask OpenStack for general questions For roadmap or development issues, subscribe to the OpenStack development mailing list, and use the tag [ironic] Participate in the weekly meetings: held in #openstack-meeting on Wednesdays at 1700 UTC. Kolla What: Kolla provides production-ready containers and deployment tools for operating OpenStack clouds that are scalable, fast, reliable, and upgradable using community best practices. Who: Steven Dake PTL. Day job: Software engineer, Cisco Systems Burning issues “Kolla, at the current moment, has a big gap,” he says. “And the big gap is that it does not deploy bare metal.” What’s next “This is all about manageability,” he adds. “All of our features are designed to make Kolla more manageable.” What matters in Newton Although we are working towards increased manageability, our number one priority right now is Ansible 2.0, he says. “That is to move with the rest with the rest of the universe on software.” Get involved! Use Ask OpenStack for general questions. For roadmap or development issues, subscribe to the OpenStack development mailing list, and use the tag [designate]. Participate in the weekly meetings: held in #openstack-meeting-4 on Wednesdays at 16:00 UTC. Cover Photo // CC BY NC

Alvameline Alvameline (Lu 25-109) is a M1 receptor agonist and M2/M3 receptor antagonist that was under investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, but produced poor results in clinical trials and was subsequently discontinued. Synthesis Though the exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is still unclear, evidence points to the utility of increasing acetylcholine (ACh) levels for treating that condition. Most approaches are aimed at devising inhibitors of cholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACh. A quite different tack involves developing compounds that have cholinergic activity in their own right. The tetrazole alvameline (8), for example, was developed as a bioisostere of the muscarinic cholinergic compound arecoline. The design devolves on the fact that the proton on a free tetrazole shows a (pKa) comparable to that of a carboxylic acid. Fully substituted tetrazoles as in (), may thus in some ways may be viewed as surrogate esters. Alkylation of nicotinonitrile (accessible from nicotinamide)) (1) with methyl iodide affords the N-methylpyridinium salt (2). Treatment of this intermediate with sodium borohydride reduces it to 3-cyano-N-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (3) in which the position of the double bond mimics that in arecoline. Reaction of (3) with ethyl chloroformate results in N-demethylation and consequent formation of the corresponding carbamate. The nitrile group is then transformed to a tetrazole by reaction with sodium azide in the presence of aluminum chloride, one of the standard procedures for building that ring. The surrogate acid is then alkylated with ethyl iodide to afford (6). Treatment with acid then removes the carbamate on the ring nitrogen (7) and the methyl group on the piperidine ring restored using formaldehyde and formic acid under standard Eschweiler–Clarke conditions, yielding the muscarinic agonist alvameline (8). See also Milameline Sabcomeline Tazomeline Xanomeline References Category:Muscarinic agonists Category:Pyridines Category:Tetrazoles

Sandi Brandenberg Sandi Brandenberg is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a supporting character and has been associated with both Deadpool and Agent X. Fictional character biography Sandi first appeared in the Taskmaster limited series. Little is known of her previous life, save that she is kind to stray animals and used to work as a "dancer" (implied to be of the exotic kind). She met the villain trainer and mercenary in his guise of Tony Masters in Las Vegas and he put his mimicked skills to use in seducing her. During a date at his apartment in New York City, Sandi is shot by a Triad gang member as part of a revenge attack on Taskmaster for manipulating the Triads into a gangwar. Taskmaster survived and took her injury personally, later arranging for her medical care and for her to find work once she had recovered. This led to her appearances in the final story arc of Deadpool, written by Gail Simone. After the title character falsely won acclaim in the mercenary community for assassinating four yakuza mob bosses, he hired her as a secretary and receptionist to handle his increased workload. Though not outright stated, this was apparently on Taskmaster's recommendation. Although their relationship did not progress following her discovery of his identity and his shooting, Taskmaster guardedly held feelings for her, even offering help to a beleaguered Deadpool free of charge, disclaiming that his offer was on the basis that if Deadpool died, Sandi would be out of a job. Deadpool viewed Sandi as a friend, admitting that his business would fall apart without her and giving her a generous bonus after being paid a large sum. Sandi also designed some new costumes for Wade. Deadpool was very protective of her, and was upset when she came in to work with a black eye, courtesy of her current boyfriend. When another fight with him landed her in the hospital, Sandi agreed to let Deadpool retaliate and run him out of town, but insisted he not be killed. Deadpool complied with this request, giving the boyfriend a severe beating but refraining from killing him, saying it was "because I made a promise." Taskmaster, who was lurking nearby and still had strong feelings for Sandi, immediately killed him after Deadpool left, sarcastically telling him "You know, it's a funny thing, but I never promised her squat." After Wilson's disappearance and apparent death, Sandi found the man who would be known as both Alex Hayden and Agent X outside her apartment and sympathetically took him in and fed him. Although he had little to no memory of his life before this incident, he remembered Sandi and wished to go into the mercenary business with her. She agreed and retained the services of Taskmaster (whom she began a relationship with) and Outlaw to train him. Sandi was an important character throughout the Agent X series, and was wooed by a yakuza boss as well as by Taskmaster who still pined for her. She and Agent X slept together once, but in the end she got back together with Taskmaster, and Alex ended up with Outlaw. When Alex is captured by HYDRA on a mission, Sandi and Outlaw hire Deadpool to retrieve him. Having been given morbid obesity to keep him contained, Agent X is unable to return to mercenary work and allows Wade to take over for him. Since then, Sandi made multiple appearances in the Cable & Deadpool series, even being briefly captured by Wilson's nemesis T-Ray. She and Outlaw seem to enjoy playing strip poker with any handy male characters (who are only too happy to oblige). References Category:Fictional secretaries Category:Comics characters introduced in 2002 Category:Marvel Comics characters Category:Comic book sidekicks

Interactive effects of acute ethanol administration on meprobamate levels in blood and brain of rabbit and rat. In the simultaneous administration of meprobamate and ethanol to rabbits, the blood meprobamate concentration (BMC) increased greatly when the maximum blood ethanol concentration (BECmax) exceeded 1.0 mg/ml. Thus, we subjected the rabbits to continuous infusion of ethanol so as to make the blood ethanol concentration (BEC) constant and administered meprobamate by intravenous injection. Elimination of meprobamate became slow at about the BEC of 0.5 mg/ml and the degree reached almost maximum around the BEC of 1.0 mg/ml. The elimination rate did not change any more even when the BEC was raised higher. In the study conducted to elucidate the relationship between the BMC and brain meprobamate concentration (BrMC) using rats, it was found that meprobamate would show similar movements and its level would rise extremely by an acute administration of ethanol. It was indicated that the effect of ethanol on reinforcement of meprobamate activity would appear strongly by potentiation effect.

//* This file is part of the MOOSE framework //* https://www.mooseframework.org //* //* All rights reserved, see COPYRIGHT for full restrictions //* https://github.com/idaholab/moose/blob/master/COPYRIGHT //* //* Licensed under LGPL 2.1, please see LICENSE for details //* https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html #include "CreateProblemDefaultAction.h" #include "Factory.h" #include "FEProblem.h" #include "EigenProblem.h" #include "MooseApp.h" #include "CreateExecutionerAction.h" #include "CreateProblemAction.h" registerMooseAction("MooseApp", CreateProblemDefaultAction, "create_problem_default"); registerMooseAction("MooseApp", CreateProblemDefaultAction, "determine_system_type"); defineLegacyParams(CreateProblemDefaultAction); InputParameters CreateProblemDefaultAction::validParams() { InputParameters params = Action::validParams(); params.addPrivateParam<bool>("_solve"); return params; } CreateProblemDefaultAction::CreateProblemDefaultAction(InputParameters parameters) : Action(parameters) { } void CreateProblemDefaultAction::act() { if (_current_task == "determine_system_type") { // Determine whether the Executioner is derived from EigenExecutionerBase and // set a flag on MooseApp that can be used during problem construction. bool use_nonlinear = true; bool use_eigenvalue = false; auto p = _awh.getActionByTask<CreateExecutionerAction>("setup_executioner"); if (p) { auto & exparams = p->getObjectParams(); use_nonlinear = !(exparams.isParamValid("_eigen") && exparams.get<bool>("_eigen")); use_eigenvalue = (exparams.isParamValid("_use_eigen_value") && exparams.get<bool>("_use_eigen_value")); } _app.useNonlinear() = use_nonlinear; _app.useEigenvalue() = use_eigenvalue; return; } // act only if we have mesh if (_mesh.get() != NULL) { // Make sure the problem hasn't already been created elsewhere if (!_problem) { std::string type; if (_app.useEigenvalue()) type = "EigenProblem"; else type = "FEProblem"; auto params = _factory.getValidParams(type); // apply common parameters of the object held by CreateProblemAction to honor user inputs in // [Problem] auto p = _awh.getActionByTask<CreateProblemAction>("create_problem"); if (p) params.applyParameters(p->getObjectParams()); params.set<MooseMesh *>("mesh") = _mesh.get(); params.set<bool>("use_nonlinear") = _app.useNonlinear(); if (_pars.isParamSetByUser("_solve")) params.set<bool>("solve") = getParam<bool>("_solve"); _problem = _factory.create<FEProblemBase>(type, "MOOSE Problem", params); } else { // otherwise perform necessary sanity checks if (_app.useEigenvalue() && !(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<EigenProblem>(_problem))) mooseError("Problem has to be of a EigenProblem (or derived subclass) type when using " "eigen executioner"); } } }

l**2 Let k(i) = -72*i**2 + i - 1. Let y(d) = -d**2 - d - 1. Determine k(q) + y(q). -73*q**2 - 2 Let r(s) = 6*s**3 + 3*s**2 - s - 1. Let u be r(1). Let i(w) = 9*w - 5. Let f(j) = 4*j - 2. Determine u*f(z) - 3*i(z). z + 1 Let m(h) = -12*h**2 + 3 - 9*h**2 - 9*h**2 - 6*h**3 + 34*h**2. Let g(i) = 17*i**3 - 11*i**2 - 8. Give -4*g(l) - 11*m(l). -2*l**3 - 1 Let z(c) = -c**2 + 1. Let s(b) = 2*b**3 - 22*b**2 + 5*b - 54. Let f be s(11). Let r(v) = 2*v**3 + 5*v**2 + 3*v - 5. Calculate f*r(d) + 5*z(d). 2*d**3 + 3*d Let f(z) = -523*z - 9. Let y(q) = 3663*q + 66. Give 22*f(l) + 3*y(l). -517*l Let x(v) = v + 1. Let t(g) = -3*g - 20. Let p(m) = -m - 21. Let d(n) = -2*p(n) + 3*t(n). Determine -d(r) - 5*x(r). 2*r + 13 Let g(j) = 20*j - 14. Let q(x) = 13*x - 9. Suppose 4*i = -o - 21, -2 = o - 3*o + 3*i. Give o*g(b) + 8*q(b). 4*b - 2 Let v(w) = -4*w**2 - w - 5. Suppose 5*h - 18 - 92 = -17*h. Let p(y) be the first derivative of -2*y**3/3 - 2*y + 1. What is h*p(b) - 2*v(b)? -2*b**2 + 2*b Let w(c) = -5*c**3 - 2*c**2 - 3*c + 3. Let k(b) = 20*b**3 + 7*b**2 + 11*b - 14. Give -2*k(g) - 9*w(g). 5*g**3 + 4*g**2 + 5*g + 1 Let i(f) = 7*f**3 + f**2 - 1. Let l(s) = 2*s**3. What is -2*i(n) + 9*l(n)? 4*n**3 - 2*n**2 + 2 Let l(r) = -10*r + 16. Let k(g) = 7*g - 11. Let d = -306 + 301. What is d*l(a) - 7*k(a)? a - 3 Let d(z) = 6*z**2 + 95*z - 1. Let f(q) = 4*q**2 + 95*q - 1. What is -3*d(k) + 4*f(k)? -2*k**2 + 95*k - 1 Let y(h) = -9*h**3 + 7*h**2 + 7*h. Suppose 0 = -42*a + 46*a. Let p(z) = 8*z**3 + z**2 + 3*z**2 + a*z - 10*z**2 - 6*z. What is -7*p(w) - 6*y(w)? -2*w**3 Let p(q) = -113. Let s(t) = t**2. Give p(m) - 2*s(m). -2*m**2 - 113 Let a(d) = 7*d**3 - 2*d**2 + 42*d - 5. Let b(m) = 8*m**3 - 3*m**2 + 42*m - 6. Determine 7*a(n) - 6*b(n). n**3 + 4*n**2 + 42*n + 1 Let m(u) = -13*u - 563 - 572 + 1132. Let v(l) = 390*l + 91. Give -91*m(s) - 3*v(s). 13*s Let w(m) = -39*m**2 + 11*m - 12. Let g(u) = -118*u**2 + 31*u - 34. What is -6*g(s) + 17*w(s)? 45*s**2 + s Let k(q) = -11*q**3 - 5*q. Let u be 22/242 - (-54)/11. Let m(z) = -32*z**3 - 14*z. What is u*m(y) - 14*k(y)? -6*y**3 Suppose -37 = 5*h - 42. Let o(j) = j**3 - j + 1. Let d(a) = -6*a**3 - a**2 + 5*a - 3. What is h*d(b) + 5*o(b)? -b**3 - b**2 + 2 Let z(a) = 2*a**2 + a - 1. Let y(f) = -f**3 - 22*f**2 - 4*f + 4. Determine -y(o) - 4*z(o). o**3 + 14*o**2 Let p(b) = -184*b**3 - 3*b**2 - 6*b - 3. Let w(o) = 88871*o**3 + 1448*o**2 + 2896*o + 1448. Calculate 1448*p(x) + 3*w(x). 181*x**3 Let p(u) = -78*u**3 + 65*u + 65. Suppose -54 = -333*n + 342*n. Let w(r) = 7*r**3 - 6*r - 6. Calculate n*p(y) - 65*w(y). 13*y**3 Let f(n) = -n. Let y(d) = 11*d - 6*d - 17*d. Let i(s) = -s**2 + 18*s + 21. Let k be i(19). Calculate k*y(r) - 27*f(r). 3*r Let v(h) = -h - 1. Let x(a) = 14*a + 10. Let z be (-4 + 24)*9/18. Determine z*v(l) + x(l). 4*l Let p = -5 + 4. Let j be 1/((2/10)/p). Let x(d) = 6*d. Let k(w) = 3*w. Determine j*k(v) + 2*x(v). -3*v Let z(t) = -t**2 - 3*t + 4. Let q be z(-5). Let f(l) = -5*l + 11. Let u(d) = 2*d + 41. Let b(s) = -3*s - 69. Let j(v) = 3*b(v) + 5*u(v). Give q*f(w) - 33*j(w). -3*w Let p(r) = -6*r**2 + 7*r + 4. Let z(v) = -3*v**2 + 3*v + 2. Let h = 49 + -47. What is h*p(d) - 5*z(d)? 3*d**2 - d - 2 Let j(d) = -4*d**2 - 2. Let c = 18 - 14. Let m(i) = 4*i - 27. Let p be m(9). Let l(k) = 2*k**2 + 1. Give c*j(h) + p*l(h). 2*h**2 + 1 Let d(p) = p - 5. Let v(o) = -2. Let g(n) = -n + 4. Let i be g(4). Suppose i = 4*k - 3*k + 2. Calculate k*d(a) + 5*v(a). -2*a Let z(d) = 62 - 6*d - 6*d + 16*d - 59. Let s(f) = 1. What is -4*s(p) + z(p)? 4*p - 1 Let m(w) = -5*w**3 + 6*w**2 - 4*w - 4. Let l(i) = i**2 - i - 1. Let f = -3 + 10. Suppose -2 + f = -g + 3*k, 3*k - 1 = 5*g. Determine g*m(r) - 4*l(r). -5*r**3 + 2*r**2 Let p(b) = 6*b**3 - b**2 + 3*b. Suppose 0 = 91*v - 74*v - 85. Let n(y) = -11*y**3 + y**2 - 5*y. Give v*p(c) + 3*n(c). -3*c**3 - 2*c**2 Let t(r) = -2*r**2 - r + 4. Let f(g) be the second derivative of g**4/2 + g**3/2 - 6*g**2 - 77*g. Calculate 3*f(j) + 8*t(j). 2*j**2 + j - 4 Let r(o) = 13*o + 2. Let y(c) = c + 2. Let j(v) = -r(v) + 6*y(v). Let s(f) = 2. Determine -2*j(q) + 10*s(q). 14*q Let a(c) = 6*c + 7. Let k = -2146 - -2141. Let f(n) be the second derivative of 2*n + 3*n**2 + 5/6*n**3 + 0. What is k*f(q) + 4*a(q)? -q - 2 Let g(d) = 3*d**2 + 3*d - 3. Let y be 10/2 - (5 + -4). Suppose 0 = 3*s + 5*t - 3*t - 1, y = -s - 5*t. Let o(k) = k - 1. What is s*g(l) - 3*o(l)? 3*l**2 Let i(u) = 20*u**2 + 11*u + 2. Let t(g) = 31*g**2 + 17*g + 3. Determine 8*i(m) - 5*t(m). 5*m**2 + 3*m + 1 Suppose 17*g - 8*g = -45. Let d(c) = c**2 - 5. Let v(i) = i**2 + i - 4. Let m(w) = 4*d(w) - 5*v(w). Let b(f) = 3*f**2 + 18*f. Determine g*b(z) - 18*m(z). 3*z**2 Let w(q) = 2*q**2 - q. Let a(d) = -15*d**2. Let k(g) = 8*g**2 - g. Let b(p) = 3*a(p) + 7*k(p). Calculate 6*b(i) - 34*w(i). -2*i**2 - 8*i Let y(l) = 2*l**2 - l + 1. Let x(r) = r**3 - 14*r**2 - 4*r + 4. What is -x(s) + 4*y(s)? -s**3 + 22*s**2 Let b(a) = -a**2 + 3*a - 1. Let w(o) = -o. Let s(k) = b(k) + 3*w(k). Let x = 7 - 12. Let t(c) = 4*c**2 + 5. Give x*s(r) - t(r). r**2 Let p(f) = -6*f**2 + 9*f - 5. Let t(m) = 4*m**2 + 28*m - 7 - 13*m**2 - 15*m. Determine -7*p(c) + 5*t(c). -3*c**2 + 2*c Let d(y) = -4*y. Let o(z) = -4*z. Let n be (-2 - -3 - 0)*4. Let v(u) = -8*u + 85. Let g be v(11). Determine g*d(l) + n*o(l). -4*l Let p(c) = 6*c + 5. Let q(a) = -a - 1. Suppose 4*s = 23 - 7, -33 = 5*t - 2*s. Suppose -2*b - 2*b = 4. What is b*p(o) + t*q(o)? -o Let a(d) = -3*d**3 - 2*d - 10. Let j(p) = -48*p**3 - 33*p - 159. Calculate 33*a(f) - 2*j(f). -3*f**3 - 12 Let w(d) = -d. Let h(c) = -5*c + 1. Let g(m) = -m - 3. Let n be g(-2). Give n*h(k) + 2*w(k). 3*k - 1 Let o(f) = f**2 + 5*f. Suppose -8*j + 25 = -3*j. Let z(s) = -6*s + 9. Let u(k) = 3*k - 5. Let p(n) = j*z(n) + 9*u(n). Determine 3*o(m) + 5*p(m). 3*m**2 Suppose -4*k - 5*t = -43, 2*k + 23*t = 26*t + 49. Let v(l) = -l**2 + 8*l + 5. Let m(p) = 3*p**2 - 23*p - 14. Calculate k*v(a) + 6*m(a). a**2 - 2*a + 1 Let y(h) = -h**2 - 4*h + 1. Let v(i) = -i - 1. Suppose -4*u = -4*z + 6 + 10, 4*z = 5*u + 17. Calculate u*y(f) + 3*v(f). f**2 + f - 4 Let f(w) be the second derivative of w**5/5 + w**4/4 + w**3/2 + 2*w**2 - 46*w. Let q(m) = -3*m**3 - 2*m**2 - 2*m - 3. Let i = 14 - 20. What is i*q(v) - 4*f(v)? 2*v**3 + 2 Let g = 4 + -3. Let k be -1*g/(2/(-10)). Let w(s) = -s**3 - 6*s**2 - 4. Let i(q) = 0*q**3 + 137*q**2 - 12 - 144*q**2 + 7 - q**3. Calculate k*w(p) - 4*i(p). -p**3 - 2*p**2 Let b(r) = -20*r**2 - 18*r + 18. Suppose 0 = 2*j + 2*q + 6, 5*q - 4 + 3 = 3*j. Let d(k) = k**2 + k - 1. Give j*b(h) - 36*d(h). 4*h**2 Let a(b) = -14*b**2 - 2*b + 47. Let o(j) = -22*j**2 - 3*j + 70. What is 8*a(s) - 5*o(s)? -2*s**2 - s + 26 Let p(k) = -337*k. Let s(y) = 73124*y. What is -1086*p(j) - 5*s(j)? 362*j Let d(j) = j**2 - j. Let p(g) = -40*g**2 + 35*g. Let w be (-846)/12 - 5/(-10). Calculate w*d(q) - 2*p(q). 10*q**2 Let d(p) = -7*p**3 + 11*p**2. Let w(c) = 2*c**3 - 3*c**2. Let n(r) = 2 + 7*r**3 - 11*r**2 + 29*r**2 - 17*r**2 + 2*r. Let z be n(-1). Calculate z*d(q) - 22*w(q). -2*q**3 Let p(c) = 3*c. Suppose 2*r + r - 15 = 0. Let v = 10 - 2. Let f(y) = -2*y - 4*y + v*y. What is r*p(k) - 6*f(k)? 3*k Let c(w) be the first derivative of w**3/3 - 215. Let l(k) = -14*k**2. Calculate 91*c(y) + 6*l(y). 7*y**2 Let d(m) = -2*m**3 + m**2 + m + 1. Let t(j) = -5*j**3 + 2*j**2 + 4*j + 38. Determine -2*d(q) + t(q). -q**3 + 2*q + 36 Let d(u) = 6*u - 262. Let v(h) = -17*h + 787. Calculate -11*d(l) - 4*v(l). 2*l - 266 Let v(c) = -c**2 + c + 3. Let l(s) = 24*s**2 - 8*s + 11. Give l(w) - 3*v(w). 27*w**2 - 11*w + 2 Let m be (-18)/(-8) + 3/4. Let k be 3/(-2)*1/(m/(-2)). Let q(d) = d**2 - d - 1. Let o(l) = -6*l**2 + 5*l + 5. Calculate k*o(p) + 5*q(p). -p**2 Let m(f) = -8*f**3 + 3*f**2 + 20*f - 3. Let z(i) = -17*i**3 + 7*i**2 + 41*i - 7. What is 7*m(a) - 3*z(a)? -5*a**3 + 17*a Let y(z) = 40*z**3 + 2*z**2 - z - 4. Let i(t) = 121*t**3 + 5*t**2 - 3*t - 11. Calculate 4*i(v) - 11*y(v). 44*v**3 - 2*v**2 - v Let b(k) = 38*k - 9. Let c(x) = -26*x + 6. Determine -5*b(p) - 7*c(p). -8*p + 3 Let v(g) = 6*g**3 - 8*g**2 + 3. Let z(q) = -q**3 + q**2 - 1. Suppose d - 5 = 2*f, 12 = -2*d + 4*d - 5*f. Give d*v(b) + 4*z(b). 2*b**3 - 4*b**2 - 1 Let g(h) be the third derivative of -119*h**5/60 - 49*h**4/24 - 13*h**2 - 5*h. Let p(b) = -12*b**

Time still left for diplomacy with Iran: US Washington: Days after tightening the noose of international sanctions against Tehran, the Obama Administration has said there is still time and space left for diplomacy with Iran over its nuclear programme. "We regret that Iran has not yet made a strategic decision to address the international community`s serious concerns regarding its nuclear programme and the ongoing P5-plus-1 talks. However, we continue to believe that there is time and space for diplomacy," said White House Press Secretary Jay Carney yesterday. He noted that the opportunity remained for Iran to take advantage of this process by taking necessary steps to come into compliance with its international obligations. "In the meantime, even as we continue P5-plus-1 talks, multilateral efforts to increase the pressure on Iran have not ceased at all," he held. Carney, however, said the US continues to work with its partners around the world to increase the scale and scope on sanctions on Tehran, making it clear that such pressures will only grow until Iran changes course. The US has taken a "two-track approach" for "isolation" of Iran and is stepping up pressure on it through sanctions and other means, Carney said, adding that these were efforts to "convince" Iran to abide by their international obligations and renounce their nuclear weapons ambitions. "We work with the Israelis as well as all of our partners in that effort," Carney said. The US, he said, has a robust, cooperative relationship with Israel on security matters and they share a great deal of information, especially about Iran. On Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu`s recent remarks that they had not yet decided about any "kinetic" action against Iran, Carney said there was still time left to "pursue a diplomatic course" backed by a firm approach on the sanctions imposed on Tehran. "There is every reason to continue the P5-plus-1 talks while the time and space remains. But let`s be absolutely clear that the President`s policy is to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon," Carney said. Meanwhile the US officials have said there has been no response from Iran on the American offer of assistance for the quake hit victims. "Our hearts go out to those people who are affected. We have said that we stand ready to provide assistance. We have not had any pickup of that from the Iranians. In fact, there have been Iranian public statements in the last 24 hours saying that they did not need foreign assistance. Nonetheless, our offers stays on the table," State Department spokesperson Victoria Nuland said at her daily news conference. Americans wishing to provide humanitarian assistance to Iranians during this time may donate food and medicine without obtaining an Iranian transactions regulations license, she said.

1 of 7 Thai-Style Kohlrabi Stir-Fry A close cousin of cabbage and kale, kohlrabi has a very distinct appearance—the large bulb (which looks like a root, but is actually a stem!) can be either green, white, or purple, and is crowned with spindly stalks that culminate in large, floppy leaves (it reminds us of the golden snitch from the Harry Potter movies). The leaves and bulb are edible—the stalks are pretty tough, so discard them or save them for the compost pile. This Thai-inspired stir-fry showcases both the leaves and bulb. To make it vegan-friendly, swap out the fish sauce for soy. To make it gluten-free, swap soy for tamari. Advertisement Advertisement 2 of 7 Kohlrabi Fritters If you’ve never tasted kohlrabi, this is the perfect recipe to start with! The kohlrabi bulb is starchy, so it grates into sturdy shreds that hold up well to pan-frying. A food processor makes this super easy, and you can even grate the kohlrabi in advance, because it doesn’t turn brown like potatoes. Paired with a sweet and tangy mixture of sour cream and applesauce, this low-carb riff on latkes makes a great party appetizer. 3 of 7 Kohlrabi and Sausage Skillet Call on your cast-iron skillet to whip up this one-dish dinner. Crunchy kohlrabi brings gut-friendly fiber to the table; lean turkey sausage delivers heart-healthy protein. If you’d like to tame down the heat and make this dish more kid friendly, pick up mild turkey sausage. Serve over your favorite mashed potatoes or quick-sauteed greens. Advertisement 4 of 7 Roasted Kohlrabi With Savory Garlic Sauce Upgrade your steak dinner game by adding this super-savory side. Don’t be scared of anchovy fillets; they’re a mega umami bomb that drenches these oven-tender kohlrabi wedges with rich flavor. When shopping for kohlrabi, choose bulbs that are firm and smooth; they’re the freshest. 5 of 7 Greek Stuffed Dolmades With Kohlrabi Slaw Sturdy kohlrabi leaves stand in for the traditional grape leaves in this riff on the classic beef-and-rice stuffed Greek appetizer—and use the rest to make a delicious side slaw. Although we love using brown rice whenever we can, it's important to use the quicker-cooking white rice here to retain moisture and keep the beef from overcooking. This process is a little time consuming for a weeknight, but it makes a fun weekend cooking project. Whip up the slaw while the dolmades are cooking so everything’s done on time. 6 of 7 Kohlrabi and Apple Quick Pickles Upgrade your pickle game with these crunchy and zesty fast-fix pickles. Great for topping tacos, stir fries, salads, or snazzing up an appetizer board, these crunchy pickles deliver a pop of flavor to everyday dishes. Don’t be alarmed by the amount of sugar in this recipe—just a small amount gets absorbed by the pickles. If you have a mandolin, use it to slice the kohlrabi—it gets the job done much faster than a sharp knife.

The association between unequal parental treatment and the sibling relationship in Finland: The difference between full and half-siblings. Studies have shown that unequal parental treatment is associated with relationship quality between siblings. However, it is unclear how it affects the relationship between full and half-siblings. Using data from the Generational Transmissions in Finland project (n = 1,537 younger adults), we study whether those who have half-siblings perceive more unequal parental treatment than those who have full siblings only. In addition, we study how unequal parental treatment is associated with sibling relationship between full, maternal, and paternal half-siblings. First, we found that individuals who have maternal and/or paternal half-siblings are more likely to have encountered unequal maternal treatment than individuals who have full siblings only. Second, we found that unequal parental treatment impairs full as well as maternal and paternal half-sibling relations in adulthood. Third, unequal parental treatment mediates the effect of genetic relatedness on sibling relations in the case of maternal half-siblings, but not in the case of paternal half-siblings. After controlling for unequal parental treatment, the quality of maternal half-sibling relationships did not differ from that of full siblings, whereas the quality of paternal half-sibling relationships still did. Fourth, the qualitative comments (n = 206) from the same population reveal that unequal parental treatment presents itself several ways, such as differential financial, emotional, or practical support.

Q: How to open new window using Vim Tsuquyomi plugin and :TsuDefinition command? I use Vim and Tsuquyomi Plugin. Also, I use :TsuDefinition command navigate to function/type definition. This command replaces the current window with the new file. Is it possible using this plugin open definition on a new window? A: From Tsuquyomi Doc: :TsuquyomiSplitDefinition - Split current window in two. Navigate to the location where the symbol is defined.

Q: How to build from src to binary for Android I want to use some function calls(commands) designed for linux. I can use them by enter the key words in adb(Android CML). Here I found some works some people did. wget (because it isn't included in most Android device ) Iperf But after reading their methods or suggestions, I can only understand that I need to use Android NDK and write the correct makefile. I have no idea about building others source code (most of them are C/C++) for linux(only need to use 'make' command mentioned in their README file). The official NDK document is for Java environment to call C lib mainly. Are there some HOWTO, courses or suggestions for this. Thanks! I have compiled single cpp file program. I try to compile a alternative version iperf https://github.com/tierney/iperf It seems to be relative to lib ,some header files, and multiple c files. I failed to compile by enter all c files normally. Is there anything I missed? A: yeah you need the NDK, it offers an C/C++ compiler for Android. In general the steps are all the same: Setting up the NDK (I wrote a small how-to, but it's for Arch-Linux and the fish-shell, Windows how-to) Adjusting your make file (instead of gcc compiler use Android NDK compiler, and so on) Remember that Android uses Bionic C library, so only use functions supported by it Run make, push the program to your device and make it executable Of course, this is just an overview how it is done. You should try it and then ask specific questions if you run into troubles.

Un mito vacilla, quel­lo della superiorità del model­lo industriale tedesco. Quan­te volte abbiamo sentito vantare la qualità e l’affidabilità dei pro­dotti tedeschi, soprattutto nel campo dell’automobile! Ancora all’inizio di quest’anno c’era chi auspicava che Fiat-Chrysler si de­cidesse a vendere il marchio Al­fa-Romeo a Volkswagen, che avrebbe saputo valorizzarlo di più. Nei talk-show televisivi l’indu­stria automobilistica tedesca è sempre stata im­battibile: investiva di più in ricerca, sfornava sempre nuovi prodotti e natu­ralmente le sue condizioni di lavoro erano infinitamente migliori. Peccato che l’eccellenza tecnologica tedesca non sia sempre stata impiegata per un buon fine, perché c’era chi s’ingegna­va a falsificare i dati effettivi delle emis­sioni dei motori diesel progettando ad­dirittura un apposito software. A Wolfsburg, sede storica della Volkswagen, non avevano fatto però fatto i conti con la vigilanza oculatissima sulla sicurezza delle auto e sui lo­ro effetti inquinanti esercitata negli Stati Uni­ti. Oltreoceano le case produttrici sono sottoposte a controlli stringenti che portano poi a sanzioni assai onerose. Ora la Volkswagen dovrà ritirare qualcosa co­me mezzo milione di auto, con una multa da pagare che potrebbe raggiun­gere la cifra iperbolica di 18 miliardi di dollari. Ci vogliono le spalle larghe del colosso tedesco dell’auto per reggere a un danno simile, dalle gravissime con­seguenze sul piano dell’immagine e della reputazione, oltre che sotto il pro­filo economico (in Borsa la Volkswagen ha subito immediatamente una perdita pari a oltre il 20% del valore delle sue azioni). Come è potuto succedere? Si saran­no chiesti milioni di automobilisti in tutto il mondo. E se lo è domandato an­che il governo di Berlino, ben consape­vole che il marchio VW è l’alfiere dell’industria tedesca, il simbolo di un gruppo globale dell’auto che, stando ai dati del secondo trimestre 2015, è il primo al mondo per le vendite. Non c’è dubbio che si attendono spiegazio­ni da Wolfsburg e il più rapidamente possibile. Per giunta, la bomba è scop­piata in uno dei passaggi più delicati della storia aziendale della VW. È vero, infatti, che oggi il gruppo tedesco occu­pa la posizione di testa fra i produttori d’auto, davanti alla giapponese Toyo­ta e all’americana General Motors, seb­bene con un vantaggio numerico non troppo consistente (tutti e tre stanno intorno alla soglia dei 10 milioni di vet­ture). Ma la sua redditività è in calo e anche la posizione di mercato è insidia­ta dalla caduta sia del mercato cinese sia di quello brasiliano. A luglio, le ven­dite sono scese più del 3,5% e si è già calcolato che a fine anno la contrazio­ne potrebbe essere del 5%. Ma VW ha guai anche di altra natu­ra. In primavera il suo vertice è stato squassato da un inusitato scontro di potere. L’autorevolissimo presidente del gruppo, Ferdinand Piëch, ha ingag­giato una lotta all’ultimo sangue con l’amministratore delegato, Martin Winterkorn, allo scopo di estrometter­lo. Piëch voleva fare di VW, in un certo senso, la summa del sistema dell’auto, incorporando entro il suo perimetro aziendale tutti i marchi che potessero rendere sempre più forte e inattaccabi­le la sua gamma di offerta. È stato lui, per esempio, a volere che Audi acquisisse la Duca­ti e sarebbe stato pronto a com­prare anche l’Alfa-Romeo, se Marchionne avesse ceduto un marchio che Fca vuole invece rilanciare. La bulimia industriale di Piëch sta­va mettendo a rischio l’equilibrio del gruppo, in un momento in cui, secon­do Winterkorn, occorreva impegnarsi in un’opera di razionalizzazione della struttura aziendale, evitando di am­pliarla ulteriormente. Alla fine, quest’orientamento più saggio ha fini­to con l'avere la meglio e chi se ne è do­vuto andare è stato il vecchio patriarca dell’auto, che non ha più trovato l’ap­poggio nemmeno delle istituzioni e dei sindacati (grazie alla cogestione Ig-Metall, il maggiore sindacato indu­striale del mondo, è una vera colonna portante dell’ordinamento d’impre­sa). In questa cornice va collocata an­che la sconsiderata politica di conqui­sta del mercato nordamericano, che ha condotto al disastro di ieri. Negli Stati Uniti, la Volkswagen voleva raddoppia­re il volume delle vendite, oggi non pro­prio brillanti, entro il 2018. Questa rin­corsa forsennata degli obiettivi deve aver provocato il raggiro tecnologico che è stato rivelato ieri. L’ansia da primato può giocare scherzi pericolosissimi. Quando la Toyota anni fa si vide prossima a sor­passare la General Motors, prima casa produttrice dalla fine degli anni Venti in poi, abdicò al suo modello produtti­vo centrato sulla ricerca di qualità che l’aveva sempre contraddistinta. E pa­gò carissimo, anche sul piano dei con­ti, quello sforzo che l’aveva fatta uscire dai suoi paradigmi. Ora la casa giapponese ha imparato la lezione: quando sono uscite le cifre che le consegnava­no temporaneamente la supremazia nelle vendite dopo il primo trimestre 2015, ha emesso un comunicato in cui specificava che non le importava di es­sere la prima in classifica, ma di fare buone auto che si vendevano ovun-que. È una lezione che non va dimentica­ta nemmeno a Detroit. Se davvero Marchionne l’anno prossimo lancerà un’Opa su General Motors, dalla fusio­ne con FCA potrebbe nascere un grup­po da 15 milioni di vetture all’anno. Un gigante come non se ne sono mai visti nella storia dell’industria. Per fortuna, Marchionne si è posto come obiettivo fondamentale non il primato in quan­to tale, ma un sistema capace di conte­nere e riequilibrare i costi degli investi­menti. [Una precedente versione di questo articolo è apparsa sulle pagine de «Il Mattino», il 22 settembre 2015]

Preference regression modeling of multiple option healthcare delivery systems. A collection of statistical analysis procedures is applied to the task of estimating relative market shares among different healthcare plans under the offering of multiple options. The results are developed into an interactive spreadsheet for estimating market shares when consumer perceptions of plan features are modified through product redesign or communications strategies.

Q: How shall I understand this deep binding example in Python? From Programming Language Pragmatics by Scott, Figure 3.14 Deep binding in Python. At right is a conceptual view of the run-time stack. Referencing environments captured in closures are shown as dashed boxes and arrows. When B is called via formal parameter P, two instances of I exist. Because the closure for P was created in the initial invocation of A, B’s static link (solid arrow) points to the frame of that earlier invocation. B uses that invocation’s instance of I in its print statement, and the output is a 1. The catch is that a running program may have more than one instance of an object that is declared within a recursive subroutine. A closure in a language with static scoping captures the current instance of every object, at the time the closure is created. When the closure’s subroutine is called, it will find these captured instances, even if newer instances have subsequently been created by recursive calls. So basically, the quote tries to explain that the following program (which is the same as the one in the screenshot) prints out 1: def A(I, P): def B(): print(I) # body of A: if I > 1: P() else: A(2, B) def C(): pass # do nothing A(1, C) # main program I don't quite understand the reason being "because the closure for P was created in the initial invocation of A, B’s static link (solid arrow) points to the frame of that earlier invocation", and "When the closure’s subroutine is called, it will find these captured instances". So I modify the example, and then the new example prints out 2 instead of 1: def A(I, P): def B(): print(I) if I > 2: P() elif I > 1: A(3, B) else: A(2, B) def C(): pass A(1, C) Another modified example prints 1: def A(I, P): def B(): print(I) if I > 2: P() elif I > 1: A(3, P) else: A(2, B) def C(): pass A(1, C) So how can I know which closure matters? Generally, is a closure created whenever a function is passed as an argument to another function? Thanks. A: This has become too long for a comment, hence I am adding it as an answer. I should say that I am answering this from the perspective of someone who learned about these ideas in other languages: I mostly write Python now, but it's possible my terminology is 'wrong' (for which read 'right, but latter-day languages like Python got it wrong'...). In particular I have intentionally skated over a bunch of Python-specific detail, and avoided dealing with things like like the mutability of bindings and the Python 3 nonlocal hack). I also think the book's usage of the term 'deep binding' is confusing and perhaps wrong: see the end for a note on this. I have therefore largely ignored it. Bindings, scope and extent There are three important concepts. A binding is the association between a name and something it denotes. The most common kind of binding is a variable binding which associates a variable name with a value: there are other kinds (for instance the bindings between exception classes and handlers for them established by try: ... except: ... constructs) but I'll only talk about variable bindings. The scope of a binding is the region of the code it is accessible in. The extent of a binding is how long it is accessible for. There are several options for scope and extent. For variable bindings, Python has: lexical scope, which means that a binding is accessible only to code for which it is visible in the source code; and indefinite extent, which means that a binding exists as long as there is any possibility of reference. (Another common scope is dynamic: a binding with dynamic scope is visible to any code for which it is visible in the source code and any code that is 'down the stack' from that code. Another common extent is definite, which means that a binding goes away the moment control leaves the construct which established it. Bindings for exception handlers have dynamic scope and definite extent in Python, for instance.) What lexical scope means is that you can (almost) tell by reading the source what bindings a bit of code is referring to. So consider this: def outer(): a = 2 def inner(b): return a + b return inner(2) There are two bindings here: a is bound in outer and b is bound in inner (actually, there are three: inner is also bound, to a function, in outer). Each of these two bindings is referenced once: in inner (and the inner binding is referenced once, in outer). And the important thing is that, by reading the code, you can tell what the reference to a in inner is to: it's to the binding established in outer. That's what 'lexical' means: you (and the compiler, if it is smart enough) can tell what bindings exist by looking at the source. This is only almost true. Consider this fragment: def maybe(x): return x + y There is one binding created, in maybe, but two references: y is a reference to a binding which is not known to exist. But it may exist: there may be a top-level binding of y which would make this code work. So there is a special caveat around lexical bindings: there is a 'top-level' environment which all definitions can 'see' and which can contain bindings. So if the fragment above was enlarged to read y = 4 def maybe(x): return x + y Then this code is fine, because maybe can 'see' the top-level environment (really, in Python, this is the bindings in the module in which it's defined). Indefinite extent & first-class functions For the above examples, the results would be the same with definite or indefinite extent. This stops being true if you consider first-class functions, which Python has. It stops being the case because functions are objects which, by being called, can reference bindings. Consider this: def outer(x): def inner(y): return x + y return inner There are three bindings here: outer binds x and inner, and inner binds y (and can see x and inner). So, now, let add4 = outer(4): what should add4(3) return (or, equivalently, what should outer(4)(3) return)? Well, the answer is 7. And this is the case because the binding of x exists for as long as it can be referenced, or in other words, it exists for as long as any instances of inner exist, because they reference it. This is what 'indefinite extent' means. (If Python had only definite extent, then outer(4)(3) would be some kind of error, since it would reference a binding which no longer exists. Languages with only definite extent can't really have first-class functions in any useful way.) Something that's important to understand is that lexical scope tells you which bindings are visible, but the actual instances of those bindings which are visible are, of course, dynamic. So, if you consider something like this: def adder(n): return lambda e: e + n a1 = adder(12) a2 = adder(15) then a1 and a2 reference different bindings of n: a1(0) is 12 while a2(0) is 15. So by reading the source code you can tell which bindings are captured, but you need to run it to know which instances of them are captured -- what the values of the variables are, in other words. Compare that with this: def signaller(initial): s = [initial] def setter(new): s[0] = new return new def getter(): return s[0] return (setter, getter) (str, gtr) = signaller(0) Now, str and gtr capture the same binding of s, so str(1) will cause gtr() to return 1. Closures So that's actually all there is to know. Except that there is some special terminology which people use, in particular the term 'closure'. A closure is simply a function which refers to some lexical bindings outside its own definition. Such a function is said to 'close over' these bindings. I think it would be a good question to ask why this term is needed at all? All you actually need to understand is the scope rules, from which everything else follows: why do you need this special term? I think the reason is partly historical and partly pragmatic: historically, closures carried a lot of extra baggage in terms of all the closed-over bindings, so it was interesting to people whether a function was, or wasn't a closure; pragmatically closures can have behaviour which depends on the bindings the close over in slightly non-obvious ways (see the example above) and this perhaps justifies the term. The example code The example code was def A(I, P): def B(): print(I) # body of A: if I > 1: P() else: A(2, B) def C(): pass # do nothing A(1, C) # main program So, when A is called, there is a local function, B which can see the binding of I (and also P & B itself, but it does not refer to these so we can ignore them). Each call to A creates new bindings for I, P & B, and these bindings are different for each call. This includes recursive calls, which is the trick that is being done here to confuse you. So, what does A(1, C), do? It binds I to 1, and B to a closure which can see this binding of I. It also binds P to the global (module) value of C, which is a function, but nothing refers to this binding. Then it calls itself recursively (because I is 1) with arguments of 2 & the value of B, which is the closure that just got created. In the recursive call, there are new bindings: I is now bound to 2, and P is bound to the closure from the outer call. A new closure, is created, which captures these bindings and is itself bound, in this inner call, to B. Nothing refers to this binding. The closure bound to P is then called. It is the closure created in the outer call, and the binding it can see for I is the binding visible to it, whose value is 1. So it prints 1, and we're done. You can see what is happening by changing the definition to print some useful information: from __future__ import print_function # Python 2 def A(I, P): def B(): print(I) print("{I} {P} {B}".format(I=I, P=P, B=B)) if I > 1: P() else: A(2, B) def C(): pass A(1, C) This prints (for example): 1 <function C at 0x7f7a03768e60> <function B at 0x7f7a03768d70> recursing with (2, <function B at 0x7f7a03768d70>) 2 <function B at 0x7f7a03768d70> <function B at 0x7f7a03651a28> calling <function B at 0x7f7a03768d70> 1 Note that, in the inner call, there are two functions which identify themselves as B: one of them is the same as the function created in the outer call (which will be called), while the other one is the just-created closure, which is never referenced again. Deep binding I think the book's usage of the term 'deep binding' is at best confusing and in fact probably outright wrong: it is possible that this term has changed meaning, but it certainly did not originally mean what the book thinks it means. The terms 'deep binding' and 'shallow binding' refer to implementation strategies for languages with dynamic scope. In a system with dynamic scope, a 'free' variable reference (one which is not bound by a particular bit of code) is looked up by searching, dynamically, up the call stack until a binding for it is found. So in a language with dynamic binding you can't tell by looking at a bit of code what bindings it can see (and neither can the compiler!), because the bindings it can see depend on what the call stack looks like at the moment it is run. Dynamic binding is great for things like exception handlers but usually terrible for most variable bindings. One reason it's terrible is that a naïve implementation technique makes it inherently slow, and a clever implementation technique needs to be very clever to work in a system with more than one thread of control. Deep binding is the naïve implementation technique. In deep binding, variable access works the way you think: the system searches up the stack until it finds the binding for the name it's looking for, and then uses that. If the stack is deep and the binding is a long way up it, this is slow. Shallow binding is the clever implementation technique. This works by, instead of storing the current binding in the stack, storing the previous value in the stack, and smashing the current value into a slot associated with the variable name which is always in the same place. So now looking up a binding just involves looking up the name: there is no search. But creating and destroying bindings may be slower since the old values need to be stashed away. Additionally, shallow binding is not obviously safe in the presence of multiple threads of control: if all the threads share the slot for the binding then catastrophe will follow. So instead each thread needs to have its own slot, or slots need to be indexed by thread as well as name somehow. I suspect that, for cases where dynamic scope is used such as exception handlers, systems use deep binding because it is much simpler to get right in multithreaded systems and performance is not critical. Here is the classic early paper on deep & shallow binding, by Henry Baker.

--- abstract: 'In this correspondence, we study the secure multi-antenna transmission with artificial noise (AN) under imperfect channel state information in the presence of spatially randomly distributed eavesdroppers. We derive the optimal solutions of the power allocation between the information signal and the AN for minimizing the secrecy outage probability (SOP) under a target secrecy rate and for maximizing the secrecy rate under a SOP constraint, respectively. Moreover, we provide an interesting insight that channel estimation error affects the optimal power allocation strategy in opposite ways for the above two objectives. When the estimation error increases, more power should be allocated to the information signal if we aim to decrease the rate-constrained SOP, whereas more power should be allocated to the AN if we aim to increase the SOP-constrained secrecy rate.' author: - 'Tong-Xing Zheng, , and Hui-Ming Wang,  [^1] [^2] [^3]' title: Optimal Power Allocation for Artificial Noise under Imperfect CSI against Spatially Random Eavesdroppers --- Physical layer security, artificial noise, multi-antenna, secrecy outage, power allocation, imperfect CSI. Introduction ============ Physical layer security (PLS), which achieves secure transmissions by exploiting the randomness of wireless channels, has drawn considerable attention recently [@Yang2015Safeguarding], [@WangMaga15]. It has been shown that we are able to greatly improve PLS using multi-antenna techniques with global channel state information (CSI). However, to acquire the CSI of an eavesdropper is very difficult in real wiretap scenarios, since the eavesdropper is usually passive. Without the eavesdropper’s CSI, Goel *et al.* [@Goel2008Guaranteeing] proposed a so-called artificial noise (AN) aided multi-antenna transmission strategy, in which the transmitter masked the information-bearing signal by injecting isotropic AN into the null space of the main channel (from the transmitter to a legitimate receiver), thus creating non-decodable interference to potential eavesdroppers while without impairing the legitimate receiver. This seminal work has unleashed a wave of innovation [@Zhang2013Design]-[@WangTSP], and the AN scheme has become a promising approach to safeguarding wireless communications. In practice, the CSI of the main channel is acquired by training, channel estimation and feedback, which inevitably result in CSI imperfection. Some endeavors have studied the AN scheme allowing for imperfect CSI. For example, robust beamforming schemes have been proposed in [@Mukherjee2011Robust] for MIMO systems and in [@WangTVT] for cooperative relay systems. The effects of channel quantized feedback to the AN scheme are discussed in [@LinTWC] and [@Zhang2015Artificial], while in [@WangTSP], training and feedback have been jointly investigated and optimized. However, all the aforementioned works ignored the uncertainty of eavesdroppers’ spatial positions. Generally, eavesdroppers are geographically distributed randomly, especially in large-scale wireless networks. Analyzing secrecy performance in such random wiretap scenarios is fundamentally different from that with deterministic eavesdroppers’s locations. Recently, stochastic geometry theory has provided a powerful tool to analyze network performance by modeling nodes’ positions according to some spatial distributions such as a Poisson point process (PPP) [@Haenggi2009Stochastic]; it facilitates the study of the AN scheme against random eavesdroppers [@Ghogho2011Physical]-[@Zheng2015Multi]. However, the impact of imperfect CSI on designing the AN is still an open problem. Particularly, it is yet unknown what the optimal power allocation strategy is, and how a channel estimation error influences power allocation and secrecy performance. Due to the complicated/implicit forms of the objective functions caursed by location randomness and CSI imperfection, previous works can only obtain the optimal power allocation either by exhaustive search or by numerical calculation instead of providing a tractable expression. This makes it challenging to reveal an explicit analytical relationship between the optimal power allocation and the channel estimation error. Our research are motivated by the above observations and challenges. In this correspondence, we study an AN-aided multi-input single-output (MISO) secure transmission against randomly located eavesdroppers under imperfect channel estimation. We investigate two important performance metrics, namely, secrecy outage probability (SOP) and secrecy rate, respectively. The SOP reflects the quality difference between the main and wiretap channels; the secrecy rate measures the rate efficiency of secure transmission. We provide the optimal power allocation strategies for the following optimization problems: 1. Minimizing the SOP subject to a secrecy rate constraint; 2. Maximizing the secrecy rate subject to a SOP constraint. Furthermore, we draw an interesting conclusion that channel estimation error influences the optimal power allocation in *opposite ways* for the above two objectives. *When the estimation error increases, more power should be allocated to the information signal if we aim to decrease the rate-constrained SOP, whereas more power should be given to the AN if we aim to increase the SOP-constrained secrecy rate.* To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to reveal an explicit analytical relationship between the optimal power allocation and channel estimation error through strict mathematical proofs. Although existing works have also shown that AN should be exploited to increase the secrecy rate under imperfect CSI in point-to-point transmissions, their conclusions are just extracted from simulations under specific parameter settings, which may not apply to more general cases. *Notations*: $(\cdot)^{\dag}$, $(\cdot)^{\mathrm{T}}$, $|\cdot|$, $\|\cdot\|$ denote conjugate, transpose, absolute value, and Euclidean norm, respectively. $\mathcal{CN}$ denotes the circularly symmetric complex Gaussian distribution with zero mean and unit variance. $\mathbb{C}^{m\times n}$ denotes the $m\times n$ complex number domain. System Model and Problem Description ==================================== Consider a secure transmission from a transmitter (Alice) to a legitimate receiver (Bob) overheard by randomly located eavesdroppers (Eves)[^4]. Alice has $N$ antennas, Bob and Eves each has a single antenna. Without loss of generality, we place Alice at the origin and Bob at a deterministic position with a distance $r_B$ from Alice. The locations of Eves are modeled as a homogeneous PPP $\Phi_E$ of density $\lambda_E$ on a 2-D plane with the $k$-th Eve a distance $r_k$ from Alice. All wireless channels are assume to undergo flat Rayleigh fading together with a large-scale path loss governed by the exponent $\alpha>2$. The channel vector of a node with a distance $r$ from Alice is characterized as $\bm{h}r^{-\frac{\alpha}{2}}$, where $\bm{h}\in\mathbb{C}^{N\times 1}$ denotes the small-scale fading vector, with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) entries $h_{i}\thicksim \mathcal{CN}$. We focus on a *frequency-division duplex* (FDD) system in which the channel reciprocity no longer holds. We assume Bob estimates the main channel with estimation errors, and sends the estimated channel to Alice via an ideal feedback link (e.g., a high-quality link with negligible quantization error). In this case, the exact main channel $\bm{h}_b$ can be modeled as $$\label{channel_model} \bm{h}_b = \sqrt{1-\tau^2}\hat{\bm{h}}_{b} + \tau\tilde{\bm{h}}_{b},$$ where $\hat{\bm{h}}_{b}$ and $\tilde{\bm{h}}_{b}$ denote the estimated channel and estimation error with i.i.d. entries $\hat h_{b,i}, \tilde h_{b,i}\sim\mathcal{CN}(0,1)$. This assumption arises from employing the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation[^5] [@Mukherjee2011Robust], [@Geraci2014Physical]. Here, $\tau\in[0,1]$ denotes the error coefficient; $\tau=0$ corresponds to a perfect channel estimation, and $\tau=1$ means no CSI is acquired at all. For each eavesdropper, although its CSI is unknown, we assume its channel statistics information is available, which is a general assumption when dealing with PLS [@Zhang2013Design]-[@Zheng2015Multi]. Recalling the AN scheme in [@Goel2008Guaranteeing], the transmitted signal vector $\bm{x}$ at Alice is designed in the form of $$\label{x} \bm{x}=\sqrt{\xi P}\bm{w}s+\sqrt{(1-\xi) P/(N-1)}\bm{Gv},$$ where $s$ is the information signal with $\mathbb{E}[|s|^2]=1$, $\bm{v}\in\mathbb{C}^{(N-1)\times 1}$ is an AN vector with i.i.d. entries $v_i\sim\mathcal{CN}$, and $\xi$ is the power allocation ratio (PAR) of the desired signal power to the total power $P$. $\bm{w}\triangleq{\hat{\bm{h}}_{b}^{\dag}}/{\|\hat{\bm{h}}_{b}\|}$ is the beamforming vector for the information signal, $\bm{G}\in\mathbb{C}^{N\times(N-1)}$ is a weighting matrix for the AN. The columns of $\bm{W}\triangleq[\bm{w} ~\bm{G}]$ constitute an orthogonal basis. Let $\bm{s}\triangleq\left[s~ \bm{v}^{\mathrm{T}}\right]$, and the received signals at Bob and the $k$-th Eve are given from $$\begin{aligned} \label{signal_Bob} y_B &=\sqrt{1-\tau^2}\|\hat{\bm{h}}_{b}\|^2r_B^{-\frac{\alpha}{2}}s +\underbrace{\tau\tilde{\bm{h}}_{b}\bm{W} \bm{s}^{\mathrm{T}} r_B^{-\frac{\alpha}{2}} + n_B}_{n^{o}_B},\\ \label{signal_Evek} y_k&=\bm{h}_{e,k}\bm{w}r_k^{-\frac{\alpha}{2}}s + \bm{h}_{e,k}\bm{Gv}r_k^{-\frac{\alpha}{2}} + n_k,\ \forall k\in\Phi_E,\end{aligned}$$ where $\bm{h}_{e,k}$ denotes the channel from Alice to the $k$-th Eve, and $n_B^{o}$ combines the residual channel estimation error and thermal noise. Without loss of generality, we assume $n_B, n_{k\in\Phi_E}\thicksim \mathcal{CN}$. The exact capacity expression of the main channel under imperfect receiver CSI is still unavailable. A commonly used approach is to examine a capacity lower bound by treating $n_B^{o}$ as the worst-case Gaussian noise[^6]. By doing so, the SINRs of Bob and the $k$-th Eve are respectively given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{sinr_Bob} \gamma_B &= \xi\kappa(\tau),\\ \label{sinr_Evek} \gamma_k &=\frac{\xi P|\bm{h}_{e,k}^{\mathrm{T}}\bm{w}|^2r_k^{-\alpha} }{(1-\xi)P\|\bm{h}_{e,k}^{\mathrm{T}} \bm{G}\|^2 r_k^{-\alpha}/(N-1)+1},\end{aligned}$$ where $\kappa(\tau)= \frac{(1-\tau^2)P\gamma} {\tau^2 P+r_B^{\alpha}}$ with $\gamma\triangleq \|\hat{\bm{h}}_{b}\|^2$. Eq. holds for the pessimistic assumption that the $k$-th Eve has perfect knowledge of both $\hat{\bm{h}}_{b}$ and $\tilde{\bm{h}}_{b}$. Given that $\tau\in[0,1]$, $\kappa(\tau)$ is a monotonically decreasing function of $\tau$; it reflects the accuracy of channel estimation. Specifically, a small value of $\kappa(\tau)$ corresponds to a low estimation accuracy and vice versa. Hereafter, we omit $\tau$ from $\kappa(\tau)$ for notational brevity. We consider the wiretap scenario in which each Eve individually decodes a secret message. This corresponds to a *compound* wiretap channel model [@Liang2009Compound], and the capacities of the main channel and the equivalent wiretap channel are $C_B = \log_2(1+\gamma_B)$ and $C_E = \log_2(1+\gamma_E)$ with $\gamma_E \triangleq \max_{k\in\Phi_E}\gamma_k$. Note that the capacity of Eves is determined by the maximum capacity among all links connecting Alice with Eves. As done in [@Zhang2013Design] and [@Zheng2015Multi], after encoding secret information, Alice transmits the codewords and embedded secret messages at rates $C_B$ and $R_S$, respectively. If *at least one Eve decodes the secret messages*, i.e., $C_E$ exceeds the *rate $ C_B-R_S$ of redundant information* (to protect from eavesdropping), perfect secrecy is compromised and a secrecy outage occurs; the corresponding SOP is defined as $$\label{sop_def} \mathcal{O}\triangleq \mathbb{P}\{C_E>C_B-R_S\}, ~\forall ~C_B> R_S.$$ In the following, we will optimize the PAR to minimize the SOP under a target secrecy rate, and to maximize the secrecy rate under a SOP constraint $\mathcal{O}\le\epsilon\in(0,1)$, respectively. We emphasize that different from existing research with deterministic Eves’ positions, the analysis and design here is much more complicated due to the extra spatial randomness. Secrecy Outage Probability Minimization ======================================= In this section, we optimize the PAR that minimizes the SOP under a target secrecy rate. Recalling , Alice transmits only when $C_B=\log_2(1+\xi\kappa)> R_S$, i.e., $\xi>\frac{2^{R_S}-1}{\kappa}$ should hold to guarantee a reliable connection between Alice and Bob. For ease of notation, throughout the paper we define $T\triangleq 2^{R_S}$, $\omega\triangleq \frac{T-1}{\kappa}$, $\delta\triangleq \frac{2}{\alpha}$, $\beta \triangleq\pi \Gamma\left(1+\delta\right)$, $\theta\triangleq\frac{T-1}{T}$, and $\varphi\triangleq\frac{\xi^{-1}-1}{N-1}$. The problem of minimizing $\mathcal{O}$ in is formulated as $$\label{min_sop} \min_{\xi}~\mathcal{O},\qquad \mathrm{s.t.} \quad \omega<\xi\leq 1.$$ Before proceeding to this optimization problem, we provide a closed-form expression of $\mathcal{O}$ over the PPP network. \[lemma\_sop\] *If $\xi>\omega$, the SOP defined in is given by $$\label{pso} \mathcal{O}=1-\exp\left(-\beta\lambda_E \left({P\theta^{-1}}\right)^{\delta} \mathcal{J}(\xi)\right),$$ where $\mathcal{J}(\xi)= \left({\omega}^{-1}-{\xi}^{-1}\right)^{-\delta} \left(1+\left({\xi}{\omega}^{-1}-1\right)\theta\varphi\right)^{1-N}$.* Substitute $C_B$ and $C_E$ along with and into , and after some algebraic manipulations, we obtain $\mathcal{O}=1-\mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E} \left(x\right)$ with $x\triangleq\frac{1+\kappa\xi}{T}-1$, where $\mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E}(x)$ is the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of $\gamma_{E}$, which is $$\begin{aligned} \label{cdf_eta_e_app} \mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E}(x) &=\mathbb{P} \left\{\max_{k\in\Phi_E}\gamma_k<x\right\} =\mathbb{E}_{\Phi_E}\left[\prod_{k\in\Phi_E} \mathbb{P}\{\gamma_k<x\}\right]\nonumber\\ & \stackrel{\mathrm{(a)}} =\mathbb{E}_{\Phi_E} \left[\prod_{k\in\Phi_E}\left( 1-e^{-\frac{r_k^{\alpha}x}{P\xi}}(1+\varphi x)^{1-N} \right) \right]\nonumber\\ &\stackrel{\mathrm{(b)}}= \exp\left(-2\pi\lambda_E (1+\varphi x)^{1-N} \int_0^{\infty} e^{-\frac{r^{\alpha}x}{P\xi}} rdr\right)\nonumber\\ & =\exp\left(-\beta\lambda_E(P\xi)^{\delta} x^{-\delta}(1+\varphi x)^{1-N}\right),\end{aligned}$$ where (a) holds for the CDF of $\gamma_k$ [@Zhang2013Design], and (b) holds for the probability generating functional (PGFL) over a PPP [@Stoyan1996Stochastic]. Substituting into $\mathcal{O}$ completes the proof. The theoretical values of $\mathcal{O}$ are well verified by Monte-Carlo simulations, as shown in Fig. \[SOP\_PHI\]. We see that adding transmit antennas is beneficial for decreasing the SOP. We also observe that as $\xi$ increases, $\mathcal{O}$ first decreases and then increases; there exists a unique $\xi$ that minimizes $\mathcal{O}$. In the following we are going to calculate the value of this unique $\xi$. From , it is apparent that minimizing $\mathcal{O}$ is equivalent to minimizing $\mathcal{J}(\xi)$. The first-order derivative of $\mathcal{J}(\xi)$ on $\xi$ is given by $$\label{dJ1} \frac{d\mathcal{J}(\xi)}{d\xi} = \frac{\theta\mathcal{J}(\xi)(\xi^3+a\xi^2+b\xi+c)} {\xi^2\left(\xi-\omega\right)(\omega+(\xi-\omega)\theta\varphi)},$$ where $a\triangleq-l_1\omega$, $b\triangleq-\frac{\delta}{\theta}\omega^2-l_0\omega^2-l_2\omega$, and $c\triangleq l_2\omega^2$, with $l_0\triangleq\frac{\delta}{N-1}$, $l_1\triangleq 1-l_0$, and $l_2\triangleq 1+l_0$. Let $\mathcal{K}(\xi)=\xi^3+a\xi^2+b\xi+c$. Since $\xi>\omega$, the sign of $\frac{d\mathcal{J}(\xi)}{d\xi}$ follows that of $\mathcal{K}(\xi)$. In other words, to investigate the monotonicity of $\mathcal{J}(\xi)$ on $\xi$, we need to just examine the sign of $\mathcal{K}(\xi)$. In the following theorem, we provide the solution to problem . \[opt\_par\_sop\_theorem\] *The optimal PAR that minimizes $\mathcal{O}$ in is $$\begin{aligned} \label{opt_par_sop} \xi^* = \begin{cases} ~\varnothing, &0<\kappa\le T-1\\ ~ 1, &T-1<\kappa\le (T-1)\left(1+\sqrt{{\delta}/{\theta}}\right)\\ ~\xi_o,&\text{otherwise} \end{cases}\end{aligned}$$ where $\xi_o= \sqrt[3]{q+p}+ \sqrt[3]{q-p} -\frac{a}{3}$ with $p\triangleq \sqrt{\left(\frac{b}{3}-\frac{a^2}{9}\right)^3 +q^2}$ and $q\triangleq \frac{ab}{6}-\frac{c}{2}-\frac{2a^3}{54}$, and $a$, $b$, $c$ have been defined in . $\xi^* =\varnothing$ means that transmission is suspended.* We know that Alice transmits only when $\xi>\omega$. 1) If $\omega\ge 1$, i.e., $\kappa\le T-1$, no feasible $\xi\in[0,1]$ satisfies $\xi>\omega$, and transmission is suspended. 2) If $\omega<1$, Alice transmits in the range of $\xi\in(\omega,1]$. Next, we derive the optimal value of $\xi$ that minimizes $\mathcal{J}(\xi)$. We first prove the convexity of $\mathcal{K}(\xi)$ on $\xi\in(\omega,1]$. From the expression of $\mathcal{K}(\xi)$, we have $\frac{d^2\mathcal{K}(\xi)}{d\xi^2}=6\xi-2l_1\omega>0$, i.e., $\mathcal{K}(\xi)$ is a *convex* function of $\xi$. Then we determine the sign of $\mathcal{K}(\xi)$. The values of $\mathcal{K}(\xi)$ at boundaries $\xi=\omega$ and $\xi=1$ are $\mathcal{K}(\omega)=-\frac{\delta}{\theta}\omega^3$ and $\mathcal{K}(1)=(1-\omega)^2 -\frac{\delta}{\theta}\omega^2$, respectively. Obviously, $\mathcal{K}(\omega)<0$ always holds. Next, we discuss the optimal value of $\xi$ for the following two cases. *Case 1*: $\mathcal{K}(1)\le0$. Since $\mathcal{K}(\xi)$ is convex on $\xi\in(\omega, 1]$, $\mathcal{K}(\xi)$ or $\frac{d\mathcal{J}(\xi)}{d\xi}$ is always negative. Hence $\mathcal{J}(\xi)$ monotonically decreases with $\xi$, and the minimum $\mathcal{J}(\xi)$ is achieved at $\xi=1$, with the corresponding condition obtained from $\mathcal{K}(1)\le 0$, which is $\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{\delta/\theta}}\le\omega<1$. *Case 2*: $\mathcal{K}(1)>0$. It means $\mathcal{K}(\xi)$ or $\frac{d\mathcal{J}(\xi)}{d\xi}$ becomes first negative and then positive as $\xi$ increases from $\omega$ to 1, i.e., $\mathcal{J}(\xi)$ first decreases and then increases with $\xi$, and the optimal value of $\xi$ is the unique root of the cubic equation $\mathcal{K}(\xi)=0$. Solving this equation using Cardano’s formula yields $\xi_o$. Combining *Case 1* and *Case 2* completes the proof. Theorem \[opt\_par\_sop\_theorem\] indicates that when the value of $\kappa$ is small which corresponds to a poor link quality or a large channel estimation error, Alice either suspends the transmission or transmits with full power. When the value of $\kappa$ becomes large enough, it is wise to create AN to decrease the SOP. The resulting minimum SOP, denoted as $\mathcal{O}^*$, is obtained by substituting $\xi^*$ into . Next, we investigate the influence of channel estimation error on the optimal PAR. Although we obtain a closed-form expression of $\xi_o$ in , it is complicated to reveal the explicit connection between $\xi_o$ and $\kappa$. Nevertheless, by leveraging the equation $\mathcal{K}(\xi_o)=0$, we develop some insights into the behavior of $\xi_o$ with respect to $\kappa$ in the following proposition. \[opt\_par\_tau\_proposition\] *$\xi_o$ monotonically decreases with $\kappa$.* Since $\omega=\frac{T-1}{\kappa}$, to complete the proof, we need to just prove the monotonicity of $\xi_o$ on $\omega$. Utilizing the derivative rule for implicit functions [@Jittorntrum1978Implicit] with $\mathcal{K}(\xi_o) = 0$, we obtain $$\label{dxi_domega} \frac{d\xi_o}{d\omega}= \frac{-\partial\mathcal{K} /\partial\omega}{\partial \mathcal{K}/\partial\xi_o}= \frac{l_1\xi_o^2+{2\frac{\delta}{\theta}\omega}\xi_o +2l_0\omega\xi_o+l_2\xi_o-2l_2\omega} {3\xi_o^2-2l_1\omega\xi_o-\frac{\delta}{\theta}\omega^2 -l_2\omega-l_0\omega^2}.$$ Substituting $a$, $b$ and $c$ defined in into $\mathcal{K}(\xi_o) = 0$ yields $$\label{theta_xi} \frac{\delta}{\theta} =\frac{(\xi_o^2+l_0\omega\xi_o-l_2\omega)(\xi_o-\omega)} {\omega^2\xi_o}.$$ Since $\xi_o>\omega$ and $\frac{\delta}{\theta}>0$, the term $\xi_o^2+l_0\omega\xi_o-l_2\omega$ in satisfies the following inequality $$\label{theta_xi_inequ} 0<\xi_o^2+l_0\omega\xi_o-l_2\omega <\xi_o^2+l_0\xi_o^2-l_2\omega <l_2(\xi_0^2-\omega)\Rightarrow \xi_o>\sqrt{\omega}.\nonumber \vspace{-0.0cm}$$ Substituting $\frac{\delta}{\theta}$ in into yields the numerator $-\frac{\partial\mathcal{K}}{\partial\omega}= \frac{\xi_o}{\omega}[l_1\xi_o(\xi_o-\omega) +l_2(\xi_o^2-\omega)]>0$ and denominator $\frac{\partial \mathcal{K}}{\partial\xi_o}=l_1\xi_o(\xi_o-\omega) +\frac{l_2}{\xi_o}(\xi_o^3-\omega^2)>0$, hence we have $\frac{d\xi_o}{d\omega}>0$. Combined with $\omega=\frac{T-1}{\kappa}$, we directly obtain $\frac{d\xi_o}{d\kappa}= \frac{d\xi_o}{d\omega}\frac{d\omega}{d\kappa}<0$, which completes the proof. Proposition \[opt\_par\_tau\_proposition\] shows that, *when the channel estimation error gets larger, if we aim to decrease the SOP under a target secrecy rate, we should increase the information signal power*, which is validated in Fig. \[PAR\_SOP\_RS\]. It is because that, in order to minimize the SOP, we should first guarantee the link quality of the main channel to support the target secrecy rate. Hence, we should increase the information signal power to balance the deterioration caused by the channel estimation error. When $\tau$ exceeds a certain value, transmission is suspended, which is just as analyzed previously. We also find from Fig. \[PAR\_SOP\_RS\] that the value of $\xi^*$ increases as $R_S$ increases, which can be easily confirmed by the fact $\frac{d\xi_o}{dT}= \frac{d\xi_o}{d\omega}\frac{d\omega}{dT}>0$. Fig. \[SOP\_TAU\_P\_RS\] shows that the minimum SOP $\mathcal{O}^*$ increases with $\tau$. For a given $P$, $\mathcal{O}^*$ increases with $R_S$. For a given $R_S$, the two curves with different values of $P$ cross as $\tau$ increases (see the intersection $\mathcal{P}$). Specifically, before $\tau$ exceeds $\mathcal{P}$, increasing $P$ decreases $\mathcal{O}^*$, and after that the opposite happens. This transition occurs because for too large an estimation error, increasing transmit power does not significantly improve Bob’s capacity, whereas it is of great benefit to Eves. This result implies that using full power is not always advantageous, particularly when the estimation error is large. Secrecy Rate Maximization ========================= In this section, we optimize the PAR that maximizes the secrecy rate subject to a SOP constraint. We first transform the SOP constraint $\mathcal{O}\le\epsilon$ into the following equivalent form $$\begin{aligned} \label{SOP_constraint} 1-\mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E} \left(\frac{1+\kappa\xi}{2^{R_S}}-1\right) &\stackrel{\mathrm{(c)}}\le\epsilon \Rightarrow \frac{1+\kappa\xi}{2^{R_S}}-1 \geq \mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E}^{-1}(1-\epsilon)\nonumber\\ & \Rightarrow R_S\le\log_2\frac{1+\kappa\xi}{1+\varrho(\xi)\xi},\end{aligned}$$ where (c) holds due to the monotonically increasing feature of the CDF $\mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E}(x)$ on $x$. $\varrho(\xi)\triangleq \frac{\mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E}^{-1}(1-\epsilon)}{\xi}$ with $\mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E}^{-1}(\cdot)$ the inverse function of $\mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E}(\cdot)$. Clearly, a positive value of $R_S$ that satisfies the SOP constraint exits only when $\varrho(\xi)<\kappa$. The problem of maximizing $R_S$ can be formulated as $$\label{rs_max} \max_{\xi} R_S=\log_2\frac{1+\kappa\xi} {1+\varrho(\xi)\xi}\quad \mathrm{s.t.}~ \varrho(\xi)<\kappa,~0\leq \xi\leq 1.$$ An illustration on the relationship between the secrecy rate and the PAR is shown in Fig. \[RS\_PHI\]. It is intuitive that increasing the number of antennas helps to improve the secrecy rate. We observe that, $R_S$ first increases with $\xi$, then decreases with it, and even reduces to zero for too large a $\xi$. This implies we should carefully choose the PAR to achieve a high secrecy rate. From , we see that the value of $R_S$ is bottlenecked by $\varrho(\xi)$, which implicitly reflects the influence of the density of PPP Eves $\lambda_E$ and the SOP threshold $\epsilon$. For example, a larger $\lambda_E$ or a smaller $\epsilon$ increases $\varrho(\xi)$ (see and the definition of $\varrho(\xi)$), and then decreases $R_S$ (see ). Therefore, $\varrho(\xi)$ plays a critical role in maximizing $R_S$. Although it is intractable to obtain an analytical expression of $\varrho(\xi)$ due to the transcendental equation $1-\mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E}(\xi\varrho(\xi))=\epsilon$ (see ), we provide an explicit connection between $\varrho(\xi)$ and $\xi$ in the following lemma, which is very critical for the subsequent optimization. \[varrho\_lemma\] *$\varrho(\xi)$ is a monotonically increasing and convex function of $\xi\in[0,1]$.* For notational brevity, we omit $\xi$ from $\varrho(\xi)$. Plugging $x=\xi\varrho$ into $1-\mathcal{F}_{\gamma_E}(x)=\epsilon$ yields $$\label{Z} \mathcal{Z}(\xi,\varrho) - L = 0,$$ where $\mathcal{Z}(\xi,\varrho)= \varrho^{\delta} \left(1+\varrho\frac{1-\xi}{N-1}\right)^{N-1}$, and $L\triangleq \frac{\beta\lambda_EP^{\delta}}{-\ln(1-\epsilon)}$. Using the derivative rule for implicit functions with , the first- and second-order derivatives of $\varrho$ on $\xi$ are given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{dx1} \frac{d\varrho}{d\xi} &=-\frac{{\partial \mathcal{Z}}/{\partial\xi}} {{\partial \mathcal{Z}}/{\partial \varrho}} =\frac{\varrho^2}{\delta+l_2(1-\xi)\varrho},\\ \label{dx2} \frac{d^2\varrho}{d\xi^2} &=\frac{2}{\varrho}\left(\frac{d\varrho}{d\xi}\right)^2 +\frac{l_2\varrho^2\left(\varrho-(1-\xi)\frac{d\varrho} {d\xi}\right)} {\left(\delta+l_2(1-\xi)\varrho\right)^2}.\end{aligned}$$ Clearly, $\frac{d\varrho}{d\xi}>0$ always holds. With , we have $\varrho-(1-\xi)\frac{d\varrho}{d\xi}= \frac{\delta\varrho+l_0(1-\xi)\varrho^2} {\delta+l_2(1-\xi)\varrho}>0$ in . Removing the second term from the right-hand side of yields $\frac{d^2\varrho}{d\xi^2} >\frac{2}{\varrho}\left(\frac{d\varrho}{d\xi}\right)^2>0$. With $\frac{d\varrho}{d\xi}>0$ and $\frac{d^2\varrho}{d\xi^2}>0$, we complete the proof. Lemma \[varrho\_lemma\] indicates the maximum value of $\varrho(\xi)$ is achieved at $\xi=1$, which is $\varrho_{max}=\varrho(1)=L^{{1}/{\delta}}$ from . Besides, it is clearly that $\mathcal{Z}(\xi,\varrho) - L$ monotonically increases with $\varrho$ for a given $\xi$. Generally, we can calculate the unique value of $\varrho(\xi)$ that satisfies using the bisection method in the range $[0,\varrho_{max}]$. For the special case of large antennas, i.e., $N\rightarrow\infty$, we provide an approximate value of $\varrho(\xi)$, denoted as $\varrho^{o}(\xi)$. Simulation results show that, when $N\ge 20$, the maximum value of $R_S$ calculated based on $\varrho^{o}(\xi)$ is quite close to that based on the exact $\varrho(\xi)$, i.e., $\varrho^{o}(\xi)$ can be a computationally convenient alternative to $\varrho(\xi)$ when $N$ is large. *As $N\rightarrow\infty$, $\varrho(\xi)$ in approximates to $$\begin{aligned} \label{varrho} \varrho^{o}(\xi) = \begin{cases} \qquad L^{{1}/{\delta}}, & \xi = 1\\ \frac{\delta}{1-\xi}\ln\left( \frac{{\delta}^{-1}(1-\xi)L ^{{1}/{\delta}}} {\mathcal{W}\left({\delta}^{-1}(1-\xi)L ^{{1}/{\delta}}\right)}\right), & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}\end{aligned}$$ where $\mathcal{W}(\cdot)$ is the Lambert-W function.* Since $\lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}\left(1+\frac{x}{N}\right)^{-N} = e^{-x}$, we have $\mathcal{Z}(\xi,\varrho^o)= (\varrho^o)^{\delta}e^{(1-\xi)\varrho^o}$ where $\varrho^o\triangleq \lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}\varrho$, and transforms to $L= (\varrho^o)^{\delta}e^{(1-\xi)\varrho^o}$. 1) When $\xi=1$, we easily obtain $\varrho^o= L^{\frac{1}{\delta}}$. 2) When $\xi\ne 1$, we find that $\frac{1-\xi}{\delta}L^{\frac{1}{\delta}}= \frac{(1-\xi)\varrho^o}{\delta} e^{\frac{(1-\xi)\varrho^o}{\delta}}$. Let $\mu\triangleq \frac{1-\xi}{\delta}\varrho^o$, and we obtain $\frac{1-\xi}{\delta}L^{\frac{1}{\delta}}=\mu e^\mu\Rightarrow e^{\frac{1-\xi}{\delta}L^{\frac{1}{\delta}}}=e^{\mu e^\mu}$. We further let $\nu\triangleq e^\mu$ and $t\triangleq e^{\frac{1-\xi}{\delta}L^{\frac{1}{\delta}}}$, such that $\nu^\nu = t\Rightarrow\nu=\frac{\ln t}{\mathcal{W}(\ln t)}$. The solution $\varrho^o$ can be given by $\varrho^o = \frac{1-\xi}{\delta}\mu= \frac{1-\xi}{\delta}\ln \nu$, with yields the final expression in by substituting in $\nu$ along with $t$. Due to the implicit function of $\varrho(\xi)$ on $\xi$, we can hardly derive an explicit expression of $R_S$. Nevertheless, we still reveal the concavity of $R_S$ on $\xi$, and provide the solution to problem in the following theorem. \[opt\_par\_rs\_theorem\] *$R_S$ in is a concave function of $\xi$. The optimal $\xi$ that maximizes $R_S$ is given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{opt_par_rs} \xi^*=\begin{cases} ~\varnothing, & \kappa\le\varrho_{min}\\ ~1,& \kappa>\frac{\delta L^{{\alpha}/{2}}+L^{\alpha}} {\delta-L^{\alpha}} ~\textrm{and}~L<\sqrt[\alpha]{\delta}\\ ~\xi_r,&\textrm{otherwise} \end{cases}\end{aligned}$$ where $\varrho_{min}\triangleq \varrho(0)$ denotes the minimum value of $\varrho(\xi)$. $\xi_r$ is the unique root of $\frac{dR_S}{d\xi}=0$, where $$\label{drs} \frac{dR_S}{d\xi}=\frac{1}{\ln2}\left[\frac{\kappa}{1+\kappa\xi} -\frac{\varrho(\xi)+\frac{\xi d\varrho(\xi)}{d\xi}} {1+\xi\varrho(\xi)} \right].$$* Alice transmits only when $\varrho<\kappa$. Obviously, if $\kappa\le \varrho_{min}$, then $\varrho<\kappa$ never holds for an arbitrary $\varrho$ since $\varrho_{min}\le\varrho$, such that transmission is suspended. If $\kappa>\varrho_{min}$, Alice transmits for a $\xi$ that satisfies $\varrho<\kappa$. To maximize $R_S$, we first give the second-order derivative of $R_S$ on $\xi$ from $$\label{drs2} \frac{d^2R_S}{d\xi^2}=\frac{1}{\ln2} \left[\frac{-\kappa^2}{(1+\kappa\xi)^2} -\frac{2\frac{d\varrho}{d\xi} +\xi\frac{d^2\varrho}{d\xi^2}}{(1+\varrho\xi)} +\frac{\left(\varrho+\xi\frac{d\varrho}{d\xi}\right)^2}{(1+\varrho\xi)^2} \right],\nonumber$$ with $\frac{d\varrho}{d\xi}$ and $\frac{d^2\varrho}{d\xi^2}$ given in Lemma \[varrho\_lemma\]. Substituting $\frac{d^2\varrho}{d\xi^2} >\frac{2}{\varrho}\left(\frac{d\varrho}{d\xi}\right)^2>0$ (see Lemma \[varrho\_lemma\]) into the above equation yields $$\label{drs22} \frac{d^2R_S}{d\xi^2}<-\frac{1}{\ln2} \left(\frac{\kappa^2}{(1+\kappa\xi)^2} -\frac{\varrho^2}{(1+\varrho\xi)^2}\right).$$ Since $\varrho<\kappa$, we have $\frac{\kappa^2}{(1+\kappa\xi)^2} -\frac{\varrho^2}{(1+\varrho\xi)^2}>0 \Rightarrow\frac{d^2R_S}{d\xi^2}<0$, i.e., $R_S$ is a *concave* function of $\xi$. Due to the concavity of $R_S$ on $\xi$, the maximum value of $R_S$ is achieved either at boundaries or at stationary points. From , the boundary values are $\frac{dR_S}{d\xi}|_{\xi=0} =\frac{\kappa-\varrho_{min}}{\ln2}$ and $\frac{dR_S}{d\xi}|_{\xi=1}=\frac{1}{\ln2} \left(\frac{\kappa}{1+\kappa} -\frac{L^{{\alpha}/{2}}+\frac{\alpha}{2} L^{\alpha}} {1+L^{{\alpha}/{2}}}\right)$. Obviously, $\frac{dR_S}{d\xi}|_{\xi=0}>0$. 1) If $\frac{dR_S}{d\xi}|_{\xi=1}>0$, $R_S$ monotonically increases with $\xi$, and the optimal value of $\xi$ is 1, with the corresponding condition directly obtained from $\frac{dR_S}{d\xi}|_{\xi=1}>0$. 2) If $\frac{dR_S}{d\xi}|_{\xi=1}\le0$, $R_S$ first increases and then decreases with $\xi$, and the optimal value of $\xi$ is the unique root of $\frac{dRs}{d\xi}=0$. Theorem \[opt\_par\_rs\_theorem\] shows only for a large $\kappa$ (small estimation error) and a small $L$ (a sparse-eavesdropper scenario or a moderate SOP constraint), allocating full power to the information signal provides a higher secrecy rate than the AN scheme does, otherwise generating AN is advantageous. Since $R_S$ is a concave function of $\xi$, we can efficiently calculate the unique root $\xi_r$ of $\frac{dR_S}{d\xi_r}=0$ in using the bisection method. Substituting $\xi^*$ and $\varrho(\xi^*)$ into yields $R_S^*$. Although $\xi_r$ can only be calculated numerically, we show how $\xi_r$ is affected by $\kappa$ in the following. \[opt\_par\_tau\_proposition2\] *$\xi_r$ in monotonically increases with $\kappa$.* From , $\frac{dR_S}{d\xi_r}=0$ transforms to $\mathcal{A}(\xi_r) = 0$, and $$\label{A} \mathcal{A}(\xi_r)= (\kappa\xi_r^2-l_0\xi_r+l_2)\varrho_r^2 +\left(l_2\kappa\xi_r-l_2\kappa+\delta\right)\varrho_r -\delta\kappa,$$ with $\varrho_r\triangleq \varrho(\xi_r)$. Using the derivative rule for implicit functions with the equation $\mathcal{A}(\xi_r) = 0$ yields $$\label{dpar_dkappa} \frac{d\xi_r}{d\kappa}=-\frac{{\partial \mathcal{A}}/{\partial\kappa}}{{\partial \mathcal{A}}/{\partial\xi_r}} =-\frac{\varrho_r^2\xi_r^2-\left(\delta +l_2(1-\xi_r)\varrho_r\right)} {\psi_1(\xi_r)+\psi_2(\xi_r)\frac{d\varrho_r}{d\xi_r}},$$ where $\psi_1(\xi_r)=(1+2\kappa\xi_r)\varrho_r^2 +l_2(\kappa-\varrho_r)\varrho_r$ and $\psi_2(\xi_r) =2\left(\kappa\xi_r^2+l_2\right)\varrho_r+ \left(l_2\kappa\xi_r+\delta\right) -2l_0\xi_r\varrho_r-l_2\kappa$. Obviously, $\kappa>\varrho_r\Rightarrow\psi_1(\xi_r)>0$ and $\frac{d\varrho_r}{d\xi_r}>0$ (see Lemma \[varrho\_lemma\]). $\mathcal{A}(\xi_r) = 0$ can be further reformed as $\left(\kappa\xi_r^2+l_2)\varrho_r +(l_2\kappa\xi_r+\delta\right) =l_0\xi_r\varrho_r+l_2\kappa+\frac{\delta\kappa}{\varrho_r}$, substituting which into $\psi_2(\xi_r)$ directly yields $\psi_2(\xi_r)>0$. Hence we have $\frac{\partial \mathcal{A}}{\partial\xi_r}>0$. Leveraging , $\frac{dR_S}{d\xi_r}=0$ can be reformed by $\xi_r^2\frac{d\varrho_r}{d\xi_r}=1-\frac{1+\varrho_r\xi_r} {1+\kappa\xi_r}<1$. Substituting $\frac{d\varrho_r}{d\xi_r}$ in into this inequality yields $\varrho_r^2\xi_r^2<\left(\delta+l_2(1-\xi_r)\varrho_r\right)$, i.e., $\frac{\partial \mathcal{A}}{\partial\kappa}<0$. With $\frac{\partial \mathcal{A}}{\partial\xi_r}>0$ and $\frac{\partial \mathcal{A}}{\partial\kappa}<0$, we see from that $\frac{d\xi_r}{d\kappa}>0$, which completes the proof. Proposition \[opt\_par\_tau\_proposition2\] indicates that, *when channel estimation error becomes larger, if we aim to increase the secrecy rate under a SOP constraint, we should increase the AN power*, just as shown in Fig. \[PAR\_RS\_EP\_LE\]. The reason is: channel estimation error heavily degrades the main channel while has no effect on the wiretap channels. For a large estimation error, although increasing the information signal power improves Bob’s capacity, the improvement is not significant. On the contrary, increasing AN power always greatly deteriorates the wiretap channels regardless of CSI imperfection. Therefore, when estimation error becomes larger, increasing AN power is more beneficial to the secrecy rate than increasing signal power. Nevertheless, transmission is suspended if $\tau$ exceeds a certain value, which corresponds to the case $\kappa\le\varrho_{min}$ as indicated in Theorem \[opt\_par\_rs\_theorem\]. We can also prove $\frac{d\xi_r}{d\lambda_E}<0$ and $\frac{d\xi_r}{d\epsilon}>0$ in a similar way as the proof of Proposition \[opt\_par\_tau\_proposition2\]. Due to space limit, we omit the relevant proofs, and the results are verified in Fig. \[PAR\_RS\_EP\_LE\]. We see that the optimal PAR $\xi^*$ decreases for a larger $\lambda_E$ or a smaller $\epsilon$. It means that, when transmission is more vulnerable to wiretapping, we should increase AN power. Fig. \[RS\_TAU\_P\] depicts the maximum secrecy rate $R_S^*$ versus $\tau$. The approximated value of $R_S^*$ is quite close to the exact one. We observe that $R_S^*$ monotonically decreases with $\tau$. Interestingly, $R_S^*$ increases with $P$ at the small $\tau$ region, whereas decreases with it at the large $\tau$ region. The underlying reason is just similar to the explanation for the intersection in Fig. \[SOP\_TAU\_P\_RS\]. Conclusions =========== In this correspondence, we investigate the AN-aided multi-antenna transmission under imperfect CSI against PPP Eves. We provide explicit solutions of the optimal PARs with channel estimation errors for minimizing the SOP under a secrecy rate constraint and for maximizing the secrecy rate subject to a SOP constraint, respectively. We strictly prove that, when the channel estimation error becomes larger, we should increase the information signal power if we aim to decrease the SOP, whereas we should increase the AN power if we aim to increase the secrecy rate. [99]{} N. Yang, L. Wang, G. Geraci, M. Elkashlan, J. Yuan, and M. D. Renzo, “Safeguarding 5G wireless communication networks using physical layer security," *IEEE Commun. Mag.*, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 20-27, Apr. 2015. H.-M. Wang and X.-G. Xia, “Enhancing wireless secrecy via cooperation: signal design and optimization,” *IEEE Commun. Mag.*, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 47-53, Dec. 2015. S. Goel and R. Negi, “Guaranteeing secrecy using artificial noise," *IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.*, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2180-2189, Jun. 2008. X. Zhang, X. Zhou and M. R. McKay, “On the design of artificial-noise-aided secure multi-antenna transmission in slow fading channels," *IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.*, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 2170-2181, Jun. 2013. A. Mukherjee, and A. L. Swindlehurst, “Robust beamforming for security in MIMO wiretap channels with imperfect CSI," *IEEE Trans. Signal Process.*, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 351-361, Jan. 2011. C. Wang and H.-M. Wang, “Robust joint beamforming and jamming for secure AF networks: low complexity design,” *IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech.*, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 2192 - 2198, May 2015. S.-C. Lin, T.-H. Chang, Y.-L. Liang, Y.-W. P. Hong, and C.-Y. Chi, “On the impact of quantized channel feedback in guaranteeing secrecy with artificial noise: The noise leakage problem,” *IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.*, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 901-915, Mar. 2013. X. Zhang, M. R. McKay, X. Zhou, and R. W. Heath, Jr. “Artificial-noise-aided secure multi-antenna transmission with limited feedback," *IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.*, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 2742-2754, May, 2015. H.-M. Wang, C. Wang, and D. W. K. Ng, “Artificial noise assisted secure transmission under training and feedback”, *IEEE Trans. on Signal Process.*, vol. 63, no. 23, pp. 6285 - 6298, Dec. 2015. M. Haenggi, J. Andrews, F. Baccelli, O. Dousse, and M. Franceschetti, “Stochastic geometry and random graphs for the analysis and design of wireless networks,” *IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.*, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1029-1046, Sep. 2009. M. Ghogho and A. Swami, “Physical-layer secrecy of MIMO communications in the presence of a Poisson random field of eavesdroppers,” in *Proc. IEEE ICC Workshops*, Jun. 2011, pp. 1-5. T. Zheng, H.-M. Wang, and Q. Yin, “On transmission secrecy outage of multi-antenna system with randomly located eavesdroppers,” *IEEE Commun. Letters*, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1299-1302, Aug. 2014. T.-X. Zheng, H.-M. Wang, J. Yuan, D. Towsley, and M. H. Lee, “Multi-antenna transmission with artificial noise against randomly distributed eavesdroppers," *IEEE Trans. on Commun.*, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 4347-4362, Nov. 2015. G. Geraci, H. S. Dhillon, J. G. Amdrews, J. Yuan, and I. B. Collings, “Physical layer security in downlink multi-antenna cellular networks," *IEEE Trans. Commun.*, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 2006-2021, June 2014. B. Hassibi and B. M. Hochwald, “How much training is needed in multiple-antenna wireless links?” *IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory*, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 951-963, Apr. 2003. X. Zhou, P. Sadeghi, T. A. Lamahewa, and S. Durrani, “Design guidelines for training-based MIMO systems with feedback," *IEEE Trans. Signal Process.*, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 4014-4026, Oct. 2009. Y. Liang, G. Kramer, H. V. Poor, and S. Shamai, “Compound wiretap channels," *EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Network.*, 2009. K. Jittorntrum, “An implicit function theorem," *J. of Optimization Theory and Applications*, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 575-577, 1978. D. Stoyan, W. Kendall, and J. Mecke, *Stochastic Geometry and its Applications, 2nd ed*. John Wiley and Sons, 1996. [^1]: ©2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to use this material for any other purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to [email protected]. [^2]: This work was partially supported by the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China under Grant 201340, the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China under Grant No. 2015AA011306, the New Century Excellent Talents Support Fund of China under Grant NCET-13-0458, the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation under Grant 141063, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University under Grant No. 2013jdgz11, and the Young Talent Support Fund of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province under Grant 2015KJXX-01. The review of this paper was coordinated by Prof. G. Mao. [^3]: The authors are with the School of Electronics and Information Engineering, and also with the MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi¡¯an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, Shaanxi, China (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]). H.-M. Wang is the corresponding author. [^4]: This may correspond to such a scenario that a multi-antenna transmitter Alice provides specific service to a specified subscriber Bob, while the service should be kept secret to eavesdroppers (also named unauthorized users). [^5]: The Gaussian error model is a stochastic uncertainty model. Another widely used model is the deterministic bounded error model, which is more convenient for analyzing the quantized CSI [@Zhang2015Artificial]. [^6]: The tightness of this capacity lower bound was verified for Gaussian inputs with MMSE channel estimation in [@Hassibi2003How; @Zhou2009Design].

Q: How to achieve background image that is the size of the viewport Many websites use this, but https://modsquad.com/ was the first example I found. When you visit the site their background image (video in this case) is the full width and length of whatever screen you are viewing it on, directly below it is separate content, but you only see the video prior to scrolling down. How do you achieve this? In my search for the answer to this question I have only seen examples that set the entire html background to a certain image, which is not what I am looking for. Thanks in advance for help. A: Visit here : https://modsquad.com/ , and open console, you can see what they do. When the browser is resized, the video(or image) changes its height. You can do it via javascript, read this question : JavaScript - Get Browser Height

1. Field This invention relates generally to switched-capacitor circuits and more specifically to a switched-capacitor amplifier circuit that may be disposed on an integrated circuit. 2. Related Art A switched-capacitor circuit is a circuit that provides signals that are discrete in time and continuous in voltage amplitude. Correlated double sampling (CDS) is a technique used with switched-capacitor circuits to measure small, slowly changing signals in the presence of large amounts of low frequency (1/f) noise and direct current (DC) input offset voltage. The CDS technique is a particular type of auto-zero technique, in which noise and a DC input offset voltage are sampled twice in each clock period. Switched-capacitor amplifiers often use the CDS technique to compensate for non-idealities of an operational amplifier (OpAmp) in the switched-capacitor circuit such as finite open-loop gain (hereinafter “OpAmp gain”) and DC input offset voltage. In a non-CDS amplifier, a gain error of an OpAmp is approximately inversely proportional to the OpAmp gain, i.e., gain error≈1/gain of the OpAmp. The CDS technique minimizes the gain error of the OpAmp. The CDS technique effectively makes the gain error of the OpAmp in a switched capacitor amplifier inversely proportional to a square of the gain of the OpAmp, i.e., gain error≈1/gain2. In most switched-capacitor amplifiers that do not use the CDS technique, an output of an OpAmp is re-set to analog ground (AGND), which is defined as (VDD+VSS)/2, on each occasion that the switched-capacitor amplifier samples an input signal during a sampling time phase, or phase one. During an amplification time phase, or phase two, the output of the OpAmp goes from AGND to a voltage that represents the input differential voltage multiplied by a gain. Capacitors are charged or re-charged during each phase to change the output of the switched-capacitor amplifier to a new value that represents a present input differential voltage multiplied by a gain. In a switched-capacitor amplifier that uses the CDS technique (hereinafter “CDS amplifier”), the output of the OpAmp is not re-set to AGND at each phase one. In a CDS amplifier, the output of the OpAmp remains at the voltage that it had in an immediately previous phase two, and the output of the OpAmp is not re-set to AGND. In a CDS amplifier, the input signal is assumed to change very slowly with respect to a sampling frequency. Therefore, in any clock phase, the value of an output signal does not vary much from a value that it had during an immediately previous clock phase. Consequently, the CDS amplifier can take advantage of the output voltage from a previous sample (which is stored in a capacitor), and can obtain a new value during the amplification phase more quickly than if the output were re-set to AGND. This is because the previous output level is close in value to a next output value. By using the CDS technique, a switched-capacitor amplifier requires less time to produce each new output value. A rail-to-rail OpAmp can properly amplify an input differential signal even if the input common-mode voltage is near either of the rails, i.e., VDD or VSS, of a power supply. An input differential signal of an OpAmp comprises an input differential voltage plus an input common-mode voltage. A non-rail-to-rail input OpAmp (hereinafter “non-rail-to-rail OpAmp”) has a limited input common-mode range and can properly amplify only differential signals that have a common-mode voltage near AGND. In other words, a non-rail-to-rail OpAmp cannot properly amplify a differential signal that has a common-mode voltage near either rail because the non-rail-to-rail OpAmp has a limited common-mode range. The known CDS amplifier 102 comprises a first sampling switch 106 with one terminal connected to a VIP input terminal 104 and another terminal connected to a first sampling capacitor 130, and a second sampling switch 107 with one terminal connected to a VIN input terminal 105 and another terminal connected to a second sampling capacitor 131. The known CDS amplifier 102 also comprises a first grounding switch 108 with one terminal connected to the first sampling capacitor 130 and another terminal connected to an AGND terminal 103, and a second grounding switch 109 with one terminal connected to the second sampling capacitor 131 and another terminal connected to the AGND terminal 103. Additionally, the known CDS amplifier 102 comprises a first gain capacitor 140 with one end connected to a VN input terminal 162 of the OpAmp 160 and another end connected to the AGND terminal 103 when switch 142 is closed and connected to an output terminal 164 of the OpAmp when switch 144 is closed. The known CDS amplifier 102 also comprises a second gain capacitor 141 with one end connected to the AGND terminal 103 and another end connected to a VP input terminal 163 of the OpAmp 160. The known CDS amplifier 102 further comprises a first CDS capacitor 150 with one end connected to the output terminal 164 of the OpAmp 160 and another end connected to the VN input terminal 162 of the OpAmp when switch 152 is closed, and connected to the AGND terminal 103 when switch 154 is closed. The known CDS amplifier 102 further comprises a second CDS capacitor 151 with one end connected to the AGND terminal 103 and another end connected to the VP input terminal 163 of the OpAmp 160 when switch 153 is closed and connected to the AGND terminal 103 when switch 155 is closed. The following assumes that the known CDS amplifier 102 has started, i.e., it has operated in phase one and phase two long enough to set properly the output voltage VO, and the voltages at the VN input terminal 162 and at the VP input terminal 163 of the OpAmp 160 are near AGND. In phase one (the sampling phase), only the F1 switches are closed, which allows sampling capacitors 130 and 131 to sample the input signal. The input signal can be expressed as VI=V1+VCM, where Vi is an input differential voltage, Vi=VIP−VIN, and where VCM is an input common-mode voltage, VCM=(VIP+VIN)/2. In phase one, a right plate of gain capacitor 140 is coupled to the AGND terminal 103, CDS capacitor 150 closes the feedback loop around the OpAmp 160, and gain capacitor 140 stores any error voltage (due to OpAmp gain error and/or DC input offset voltage). In phase two (the amplification phase), only the F2 switches are closed, and the charges stored in sampling capacitors 130 and 131 are transferred to gain capacitors 140 and 141 to amplify the input differential voltage. The CDS capacitor 150 compensates for the gain error and/or the DC input offset voltage of the OpAmp 160 such that an output voltage VO of the OpAmp is not affected by these factors. However, disadvantageously, the output of the known CDS amplifier 102 is not immune to VCM. The known CDS amplifier 102 has gain errors when VCM is close to either rail of the power supply. In phase one, the F1 switches are closed. The known CDS amplifier 102 may work properly when the input common-mode voltage is near AGND. For example, when the common-mode voltage of the input signal is at AGND, the output error may not be greater than one-half of a least significant bit (LSB) with 16-bit resolution, where LSB=VDD/2n, where n is number of bits of resolution (LSB=VDD/216 in this example). In other words, when the common-mode voltage of the input signal is at AGND, the CDS amplifier 102 amplifies the input signal with 16-bit resolution. However, when the common-mode voltage of the input signal is near VDD or VSS, the output error of the known CDS amplifier 102 may be disadvantageously in the range of one-half of a LSB when the number of bits of resolution is 12-bits or fewer. In other words, the resolution of the CDS amplifier 102 reduces from sixteen bits, to twelve or fewer bits, when the common-mode input voltage is close to the power supply rails. The following assumes that the inputs of the OpAmp 160 are near AGND. In phase one, by coupling the CDS capacitor 150 between a VN input terminal 162 and a VO output terminal of the OpAmp 160, a VN input voltage of the OpAmp is forced to be near AGND. In phase two, gain capacitor 140 is coupled between the VO output terminal 164 of the OpAmp 160 and the VN input terminal 162 of the OpAmp. As an example, in phase one, a charge is placed on each of the sampling capacitors 130 and 131 (a charge equivalent to +50 mV on sampling capacitor 130 and a charge equivalent to −50 mV on sampling capacitor 131, with respect to AGND). In the known CDS amplifier 102, in phase two, a left plate of sampling capacitor 130 is coupled to the AGND terminal 103, thereby discharging the left plate of the sampling capacitor 130 and leaving a charge equivalent to −50 mV on the right plate of sampling capacitor 130. As a result of the left plate of sampling capacitor 130 being coupled to the AGND terminal 103, a corresponding current flows through gain capacitor 140. Sampling capacitor 130 and gain capacitor 140 are connected in series; therefore, a current flowing in sampling capacitor 130 is a same current flowing in gain capacitor 140 because no current flows into or out of the OpAmp 160, which is assumed to be ideal, i.e., has infinite input impedance. Provided that phase two is of sufficient duration, enough current flows during phase two to transfer all the charge in sampling capacitor 130 to gain capacitor 140. In one embodiment, gain capacitor 140 is half the size of sampling capacitor 130. In such embodiment, at the end of phase two, the voltage across the gain capacitor 140 is twice the voltage that was across sampling capacitors 130 and 131. A ratio sampling capacitor 130/gain capacitor 140 defines a gain of the known CDS amplifier 102. At the end of phase two, if gain capacitor 140 is half the size of sampling capacitor 130, then the voltage gain is two (2). At the end of phase two, the voltage across gain capacitor 140 is twice the voltage that was seen across sampling capacitors 130 and 131 at the beginning of phase two, i.e., the right plate of gain capacitor 140 is at a potential of 200 mV with respect to AGND. In such embodiment, at the end of phase two, an output voltage of the known CDS amplifier 102 is two times the input differential voltage of 100 mV, that is, the output voltage is +200 mV with respect to AGND. A disadvantage of the known CDS amplifier 102 is that, during phase two, the input common-mode voltage VCM affects the input of the OpAmp 160. The known CDS amplifier 102 does not work properly if the common-mode voltage is not near AGND. When the common-mode voltage is not near AGND, the differential voltage at the input of the OpAmp 160 alternates, or pulses, between approximately AGND (during the sampling phase, or phase one) and a second voltage other than AGND (during the amplification phase, or phase two). During the sampling phase, the input to the OpAmp 160 is maintained near AGND because of the feedback loop comprising gain capacitor 140. (During the sampling phase, the input differential signal, VIP and VIN, is not presented to the input of the OpAmp 160, but is being stored in sampling capacitors 130 and 131.) During the amplification phase, charge is transferred between sampling capacitor 130 and gain capacitor 140. As a result, a voltage, which, in general, is at a potential other than AGND, appears at the input of the OpAmp 160. If the common-mode voltage is above AGND, the second voltage is at a potential below AGND. If the common-mode voltage is below AGND, the second voltage is at a potential above AGND. Such pulsing occurs because switches 108 and 109 alternately couple one of the input signal (during phase one) and AGND (during phase two) to the OpAmp 160. The peak-to-peak level of the pulses is directly proportional to a difference between the input common-mode voltage and AGND. Therefore, the peak-to-peak level of the pulses is small when the input common-mode voltage is near AGND. However, when the common-mode voltage is near VDD or near VSS, such pulsing causes an error at the output of a non-rail-to-rail OpAmp. In the known switched-capacitor amplifier 102, when VIP and VIN are each near VSS, the value of a VP input voltage at the VP input terminal 163 of the OpAmp 160 disadvantageously swings from almost AGND to almost VDD when going from phase one to phase two. Similar disadvantageous behavior occurs for the value of the VN input voltage at the VN input terminal 162 of the OpAmp 160 because the feedback loop is closed by CDS capacitor 150.

As the years go by and a newer generation of Catholics participate more actively in the ministry of the church Iíll try to bear my cross while weíre rapping the Our Father or listening to Christian hip hop during the Offertory since this is what the flock may prefer. I speak facetiously of course, but Iím not advocating a change in doctrine, or that we return to Latin, or the TLM, or that even Gregorian chant be sung. Nor am I suggesting the choir play my favorite tune each Sunday. But I do believe that music during Mass should be sacred and ideally distinctly Catholic. I think we lose our Catholic identity and traditions as we head down the slippery slope of appeasing the faithful by incorporating whatever latest fad exists into the Mass. The Mass isnít about us, itís about Christ. Itís not entertainment, itís a sacrifice. The music of the Mass should glorify God. Quote: Originally Posted by Ron Conte In some parts of the world today, Christians are dying for Christ. And in other parts of the world, we argue over little points of liturgical form and over which music would be best. What would Jesus himself say? I acknowledge the unfortunate reality that Christians are dying for Christ each day and they certainly have my prayers. However, this is not a new phenomenon and has been occurring for millennia. Martyrdom hasnít stopped the saints from discussing proper liturgical forms during the Mass nor do I believe it should stop us. As the years go by and a newer generation of Catholics participate more actively in the ministry of the church Iíll try to bear my cross while weíre rapping the Our Father or listening to Christian hip hop during the Offertory since this is what the flock may prefer. I speak facetiously of course, but Iím not advocating a change in doctrine, or that we return to Latin, or the TLM, or that even Gregorian chant be sung. Nor am I suggesting the choir play my favorite tune each Sunday. But I do believe that music during Mass should be sacred and ideally distinctly Catholic. I think we lose our Catholic identity and traditions as we head down the slippery slope of appeasing the faithful by incorporating whatever latest fad exists into the Mass. The Mass isnít about us, itís about Christ. Itís not entertainment, itís a sacrifice. The music of the Mass should glorify God. I have the same preferences for traditional Catholic hymns as you. But I notice some Catholics online complaining a great deal about small points of liturgical form, while the vast majority of Catholics commit mortal sins of various kinds frequently, and the vast majority also never go to confession. The Church is plagued by some very serious problems right now. Pope Francis is very likely to make some substantial changes to discipline at the Oct. Bishops' Synod. He might also issue some new definitions of doctrine. I believe that this event will initiate the great apostasy. Many traditionalist and conservative Catholics will accuse the Pope of heresy and create a schism in the Church. We must never treat any aspect of discipline, however good or useful, as if it were unchangeable dogma. Very true Ron. Your point is well taken. Debating liturgical music does seem somewhat nitpicky while the Church faces more significant concerns. The Church as we have known it may very well change but we must always remain faithful. But I notice some Catholics online complaining a great deal about small points of liturgical form, while the vast majority of Catholics commit mortal sins of various kinds frequently, and the vast majority also never go to confession. The Church is plagued by some very serious problems right now. I guess the question is whether or not there is a relationship between the two. Not "small points of liturgical form," but do liturgical changes and practices - female altar servers, banal hymns, folksy talk, applauding during the mass, communion in the hand, etc. - have an effect on Catholics? Over time, do we take Mass less seriously because it seems, outwardly, less serious? Does that affect our beliefs and our practices? If a priest is going to wear a Mickey Mouse hat during a sermon (I witnessed that), how serious should we take this? Do we then take the "rules" less seriously elsewhere - abortion, contraception, etc? I think there should be a balance and, as our society is growing less formal since the 1950's, our Church should not race to meet that informality. Ron, to what extent is Sacrosanctum Concilium's directive that Gregorian chant have pride of place binding? The document's purpose was to allow for a change of the Mass, which was accomplished with a 1965 Missal that was then superceded by the current Novus Ordo. Must Gregorian chant have the pride of place, or was that just a suggestion from the Second Vatican Council? __________________ St. Thomas More --"The King's Good Servant, but God's First" I guess the question is whether or not there is a relationship between the two. Not "small points of liturgical form," but do liturgical changes and practices - female altar servers, banal hymns, folksy talk, applauding during the mass, communion in the hand, etc. - have an effect on Catholics? Over time, do we take Mass less seriously because it seems, outwardly, less serious? Does that affect our beliefs and our practices? If a priest is going to wear a Mickey Mouse hat during a sermon (I witnessed that), how serious should we take this? Do we then take the "rules" less seriously elsewhere - abortion, contraception, etc? I think there should be a balance and, as our society is growing less formal since the 1950's, our Church should not race to meet that informality. I have a few comments to add. First, you assume that the conservative judgment or preference on these matters is necessarily correct. An early Ecumenical Council settled a controversial question of the day on liturgical form: whether a particular prayer at Mass should be said standing or kneeling. Their decision: standing. The conservative answer is not necessarily the correct answer on every point. Second, the Church permits Communion in the hand and She has the authority to do so. When Jesus healed the leper, He touched the leper first, while he was still a leper, and then He healed him. He could have healed him before touching him. I don't believe Jesus would mind Communion in the hand. Again, the conservative judgment is not necessarily correct. So we can't conclude that souls are harmed when a point of liturgical form is not conservative. Third, at my current parish, at the end of every Mass, just before the closing prayer, the priest asks if anyone has a birthday this week. If so, then applause for those persons. Then he asks if there are any wedding anniversaries; again, applause. And finally, are there any visitors here today? applause a third time. I see no reason to object to this practice. It is not irreverent, nor does it have some type of negative effect. Fourth, I agree that there are some liturgical abuses in the Church today. But the solution is not one rigid form of the Mass for all Catholics worldwide: say exactly these words, sit - kneel - stand exactly at these points, wear exactly these garments. Liturgical form is necessary and good judgments should be made on points of form. But discipline is not doctrine. Quote: Originally Posted by St. Thomas More Ron, to what extent is Sacrosanctum Concilium's directive that Gregorian chant have pride of place binding? The document's purpose was to allow for a change of the Mass, which was accomplished with a 1965 Missal that was then superceded by the current Novus Ordo. Must Gregorian chant have the pride of place, or was that just a suggestion from the Second Vatican Council? It is not a teaching, so it is neither dogma, nor non-infallible doctrine. A Council's decisions on discipline are changeable, by any proper authority in the Church subsequently. A new Council is not needed to make such a change. The specific point about the Gregorian chant is merely an acknowledgment that it is fitting, and a recommendation, generally, to the Church. It does not imply that each and every parish must use Gregorian changes. The Churches in the East (Catholic ones) have their own Canon Law and their own liturgical form. But the solution is not one rigid form of the Mass for all Catholics worldwide: say exactly these words, sit - kneel - stand exactly at these points, wear exactly these garments. Liturgical form is necessary and good judgments should be made on points of form. But discipline is not doctrine. I agree with you - the Church gives us liberty to attend the Roman Rite in the Extraordinary form or the Ordinary form. And there are many other valid rites we can attend. I was never claiming Catholics should attend one "rigid form of the Mass." But, aside from liturgical abuses, the informality and lack of reverence sometimes detracts from the gravity of the sacrifice, for me. This might occur with music, or something else. That is just my nature and approach. I know that many others can attend a folk mass or a rock mass, (we have them, too), and apprehend the gravity of the sacrifice. I'm not disparaging them or any form of the Mass, nor advocating one over the other. Where the Church has approved several forms of the Roman Rite, we have liberty to attend what we deem appropriate. Some of us prefer Gregorian Chant (like the Council did) to set the mood for the Mass; others do not. I also think - just my opinion - that children can apprehend the seriousness of the sacrifice with greater reverence at the Extraordinary Form. But I don't fault anyone for going to any valid and licit Catholic Mass. __________________ St. Thomas More --"The King's Good Servant, but God's First" I agree with you - the Church gives us liberty to attend the Roman Rite in the Extraordinary form or the Ordinary form. And there are many other valid rites we can attend. I was never claiming Catholics should attend one "rigid form of the Mass." But, aside from liturgical abuses, the informality and lack of reverence sometimes detracts from the gravity of the sacrifice, for me. This might occur with music, or something else. That is just my nature and approach. I know that many others can attend a folk mass or a rock mass, (we have them, too), and apprehend the gravity of the sacrifice. I'm not disparaging them or any form of the Mass, nor advocating one over the other. Where the Church has approved several forms of the Roman Rite, we have liberty to attend what we deem appropriate. Some of us prefer Gregorian Chant (like the Council did) to set the mood for the Mass; others do not. I also think - just my opinion - that children can apprehend the seriousness of the sacrifice with greater reverence at the Extraordinary Form. But I don't fault anyone for going to any valid and licit Catholic Mass.

Ammonia inhibits insulin stimulation of the Krebs cycle: further insight into mechanism of hepatic coma. Oxidation of [2,3-14C]succinate in the intramitochondrial Krebs cycle was used as a probe to investigate the effect of ammonia on protein incorporation and Krebs cycle oxidation of succinate carbons in isolated rat hepatocytes. At low concentrations of ammonium chloride (0.1 to 0.5 mM) a slight increase in 14CO2 formation from [2,3-14C]succinate was observed, however, the stimulatory effect of insulin was significantly reduced. Insulin failed to cause any stimulation of succinate carbons incorporation into hepatocyte protein in the presence of ammonium chloride. Addition of ammonium chloride also depressed the movement of tracer carbons into the gluconeogenesis pathway. The activity of the amphibolic amino acid pool was significantly enhanced by ammonia. The data presented in this paper lend strong support to the Krebs-cycle depletion theory of hepatic coma. They also suggest that reduced mitochondrial Krebs cycle activity caused by increased amphibolic depletion of substrates results in loss of insulin sensitivity in ammonia toxicity.

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Attached is a brief for you to forward on to the State Department. There have been numerous press articles on the transaction since it was announced and I will forward several for your reference. We will continue to let the British government take the lead on this (good to know that State agrees with this strategy). Call me to discuss the brief at 713/853-6973

Hoarding Cleaning Services for Annapolis, MD Hoarding isn’t as simple as being lazy or being unwilling to do housework. It’s a complex mental condition with roots in anxiety. Hoarders collect items, often worthless ones like old mail or magazines, and clutter accumulates because they’re unable to dispose of anything for reasons they themselves might not be able to understand. As the clutter accumulates, it decreases access to parts of the home and increases the risk of fire. Over time, conditions become unsanitary and mold and bacteria begin to grow, jeopardizing the health of anyone living in the home. It’s important to take the right approach to restoring order and cleanliness to a hoarder’s home for the health and safety of everyone living there. ServiceMaster of Baltimore takes a caring, compassionate approach to cleaning and restoring the homes of hoarders in Annapolis, MD. Our experts have training and equipment to remove clutter and sanitize the home, all while treating the residents with dignity and respect. We work with the hoarder to sort through items and determine what can be kept and what should be discarded or donated. Starting the Process Usually the cleaning process isn’t initialized by the hoarder, out of embarrassment at the state of the home, or because they don’t realize there’s a problem. It usually falls to a family member or close friend to stage a sort of “intervention” and urge the hoarder to seek help. It’s important to remember that this person isn’t lazy or disorganized; hoarding is a byproduct of anxiety and depression, so talking with the person requires a gentle approach. Once they understand the conditions in the home are physically dangerous and agree to seek cleanup help, call the professionals at ServiceMaster of Baltimore. We understand this is an unusual situation and we’ve seen many cases over the years. We can provide large-scale hoarding cleaning services and we involve the individual in the process as much as possible. We keep in mind at all times that we’re in a person’s home, clearing and cleaning their possessions. We don’t come in with shovels and trash bags, tossing out everything in sight. We take a compassionate approach and absolutely nothing is removed from the home without the owner’s consent. Distributing items marked for donation, recycling, or to give to family/friends; Moving large items like furniture and appliances; Cleaning and sanitizing the entire home so it’s safe to inhabit again. Hoarding is a difficult situation for everyone involved, but it will only get worse as time goes by. If you’re facing a hoarding situation in your family or with a friend in Annapolis, MD, call the caring professionals at ServiceMaster of Baltimore. We’ll work with you and the individual to create a decluttering and cleaning plan that will return the home to a safe, clean, and sanitary state. We use state-of-the-art cleaning products and equipment that safely and effectively clean and restore items and we treat the individual with compassion and respect. Call us at (410) 690-7508 to learn more about our comprehensive hoarding cleaning.

Branch retinal vein occlusion. A clinicopathologic case report. The eyes of a 72-year-old woman with a history of two branch retinal vein occlusions involving the left eye, were obtained postmortem and studied histopathologically. Prior to her death, she had been enrolled in the multicentered, prospective, randomized clinical trial on branch vein occlusion and treated with peripheral argon laser photocoagulation for disc neovascularization. Routine fluorescein angiograms and fundus photographs were available for clinical correlation. Despite photocoagulation, the patient had frequent recurrent episodes of vitreous hemorrhage. On histologic examination, both venous occlusions were found at arteriovenous crossings and associated with moderately sclerotic retinal arterioles. One occlusion was recanalized. Retinal inner ischemic atrophy was observed distal to the site of both venous occlusions and corresponded to areas of nonperfusion. Cystoid macular edema was not present. Three areas of neovascularization were found; one at the optic nerve head, one at the peripapillary retina, and one at the fovea. It is likely the patient's repeated vitreous hemorrhages were from one or all three areas of neovascularization demonstrated histopathologically.

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It's that time again. A new set lands and with it come a whole bunch of awesome new cards. That includes a slew of sweet new commons for the best budget format around: Pauper. This time around, Guilds of Ravnica is packing some sweet goodies. Sure, it's a no brainer that cards like Assassin's Trophy will be making serious waves in formats filled with silver and gold, but there's still plenty of great spice to go around. We're going to be discussing not just the quality of these new cards but their potential impact on the format as a whole. What's Not Before diving into the new goodies, I want to address a few cards that look good and got some people talking but I'm not convinced will make the cut. Does this card feel familiar at all to you? If you played during Shards of Alara block or checked out Modern Masters 2017, you might recognize this sweet removal spell: Artful Takedown draws some immediate comparisons to Agony Warp. Both spells can stop a creature from getting an attack through and killing another. The difference here is that one costs two mana and the other costs four. That's a world of difference. If this sees any play at all, it will likely be in Dimir Teachings lists that run more than 60 cards, but even then it feels like a very fringe option. People will try it, but I just can't see it making it. Vicious Rumors is the kind of card players will look at and say "whoa, this does a lot for one mana!" While they're not exactly wrong that there's quite a bit going on in the card's text box, there's actually considerably less happening than it seems. Draining a single point of life isn't really spectacular. Neither is making an opponent discard one card, especially on turn one or two when you'll be looking to play this. Unless your opponent is on something quick like Elves, odds are good that they will choose a card with very minimal impact on the game. Lastly, the mill isn't taking much away from your opponent and can actually help them if they're on something like Tron or most decks using Black as they can hit recurrable cards or fuel themselves for Delve. This card feels close to being really good. Maybe if you could choose who got milled or if it did an extra point in life gain or life loss it might be a bit closer to playable; but, as it is, this card feels like a gigantic trap. With those rumors dispelled, let's check out the real meat of the set. Going Wide Aggressive decks didn't get too much in terms of solid playables to help push their gameplans. The Boros (Red and White) cards don't really add much to Red Deck Wins nor the already fringe Mono-White Aggro while the format's chief aggressive color, Green, got nothing crazy at common either. There's one sweet card that I'll get to soon, but it doesn't really work well for an aggro deck. We did, however, get two interesting cards that might make a minor splash in a few decks. Pause for Reflection is the latest in a long line of Fog-variant spells for the format. While I don't think it'll see any kind of play in the likes of Turbo Fog, it does give an interesting option for certain go wide decks against hyper aggressive combo strategies like Izzet Blitz and Tireless Tribe Combo. It may just seem like Fog for three mana, but being able to tap creatures to cast it instead is a big deal. Free is always good, and it's made even better by the fact that you can use summoning sick creatures to contribute toward the cost. This makes for a lot of potential in decks like Elves that struggle with these kinds of strategies. While Moment's Peace is usually going to be better, Pause can make things that much easier if it's an early turn or if you're lacking in mana dorks. While I think the old Flashback favorite will continue being the spell of choice, I think this one has some potential to show up on occasion. Take Heart is a card I'm a little less sold on but seems like it just has too much potential to not mention. Unlike Vicious Rumors, there actually is a significant amount happening for just one mana. Pumping a creature for offensive or defensive strategies is great, but more appealing is the ability to gain a lot of life by attacking heavily. I've also seen this one suggested in Elves but I both think the deck wants to be relying on as few non-Green spells as possible and it already has a lot of life gain. But for other decks, like token builds or even something like Boros, the life swing potential is massive. I'm not too sure this will make waves, but it feels pretty close to making it and is one that's worth keeping your eye on. Super Secret Tech The clear winner for this set is the Dimir (Blue and Black) guild. Not only is the guild's aesthetic flawlessly spooky this time around, they take the cake with the incredible Surveil mechanic. Dimir Informant brings with it a new possibility for Blue decks. Instead of playing something like Sea Gate Oracle and drawing cards, you can set up your draws and fill your yard. While decks like Tron and Dimir Flicker certainly love drawing cards, they also like filling up their yards. In addition, having four toughness is big game. Not only can it brick wall numerous aggressive strategies, but it can also avoid Lightning Bolt, only reliably being hit by Skred and Flame Slash, the latter of which has been seeing significantly less play these days. Speaking of stopping aggressive strategies, Guilds of Ravnica also brings us a fantastic new Black sweeper in the form of Mephitic Vapors. This card is actually the real deal. Most of the decks that would want this already run Shrivel or Nausea, two functionally identically cards that give all creatures -1/-1 for two mana. The difference here is the addition of Surveil 2 at the cost of an additional mana. Just how good is Surveil though? Consider it in a deck like Alchemy, Delve, and Reanimator - all of the Dimir variety - which each care about putting cards into your graveyard. You can choose here what cards you want where to benefit your gameplan most while crippling your opponent's gameplan. You might ask: why play this over Shrivel or Nausea when you can play those earlier? The reality is that most of the time you won't cast either of those cards until your third turn anyways in order to maximize your value. This has even more potential in the late game as well when you both have more mana available and can dig toward exactly what you need at that point. Next is Notion Rain, essentially a Dimir colored Read the Bones that instead of Scrying, you Surveil. Make no mistake, this is actually a big deal in Dimir. Not to sound like a broken record at this point, but these decks all care about the graveyard. It's not hard to bin some inconsequential cards to feed a Gurmag Angler or else prepping a Striped Riverwinder for an Exhume and you get to draw some extra cards as well. Costing as opposed to Read the Bones' makes this more difficult to fit into a variety of possible decks, but for the decks that are able to play this, there's a strong possibility that it will shine quite bright. Remember when I mentioned Teachings decks running more than 60 cards when talking about Artful Takedown at the beginning of this article? Unlike the unfortunately costed removal spell, Devious Cover-Up seems like exactly the kind of card Teachings decks want. Four mana is a lot for a counterspell, but both exiling the spell and restocking your library with four cards used earlier in the game can have a big impact on the game, especially for a toolbox deck like Teachings where you tutor up many of your one-ofs. Putting Mystical Teachings back into your library for even more "Teachings for Teachings" plays seems like a great deal if you ask me. Lastly, Whisper Agent is the Dimir card without a clear home. This card looks great with a lot of potential. It's basically a Hired Blade with a lot of upside that can be used in different colors. While a lot of graveyard focused decks want cards like Mephitic Vapors and Notion Rain, I don't think this is the kind of card that those decks want. If anything, I see this slotting into something more like Mono-Black Control as an extra surprise attacker that fills your yard and gives you more devotion for Gray Merchant of Asphodel than Hired Blade. I'm not fully sure where this slots, if anywhere, for sure, but it looks to have serious potential to work well in a number of decks. Whether or not it will be good enough remains to be seen. The Spice With No Home Finally we reach some of the coolest cards in the set. Barrier of Bones is my prediction for breakout Pauper card from Guilds of Ravnica. It might not seem much being a one-mana 0/3 with a bonus, but this gives Black decks an extra way to stall out early aggression while still manipulating your library to smooth out your next draw or fill your graveyard. All of this seems like a great package. The thing is, I'm just not totally sure where it slots. Most of the Dimir builds run Augur of Bolas as is for ways to help block early, and Mono-Black prefers to use actual removal like Disfigure or Dead Weight. Despite that, I think there's a lot happening for an incredibly low cost and expect this to slot in and show up somewhere all the same. Portcullis Vine falls into a similar category. Another 0/3 Wall with upside, this one is rare actual card draw for Green. The catch, however, is that you need to sacrifice a creature with Defender. I'm not sure where this fits in with most of the decks running Green, but there's some potential elsewhere. People have been brewing lists involving the Defender keyword for awhile, utilizing cards like Axebane Guardian and Overgrown Battlement for large amounts of mana and using things like Doorkeeper, Vent Sentinel, and/or Freed From The Real to achieve a strong payoff. This card allows you to sacrifice anything with Defender, not just itself, as these cards are often templated. That means there's some more fresh fuel to brew while giving other decks a tool for blocking and extra utility later when that aspect becomes obsolete. I'm a huge fan of this one and all it needs is to find a good home. To cap everything off, the guild Locket cycle continues Ravnica's long held tradition of containing mana rocks, or affordable artifacts which generate mana of multiple colors and, as is the case on the city plane, a bit of extra upside. In the case of these, you can tap them for one mana of either of the respective guild's colors or pay four mana in any combination of those colors and sacrifice the Locket to draw two cards. This is really interesting for colors that don't traditionally get card draw. However, these cards can't really be well utilized in the kinds of deck that normally want mana rocks, which traditionally includes the many Tron builds out there. As such, I don't see these making a huge splash now, but they have some of the best potential to show up from time to time in future lists. These may be the cards I expect to make the largest impact, but there's a handful of other cards that look interesting in terms of speculation and could appear as extremely fringe options for already fringe decks. What cards are you most excited to jam when we return to Ravnica once more in just a few days' time?

Q: Excel Macro Not Doing anything? This is my first excel macro (and first time working with VBScript), so it is most likely wrong, but I'm trying to go through each sheet in my workbook, and rename the sheet to the value of the sheets "A2" cell's value. As the name says, the function isn't doing anything when I run it. It is running however. Here is my code: Sub RenameSheets() Dim WS_Count As Integer Dim I As Integer ' Set WS_Count equal to the number of worksheets in the active ' workbook. WS_Count = ActiveWorkbook.Worksheets.Count ' Begin the loop. For I = 1 To WS_Count ActiveSheet.Name = ActiveSheet.Range("A2").Value Next I End Sub A: Sub RenameSheets() Dim WS_Count As Integer Dim I As Integer WS_Count = ActiveWorkbook.Worksheets.Count For I = 1 To WS_Count Dim WS As Worksheet Set WS = ActiveWorkbook.Worksheets(I) 'Worksheet names can not be null If Len(WS.Cells(2, 1)) > 0 Then WS.Name = WS.Cells(2, 1) End If Next I End Sub A: You are not selecting the different sheets so ActiveSheet isn't changing. You can rewrite your function below to get the intended result: Dim currentWorksheet as Worksheet For Each currentWorksheet in ActiveWorkbook.Worksheets currentWorksheet.name = currentWorksheet.Range("A2").Value Next currentWorksheet what is above is a for..each loop that will set currentWorksheet to each Worksheet in all of the Worksheets in the Workbook.

Q: Use of "Au plaisir" at the end of a correspondance It is a form I see frequently on emails in Québec. Is it a reasonable equivalent to "regards" if sending out correspondence in two languages? It seems less stiff than "cordialement". Should it be used in correspondence with people you have not met before? A: Les usages sont différents dans les divers pays de la francophonie. « Au plaisir » est, je crois, plus courant au Québec qu'en France. « Au plaisir » se comprend en France mais est peu employé, on y dira plus facilement « Au plaisir de vous lire ». Dans mes échanges électroniques professionnels (donc hors proches) j'utilise « cordialement » en français et « regards » en anglais. On utilise « cordialement » aussi avec des personnes qu'on connaît mais avec lesquelles on n'a pas de lien d’amitié. On peut aussi le faire précéder d'un adverbe pour lui donner un aspect plus convivial et dire, « bien cordialement » ou « très cordialement ». Usage is different in various parts of the French speaking world. I think "Au plaisir" is more common in Québec than in France. People will understand "Au plaisir" in France, but it is not much used and when used usually followed by something, such as "Au plaisir de vous lire". In my work related email correspondence I use "Regards" when writing in English and "cordialement" when writing in French. "Cordialement" is not really stiff, it can be used with people we have never met but also with people we know but with who we have no personnal realtionship. If you think it is too stiff, you can soften it by using an adverb, and say "Bien cordialement" or "Très cordialement". A: "Au plaisir!" could be used in place of "Until then!" or "Looking forward to it!" As in, it will be a pleasure to see, to welcome you, to meet you..

Occurrence and fate of eleven classes of antibiotics in two typical wastewater treatment plants in South China. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are regarded as one of the most important sources of antibiotics in the environment. Two sampling campaigns over a period of one year in two wastewater treatment plants (plant A: activated sludge with chlorination, and plant B: oxidation ditch with UV) of Guangdong Province, China were carried out to assess the occurrence and fate of 11 classes of 50 antibiotics. The wastewater samples were extracted by Oasis HLB cartridges (6mL, 500 mg), while the solid samples (sludge and suspended solid matter) were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction with solvents (acetonitrile and citric acid buffer), followed by an enrichment and clean-up step with solid-phase extraction using SAX-HLB cartridges in tandem. The results showed the presence of 20 and 17 target compounds in the influents and effluents, respectively, at the concentrations ranging from low ng/L to a few μg/L. Sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, anhydro erythromycin and trimethoprim were most frequently detected in the WWTPs wastewaters. Twenty-one antibiotics were found in the sewage sludge from the two WWTPs at the concentrations up to 5800ng/g, with tetracycline, oxytetracycline, norfloxacin and ofloxacin being the predominant antibiotics. The total mass loads of antibiotics per capita in the two plants ranged from 494 to 901 μg/d/inhabitant (672±182 μg/d/inhabitant) in the influents, from 130 to 238 μg/d/inhabitant (175±45 μg/d/inhabitant) in the effluents and from 107 to 307 μg/d/inhabitant (191±87.9 μg/d/inhabitant) in the dewatered sludge, respectively. The aqueous removals for sulfonamides, macrolides, trimethoprim, lincomycin and chloramphenicol in the WWTPs were mainly attributed to the degradation processes, while those for tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones were mainly due to the adsorption onto sludge.

RhoH is required to maintain the integrin LFA-1 in a nonadhesive state on lymphocytes. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is relatively nonadhesive on resting lymphocytes; however, the mechanisms underlying changes in its adhesiveness are poorly understood. In this study, we generated a Jurkat T cell clone, J+hi1.14, that contained low amounts of mRNA for RhoH, a leukocyte-specific inhibitory Rho family member. J+hi1.14 cells expressed constitutively adhesive LFA-1 and the cells bound spontaneously to intracellular adhesion molecules 1, 2 and 3. Reconstitution of RhoH mRNA expression in J+hi1.14 cells reverted the adhesion phenotype to that of wild-type. We obtained similar results using RNA interference in peripheral blood lymphocytes. These data demonstrate that RhoH is required for maintenance of lymphocyte LFA-1 in a nonadhesive state.

Advantages of Dictatorship Dictatorship establishes a strong government. As there is no opposition, no criticism, all energies are directed to the achievement of the arms of the state, which can be achieved very quickly. It provides efficient and prompt administration. It is said that dictatorship is 10 years-ahead of democracy. The reason is that dictatorship does not believe in consultation discussion or debates. Since the leaded or ruling party has absolute powers, they can take quick and prompt actions. They adopt such policy, which to them appears to be most beneficial. Besides, such people are appointed to do the jobs as are efficient and competent. In this way aims of the state are achieved in short possible time. We have the example of the USSR and Germany. Disadvantages of Dictatorship Following are the demerits of dictatorship or totalitarianism. Dictatorship regards the state as the end and individual as the means. Under this System the individual is subordinate to the state. He has no rights. He is supposed to sacrifice everything for the sake of the state. In this way he became a means to the end of the state. This system is based on force and violence. It demands complete obedience. No opposition, no disagreement is allowed, if there is any such opposition, it is crushed. We have the example of Italy and Germany during the 1920's, 1930's and the early 1940's. This system kills the initiative among the people and makes them indifferent and disinterested in the affairs of, the state. The people become sheep like. They lose interest in life. The result is that the government becomes one sided arid cannot continue for a very long time. Dictatorship is a form of government which encourages and spreads war, aggression, hatred etc. The 2nd World War was the result of Fascism or Fascists dictatorship. This system is not a permanent one. It continues till the leader is alive or remains in power. It has been seen that Fascist Dictators are sooner or later overthrown.

Popular Articles Term of the Day Family law is the section of law that encompasses all statutes, rulings, and federal and state constitutional provisions that deal with the family. This can include laws about divorce, adoption, marriage, etc. Family laws can vary significantly from state to state. Read more Alaska Bankruptcy And Debt Lawyers Mr. Baynard’s practice focuses on corporate formation, real estate and commercial transactions, as well as banking and commercial finance. His background allows him to represent a variety of businesses from formation through financing and throughout operation. Mr. Baynard is available to help new... Mr. Bittner's practice emphasizes government relations, Alaska Native minority contracting, business transactions and negotiation, and telecommunications. He has served on the firm's board of directors since 1976... Vanessa Norman is an associate based in the firm’s Anchorage, Alaska office. 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Tipster and friend to Thanks A Glatt (they happen to live upstairs!) sent us this picture of Burger Zone on the UES with what looks like good news, they are under new ownership and hechsher! We have further discovered that they will be under the Vaad Harabonim of Flatbush! We look forward to finally checking out their burgers!

Q: REST API of Teamcity for initiate a build Can anybody suggest how TEAMCITY RestAPI can used for trigger a build for a particular project availble in bitbucket/mercurial repository and getting the result of the build ,that is jar/war file . A: See JetBrains help: To start a build, send POST request to http://teamcity:8111/httpAuth/app/rest/buildQueue with the "build" node in content - the same node as details of a queued build or finished build. The queued build details will be returned. Set up build configuration as normal, and trigger using REST API with steps above.

Q: Make blank params[] nil When a user submits a form and leaves certain fields blank, they get saved as blank in the DB. I would like to iterate through the params[:user] collection (for example) and if a field is blank, set it to nil before updating attributes. I can't figure out how to do this though as the only way I know to iterate creates new objects: coll = params[:user].each do |c| if c == "" c = nil end end Thanks. A: Consider what you're doing here by using filters in the controller to affect how a model behaves when saved or updated. I think a much cleaner method would be a before_save call back in the model or an observer. This way, you're getting the same behavior no matter where the change originates from, whether its via a controller, the console or even when running batch processes. Example: class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base NULL_ATTRS = %w( middle_name ) before_save :nil_if_blank protected def nil_if_blank NULL_ATTRS.each { |attr| self[attr] = nil if self[attr].blank? } end end This yields the expected behavior: >> c = Customer.new => #<Customer id: nil, first_name: nil, middle_name: nil, last_name: nil> >> c.first_name = "Matt" => "Matt" >> c.middle_name = "" # blank string here => "" >> c.last_name = "Haley" => "Haley" >> c.save => true >> c.middle_name.nil? => true >> A: If you just want to kill the blanks, you can just do params.delete_if {|k,v| v.blank?}. A: A good gem for handling this in the model: https://github.com/rmm5t/strip_attributes It defines a before_validation hook that trims whitespaces and sets empty strings to nil.

Q: Keeping an open StreamWriter as Class Field I was trying to write a class that would keep an open StreamWriter until the instantiated object was destroyed -- this is to avoid the normal using idiom, because it's important that outside sources do not edit the file while the program is running (hence FileShare.Read). Once instantiated, the file is created successfully via the constructor. Calls to the Write method do not actually write anything and throw no exceptions. Once the object is destroyed, the destructor throws an exception on the sw.Close() of Cannot access a closed file., even though the BaseStream isn't null. I'm not sure I understand the reasoning for that. This question follows somewhat similar approach, but in some other type of class. So I thought this approach should have worked, but wasn't able to determine why it isn't. class SchemaWriter { private StreamWriter sw; private string path; /// <summary> /// Creates an object to handle writing Schema.ini information /// </summary> /// <param name="Path">Path to place Schema.ini file in</param> public SchemaWriter(string Path) { path = Path; sw = new StreamWriter(File.Open(Path + "Schema.ini", FileMode.Create, FileAccess.ReadWrite, FileShare.Read)); } /// <summary> /// Writes Schema information about the supplied file name /// </summary> /// <param name="FileName">Name of file to write the Schema info about</param> public void Write(string FileName) { sw.WriteLine(String.Format(@"[{0}]", FileName)); sw.WriteLine(@"Format=TabDelimited"); sw.WriteLine(); } /// <summary> /// Closes StreamWriter, deletes ini file /// </summary> ~SchemaWriter() { if(sw.BaseStream != null) sw.Close(); File.Delete(path + @"Schema.ini"); } } A: The GC has already claimed it (and disposed of it). The only thing you should do is to implement IDisposable. Do the following: class SchemaWriter : IDisposable { private StreamWriter sw; public void Dispose() { sw.Dispose(); } ... } You can now use your object with: using(var writer = new SchemaWriter()) { } This will close your StreamWriter immediately when you are done with the object. And if you don't use the using the GC will collect the StreamWriter for you when it feels like it.

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- [Voiceover] From Las Vegas, Nevada, this is Poker Night in America. (energetic music) - Welcome to Poker Night in America! He's Joe Stapleton. I'm Chris Hanson. It's our last day in Vegas. (upset noise) Of the Twitch Celebrity Cash game and a little bit later on Phil Laak and D Moon Girl, Danielle Anderson take the highway to the danger zone. - Nice one Goose. but before that can Antonio maintain his upswing, or is Daniel gonna go back to eating his lunch? Spoiler alert: maybe? And it just might be another record-setting hand. - Or, you pay a fee. - [Chris] Now that we know everyone, let's take a look at they've got in front of them. And Antonio Esfandiari has $133,000 in play. - [Joe] Not as good as the $150,000 he started with but to be fair, he's been adding it 50 at a time so he's gotta be happy with the fact that he's still got a six figure stack. Just a little bit of house cleaning, you got two blinds at 25 and 50, a $200 ante paid at the time of your big blind, and there is an optional $100 straddle. - [Negreanu] Card things cards can do. So I'm like whoa that would be so cool. - [Laak] So I love that idea! Wow! - Right it'd be neat. - [Laak] Please invite me for the inception game. (laughter) - [Negreanu] That would be so fun. - [Laak] I might do the 40K thing, ya know? - [Grosspellier] It's a cool idea. - [Chris] Esfandiari bumped it up to 1,100 with queen-9. Negreanu called. - [Negreanu] New river card please? - [Chris] Elky raises to 4,000, with ace-king suited. - [Somerville] Alright, is that? - [Laak] How much do I have to pay you to stay? - Okay, I'll pay. - Get em kid, get em! - I'll pay, I'll pay. - I did great last time. - Yeah you did great. I lost the freaking thing. - I know, I know. He won't make the same straight as me this time I hope. - [Somerville] See, I didn't eat dinner so that's another thing. [bleep], I'm hungry... I'm exactly even. I have $500 in profits, so it's even. - [Laak] How much do I have to pay to stay? I'll pay for your dinner, too. Whatever we'll get you food. - [Esfandiari] Where are you going, JCarver? - [Laak] I'm trying to pay him to stay at this point. - [Esfandiari] Let him go. - [Laak] I like him, I want him to be here. It's fun. - [Esfaniari] He's a better player than you and-- - [Laak] I don't care about the money, I'm here for the fun! - [Esfandiari] He's not really getting active. - [Somerville] Back up? - [Negreanu] He's like okay call. Whatever. - [Chris] 3,500 was the bet in the quick call. - [Negreanu] Cutest... - [Laak] Kid, come on. - I'm not gonna go for it. - [Laak] Please? - You got it. On a full house? - [Chris] Check, check on the river. (Negreanu laughs) - Oh, oh my god! - Oh sick, I knew it was a great card for me. I'm like... - [Negreanu] You rivered me. - [Grospellier] (unintelligible) - [Negreanu] I was gonna bluff. - Adios Carv. - [Somerville] It's been a pleasure my friends. - [Lew] Wait, are you just... - [Voiceover] Who's the 100? - [Ho] Oh, I am, I guess. - [Negreanu] Where are you going anyway? What do you have to do? - [Somerville] I'm gonna go home, man. Gonnaeat. And that's it. - [Negreanu] Did you win money or lose money? - [Somerville] I won, actually I lost cause Dan paid me 2K. So I lost. - Four right? - Dan paid you 2K so you lost? - Alright, JCarver, I accept. - [Somerville] Are you really gonna to that-- - [Laak] No, no, no, not pay, I accept that-- - [Somerville] Accept the reality of the situation. - [Laak] Yeah, I accept the-- - [Somerville] I mean we had a good time. We played for 24 hours basically. - [Laak] Yeah. - [Somerville] More or less. - [Stapleton] Lots of playable hands shakin' up here. - [Laak] 9 months, 10 hours. - [Somerville] Now we have this new thing we could be doing... - [Stapleton] Randy! - [Hanson] Look at this this. - [Laak] We gotta fine-tunethe title. - [Chris] Randy Lew one of the players that's stuck pretty deep at this table and he's gonna climb his way out hopefully, with ace-eight of diamonds. - Well, I'm allowed now. - [Stapleton] He's gonna need some help. - ... This whole thing up here. - [Laak] Well, look at this-- - I'm allowed, I'm allowed. because I did the... I'm allowed. I have the rule. So re-raise. - [Laak] Look at this, Jason Carver. - [Negreanu] I'm allowed because of the... - [Laak] 12 times... - I was called and then it was raised behind. I'm allowed to do that that's part of what we said that's bluffing - [Laak] That's part of the thing. - I got no more money left. - You got no more money left. Yeah right, you got no more money left. - [Negreanu] Oh no I'm saying comparatively to before. - [Joe] No nothing Daniel you've got plenty of money left here, at home, in your sock drawer, in your box at Bellagio, in the pair of jeans you left in the back of a taxi. - Daniel bluffing? - Randy's like no, I'm not. - It's unbelievable, he's always burning up your money. (laughter) I got like, 30, 40. He's burned up your money all day with this move. He just can't help himself, big blind, huh? Squeeze. (laughter) Can't tell you, he's looking at my eyes like it's so scary. Does it every hand. I'm gonna do the Phil Laak hoodie. - [Chris] Personal space. Please observe it. - [Joe] It is pretty awkward when someone stares at you like that though. I don't know how I'd react. Maybe just pee a little. So Antonio knows Daniel's wrapped but he knows he's not gonna be four-betting with hands that are worse than eights very often at all. - About 35 behind right? - Mm-hmm. - [Stapleton] I think Antonio's looking to flip, yes he is, but he is not flipping he has dominated. - Sure. Two times. You paired yet? - [Esfandiari] Yeah - [Negreanu] Me too. - (bleep). - That's bad for you huh? - That's bad for me. - Big pot. - [Stapleton] Daniel has doubled up through Antonio twice so far since sitting down at this table. And it looks like it's gonna be a third time. They're gonna run it twice again. - But we've declared pair versus pair. We just don't know who's winning but I'm winning. I think. tapleton] Thrown out number one. So this first run out's inconsequential 'cause there are no eights left in the deck Antonio's gonna need a lot of help on run out number two. - One for me. I'm pretty sure. If he turns over aces or kings, I beat you. - [Grospellier] Are you allowed to do that? That's pretty rude if you... - [Negreanu] Okay that's a good flop for me. - [Joe] And he is drawing dead. - [Chris] $106,000 is the amount of the pot. - [Negreanu] 20, 30. - [Chris] Pot number one and pot number two are biggest ever won on Poker Night of America and both go to Daniel Negreanu and they both come courtesy of Antonio Esfandiari. - [Chris] As the evening grows late here, players are getting a little restless. - [Laak] Here we go. Okay, so-- - [Esfandiari] Phil, play your hand. - [Joe] (laughs) he's lost it. - [Chris] What kind of game is he playing. - [Laak] So here's what's gonna happen-- - [Esfandiari] Does the first hand-- - [Negreanu] Do it, just do it. - [Laak] Dice that's the closest to the, there's three normal dice, okay? An average between three dice is three and a half times four. - Oh my god, Phil! - [Laak] I don't know the game, how do you do it? Get three cards! That's it! - [Esfandiari] Phil, play your hand! This is like, unbearable. I've stuck so much money, and I gotta hear this guy... - [Laak] After this hand, we'll get three random cards - For what seat a new player is getting. Is this really happening to me right now? I'm in the [bleep] twilight zone. - [Joe] (laughter) I love it. - Fifteen. - You get three cards. This is it king, two, seven. Okay it's like this. That's the-- - You're slowing down the game. You realize that? You're slowing down the game. I asked you not to slow down the game Phil. - Two, Seven and King. - Can you deal a hand please? Can you deal a hand? - [Laak] Okay, pick one. - Can you not use a card that's not in the deck. - [Stapleton] The game hasn't slowed down at all. - There it is. - [Chris] What's slowing it down is actually Antonio arguing about it, I think. - See that didn't take about any time at all. - Did you slow down the game? - No. - [Esfandiari] You wanna bet? I'll bet you every single person at the table says you slowed down the game. Every single one. - [Hanson] Jason Somerville is out, Scott Seiver is sitting down and hopefully the break wasn't too long for Antonio Esfandiari. We'll get back to poker in a moment. - I'm just saying you slowed down the game. Did you not? - [Voiceover] For more from Poker Night, visit pokernight.com or find us on Twitch, Facebook, Twitter or Youtube, where you can see complete episodes and unedited live streams. - Welcome back to Poker Night in America, it's the Twitch Celebrity Cash game. The good news is: I'm not one of the celebrities. Let's get back to them. - [Hanson] Thanks for coming back to Poker Night in America. Scott Seiver is joining us in the four seat and he is getting in this game late. - I am not gonna do it. - That's all I'm saying. - Wait, do I get straddle? - [Seiver] Yeah, straddle if-- - [Laak] No don't do it. It gets too crazy, don't do it. - Well, you're one, you're two, I'm four. - [Seiver] Yeah, you're four. - [Negreanu] I'm four. - Daniel, don't do it! - [Seiver] You're four - I'm four. - [Laak] Don't do it. - [Negreanu] Of course. - Bull[bleep]. I call bull[bleep]. - [Joe] Starts with 30K and right now, there is a discussion over how many people want to straddle. and numbers are up because we are running out of time here on Poker Night in America. So expect there to be plenty of action. - [Laak] The game is very big anyways, I think, Randy, right? What's the math on the average pot when you do 25, 50, 100 with 200 dead. - That's two, three, four... - [Chris] Esfandiari makes 1,600. - You called right? - [Seiver] Correct. - Okay I'm gonna see what comes. - [Laak] Three, 375. - [Negreanu] Call. - [Laak] There's 375 in there and people are attacking. - [Lew] Did you tell them about when it's 51? 2551? - [Laak] Yeah when it's 25, let me just do it visually 50, 1. That's 375 right. - Antes - [Laak] That's enough! - [Joe] Scott Seiver flops top and bottom up against Antonio's top pair. I'd say this seat's working out really well for him. Boom. - [Chris] You are correct. Stapes, we're going to 7,100. - [Joe] Somehow he just knew Antonio's got something this time and not his usual air. And Antonio is drawing thinner than Kate Moss during fashion week. - All in. - [Chris] Oh man. - [Grospellier] Only have king-six suited. - [Stapleton] Yikes... - [Hanson] He makes the call! - [Stapleton] He calls. - [Laak] Wow, we're gonna see a winning hand here. They're doing it one time. Vicki, this is fun, huh? - [Joe] Antonio needs to hit a 10, a four or a five and... no! - [Chris] Oh, Antonio. - [Joe] He is tilting like the artwork at Stevie Wonder's house. - Well I'm not saying we have to do it on TV. We could just do it. Like, have fun one day and... - [Joe] Like you guys ever hang out when you're not on TV. - [Negreanu] I think it's a great idea. - Raise - [Negreanu] Hearthstoning poker. - [Joe] This whole thing sounds like an idea someone would come up with when they're hearthstoned. - [Somerville] Special powers. - I love how excited he is, about everything, always. - [Laak] This is a real, brilliant... - [Lew] Who, Daniel? - [Seiver] Yeah. - [Seiver] But I just mean in general. Like, it gives me, like, hope and makes me, like, happier. - [Seiver] How, like, loving life he is. He's loving life! - That 17 minute video of you did at the TDA talking about FCOTD versus LCOTD, I loved that, loved that,-- - I didn't see this. - [Laak] --loved that. - Wait, for real? I didn't hear about this. - [Laak] He lobbied for - First card versus last card? last card off the deck-- - [Laak] Yeah and Matthew Waxman and Dan-- - [Joe] Antonio's probably not ditching ace-queen on a board like this. Not for one bet. - [Chris] The three seat and the six seat have been playing a lot of hands together here on Poker Night in America. - [Laak] People signing that they like him. So it--- - [Joe] Decent card for Randy on the turn, but he can't bet three streets with his hand so he checks. - [Laak] The thing got shut down, but whatever... - [Chris] Antonio hopeful for the River which does not come in for him. - [Joe] And Antonio loses another one assuming he doesn't bluff-raise. Randy off his value bet. (upbeat music) - Antonio just lost two hands. We've only got two hands left to play. My guess is he kicks it into high gear. Don't miss any of it. - I honestly think you have no clue what you're doing. (laughing) - I really do. - When you run like a luck box, you can play your way. When you run the way I run we will play my way. - Hey there, it's Joe Stapleton and Chris Hanson. We're back on Poker Night in America with our Twitch Celebrity Cash game. - So you're down overall in these two days. - Yeah. - Wow, you're losing, that's crazy. - Well, I haven't learned how to play. I'm not supposed to win yet. - [Esfandiari] Two hands like an absolute genius. - I've only heard one hand from everything, but one of them was his queen-eight hand. I heard his queen-eight hand. - [Negreanu] Did you hear the king-queen of clubs? - No the only hand I heard from him-- - [Negreanu] Deuce, three, six with two clubs and he check-raised to 40,000. - [Grospellier] Ace, four, five, no? - [Laak] They saw because-- - That's like what he did to Brian Rast. - [Chris] Randy Lew up to 1,400 with nine-ten suited. - There hasn't been a single hand that Phil's opened that Randy has not three-bet by the way. It's nice. - You noticed? - [Esfandiari] Not one. - He doesn't need to know that, though. Scott doesn't need to know. - Eh, Scott's a nice guy. He deserves it, ya know? (laughter) - [Chris] The question probably everyone's thinking is: how do I get Antonio into every single hand before the end of the night? - [Joe] He has been the cash cow. - [Laak] My only wish is we could play longer in this dynamic because I feel like I would get protected from this phenomenon by that phenomenon. Because eventually Randy would feel like, well, if I make it 14, Scott's gonna make it 5. - [Chris] Seiver's new to the game tonight but the seven-deuce game is not new to him at all. He's playing it like a champ. Take that Randy Lew. - [Joe] Lew's got a very good speculative hand though. He is more than likely gonna call. - You have, like, 21 behind? I'm just really bad at counting there. If you could break that down. - [Lew] And this is a 20... - So that's like 14... it's, like, 25? - [Joe] I think Scott's got a really good chance at winning the seven-deuce bonus. There it is! He got it! Immediately shows it. Says "pay me" like a real nice guy. - Everyone. - [Chris] Bad news is we're playing short-handed so you just missed out on like an extra $600 there. - [Seiver] It ends on Randy's button the second time. - Everyone's tweeting all the different power possibilities. - [Grospellier] We've got so many actually... - [Seiver] One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. - I'm sure those are some good ideas. - One was like flip position for you. You'll love this one. It's a small one, but any time in the hand you can just flip the position. So if you're out of position, you're like, let me have position. (Esfandiari laughs) It's a small one. - [Seiver] That's much weaker than the other ones. - [Negreanu] No, of course. It would have varying degree... - [Seiver] That's like the most fun one I've heard. That's the power level I want them all to be actually. - [Negreanu] Sure, really low. - [Seiver] The others are too strong. - [Negreanu] Well, I get it-- - That's, like, strong but, like, still really cool. - [Negreanu] Yeah. - That's like the perfect combo I feel. - [Joe] You know I pitched this idea to a big online poker company for real back in 2010 and nobody gave a monkey's... I can't say which company but it rhymes with (coughs) Hooker (coughs) Ars. - Well basically we gotta come up with a way when we do it. All that kind of stuff. - [Joe] So we got Elky, Randy, and Scott. Randy dominated by Elky. - [Negreanu] We just come up with some fun cards. - [Joe] Scott pairs his four, top pair for Lew though. - [Negreanu] That's what I'm thinking of... - [Joe] Checks around. - [Negreanu] ...Cash game show, with those powers, it's next level. People will love it. Especially if the audience at home knows what the powers are and we don't and all of a sudden they're like oh he's gonna play his thing, he's gonna trap him. - [Esfandiari] I love it. - [Laak] Yeah. That's very cool. - [Negreanu] It's interesting on a next level. - [Stapleton] Scott's calling with bottom pair - [Grospellier] Do they change for the whole hand, or just one street... - You could do both. You could have a, you know, either way. - [Joe] And as you guys have seen so far, Scott Seiver is the kinda guy that tries to win every single pot. - [Negreanu] You don't want to three-bets, you just call and go pew . - And there's gonna be that guy who always holds back on all of his little powers until everyone's depleted and then he's gonna start... - [Stapleton] He's got the kinda hand that most of us would see as a bluff catcher but my guess is we're gonna see him call here very infrequently. - [Joe] Yup, Scott Seiver, not calling, not folding, he's raising. - I love when internet wizards start battling. - It's not really battling you know. We're both just playing our cards. Playing our hands. - Yeah but I wouldn't be in... - [Seiver] Of course you would. - no matter what I have I'm not doing any of this-- - [Seiver] Sometimes you have to flop raise, sometimes you have to bluff raise, sometimes you have to call, sometimes you have to fold, we're all just doing what we do. - [Grospellier] Phil Laak is the best at randomizing his decision. - Phil Laak actually is the one that takes things personally the most. - [Grospellier] He doesn't even know what he's gonna do with himself. - We're just doing our thing here, you know. - [Joe] Wow, gets Randy to lay it out top, who let Scott Seiver in this game? - [Chris] Yeah seriously. - [Joe] Good thing the show's almost over. - [Chris] And... it is over. And Antonio, I don't know if he wants this night to end or if he wanted to keep on playing. He is down $95,000. Safe to say it's not been a good night for Antonio. - [Joe] The big winner tonight, Daniel Negreanu. Taking home nearly $75,000 as a result of winning the two biggest hands ever seen on this show. - Well we're almost done in Las Vegas but we have to show you video of one more thing while we were here. When we come back, we go sky high with dmoongirl and Phil Laak. - [Voiceover] Closed captioning is brought to you as a public service by Poker Night in America. - Welcome back to Poker Night in America. - Chris Hanson, I feel the need, - [Chris and Joe] the need for speed. - It's poker ace meets Sky Combat Ace. - Three, two, one. As you can we're at my hanger here where I've picked up a new hobby. I now collect airplanes up-- Should we wait for that plane to... (energetic music) I don't know what I'm doing here. I guess they've wrangled me into some skydiving, air dog combat, some kind of finagling in the sky laser tag. - I'm sure that this is really safe otherwise they wouldn't let us do it but, I don't know, the logical person in me is saying that this is insane. - Phil and Danielle today are doing the ultimate aerobatic adrenaline rush. So what they're gonna go out there and do is aerial dog fighting. They're gonna each be in their own airplane. They're gonna be at the controls flying the plane. We're gonna teach them how to hit the merge and do some crazy maneuvers to try to get behind their opponent so they can shoot them down. Whenever they get them lined up in the sites they're gonna squeeze the trigger, they'll see smoke come out of their opponent's airplane and we're gonna be giving them advice on how to do it. But by the end we're gonna shut up and we're gonna just let them see what they've learned and let them go head to head and duke it out. - As crazy as I think it is that I'm gonna be controlling a plane. I think it's absolutely insane that y'all are putting Phil Laak behind a plane. - Gonna be goin' eight G's, gonna be going through the air with barrel rolling, lumping back, loopers, or whatever they're called. (engine starting) - I hope that these planes don't fire real bullets. Like in World War 2 where the thing's going (imitating rapid gun fire) and I hope that we don't crash. (incoherent sound effects) Everything would... (sucking sounds) I'm willing to take the adrenaline ride because it's worth it. - [Pilot] 100 miles an hour, how's that? - Wooo hoo hoo hoo! - Oh! That's awesome. Whoa that was great. Oh, wow. Oh, wow. Look at that, there they are, right there. - [Pilot] Are you sure you want me on your left side? - [Pilot] Yes sir, I don't like it up there I got the sun in my eyes. (Danielle screams) (Laak laughs) - Oh that was perfect! That was a perfect moment. - [Pilot] We're gonna go upside down, here we go. - Okay. Oh my god! Oh my god! Oh my god! - [Pilot] How you doing Danielle? - Oh ho ho (bleep)! - Weeeee-hoooo! We're coming for ya! Bo-bo-bo-bo-bo-bo (imitating machine gun) - [Pilot] Alright, pull backwards. Pull, pull! Pew-pew-pew-pew-pew (imitating machine gun fire) - [Pilot] Alright, (unintelligible) good job! - [Danielle] I don't know. Okay, tell me what I did wrong. - [Pilot] Alright, you, uh... panicked. - Yeah, I know that. - Danielle, trust me that was all luck. I don't know what happened there. It was an accident. I'm sure I have no edge. Just letting you know that this is just random. - [Pilot] I want you to pull straight backwards this time, okay? Straight up like a loop. Three, two, one, pull! Yeah, go high, go high, there ya go. Nice- Ooh, one circle fight! Go get em! - [Pilot] Pull! Pull harder, harder! Yeah! - [Pilot] Tell me when you think she's shooting us. - Not yet, not yet she can't reach us. - Get 'um! - [Pilot] She got us! - Did I win? - [Pilot] You got 'im! - Yeah! (laughing) - [Pilot] Woo-hoo! (screaming and laughing) - What's up, Phil? (laughing) - Oh, that was great! Oh my god! - [Pilot] Nice shooting, Danielle! - Oh my god, that's crazy! Oh my god! I was basically a spaz bucket but she spaz bucketed more on the first one. - I out spaz bucketed him. - She did a nine on spaz bucket, I did a four so I won the first one. I thought (unintelligible). And I was always a consistent four or nine, in that range. - And then I was smooth... - Then she was smooth - ...as a baby's bottom the - and she just nailed me, - next two. - nailed me, nailed me. - Does defeat feel the same 2,000 feet in the air as it does on ground or does it taste a little different? - It actually, it feels floaty and beautiful 2,000 feet in the air, on Earth-- - Well I'm glad you enjoyed your defeat because it felt floaty and beautiful to me to defeat you as well. - High-five. - [Andersen] Thank you. I'm so proud, oh my gosh. - Man I've got to check that out next time I am in Vegas. That's almost as exciting as the poker action we've had in this episode. - Do you think that's as high as Phil Laak's ever been? (coughs) (laughs) That's all the time we've got for Vegas. Next time we head to Turning Stone Resort in upstate New York for a friendly table full of friendly friends. - Find us online at pokernight.com where you can see unedited live streams of our events and full episodes. He is Joe Stapleton, I'm Chris Hanson. We'll see you next time on Poker Night in America. - My apartment could never be as clean as these airplanes. Like, you feel like, "Oh, you're gonna serve me some cordon bleu, whatever? Put it on the plane. These planes are, like, immaculate.

Review | Zoeva Cocoa Blend Palette The first time I saw this palette I knew I had to have it, I'd heard rave reviews about it and the colours looked so different they really drew me in. Zoeva as a brand I could only really judge them on their makeup brushes, which I absolutely love! When I found out this palette was only £15 and had free delivery on Beauty Bay, I couldn't say no! Just the description made me weak at the knees! "Our Zoeva Cocoa Blend Palette results out of a world of sweet sins. Inspired by warm truffle colours, delicate nougat shades and shimmery marzipan tones for a seductive glamour makeup." Although it was sold out for a while on Beauty Bay, after checking back a couple of times I managed to snap it up and I'm so pleased I did! I absolutely love the lightweight packaging, makes it great for travelling, especially compared to something heavy like the Urban Decay Naked palettes. I also love the gorgeous geometric design, it's very art deco, reminds me of The Great Gatsby! I'm obsessed with those shade names! Nearly every shade I adore, they're all super buttery, not unlike Urban Decay or Too Faced (for half the price!). Apart from Beans Are White which was a bit wishy washy they colour payout and pigmentation is amazing! There are some amazing glitter shades, perfect for Christmas time! Along with some matte shades that would look lovely in the crease and all over the lid! Overall I've been super impressed with this palette and have already been scoping out the others!

{#sp1 .177} {#sp2 .178}

Q: How to search one string for all of the words contained in a second string? I need to check a string A for a match based on whether it contains all of the words in another string B - in whatever order. So, let's say string A is this: one two three four five And string B is one of these: one two three // match! one three two // match! (order doesn't matter) one two six // NOT A MATCH! ('six' is not found in string A) one two three four // match! one two three four five // match! one two three four five seven // NOT A MATCH! ('seven' is not found in string A) How would I find a match between string A and string B only if every word in string B is found in string A (regardless of the order of the words in either string and regardless of whether string A contains additional words that are not found in string B)? I don't know if jQuery has any special features that would help with this or whether I need to do it strictly with pure JavaScript? A: Split the strings into arrays of words. For each word in string A, assign obj[word] = true;. For each word in string B, check if obj[word] === true;. If it does not, return false. Return true. This should be trivial enough to translate into code. A: // If the client has the array method every, this method is efficient- function commonwords(string, wordlist){ string= string.toLowerCase().split(/\s+/); wordlist= wordlist.toLowerCase().split(/\s+/); return wordlist.every(function(itm){ return string.indexOf(itm)!= -1; }); } commonwords('one two three four five','one two nine'); // If you want any client to handle it without a special function, you can 'explain' the advanced array methods- Array.prototype.every= Array.prototype.every || function(fun, scope){ var L= this.length, i= 0; if(typeof fun== 'function'){ while(i<L){ if(i in this && !fun.call(scope, this[i], i, this)) return false; ++i; } return true; } return null; } Array.prototype.indexOf= Array.prototype.indexOf || function(what, i){ i= i || 0; var L= this.length; while(i< L){ if(this[i]=== what) return i; ++i; } return -1; }

Hi Lifehackers! MAKE is best known for sharing all the goodness of making things for yourself, learning new skills and many times, voiding warranties... Marcus Chan of the San Francisco Chronicle said we're the "The kind of magazine that would impress MacGyver" - and that's what this week is about. It's a little known fact, but MAKE even has the creator of MacGyver writing at MAKE: Lee D. Zlotoff! Lee is a writer/producer/director among whose numerous credits is creator of MacGyver (you can see his articles here). Let's dive in and meet today's MacGyver - Jeri! Jeri was hacking, modding, and running her own computer store in the late 1990s—and more.. Quick, to the Wikipedia! Advertisement Jeri Ellsworth is an American entrepreneur and self-taught computer chip designer. She is best known for, in 2004, creating a Commodore 64 emulator within a joystick, called Commodore 30-in-1 Direct to TV. The "computer in a joystick" could run 30 video games from the early 1980s, and was very popular during the 2004 Christmas season, at peak selling over 70,000 units in a single day via the QVC shopping channel. She is a pinball machine aficionado and owns over 60 full-sized pinball arcade games. Before we continue... I live in an actual electronics factory and let me tell you, what Jeri made was really, really incredible. She reverse engineered and designed the entire Commodore 64 audio and video system on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and then managed to get it made cheap enough so it could be sold on QVC. A FPGA allows you to design circuits after a chip was made—"an integrated circuit designed to be configured by the customer or designer after manufacturing." She went from prototype to a top-selling product, 70k in one day! Just to be clear for the super-geeks out there, here's the photo she *looked at* to reverse engineer the chip; then in her head, she visualized the transistor layout and converted it to a FPGA. Thousands of transistors, weird tricks, dealing with skew timing and delays, process variability, sneaky chip stuff, NTSC video generation— this was an amazing feat. We could probably wrap up this article now, but this volume dial goes to 11. Let's roll. The chassis picture to the left is from Jeri's late teens and early 20's when she hand-built a race car chassis from piles of tubular steel. Jeri recently said in an email: "Of course I love fire and blowing stuff up. Then, there's my addiction to pinball". I've included some more photos, videos from her show and other odds and ends. Jeri inspires me to be more MacGyver-ish every day, and I'm sure she'll inspire you too! Take a look at the many videos and projects she has online and make something!

Women will always find a way to punish themselves. It’s not inbuilt – it’s from a society that teaches you from birth that you are not the norm and you must always be striving for a perfection you will never obtain. Of course we internalise this shame.

Are they fellow countrymen or not? The migration of ethnic Poles from Kazakhstan to Poland. "This article presents the process of migration of Kazakhs of Polish ancestry from Kazakhstan to Poland which has been taking place since the early 1990s. Poles deported in the past to Kazakhstan were mostly inhabitants of territories which did not belong to Poland; neither were they citizens of Poland. Therefore, the process of adaptation and integration was rather painful. The article points to factors that may simplify and those that may impede integration. The other problem...concerns the piecemeal policy towards Kazakhstan Poles, adopted by the Polish government, which seems risky if not dangerous. The author explains why it may cause a huge wave of illegal immigration to Poland."

tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5326193301938372583.comments2018-01-29T20:21:45.586+07:00through the bitter and the sweetdebi-ebong-bongkyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/[email protected]

Could a randomness machine help you fight procrastination? - arnejenssen https://excelerity.com/blog/arne/randomness-jar ====== UweSchmidt I don't like convoluted schemes to make myself "productive". Hold a carrot on a stick in one hand, a whip in the other and feel bad about myself? That's no way to live. I try to find better reasons why I do the things that I do - why isn't it exciting right now? I try to check my emotions - is something bothering me so I flee to Instagram? I actively try to enjoy small pauses to reflect on what I just did, read or learned, how to generalize, memorize and improve it. And I want to smell the flowers along the way, just like all humans have done before us. ~~~ pavel_lishin > _I try to check my emotions - is something bothering me so I flee to > Instagram?_ What do you do when you _know_ what's bothering you, but it's not something you can really fix? I know why I'm stressed, but the dishes still need to be cleaned. ~~~ afarrell Then I explicitly talk to myself about how I am choosing to endure the discomfort. If I have to go into a situation: "This is hard. This is scary. This is worth it and I am stronger than I feel." or If I really have no power over it: "This is hard. This is scary. This too shall pass and I am stronger than I feel." I find repeating the Litany against Fear to help too. \-------- Sometimes I choose to distract one half of my working memory. Doing the dishes only requires visuo-spacial working memory, so I'll put on a non-mathematical podcast or call a friend. [https://www.simplypsychology.org/working%20memory.html?fbcli...](https://www.simplypsychology.org/working%20memory.html?fbclid=IwAR0ENwxL838Lz0GWERwFbw8jCMfNMC09qzMIjClCfDQ2F_m4OcR3FFY8KeM#pl) ------ Jommi My original assumption based on the title was that the author was going to use a randomness machine to assign tasks to himself. Because usually procrastination isn't about not wanting to do something, but just getting over that initial hurdle. ~~~ robotbikes I have done that at times, when nothing is particularly compelling but I have a lot of potential things I could work on. I would come up with a list of 20 things and include possibly some fun activities that aren't necessarily productive. Assign a number to each and roll a 20 sided die. It usually worked pretty well, especially if a focused on actions that I could actually do or next actions in GTD terminology. Maybe not the best productivity hack but a good way to break an impasse of being overwhelmed by too many things to do. ------ karaterobot I'd like to see a followup after 6 months or so. Are you still using the method, and is it still having a noticeable affect on your productivity and well-being? ~~~ james_s_tayler This. Always see so many "I've been doing X lately and I'm so productive!" How long you been doing it? "Oh, about 2 weeks" I'm guilty of the same thing. We probably all are. But it makes me all this stuff with a sceptical eye. ~~~ nefitty I created a Notion doc (instead of in my huge Evernote notebook, and right after abandoning workflowy and right before I discovered Roam...) to list out all the productivity methods I’ve tried and ones I have yet to try. After several hours, I had listed dozens and dozens of tactics I’ve tried with specific examples of how I used them. I had not been faithful to any of them for longer than six months. This stresses me out. Is there something wrong with me? Do I have some problem with my “internal authority”? Maybe bucking it so many times and so often is contributing to its influence on me... ~~~ purplerabbit There is nothing fundamentally wrong with you -- many of us are in the same boat. It's a problem you can make progress on, not an inescapable curse. When you're addicted to novelty, mechanical approaches like pomodoro or the one described in this post aren't good long-term solutions. I would suggest checking out more mindfulness-based approaches. Here's my current recipe: 1\. Notice when I feel the pull of a distraction. 2\. Stop what I'm doing. Literally stop everything for as long as I need to clear my mind. This usually takes about 15 seconds, but sometimes it takes more like 10 minutes. This part is really hard -- when I started doing it, I would feel guilty for "wasting time", even though getting distracted often meant 20 minutes, an hour, or even more completely wasted, and in the worst, most guilt-inducing way. 3\. Once my mind is clear, ask myself this question: "What do I truly _want_ to do with this moment of my life?" 4\. Do that thing. If I want to cruise Reddit for half an hour, I'll cruise Reddit for half an hour, and feel good about it. If I want to go back to my original task -- that's great. If I want to call up my dad and see how he's doing, or write a nice note to my wife, that's even better. Never do anything you don't want to do. It's the _guilt_ that's unhealthy and addicting. Do what you _want_ to do -- and that doesn't have to look like being a programmer/working prodigy all the time. I regularly fail at this, but over the past year, I've gotten better. And I promise you can, too. Learn to be happy, and you'll be more productive :) ~~~ nefitty Thank you for your thoughts! This is very insightful. ------ tgsovlerkhgsel Slight offtopic: The web site's GDPR notice is worth a read. It caught my attention by actually having an equally-sized decline button, which is sadly so rare that it stands out. (TL;DR: They make clear that it's your choice and that they use analytics with privacy-friendly settings to make the site better for readers.) And it's incredible what an effect such a small gesture of respect has. On any other site I'd have CTRL-W'd such a long-winded explanation much earlier. The TL;DR of the article - Adding randomized rewards to the Pomodoro technique by randomizing what fun/distrating thing you'll do during your break, later mixing in other "healthy" activities in with the "fun" stuff. ~~~ gurjeet I intend to use that clear, concise language, normal sized fonts, button size, button colors to correlate with effects of the action, and humility in my future projects. Oh dear, I am thinking of copying all of it! I hope they don't send lawyers after me :) That all made me click the "Accept" button rather than "Decline" which I usually do when given a choice. Loved that the very first sentence gave the reader the choice to decline. Perhaps that made me read the rest of it, or maybe I was already biased (unlikely, but possible) based on the comment here I had read in its praise. ------ tomcooks I use the same method to force myself to do exercises. I do standing desk coding for 1 pomodoro, then exercises (alternating pushups, squats, wall sits, mountain climbers, jumping jacks) during the 4 of the 5min breaks. This way I can intermittently break a sweat and find time to exercise during the day. Much like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QqoSyqckqA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QqoSyqckqA) but spread across working hours. ------ Torwald > " …here’s the method I am using at the moment with great success. You need a > random-number generator to work it." [http://markforster.squarespace.com/blog/2014/1/22/random- tim...](http://markforster.squarespace.com/blog/2014/1/22/random-time- management.html#comment20750649) ------ boffinism I think he got distracted while typing 'Indesctractible' in the first sentence, and procrastinated instead of proof reading... ~~~ arnejenssen Thanks :) ------ AlexCoventry I need to make the breaks more structured than that. I find meditating during the breaks is helpful to keep me on course, and also improves my attitude during the work. ------ TACIXAT This sounds really cool. The other thing I would like is more sound effects on real life goals. I play Overwatch, and I always say I wish the stuff I want to be doing would make that sweet headshot ding. Patch in a bell into AFL for everytime it finds a crash. Maybe even a generic function I can throw at the end of main so when my code builds and runs I'll get that audio stimulation. ------ seesawtron You should try Stretchly. Its a desktop application that forces you to work with the Pomodoro routine. It can get really annoying when you are coding and want to finish that last bit of code but otherwise I liked it. ------ Scarblac I don't know how effective this will be but you sound exactly like me, so I have to try this. ------ rantwasp Randotron, stop the procrastination! ~~~ donquichotte You s.o.a.b., I'm in. ~~~ rantwasp I’m in, I’m out. Who’s kidneys are these? ------ rzzzt At first, I thought Nir Eyal is a partial anagram/pseudonym of Dan Ariely. ~~~ beagle3 Both are unmistakably Israeli names. ------ XCSme This could be an app. ------ oh_sigh What does it mean when I pull out "Muhammad hands you a salmon football helmet" out of my machine? ------ bobblywobbles No, I don't think it can (completely). If you procrastinate, you lack discipline. No technology can change or give you discipline. You have to work on it and you can't let yourself say no, it's a mindset. ~~~ james_s_tayler Side note: If you chronically procrastinate, and have your whole life, you probably lack dopamine. ~~~ synaesthesisx Which implies they likely have ADHD (or similar) and require medication, right? ~~~ james_s_tayler Or complex multi-level coping strategies. Whatever works.

diff --git a/Makefile.msc b/Makefile.msc index 9baa035..88d21e4 100644 --- a/Makefile.msc +++ b/Makefile.msc @@ -270,9 +270,9 @@ SQLITE3H = sqlite3.h # !IFNDEF SQLITE3DLL !IF $(FOR_WIN10)!=0 -SQLITE3DLL = winsqlite3.dll +SQLITE3DLL = sqlcipher.dll !ELSE -SQLITE3DLL = sqlite3.dll +SQLITE3DLL = sqlcipher.dll !ENDIF !ENDIF @@ -280,9 +280,9 @@ SQLITE3DLL = sqlite3.dll # !IFNDEF SQLITE3LIB !IF $(FOR_WIN10)!=0 -SQLITE3LIB = winsqlite3.lib +SQLITE3LIB = sqlcipher.lib !ELSE -SQLITE3LIB = sqlite3.lib +SQLITE3LIB = sqlcipher.lib !ENDIF !ENDIF @@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ SHELL_CORE_SRC = $(SQLITE3C) SHELL_CORE_DEP = $(SQLITE3DLL) # <<mark>> !ELSEIF $(USE_AMALGAMATION)==0 -SHELL_CORE_DEP = libsqlite3.lib +SHELL_CORE_DEP = sqlcipher.lib # <</mark>> !ELSE SHELL_CORE_DEP = @@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ TESTFIXTURE_DEP = zlib $(TESTFIXTURE_DEP) SHELL_CORE_LIB = $(SQLITE3LIB) # <<mark>> !ELSEIF $(USE_AMALGAMATION)==0 -SHELL_CORE_LIB = libsqlite3.lib +SHELL_CORE_LIB = sqlcipher.lib # <</mark>> !ELSE SHELL_CORE_LIB = @@ -707,8 +707,9 @@ RCC = $(RCC) -DWINAPI_FAMILY=WINAPI_FAMILY_APP # C compiler options for the Windows 10 platform (needs MSVC 2015). # !IF $(FOR_WIN10)!=0 -TCC = $(TCC) /d2guard4 -D_ARM_WINAPI_PARTITION_DESKTOP_SDK_AVAILABLE -BCC = $(BCC) /d2guard4 -D_ARM_WINAPI_PARTITION_DESKTOP_SDK_AVAILABLE +# /d2guard4 requires /guard:cf to be present as well, but it doesn't work with /Zi (Debug builds) +TCC = $(TCC) -D_ARM_WINAPI_PARTITION_DESKTOP_SDK_AVAILABLE +BCC = $(BCC) -D_ARM_WINAPI_PARTITION_DESKTOP_SDK_AVAILABLE !ENDIF # Also, we need to dynamically link to the correct MSVC runtime @@ -985,8 +986,10 @@ TLIBS = # default to file, 2 to default to memory, and 3 to force temporary # tables to always be in memory. # -TCC = $(TCC) -DSQLITE_TEMP_STORE=1 -RCC = $(RCC) -DSQLITE_TEMP_STORE=1 + +# Allow overriding the value +TCC = $(TCC) -DSQLITE_TEMP_STORE=$(SQLITE_TEMP_STORE) +RCC = $(RCC) -DSQLITE_TEMP_STORE=$(SQLITE_TEMP_STORE) # Enable/disable loadable extensions, and other optional features # based on configuration. (-DSQLITE_OMIT*, -DSQLITE_ENABLE*). @@ -1152,14 +1155,15 @@ LTLINKOPTS = $(LTLINKOPTS) "/LIBPATH:$(WP81LIBPATH)" !ENDIF LTLINKOPTS = $(LTLINKOPTS) /DYNAMICBASE LTLINKOPTS = $(LTLINKOPTS) WindowsPhoneCore.lib RuntimeObject.lib PhoneAppModelHost.lib -LTLINKOPTS = $(LTLINKOPTS) /NODEFAULTLIB:kernel32.lib /NODEFAULTLIB:ole32.lib +# Remove /NODEFAULTLIB:kernel32.lib, required by OpenSSL !ENDIF # When compiling for UWP or the Windows 10 platform, some extra linker # options are also required. # !IF $(FOR_UWP)!=0 || $(FOR_WIN10)!=0 -LTLINKOPTS = $(LTLINKOPTS) /DYNAMICBASE /NODEFAULTLIB:kernel32.lib +# Remove /NODEFAULTLIB:kernel32.lib, required by OpenSSL +LTLINKOPTS = $(LTLINKOPTS) /DYNAMICBASE LTLINKOPTS = $(LTLINKOPTS) mincore.lib !IFDEF PSDKLIBPATH LTLINKOPTS = $(LTLINKOPTS) "/LIBPATH:$(PSDKLIBPATH)" @@ -1214,7 +1218,7 @@ LTLIBS = $(LTLIBS) $(LIBICU) # LIBOBJS0 = vdbe.lo parse.lo alter.lo analyze.lo attach.lo auth.lo \ backup.lo bitvec.lo btmutex.lo btree.lo build.lo \ - callback.lo complete.lo ctime.lo \ + callback.lo complete.lo crypto.lo crypto_impl.lo crypto_openssl.lo ctime.lo \ date.lo dbpage.lo dbstat.lo delete.lo \ expr.lo fault.lo fkey.lo \ fts3.lo fts3_aux.lo fts3_expr.lo fts3_hash.lo fts3_icu.lo \ @@ -1702,7 +1706,7 @@ ALL_TCL_TARGETS = # This is the default Makefile target. The objects listed here # are what get build when you type just "make" with no arguments. # -core: dll libsqlite3.lib shell +core: dll sqlcipher.lib shell # Targets that require the Tcl library. # @@ -1721,11 +1725,12 @@ dll: $(SQLITE3DLL) shell: $(SQLITE3EXE) # <<mark>> -libsqlite3.lib: $(LIBOBJ) - $(LTLIB) $(LTLIBOPTS) /OUT:$@ $(LIBOBJ) $(TLIBS) +# LTLIBPATHS is required to find the openssl/libressl libs +sqlcipher.lib: $(LIBOBJ) + $(LTLIB) $(LTLIBPATHS) $(LTLIBOPTS) /OUT:$@ $(LIBOBJ) $(TLIBS) -libtclsqlite3.lib: tclsqlite.lo libsqlite3.lib - $(LTLIB) $(LTLIBOPTS) $(TCLLIBPATHS) $(LTLIBPATHS) /OUT:$@ tclsqlite.lo libsqlite3.lib $(LIBTCLSTUB) $(TLIBS) +libtclsqlite3.lib: tclsqlite.lo sqlcipher.lib + $(LTLIB) $(LTLIBOPTS) $(TCLLIBPATHS) $(LTLIBPATHS) /OUT:$@ tclsqlite.lo sqlcipher.lib $(LIBTCLSTUB) $(TLIBS) tclsqlite3.def: tclsqlite.lo echo EXPORTS > tclsqlite3.def @@ -1747,9 +1752,9 @@ $(SQLITE3DLL): $(LIBOBJ) $(LIBRESOBJS) $(CORE_LINK_DEP) $(LD) $(LDFLAGS) $(LTLINKOPTS) $(LTLIBPATHS) /DLL $(CORE_LINK_OPTS) /OUT:$@ $(LIBOBJ) $(LIBRESOBJS) $(LTLIBS) $(TLIBS) # <<block2>> -sqlite3.def: libsqlite3.lib +sqlite3.def: sqlcipher.lib echo EXPORTS > sqlite3.def - dumpbin /all libsqlite3.lib \ + dumpbin /all sqlcipher.lib \ | $(TCLSH_CMD) $(TOP)\tool\replace.tcl include "^\s+1 _?(sqlite3(?:session|changeset|changegroup|rebaser)?_[^@]*)(?:@\d+)?$$" \1 \ | sort >> sqlite3.def # <</block2>> @@ -1927,6 +1932,15 @@ callback.lo: $(TOP)\src\callback.c $(HDR) complete.lo: $(TOP)\src\complete.c $(HDR) $(LTCOMPILE) $(CORE_COMPILE_OPTS) -c $(TOP)\src\complete.c +crypto.lo: $(TOP)\src\crypto.c $(HDR) + $(LTCOMPILE) $(CORE_COMPILE_OPTS) -c $(TOP)\src\crypto.c + +crypto_impl.lo: $(TOP)\src\crypto_impl.c $(HDR) + $(LTCOMPILE) $(CORE_COMPILE_OPTS) -c $(TOP)\src\crypto_impl.c + +crypto_openssl.lo: $(TOP)\src\crypto_openssl.c $(HDR) + $(LTCOMPILE) $(CORE_COMPILE_OPTS) -c $(TOP)\src\crypto_openssl.c + ctime.lo: $(TOP)\src\ctime.c $(HDR) $(LTCOMPILE) $(CORE_COMPILE_OPTS) -c $(TOP)\src\ctime.c @@ -2336,7 +2350,7 @@ sqlite3rbu.lo: $(TOP)\ext\rbu\sqlite3rbu.c $(HDR) $(EXTHDR) # Rules to build the 'testfixture' application. # # If using the amalgamation, use sqlite3.c directly to build the test -# fixture. Otherwise link against libsqlite3.lib. (This distinction is +# fixture. Otherwise link against sqlcipher.lib. (This distinction is # necessary because the test fixture requires non-API symbols which are # hidden when the library is built via the amalgamation). #

Archives for May 2011 Ten years ago the Town of Essex needed $12.9 million to cover all of its expenditures. The projected expenditures for next fiscal year amount to $21.4 million. The $8.5 million difference, a 66% increase in annual expenditures over the past ten years, is rather steep. The numbers are neither Republican nor Democrat. They are simply numbers reflecting the choices we as voters have made over the past ten years. They are not indictments of the Board of Finance or the Board of Selectmen. However, the rising expenditures are cause for concern, especially in this tough economic environment. Moreover, the amount of tax collected from the town’s property owners has increased 85%, from $10.9 million ten years ago to a requested $20.2 million. This is because the funds received from State and Federal governments have declined and therefore the town’s property owners now pay for a greater portion of the town’s expenses than in prior years. Given the current state of the economy, that decline is likely to accelerate, placing an even greater burden on taxpayers. According to the Connecticut Economic Resource Center, Inc., our population has only grown by about 240 people in the past ten years. The increases in the town’s expenditures are not the result of needing to provide significant services to these few additional residents. In fact, funds paying off the expenses associated with major projects that were undertaken years ago, for example renovations and additions to our schools, have added little to the amounts that require funding each year. Likewise, funding that will be used in the future to purchase needed equipment and provide for replacements of outdated equipment add little to the overall budget. These numbers combined represent only about 5% of the requested budget. These budget numbers provide a clear warning that we need to reduce spending. Gas prices, food prices and the housing crisis are real concerns that must be taken into consideration when budgeting for the coming year. Has your income or wealth increased 85% over the past ten years? Is your home worth the same or more than when you purchased it? In most cases household wealth and incomes have been hit severely by this terrible economy. Many people have lost their jobs. People living on fixed incomes have seen no increases in their income while their costs have escalated. Our town is not immune to these problems. Under the circumstances, when taxpayers are under pressure from all directions, the Town of Essex should make every effort to bring down its operating expenses and look for ways to lighten the financial burden carried by all its residents and taxpayers. I am writing this letter to friends, neighbors, fellow property owners, and residents of the beautiful villages of Essex, Centerbrook and Ivoryton to request that you come out and vote in the referendum on June 7th is support of our revised 2011-2012 budget. I am asking you to do this because the budget we have developed with the support of both Democrats and Republicans is fiscally prudent and in the best interest of our community. The revised budget calls for total expenditures for both the town and education to increase by approximately 2.9%. In these times of soaring costs (as we all experience when we to go to grocery store or the gas pump), this level of increase is exceedingly responsible. And, candidly, anything less will have a material impact on the quality of life that we have come to expect. No one likes to see costs go up, which is why we have worked very hard over the past seven (7) years to make government more efficient. We have made some difficult and painful decisions in order to control costs while trying our best to support organizations like our libraries, our volunteer fire department, and our various Boards and Commissions. These are the people that have guided our town while promoting the spirit of volunteerism that allows us to control our spending and limit the corresponding tax burden. Of the total proposed spending increase of just under $600K, approximately $455K is for the increased cost of education, and a majority of that increase has already been approved by voters who participated in the Region 4 referendum. Although the increase in the Regional school budget was small, our share has increased because Essex will have a higher percentage of students attending the Region 4 schools next year. The local Board of Education worked hard to keep their spending in line despite increases in special education costs, making difficult choices that reduced a number of programs and staff. The balance on the town side of the budget is largely comprised of small increases in expenditures for health insurance, maintenance of town roads and buildings, public safety, libraries, technology and sinking funds that will prevent future borrowing. These decisions were not made in a vacuum; they were made collaboratively with elected officials and volunteers of both parties acting in the best interest of the town. In the bipartisan spirit that has guided our Town for many years, I ask for your support of this budget. Please come out and vote YES on June 7th. The Town Hall will be open for voting between 12 noon and 8PM. Recently I was dismayed to read a letter in your publication regarding the motives and background of the people who voted against the budget at the town meeting. I find it a dangerous practice to attribute motives to people’s actions. How does Mr. James know what their motives are? I know I never spoke with him. Did he survey all the participants in that meeting? It seems he knows little about their contributions to the town. There were people there who have given of their time to Planning and Zoning commissions, Park and Recreation, Conservation Boards, School Boards and who served on the Library Board. As well, many of these same people have spent hours in volunteer services to keep our town as lovely as it truly is. I daresay many, if not all of the people present are financial supporters of our library, fire department and ambulance. It appeared to me there were people there who had spent hours studying the budget thoroughly and had no desire to embarrass anybody. We all love Essex, and I would guess that each of us has our own reasons for our “yes” or “no” vote on the budget. I know of no organized cabal to overthrow the desires of the people of Essex. Perhaps many who voted “no” feel that our budget is too high for those who have had to go on food stamps (100% increase in 3 years) or those who have had liens put on their homes because they are struggling to pay current taxes. Perhaps some feel that with a declining enrollment at Essex Elementary School, the budget should have been held at no increase. Maybe some have recently lost jobs or are struggling to sell their homes. I drove down Maple Avenue yesterday and there were at least 4 homes for sale on that short street. Perhaps some who are on fixed incomes and worry about maintaining their own budgets for food and medicines just know that they can’t afford any increase at all. The criticism is well deserved that many people didn’t make their concerns known at the budget hearings or workshops. But now that they have asked to be heard, it is unfair and unwise to suggest that they are trying to harm our town or those who currently serve as administrators. And perhaps there will be more questions on the 31st at the hearing. For instance, I still don’t understand why the contingency fund, if not used during the year for an emergency, is placed in another category. Why don’t we have a policy of rolling it over to the next year? I won’t attempt to guess what is in someone’s heart when they cast a vote and truly resent it when someone, unknown to me, does so. It appears that Democrat Extremists are coming apart at the seams. They can’t handle the fact that a large group of non-partisan residents of Essex voted down the budget that, amongst other things, gave our Selectmen a pay raise at a time when many of our neighbors are suffering. We have one hundred and forty homes with liens, our seniors have not had a cost of living increase in over two years and the number of people in our town on food stamps has increased by ninety-eight percent. This is not a political issue for those who voted down the budget. It is an ETHICAL issue. Democrat Town leaders seem unable to grasp this and appear inordinately annoyed that anyone should have the audacity to question their budget as it stood-before being voted down. The citizens of Essex have every right to ask questions and make comments. Since the budget was sent back to the drawing board, Democrat Extremists have picked-up their pitchforks and launched a campaign of lies and deceit against the citizens of this town who dared to question their wisdom. There is so much nonsense in Mr. James’ letter that it is hard to know where to begin. His comments are replete with gross misrepresentations and downright lies. It is the Selectmen who called for the referendum that will cost over five-thousand dollars. They knew that if they had initiated another paper ballot, they would have lost again. By having a referendum, they have time to rally their loyal subjects – by making false accusations in their phone calls, emails and letters. When they scare them about the EES, the Library and our Firefighters, I wonder, do they remind them that they had given themselves a pay raise at a time when many of their neighbors are in financial trouble? I doubt that they do. Mr. Jonathan James claims that a concerned Citizens group is contacting residents who are in rest homes. This is a fallacy, but reveals a well known political campaign strategy practiced by Democrat operative. Our seniors have been faced with substantive tax and cost of living increases and do not need to be used by Democrat extremists for political reasons. It is particularly galling that James credits Miller with the Essex Credit Rating improvement. Once again, truth eludes him. AAA Credit rating accrues to a Town which maintains a Rainy Day Fund at or above 10% of its annual Budget. Credit for this achievement goes directly to our Town Treasurer who has fought long and hard to get our Rainy Day fund over the 10% threshold. He had initiated this effort before Miller became First Selectman. Miller is now proud of our Credit Rating and taking the credit. Mr. James’ comment that “these people” do not contribute to the town is not only wrong, it is condescending. This type of gibberish makes people who are generous with their time talent and money wish to take their talents and dollars elsewhere. The most ludicrous comment is how well our town is now managed. One after another of our highly qualified town employees have been terminated or forced-out. As a result, we are engaged in a series of defensive actions brought by several of these employees and are facing significant penalties. Even a cursory review of the year over year growth of our legal expenses will show a problem that is growing-not improving. In addition, several of our employees no longer talk directly to our First Selectman – preferring e-mail only. Unfortunately, we no longer have a team in our town government but rather a group of fiefdoms that are forced to drink from a poisoned well. Take your boating knowledge to a higher level with this hands-on practical course in navigation and piloting. Classes are small to ensure close personal attention. Course content includes longitude and latitude, taking a position fix, dead reckoning, Loran, GPS and radar basics, charting a course, using plotting tools, time, speed and distance calculations, fuel calculations, using a compass, marine time conversion and cruise planning. Taught by John L. Annino, State-certified instructor with many years of personal boating experience. All students will receive a decal for The Connecticut Coastal Boater Endorsement Program upon successful completion of this course. Boating on Connecticut’s waterways and Long Island Sound may seem easier with the modern electronics of today. But what if they fail? You will need to quickly depend on the time-tested methods of the past. These methods of navigation form the basis that modern electronics rely upon to make navigation so easy today. Should your electronics fail, having a basic understanding of navigation and plotting methods could save your life and those of others. Boaters desiring to travel in coastal waters should seek advanced courses in navigation. Boaters should be confident in their vessel and their handling skills. To further promote safety in coastal waters, the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) is sponsoring the Connecticut Coastal Boater Endorsement Program. This program seeks to recognize and reward those boaters who have chosen to further their boating education. Boaters who complete a course in basic navigation will receive the Coastal Boater Endorsement decal to be placed on their Safe Boating Certificate or Certificate of Personal Watercraft Operation. There is no fee for the endorsement. It is simply our way of recognizing and thanking those who have taken the extra time to learn more about boating safety in our waters. Your efforts may be rewarded further by a decrease in insurance rates. The completion of one of the following classes will allow you to proudly display your decal. There is in Essex a seemingly fanatical fringe group who has decided to try to take issue with the present town administrators, solely for the purpose of embarrassment, and they’ve chosen to attack the town budget. Our budget is non-partisan, put together by the Essex Board of Finance, the Republican Town Treasurer, and Essex Board of Selectmen, both Democrats and Republicans, who were united in their support of the proposed budget. They held open workshops, where anyone in the town could participate and make suggestions and propose changes; in a completely non-partisan and a very time-consuming job they came up with the budget they presented to the voters for the town of Essex. There is little room for changes without hurting the town of Essex; the Regional District 4 budget has already been approved as part of this budget, a big part, and then there’s the Elementary budget, which is already lean, and further reductions will mean reduction in the staff or other serious cuts to our children. Then there’s the town staff, which is seriously not the best paid in the state. There’s no one making six-figures who’s a town employee, administrator or staff member . . . You have to look at what’s been accomplished under Mr. Miller and his administration, as well as the Board of Finance, and town commissions, etc. Essex infrastructure was in a virtual state of collapse when they moved in (it’s a fact), including roads, structures, and especially the town hall. The town hall itself was totally disorganized, it’s every part seemingly totally unaware of what everyone else was doing; there was little or no cooperation or communication between departments and staff, and town commissions weren’t doing a great deal themselves. Phil, our First Selectman, began obtaining grants and financial aid, making many, many improvements in the town’s infrastructure at little or no cost to the town, whatever. Commissions became empowered to act and set agendas contributing to the betterment of the town. The town hall building has been renovated and improved, and it now has a centralized computer system; there were adjustments made in the staff as needed. When Phil and company assumed office, there were no job descriptions for town employees, no hiring and firing policies, and no clear means of handling personnel issues and grievances. Best of all, under Phil Essex has obtained a triple-A credit rating, and we’ll lose that if we’re not careful . . . The list of achievements and improvements done for us, the citizens of Essex, by our elected officials in the past eight years is impressive and seems almost endless; a lot of this has been a thankless task at best, and there’s no indication that any of this was done with a personal agenda in mind. None. Now this reactionary group, which represents itself as fair and even-handed, wants to do what they did in Deep River over the past few years: vote down the Essex budget, and for no other reason than they themselves do indeed have a political agenda. Look at who these folks are. Every one is a reactionary with one agenda: win at all costs. They believe in and will do whatever it takes. They don’t contribute to the process, or the town, but step in at the end and try to get naive voters to so “no”. Right now they’re lining up property owners in rest homes to vote, for instance. They’re telling people that there’s room in the budget to eliminate those very things that we depend on: snow-removal?, teachers?, town crew?, what are they thinking. And again, why didn’t they, if they really cared about the town, participate in the process? We have to have a referendum, which costs the town more money than they can save in the budget, because they want to win. No other reason. They cloak themselves in respectability, but don’t believe it. I urge the voters in Essex to approve the town budget at our upcoming referendum. It is a very carefully assembled budget, with very minimal increases, some of which are offset by grants and other means, and, if any, only a very small raise in the mill rate, which is even now the 13th from the bottom. Vote for the budget on June 7th. If you can’t vote between noon and 8:00 p.m., then get an absentee ballot; there’s a concerted effort afoot to again defeat this budget, and we don’t need that in Essex. DEEP RIVER— Monday was a special day for William and Barbara Stebbins as the local couple celebrated 75 years of marriage. William Stebbins, 96, and Barbara Stebbins, 95, were married on May 23, 1936. Longtime residents of the Ivoryton section of Essex, the Stebbins have lived in all three Valley Shore towns, residing at the Kirtland Commons elderly housing in Deep River for nearly a decade before moving together to the Chesterfields Health Care Center in Chester last year. Bill Stebbins worked for the C. P. Burdick & Son oil company of Ivoryton for many years before retirement. The Stebbins have three sons, Donald Stebbins of Deep River, Rick Stebbins of Essex, and David Stebbins, who resides in Florida. Rick Stebbins is a former member and chairman of the Region 4 Board of Education. The couple have eight grand-children, Donna Nelson of Deep River, Terri Savino of Old Saybrook, Marcia Burdick of Deep River, Sarah Ahearn of Massachusetts, Tim Stebbins of New York, Kelly Stebbins of Massachusetts, Bethany Stebbins of Middletown, and Sonny Stebbins, who is deceased. Family and friends celebrated with Bill and Barbara at a luncheon reception held May 21 at the Ivory restaurant in Deep River. First Selectman Richard Smith, noting the Stebbins would “always be part of Deep River,” presented the couple with an official citation from the Connecticut General Assembly. Deep River First Selectman Richard Smith presents Bill and Barbara Stebbins with an official citation to celebrate their wedding anniversary I recently read an astonishing news story about a surgical first in the U.S. It was datelined Boston. Dallas Wiens, 25, a construction worker in Texas had been given a new face at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Not a simple face lift, which is common now. He got a total face transplant. The surgeons had removed the face of another person—dead, of course—and sewed it onto his face. No word what the donor had died of or who he was. The operation was done for the best of reasons. To give him a new life. A better future. Now about this man in Texas, Dallas Wiens. He was severely burned in a power line accident in 2008. He lost his eyesight and his face was turned into a horrendous nightmare. He looked so awful that it’s easy to think he might have thought of ending it all. A plastic surgeon in Boston came to his rescue. In fact, it took a whole team. The operation lasted 15 hours and was enormously complex. They gave him a new nose, new lips, new eyebrows, new cheeks, new skin. They had to make everything fit right. And they had to connect all the muscles and nerves that make facial features move and that convey sensation. The surgeon, Dr. Bohdan Pomahac, had had to wait until a face came along that would be a good match. Finally he located one. The tension of it all can last long after the operation. The body can reject the transplanted pieces. Nothing on our body identifies us as clearly as does our face, of course. Many of us feel it important to change it, in little ways and big ones. Often for good reasons. We get a new hairdo. We dye our hair. Get a wig or a toupe. Grow a beard. Change the color of our eyes through contacts. Get tattoos. Re-shape our eyebrows or shave them and paint on new ones. Tan our cheeks under the sun or under a machine. Or we lighten our skin a shade or two to pass more easily in our race-sensitive society. We Botox our wrinkles away or have our nose straightened or our chin pushed in or pushed out.. Sometimes for nefarious reasons. It may get done because somebody wants a new identity to escape the clutches of the law. Some people have their finger tips changed, for instance. Different tips mean different fingerprints. It’s surprising how much surgery gets done to change how we look. We make our breasts bigger or smaller. Have body fat sucked off. Convert our sexual parts to male or female. We are familiar with many transplants. I remember the first heart transplant—in South Africa. Sorry, I don’t remember the name of the surgeon, or the patient, a man. Surprised that I don’t remember. That was front-page all over the world, of course, and that was only right. Many other transplant surgeries were developed. Some are routine now– lung transplants, kidney transplants, other organ transplants, hair transplants, even hand transplants. As we know, these parts are taken from one person and placed in another or moved from one of the body to another. Skin and fat, for instance. Sadly nothing could be done to restore Mr. Wiens’ eyesight. It was just a year or two ago that I read of the world’s first face transplant. What drama! A new face was put on a woman in France whose face had been horribly damaged. Of course that was headlined all over the world. Apparently she has recovered and is enjoying her new face. Let’s hope so. These two face transplants were done to make these two people look better. Be more comfortable in the presence of their loved ones and families and even strangers. Make it possible to earn a living in plain view again—not having to find a job that keeps them out of sight. Reading this story about Mr. Wiens, I immediately flashed back to a man who could use such an operation. A woman, too. Honest — if I had a face like those two poor souls, l’d high-tail it to Dr. Pomanac, too. They had truly hideous faces. The worst faces I have ever seen. My sister Lucie felt the same way. She was with me. It was an evening six years ago in Shanghai. We were there for the wedding of a Chinese friend, Wu. The two of us were on a Metro train heading downtown. The rush hour was over. There were just a few passengers on board. Lucie and I were sitting on a bench facing the center aisle, which ran through the car. I heard the door on the left end of the car open and I looked up. A woman was entering from the car behind ours. I was shocked. She had no nose. Just a gaping hole where it was supposed to be. No lips. Awful. No eyebrows. Yes, I was shocked. So was Lucie. It was terrible. Impossible to describe how bad. As she approached, she had a cup and held it out to this passenger and that one. She was begging. Right behind her came a man. Just as hideous. No nose. No lips. No eyebrows. Hideous. He was doing the same thing, begging. They made their way so quickly that I had no time to react. No opportunity to dig into my pocket for money if I wanted to. Lucie reacted the same way. We followed them with our eyes as they moved past us. They had good-looking bodies. Athletic and fit. In their 30’s, it seemed. Appeared to have no problem. But very few people gave. The two disappeared into the next car. Must have been ready to cry with disappointment. Right away Lucie and I turned to one another. “What was that all about?!” I said. She shook her head. “No idea. But how awful!” My words shot out. “I never, never saw anybody like that before.” The awe was all over her face. “Me, either. Two monsters.” The next morning we kept our appointment with Wu. He had come from his office to have lunch with us. He is an engineer–the international marketing director of an electronic products company. He and I met seven years ago in Africa. We’ve been friends ever since. The minute I could, I brought up the two monsters. Yes, monsters. It’s the word that said it best. I told him the story. Lucie kept supplying awful details. I said, “What was all that about, Wu?” He had grown up in Shanghai. If anybody knew, he would. I was eager to hear it all. Lucie was all ears. He shook his head. “I have heard of such people. But I have never seen any. There are not many.” “Well, what do you think?” “I have heard stories.” “Please tell us!” “There are parents who do this to their children. When they are young. They do it with acids. Maybe with a knife.” “How awful. But why?” “The parents need money. They want their children to go out on the street and beg. To become professional beggars. People will be horrified and will give. Will be merciful. But John, you said not many gave. Maybe it does not work.” We were disappointed, of course. What a story. The parents. The life of these children. Their terrible life now approaching horrified people and begging. I had it on mind all through lunch. I’m sure that when he left, Wu passed on our story to everybody he ran across. Such an awful story. So incredible. As I read Mr. Wiens’ story, I imagined what the last two years must have been for him, so disfigured. And I imagined what these two poor folks working the Metro riders in Shanghai would go to to get a decent new face from a surgeon like Dr. Pomanac . Can you imagine how good Dr.Pomahac and his team must feel to have accomplished a miracle like that? Oh, one more thing. Dr.Pomahac said that Mr. Wiens would not look like he used to, and not like the unidentified donor. He would look somewhere in between. That’s appropriate. His new face is giving him a new life. A new future. Wonderful. Why shouldn’t he enter it happily and excitedly with a nice new—and different–face? Maybe a clever surgeon will find a way to give him new eyesight. Maybe by transplanting new eyes into him. Don’t rule it out, as crazy as it sounds. Check the bottom dresser drawer, the rag pile under the sink or the shirt you are wearing right now! The Chester Rotary is trying to locate past Road Race tee shirts to display at the upcoming race on Monday, July 4th, 2011. If you have any shirts from the years 1979 to 1985 let us know by contacting Ron Woodward, this year’s Chairman, at 860.322.4012. It does not matter the condition of the shirt, as long as we can vaguely see the front logo. A few holes or rips just add character. There are a few changes to this year’s Road Race, with the major one being the new start time, 9:00 am. This is an hour earlier than in past years, so registration starts at 7:00 am at St Joseph’s Parish Hall. The Rotary will be selling beer and the Side Doors will provide music until 12:30 or so. As always, the Hose Company will be selling hot dogs, hamburgers, and soda. So come on down and check it out. This event is one of our major fundraiser’s, with the proceeds going to support many local charities and some International projects. For more information go to www.chesterrotary.org On June 8 & 9, the Architectural Design Subcommittee of the Essex Planning Commission will hold focus groups for residents from the three villages to assess the Architectural Heritage of the Town of Essex. In June 2009, the Essex Planning Commission created a subcommittee to study the need for architectural regulations for new construction and significant renovations in order to preserve Essex’s architectural character. The Architectural Design Review Subcommittee is composed of representatives from the Planning Commission, the Zoning Commission, the Economic Development Commission, the Essex Historical Society, and other interested volunteers and is charged with the following mission: Determine the architectural heritage of the Town of Essex, including Essex village, Centerbrook, and Ivoryton; Determine if there has been a significant loss and/or potential for loss of this architectural heritage; Review what methods and resources have been successfully implemented in other similar communities to protect their architectural heritage; and Explore ideas and make recommendations and suggestions to the Planning Commission as to what methods and/or resources would be most appropriate and viable to protect the Town’s architectural heritage for existing and new construction in all zones in consultation with the general populace if it is found that there is significant loss and/or potential for loss. The first three components of their mission statement has been completed. Through state grants, two studies (both available at Town Hall) were conducted, one by an architectural historian to survey architecturally significant areas in the three villages. The other consulting firm catalogued options for preserving distinctive characteristics in our town. As our next step, there will be three resident focus groups, one for each village, that will allow the committee to do two things: share what information we have gathered and get input from members of the focus groups to bring to the public. Residents have been randomly selected from official Town lists, and those who choose to participate will be part of a small focus group. The group will be shown a brief power point presentation about the architectural heritage of the three villages and asked their opinion about possible planning options utilized by similar towns. These meetings are scheduled for June 8 and 9. Time and place are available on the Essex town website: www.essexct.gov. Members of the public may attend but will not be part of group comment. In the fall, there will be a public meeting to show the presentation and to share the focus groups responses. Join Team Avery for a night at The Kate in hopes of finding a cure for CDKL5. CDKL5 is a rare disease that two year old Old Saybrook resident, Avery Leopoldino is diagnosed with. Avery has suffered from daily seizures since she was six weeks old, and is profoundly impaired in all areas of her development. All proceeds from this fundraiser will go to Team Avery and their efforts to research, combat and cure CDKL5. This evening’s program includes an open, general admission dance floor, with live music from UHF, Late for Dinner and Brent Knight. Terrific food and beverages provided by Bill’s Seafood. Also the Old Saybrook Community Collaborative has headed up an amazing roster of donations and sponsors for the evening’s door prizes, raffle and teacup auction! Deep River Historical Society Society’s will be holding their Annual Strawberry Social, Sunday, June 12 from 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. in the Carriage House of the Historical Society, 245 Main Street, Deep River, CT. Admission donation will be $5.00 per person, children 10 and under half-size portion $2.50. Donation includes strawberry shortcake, real whipped cream and hot or cold beverage. Please help the society preserve its houses and grounds by supporting the Berry Basket Raffle. Some of the items are from Acer Gardens, De Vinci’s Pizza, Deep River Hardware, Shore Discount Liquors, a hand-crocheted afghan and scarves and many other donations from the Deep River merchants. Ivoryton– On Saturday, May 21, the Ivoryton Playhouse celebrated its 100th birthday. Though it had rained for 5 days straight, the skies cleared, the sun came out and the evening was glorious. The red carpet event was sold-out – a tribute to the theatre and its place in our community. Following a champagne toast outside the theatre by President Suzy Burke, audiences were treated to “A Century on Stage” – a performance that showcased the highlights of the theatre’s long and remarkable life. Performers from New York, Massachusetts and across CT donated their time to be part of the event. Veteran actors Peter Walker and Scotty Bloch sang “I Remember it Well” from Gigi; Joan Shepard of River Rep sang a beautiful ballad she had written for the Playhouse and actors, professional and local, performed scenes from shows that had been produced at the theatre in its heyday. Senator Richard Blumenthal and State Senator Eileen Daily each presented the Playhouse with certificates recognizing its contribution to the cultural life of CT and a proclamation was sent by Governor Dannel Malloy declaring May 21, 2011 “Ivoryton Playhouse Day”. The evening ended with dancing and delicious desserts under the stars – truly a night to remember! DEEP RIVER- Voters approved the $13,896,944 town budget plan for 2011-2012 on a 244-120 vote in a referendum Tuesday. The board of finance, acting after the result was announced, set the property tax rate for 2011-2012 at 24.28 mills, an increase of 2.55 mills from the current tax rate of 21.73 mills. The new rate represents $24.28 in tax for each $1,000 of assessed property value. A total of 361 of the town’s 3,110 registered voters cast ballots Tuesday, along with three property owners who were not registered voters. The turnout, while extremely low, was actually higher than the turnout in Deep River for the Region 4 education budget referendum on May 3, when only 207 town voters cast ballots. The spending plan includes the town government budget, an appropriation for Deep River Elementary School, and the town’s share of the Region 4 education budget. First Selectman Richard Smith said 1.8 mills of the 2.55 mill increase is attributed to the nearly eight percent drop in the grand list of taxable property as a result of the town wide property revaluation that was completed last year. The remaining .75 mills is attributed to increased spending for education. Schooner Mary E sails the Connecticut River daily from Steamboat Dock at the Connecticut River Museum. Essex, CT – Now a familiar sight along the Connecticut River, the historic schooner Mary E has returned to her home port at the Connecticut River Museum and hoisted sail for public cruises and private charters for the 2011 season. The 75-foot gaff rigged schooner was built in 1906 in Bath, Maine and believed to be one of the last remaining of her kind. Now through October 30, the general public can take a 1.5 hour afternoon sail at 1:30 p.m. and 3:30 p.m. or a 2 hour sunset sail at 6 p.m. and enjoy the natural beauty and cultural heritage of New England’s Great River. Afternoon cruises which include admission to the museum’s exhibits and galleries are $26 per adult and $16 for children age 12 and under. Sunset sails are $30 per person, all ages. Public cruises are not offered on Wednesdays. Group tours and private charters are also available. For more information on schedules, fees, and reservations, call 860-767-8269 or go to www.ctrivermuseum.org. The Connecticut River Museum, located at 67 Main Street, on the scenic Essex waterfront. The Essex Library’s Dance @ the Library film series presents Jerome Robbins’ Something to Dance About, Friday, June 10 at 3 p.m. This documentary features rare archival performance footage, personal journals, and never-before-seen rehearsal recordings, as well as interviews with Robbins himself and over 40 colleagues, including Mikhail Baryshnikov, Jacques d’Amboise, the late Arthur Laurents, Chita Rivera, and many more, in a fascinating portrait of this uniquely American dance master, whose work spanned Broadway hits like West Side Story and Fiddler on the Roof, to some of the greatest ballet choreography this country has produced. The program is free and open to all; call the Essex Library, at 860-767-1560, for information or to register. DEEP RIVER/ESSEX— Referendum votes are pending over the next week in Deep River and Essex on the town budget plans for 2011-2012. Deep River votes Tuesday on a proposed $13,896,944 town budget that includes funding for town government, Deep River Elementary School, and the town’s share of the Region 4 education budget. Polls are open from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. at the regular election polling place, the Deep River Public Library Community Room. Essex votes June 7 on a revised $21,441,753 spending plan that was approved by the board of finance last week. The board approved a total budget reduction of $155,139 after a higher spending total was rejected on a 114-81 paper ballot vote at the annual budget meeting on May 9. Essex voters will have a final opportunity to discuss the budget at a town meeting scheduled for May 31 at 8 p.m. in the auditorium at the town hall. Polls will be open at the town hall on June 7 from 12 noon to 8 p.m. for the budget vote. The Essex Land Trust will hold its annual Cross Lots picnic and concert on Sunday June 5, 2011 starting at 4 p.m. From 4-5 p.m. join naturalist Phil Miller and Jen Crown from Park and Rec as they lead special walks through the property. Phil will focus on environmental points of interest and Jen Crown from Park and Rec will concentrate on fun (but educational) games and scavenger hunts for kids of all ages. At 5pm, find a spot on the hill to listen to the Essex Corinthian Jazz Band. Bring your picnic, blankets and chairs. After the band finishes playing, the Land Trust will unveil an updated plaque of Conservators for Life. The Essex Land Trust has partnered with Essex Park and Recreation Department as part of the Essex Great Outdoor Pursuit, with the mission of bringing the families of Essex together through positive and healthy outdoor endeavors while increasing the presence and awareness of our local parks, open space and preserves to the community. The event is also part of the 19th Annual Connecticut Trails Day Celebration promoted by the Connecticut Forest & Park Association. Cross Lots is situated across from the Essex Library on West Avenue; parking is at the Essex Town Hall, 29 West Avenue. The event is free and open to the public. Bad weather cancels. It’s up to you to decide which building should receive the Essex Historical Society’s (EHS) Preservation Award. All residents of Centerbrook, Essex and Ivoryton are encouraged to vote for the restored and/or preserved building they feel is the most deserving of this honor (you may even vote for your own restored home/building). To receive this award: The building must have been built in 1935 or earlier. The historic character of the original structure must have been preserved with the restoration done in keeping with the original building and period. The building may be commercial or residential. Cast your vote online at [email protected], at the Essex or Ivoryton libraries, or submit your vote by mail to: EHS Preservation Award, P.O Box 123, Essex, CT 06426. All votes must be received by May 31st. All votes must include the building and its address along with your name and phone number. The EHS Preservation Award Winner will be honored at the EHS Annual Meeting on June 27, 2011. The public iswelcome. All are invited to bring a picnic dinner and enjoy the EHS annual strawberry shortcake social on the grounds of the Pratt House property from 5:30pm-7:30pm. The Friends of Chester Public Library are seeking donations of gently used print and recorded books, DVDs, and CDs for their upcoming book sale. Please drop off your donations at the library, during open hours, between now and Wednesday, June 1. Textbooks published after 2005 may be donated for The American Friends of Kenya, but please, no encyclopedias, or musty, fusty items suffering from lengthy incarceration in a damp basement. And speaking of keeping it fresh, there’s a new twist to the Friends Summer Book Sale this year. Members of the Friends are invited to attend a members-only sale and reception on Thursday, June 2 from 6-8 p.m. ‘First dibs’ on the sale books will be accompanied by refreshments, door prizes and the chance to rub elbows with other library supporters. Membership forms were included in the recent issue of The Bookmark, which we hope you noticed in your mailbox recently, and forms are available at the library. But wait, you can join that evening, as well. Come show your support for your library…. it’ll be fun! On Friday, June 3 at 10 a.m., the doors will open for the traditional summer sale of great beach blanket reading. Anyone interested in assisting with the sale, either with sorting or selling is asked to contact Diane Lindsay at 860-526-2443. Thank you for your support. Join us this afternoon Sunday, May 22, at 5:00 p.m. in the Chester Meeting House and be enthralled with the nimble yet powerful talents of Duo Prism who will perform a full range of music in the violin/piano repertory. This dynamic duo notably performs contemporary works in addition to the traditional violin/piano literature. Duo Prism was awarded First Prize in the Zinetti International Chamber Music Competition and Mr. Mills, the violinist, was nominated for a Grammy for a recording of Schoenberg’s music. The two plan to dazzle the audience with a broad musical sampling that showcases the depth and breadth of sounds achieved from this complimentary and classic pairing. A reception will follow the concert with a chance to meet the artists. Performances are held in the Chester Meeting House located at the intersection of Goose Hill and Liberty Street in Chester. Tickets are $21 (adults), $5 (students) and can be purchased by calling 860.526.5162. Visit CollomoreConcerts.org for more information. ESSEX— The board of finance Thursday approved $155,139 in reductions to the town budget plan for 2011-2012 as the board of selectmen set an eight-hour referendum vote on the revised spending plan for Tuesday June 7. The finance board held a joint meeting Thursday with the board of selectmen and local board of education to develop a revised budget in the wake of May 9 town meeting rejection of a $21.59 million spending package on a 114-81 paper ballot vote. It was the first rejection of a town budget for Essex in decades. The revised budget totals $21,441,753, including funding for town government, Essex Elementary School, and the town’s share of the Region 4 education budget that was already approved by voters of Chester, Deep River, and Essex in a May 3 referendum. The revised budget will be presented for discussion at a town meeting set for Tuesday May 31 at 7 p.m. in the auditorium at the town hall. The referendum vote on the revised spending plan will be held from 12 noon to 8 p.m. on June 7. Some of the cuts approved by the finance board are items that drew questions or objections from voters at the May 9 town meeting. The hiring of a new full-time employee for the town highway department was cancelled for a savings of $47,441 including pay and benefits. The contingency fund was reduced by $50,000, from $125,000 to $75,000. The board cut $5,000 from legal services, $3,000 in funding for a consulting planner, $10,000 from a fire department sinking fund that is set aside for future equipment purchases and $13,000 by cancelling the purchase or a printer/plotter for use by town offices. The finance board did not accept two cuts that had been suggested by the board of selectmen after a meeting Wednesday; a $5,000 reduction for the libraries, $4,000 from Essex Library and $1,000 from the Ivoryton Library, and cancellation of a two percent pay raise for all elected officials. The original budget provided election officials, including the selectmen, town clerk, tax collector, town treasurer, and the two registrars of voters, with the same two percent pay raise that was provided to non-union town employees. The pay raise will be cancelled for the first selectman and two members of the board of selectmen, but provided to the other elected positions. The appropriation for Essex Elementary School was reduced by $5,000, a cut in the account for electricity that was recommended by the local board of education for anticipated savings from greater energy efficiency in the renovated school building. Despite some calls from residents at the meeting Thursday for a budget that requires no increase in the tax rate, the revised $21.41 million spending plan is still expected to require an increase of about a half-mill in the current property tax rate of 17.63 mills. But the board of finance could approve a transfer from the town’s undesignated fund balance to defray or reduce the need for an increase in the tax rate. The undesignated fund balance currently contains about $2.3 million. Finance Board Chairman Jim Francis said the board would not consider any possible transfers from the fund balance until it convenes to set a tax rate for 2011-2012, a meeting that would occur after a budget is approved by the voters. Pictured here in the front row from left to right are Rhyan Nedobity, Tiffany Kuba, Charlotte Boland, Erica Anderson, Erin Prendergast, Kristen Dean, and CRM Education Director Jennifer White-Dobbs. Pictured in the back row from left to right are Natalie Sandman, Maya Whitcomb, Nadia PenkoffLidbeck and Maggie Walsh. Troop member Julia Bogaert is absent from the photo. Essex, CT – Essex Girl Scout Junior Troop 2753 really knows how to move for a good cause. The scouts recently held a disco dance where the price of admission was a donated art supply to be given to the Connecticut River Museum. The supplies will be a big bonus for the Museum’s school programs, youth programs and summer camps. Russell Brenneman, former Essex town resident, author and well-known Connecticut environmental attorney will talk about the Essex Land Trust’s history and the continuing importance of its work on Wednesday, May 25 at 7 p.m. at Essex Library. Russell’s informal chat will also cover various subjects close to his heart; including the role of “non-governmental organizations” or NGOs, especially small, community based citizen-driven, needs based organizations of which the Essex Land Trust is a prime (and early) example and how to continue promoting traditions of generosity and personal involvement that characterized prior generations, which he has denominates as “communitarianism.” Russell participated in the organization of the Essex Land Trust, which was one of the first of its kind in the United States. He is a founding co-chair of the Connecticut League of Conservation Voters and is active in many other environmental organizations. The event is free and open to the public. Besides participating in the establishment of the Essex Land Trust, Russell Brenneman was also involved in the formation of the land trust in Old Lyme. He is one of the founders of what is now the Environmental Law Section of the Connecticut Bar Association, and that group had been instrumental in drafting and securing the passage of the Tidal Wetlands Act. He has also been associated with the development of conservation easements and was co-draftsman of the Uniform Conservation Easements Act that is now in effect in more than half the states. For more information about the event please contact Peggy Tuttle at 860-767-7916 or e-mail [email protected]. Dozens showed up to commemorate 30 years of public transit on the shoreline May 13 at the Chester Meeting House, while many more celebrated with a discounted $0.30 fare and free anniversary hats on all of 9 Town Transit’s routes. The guest list included many regular 9 Town Transit customers, area First Selectman, State Representative Phil Miller, Senator Blumenthal’s representative Paul Mounds, and other local residents and business leaders. Keynote speaker Ralph Eno, First Selectman of Lyme, explained that the towns of Deep River, Essex, and Chester began operating a public transit service in 1976, well before a transit district was ever created. The route began as a result of the gasoline crisis of that period. It was in 1980 that Connecticut River Estuary Regional Planning Agency (CREPRA) director Stan Griemmann began pitching the idea of a transit district to the nine estuary towns. Between 1980 and 1981 the nine towns joined to create the Estuary Transit District, and in May 1981 the board of directors adopted its first by-laws. Although the district was created in 1981, it only offered service two to three days a week until 1996, when they took over the eastern portion of the Dattco S Route. This route became the Shoreline Shuttle, and would remain the district’s only daily service until 2005. It was not until 2005 that the district began to take on its current form. The Riverside Shuttle service from Chester to Old Saybrook began, the district began directly operating service after 24 years of contracting out operations, and two Dial-A-Ride routes were added. Then in 2009, Old Saybrook to Middletown service was implemented, and in 2010 Old Saybrook to New London service began. In 30 years, 9 Town Transit has gone from a two day a week bus service provider to a thirteen bus, six day a week operation providing 64,000 trips annually and providing connections to New Haven, Hartford, Middletown, Norwich and New London. “9 Town Transit now contributes to economic development in our area,” said state representative Phil Miller. 9 Town Transit provides service to all parts of Chester, Clinton, Deep River, Essex, Killingworth, Lyme, Old Lyme, Old Saybrook, and Westbrook, and all services are open to the general public. Additional information, route maps and schedules are available online at www.9towntransit.com or by calling 9 Town Transit at 860-510-0429. Essex Savings Bank has announced that Gregory R. Shook, President & CEO is an Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of The Year® 2011 New England Award finalist. According to Ernst & Young LLP, the awards program recognizes entrepreneurs who demonstrate excellence and extraordinary success in such areas as innovation, financial performance and personal commitment to their businesses and communities. Award winners will be announced at a special gala event on 15 June 2011 at the Boston Renaissance Waterfront Hotel. Shook commented, “I am honored to provide additional recognition to Essex Savings Bank for our team effort during the past decade as we celebrate our 160th anniversary year of service and trust to our community.” The Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Program celebrates its 25th anniversary this year. The program has expanded to recognize business leaders in more than 140 cities and more than 50 countries throughout the world. Regional award winners are eligible for consideration for the Entrepreneur of the Year National Award. Award winners in several national categories, as well as the Entrepreneur of the Year overall National Award winner, will be announced at the annual awards gala in Palm Springs, California, on Nov. 12, 2011. The awards are the culminating event of the Ernst & Young Strategic Growth Forum®, the nation’s most prestigious gathering of high-growth, market-leading companies, which will be held Nov. 9–13, 2011. Founded and produced by Ernst & Young LLP, the Entrepreneur of the Year Awards are pleased to have the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation as a national sponsor. In New England sponsors include Boston Magazine, J. Robert Scott, Marsh, Nixon Peabody, RR Donnelley and Regan Communications Group. CHESTER— It took all of 12 minutes at the annual budget meeting Tuesday for voters to approve a $12.55 million town budget plan for 2011-2012 and a dozen other agenda items. About 25 residents turned out on a rainy night for the town meeting, approving the budget without discussion on a unanimous voice vote. The $12,555,853 spending plan includes a $3,668,718 town government budget and capital expenditure plan, a $4,164,069 appropriation for Chester Elementary School and the town’s $4,723,066 share of the Region 4 education budget. The board of finance had endorsed a $145,766 transfer from the town’s undesignated fund balance to avoid the need for any increase in the tax rate, which will remain at 22.11 mills, or $22.11 in tax for each $1,000 of assessed property value. After the transfer, the fund balance is expected to contain about $1.3 million in June 2012. Voters also gave unanimous approval to several other items on the town meeting agenda, including a required ten-year update of the harbor management plan, and transfers from the town’s capital expenditure reserve fund for road repairs, a storage shed at the town garage, and a new 4-wheel drive pickup truck for the town’s highway department. Voters also approved acceptance of two separate $250,000 state Small Town Economic Assistance Program (STEAP) grants, that will be used to fund an extension of the public water line on Route 154 to encompass several parcels on Denlar Drive where testing has detected unacceptable levels of arsenic in the groundwater. The water main extension is expected to be completed by next year at no direct cost to the town. I am feeling a little battered following this week’s budget meetings in Essex. The first meeting was attended by approximately one hundred and seventy-five concerned citizens. Twenty additional Democrat loyalists appeared for the vote after being frantically summoned by Democrat leaders after they realized that the majority present (consisting of Democrats, Independents and Republicans) were not going to vote in favor of the budget. Despite their last minute tactics, the budget was turned down 114 to 81. The questions and comments before the vote were spirited, but polite. However, the participants who questioned the budget were constantly chastised and belittled by the Finance Chairman and rebuked by the Democrat Registrar. It was clear that they believe that the participants had no rights because they had not attended the nuts and bolts sessions held previously by the committee. It has been my understanding that the committee builds the budget, makes it public and at that time the citizens have the right to ask questions, comment and vote. After the budget was rejected by the citizens, Democrat operatives misinformed both our heroic volunteer Firemen and employees of the library. It was claimed that a “small group of activists (that would be 114 out of 175)” wanted to defund them. Of course, this was blatantly untrue. To add fuel to the fire, an employee of the library sent an incendiary email that went viral immediately. In the email she stated that the library was in peril because a small but vocal group of activists wanted to defund the library. She claimed that the complaint was the funding for the Essex library-not the amount, but the fact that the town offers us any funding at all.” She went on to say that “the Draconian cut in our funding…would effectively eviscerate the library.” The person that sent this email was not at the meeting and led astray by lies. If I were the author of this email, I would be outraged that I was used as a pawn in an ugly game. Several people who attended the meeting are so angered by the lies and deceit that they question whether they will continue to donate to the library. As the truth comes out, they will realize that the library was duped. As light is put on the genesis of the misinformation, I am sure the angered citizens will continue to donate to our library. The campaign of lies was despicable and has backfired. At the second meeting, the Finance Chairman graciously allowed for more questions and comments. Within a New York minute, however, he became testy and continued to lecture and belittle those who questioned the budget. At this meeting, library employees, fueled by misinformation, came to the meeting with a prepared speech. They passed out stickers to “save the library.” They were righteously concerned. How were they to know that they were fed a pack of lies by Democrat operatives? The sadness about the kerfuffle is that we all understand and appreciate the hard work that goes into the construction of our budget and want what is best for the citizens of Essex. There was an audible gasp when one of the participants informed the group that there were currently more than one hundred and forty homes with liens in Essex-up from around forty in the previous year (the up to date numbers are fifty two last year and one hundred and ten this year). And, of course, this is the crux of the issue for most of us not in favor of the budget as it stands today. Taxes are already too high and going higher as a result of the Malloy budget. We have citizens who are going under, about to go under-and so many of our citizens are on fixed income. It is pathetic that some believe that the only way to get what they want is to demonize and victimize. From the Essex Rotary Club (left to right): Bake Master Joseph Shea, President John Mulligan; Diana Harbison, Director, attended the festivities at the Essex Steam Train Station Opening Day on May 7. The Rotary Club is currently planning the 53rd Annual Shad Bake which will take place on June 4 in Essex. The Essex Rotary Club today announced that the 53rd Annual Shad Bake and Family Day will take place on June 4 at the Essex Elementary School located at 108 Main Street in Centerbrook, Connecticut. The Shad Bake and Family Day is an authentic New England tradition and unique experience that has established a reputation as one of the most anticipated events in the Connecticut shoreline. “Every year, people gather together for a fun and festive family event,” said Rotary Club President John Mulligan. “People are fascinated about the process and different steps of preparing for this spectacular event.” “We ask people to arrive early for a wonderful evening of live jazz music with friends and family, and we encourage the families to bring their own picnic blankets, games, and favorite beverages to enjoy with their shad meal,” said Rotary Club Director, Diana Harbison. “For half a century the Essex Rotary Club has cooked shad the old fashioned way: wood strips into a teepee, a bed of sand on the ground, a blazing fire, and plenty of fresh shad,” said Bake Master, Joseph Shea. Added Shea: “We invite people to join us and celebrate the start of summer with this great Connecticut tradition. We will also be selling oysters and clams as well as water and soft drinks and encourage people to buy their tickets in advance by going online or calling the Essex Rotary Club. We have only 700 tickets available and we anticipate a sell out.” The Annual Shad Bake is not only a family event but also one of the major fundraisers organized by the Essex Rotary Club. Essex Rotarians are dedicated to raising funds for their community. All proceeds from the event will go to the Essex Rotary Foundation which supports the Club’s various charitable endeavors including scholarships for area students, as well as a variety of local, national and international assistance projects. The Shad Bake will start at 4:30 p.m. and doors will close at 7:00 p.m. There will be live music and entertainment from 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m., free inflatable games, face painting and the popular fire truck slide. Families that wish to eat on the lawn are encouraged to bring a picnic blanket, and portable chairs. Tables and chairs will be provided for indoor dining. For the kids who do not like fish, there will also the option of BBQ Chicken, and fresh grilled hot dogs. The cost per person is $20 and $80 for the entire family. Tickets are available for purchase online at www.essexrotary.com or by calling (860) 767-9158. Riverview Lodge Residential Care Home will be celebrating their 44th year serving in the community with their Annual Celebration on Sunday June 5, 11:30 a.m.-2:30 p.m. They will be having a free, Open House party on the side lawn. Thin Ice Band will play. Deep River Junior Ancients Fife & Drum Corps will march and perform. There will be a BBQ , Bouncy House, crafts & more.“We want folks to come and enjoy. Come see what a fine Residential Care Home looks like. You never know when a relative or a friend will be in desperate need of a nice home like this. There is so much misunderstanding!” said Riverview Lodge Administrator Jimmy DeLano. Its official name is Riverview Lodge RCH. Some think it’s a state facility. No! Some people think that it is a nursing home. No! Some people think that it is a substance abuse facility. No! Some people think that it’s a shelter. No! We are interested in everybody having a correct understanding. “A residential care home is a home that allows people to thrive in a caring environment” said DeLano, “we’re here to provide a setting where our residents can keep their lives on track.” Currently, ages range from 35-80. “One resident’s been at the home for over 30 years (8 years on average), said DeLano,” The fact that they remain with us for such a long time gives us satisfaction. We know each other well. We are a family in a real way.” Residents live in nicely furnished rooms. They eat in an attractive dining room and we serve home-cooked meals. There are activities & outings. “We have a community here which allows the residents to thrive. They enjoy Deep River; the parks, the library, the churches, the stores, everything that it offers. They make friends, enjoy hobbies, live and work in our community.” DEEP RIVER– The Earth Charter Community of the Lower Valley, Inc. will host a Public Talk by Author Philip Shepherd entitled “Freeing Ourselves from a 10,000 Year-Old Story” on Thursday, May 19 5:30 p.m. to 7 p.m. at the Deep River Public Library. If we were to consider the towering crises faced by the 21st century and trace them to their roots, we would find that each of them leads back to the same cultural force: the one that tells us who we are. Our culture’s vision of what it means to be human seeps into us from infancy – and it presents reality as bits and pieces that cannot be felt as a whole. Our culture tacitly informs us that wholeness is something that we shouldn’t expect to feel even in the self. As a result, we persevere in our deeply divided lives, unaware that our failure to sense and live the wholeness of life is not germane either to our own nature, nor to that of the world itself. This talk dramatically pulls aside the curtain, exposes some of our culture’s most deeply held and clouded assumptions about what it means to be human, and provides a vital alternative. It presents a message of hope that is easy to follow yet profoundly probing – and ultimately, revolutionary. Philip Shepherd is the author of New Self, New World, written over the past six years. The book is a radical and deeply coherent look at assumptions that are so entrenched in our culture that they have come to define ‘normal’ for us. The purpose of the book is to help people identify within themselves and heal the fracturing of the self so that they can connect with their passion and live it in a way that is grounded, balanced and open to the world’s guidance. The book has received accolades from some of the world’s foremost writers and thinkers, including Andrew Harvey, Larry Dossey, Jean Houston, Marion Woodman, Steven Mitchell and Samuel Mallin. All are welcome at this talk. Suggested donation is $10, but no one will be turned away. Contact Michael Harris for more information at [email protected]. CHESTER— Voters will act at a town meeting Tuesday on a proposed $12,555,853 town budget plan for 2011-2012.The annual budget meeting is set to convene at 7:30 p.m. at the Chester Meeting House on Liberty St. The budget, which generated little comment at an April 26 hearing, includes a $3,668,781 town government budget, a $4,164,069 appropriation for Chester Elementary School, and the town’s $4,723,066 share of the Region 4 education budget. The Region 4 education budget was approved by the voters of Chester, Deep River, and Essex in a May 3 referendum. The board of finance has decided to transfer $145,000 from the town’s undesignated fund balance to avoid the need for a tax increase to fund the spending plan. The tax rate for 2011-2012 is expected to remain the same at 22.11 mills, or $22.11 in tax for each $1,000 of assessed property value. ESSEX— The board of Finance has deferred decisions on reductions to the town budget plan for 2011-2012 to a May 19 meeting with members of the board of selectmen and local board of education. The finance board held a special meeting Thursday in the wake of Monday’s 114-81 town meeting defeat of a proposed $21.59 million budget. It was the first voter rejection of a proposed town budget for Essex in decades. Jim Francis, board of finance chairman, said about 70 residents turned out for the meeting, and were given a chance to comment on possible changes and reductions to the budget. But at Thursday’s meeting, Francis said there was also input from residents objecting to any drastic reductions in the budget plan that includes a $$6.78 million town government budget and a $7.4 million appropriation for Essex Elementary School. Francis said the board’s regular meeting on May 19 would become a joint meeting with members of the board of selectmen and local school board. Francis said the finance board would “ask the selectmen and board of education to find what they can find,” in possible budget reductions, and present recommendations at the joint meeting.”Hopefully we come up with a budget that we all agree we can live with,” he said. Francis had said after the result was announced at Monday’s meeting, the vote on a revised budget would likely be held by referendum. The board of selectmen must make the final decision on whether to call a referendum, and set the hours of voting. There could be a full day of voting, from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m., or an eight-hour 12 noon to 8 p.m. referendum like the May 3 vote in Chester, Deep River, and Essex that resulted in approval of the Region 4 education budget. Francis said the second vote on a revised budget would likely be held in early June. “There’s no real tension to the whole thing until we get to the middle of June,” he said. Town officials need a budget approval in June in time to mail the July tax bills to property owners. Dr. Henry Lee Speaking at Valley Regional High School (photo by Jenny Tripp) On April 28, the Essex Library Association hosted world-renowned forensic scientist and former Chief of State Police, Dr. Henry Lee. He intrigued the audience with his knowledge, entertained with his sense of humor while encouraging audience participation (handing out plastic badges and flashlights at one stage!) The presentation comprised two sections: first, his road to becoming a forensic scientist and then, his cases. Lee said that he was the youngest police captain in his province in China. In 1976, he came to the University of New Haven and later endowed the College of Forensic Science at the University of New Haven. Lee’s inspiring quote to the audience was, “Make the impossible possible.” Lee’s own such moment was creating the crime laboratory at the University of New Haven. He then followed up that achievement by becoming Chief of Connecticut State Police in 1998. Lee compared and contrasted what he dubbed, “The CSI Effect,” spawned by the popular TV series, “CSI” — an abbreviation for Crime Scene Investigation — and what “CSI” is like in real life. While most characters in TV’s “CSI” work in pairs or alone, in reality, Lee stated that it is teamwork that is most important. He explained to the audience what the important steps are in investigating a crime scene. The first 24 hours are the most important but sometimes, there are exceptions to rules, for example in one case when a blizzard preventing the CSI team arriving on time so Lee put a hold on the garbage past the 24-hour deadline as he believed it might hold evidence the team had not had time to review. Lee stressed it is important to, “Observe everything,” and, “Take pictures,” of the crime scene. Saying that he was always an extra pair of eyes on cases, Lee stressed that even the smallest piece of evidence can exonerate or confirm someone’s guilt. Lee said that the job of the forensic scientist is to, “Speak for the (dead) victim,” noting, “Forensic science is a secret language. The victim has all of the clues to tell us what happened.” Lee also worked on the John F. Kennedy assassination reinvestigation. The bullet from Kennedy’s body was wiped clean after the assassination and there was no way to tell if some of then Texas Governor Connelly’s DNA was on the bullet. Marla Bogaert named as Asst. Vice President, Branch Manager and Loan Officer of the Essex Office Essex–Gregory R. Shook, President & CEO of Essex Savings Bank, is pleased to announce the addition of Marla Bogaert as Assistant Vice President, Branch Manager and Loan Officer of the Essex office located at 9 Main Street. As of July 1, she will be filling the position that will soon be vacated by retiring Branch Manager, Patricia Kolbe. Marla’s career highlights include serving as Retail Banking Manager of the former CT River Community Bank, managing the accounting responsibilities at Bogaert Construction Company, and she was also formerly the Retail Banking Manager for Maritime Bank in Essex. Marla graduated from UCONN with a major in Mathematics and a minor in Economics and is a graduate of the New England School of Banking. She currently serves as Treasurer on the Essex Library Association Board and is active in the Essex community. Essex Savings Bank is a FDIC insured, state chartered, mutual savings bank established in 1851. The Bank serves the Lower Connecticut River Valley and shoreline with offices in Essex (2), Old Saybrook, Old Lyme and Madison. Financial, estate, insurance and retirement planning are offered throughout the state by the Bank’s Trust Department and subsidiary Essex Financial Services, Inc. Member FINRA, SIPC. Investments in stocks, bonds, mutual funds and annuities are not FDIC insured, may lose value, are not a deposit, have no Bank guarantee and are not insured by any Federal Government Agency. Speaker of the House Christopher G. Donovan (D-Meriden) has appointed State Representative Phil Miller (D-Chester, Deep River, Essex, and Haddam) to serve on the bipartisan National Council of State Legislature’s (NCSL) Nuclear Legislative Workgroup. “I’m honored to have been chosen to represent Connecticut,” said Miller. “Our state and our country must find ways to provide cleaner, more efficient, and safer energy options for future generations. There are 102 nuclear power plants in the United States and there are long-term waste storage practices and policies to be resolved.” The NCSL’s Nuclear Legislative Workgroup is made up of state legislators from states around the country that are dealing with the clean-up of the nation’s nuclear sites, host nuclear facilities, or are affected by the transportation of nuclear materials. The workgroup which meets twice a year is supported by funding from the U.S. Department of Energy. At these meetings, legislators discuss safe practices and policy options, and receive updates on federal policy. “Although Phil Miller may be new to the legislature, he has a proven track record as a municipal official that make him the ideal candidate to represent Connecticut,” said Donovan. “I am confident that Phil’s expertise will be a welcome addition to the group.” NCSL is a bipartisan organization that serves legislators and staff of the nation’s 50 states. NCSL provides research, technical assistance and opportunities for policymakers to exchange ideas on the most pressing state issues. For more information, visit www.ncsl.org. State Representative Phil Miller is serving his first term representing the 36th Assembly District of Essex, Chester, Deep River and Haddam. He sits on the legislature’s Environment, Human Services, and Public Health Committees. DEEP RIVER— The board of selectmen has scheduled a May 24 referendum on the proposed $13,896,944 town budget plan for 2011-2012. At a meeting Tuesday, the board also decided to hold a full day of balloting, from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. at the Deep River Public Library community room. The total spending plan includes a $3,617,748 town government budget, a $5,192,900 appropriation for Deep River Elementary School, $699,000 in town and school related debt service costs, and the town’s $4,387,300 share of the Region 4 education budget. The Region 4 total is locked in because the district budget was approved by the voters of Chester, Deep River, and Essex in a May 3 referendum. The town government budget is down from current spending by $372,756, while the elementary school budget increases spending by $272,697. The spending package is expected to require a tax increase of up to 2.55 mills, with most of the projected increase the direct result of an 8 percent drop in the October 2010 grand list of taxable property because last year’s state-mandated town wide revaluation was done in a weak real estate market. The current tax rate is 21.73 mills, or $21.73 in tax for each $1,000 of assessed property value. Despite the pending tax increase, the May 3 public hearing on the town government and elementary school budgets drew a sparse turnout. First Selectman Richard Smith said about 30 residents turned out for the hearing, discussing the spending package for about an hour. While there were some questions about staffing in the elementary school budget, Smith said there were no calls for specific changes or reductions in the budget. In setting the budget referendum date and voting hours, the board discussed the extremely low turnout in the Region 4 referendum, where only 207 of the town’s 3,110 registered voters cast ballots. Smith said some residents had raised questions to him over the past week about sponsoring a referendum with such a low voter turnout. But after discussion, the selectmen agreed to continue the annual referendum voting on the town budget that began amid a heated local budget battle in 2001. “It’s not a money thing,” said Selectman Art Thompson. The budget will be up for discussion a final time at the annual budget meeting set for Monday May 16 at 7:30 p.m. in the gymnasium at Deep River Elementary School. The town meeting will adjourn to the referendum vote on Tuesday May 24. An aerial view of Lord’s Cove in Lyme, CT, featuring unique circular creek patterns, photographed by Tom Walsh for the “River From The Air” exhibit at the Connecticut River Museum. Essex, CT – For the past two years, Captain Tom Walsh of Shoreline Aerial Photography has been traveling the 410-mile Connecticut River, capturing its natural beauty and unusual landmarks for the Connecticut River Museum’s new photography exhibit “The River From the Air: A Bird’s Eye View”. Opening on Thursday, May 26, the exhibit features over 150 images of rarely-seen aerial views of the Connecticut River Valley. From the mouth of the River at Long Island Sound to the Canadian border in Vermont, the seasonal beauty and sheer expanse of River Valley waterways, towns, and historical landmarks offer a whole new perspective on one of our most precious natural resources. Sunken ships, crop formations, and oxbows are just some of the unique views that can only be seen from the air and are featured in the exhibit’s Wonders of the River section. The exhibit runs through October 2011 and is included in general admission to the Museum, Adults $8; Seniors $7; Children age 6 – 12 $5. Captain Tom Walsh with his 1946 Piper Cub, one of two planes he used to photograph the Connecticut River for the “River From The Air” exhibit The Connecticut River Museum, a private, non-profit organization dedicated to preserving and celebrating the cultural and natural history of New England’s Great River, is located at 67 Main Street on the historic Essex waterfront. For more information on this and other happenings, call 860-767-8269 or go to www.ctrivermuseum.org. ESSEX— Voters at the annual budget meeting Monday rejected a proposed $21.59 million town budget plan on a 114-81 paper ballot vote, marking the first defeat of a town government budget for Essex in decades. Residents packed the auditorium at town hall to discuss and vote on a 2011-2012 spending plan that included a $6,782,158 town government budget and a $7,407,790 appropriation for Essex Elementary School. A third component of the spending package, the town’s $7,406,944 share of the Region 4 education budget, had already been approved in a May 3 referendum. The total $21,596,892 spending plan was expected to require a small increase in the current tax rate of 17.63 mills, though Selectman Norman Needleman told the crowd the board of finance could endorse a transfer from the town’s undesignated fund balance to further limit the size of any possible tax increase. The fund balance currently contains about $2.2 million. The town government budget, which represents a 4.37 increase over current spending, generated the most discussion. Strickland Hyde objected to a proposed new full-time position with the town highway department, which currently has five full-time employees. Hyde said 2011 was not the year to establish a new position at a cost of $35,000 plus the expense for medical benefits. Paul Forrest questioned a $120,000 contingency fund that was included with the appropriation for the board of finance. Board Chairman Jim Francis said the amount was a total contingency fund for all town departments, boards and commissions, with special appropriations from the fund requiring approval from the finance board and voters at a town meeting. Forrest contended contingency funds should be available from past fiscal years if appropriations from the fund totaled between $30,000 to $40,000 in most years. After about an hour of discussion, voters formed to lines two show proof of identification to the two registrars of voters and receive a paper ballot. After the result was announced, Francis said the finance board would meet later this week to consider targets for reductions in both the town government and elementary school budgets. Francis said a revised budget would be presented for approval in a referendum expected later this month. Sixth grade students paint windows at businesses along Main Street in Deep River to Celebrate High on LIfe 2011 To celebrate High on Life 2011, Diana Carfi, Art Teacher at Deep River Elementary School, and sixth grade students painted windows at businesses along Main Street in Deep River. Students and merchants alike look forward to this part of High on Life week. Tri-Town Youth Services spearheads the three community annual substance abuse prevention week, High on Life. For further information, contact Tri-Town at 860-526-3600. The 3rd Annual Spring Wine Tasting & Silent Auction to benefit this year’s Dominican Republic Medical Mission Trip will be held Friday, May 20, from 6 – 8 p.m. at the Carriage House of the Deep River Historical Society. Tickets are $25/person or $40/couple and are available at the door. Advance tickets can be purchased at either the United Church of Chester or the Deep River Congregational Church. The event will feature a gala Wine Tasting by Bob and Amy Grillo’s Centerbrook Package Store, fabulous appetizers, live music featuring vocalist Cathie O’Donnell Smith, a silent auction and teacup auction of wonderful gifts and services. Ample parking is available on the beautiful grounds of the historical society. This event will raise funds -for the 2011 Dominican Republic Medical Mission Team, which will bring medical care, medicine, food, clothing, friendship and hope to the desperately poor residents of the D.R. Many of them are Haitian expatriates working for below-subsistence wages on the sugar plantations of the DR. This project has been in existence for over ten years, working in cooperation with the Good Samaritan Hospital in LaRomana, DR. It is an ongoing ministry of the Deep River Congregational Church and the United Church of Chester but includes 25 participants from throughout the area. The Employment and Income Committee of Middlesex County’s Ten Year Plan to End Homelessness is presenting an Employment Resource and Career Fair. Lack of employment has presented an increasing risk of homelessness. The Employment Fair is to help those who are out of work, need help in finding a job and are not sure where to turn for help. If you live in the Lower River Valley or Shoreline area of Middlesex County and would like help please join us on Wednesday, May 11, from 9am-1pm in the Old Saybrook Shopping Center, Elm Street entrance. Representatives from the Department of Labor, United Labor Agency, Kuhn Employment Opportunities, Bureau of Rehabilitation Services, Middletown Adult Education, Social Security, and local Social Service agencies as well some area employers will be there. There is no charge and refreshments will be provided. Participants and/or employers should contact Lew Slotnick, MS, LADC, Director of the United Labor Agency at 860-347-8060 for additional information or to participate. Residents of Old Saybrook should contact, Susan Consoli, MA, LPC, Social Services Coordinator, at 860-395-3188 or by email at [email protected] for more information and employment help. Old Saybrook Social Services has run two Employment Workshops in addition to participation in this Employment Fair and is committed to continuing to help those in our community that are in need of employment help. The Estuary Council of Seniors is seeking non-profit organizations to participate in its fourth annual Shoreline Volunteer Open House. The event is being held Thursday June 2, from 4 p.m. till 6 pm at the Estuary Senior Center, 220 Main St. Old Saybrook. There is no registration fee and all non-profit organizations seeking volunteers are welcomed to attend. Registration is due no later than Thursday, May 26. Please call early to register, as space is limited! Call Judy or Sharon at 860-388-1611. The Estuary Council of Seniors partnered with 45 local merchants to organize a “Buy A Wheel” fundraising event. Local businesses promoted and sold colorful paper wheels to their customers for a one dollar donation. This year the Estuary Council raised over $7,600, more than doubling what was raised last year. Last year, with the help of over 150 volunteers, The Estuary Council delivered over 65,500 meals to 387 seniors in the community. The program served an additional 31,322 congregate meals to more than 1,300 seniors in the Old Saybrook dining room and in its 4 café sites. A wine and cheese HUBCAP Award Reception was held to thank all who helped us raise money and to honor awardees. HUBCAP Awardees – Helping Us Bring Community Awareness Programs are Michelle Armstead from Adams Food Stores, Laura Corning from The Monkey Farm, Jill Merola from Shore Discount Liquor and Chuck Brewster from The Blue Crab Steakhouse. The award for the Most Creative Display was given to Adams Food Stores. Gift Certificates awarded to the individuals who sold the most wheels are: Michelle Armstead from Adams Food Stores, Jen Thein from Colonial Market, Chuck Brewster from The Blue Crab Steakhouse and Marge Baroni from ECSI Thank you to The Cuckoo’s Nest, Sofia’s Restaurant, The Wheat Market and The Paperback Café for providing gift certificates for the winners and to The Wine Cask for donating wine! The Essex Garden Club’s annual May Market will be in full swing on Saturday, May 7 from nine in the morning until two in the afternoon. As always, the May Market will be held at the Essex Town Park directly on Main Street. The market features a full range of plants and flowers. There are annuals and perennials, herbs and gourmet seasonings, as well as a café for the hungry and garden implements. The May Market was open the day before for Garden Club members to get first, members got some wine as well. However, there are plenty of plant and flowers available for the general public to pick and choose. ESSEX— The board of selectmen will move to resolve issues involving the public access to the Connecticut River from Novelty Lane in an effort to utilize state funding that was provided to improve the access walkway. The board Wednesday heard an appeal from Jeff Going, chairman of the harbor management commission, to resolve two outstanding issues related to the small street that extends south near the lower end of Main Street in downtown Essex village. The paved portion of the street ends at a public access walkway that extends to the bulkhead on Middle Cove of the Connecticut River. The town was awarded a $198,000 state Small Town Economic Assistance Program (STEAP) grant last year, with a portion of the funds intended to upgrade the public access walkway at Novelty Lane. Most of the grant funds were directed toward construction of a new boat launch on the river at the end of Main Street. But with the boat launch project completed, about $35,000 remains to pay for the improvements to the Novelty Lane walkway. The town must use the remaining grant funds this year, or return the money to the state. Going said the unresolved issues involve a determination of clear title to the paved portion of the road that serves several homes and businesses, and a stone retaining wall that was constructed several years ago by an adjoining property owner without permits that extends over about a third of the public access right-of-way. The property owner at 15 Novelty Lane is Terrance Lomme, a local lawyer who now serves as the elected judge of probate for the nine-town region. Going, by letter and in person at the meeting, advised the selectmen that the commission has already directed a small portion of the grant funds to retain a landscape architect to begin design of the improvements to the public access walkway. He also told the board the retaining wall, and a drainage pipe that was installed with it, “has caused harm to the remaining public access area around it” by eroding soil from the narrow walkway. Going said the public access has been marked by signage and promoted in brochures since 1990. Going said the “illegal wall” must be removed, whether the town is able to utilize the state grant funds or not. In his letter, Going contended the harbor management commission has the authority to pursue removal of the wall and remediate the drainage and soil erosion problem “regardless of what the board of selectmen does or does not do,” regarding the issues related to Novelty Lane. Town funds would have to be used for any title research related to Novelty Lane. The grant funds must be directed only for design and construction of the public access improvements. Many people said they considered the library as something of a community center, where they can not only find books to read and listen to, a collection of newspapers and magazines to browse and movies to watch but meet other people. “In a small town, the library is the heart,” said one person. “It’s our second home!” Diane Gawronski said. “We borrow books, DVDs, use the computer, browse the books! And enjoy programs and art work and sometimes do research.” In Essex, people they used the library in these ways: Check out an item — 56 Attend a program — 40 Quiet place to study – 17 Use a computer — 22 Attend a meeting – 23 Job help –5 Research — 24 Get a library card –18 Other – 12 These numbers may surprise people who think of the library as a place just to check out a book. Statewide in just one day: 55,862 people walked through the doors of 90 Connecticut libraries 56,573 books, movies and more were borrowed 717 new borrowers were registered 6,063 reference questions were answered 9,422 people used computers 478 programs/classes were offered 8,520 people attended programs/classes 116,965 people visited Connecticut library websites Many people think of the library as a place for children. In Essex that is one popular reason. “We love the children’s department and Miss Jessica and Miss Shawn,” Cathy Nankee said. “It has so many free and safe activities for the children, Jeni Gray Roberts said. “It helps foster a love of learning and ease with books at an early age.” But many adults use the library as well. It has “nice people, fast computers, [a] great selection of newspapers,” Chris Kent said. Someone who has a long commute found another good purpose for the library: “I take out many audiobooks. I drive a lot and listen to them. They are very expensive to buy.” And Larry Messier said, “To me it’s a great place to do research, study, meet other people and just relax after a long day.” From all the comments on surveys people filled out, they appear to love the library. As Todd Jones said, “Essex Library is fantastic! The employees are helpful and offer many suggestions. Having a place to read, study, research, utilize technology and borrow materials for free is an awesome feeling. Our library is a great place to learn.” The Ivoryton Playhouse is celebrating 100 years of laughter, drama, music, romance and applause — a history that includes 2,436 stage kisses, 764 love stories, 522 villains, the stage debut of Katharine Hepburn and appearances by America’s greatest stars, and that today builds on that singular heritage. At a May 21 red-carpet benefit, guests will see a show that illustrates the central role that the theater has played over a century — scenes from productions that starred Helen Hays, Tallulah Bankhead, Betty Grable, Marlon Brando, Groucho Marx, Paul Robeson, Ezio Pinza, Don Ameche, and many other stage legends, all of whom were brought to Ivoryton by Milton Stiefel, who had the vision to create what became America’s most enduring summer theater, now a year-round stage. Building on that rich heritage is crucial to Jacqueline Hubbard, who has been the Playhouse’s executive and artistic director for 12 years. “Like everything else in this world, the theatre has seen a lot of changes over the past 100 years. Today, with so much of our lives spent in virtual communication, the theatre plays an even more vital role; especially here in Ivoryton where the history and the intimacy of the space make the experience of coming to this theatre so unique. We are proud to preserve this rich theatrical heritage and thrilled to be able to bring new and exciting performers and performances to this area.” Indeed, the remainder of the 2011 season shows the kind of theatrical diversity and relevance that Stiefel had in mind. From Neil Simon’s perennial favorite, the romantic comedy Barefoot in the Park, to the hilarity of Mel Brooks with the Broadway hit The Producers, followed by a true American classic Ring of Fire: The Music of Johnny Cash – featuring members of the Broadway cast. The fall continues the season with the pop sensation The Marvelous Wonderettes – all your favorite songs of the 50’s and 60’s and the spine chilling The Woman in Black. On Sunday May 22, the town of Ivoryton will continue the celebrations with a town-wide event including free family theatre in the Playhouse , live music on the green and horse and bugg rides. The Ivoryton Tavern is turning into a 1950’s soda fountain for the day; Six Summit Gallery will offer mask making for children; storytelling at the Ivoryton Library and Aggies Restaurant will feature a tag sale and cupcake decorating. Built in 1911 as a recreation hall for the workers of the Comstock-Cheney factory, the Ivoryton Playhouse has been an important part of Connecticut’s cultural landscape for every one of its 100 years. Traveling vaudeville shows and silent movies entertained residents of the shoreline area in its early years. With his New York and Hollywood connections, Stiefel brought the stars to Ivoryton. Established actors like Henry Hull and Norma Terris signed on to perform. The reputation of the Playhouse grew nationally and Paramount Pictures produced a short film showing its complete operation. In recent years the theater has continued to win critical praise: Connecticut Critic Circle Awards and, most recently, a Shoreline Arts Alliance Bravo award in 2010 for Best Theatre and the 2010 Shoreline Times Readers Poll Best Theatre award. Whether it be the Man in Black or the Woman in Black……love in the USA or UK……anthems of America or Ireland, the Ivoryton Playhouse 2011 Centennial Season has a great year of entertainment waiting for you. Come and see what we have on stage this season and celebrate! For more information on the benefit, the 2011 season, and all things Ivoryton Playhouse, please call 860.767.9520 or visit our newly designed website at www.ivorytonplayhouse.org. The Ivoryton Playhouse 100th Birthday Season! The Irish and how they got that way by Frank McCourt March 16-April 3, 2011 How the other half loves by Alan Ayckbourn April 13 – May 1, 2021 Barefoot in the park by Neil Simon June 8 – June26, 2011 The producers By Mel Brooks,July 6 – July 31, 2011 Ring of fire: The Music of Johnny Cash Created and Directed by Richard Maltby Jr. Conceived by William MeadeAugust 10 – September 4, 2011 The marvelous wonderettes by Roger Bean September 28 – October 16, 2011 The Woman in Black Adapted for the stage by Stephen Mallatratt November 2 – 20, 2011

Cabrogal, What a good point. Of course that must be more true than not! My father was one of the most scripture quoting atheists you can ever imagine there being and I always found that the oddest thing. in his oldest years, towards the year he died, he quoted the Bible and other sacred writings even more frequently…So very strange. Thank you for pointing this out. I am however, very glad that whatever Forces or god he made his peace with, when he passed on, he was not afraid to die…For that I am happy. To be an atheist at all takes a lot of faith. How can anyone be so certain of how the universe works they can eliminate the possibility of gods? But atheists secure in their faith don’t need to ram it down other people’s throats. After all, they aren’t rewarded in the afterlife for gaining converts. Maybe your dad didn’t really believe in his own atheism and you picked up on the religiosity he was protesting too much against. Argh, it has been a long long time since I wrote this poem, and I meant and remembered, in every sense of that word, things that happened at the time that I wrote it…So it is true and factual. Absolutely. But it was written back in 1988 and so much has changed since then that I can only take “credit” for having written it then, and not for being that person now, or for even believing or wanting to believe now… Truth is, I posted it because I am a lonesome wanna-believer who doesn’t truly believe or trust believing or trust myself as any sort of believer , only that I am so unbelievably stuck in this ugliness of voices telling me I am the DEVIL that somewhere in me I must have imbibed some religious belief, at least of the negative sort.. But why I cannot trust that there is a benevolent being out there for me I do not know…I do not know. Only that I would swear forgiveness is for everyone else and God loves all and everyone except ME… Sorry but it is true .And moreover, like our poor dear dead friend, Hope, who I trust now resides with god or at any rate with deeply benevolent stardust that loves her — just as she did alas, I believe that I cannot, and will never be forgiven. Pammy I love this poem. Yeah I’ll rather stay foolish, than languish in seeking endlessly to understand the greatest mystery of all – which is Life. Where am I from? Where am I going? Why should I die? on and on, only Faith is brings me rest for my living soul. He may be called God, Allah and much more. I who unfortunately can’t say I know my father here on earth, call the Great Him in whom I place my Faith, Hope and Trust, My Almighty Father. I wish you loads What power our fathers had over our developing concept of God. My dad, diagnosed with Multiple Personality Disorder, taught me completely conflicting ideas about God, depending on which personality was out. After outgrowing my childish faith, I was agnostic-almost-atheist for much of my life. But today I believe more than I doubt, because the preponderance of the evidence in my life has led me to this place. And I am comforted, and I am foolish, and I am uncomfortable, all at the same time. “In India when we meet and part we Often say, ‘Namaste’, which means: I honor the place in you where the entire universe resides; I honor the place in you of love, of light, of truth, of peace. I honor the place within you where if you are in that place in you and I am in that place in me, there is only one of us." ~~Ram Dass~~ “In India when we meet and part we Often say, ‘Namaste’, which means: I honor the place in you where the entire universe resides; I honor the place in you of love, of light, of truth, of peace. I honor the place within you where if you are in that place in you and I am in that place in me, there is only one of us." ~~Ram Dass~~

Q: Output values to be separated by commas and to exclude the last comma I need my output to be separated by commas which it does, but I need the last comma excluded and also how would I rerun my program. I need to do this the simplest way as possible. This is what I have so far: System.out.print("Enter numbers (-1 to end):"); int num = input.nextInt(); int sum = 0; String u= " "; while (num != -1) { sum += num; u += num + ","; num = input.nextInt(); } System.out.println("Entered Numbers: " + u); System.out.println("The Sum: " + sum); A: Replace u += num + ","; with u += (u.length() == 1 ? "" : ",") + num; This only appends the comma if something has already been appended to u. Note that it is better to use a StringBuilder to concatenate strings in a loop.

Zimbabwe Cricket Team Zimbabwe National Cricket Team is the Team that Represents Zimbabwe in Cricket. The Zimbabwe cricket team Plays in all formats of cricket. The Zimbabwe Cricket Team is conducted and governed by the Zimbabwe Cricket. Zimbabwe Cricket governs and organizes all tours and matches of team Zimbabwe. The Team Zimbabwe is a member of the ICC with all three formats of cricket. Previously, Zimbabwe national cricket team was the associate member of ICC in the year 1981. It has become a full member in the year 1992. Nicknames of Zimbabwe Cricket Team Zimbabwe National Cricket Team is commonly called as The Chevrons. Zimbabwe Cricket News Get all the latest news and updates of Zimbabwe National Cricket Team only at Cricadium. We try to provide the best cricket content possible to our followers. So, stay connected to Cricadium for latest Zimbabwe Cricket News Zimbabwe National Cricket Team Coache Lalchand Rajput is the current Head coach of the team Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe National Cricket Team Captain Hamilton Masakadza is the current captain of Zimbabwe cricket team for all three formats. Zimbabwe Cricket Team Roaster Catch every detail about Zimbabwe cricket team squad. Here is the Current Zimbabwe National Cricket team Roster for all three formats Name Age Role Batting Style Bowling Style Forms Batsmen Hamilton Masakadza 35 Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm medium Test, ODI, T20I Chamu Chibhabha 32 Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm medium Test, ODI, T20I Brian Chari 26 Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm off break Test, ODI Tinashe Kamunhukamwe 23 Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm off break ODI Solomon Mire 29 Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm fast medium ODI Tarisai Musakanda 24 Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm fast medium ODI Sikandar Raza 32 Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm off break Test, ODI, T20I Brendan Taylor 32 Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm off break Test, ODI, T20I Peter Moor 27 WK-Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm off break Test, ODI, T20I Regis Chakabva 31 WK-Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm off break Test Ryan Murray 20 WK-Batsman Right Handed Bat Right-arm off break ODI Cephas Zhuwao 34 Batsman Left Handed Bat Right-arm leg break ODI, T20I Ryan Burl 24 Batsman Left Handed Bat Right-arm leg break Test, ODI, T20I Craig Ervine 33 Batsman Left Handed Bat Right-arm off break Test, ODI, T20I Prince Masvaure 30 Batsman Left Handed Bat Left-arm fast medium ODI Sean Williams 32 Batsman Left Handed Bat Left-arm orthodox Test, ODI, T20I All-Rounders Elton Chigumbura 32 Allrounder Right Handed Bat Right-arm medium ODI, T20I Graeme Cremer 32 Allrounder Right Handed Bat Right-arm leg break Test, ODI, T20I Liam Roche 19 Allrounder Right Handed Bat Right-arm off break ODI Malcolm Waller 34 Allrounder Right Handed Bat Right-arm off break ODI, T20I Bowlers Kyle Jarvis 29 Bowler Right Handed Bat Right-arm fast Test, ODI, T20I Tendai Chatara 27 Bowler Right Handed Bat Right-arm fast medium Test, ODI, T20I Christopher Mpofu 33 Bowler Right Handed Bat Right-arm fast medium Test, ODI, T20I Taurai Muzarabani 31 Bowler Right Handed Bat Test, ODI, T20I Donald Tiripano 30 Bowler Right Handed Bat Right-arm fast medium Test, ODI Brandon Mavuta 21 Bowler Right Handed Bat Right-arm leg break Test, ODI, T20 John Nyumbu 33 Bowler Right Handed Bat Right-arm off break T20I Richard Ngarava 21 Bowler Left Handed Bat Left-arm fast ODI Brian Vitori 28 Bowler Left Handed Bat Left-arm fast medium ODI Tendai Chisoro 30 Bowler Left Handed Bat Left-arm orthodox ODI, T20I Wellington Masakadza 25 Bowler Left Handed Bat Left-arm orthodox Test, ODI, T20I Zimbabwe Cricket team Player list At Cricadium you will get every detail about all Zimbabwe cricketers, their stats, profile, latest news, records etc. Here is the list of some very popular Zimbabwe Cricketers of all time Duncan Fletcher, Neil Johnson, Henry Olonga, David Houghton, Tatenda Taibu, Brendan Taylor, Alistair Campbell, Grant Flower, Heath Streak, Andy Flower, Guy Whittall, Ray Price, Stuart Carlisle, Jhon Traicos, Brian Murphy etc. Zimbabwe national cricket Team Records Here is the list of some records made by Zimbabwe Cricket Team In Test cricket highest team total: 563/9 declared vs West Indies, 27–31 July 2001 at Harare. Highest team total in ODI is 351/7 vs Kenya, 29 January 2009 at Mombasa In T20I cricket highest team total: 200/2 v New Zealand, 14 February 2012 at Hamilton Zimbabwe Cricket Zimbabwe national cricket team acquired test status in the year 1992. Team Zimbabwe played their first test against India at Harare Sports Club, Harare on 18 October 1992. Similarly, they received ODI status in the year 1983. And they played its first ODI against Australia at Trent Bridge, Nottingham on 9 June 1983. Zimbabwe cricket team played their first T20I against Bangladesh on 28 November 2006, at Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium, Khulna.

Q: How can I open an IPython notebook without the output? I have an IPython notebook where I've accidentally dumped a huge output (15 MB) that crashed the notebook. Now when I open the notebook and attempt to delete the troublesome cell, the notebook crashes again—thus preventing me from fixing the problem and restoring the notebook to stability. The best fix I can think of is manually pasting the input cells to a new notebook, but is there a way to just open the notebook without any outputs? A: There is this nice snippet (that I use as a git commit hook) to strip the output of an ipython notebook: #!/usr/bin/env python def strip_output(nb): for ws in nb.worksheets: for cell in ws.cells: if hasattr(cell, "outputs"): cell.outputs = [] if hasattr(cell, "prompt_number"): del cell["prompt_number"] if __name__ == "__main__": from sys import stdin, stdout from IPython.nbformat.current import read, write nb = read(stdin, "ipynb") strip_output(nb) write(nb, stdout, "ipynb") stdout.write("\n") You can easily make it a bit nicer to use, currently you'd have to call it as strip_output.py < my_notebook.ipynb > my_notebook_stripped.ipynb A: If you are running jupyter 4.x, you will get some API deprecation warnings when running filmor's script. Although the script still works, I update the script a bit to remove the warnings. #!/usr/bin/env python def strip_output(nb): for cell in nb.cells: if hasattr(cell, "outputs"): cell.outputs = [] if hasattr(cell, "prompt_number"): del cell["prompt_number"] if __name__ == "__main__": from sys import stdin, stdout from nbformat import read, write nb = read(stdin, 4) strip_output(nb) write(nb, stdout, 4) stdout.write("\n") A: As for later versions of jupyter, there is a Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs... option that clears the outputs but also removed the variables.

Q: How can I get the size of a Solr document? I would like to know the size in bytes of individual Solr documents/responses. Is there a straightforward way to figure this out? We are using the solrj java client. I've looked around and have only found ways to determine the size of the index, but nothing on the size of the documents themselves. A: the size and the document of solr are composed of both : - indexes compressed - files compressed A easy way to know the size of you solr core / node is to get in solr admin So in my case we have : 2993 document for 5,41 MB = an average of 1,8KB / document including the index / and the stored fields. There is also another way if you are more geeky and love to code : how to get the Index Size in solr UPDATE THE 5/06/2014 : Hehe, I've found something that sound good : [ MAT tool3 You can lookup the lru cache in order to understand the memory used (and the space used by a specific doc). By running a get of the ID, you will have the ID retrieved and the memory taken by the ID on HDD/RAM! :) See this great article : MAT usage , MAT .

SALT LAKE CITY -- Merlin Olsen, a Hall of Fame defensive lineman and member of the Los Angeles Rams' "Fearsome Foursome" who followed up football with a successful television career in "Little House on the Prairie," NFL broadcasts and commercials, has died. He was 69. Utah State, Olsen's alma mater, said he died outside of Los Angeles early Thursday after battling cancer. He was diagnosed with mesothelioma, a cancer of the lung lining, last year. "He was ferocious and fearless on the football field and then the other probably more important aspect of his personality was he was a true gentleman," said fellow Hall of Famer Jack Youngblood, his teammate with the Rams in Los Angeles. "We all know what a wonderful, tremendous football player he was, but he was so much more than that." NFL commissioner Roger Goodell issued a statement lauding Olsen as an "extraordinary person, friend and football player." "He cared deeply about people, especially those that shared the game of football with him," Goodell said. "Merlin was a larger-than-life person, literally and figuratively, and leaves an enormously positive legacy." Olsen was a consensus All-American at Utah State and a first-round draft pick of the Los Angles Rams in 1962. The giant from northern Utah joined Deacon Jones, Lamar Lundy and Rosey Grier on the Rams' storied "Fearsome Foursome" defensive line known for either stopping or knocking backward whatever offenses it faced. The Rams set an NFL record for the fewest yards allowed during a 14-game season in 1968. Olsen was rookie of the year for the Rams in 1962 and is still the Rams' all-time leader in career tackles with 915. He was named to 14 consecutive Pro Bowls, a string that started his rookie year. Olsen was also an established television actor with a role on "Little House on the Prairie," then starring in his own series, "Father Murphy," from 1981 to 1983 and the short-lived "Aaron's Way" in 1988. As a Utah State senior, Olsen won the 1961 Outland Trophy as the nation's best interior lineman. The Rams drafted him third overall in 1962 and he spent the next 15 years with the team before retiring in 1976. His Pro Football Hall of Fame induction came in 1982. "We are deeply saddened to learn of Merlin's passing. He was not only an extraordinary football player but just a superb human being," Hall of Fame president/executive director Steve Perry said in a statement. "He was a dear friend to all of us at the Hall of Fame and to all of his fellow Hall of Famers. His support of the Hall over the years, including his past five as a member of our board, will long be appreciated." Utah State honored Olsen in December by naming the football field at Romney Stadium "Merlin Olsen Field." Because of his illness, Olsen's alma mater didn't want to wait until football season and made the announcement during halftime of a basketball game. Olsen was well enough to attend, but did not speak at the event. He stood and smiled as he waved to fans during a standing ovation and chants of "Merlin Olsen!" and "Aggie Legend!" Utah State is also planning a statue of Olsen at the southeast corner of the stadium. "This was the voice of a man who not only became one of our country's most decorated athletes, but also one of the most accomplished and respected people ever to hail from the state of Utah," said Stan Albrecht, president of Utah State. The Rams also honored Olsen during a game Dec. 20, with a video tribute narrated by Dick Enberg, Olsen's longtime broadcast partner. Olsen did not attend because of his health. His name was already part of the Ring of Fame inside the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis along with other franchise standouts. He was voted NFC defensive lineman of the year in 1973 and the NFL MVP in 1974, and was voted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1982. Information from The Associated Press was used in this report.

Neurologic complications of respiratory disease. The respiratory system and the central nervous system are interconnected in a delicate balance; disorders in this equilibrium can have devastating consequences. Respiratory dysfunction, whether acute or chronic, may cause neurologic disease, including headache, encephalopathy, and in extreme cases, coma and death. This article will discuss abnormalities in ventilation and gas exchange, their subsequent pathophysiologic effects on the nervous system, and mechanisms of treatment for these disorders.

Universidad Francisco de Vitoria

############################################################################ libBand - Simple library to limit the bandwidth ############################################################################ LibBand is a simple library wrapper written in assembly and C (but I plan to rewrite everything in C) useful if you want to limit the bandwidth used by a program. It simply overrides some libc functions, using the LD_PRELOAD environment variable, and puts some pauses in the program to clamp the bandwidth at the specified value, for both upload and download operations. You just have to set UPLOAD_BAND and DOWNLOAD_BAND and run your program, for example: export LD_PRELOAD=/replace-with-the-path/to/libband.so export UPLOAD_BAND=1024 export DOWNLOAD_BAND=8192 ftp somewhere.com The bandwidth must be expressed in bytes/s, and so in the above example, we want the upload band clamped at 1.0 kb/s, the download band at 8.0 kb/s. There's a small utility in the scripts/ directory, called lb: you can use it to set everything and start your program from a nice whiptail/dialog environment. Just type "make" to compile, and "make install" to install the library. Remember that $HOME/lib is the default installation directory, so you usually have to export LD_PRELOAD by using: export LD_PRELOAD=$HOME/lib/libband.so The "lb" script is configured to work with this path, but you may change it by editing the script itself (search for the LIBPATH variable). Please note that at the moment libBand DOESN'T WORK with multithreaded and _graphic_ applications. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Please send bug reports, comments and suggestions to: asus miasma Thank you

If you just met these folks, you'd back away. But you can't. They're your parents, or parent. You came here, searching for answers. I'm no expert. Just a survivor of narcissistic parents. Wednesday, March 12, 2008 How Did We Survive? If you have a narcissistic parent, there will come a moment when you realize just how WEIRD he or she is and wonder....how the hell did you survive childhood? So last night I was talking to my 81-year old father (okay, I didn't talk, I was listening), and he was telling me how the director of health services at the assisted living facility has it out for him. This is not surprising because he tells her she has a fat ass and is getting as a big as a door. Just to be clear, this isn't dementia. He's always been like that. The man has no filters. He pretty much says whatever he's thinking - no matter how rude or crude - and says it's not his fault. He's just pointing out the truth and if people are offended, that's not his problem. I clearly remember my horror at a wedding when I was ten and my father, 45, told proud parents of a bald, chubby baby boy that their kid looked like Kruschev. No kidding. The parents were crushed. I spent the rest of the wedding carting around that giant baby, making a fuss over him, to make up for my dad's blunder. Anyway...my dad has a long history of thinking people have it out for him. They do. They don't like him because he's rude, interrupts and can only talk about himself. But I couldn't resist. "Why doesn't the nurse like you?" I asked. "Because she doesn't like to hear nice things about me," he explained peevishly. "She ignores me when the other nurses give me compliments. She only pays attention to me when she's mad at me." This isn't dementia. I wish it were. Sadly, this is an example my father's childlike behavior and view of the world. I can remember, with crystal clarity, wishing that I had a real man for a father and not someone so hopelessly juvenile. He'd go on tirades about the guys at work who had it in for him, who didn't like him...all said in the manner of a little boy excluded on the playground. And it struck me...how did this pathetic, needy half-man ever take care of me? I remember him complaining that when I was around a year old, I kept climbing out of my crib and how it drove him crazy. Then he'd explain how he'd have to stop whatever he was doing and stick me back in. Or how I drove him nuts because I kept asking to go to Disneyland and he finally took me, but got sick on a ride in the first hour. So for years I got to hear how my selfishness had cost him. Rides home from dances, the occasional trip to the mall, even back-to-school nights were all evidence of his selflessness. I used to wonder if my dad wasn't sort of retarded. I even asked one of his doctors if they thought he had a super low IQ or had some sort of mental deficiency that would help explain why my daughter, then 13, seemed more mature than her grandfather had ever been. Nope. But one psychologist finally figured out that he had narcissistic personality disorder, probably because he'd been badly abused as a kid. I spent a lot of my adult years feeling sorry for him. For making excuses that benefited my father, while dismissing the way I was neglected and treated. When I imagine myself alone with him as a vulnerable child, I'm horrified. 17 comments: Ah yes, the running around trying to undo the damage the parents inflict on unsuspecting strangers. Weird how as little kids we instinctively knew what was right or wrong or proper or polite and were confused (not to mention horrified) that our parents were so clueless about the most basic social grace. If there is anything the n-parents did teach us is how not to act. Considering how they never taught us social manners, I had to wonder, why weren’t we influenced by them or modeled their bad behavior? And the out-to-get-them stuff, oh boy it was and still their favorite mantra. Again, as itty bitty kids we knew it was bull because we witnessed their own bad behavior 24/7. The old adage of “those for dish it out can’t take it.” So how did we survive our childhood? Well, I think kids have strong survival instinct not made obvious by our culture that encourages infantizing young people, mainly to keep them in school and out of the workplace. I don’t know about you but for me it was “willful obliviousness”, kind of what I’m doing now with Mom living with me (rent free and does no housecleaning what so ever). We knew we were trapped in our parent’s house and so bided our time until we can legally run away and they pay for it, meaning college. At the very least my parents were concern somewhat with parental appearance and our little society of professor parents expected them to pay for our education. Of course dear Dad never let me forget it and that’s where the willful obliviousness kicks in again. Couple weeks ago my mom was getting pissed off at my passive willful obliviousness and began constantly mocking and belittling me. After 3 days of that nonsense I went to spend overnight at a friend’s house without telling her. Maybe it was cruel but I knew she would be really worried and besides herself (who would take care of her if I’m dead on the streets somewhere!), it wasn’t until midnight did she finally knew where I was. It took huge wind out of her sail and she’s much better behaved now, though she’s still very much the soul parasite. You're right. Kids do have a strong survival instinct and, by comparison to children who were physically abused and deprived, it was our psyches/emotional well-being at stake. One of the things that absolutely freaks me out is the possibility that I may have developed some quirks of behavior like my Dad. I am hyper-vigilant and constantly question myself. It's kind of maddening. Running away. I wonder how many of us children of narcissists did that when we were old enough and found the means? I did, finally, in my early 20's and never looked up. I put as much distance as I could and rarely called. Ooooo. Mocking and belittling. Those words made me shiver. And feel really sorry for you. There is something so humiliating and cruel about it. My Dad used to mock me whenever I expressed an opinion different than his or mentioned a book or something I read in a newspaper...he'd mock in a pretend-snooty voice. If I may...I'm going to pass on something my therapist said. My Dad had left a horrible phone message. I was so used to this kind of treatment that I'd become desensitized and didn't realize just how abusive it was. I described how awful the message had me feel and that I hadn't totally succeeded in emotionally detaching because I was so angry, although I never would have expressed that to my father. The therapist said...let him have it. Tell him you refuse to be treated like that and will not call him if he does it again. And if he does it again, don't call for a week. Stand up for yourself. So I did. Shockingly, my Dad backed down immediately. Of course, he pulled the hang-dog, hurt routine and took no responsibility...saying..."I can never do anything right. No matter what I say or do everybody is against me, even my own daughter" in a pretend, hurt voice. And then I told him that he could cut that crap, too. I was on top of the world that day. I DID feel better. Like a real person! But I do not have my dad living with me. And narcissists are so manipulative in person that it's hard to survive in the same space with them...they take up so much room and they fight so unfairly...that I totally get why you'd run away for relief. And to teach her a lesson! Reminds me of my N-friend who told me that her mandate in life was to hold the mirror up to peoples faces so that they can see the truth. God help you if you did that to her though. You were 'attacking' her and being a 'bitch' or 'drunk', 'crazy'. she also thought she could cause harm on people just by thinking it and that she was psychic. Wow. A peek into the narcissistic POV can be scary..as in the case of your n-friend. I mean, sometimes we don't know exactly HOW they think - unless they tell us - but only see how they operate. I wonder if that was an example of grandiose thinking or if she had something else going on, too... Hi Nina, absolutely know what you mean about being hyper-vigilant. I make my friends tell me if I’m talking too much, especially when I find myself monopolizing the conversation. We got to give ourselves breaks from the vigilance, but like you I’m afraid of letting my guard down. As for your dad mocking whenever you have a different opinion.. Arggg! If there is justice in the afterlife, these n-parents would be forced to be inside out our skin and experience everything that they dished out to us. You just can’t have any conversation with them, it’s strictly one way. What kind of sick joy do they get mocking their kid’s thoughts and opinions? Ofcourse it’s been said that all those mocking and belittling and temper tantrums…. Well, it’s like a burp to them and now that THEY feel better, they expect us to feel better too. You did awesome standing up to your dad after that horrible phone message. Isn’t that something? To actually realize that feeling of being a human person instead of supplier to parasites in human form. In a sense we have to handle our parents like they are terrorists – we can’t reason or bargain or negotiate with them but instead show them the consequences of their actions. Oh, and have a strong border/ boundary that they are not allowed to breach and cross. Oh yes, my mom immediately cry the “even my own daughter is against me!” crocodile tears after my disappearing act. With my mom I want to say “grow up already!” and with my dad I want to say “be a man already!” Anne, I’ve been meaning to ask other kids of n-parents if their parents thought they were psychic. My mom certainly did, “Psychic Detective” on one of those Discovery channel used to be her favorite show. At one point she attended a what I can only describe as a super-magic-Buddha class and discovered her past lives which included an European prince. Really now, why is it that stories of past lives always involve Cleopatra or some form of royalty, it’s never about having been a galley slave or something. About your friend and showing others the “truth”. My mom always says to me how only she tells the truth, hence her belittling are actually helpful guidance. It was constantly “Only I tell you the truth.” “I’m telling you the truth.” “This is the truth, only I will tell you this.” I used to cringe at the section of the New Testament where Jesus said, “Only I tell you the truth…”, until one day I realized, “hey, only Jesus can say he tells the truth, not my mom. That’s it I’m not listening to Mom’s crap anymore!” Was thinking more about the whole crocodile-tear-poor-me schtick. It's REALLY crazy making because you never, ever get any sort of apology. I mean, in any relationship...people do stuff to each other and part of the deal is to say...I'm sorry. But not only is there never any apology coming from a narcissistic parent...any calling out of bad behavior means the Victim Routine. It's just another manipulation. YUCK!!! OLIVEPIMENTO: I'm planning a post - soonish - about "special considerations" of being adopted by narcissists. It's nearly impossible not to scream, "Who's big idea of a joke was THIS to stick me with these folks who didn't need a kid, but a parent?" Hang in there. If you're just figuring out the whole n-thing, allow yourself to a) grieve and b) be angry and c) have any emotions you're feeling instead of bottling it in. And start reading about narcissistic parents if you've haven't already. Hi, Everyone! I'm a newbie and see a lot of you haven't been on this blog for long. Please have patience with me as I learn the ropes of this blog. I have an 88-year old NM who is now worse than ever and who is so far gone, we're in the process of having her put away in a hospital that has psychiatric facilities. The timing of my denouement about NPD coincided with all the present set of circumstances involved in getting her taken care of. That can't be a coincidence but is God's timing. She can no longer take care of herself and needs constant watching and care. We tried to arrange home care for her, but she fought it all the way. She sabotaged everyone who came to take care of her screaming at them to leave and verbally abusing them to the point where the aides were trembling in fear. So it's off to the nut house, lock her up and throw away the key. I have to be there to sign the papers. Oh, yes, I know about emotional vampires, parasites and terrorists. My father was a basically good man but was too weak to deal with HER or to defend and protect me when she would throw a grown-up version of what is essentially a child's tantrum. That's what makes NM's so malignant and evil. While their emotional growth was stunted somewhere between the ages of three and six, their intellect is that of an adult. Therefore, they're much more dangerous and toxic than a child could ever be. The worst of them are psychopaths with no consciences. While I've been on a lifetime search to find out why NM is so crazy and cruel, I never could pinpoint it until just a few weeks ago. A cyberfriend who is a fellow sufferer solved the mystery in her searches and sent me all the info. You all must know only too well what it was like for you when you first found out. The shock, the repugnance, the horror of the realization you have a certifiable monster for a parent is akin to, say, finding out the parent is a serial killer, a sadist or other type of deviant. You say to yourself stuff about carrying this monster's DNA but yet you've never been in any way like her and never will, thank God. What all of you say here resonates with me. We're all fellow travelers on the NM highway to Hell and fellow truth seekers, too. So, you ask how we managed to survive it? I think everything y'all said is true about a child's basic survival instinct. I also believe that since we all were born normal, we still maintained an inner core of sanity and self, what's right and wrong to the extent that no matter how beaten down we were, we never gave up inside ourselves and fought this evil at all costs. We developed certain survival skills. And, of course, our prime directive as young people was to ESCAPE as soon as we were able. Because I was so driven by this need to escape and find love, I went into two disastrous marriages before I got it right with the Lord and let Him pick the handsome and dear soul I've been married to for 25 years. Don't any of you valiant and courageous survivors sell yourselves short about anything. Your NP's are the pathetic ones, not you. We've all been able to do what they never could or would - listen,learn, grow, mature, develop, be truth seekers who would rather fight than allow THEM to kill what's human in us. We've been able to attain, for the most part, good lives. We're warriors! -- TruthSeeker2 How we have survived as children since I am in my teenage years I still have a pretty fresh memory of childhood. I think it is because I always had an innate sense of what was unjust and what was just. It is weird looking back and realizing around the age of 7 I was thinking about suicide. Then found out that I could not stand doing that to myself then I thought about running away then realized that it would just land me in most likely a very bad situation where someone else would take advantage of me and so I stayed and stuck it out. Children are much more intelligent than most adults like to think and the same for teenagers. I hate it when I read these parenting suggestions. They talk of kids like this piece of clay that can be molded into whatever you want. They are not mindless barbarians. They are just people without experience trying to make sense of the world and you can make it easier or harder for them to do so. My favorite scripture Mathew 18:6 Then as a teenager some adults just assume right out that I am a delinquent and in need of controlling. I have too much of that at home thank you very much! Oh the day I turn 18 and freedom when people finally listen to what I say and don't just brush it aside because of my age. Just because I am a child or a teenager does not mean that I am mentally retarded. Basically the child makes many choices that will effect them later in life. I chose not to run away. As for now I am just in a nearly constant state of depression. I am just a pot full of steam ready to explode when some emotional provocation comes up. After living with the nightmare for so many years it adds up. "If you have a narcissistic parent, there will come a moment when you realize just how WEIRD he or she is and wonder....how the hell did you survive childhood?" Ha ha. The imagination that is how. When you have horrible nightmares pretending that your stuffed animal can protect you. When your parent hurts you so badly you just cry til you fall asleep with the pain in the morning you forget and pretend it never happened. When you think about it you imagine a better place with a good family or no family at all. A place where you are loved and safe. As you dream of this wonderful place you feel happier more sane. You dream of secret rooms where your mother can't make you clean them. Of being able to fly away and never come back. Dream of the future. Forgetfulness, imagination, and denial help one to cope. Acceptance of your parent no matter how bad they truly are. As a child I longed to be good and for a happy family. Self defense. You don't feel so hopeless when you are being yelled at if you once in a while yell back. Hiding. Games when everything in the world is new and interesting to you it can be much more entertaining. I stacked pennies, I played imaginary games with my brother. Each of my stuffed animals had personalities of their own and they came to life when I played with them. I loved my stuffed animals like human beings when I was a child. They were so real so alive in my imagination. So much nicer than my mother. Hope. There was so much hope that she would one day just change and understand. Only if I could explain it well enough and I tried over and over again always hoping. Luck those times when you were just and infant and were lucky to survive. For example she told me of a time when I was a baby that she wasn't watching me closely and I had nearly crawled off the balcony. Barely got caught in time. Friends. Ever wonder how kids often easily interact with each other. It is because they are in the same world misunderstood by adults they know each other and so stick together. At the park I could stop thinking about my parents and my only concern was finding someone to play with. I was accepted there. No one ever refused to play with me. "Hey can I play tag with you?" "Sure" The cool thing about being a kid is that there are very few requirements for someone to be your friend. You can be with them for two minutes or an hour and be their friend for that time. You can start playing in the sand making tunnels and so on. Someone asks can I join you? sure and you both make houses castles and so on together perfectly contented. If you said hi to me when I was a kid and played with me for a while and were nice. You were my friend and that was that. When I look at adults I laugh inwardly they make everything so complicated. Narcissists particularly. As a kid I wondered how adults could be so stupid. So rude to each other and children. So immature. So blind. They couldn't see me if they tried. I was just a kid and that was that for them. When I was a kid adults were kind of like aliens who lived in a different world and this is true in a way. In fact I kind of dreaded becoming one of them. I promised myself long ago not to forget what it is like to be a kid so that when I meet one I will not be an alien but a friend. Being a kid is to be misunderstood. Parents should be the ones to understand. Unfortunately that is not the case. I've struggled all my life, with varying degrees of success,to undo the damage caused by growing up with an insanely narcissistic mother. She's now in her eighties in assisted living and suffering from dementia. Sometimes I can't believe that cream puff a human being had the capacity to cause so much emotional pain. In her prime, my mother had three modes of being: (1) the caring, funny, wonderful public persona whom everyone outside the family loved (2)the angry, harsh, judgmental, nasty b-tch persona that was directed at the members of the immediate family 24/7, and (3)the workaholic persona whom we knew better than to interrupt. I remember my mother snarling as she spit vicious, degrading remarks at us at the dinner table. Just then, the doorbell rang. She walked 10 feet to the front door and opened it with a big, warm smile and kind, welcoming words for the unexpected visitor. Thinking back, I'm surprised I'm not crazier than I am. Biological mother, BM, had to be the constant center of attention. She had to be adored by everyone. She had great social skills and could make anyone love her. She authentically enjoyed people and social interactions because she got lots of positive feedback. How many times did people say to me "I wish I had your mother"? At the same time, she'd tear people down behind closed doors, telling us what a loser so and so was. God forbid, if someone said something she didn't like, even an innocent remark. We'd hear about it for days, on and on, again and again. I'd get so depressed listening to the constant barrage of negative comments. And I couldn't say a word about it - just suck it up and listen. She actually sat me down as a young child (I still remember it, the furniture, the old house where we lived when I was very young)and told me how badly our inlaws treated her. I was a little kid and she was using me as her psychotherapist, cutting down my relatives and telling me how bad they were. How sick is that? Up until the dementia hit, she continued to tell me the same nasty, ugly stuff again and again. I could lipsync the words, I knew the stories so well. We all had to look good in public too to make BM look good. It would've been treason, punishable by emotional death, to make the wrong impression outside the confines of our house. I've lived my entire life walking on eggshells, scared out of my mind to say the wrong thing or do the wrong thing in public. I started binge eating at 17 when I just couldn't take it anymore but had nowhere else to go. Of course, I didn't know why I felt so bad all the time. I blamed myself and thought there was something intrinsically wrong with me. It took me a few years after I left home to figure out that BM was the problem and that my childhood experiences were not normal or healthy. Of course, knowing is not the same as healing. I still struggle with lots of emotional issues and an eating disorder despite working on these issues for many years. Sometimes I'm amazed at how I ended up with such a crazy mother. I am 29 and have now just figured out that my parents are narcisists. they are always waiting for me to 'get it' which means adopt thier wealthy lifestyle, righteous 'proper' choices and status symbols(clothing, cars)...all the while...they are utterly miserable together, and have been for twenty years, but would never really admit it... are elitest and don't have any real friends, and are obnoixious and impossible to deal with, seeing that you are 'inferior' to them. I go into severe depression and hopelessness because I feel as that I have no one in this world that I can trust. My mother competes with me, my father has made sexual comments towards me, and my brothers have been emotionally and verbally abusive. But, they have a huge house, lots of degrees, cars and are morally superior because they have been married for twenty years. I constantly have to point out how I am not them and that they do not truly know me. But I believe they will never understand. I find the holidays are the worse, not even really sure where to begin here other than to say thank you all for your thoughts. As I read all of these posts, the tears are streaming down my face. I feel like at my age I should get over it and move on but this past holiday season has been pure hell on earth with HER. I feel super low right now as though I will never be able to heal, move on, be free. My family was with me and we all feel completely out of control and helpless against the 7 headed hydra. It was all about HER, everything, so much, too much to even tell at this point from money to presents to the insufferable need to be needed constantly, the pressure, OMG, the pressure! Nothing is ever enough, good enough, tall enough, nice enough, too skinny, too fat......can't take much more. Thank you so much for these posts. I have a nm that I spent most of my life trying to not be like. I remember as a child, my father saying to her that she was going to break my spirit. Friends of mine were never good enough and if they came around, she spent all the conversation putting me down in front of them. Things that were given to my brother and I were what she wanted us to have, never anything we may have picked out or wanted. We always had to be grateful for what we had and since we never got what we wanted, it taught me to never want anything because you'd only be disappointed. I remember when I was 17, having my boxes packed in the corner of my room so when I turned 18 and graduated, I could escape. I moved out when I was 19 finally because I was planning to get married and wanted to make sure I wasn't getting married to escape. I wanted no roommates, no controllers, I also told my mother that my father had abused me and she told me I dreamt it. Wouldn't acknowledge it, and said I must have overheard that her father had abused her. Wow, talk about be disregarded. It all became about her, not my issues. She said I was using it to move out. Never investigate, never confront the person. Just, what are you doing to me. Wow. I couldn't get away fast enough. Now that she is in her 70's and I am in her 50's. She has a terrible relationship with her sisters. They have told me they love and hate her. I do understand. I was never allowed to have a close relationship with her sisters even though I am closer in age. It was a sin to know something before she knew it. She reminds them always that it was her that cleaned up their messes. She has always been controlling to her friends and obnoxious in clubs she's belonged to. She has no friends and always looks to me to be her friend. They were considering moving to the city where I now live and I had huge anxiety. When they decided not to, I was greatly relieved. How said is that. I still have her sitting on my shoulder telling me daily, I'm not good enough. I remember working for a company I had to make decisions for. The boss finally yelled at me one day and said, "would you make a decision!" I was always afraid to make a mistake. It was a huge growing process. I had to realize that is ok to make mistakes and I am always telling my children that as well. Now my mother is critical of my mother-in law. She is 90 but she never wants to include her in our time together at the holidays. I have had to stand up to her and tell her it is not the time to do things alone, that I won't exclude anyone. She is like a spoiled child. It is easier to deal with her now if I think of her that way. I am not afraid to stop her when she is misbehaving or being cruel to someone. We have all had to learn how to set boundaries. My husband has been very ill this past year and it's all about her, when will I take care of her. He only gets a month to recover she says. I am no longer allowing her to control my wellbeing. A long road though. My reading the bible, and strengthening my faith has helped me as well. I told my mother that when I see my children, I always greet them with a smile and the time with them I do not criticize, only listen. She told me that's ridiculous, that I am not doing my job to tell them how they should act and be. I told her my job is done, they are in their 30's now and it's my job to listen and give them advice only if they ask for it. They are good children. She will call me and say, I'm calling your son and telling him to do this or that. I will tell her, it's not your job to do that. Leave him alone. Had to cut my note off, too long, thanks for the vent The Narcissistic Parent Trap Nina About Me Adopted at one month. It took 45 years to understand what was wrong with me. Narcissistic parents. My deceased adoptive mother was simply self-absorbed. My adoptive father has full-blown narcissistic personality disorder. Both developed dementia.

These incredible photographs of the aurora borealis captured the moment the lights formed the outline of a phoenix - the giant fire-eating bird common in many ancient mythologies. With outstretched wings and a striking bird-shaped profile, the image - captured by photographer Hallgrimur P Helgason - wowed stargazers in Kaldarsel. Mr Helgason, 64, said that the bird showed up in the night sky an hour after he got there and started snapping. He said: 'It's really a thrill shooting the aurora, especially when they are so playful like they were that night. I have to admit that I always get an adrenalin kick when the lights burst out like that - that particular shot was the top one of the night.' He uses a camera and tripod to photograph the lights, and advises snapping in the dark away from city light pollution and never using a flash. He said the Northern Lights were mainly showing in green and yellow colours when he was shooting that night but also sported red and blue, suggesting the aurora was strong. The incredible photograph, taken of the northern lights in Iceland, took the remarkable form of the mythological phoenix bird The animal shape formed among the famous lights was captured by photographer Hallgrimur P Helgason Other shapes quickly followed, though none were as strikingly familiar as that of the phoenix Mr Helgason said the key to photographing the northern lights was to avoid light pollution and use no flash

Like this boiler? The ecoTEC exclusive green IQ is a combi gas boiler that is condensing and wall mounted. This boiler is manufactured by Vaillant and is an extremely reliable unit with an output of 43kW and an efficiency rating of 94%, making it an A rated boiler. It has a high flow rate of 17.8 l/min. This is Vaillant's first ever product with the power of green IQ technology, combining a complete range of smart technologies and features, so you can be sure that you are getting a reliable boiler. This unit comes with great performance with it being able to intelligently manage consumption and output, keeping its components running at peak performance for longer, as well as providing a low maintenance solution that you are able to rely on. It comes with extra condense technology and a single system boiler, including an integrated diverter valve, which is the first ever in Vaillant history. It also comes with a wide modulation range of up to 1:10 helping it to adapt to all systems in every situation, ensuring you have the lowest fuel bills. This boiler always reaches optimal combustion with low emissions, this is done through its self-adaptive system that can automatically adjust to all types of gas. As well as all these benefits it also comes with an extra condense heat exchanger - taking the combi boiler efficiency to the next level and almost eliminating plume in DHW mode. This unit optimises running cycles to give you the best results in lower gas consumption, and when having the full run of the boiler it is is able to be recycled. It is compatible with Vaillants smart heating control to give you even more control and reliability. It comes with a 5 year warranty as standard giving you the added security that you have purchased a reliable boiler. * This is a guide price for a straightforward, like-for-like boiler replacement. Installation costs will vary dependent on work required.

Summary Ctypes is a great way to bring the depth and breadth of C libraries into Python. Whether trying not to reinvent the wheel, squeezing a bit more performance out of your code or needing to interoperate with C software, ctypes could be exactly what you need.

/****************************************** Copyright (C) 2009-2020 Authors of CryptoMiniSat, see AUTHORS file Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. ***********************************************/ #ifndef PARTHANDLER_H #define PARTHANDLER_H #include "solvertypes.h" #include "cloffset.h" #include <map> #include <vector> namespace CMSat { using std::map; using std::vector; using std::pair; class SATSolver; class Solver; class CompFinder; class Watched; /** @brief Disconnected components are treated here Uses CompFinder to find disconnected components and treats them using subsolvers. The solutions (if SAT) are aggregated, and at then end, the solution is extended with the sub-solutions, and the removed clauses are added back to the problem. */ class CompHandler { public: explicit CompHandler(Solver* solver); ~CompHandler(); struct RemovedClauses { vector<Lit> lits; vector<uint32_t> sizes; }; bool handle(); const vector<lbool>& getSavedState(); void new_var(const uint32_t orig_outer); void new_vars(const size_t n); void save_on_var_memory(); void addSavedState(vector<lbool>& solution); void readdRemovedClauses(); const RemovedClauses& getRemovedClauses() const; uint32_t dump_removed_clauses(std::ostream* outfile) const; size_t get_num_vars_removed() const; size_t get_num_components_solved() const; size_t mem_used() const; private: struct sort_pred { bool operator()( const std::pair<int,int> &left , const std::pair<int,int> &right ) { return left.second < right.second; } }; bool assumpsInsideComponent(const vector<uint32_t>& vars); void move_decision_level_zero_vars_here( const SATSolver* newSolver ); void save_solution_to_savedstate( const SATSolver* newSolver , const vector<uint32_t>& vars , const uint32_t comp ); void check_solution_is_unassigned_in_main_solver( const SATSolver* newSolver , const vector<uint32_t>& vars ); void check_local_vardata_sanity(); bool try_to_solve_component( const uint32_t comp_at , const uint32_t comp , const vector<uint32_t>& vars , const size_t num_comps ); bool solve_component( const uint32_t comp_at , const uint32_t comp , const vector<uint32_t>& vars_orig , const size_t num_comps ); vector<pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> > get_component_sizes() const; SolverConf configureNewSolver( const size_t numVars ) const; void moveVariablesBetweenSolvers( SATSolver* newSolver , const vector<uint32_t>& vars , const uint32_t comp ); //For moving clauses void moveClausesImplicit( SATSolver* newSolver , const uint32_t comp , const vector<uint32_t>& vars ); void moveClausesLong( vector<ClOffset>& cs , SATSolver* newSolver , const uint32_t comp ); void move_binary_clause( SATSolver* newSolver , const uint32_t comp , Watched *i , const Lit lit ); void remove_bin_except_for_lit1(const Lit lit, const Lit lit2); Solver* solver; CompFinder* compFinder; ///The solutions that have been found by the comps vector<lbool> savedState; //Re-numbering void createRenumbering(const vector<uint32_t>& vars); vector<uint32_t> useless; //temporary vector<uint32_t> smallsolver_to_bigsolver; vector<uint32_t> bigsolver_to_smallsolver; Lit upd_bigsolver_to_smallsolver(const Lit lit) const { return Lit(upd_bigsolver_to_smallsolver(lit.var()), lit.sign()); } uint32_t upd_bigsolver_to_smallsolver(const uint32_t var) const { return bigsolver_to_smallsolver[var]; } //Saving clauses template<class T> void saveClause(const T& lits); RemovedClauses removedClauses; size_t num_vars_removed = 0; size_t components_solved = 0; //Clauses that have been moved to other comps //vector<ClOffset> clausesRemoved; //vector<pair<Lit, Lit> > binClausesRemoved; uint32_t numRemovedHalfIrred = 0; uint32_t numRemovedHalfRed = 0; vector<Lit> tmp_lits; }; /** @brief Returns the saved state of a variable */ inline const vector<lbool>& CompHandler::getSavedState() { return savedState; } inline const CompHandler::RemovedClauses& CompHandler::getRemovedClauses() const { return removedClauses; } inline size_t CompHandler::get_num_vars_removed() const { return num_vars_removed; } inline size_t CompHandler::get_num_components_solved() const { return components_solved; } } //end of namespace #endif //PARTHANDLER_H

Evolutionary divergence in directions of high phenotypic variance in the ostracode genus poseidonamicus. Trait variation and covariation are understood to influence the response of populations to natural selection on generational time scales, but their role, if any, in shaping long-term macroevolutionary divergence is still unclear. The present study uses the rich fossil record of the ostracode genus Poseidonamicus to reconstruct in great detail the evolutionary history of a set of landmark-based morphometric characters. This reconstruction included two kinds of evolutionary inferences: ancestor-descendant transitions among populations repeatedly sampled at the same location and divergence between lineages measured as independent contrasts on a phylogeny. This reconstructed history was then used to test if evolutionary changes were concentrated in directions (traits or combinations of traits) with high phenotypic variance. Two different statistics of association between evolution and variation tested the null hypothesis that evolutionary changes occur in random directions with respect to trait variability. The first of these measured the similarity between the directions of evolutionary change and the axis of maximum variance, and the second measured the degree to which evolutionary changes were concentrated in directions of high phenotypic variation. Randomization tests indicated that both kinds of evolutionary inferences (ancestor-descendant and phylogenetic contrasts) occurred preferentially in directions of high phenotypic variance (and close to the axis of maximal variation), suggesting that within-population variation can structure long-term divergence. This effect decayed after a few million years, but at least for one metric, never disappeared completely. These results are consistent with Schluter's genetic constraints model in which evolutionary trajectories on adaptive landscapes are deflected by variation within and covariation among traits.

A verdict has been reached in the murder trial of Gable Tostee over the death of New Zealand tourist Warriena Wright, but it is yet to be announced. The Supreme Court hearing in Brisbane reconvened at 2:30pm, with Tostee hugging his father before he entered the dock. On Thursday morning, the jury began a fourth day deciding whether Tostee killed Ms Wright, whom he met via the dating app Tinder on the Gold Coast in 2014. The jurors asked for advice from Justice John Byrne four times since beginning deliberation on Monday afternoon, and they admitted to problems with reaching a verdict. Tostee pleaded not guilty to killing Ms Wright, 26, who died after falling 14 floors from his Surfers Paradise apartment in August 2014. Deliberations continued until 6:00pm on Wednesday before jurors were finally sent home. Jurors posed their fourth question to Justice Byrne yesterday afternoon, asking whether Tostee's language could be considered as force. "The short answer is no," Justice Byrne replied. He told the jury it should only be concerned about the "physical force" used by Tostee, and whether or not it was more than reasonably necessary. Tostee restrained Ms Wright and locked her on his apartment balcony. The crown argued that when Tostee locked her out, Ms Wright felt so intimidated she died trying to escape. The defence said Tostee was trying to de-escalate the situation, arguing Ms Wright's actions were not rational or foreseeable. The court heard a recording Tostee made on the night Ms Wright fell to her death, in which he is heard saying: "You are lucky I haven't chucked you off my balcony you goddamn psycho little bitch." Justice Byrne has previously told the jury the degree of Ms Wright's intoxication should bear on their consideration on whether her decision to climb over the balcony was "a reasonable, rational or proportional response to the accused's conduct". Responding to their suggestion on Tuesday they could not reach a decision, Justice Byrne said experience showed juries could often agree given time.

TITLE:: PureUGen summary:: Pure UGen categories:: UGens related:: Classes/UGen DESCRIPTION:: A Pure UGen is a UGen, which does not access any shared resources like busses, buffers or random number generators. UGen classes which are derived from PureUGen are candidates for common subexpression elimination and dead code elimination passes during the SynthDef compilation. INSTANCEMETHODS:: PRIVATE:: optimizeGraph

About: Why pay for stuff when you can make, build, hack, macgyver it. They are better and cheaper 100% DIY. More by the author: This is a small glimpse of my every day carry, all packed in a repurposed Kinder Surprise Egg. The egg is virtually water proof so it keeps all of my 18 items nice and dry.

At a glance commentaryScientific background on the subjectControl of postprandial hyperglycemia remains one of the major therapeutic intervention for type-2 diabetes mellitus. This has been achieved through drugs such as acarbose that reduce activities of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, but its use has limiting side effects. Plant polyphenols have been reported to be promising for the management of diabetes.What this study adds to the fieldGallic acid and tannic acid, as well as diets rich in these phenolic acids could present as promising antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic candidates on their own, as well as confer additional antioxidant benefits on the use of acarbose as anti-diabetic drug. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major health challenge globally. According to the World Health Organization fact sheet on diabetes [@bib1], the number of people living with diabetes globally has risen by 74.4% between 1980 and 2014. In addition, the global prevalence of diabetes for adults (20--79 years) was estimated to be 6.4% in 2010 and projected to be 7.7% in 2030 [@bib2]. The scourge of T2DM is still believed to be more prevalent in middle and low-income countries, with a projection of 69% increase in adult diabetic patients between 2010 and 2030 in developing counties [@bib2]. Hence, T2DM is still a major health challenge requiring more attention. In managing T2DM, therapeutic drugs such as acarbose and metformin are often used in clinical practices, but their uses are limited by their attendant side effects majorly gastrointestinal complications such as diarrhea, flatulence and abdominal distension [@bib3]. Acarbose is an oral alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase (carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes) inhibitor used in the management of T2DM [@bib4], [@bib5]. The enzyme alpha-amylase degrades complex dietary saccharides to oligosaccharides and disaccharides that are ultimately converted into monosaccharide by alpha-glucosidase [@bib6]. Hence, inhibition of these enzymes is one of the therapeutic approaches for managing postprandial hyperglycemia [@bib7]. In lieu of the several side effects of antidiabetic drugs such as acarbose, dietary interventions are often encouraged as long term complementary/alternative therapeutic measure for T2DM. Dietary polyphenols have been widely researched to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant properties essential for the management of T2DM. Gallic acid (GA) and its polymeric form-tannic acid (TA) are two polyphenols found abundantly in different plant food sources such as vegetables, fruits, green tea and legumes [@bib8], [@bib9]. Previous studies [@bib9], [@bib10], [@bib11], [@bib12] have shown that GA and TA exhibit antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, the concept of food--drug interactions in the management of chronic diseases is gaining popularity; earlier reports from our laboratory showed that GA synergizes the therapeutic properties of acarbose *in vitro* [@bib9]. Similarly, clinical management of T2DM often involves a multidimensional approach in which patients could be placed on antidiabetic drugs alongside regimented antidiabetic diets [@bib13] which could contain one or more bioactive constituents with antioxidant properties and blood glucose lowering effects. The use of non-vertebrate models for various biological research is gaining more attention with the fruit fly *(Drosophila melanogaster)* attracting most attention recently. The use of *D. melanogaster* to study metabolic diseases including T2DM is gaining popularity. The isolation and characterization of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase which have both been linked to maintenance of glucose homeostasis in the flies, as well as the presence of eight drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILP1-8) that share functional similarities with the mammalian insulin/IGF pathway have made *D. melanogaster* a useful model for studying glucose homeostasis, as well as pathogenesis and progression of diabetes [@bib14], [@bib15], [@bib16]. In addition, the relative ease of culturing, short generation time, small genome, absence of ethical constraints and ease of duplicability of experiments have made these flies quite useful for biomedical research works [@bib17]. Therefore, in this study, we sought to investigate the effects of GA and TA on the antidiabetic properties of acarbose *in vitro* and *in vivo* in *D. melanogaster.* This is aimed to evaluate if these food--drug interactions could possibly offer improved therapeutic management strategy for T2DM. Materials and methods {#sec2} ===================== Chemicals and reagents {#sec2.1} ---------------------- Chemical reagents such as 5,5′-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (2 DPPH), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), GA, TA, porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase and 1,10-phenanthroline were procured from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St Louis, Missouri, USA). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was sourced from Sigma Al-drich, Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Hydrogen peroxide, methanol, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, aluminium chloride, potassium acetate, sodium dodecyl sulphate, iron (II) sulphate, potassium ferricyanide and ferric chloride were sourced from BDH Chemicals Ltd., (Poole, England). Ascorbic acid and starch were products of Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acarbose was purchased from Glenmark Generics (Europe) pharmaceutical limited. Except stated otherwise, all other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grades and the water was glass distilled. *In vitro* study {#sec3} ================ Sample preparation {#sec3.1} ------------------ Aqueous solutions of Acarbose, Tannic acid and Gallic acid were prepared and sample mixtures prepared thus: AC = Acarbose (0.5 mg/ml), GA = Gallic acid (1 mg/ml), TA = Tannic acid (1 mg/ml), AC + 1PA = Acarbose + 1 mg/ml Phenolic acid (Gallic or Tannic acid), AC + 2PA = Acarbose + 2 mg/ml Phenolic acid (Gallic or Tannic acid), AC + 3PA = Acarbose + 3 mg/ml Phenolic acid (Gallic or Tannic acid) and AC + 5PA = Acarbose + 5 mg/ml Phenolic acid (Gallic or Tannic acid). All samples were kept in the refrigerator at 4 °C for subsequent analysis. Alpha glucosidase activity assay {#sec3.2} -------------------------------- Appropriate dilution of samples (50 μl) and 100 μl of alpha-glucosidase solution (EC 3.2.1.20; 1.0 U/ml) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) was incubated at 25 °C for 10 min. Thereafter, 50 μl of 5 mM p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside solution in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) was added. The mixtures were incubated at 25 °C for 5 min and the absorbance was read at 405 nm in the spectrophotometer. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was expressed as percentage inhibition [@bib18]. Alpha amylase activity assay {#sec3.3} ---------------------------- The alpha amylase activity assay was carried out according to a previously reported method [@bib19]. The sample dilution (500 μl) and 500 μl of 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.9 with 0.006 M NaCl) containing 0.5 mg/ml Hog pancreatic alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) were incubated at 25 °C for 10 min. Thereafter, 500 μl of 1% starch solution in 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.9 with 0.006 M NaCl) was added to each reaction mixture. The reaction mixtures were incubated at 25 °C for 10 min and stopped with 1.0 ml of dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) color reagent. Thereafter, the mixture were incubated in a boiling water bath for 5 min, and cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was then diluted by adding 10 ml of distilled water, and absorbance measured at 540 nm. The reference samples included all other reagents and the enzyme with the exception of the test sample. The percentage enzyme inhibitory activity of the extract was subsequently calculated. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH\*) free radical scavenging ability {#sec3.4} ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The scavenging ability of the samples against DPPH\* 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical was evaluated as described by Gyamfi et al. [@bib20], with slight modifications. 1 ml of 0.4 mM DPPH\* in methanol was mixed with 0.05 ml of the extract. The mixture was left in the dark for 30 min and the absorbance was measured at 516 nm in the spectrophotometer. The DPPH\* free radical scavenging ability was subsequently calculated as percentage of the control. ### Hydroxyl radical scavenging ability {#sec3.4.1} The method of Halliwell and Gutteride [@bib21] was used to determine the ability of the samples to prevent Fe^2+^/H~2~O~2~-induced decomposition of deoxyribose. The extracts (0--100 μL) were added to a reaction mixture containing 120 μL of 20 mM deoxyribose, 400 μL of 0.1 M phosphate buffer, 40 μL of 500 μM of FeSO~4~, and the volume was made up to 800 μL with distilled water. The reaction mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 30 min and the reaction was then stopped by the addition of 0.5 mL of 28% trichloroacetic acid. This was followed by the addition of 0.4 mL of 0.8% thiobarbituric acid solution. The tubes were subsequently incubated in boiling water for 20 min. The absorbance was measured at 532 nm in a spectrophotometer. Fe^2+^ chelation assay {#sec3.5} ---------------------- The Fe^2+^ chelating ability of the samples was determined using the method of Minotti and Aust [@bib22] as modification by Puntel et al. [@bib23]. Freshly prepared 500 μmol/l FeSO~4~ (150 μl) was added to a reaction mixture containing 168 μl of 0.1 mol/l Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 218 μl saline and the extract (0--100 μl). The reaction mixture was incubated for 5 min before the addition of 13 μl of 0.25% 1, 10-phenanthroline (w/v).The absorbance was subsequently measured at 510 nm in a spectrophotometer. The Fe^2+^ chelating ability of the extract was subsequently calculated as percentage of the control. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and thiobarbituric acid reactions {#sec3.6} ------------------------------------------------------------------ Albino rats were immobilized by cervical dislocation and the pancreas was rapidly isolated and placed on ice and weighed. This tissue was subsequently homogenized in cold saline (1/10 w/v) with about 10-up-and --down strokes at approximately 1200 rev/min in a Teflon glass homogenizer. The homogenate was centrifuged for 10 min at 3000×*g* to yield a pellet that was discarded, and the low-speed supernatant (S1) was kept for lipid peroxidation assay [@bib24]. The lipid peroxidation assay was carried out using the modified method of Ohkawa et al., [@bib25]. Briefly 100 μl S1 fraction was mixed with a reaction mixture containing 30 μl of 0.1M pH 7.4 Tris -- HCl buffer, sample (0--100 μl) and 30 μl of 250 μM freshly prepared FeSO~4~. The volume was made up to 300 μl by water before incubation at 37 °C for 1hr. The color reaction was developed by adding 300 μl 8.1% SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulphate) to the reaction mixture containing S1, this was subsequently followed by the addition of 600 μl of acetic acid/HCl (pH 3.4) mixture and 600 μl 0.8% TBA (Thiobarbituric acid). This mixture was incubated at 100 °C for 1 h. Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) produced was measured at 532 nm and expressed using MDA (Malondialdehyde) equivalent. *In vivo* study {#sec4} =============== *D. melanogasterstock culture* {#sec4.1} ------------------------------ *D. melanogaster* (Harwich strain) stock culture was obtained from Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The flies were maintained and reared on basal diet made up of corn meal medium containing 1% w/v brewer\'s yeast, 2% w/v sucrose, 1% w/v powdered milk, 1% w/v agar, and 0.08% v/w nipagin at constant temperature 23 ± 1 °C; and humidity (60% relative humidity) under 12 h dark/light cycle conditions. All the experiments were carried out with the same *D. melanogaster* strain. All experiments were carried out in accordance with ethical standards of the Instruction for laboratory research. ### Survival study {#sec4.1.1} A study was conducted to assess the survival of the flies to acarbose, TA and GA. Flies (both gender, 3--5 days old) were divided into different groups containing 40 flies each. Each group was exposed to different doses of acarbose (0, 0.00088, 0.0018, 0.0035 and 0.007 mg/g of diet), TA (0, 0.2, 2.0 mg/g of diet) and GA (0, 0.2, 2.0 mg/g of diet). The flies were observed daily for the incidence of mortality and the survival rate was determined by counting the number of dead flies, for seven days. The data were subsequently analyzed and plotted as cumulative mortality and percentage of live flies after the treatment period [@bib15], [@bib26]. ### Experimental design {#sec4.1.2} In the first set of experiment, flies (both gender, 3--5 days old) were divided into 5 groups containing 40 flies each. Group A was placed on basal diet alone, while group B -- E, were placed on normal diets containing TA and GA at 0.2 mg/g and 2.0 mg/g of diet each. In the second set of experiment, flies (both gender, 3--5 days old) were divided into 6 groups containing 40 flies each. Group I was placed on basal diet alone, while group II -- VI were placed on normal diet containing the following \[[Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}\];Table 1Experimental design.GroupsIBasal dietIIBasal Diet + Acarbose (0.0018 mg/g)IIIBasal Diet + Acarbose + 0.2 mg/g TAIVBasal Diet + Acarbose + 2 mg/g TAVBasal Diet + Acarbose + 0.2 mg/g GAVIBasal Diet + Acarbose + 2 mg/g GA The dose of acarbose was selected based on survival study (data not shown) showing that 0.0018 mg/g of acarbose was considered tolerable to the flies. The flies were exposed to these treatments for 7 days and the vials containing flies were maintained at room temperature before being homogenized in cold 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and used for different assays. ### Biochemical analysis {#sec4.1.3} Glucose concentration of fly homogenate was carried out according to the manufacturer\'s procedure of the commercially available kit (Randox Laboratories UK). Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activities of fly homogenate were carried out as described [@bib18], [@bib19]. Total thiol level was determined according to the method of Ellman et al., [@bib27], while total reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) generated was determine using the 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay [@bib28]. The total protein content of fly homogenates was measured by the Coomassie blue method according to Bradford [@bib29] using serum albumin as standard. ### Data analysis {#sec4.1.4} The results of triplicate experiments were pooled and expressed as mean ± standard deviation (S.D). One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to analyze the results followed by Duncan\'s Multiple Range post-hoc test [@bib30]. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 17.0) for windows was used for the analysis. The IC~50~ was calculated using linear regression analysis. Results {#sec5} ======= \[[Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}\] showed the effect of GA and TA on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory properties of acarbose. Both GA and TA exhibited significantly higher *(p \< 0.05)* alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effects than acarbose. Considering the various combinations, apart from the combination of acarbose with 2 mg/ml of GA, the other combinations of each phenolic acids synergistically increased the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effect of acarbose. Specifically, at the highest combination ratios, acarbose combined with 5 mg/ml of TA and GA produced 80.91 ± 0.1% and 77.27 ± 0.6% inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity respectively compared to 45.46 ± 0.6% inhibition exhibited by acarbose.Fig. 1Effect of GA and TA on: (A) alpha Glucosidase; (B) alpha Amylase Inhibitory Abilities of Acarbose. Bars represent mean ± SD of duplicate readings. Values with different alphabet are significantly different (*p* \< 0.05). Abbreviations used: AC: Acarbose (0.5 mg/ml); GA: Gallic acid (1 mg/ml); TA: Tannic acid (1 mg/ml); AC + 1 PA: Acarbose + 1 mg/ml Phenolic acid (GA or TA); AC + 5 PA: Acarbose + 5 mg/ml Phenolic acid (GA or TA).Fig. 1 Similarly, acarbose, GA and TA exhibited significant alpha-amylase inhibitory effects. In addition, the combinations of each phenolic acid at different concentration with acarbose produced antagonistic effects by reducing the alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of acarbose. Specifically, at the highest combination ratios, acarbose combined with 5 mg/ml of TA and GA produced 64.29 ± 1.6% and 33.33 ± 3.2% inhibition of alpha-amylase activity respectively compared to 69.05 ± 1.6% inhibition exhibited by acarbose. The DPPH free radical scavenging abilities of acarbose, GA and TA as well as their various combinations are presented in \[[Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}A\]. This showed that both GA and TA had significantly higher *(p \< 0.05)* scavenging abilities than acarbose. Similarly, both phenolic acids synergistically increased the scavenging ability of acarbose; however, TA produced the higher increase in the scavenging ability of acarbose than GA at both concentrators (1 and 5 mg/ml) of phenolic acids tested.Fig. 2Effect of GA and TA on: (A) DPPH Radical Scavenging Ability; (B) OH Radical Scavengign Ability; (C) Fe^2+^ Chelating Ability; (D) Inhibition of Fe^2+^ induced Lipid Peroxidation of Acarbose. Bars represent mean ± SD of duplicate readings. Values with different alphabet are significantly different (*p \< 0.05*). Abbreviations used: AC: Acarbose (0.5 mg/ml); GA: Gallic acid (1 mg/ml); TA: Tannic acid (1mg/ml); AC + 1 PA: Acarbose + 1mg/ml Phenolic acid (Gallic or Tannic acid); AC + 5 PA: Acarbose + 5 mg/ml Phenolic acid (Gallic or Tannic acid).Fig. 2 Furthermore, the abilities of acarbose, GA and TA, as well as their various combinations to scavenge hydroxyl (OH) radicals is presented in \[[Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}B\]. This showed that there was no significant difference (*p \> 0.05*) in the scavenging abilities of acarbose and GA, but TA had a significantly higher (*p \< 0.05*) scavenging ability than acarbose. Regarding the various combinations, both phenolic acids showed significant increase in the scavenging ability of acarbose at the highest concentration used (5 mg/ml). The result of the Fe^2+^ chelating ability as shown in \[[Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}C\], revealed that both GA and TA exhibited significantly higher (*p \< 0.05*) chelating abilities than acarbose. In respect to the various combinations, GA at all concentrations (1--5 mg/ml) had no significant *(p \> 0.05)* effect on the chelating ability of acarbose. However, TA significantly (*p* \< 0.05) increased the chelating ability of acarbose; nevertheless, this influence reduced as concentration of TA increased (1--5 mg/ml). Incubation of rat\'s pancreas homogenates in the presence of Fe^2+^ induced a significant (*p* \< 0.05) increase (150.0 ± 1.2%) in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content \[[Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}D\]. However, introduction of all samples inhibited lipid peroxidation in the pancreatic tissue homogenate by causing a significant *(p \< 0.05)* reduction in the MDA content; the combinations of the phenolic acids at the highest concentration (5 mg/ml) with acarbose produced the highest significant reduction in MDA production. The survival curve of flies raised on diets containing TA or GA (0.2 and 2 mg/g) was presented in \[[Fig. 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}A\]. This showed that the flies were tolerable to both phenolic acids at both concentrations tested with significantly high survival (0.2 mg/g TA = 87.5 ± 1.4%; 2.0 mg/g TA = 88.8 ± 0.7%; 0.2 mg/g GA = 80 ± 2.1%; 2.0 mg/g GA = 88.8 ± 0.7%) on day 7. In addition, presented in \[[Fig. 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}B\] is the survival curve for flies raised on diets containing acarbose (0.0018 mg/g) and either of TA or GA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g). This showed that tolerance of the flies to these dietary inclusions ranged from 50.0 ± 1.4% (AC + 2.0 mg/g GA) to 63.3 ± 2.1% (AC + 0.2 mg/g GA) on day 7.Fig. 3Survival Curve for: (A) *D. melanogaster* Raised on Diet Containing GA or TA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g of diet); for seven days; (B) Acarbose Administered D. melanogaster Raised on Diet Supplemented with either of GA or TA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g of diet) for seven days. Values represent mean ± SD of triplicate experiments.Fig. 3 Based on the survival rates, experiments were set up, first to determine the effect of dietary inclusions of GA and TA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g) on the glucose concentration in the whole fly body homogenate. The result presented in \[[Fig. 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}A\] showed that fly groups raised on diet supplemented with GA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g) or TA (0.2 mg/g) had significantly lower *(p \< 0.05)* glucose concentration compared to the control group. In another experiment, flies were raised on diets supplemented with GA and TA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g) combined with 0.0018 mg/g acarbose, and their whole body homogenate glucose concentration were determined. The result \[[Fig. 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}B\] showed that all the fly groups raised on diets supplemented with GA or TA combined with acarbose had significantly lower *(p \> 0.05)* glucose concentration compared to the control group.Fig. 4Whole Fly Body Homogenate Glucose Concentration in: (A) Flies Raised on Diets Supplemented with GA and TA. (B) Acarbose Administered Flies Raised on Diets Supplemented with GA and TA. Bars represent mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. Values with different alphabet are significantly different *(p \< 0.05)*.Groups: A Control - Flies raised on basal diet. B - Flies raised on diet supplemented with TA (0.2 mg/g). C - Flies raised on diet supplemented with TA (2.0 mg/g). D - Flies raised on diet supplemented with GA (0.2 mg/g). E - Flies raised on diet supplemented with GA (2.0 mg/g). Groups: I Control - Flies raised on basal diet. II - Flies raised on basal diet and administered 0.0018 mg/g acarbose (AC). III - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with 0.2 mg/g TA. IV - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with TA (2.0 mg/g). V - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with GA (0.2 mg/g). VI - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with TA (2.0 mg/g).Fig. 4 \[[Fig. 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}A\] showed the alpha-glucosidase activity in flies raised on diet supplemented with TA or GA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g). This showed that alpha-glucosidase activity in flies raised on diets supplemented with TA or GA were significantly lower *(p \< 0.05)* to that in flies raised on basal diet. There was however, no significant difference *(p \> 0.05)* in the alpha-glucosidase activity between fly groups raised on diet supplement with GA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g) or TA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g).Fig. 5Alpha Glucosidase Activity in: (A) Flies Raised on Diets Supplemented with GA and TA; (B) Acarbose Administered Flies Raised on Diets Supplemented with GA and TA. Bars represent mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. Values with different alphabet are significantly different *(p \< 0.05)*.Groups: A Control - Flies raised on basal diet. B - Flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (0.2 mg/g). C - Flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g). D - Flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (0.2 mg/g). E - Flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (2.0 mg/g).Groups: I Control - Flies raised on basal diet. II - Flies raised on basal diet and administered 0.0018 mg/g acarbose (AC). III - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with 0.2 mg/g tannic acid. IV - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g). V - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (0.2 mg/g). VI - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g).Fig. 5 In \[[Fig. 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B\], the alpha-glucosidase activity in acarbose administered flies raised on diets supplemented with GA or TA was presented. This showed that fly groups administered acarbose and raised on basal diet, as well as fly groups administered acarbose and raised on diets supplemented with GA or TA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g) showed significantly lower (*p* \< 0.05) alpha-glucosidase activity compared to the control group. However, apart from acarbose administered flies raised on diet supplemented with 0.2 mg/g of GA, acarbose administered flies raised on basal diet had significantly lower *(p \< 0.05)* alpha-glucosidase activity compared to the other groups. Furthermore, \[[Fig. 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}A\] showed the alpha-amylase activity in flies raised on diet supplemented with TA or GA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g). This showed that apart from flies raised on diet supplemented with 2.0 mg/g TA, the alpha-amylase activity in flies raised on diets supplemented with TA or GA were significantly lower *(p \< 0.05)* to that in flies raised on basal diet. There was however, no significant difference *(p \> 0.05)* in the alpha-amylase activity between fly groups raised on diet supplement with GA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g) and TA (0.2 mg/g).Fig. 6Alpha Amylase Activity in: (A) Flies Raised on Diets Supplemented with GA and TA; (B) Acarbose Administered Flies Raised on Diets Supplemented with GA and TA. Bars represent mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. Values with different alphabet are significantly different *(p \< 0.05)*.Groups: A Control - Flies raised on basal diet. B - Flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (0.2 mg/g). C - Flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g). D - Flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (0.2 mg/g). E - Flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (2.0 mg/g).Groups: I Control - Flies raised on basal diet. II - Flies raised on basal diet and administered 0.0018 mg/g acarbose (AC). III - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with 0.2 mg/g tannic acid. IV - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g). V - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (0.2 mg/g). VI - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g).Fig. 6 In \[[Fig. 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}B\] showed the alpha-amylase activity in acarbose administered flies raised on diets supplemented with GA or TA was presented. This showed that fly groups administered acarbose and raised on basal diet, as well as fly groups administered acarbose and raised on diets supplemented with GA or TA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g) showed significantly lower (*p* \< 0.05) alpha-amylase activity compared to the control group. However, apart from acarbose administered flies raised on diet supplemented with 0.2 mg/g of GA, acarbose administered flies raised on basal diet had significantly lower *(p \< 0.05)* alpha-amylase activity compared to the other groups. The total thiol contents in flies raised on acarbose, the phenolic acids and combination of the two are presented in \[[Fig. 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}\]. This showed that while administration of acarbose significantly *(p \< 0.05)* reduced the flies\' total thiol contents compared to control group, this was significantly ameliorated by the inclusions of the phenolic acids (GA and TA). However, flies fed on diet supplemented with the phenolic acids alone produced no significant difference *(p \> 0.05)* in their total thiol content, except for dietary inclusion of 2.0 mg/g of TA in which the flies exhibited significantly higher total thiol content compared to control group.Fig. 7Total Thiol Content in: (A) Flies Raised on Diets Supplemented with GA and TA; (B) Acarbose Administered Flies Raised on Diets Supplemented with GA and TA. Bars represent mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. Values with different alphabet are significantly different *(p \< 0.05)*.Groups: A Control -- Flies raised on basal diet. B - Flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (0.2 mg/g). C - Flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g). D - Flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (0.2 mg/g). E - Flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (2.0 mg/g).Groups: I Control -- Flies raised on basal diet. II - Flies raised on basal diet and administered 0.0018 mg/g acarbose (AC). III - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with 0.2 mg/g tannic acid. IV - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g). V - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (0.2 mg/g). VI - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g).Fig. 7 Lastly, the ROS level in flies raised on acarbose, the phenolic acids and combination of acarbose and the phenolic acids are presented in \[[Fig. 8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"}\]. This showed that acarbose administered flies fed diet supplement with the phenolic acids (GA and TA) significantly reduced the ROS level *(p \< 0.05)* compared to both acarbose treated and control groups (which are not significantly different in their ROS levels), In addition, flies fed on diet supplemented with the phenolic acids alone also exhibited ∖significantly lower *(p \< 0.05)* ROS level compared to control group.Fig. 8ROS level in: (A) Flies Raised on Diets Supplemented with GA and TA; (B) Acarbose Administered Flies Raised on Diets Supplemented with GA and TA. Bars represent mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. Values with different alphabet are significantly different *(p \< 0.05)*.Groups: A Control -- Flies raised on basal diet. B - Flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (0.2 mg/g). C - Flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g). D - Flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (0.2 mg/g). E - Flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (2.0 mg/g).Groups: I Control -- Flies raised on basal diet. II - Flies raised on basal diet and administered 0.0018 mg/g acarbose (AC). III - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with 0.2 mg/g tannic acid. IV - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g). V - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with gallic acid (0.2 mg/g). VI - AC administered flies raised on diet supplemented with tannic acid (2.0 mg/g).Fig. 8 Discussion {#sec6} ========== In the clinical management of T2DM, acarbose is a common antidiabetic drug which functions to reduce hyperglycemia by retarding glucose release from foods via inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase which are major carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes [@bib4], [@bib5]. Although acarbose is relatively effective, its use is often limited due to its attendant side effects, mainly abdominal pain, diarrhea and flatulence which are often dose-dependent [@bib31]. Hence, combinatory therapy are often advocated to help mitigate the side effects of acarbose while maintaining or possibly potentiating its antihyperglycemic effects [@bib13], [@bib31]. Consequently, this study revealed that GA and TA significantly increased the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effect of acarbose *in vitro*. It should also be noted that TA, a polymeric form of GA, with more distributed phenolic groups increased the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effect of acarbose than GA at the highest concentration tested (5 mg/ml). However, as for *in vitro* alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of acarbose, there seems to be an antagonistic effect between acarbose and the phenolic acids as combinations of acarbose with either of the phenolic acids resulted in a significantly lower alpha-amylase inhibition. While the reason(s) for this trend might not be entirely clear, it holds significant clinical potentials as higher alpha-glucosidase and mild alpha-amylase inhibitors are desirable for management of T2DM-induced hyperglycemia [@bib32]. This is more so because side effects of acarbose are often associated with excessive alpha-amylase inhibition [@bib33]. These findings are in agreement with earlier studies; Oboh et al. [@bib9] reported that GA significantly increased the alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory properties of acarbose, while Adisakwattana [@bib31] reported that condensed tannin-rich extracts from the bark of Cinnamon spp. produced additive effect in combination with acarbose to inhibit the activities of intestinal alpha-glucosidase and pancreatic alpha-amylase. *In vivo* in *D. melanogaster*, it was observed that flies raised on diets containing acarbose, GA and TA, as well as their various combinations resulted in reduction in alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activities in whole fly tissue homogenates. Flies raised on diets supplemented with either GA or TA had significantly lower activities of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase compared to control flies. However, there was no significant difference in the enzymes\' activities between flies raised on diet supplemented with GA and those supplemented with TA. This may be attributed to possible lack of metabolic machinery needed to hydrolyze TA to free gallate monomers in *D. melanogaster*; metabolism of TA has been reported in several mammalian models, showing that GA, 4-ο-methylgallic acid, pyrogallol, resorcinol and ellagic acid are the metabolites of TA [@bib34]. Furthermore, low absorption of TA in fly gut could also have limited its observed physiological effects. This is more so because previous studies have shown that high molecular weight phenolic acids such as TA are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of rats, compared to low molecular weight phenolic acids such as GA [@bib35] This could also account for the inverse proportionality between the concentration of TA in flies\' diets and the reduction in the activities of both enzymes in the flies. Hence, further studies into absorption, distribution and metabolism of polyphenols in *D. melanogaster* is highly essential. Furthermore, the reduction in the activities of both alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase in flies raised on diets supplemented with either GA or TA could justify the observed reduction in the glucose concentration in these fly groups compared to the control flies. Previous studies have characterized the activities of these two enzymes in *D. melanogaster* and associated them with glucose homeostasis in the flies [@bib15], [@bib16]; reduction in activities of these carbohydrate catabolizing enzymes could lead to retardation in glucose release from diet and thus reduce flies\' glucose concentration especially in the haemolymph. However, the possible low absorption of TA in fly gut and/or absence of TA hydrolysing enzyme could also be responsible for the fact that flies raised on diets supplemented with GA (2.0 mg/g) had the lowest significant glucose concentration, while there was no significant difference between control flies and flies raised on 2.0 mg/g of TA. Although flies raised on diets containing the combination of acarbose and either of GA or TA did not produce an additive or synergistic effect at reducing flies\' glucose concentration, the interaction was neither antagonistic. Noteworthy is the fact that the glucose concentration in flies raised on 0.2 mg/g TA or GA (0.2 and 2.0 mg/g) alone was not significantly different from those raised on diets containing acarbose alone. Therefore, there is possibility of achieving significant antihyperglycemic effects in combining either of these phenolic acids with reduced dose of acarbose. Reduction in the dosage of acarbose could help reduce its attendant side effects which are often dose-dependent [@bib31]. Furthermore, the food--drug interactions between acarbose and GA or TA could confer additional antioxidant benefits in the therapeutic use of acarbose. As observed in this study, combination of acarbose with either of GA or TA significantly improved the *in vitro* antioxidant properties of acarbose by augmenting its free radicals scavenging abilities and increasing its ability to prevent Fe^2+^ induced lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant therapy is another important strategy for the management of T2DM and previous studies have reported the antioxidant properties of numerous phenolic acids including GA [@bib9] and TA [@bib8]. This study also agrees with earlier studies [@bib9] which reported that GA improved the *in vitro* antioxidant properties of acarbose. TA especially have been reported to be an excellent chelator of Fe^2+^ due to its ten galloyl groups [@bib11]. Thus, TA makes Fe^2+^ unavailable to participate in fenton reaction and mediate in hydroxyl radical formation which is important in initiation and propagation of lipid peroxidation chain reaction [@bib11]. As earlier discussed, the management of T2DM often involves multi-therapeutic approaches, involving one or more of the following; use of antidiabetic drugs/insulin therapy, advocating for lifestyle adjustment, and dietary regulations. Dietary regulations not only involve cutting down on high caloric diets but encourage functional foods with antioxidant and antihyperglycemic properties; many functional foods with these properties are rich in dietary polyphenols such as GA and TA [@bib8], [@bib9], [@bib36]. Antioxidant therapy is essential in the management of T2DM because they are essential for attenuating oxidative stress which have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of T2DM and its complications [@bib36], [@bib37]. Therefore, as observed in this study, the combination of acarbose with either of GA or TA exhibited higher antioxidant properties and could confer additional therapeutic benefit on the use of acarbose for the management of T2DM. This is further justified by the fact that acarbose administered flies fed diets supplemented with both GA and TA exhibited reduced level of ROS level, when compared to both acarbose administered and control groups. Both TA and GA also augmented the flies total thiol content which was significantly depleted by acarbose supposedly as a result of commitment of endogenous thiol-containing molecules to the metabolism of this drug. Conclusively, this study has revealed that both gallic acid and tannic acid could help improve the therapeutic properties of acarbose by enhancing its antioxidant properties. Specifically, the combination of acarbose with either of the tested phenolic acids significantly reduced the production of ROS and ameliorated depletion in total thiol contents induced by acarbose in *D. melanogaster*. Therefore, diets rich in these phenolic acids could exhibit antioxidant properties and hypoglycemic effects on their own, as well as confer additional antioxidant benefits on the use of acarbose as antidiabetic drug, but may not significantly increase its enzyme inhibitory properties. Nevertheless, further studies including clinical trials are essential. Conflicts of interest {#sec7} ===================== The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Appendix A. Supplementary data {#appsec1} ============================== The following is the Supplementary data to this article:Multimedia component 1Multimedia component 1 The authors wish to appreciate Dr. Amos Abolaji of Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for graciously supplying the Drosophila stock culture used for this research. Supplementary data to this article can be found online at <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2019.01.005>.

Enligt islam är Koranen Guds bok. Den är för muslimer vad Jesus är för kristna: evig, oskapad, felfri, unik. Tanken att Koranen skulle säga en sak och Gud en annan är fundamentalt antimuslimsk. Desto viktigare, naturligtvis, som muslimer i alla tider har vinnlagt sig om, att försöka förstå vad den verkligen säger. Till de mest besvärande ställena hör 5:38, som påbjuder lemlästning av tjuvar; 24:2, som anger straffet för otukt till hundra piskrapp; och 5:33, som tillåter korsfästelse av osedliga, kontramuslimska samhällsomstörtare. På sina håll praktiseras dylika kroppsbestraffningar än i dag, men många muslimska rättslärare torde ändå mena att de är så kringgärdade av religiösa, politiska och ekonomiska villkor att de nästan aldrig bör tillämpas. I princip påbjuder Gud lemlästning av tjuvar, förvisso, men samtidigt förutsätter påbudet ett så pass rättfärdigt och välfungerande samhällssystem att något utdelande av straffet i praktiken nästan aldrig borde bli aktuellt. Koranen innehåller även ställen som är specifikt problematiska ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv – om än inte lika bloddrypande. Ett välkänt exempel är polygami, eller rättare sagt polygyni. Förutsatt att mannen kan försörja sina kvinnor och behandla dem rättvist så tycks han enligt Koranen 4:3 få ha upp till fyra hustrur samtidigt. Att detta är den gängse tolkningen även bland nutida svenska imamer framkom tydligt i Uppdrag gransknings dolda kamerareportage år 2012. Ett annat exempel har med interreligiösa äktenskap att göra. Enligt Koranen 2:221 är det förbjudet för muslimer att gifta sig med avgudadyrkare. Enligt 5:5 är det dock tillåtet för muslimska män att gifta sig med ”Bokens” döttrar. Den helt dominerande uttolkningen är att muslimska kvinnor aldrig har rätt att gifta sig med icke-muslimska män, men att muslimska män har rätt att gifta sig med kristna eller judiska kvinnor. Ett tredje exempel har med hustruaga att göra. Koranen 4:34 (Bernströms översättning): ”Om ni [muslimska män] ser tecken på illvilja hos dem [era hustrur], förmana dem då och varna dem och [om detta inte hjälper] håll er borta från deras nattläger och [som sista utväg] tillrättavisa dem handgripligen. Om de sedan visar sig medgörliga, sök då inte sak med dem.” Enligt Muhammad A. S. Abdel Haleem, professor i islamologi vid Londons universitet och översättare av Koranen till engelska i serien Oxford World’s Classics, består det handgripliga i ”a single slap”, alltså i ett enskilt slag med öppen hand. Den svenske koranöversättaren Mohammed Knut Bernström antyder i en fotnot att slaget, om det alls utdelas, bör ske med ”en tandborste eller något liknande”, eller ”med en hopvikt huvudduk”. Syftet med den fysiska åthutningen får inte vara att tillfoga skada. Snarare handlar det om att påminna hustrun ifråga om att mannen är husets herre. Någon motsvarande rätt att aga sin man ges hustrun inte, hur illvillig han än må vara, trots att hon förstås vore fysiskt nog så kapabel att utdela ett dylikt, symboliskt mättat slag. Det vore värdefullt om någon imam eller annan muslimsk representant ville kommentera dessa problematiska passager. Går de till äventyrs att läsa symboliskt? Eller går det åtminstone att resonera liksom i fallet med kroppsbestraffningar, alltså att de nödvändiga villkoren för reglernas tillämpning i praktiken saknas? I takt med att allt fler svenskar är muslimer blir det viktigare att frågorna ställs. De är komplexa och svåra att diskutera, men syftet är väsentligt. Gemenskapen och integrationen mellan olika slags troende och icke-troende har allt att vinna på en ärlig dialog. Martin Lembke Filosofie doktor i religionsfilosofi, biträdande studierektor, Centrum för teologi och religionsvetenskap, Lunds universitet

World's first AI news anchor unveiled in China China’s state news agency Xinhua this week introduced the newest members of its newsroom: AI anchors who will report “tirelessly” all day every day, from anywhere in the country. Chinese viewers were greeted with a digital version of a regular Xinhua news anchor named Qiu Hao. The anchor, wearing a red tie and pin-striped suit, nods his head in emphasis, blinking and raising his eyebrows slightly. “Not only can I accompany you 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. I can be endlessly copied and present at different scenes to bring you the news,” he said. Xinhua also presented an English-speaking AI, based on another presenter, who adds: “The development of the media industry calls for continuous innovation and deep integration with the international advanced technologies … I look forward to bringing you brand new news experiences.” Developed by Xinhua and the Chinese search engine, Sogou, the anchors were developed through machine learning to simulate the voice, facial movements, and gestures of real-life broadcasters, to present a “a lifelike image instead of a cold robot,” the Guardian reports, citing the Chinese news agency. The broadcasters made their debut during China’s annual World Internet Conference, an event meant to be China’s Davos for the tech sector as well as a platform for China’s vision of the internet and potential for new technologies. While China is home to some of the world’s largest tech companies and some 800 million internet users, its internet is one of the most controlled in the world. Observers worry China is turning into a digital police state, with technology from iris and gait recognition being deployed to monitor activists, ethnic minorities in places like Xinjiang, and regular citizens. At the conference in Wuzhen in southern China, attendees saw their photos flash on a screen as soon as they passed through security checks using facial recognition. In a session on fintech, companies discussed cooperating with law enforcement, providing information for negligent citizens to be put on social credit blacklists. “We are an important advocate for peace in cyberspace and a guardian of order,” said Huang Kunming, head of Communist Party’s propaganda department, speaking at the event. “China stands ready to safeguard the sound order of cyberspace.” According to Xinhua, the AI technology is not limited to news presenting. The systems can be customised to different clients in other industries. Wang Xiaochuan, the head of Sogou, gave the example of a popular book reading app, Uncle Kai. “In the future, it could be your parents telling the story,” he said in an interview. For Xinhua’s already tightly-scripted and controlled state news presenters, the AI anchors take things a step further. Video of the Chinese anchor quickly spread on social media in China, with as many impressed as alarmed. “A little bit horrible,” one viewer said, to which one user responded: “Really scary.” “Another said: “Shivering.” While praising the achievements, Xinhua and Sogou acknowledged its limits. “I, who was wholly cloned from a real-life host, have mastered broadcasting as well as the real host,” the AI anchor said. “As long as I am provided with text, I can speak as a news host.”